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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by 
+Samuel de Champlain
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Posting Date: October 5, 2014 [EBook #6653]
+Release Date: October, 2004
+First Posted: January 10, 2003
+[Last updated: January 31, 2016]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES OF DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team, from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o.' It is here represented with an '8.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'après un portrait gravé par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonnière, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur Général
+de la Bibliothèque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inférieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbé H.
+R. Casgrain, of Rivière Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Condé encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Condé,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Médicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Condé, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Château de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Château de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus à leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel dépend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaillé qui en étoit Gouverneur, fut chargé de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingénieurs Italiens, présiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, à la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Condé, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mère
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit à faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Condé resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Condé. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Médicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomény,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Françoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to César, Duc de Vendôme, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrées, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors. He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, après m'avoir si bien servi à mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Château de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien mérité du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amérement la perte de leur Général. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son père, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extrêmement touchez de sa mort. Malgré la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il étoit si estimé
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fût agi de trouver un chevalier
+    François sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantôme_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Condé. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Généalogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantôme_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, à
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Préfixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provençal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Gravé, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Gravé, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspé took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of François de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Gravé, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Gravé hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Gravé, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspé, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Gravé and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspé, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Gravé, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspé on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grâce, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 40th
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspé, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Gravé, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothée, of Havre de Grâce, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres, and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Rémarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Médicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au même tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armée de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Gravé was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, négocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantième degré, comprenant toute la
+    côte de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percée, Gachepé, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la rivière de Canada, tant d'un côté que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivières qui entrent au dedans désdites côtes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grâce on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Gravé, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Hève on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grâce,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Gravé, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Gravé
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Gravé. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Gravé proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoüet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Déserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the curé, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspé, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Gravé arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built fires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the hook was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques à celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante à quarante cinq lieues; la première rivière
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette étendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Géographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-déserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _pemé'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdoré, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgeré
+    de Vitré, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    né-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Française du Télégraph de Paris à New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Gravé had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Gravé were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. the situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Gravé as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Gravé, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Gravé should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Gravé set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Gravé with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Gravé and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortuné_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupçonneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Rivière de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les François estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a esté
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt présenta à feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation à luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requérant
+    humblement Sa Majesté de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agréable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jésuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortuné_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities. They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupçonneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OF THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _éclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment. The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Hève, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Hève in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estévan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, André Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Gravé, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Gravé, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Gravé, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Gravé himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Gravé
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _débris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point. It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until Pont Gravé and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Gravé,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jésuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment. It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Gravé, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Gravé had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Gravé to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Percé, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Gravé, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the same time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Hélène Boullé, the daughter of Nicholas Boullé, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boullé, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuèrent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocté, comme qui diroit, là où le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocté_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Cartier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brébeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nôstre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort. These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pièces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. César, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Condé, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maillé Brézé, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDÉ.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIÈRE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point à Callière. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and seeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Château de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Condé, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Gravé, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoüat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoüat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoüat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudière
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudière_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Condé, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Médicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Condé, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Condé and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Médicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Condé, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clémence de Maillé-Brézé. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Condé. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Condé in prison, the Mareschal de Thémins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Médicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houêl, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Étienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brûlé, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Rivière des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiagué, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiagué, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing weir. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Étienne Brûlé,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing weir and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinté, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brûlé had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiagué, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiagué, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and snow-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Relevés_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Massé. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Médicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Hève in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Massé, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Taché, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiagué_. Dr. Taché places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia, in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe. This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinté Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, _Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort. They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake. If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDÉ SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Gravé, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Étienne Brulé, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brulé related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of feeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Gravé. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Gravé was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Gravé spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Condé having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boullé, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Émeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Gravé and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Émeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boullé, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boullé succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Émeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sébastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houêl, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Étienne Brulé, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brulé's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen. He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition. This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Découvertes et Êtablissements des Français, dans l'ouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huit toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdière's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hébert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163. There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Émeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musqué, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne année ils en auoyent emporté iusques
+    à 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque année est de 15000, ou 20000, à une
+    pistole la pièce, ce n'est pas mal allé."--_Vide Rélation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Année_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained.--_Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently assured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why it would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Gravé and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspé. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender his whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety. About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, arrived in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspé with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hébert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspé, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boullé, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail.
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Émeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Châteauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou, [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthélémy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company. Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres.--_Vide Mercure François_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagné de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard._ Champlain writes _Coulart._ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hébert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English.--_Vide Laverdière's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abregé des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger à un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdière's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, année
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Père Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ÉMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Émeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brébeuf and De Nouë, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Champlain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduîte en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commencé ceste
+     année à l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_. Québec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos prédications ayent esté bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisiéme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, à Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Père Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pièces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterré prés du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erigé exprés pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signalé personnage qui a tant obligé la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbé Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Père Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Père Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Père Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Père
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbé Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbé Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inédits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbé H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Hélène Boullé, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Hélène Boullé, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Hélène de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boullé, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement. He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life. He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdière's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations. But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inédits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paléographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLÉ. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inédits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVÉ. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inférieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inférieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont décrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhé et au Siége de la Rochelle, et la Réduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-déserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Désert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Étienne Brûlé, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdière's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdière's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'après un portrait gravé par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilège" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites és descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, façon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantité de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, à la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Condé en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'année_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'année
+1615. iusques à la fin de l'année 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce païs depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Où se voit comme ce pays a esté premierement
+descouuert par les François, sous l'authorité de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majesté à present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, à l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitté de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdière to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbé Laverdière, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIÉES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBÉ C. H. LAVERDIÈRE, M. A. SECONDE ÉDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUÉBEC:
+IMPRIMÉ AU SÉMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'année mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'année mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdière among the "Pièces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdière it was in the possession of M. Féret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdière suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Récollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdière in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigné. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+où au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manières de lacs, d'où
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques à vn lieu
+où nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, où il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer à la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, où le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme à moitié
+chemin de celle par où reuint ledict sieur Preuert, où sont comme deux
+manières de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes à quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied à terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantité d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint à nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupçonneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'où nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter à nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres à faute, & deux ou trois
+balles à chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_déserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _équille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitière_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grâce, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg..
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspé, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspé. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistère, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdière says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepé_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspé_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspé, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdière, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jésuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdière in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitæ. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbé Laverdière, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdière thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Gravé took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Gravé of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Laflèche, as cited
+     by Laverdière, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une manière de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLÉANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alençon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes à ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantité: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Récit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Rivière.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orléans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre à Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated. It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIÈRES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Éloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivières. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivières to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivières would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivières being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contrée de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivières. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbé Laverdière suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Gravé had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdière in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdière in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jésuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Rivière Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Rivièrs_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Père Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivières, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivières to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdière cites Thévet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Rivière de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Gravé and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspé. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspé, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Verchères.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdière. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _érable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _élan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Récit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8éss8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Verchères.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Verchères to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Thérèse and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Hélène, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Hélène, probably from
+     Hélène Boullé, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdière, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jésus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Hélène's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Récit_, above cited.
+
+190. Rivière St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Rivière_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdière, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdière supposes this insignificant stream to be La Rivière de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cèdres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdière_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu éleué, où il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivières. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivières. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinté.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCÉE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspé, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspé. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspé, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Moluës Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percée, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percée, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspé, Moluës Bay, and Isle Percée are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percée there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percée.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percée is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Moluès_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percée.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregaté_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCÉE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percée on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Évêque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Évesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdière, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chassé, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbé Laverdière, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdière, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdière_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdière_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Rivière Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdière, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdière suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdière, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percée, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Gravé to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspé, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grâce.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar. He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Déserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuière Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuière St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Déserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Liéures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port à Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuière Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Bruslé, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orléans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Condé.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Rivière S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jésuit and Récollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Rivière des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Rivière de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Rivière de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Rivière Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Rivière des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Rivière du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Rivière Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Rivière Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Rivière des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Rivière du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Françoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orléans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Rivière des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuière de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuière de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuière Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigré_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Récollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupçonneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuière des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonnière made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percée. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuière des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal. For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudière_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres à Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuière de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudière, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye François, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuière des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it. They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbé
+   Laverdière thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Rivière du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons. So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudière the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudière a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudière would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdière's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Rivière du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspé.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdière_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jésus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudière Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissèreni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
+Historical Society of Pennfylvania              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library Company of Philadelphia                 Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library of Parliament                           Ottawa, Canada.
+Library of the State Department                 Washington, D.C.
+Long Island Historical Society                  Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Maine Historical Society                        Brunswick, Me.
+Maryland Historical Society                     Baltimore, Md.
+Massachusetts Historical Society                Boston, Mass.
+Mercantile Library                              New York, N.Y.
+Minnesota Historical Society                    St. Paul, Minn.
+Newburyport Public Library, Peabody Fund        Newburyport, Mass.
+New England Historic Genealogical Society       Boston, Mass.
+Newton Free Library                             Newton, Mass.
+New York Society Library                        New York, N.Y.
+Plymouth Public Library                         Plymouth, Mass.
+Portsmouth Athenaeum                            Portsmouth, N.H.
+Public Library of the City of Boston            Boston, Mass.
+Redwood Library                                 Newport, R.I.
+State Library of Massachusetts                  Boston, Mass.
+State Library of New York                       Albany, N.Y.
+State Library of Rhode Island                   Providence, R.I.
+State Library of Vermont                        Montpelier, Vt.
+Williams College Library                        Williamstown, Mass.
+Yale College Library                            New Haven, Ct.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by 
+Samuel de Champlain
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by 
+Samuel de Champlain
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Posting Date: October 5, 2014 [EBook #6653]
+Release Date: October, 2004
+First Posted: January 10, 2003
+[Last updated: January 31, 2016]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES OF DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team, from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o.' It is here represented with an '8.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'après un portrait gravé par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonnière, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur Général
+de la Bibliothèque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inférieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbé H.
+R. Casgrain, of Rivière Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Condé encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Condé,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Médicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Condé, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Château de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Château de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus à leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel dépend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaillé qui en étoit Gouverneur, fut chargé de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingénieurs Italiens, présiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, à la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Condé, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mère
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit à faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Condé resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Condé. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Médicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomény,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Françoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to César, Duc de Vendôme, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrées, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors. He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, après m'avoir si bien servi à mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Château de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien mérité du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amérement la perte de leur Général. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son père, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extrêmement touchez de sa mort. Malgré la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il étoit si estimé
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fût agi de trouver un chevalier
+    François sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantôme_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Condé. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Généalogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantôme_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, à
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Préfixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provençal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Gravé, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Gravé, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspé took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of François de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Gravé, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Gravé hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Gravé, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspé, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Gravé and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspé, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Gravé, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspé on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grâce, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 40th
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspé, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Gravé, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothée, of Havre de Grâce, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres, and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Rémarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Médicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au même tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armée de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Gravé was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, négocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantième degré, comprenant toute la
+    côte de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percée, Gachepé, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la rivière de Canada, tant d'un côté que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivières qui entrent au dedans désdites côtes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grâce on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Gravé, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Hève on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grâce,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Gravé, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Gravé
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Gravé. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Gravé proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoüet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Déserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the curé, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspé, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Gravé arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built fires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the hook was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques à celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante à quarante cinq lieues; la première rivière
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette étendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Géographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-déserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _pemé'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdoré, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgeré
+    de Vitré, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    né-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Française du Télégraph de Paris à New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Gravé had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Gravé were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. the situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Gravé as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Gravé, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Gravé should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Gravé set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Gravé with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Gravé and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortuné_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupçonneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Rivière de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les François estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a esté
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt présenta à feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation à luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requérant
+    humblement Sa Majesté de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agréable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jésuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortuné_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities. They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupçonneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OF THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _éclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment. The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Hève, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Hève in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estévan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, André Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Gravé, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Gravé, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Gravé, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Gravé himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Gravé
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _débris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point. It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until Pont Gravé and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Gravé,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jésuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment. It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Gravé, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Gravé had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Gravé to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Percé, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Gravé, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the same time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Hélène Boullé, the daughter of Nicholas Boullé, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boullé, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuèrent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocté, comme qui diroit, là où le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocté_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Cartier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brébeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nôstre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort. These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pièces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. César, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Condé, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maillé Brézé, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDÉ.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIÈRE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point à Callière. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and seeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Château de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Condé, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Gravé, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoüat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoüat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoüat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudière
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudière_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Condé, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Médicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Condé, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Condé and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Médicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Condé, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clémence de Maillé-Brézé. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Condé. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Condé in prison, the Mareschal de Thémins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Médicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houêl, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Étienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brûlé, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Rivière des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiagué, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiagué, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing weir. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Étienne Brûlé,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing weir and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinté, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brûlé had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiagué, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiagué, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and snow-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Relevés_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Massé. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Médicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Hève in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Massé, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Taché, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiagué_. Dr. Taché places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia, in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe. This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinté Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, _Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort. They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake. If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDÉ SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Gravé, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Étienne Brulé, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brulé related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of seeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Gravé. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Gravé was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Gravé spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Condé having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boullé, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Émeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Gravé and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Émeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boullé, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boullé succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Émeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sébastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houêl, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Étienne Brulé, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brulé's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen. He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition. This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Découvertes et Êtablissements des Français, dans l'ouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huit toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdière's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hébert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163. There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Émeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musqué, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne année ils en auoyent emporté iusques
+    à 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque année est de 15000, ou 20000, à une
+    pistole la pièce, ce n'est pas mal allé."--_Vide Rélation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Année_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained.--_Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently assured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why it would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Gravé and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspé. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender his whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety. About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, arrived in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspé with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hébert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspé, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boullé, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail.
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Émeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Châteauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou, [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthélémy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company. Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres.--_Vide Mercure François_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagné de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard._ Champlain writes _Coulart._ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hébert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English.--_Vide Laverdière's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abregé des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger à un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdière's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, année
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Père Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ÉMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Émeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brébeuf and De Nouë, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Champlain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduîte en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commencé ceste
+     année à l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_. Québec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos prédications ayent esté bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisiéme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, à Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Père Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pièces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterré prés du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erigé exprés pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signalé personnage qui a tant obligé la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbé Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Père Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Père Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Père Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Père
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbé Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbé Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inédits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbé H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Hélène Boullé, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Hélène Boullé, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Hélène de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boullé, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement. He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life. He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdière's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations. But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inédits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paléographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLÉ. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inédits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVÉ. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inférieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inférieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont décrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhé et au Siége de la Rochelle, et la Réduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-déserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Désert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Étienne Brûlé, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdière's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdière's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'après un portrait gravé par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilège" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites és descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, façon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantité de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, à la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Condé en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'année_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'année
+1615. iusques à la fin de l'année 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce païs depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Où se voit comme ce pays a esté premierement
+descouuert par les François, sous l'authorité de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majesté à present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, à l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitté de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdière to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbé Laverdière, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIÉES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBÉ C. H. LAVERDIÈRE, M. A. SECONDE ÉDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUÉBEC:
+IMPRIMÉ AU SÉMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'année mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'année mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdière among the "Pièces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdière it was in the possession of M. Féret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdière suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Récollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdière in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigné. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+où au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manières de lacs, d'où
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques à vn lieu
+où nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, où il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer à la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, où le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme à moitié
+chemin de celle par où reuint ledict sieur Preuert, où sont comme deux
+manières de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes à quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied à terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantité d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint à nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupçonneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'où nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter à nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres à faute, & deux ou trois
+balles à chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_déserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _équille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitière_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grâce, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg..
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspé, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspé. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistère, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdière says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepé_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspé_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspé, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdière, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jésuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdière in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitæ. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbé Laverdière, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdière thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Gravé took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Gravé of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Laflèche, as cited
+     by Laverdière, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une manière de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLÉANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alençon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes à ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantité: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Récit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Rivière.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orléans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre à Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated. It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIÈRES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Éloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivières. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivières to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivières would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivières being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contrée de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivières. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbé Laverdière suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Gravé had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdière in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdière in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jésuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Rivière Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Rivièrs_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Père Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivières, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivières to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdière cites Thévet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Rivière de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Gravé and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspé. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspé, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Verchères.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdière. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _érable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _élan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Récit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8éss8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Verchères.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Verchères to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Thérèse and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Hélène, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Hélène, probably from
+     Hélène Boullé, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdière, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jésus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Hélène's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Récit_, above cited.
+
+190. Rivière St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Rivière_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdière, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdière supposes this insignificant stream to be La Rivière de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cèdres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdière_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu éleué, où il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivières. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivières. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinté.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCÉE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspé, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspé. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspé, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Moluës Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percée, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percée, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspé, Moluës Bay, and Isle Percée are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percée there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percée.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percée is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Moluès_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percée.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregaté_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCÉE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percée on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Évêque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Évesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdière, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chassé, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbé Laverdière, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdière, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdière_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdière_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Rivière Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdière, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdière suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdière, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percée, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Gravé to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspé, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grâce.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar. He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Déserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuière Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuière St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Déserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Liéures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port à Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuière Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Bruslé, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orléans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Condé.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Rivière S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jésuit and Récollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Rivière des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Rivière de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Rivière de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Rivière Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Rivière des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Rivière du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Rivière Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Rivière Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Rivière des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Rivière du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Françoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orléans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Rivière des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuière de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuière de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuière Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigré_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Récollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupçonneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuière des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonnière made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percée. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuière des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal. For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudière_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres à Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuière de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudière, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye François, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuière des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it. They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbé
+   Laverdière thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Rivière du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons. So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudière the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudière a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudière would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdière's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Rivière du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspé.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdière_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jésus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudière Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissèreni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
+Historical Society of Pennfylvania              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library Company of Philadelphia                 Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library of Parliament                           Ottawa, Canada.
+Library of the State Department                 Washington, D.C.
+Long Island Historical Society                  Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Maine Historical Society                        Brunswick, Me.
+Maryland Historical Society                     Baltimore, Md.
+Massachusetts Historical Society                Boston, Mass.
+Mercantile Library                              New York, N.Y.
+Minnesota Historical Society                    St. Paul, Minn.
+Newburyport Public Library, Peabody Fund        Newburyport, Mass.
+New England Historic Genealogical Society       Boston, Mass.
+Newton Free Library                             Newton, Mass.
+New York Society Library                        New York, N.Y.
+Plymouth Public Library                         Plymouth, Mass.
+Portsmouth Athenaeum                            Portsmouth, N.H.
+Public Library of the City of Boston            Boston, Mass.
+Redwood Library                                 Newport, R.I.
+State Library of Massachusetts                  Boston, Mass.
+State Library of New York                       Albany, N.Y.
+State Library of Rhode Island                   Providence, R.I.
+State Library of Vermont                        Montpelier, Vt.
+Williams College Library                        Williamstown, Mass.
+Yale College Library                            New Haven, Ct.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by 
+Samuel de Champlain
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES OF DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL 1 ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by
+Samuel de Champlain
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
+other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
+whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
+the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
+www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
+to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
+
+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Posting Date: October 5, 2014 [EBook #6653]
+Release Date: October, 2004
+First Posted: January 10, 2003
+[Last updated: January 31, 2016]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VOYAGES OF DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks,
+and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team, from images
+generously made available by the Canadian Institute for
+Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o.' It is here represented with an '8.'
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'apres un portrait grave par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonniere, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur General
+de la Bibliotheque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inferieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbe H.
+R. Casgrain, of Riviere Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Conde encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Conde,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Medicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Conde, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Chateau de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Chateau de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus a leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel depend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaille qui en etoit Gouverneur, fut charge de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingenieurs Italiens, presiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, a la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Conde, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mere
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit a faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Conde resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, a Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Conde. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, a Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Medicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomeny,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Francoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to Cesar, Duc de Vendome, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrees, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors. He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, apres m'avoir si bien servi a mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Chateau de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien merite du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amerement la perte de leur General. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son pere, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extremement touchez de sa mort. Malgre la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il etoit si estime
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fut agi de trouver un chevalier
+    Francois sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, a Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantome_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. Francois d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Conde. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Genealogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantome_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, a
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Prefixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provencal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Grave, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Grave, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspe took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of Francois de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Grave, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Grave hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Grave, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspe, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Grave and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspe, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Grave, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspe on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grace, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 40th
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspe, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Grave, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothee, of Havre de Grace, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres, and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Remarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Medicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au meme tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armee de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Grave was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, negocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantieme degre, comprenant toute la
+    cote de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percee, Gachepe, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la riviere de Canada, tant d'un cote que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivieres qui entrent au dedans desdites cotes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grace on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Grave, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Heve on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grace,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Grave, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Grave
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Grave. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Grave proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoueet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Deserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the cure, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspe, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Grave arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built fires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the hook was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques a celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante a quarante cinq lieues; la premiere riviere
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette etendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Geographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-deserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _peme'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdore, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgere
+    de Vitre, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jesuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    ne-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Francaise du Telegraph de Paris a New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Grave had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Grave were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. the situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Grave as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Grave, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Grave should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Grave set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Grave with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Grave and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortune_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupconneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Riviere de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les Francois estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a este
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt presenta a feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation a luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requerant
+    humblement Sa Majeste de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agreable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jesuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortune_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities. They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupconneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OF THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _eclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment. The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Heve, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Heve in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estevan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, Andre Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Grave, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Grave, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Grave, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Grave himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Grave
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _debris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point. It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until Pont Grave and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Grave,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jesuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment. It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Grave, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Grave had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Grave to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Perce, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Grave, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the same time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Helene Boulle, the daughter of Nicholas Boulle, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boulle, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuerent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocte, comme qui diroit, la ou le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocte_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Cartier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brebeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nostre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort. These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pieces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. Cesar, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Conde, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maille Breze, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIERE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point a Calliere. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and seeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Chateau de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Conde, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Grave, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoueat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoueat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoueat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudiere
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudiere_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Conde, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Medicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Conde, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Conde and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Medicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Conde, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clemence de Maille-Breze. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Conde. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Conde in prison, the Mareschal de Themins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Medicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houel, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Etienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brule, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Riviere des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiague, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiague, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing weir. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Etienne Brule,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing weir and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinte, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brule had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiague, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiague, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and snow-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Releves_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Medicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Heve in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Masse, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Tache, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiague_. Dr. Tache places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia, in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe. This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinte Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, _Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort. They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake. If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDE SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Grave, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Etienne Brule, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brule related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of seeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Grave. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Grave was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Grave spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Conde having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boulle, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Emeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Grave and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Emeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boulle, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boulle succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Emeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sebastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houel, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Etienne Brule, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brule's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen. He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition. This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais, dans l'ouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huit toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdiere's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hebert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163. There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Emeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musque, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne annee ils en auoyent emporte iusques
+    a 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque annee est de 15000, ou 20000, a une
+    pistole la piece, ce n'est pas mal alle."--_Vide Relation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Annee_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained.--_Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently assured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why it would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Grave and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspe. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender his whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety. About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, arrived in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspe with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hebert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspe, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boulle, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail.
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Emeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Chateauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou, [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthelemy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company. Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres.--_Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagne de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard._ Champlain writes _Coulart._ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hebert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English.--_Vide Laverdiere's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abrege des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger a un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdiere's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, annee
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Pere Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+EMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Emeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Masse and Jean de Brebeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brebeuf and De Noue, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Champlain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduite en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commence ceste
+     annee a l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_. Quebec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos predications ayent este bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisieme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, a Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Pere Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pieces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterre pres du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erige expres pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signale personnage qui a tant oblige la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbes Laverdiere and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbe Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Pere Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Pere Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Pere Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Pere
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbe Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbe Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inedits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbe H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Helene Boulle, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Helene Boulle, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Helene de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boulle, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement. He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life. He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdiere's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations. But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inedits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Etienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paleographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLE. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inedits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Etienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVE. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inferieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inferieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont decrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhe et au Siege de la Rochelle, et la Reduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-deserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Desert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Etienne Brule, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdiere's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdiere's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'apres un portrait grave par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilege" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites es descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, facon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantite de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, a la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Conde en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'annee_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'annee
+1615. iusques a la fin de l'annee 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce pais depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Ou se voit comme ce pays a este premierement
+descouuert par les Francois, sous l'authorite de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majeste a present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, a l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitte de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdiere to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbe Laverdiere, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIEES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITE LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBE C. H. LAVERDIERE, M. A. SECONDE EDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUEBEC:
+IMPRIME AU SEMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'annee mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'annee mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdiere among the "Pieces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdiere it was in the possession of M. Feret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdiere suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Recollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdiere in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigne. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+ou au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manieres de lacs, d'ou
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques a vn lieu
+ou nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, ou il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer a la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, ou le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme a moitie
+chemin de celle par ou reuint ledict sieur Preuert, ou sont comme deux
+manieres de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes a quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied a terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantite d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint a nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupconneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'ou nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter a nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres a faute, & deux ou trois
+balles a chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_deserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _equille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitiere_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grace, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg.
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspe, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspe. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistere, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdiere says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepe_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspe_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspe, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdiere, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jesuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdiere in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitae. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbe Laverdiere, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdiere thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Grave took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Grave of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Lafleche, as cited
+     by Laverdiere, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une maniere de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLEANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alencon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes a ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantite: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Recit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Riviere.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orleans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre a Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated. It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIERES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Eloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivieres. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivieres to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivieres would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivieres being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contree de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivieres. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbe Laverdiere suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Grave had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdiere in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdiere in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Riviere Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Riviers_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Pere Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivieres, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivieres to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdiere cites Thevet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Riviere de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Grave and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspe. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspe, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Vercheres.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdiere. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _erable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _elan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Recit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8ess8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Vercheres.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Vercheres to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Therese and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Helene, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Helene, probably from
+     Helene Boulle, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdiere, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jesus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Helene's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Recit_, above cited.
+
+190. Riviere St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Riviere_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdiere, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdiere supposes this insignificant stream to be La Riviere de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cedres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdiere_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu eleue, ou il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivieres. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivieres. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinte.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCEE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspe, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspe. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspe, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Molues Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percee, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percee, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspe, Molues Bay, and Isle Percee are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percee there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percee.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percee is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Molues_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percee.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregate_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCEE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percee on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Eveque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Evesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdiere, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chasse, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbe Laverdiere, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdiere, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdiere_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdiere_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Riviere Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdiere, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdiere suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdiere, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percee, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Grave to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspe, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grace.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar. He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Deserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-real_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuiere Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuiere St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Deserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Lieures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port a Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuiere Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Brusle, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orleans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Conde.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Riviere S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jesuit and Recollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Riviere des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Riviere de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Riviere de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Riviere Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Riviere des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Riviere du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Riviere Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Riviere Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Riviere des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Riviere du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Francoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orleans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Riviere des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuiere de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuiere de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuiere Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigre_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Recollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupconneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuiere des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonniere made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percee. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-real_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuiere des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal. For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudiere_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres a Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuiere de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudiere, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye Francois, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuiere des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it. They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbe
+   Laverdiere thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Riviere du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons. So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudiere the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudiere a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudiere would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdiere's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Riviere du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspe.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdiere_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jesus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudiere Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissereni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
+Historical Society of Pennfylvania              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library Company of Philadelphia                 Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library of Parliament                           Ottawa, Canada.
+Library of the State Department                 Washington, D.C.
+Long Island Historical Society                  Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Maine Historical Society                        Brunswick, Me.
+Maryland Historical Society                     Baltimore, Md.
+Massachusetts Historical Society                Boston, Mass.
+Mercantile Library                              New York, N.Y.
+Minnesota Historical Society                    St. Paul, Minn.
+Newburyport Public Library, Peabody Fund        Newburyport, Mass.
+New England Historic Genealogical Society       Boston, Mass.
+Newton Free Library                             Newton, Mass.
+New York Society Library                        New York, N.Y.
+Plymouth Public Library                         Plymouth, Mass.
+Portsmouth Athenaeum                            Portsmouth, N.H.
+Public Library of the City of Boston            Boston, Mass.
+Redwood Library                                 Newport, R.I.
+State Library of Massachusetts                  Boston, Mass.
+State Library of New York                       Albany, N.Y.
+State Library of Rhode Island                   Providence, R.I.
+State Library of Vermont                        Montpelier, Vt.
+Williams College Library                        Williamstown, Mass.
+Yale College Library                            New Haven, Ct.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1, by
+Samuel de Champlain
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+by Samuel de Champlain
+
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
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+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Release Date: October, 2004  [EBook #6653]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 10, 2003]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+This file was produced from images generously made available by the Canadian
+Institute for Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o'. It is here represented with an '8'.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'apres un portrait grave par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonniere, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur General
+de la Bibliotheque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inferieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbe H.
+R. Casgrain, of Riviere Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Conde encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Conde,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Medicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Conde, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Chateau de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Chateau de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus a leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel depend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaille qui en etoit Gouverneur, fut charge de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingenieurs Italiens, presiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, a la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Conde, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mere
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit a faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Conde resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, a Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Conde. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, a Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Medicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomeny,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Francoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to Cesar, Duc de Vendome, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrees, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, apres m'avoir si bien servi a mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Chateau de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien merite du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amerement la perte de leur General. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son pere, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extremement touchez de sa mort. Malgre la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il etoit si estime
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fut agi de trouver un chevalier
+    Francois sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, a Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantome_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. Francois d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Conde. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Genealogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantome_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, a
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Prefixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provencal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Grave, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Grave, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspe took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of Francois de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Grave, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Grave hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Grave, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspe, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Grave and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspe, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Grave, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspe on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grace, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 4Oth
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspe, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Grave, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothee, of Havre de Grace, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres. and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Remarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Medicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au meme tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armee de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Grave was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, negocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantieme degre, comprenant toute la
+    cote de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percee, Gachepe, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la riviere de Canada, tant d'un cote que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivieres qui entrent au dedans desdites cotes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grace on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Grave, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Heve on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grace,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Grave, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Grave
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Grave. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Grave proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both Silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoueet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Deserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the cure, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspe, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Grave arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built sires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the book was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques a celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante a quarante cinq lieues; la premiere riviere
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette etendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Geographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-deserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _peme'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdore, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgere
+    de Vitre, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jesuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    ne-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Francaise du Telegraph de Paris a New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Grave had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Grave were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. The situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Grave as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Grave, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Grave should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Grave set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Grave with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Grave and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortune_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupconneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Riviere de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les Francois estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a este
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt presenta a feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation a luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requerant
+    humblement Sa Majeste de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agreable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jesuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortune_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupconneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OK THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _eclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Heve, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Heve in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estevan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, Andre Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Grave, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Grave, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Grave, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Grave himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Grave
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _debris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until. Pont Grave and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Grave,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim Signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jesuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Grave, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Grave had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose, homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Grave to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Perce, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Grave, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the fame time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Helene Boulle, the daughter of Nicholas Boulle, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boulle, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuerent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocte, comme qui diroit, la ou le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocte_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Carrier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brebeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nostre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pieces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. Cesar, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Conde, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maille Breze, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIERE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point a Calliere. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and feeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Chateau de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Conde, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Grave, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoueat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoueat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the Savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoueat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudiere
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudiere_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Conde, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Medicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Conde, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Conde and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Medicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Conde, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clemence de Maille-Breze. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Conde. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Conde in prison, the Mareschal de Themins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Medicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houel, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Etienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brule, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Riviere des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the Suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiague, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiague, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing wear. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Etienne Brule,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing wear and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinte, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brule had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiague, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiague, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and show-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Releves_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal, the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Masse. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Medicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Heve in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Masse, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Tache, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiague. Dr. Tache places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia. in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinte Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they, continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond, as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDE SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Grave, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Etienne Brule, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brule related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of feeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Grave. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Grave was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Grave spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Conde having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boulle, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Emeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Grave and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Emeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boulle, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boulle succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Emeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sebastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houel, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Etienne Brule, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brule's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Decouvertes et Etablissements des Francais, dans Pouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huiet toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdiere's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hebert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163 There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Emeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musque, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne annee ils en auoyent emporte iusques
+    a 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque annee est de 15000, ou 20000, a une
+    pistole la piece, ce n'est pas mal alle."--_Vide Relation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Annee_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained _Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently allured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why if would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Grave and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspe. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender His whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, armed in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspe with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hebert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspe, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boulle, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Emeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Chateauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou? [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthelemy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres--_Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagne de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard_ Champlain writes _Coulart_ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hebert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English--_Vide Laverdiere's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abrege des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger a un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdiere's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, annee
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Pere Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+EMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Emeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Masse and Jean de Brebeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brebeuf and De Noue, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Chiamplain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduite en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commence ceste
+     annee a l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_. Quebec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos predications ayent este bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisieme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, a Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Pere Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pieces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterre pres du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erige expres pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signale personnage qui a tant oblige la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jesuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbes Laverdiere and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbe Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Pere Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Pere Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Pere Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Pere
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbe Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbe Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inedits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbe H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Helene Boulle, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Helene Boulle, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Helene de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boulle, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdiere's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inedits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Etienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paleographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLE. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inedits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Etienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVE. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inferieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inferieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont decrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhe et au Siege de la Rochelle, et la Reduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-deserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Desert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Etienne Brule, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdiere's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdiere's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'apres un portrait grave par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilege" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites es descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, facon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantite de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, a la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Conde en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'annee_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'annee
+1615. iusques a la fin de l'annee 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce pais depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Ou se voit comme ce pays a este premierement
+descouuert par les Francois, sous l'authorite de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majeste a present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, a l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitte de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdiere to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbe Laverdiere, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIEES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITE LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBE C. H. LAVERDIERE, M. A. SECONDE EDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUEBEC:
+IMPRIME AU SEMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'annee mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'annee mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdiere among the "Pieces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdiere it was in the possession of M. Feret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdiere suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Recollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdiere in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigne. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+ou au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manieres de lacs, d'ou
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques a vn lieu
+ou nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, ou il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer a la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, ou le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme a moitie
+chemin de celle par ou reuint ledict sieur Preuert, ou sont comme deux
+manieres de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes a quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied a terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantite d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint a nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupconneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'ou nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter a nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres a faute, & deux ou trois
+balles a chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_deserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _equille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitiere_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grace, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg..
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspe, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspe. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistere, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdiere says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepe_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspe_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspe, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdiere, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jesuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdiere in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitae. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbe Laverdiere, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdiere thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Grave took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Grave of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Lafleche, as cited
+     by Laverdiere, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une maniere de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLEANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alencon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes a ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantite: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Recit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Riviere.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orleans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre a Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIERES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Eloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivieres. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivieres to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivieres would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivieres being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contree de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivieres. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbe Laverdiere suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Grave had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdiere in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdiere in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Riviere Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Riviers_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Pere Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jesuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivieres, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivieres to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdiere cites Thevet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Riviere de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Recit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Grave and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspe. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspe, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Vercheres.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdiere. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _erable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _elan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Recit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8ess8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Vercheres.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Vercheres to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Therese and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Helene, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Helene, probably from
+     Helene Boulle, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdiere, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jesus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Helene's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Recit_, above cited.
+
+190. Riviere St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Riviere_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdiere, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdiere supposes this insignificant stream to be La Riviere de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cedres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdiere_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu eleue, ou il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivieres. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivieres. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinte.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCEE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspe, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspe. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspe, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Molues Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percee, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percee, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspe, Molues Bay, and Isle Percee are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percee there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percee.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percee is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Molues_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percee.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregate_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCEE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percee on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Eveque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Evesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdiere, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chasse, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbe Laverdiere, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdiere, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdiere_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdiere_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Riviere Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdiere, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdiere suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdiere, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percee, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Grave to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspe, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grace.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Deserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-real_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuiere Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuiere St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Deserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Lieures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port a Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuiere Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Brusle, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orleans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Conde.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Riviere S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jesuit and Recollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Riviere des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Riviere de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Riviere de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Riviere Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Riviere des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Riviere du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Riviere Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Riviere Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Riviere des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Riviere du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Francoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orleans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Riviere des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuiere de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuiere de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuiere Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigre_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Recollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupconneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuiere des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonniere made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percee. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-real_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuiere des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudiere_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres a Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuiere de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudiere, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye Francois, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuiere des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbe
+   Laverdiere thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Riviere du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudiere the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudiere a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudiere would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdiere's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Riviere du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspe.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdiere_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jesus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudiere Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissereni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
+Historical Society of Pennfylvania              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library Company of Philadelphia                 Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library of Parliament                           Ottawa, Canada.
+Library of the State Department                 Washington, D.C.
+Long Island Historical Society                  Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Maine Historical Society                        Brunswick, Me.
+Maryland Historical Society                     Baltimore, Md.
+Massachusetts Historical Society                Boston, Mass.
+Mercantile Library                              New York, N.Y.
+Minnesota Historical Society                    St. Paul, Minn.
+Newburyport Public Library, Peabody Fund        Newburyport, Mass.
+New England Historic Genealogical Society       Boston, Mass.
+Newton Free Library                             Newton, Mass.
+New York Society Library                        New York, N.Y.
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+by Samuel de Champlain
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Release Date: October, 2004  [EBook #6653]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 10, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+This file was produced from images generously made available by the Canadian
+Institute for Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o'. It is here represented with an '8'.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'apres un portrait grave par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonnière, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur Général
+de la Bibliothèque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inférieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbé H.
+R. Casgrain, of Rivière Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Condé encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Condé,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Médicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Condé, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Château de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Château de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus à leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel dépend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaillé qui en étoit Gouverneur, fut chargé de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingénieurs Italiens, présiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, à la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Condé, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mère
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit à faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Condé resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Condé. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Médicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomény,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Françoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to César, Duc de Vendôme, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrées, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, après m'avoir si bien servi à mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Château de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien mérité du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amérement la perte de leur Général. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son père, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extrêmement touchez de sa mort. Malgré la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il étoit si estimé
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fût agi de trouver un chevalier
+    François sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantôme_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Condé. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Généalogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantôme_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, à
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Préfixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provençal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Gravé, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Gravé, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspé took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of François de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Gravé, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Gravé hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Gravé, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspé, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Gravé and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspé, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Gravé, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspé on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grâce, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 4Oth
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspé, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Gravé, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothée, of Havre de Grâce, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres. and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Rémarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Médicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au même tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armée de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Gravé was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, négocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantième degré, comprenant toute la
+    côte de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percée, Gachepé, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la rivière de Canada, tant d'un côté que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivières qui entrent au dedans désdites côtes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grâce on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Gravé, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Hève on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grâce,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Gravé, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Gravé
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Gravé. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Gravé proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both Silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoüet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Déserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the curé, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspé, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Gravé arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built sires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the book was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques à celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante à quarante cinq lieues; la première rivière
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette étendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Géographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-déserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _pemé'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdoré, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgeré
+    de Vitré, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    né-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Française du Télégraph de Paris à New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Gravé had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Gravé were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. The situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Gravé as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Gravé, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Gravé should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Gravé set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Gravé with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Gravé and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortuné_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupçonneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Rivière de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les François estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a esté
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt présenta à feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation à luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requérant
+    humblement Sa Majesté de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agréable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jésuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortuné_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupçonneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OK THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _éclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Hève, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Hève in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estévan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, André Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Gravé, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Gravé, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Gravé, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Gravé himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Gravé
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _débris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until. Pont Gravé and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Gravé,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim Signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jésuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Gravé, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Gravé had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose, homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Gravé to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Percé, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Gravé, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the fame time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Hélène Boullé, the daughter of Nicholas Boullé, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boullé, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuèrent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocté, comme qui diroit, là où le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocté_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Carrier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brébeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nôstre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pièces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. César, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Condé, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maillé Brézé, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDÉ.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIÈRE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point à Callière. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and feeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Château de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Condé, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Gravé, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoüat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoüat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the Savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoüat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudière
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudière_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Condé, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Médicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Condé, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Condé and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Médicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Condé, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clémence de Maillé-Brézé. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Condé. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Condé in prison, the Mareschal de Thémins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Médicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houêl, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Étienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brûlé, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Rivière des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the Suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiagué, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiagué, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing wear. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Étienne Brûlé,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing wear and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinté, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brûlé had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiagué, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiagué, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and show-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Relevés_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal, the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Massé. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Médicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Hève in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Massé, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Taché, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiagué. Dr. Taché places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia. in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinté Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they, continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond, as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDÉ SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Gravé, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Étienne Brulé, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brulé related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of feeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Gravé. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Gravé was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Gravé spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Condé having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boullé, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Émeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Gravé and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Émeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boullé, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boullé succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Émeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sébastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houêl, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Étienne Brulé, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brulé's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Découvertes et Êtablissements des Français, dans Pouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huiet toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdière's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hébert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163 There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Émeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musqué, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne année ils en auoyent emporté iusques
+    à 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque année est de 15000, ou 20000, à une
+    pistole la pièce, ce n'est pas mal allé."--_Vide Rélation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Année_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained _Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently allured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why if would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Gravé and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspé. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender His whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, armed in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspé with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hébert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspé, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boullé, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Émeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Châteauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou? [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthélémy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres--_Vide Mercure François_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagné de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard_ Champlain writes _Coulart_ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hébert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English--_Vide Laverdière's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abregé des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger à un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdière's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, année
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Père Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ÉMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Émeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brébeuf and De Nouë, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Chiamplain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduîte en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commencé ceste
+     année à l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_. Québec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos prédications ayent esté bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisiéme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, à Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Père Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pièces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterré prés du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erigé exprés pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signalé personnage qui a tant obligé la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbé Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Père Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Père Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Père Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Père
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbé Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbé Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inédits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbé H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Hélène Boullé, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Hélène Boullé, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Hélène de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boullé, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdière's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inédits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paléographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLÉ. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inédits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVÉ. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inférieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inférieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont décrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhé et au Siége de la Rochelle, et la Réduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-déserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Désert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Étienne Brûlé, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdière's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdière's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'après un portrait gravé par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilège" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites és descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, façon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantité de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, à la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Condé en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'année_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'année
+1615. iusques à la fin de l'année 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce païs depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Où se voit comme ce pays a esté premierement
+descouuert par les François, sous l'authorité de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majesté à present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, à l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitté de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdière to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbé Laverdière, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIÉES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBÉ C. H. LAVERDIÈRE, M. A. SECONDE ÉDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUÉBEC:
+IMPRIMÉ AU SÉMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'année mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'année mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdière among the "Pièces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdière it was in the possession of M. Féret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdière suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Récollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdière in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigné. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+où au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manières de lacs, d'où
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques à vn lieu
+où nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, où il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer à la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, où le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme à moitié
+chemin de celle par où reuint ledict sieur Preuert, où sont comme deux
+manières de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes à quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied à terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantité d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint à nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupçonneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'où nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter à nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres à faute, & deux ou trois
+balles à chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_déserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _équille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitière_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grâce, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg..
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspé, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspé. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistère, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdière says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepé_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspé_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspé, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdière, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jésuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdière in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitæ. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbé Laverdière, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdière thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Gravé took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Gravé of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Laflèche, as cited
+     by Laverdière, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une manière de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLÉANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alençon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes à ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantité: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Récit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Rivière.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orléans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre à Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIÈRES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Éloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivières. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivières to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivières would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivières being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contrée de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivières. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbé Laverdière suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Gravé had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdière in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdière in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jésuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Rivière Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Rivièrs_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Père Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivières, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivières to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdière cites Thévet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Rivière de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Gravé and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspé. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspé, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Verchères.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdière. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _érable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _élan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Récit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8éss8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Verchères.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Verchères to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Thérèse and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Hélène, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Hélène, probably from
+     Hélène Boullé, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdière, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jésus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Hélène's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Récit_, above cited.
+
+190. Rivière St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Rivière_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdière, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdière supposes this insignificant stream to be La Rivière de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cèdres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdière_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu éleué, où il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivières. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivières. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinté.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCÉE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspé, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspé. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspé, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Moluës Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percée, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percée, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspé, Moluës Bay, and Isle Percée are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percée there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percée.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percée is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Moluès_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percée.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregaté_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCÉE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percée on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Évêque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Évesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdière, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chassé, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbé Laverdière, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdière, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdière_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdière_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Rivière Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdière, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdière suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdière, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percée, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Gravé to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspé, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grâce.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Déserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuière Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuière St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Déserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Liéures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port à Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuière Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Bruslé, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orléans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Condé.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Rivière S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jésuit and Récollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Rivière des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Rivière de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Rivière de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Rivière Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Rivière des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Rivière du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Rivière Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Rivière Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Rivière des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Rivière du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Françoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orléans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Rivière des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuière de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuière de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuière Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigré_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Récollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupçonneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuière des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonnière made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percée. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuière des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudière_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres à Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuière de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudière, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye François, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuière des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbé
+   Laverdière thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Rivière du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudière the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudière a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudière would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdière's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Rivière du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspé.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdière_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jésus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudière Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissèreni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+by Samuel de Champlain
+
+Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the
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+*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers!*****
+
+
+Title: Voyages of Samuel de Champlain, Vol. 1
+
+Author: Samuel de Champlain
+
+Release Date: October, 2004  [EBook #6653]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on January 10, 2003]
+
+Edition: 10
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL. 1 ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Karl Hagen, Juliet Sutherland, Charles Franks, and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+This file was produced from images generously made available by the Canadian
+Institute for Historical Microreproductions.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Notes:
+
+The footnotes in the main portion of the original text, which are lengthy
+and numerous, have been converted to endnotes that appear at the end of
+each chapter. Their numeration is the same as in the original.
+
+The original spelling remains unaltered, with the following exceptions:
+
+1. This text was originally printed with tall-s. They have been replaced
+   here with ordinary 's.'
+
+2. Some quotations from the 17th-century French reproduce manuscript
+   abbreviation marks (macrons over vowels). These represent 'n' or 'm' and
+   have been expanded.
+
+3. In the transcription of some words of the Algonquian languages, the
+   original text of this edition uses a character that resembles an
+   infinity sign. This is taken from the old system that the Jesuits used
+   to record these languages, and represents a long, nasalized, unrounded
+   'o'. It is here represented with an '8'.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S VOYAGES.
+
+[Illustration: Champlain (Samuel De) d'apres un portrait grave par
+Moncornet]
+
+VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH
+
+By CHARLES POMEROY OTIS, Ph.D.
+
+WITH HISTORICAL ILLUSTRATIONS, and a MEMOIR
+
+By the REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+VOL. I. 1567-1635
+
+FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+Editor: The REV EDMUND F SLAFTER, A.M.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+The labors and achievements of the navigators and explorers, who visited
+our coasts between the last years of the fifteenth and the early years of
+the seventeenth centuries, were naturally enough not fully appreciated by
+their contemporaries, nor were their relations to the future growth of
+European interests and races on this continent comprehended in the age in
+which they lived. Numberless events in which they were actors, and personal
+characteristics which might have illustrated and enriched their history,
+were therefore never placed upon record. In intimate connection with the
+career of Cabot, Cartier, Roberval, Ribaut, Laudonnière, Gosnold, Pring,
+and Smith, there were vast domains of personal incident and interesting
+fact over which the waves of oblivion have passed forever. Nor has
+Champlain been more fortunate than the rest. In studying his life and
+character, we are constantly finding ourselves longing to know much where
+we are permitted to know but little. His early years, the processes of his
+education, his home virtues, his filial affection and duty, his social and
+domestic habits and mode of life, we know imperfectly; gathering only a few
+rays of light here and there in numerous directions, as we follow him along
+his lengthened career. The reader will therefore fail to find very much
+that he might well desire to know, and that I should have been but too
+happy to embody in this work. In the positive absence of knowledge, this
+want could only be supplied from the field of pure imagination. To draw
+from this source would have been alien both to my judgment and to my taste.
+
+But the essential and important events of Champlain's public career are
+happily embalmed in imperishable records. To gather these up and weave them
+into an impartial and truthful narrative has been the simple purpose of my
+present attempt. If I have succeeded in marshalling the authentic deeds and
+purposes of his life into a complete whole, giving to each undertaking and
+event its true value and importance, so that the historian may more easily
+comprehend the fulness of that life which Champlain consecrated to the
+progress of geographical knowledge, to the aggrandizement of France, and to
+the dissemination of the Christian faith in the church of which he was a
+member, I shall feel that my aim has been fully achieved.
+
+The annotations which accompany Dr. Otis's faithful and scholarly
+translation are intended to give to the reader such information as he may
+need for a full understanding of the text, and which he could not otherwise
+obtain without the inconvenience of troublesome, and, in many instances, of
+difficult and perplexing investigations. The sources of my information are
+so fully given in connection with the notes that no further reference to
+them in this place is required.
+
+In the progress of the work, I have found myself under great obligations to
+numerous friends for the loan of rare books, and for valuable suggestions
+and assistance. The readiness with which historical scholars and the
+custodians of our great depositories of learning have responded to my
+inquiries, and the cordiality and courtesy with which they have uniformly
+proffered their assistance, have awakened my deepest gratitude. I take this
+opportunity to tender my cordial thanks to those who have thus obliged and
+aided me. And, while I cannot spread the names of all upon these pages, I
+hasten to mention, first of all, my friend, Dr. Otis, with whom I have been
+so closely associated, and whose courteous manner and kindly suggestions
+have rendered my task always an agreeable one. I desire, likewise, to
+mention Mr. George Lamb, of Boston, who has gratuitously executed and
+contributed a map, illustrating the explorations of Champlain; Mr. Justin
+Winsor, of the Library of Harvard College; Mr. Charles A. Cutter, of the
+Boston Athenaeum; Mr. John Ward Dean, of the Library of the New England
+Historic Genealogical Society; Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence,
+R. I.; Miss S. E. Dorr, of Boston; Monsieur L. Delisle, Directeur Général
+de la Bibliothèque Nationale, of Paris; M. Meschinet De Richemond,
+Archiviste de la Charente Inférieure, La Rochelle, France; the Hon. Charles
+H. Bell, of Exeter, N. H.; Francis Parkman, LL.D., of Boston; the Abbé H.
+R. Casgrain, of Rivière Ouelle, Canada; John G. Shea, LL.D., of New York;
+Mr. James M. LeMoine, of Quebec; and Mr. George Prince, of Bath, Maine.
+
+I take this occasion to state for the information of the members of the
+Prince Society, that some important facts contained in the Memoir had not
+been received when the text and notes of the second volume were ready for
+the press, and, to prevent any delay in the completion of the whole work,
+Vol. II. was issued before Vol. I., as will appear by the dates on their
+respective title-pages.
+
+E. F. S.
+
+BOSTON, 14 ARLINGTON STREET, November 10, 1880.
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+  PREFACE
+  MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+  ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+  PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION
+  DEDICATION TO THE ADMIRAL, CHARLES DE MONTMORENCY
+  EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE OF THE KING
+  THE SAVAGES, OR VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN, 1603
+  CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION OF THE CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632
+  THE PRINCE SOCIETY, ITS CONSTITUTION AND MEMBERS
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN ON WOOD, AFTER THE ENGRAVING OF
+    MONCORNET BY E. RONJAT, _heliotype_.
+  MAP ILLUSTRATING THE EXPLORATIONS OF CHAMPLAIN, _heliotype_.
+  ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF CHAMPLAIN, AFTER A PAINTING BY TH. HAMEL FROM AN
+    ENGRAVING OF MONCORNET, _steel_.
+  ILLUMINATED TITLE-PAGE OF THE VOYAGE OF 1615 ET 1618, _heliotype_.
+  CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE, 1632, _heliotype_.
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+
+MEMOIR OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+PARENTAGE--BIRTH--HOME AT BROUAGE--ITS SITUATION--A MILITARY STATION--ITS
+SALT WORKS--HIS EDUCATION--EARLY LOVE OF THE SEA--QUARTER-MASTER IN
+BRITTANY--CATHOLICS AND HUGUENOTS--CATHERINE DE MEDICIS--THE LEAGUE--DUKE
+DE MERCOEUR--MARSHAL D'AUMONT--DE SAINT LUC--MARSHAL DE BRISSAC--PEACE OF
+VERVINS
+
+
+Champlain was descended from an ancestry whose names are not recorded among
+the renowned families of France. He was the son of Antoine de Champlain, a
+captain in the marine, and his wife Marguerite LeRoy. They lived in the
+little village of Brouage, in the ancient province of Saintonge. Of their
+son Samuel, no contemporaneous record is known to exist indicating either
+the day or year of his birth. The period at which we find him engaged in
+active and responsible duties, such as are usually assigned to mature
+manhood, leads to the conjecture that he was born about the year 1567. Of
+his youth little is known. The forces that contributed to the formation of
+his character are mostly to be inferred from the abode of his early years,
+the occupations of those by whom he was surrounded, and the temper and
+spirit of the times in which he lived.
+
+Brouage is situated in a low, marshy region, on the southern bank of an
+inlet or arm of the sea, on the southwestern shores of France, opposite to
+that part of the Island of Oleron where it is separated from the mainland
+only by a narrow channel. Although this little town can boast a great
+antiquity, it never at any time had a large population. It is mentioned by
+local historians as early as the middle of the eleventh century. It was a
+seigniory of the family of Pons. The village was founded by Jacques de
+Pons, after whose proper name it was for a time called Jacopolis, but soon
+resumed its ancient appellation of Brouage.
+
+An old chronicler of the sixteenth century informs us that in his time it
+was a port of great importance, and the theatre of a large foreign
+commerce. Its harbor, capable of receiving large ships, was excellent,
+regarded, indeed, as the finest in the kingdom of France. [1] It was a
+favorite idea of Charles VIII. to have at all times several war-ships in
+this harbor, ready against any sudden invasion of this part of the coast.
+
+At the period of Champlain's boyhood, the village of Brouage had two
+absorbing interests. First, it had then recently become a military post of
+importance; and second, it was the centre of a large manufacture of salt.
+To these two interests, the whole population gave their thoughts, their
+energy, and their enterprise.
+
+In the reign of Charles IX., a short time before or perhaps a little after
+the birth of Champlain, the town was fortified, and distinguished Italian
+engineers were employed to design and execute the work. [2] To prevent a
+sudden attack, it was surrounded by a capacious moat. At the four angles
+formed by the moat were elevated structures of earth and wood planted upon
+piles, with bastions and projecting angles, and the usual devices of
+military architecture for the attainment of strength and facility of
+defence. [3]
+
+During the civil wars, stretching over nearly forty years of the last half
+of the sixteenth century, with only brief and fitful periods of peace, this
+little fortified town was a post ardently coveted by both of the contending
+parties. Situated on the same coast, and only a few miles from Rochelle,
+the stronghold of the Huguenots, it was obviously exceedingly important to
+them that it should be in their possession, both as the key to the commerce
+of the surrounding country and from the very great annoyance which an enemy
+holding it could offer to them in numberless ways. Notwithstanding its
+strong defences, it was nevertheless taken and retaken several times during
+the struggles of that period. It was surrendered to the Huguenots in 1570,
+but was immediately restored on the peace that presently followed. The king
+of Navarre [4] took it by strategy in 1576, placed a strong garrison in it,
+repaired and strengthened its fortifications; but the next year it was
+forced to surrender to the royal army commanded by the duke of Mayenne. [5]
+In 1585, the Huguenots made another attempt to gain possession of the town.
+The Prince of Condé encamped with a strong force on the road leading to
+Marennes, the only avenue to Brouage by land, while the inhabitants of
+Rochelle co-operated by sending down a fleet which completely blocked up
+the harbor. [6] While the siege was in successful progress, the prince
+unwisely drew off a part of his command for the relief of the castle of
+Angiers; [7] and a month later the siege was abandoned and the Huguenot
+forces were badly cut to pieces by de Saint Luc, [8] the military governor
+of Brouage, who pursued them in their retreat.
+
+The next year, 1586, the town was again threatened by the Prince of Condé,
+who, having collected another army, was met by De Saint Luc near the island
+of Oleron, who sallied forth from Brouage with a strong force; and a
+conflict ensued, lasting the whole day, with equal loss on both sides, but
+with no decisive results.
+
+Thus until 1589, when the King of Navarre, the leader of the Huguenots,
+entered into a truce with Henry III., from Champlain's birth through the
+whole period of his youth and until he entered upon his manhood, the little
+town within whose walls he was reared was the fitful scene of war and
+peace, of alarm and conflict.
+
+But in the intervals, when the waves of civil strife settled into the calm
+of a temporary peace, the citizens returned with alacrity to their usual
+employment, the manufacture of salt, which was the absorbing article of
+commerce in their port.
+
+This manufacture was carried on more extensively in Saintonge than in any
+other part of France. The salt was obtained by subjecting water drawn from
+the ocean to solar evaporation. The low marsh-lands which were very
+extensive about Brouage, on the south towards Marennes and on the north
+towards Rochefort, were eminently adapted to this purpose. The whole of
+this vast region was cut up into salt basins, generally in the form of
+parallelograms, excavated at different depths, the earth and rubbish
+scooped out and thrown on the sides, forming a platform or path leading
+from basin to basin, the whole presenting to the eye the appearance of a
+vast chess-board. The argillaceous earth at the bottom of the pans was made
+hard to prevent the escape of the water by percolation. This was done in
+the larger ones by leading horses over the surface, until, says an old
+chronicler, the basins "would hold water as if they were brass." The water
+was introduced from the sea, through sluices and sieves of pierced planks,
+passing over broad surfaces in shallow currents, furnishing an opportunity
+for evaporation from the moment it left the ocean until it found its way
+into the numerous salt-basins covering the whole expanse of the marshy
+plains. The water once in the basins, the process of evaporation was
+carried on by the sun and the wind, assisted by the workmen, who agitated
+the water to hasten the process. The first formation of salt was on the
+surface, having a white, creamy appearance, exhaling an agreeable perfume,
+resembling that of violets. This was the finest and most delicate salt,
+while that precipitated, or falling to the bottom of the basin, was of a
+darker hue.
+
+When the crystallization was completed, the salt was gathered up, drained,
+and piled in conical heaps on the platforms or paths along the sides of the
+basins. At the height of the season, which began in May and ended in
+September, when the whole marsh region was covered with countless white
+cones of salt, it presented an interesting picture, not unlike the tented
+camp of a vast army.
+
+The salt was carried from the marshes on pack-horses, equipped each with a
+white canvas bag, led by boys either to the quay, where large vessels were
+lying, or to small barques which could be brought at high tide, by natural
+or artificial inlets, into the very heart of the marsh-fields.
+
+When the period for removing the salt came, no time was to be lost, as a
+sudden fall of rain might destroy in an hour the products of a month. A
+small quantity only could be transported at a time, and consequently great
+numbers of animals were employed, which were made to hasten over the
+sinuous and angulated paths at their highest speed. On reaching the ships,
+the burden was taken by men stationed for the purpose, the boys mounted in
+haste, and galloped back for another.
+
+The scene presented in the labyrinth of an extensive salt-marsh was lively
+and entertaining. The picturesque dress of the workmen, with their clean
+white frocks and linen tights; the horses in great numbers mantled in their
+showy salt-bags, winding their way on the narrow platforms, moving in all
+directions, turning now to the right hand and now to the left, doubling
+almost numberless angles, here advancing and again retreating, often going
+two leagues to make the distance of one, maintaining order in apparent
+confusion, altogether presented to the distant observer the aspect of a
+grand equestrian masquerade.
+
+The extent of the works and the labor and capital invested in them were
+doubtless large for that period. A contemporary of Champlain informs us
+that the wood employed in the construction of the works, in the form of
+gigantic sluices, bridges, beam-partitions, and sieves, was so vast in
+quantity that, if it were destroyed, the forests of Guienne would not
+suffice to replace it. He also adds that no one who had seen the salt works
+of Saintonge would estimate the expense of forming them less than that of
+building the city of Paris itself.
+
+The port of Brouage was the busy mart from which the salt of Saintonge was
+distributed not only along the coast of France, but in London and Antwerp,
+and we know not what other markets on the continent of Europe. [9]
+
+The early years of Champlain were of necessity intimately associated with
+the stirring scenes thus presented in this prosperous little seaport. As we
+know that he was a careful observer, endowed by nature with an active
+temperament and an unusual degree of practical sense we are sure that no
+event escaped his attention, and that no mystery was permitted to go
+unsolved. The military and commercial enterprise of the place brought him
+into daily contact with men of the highest character in their departments.
+The salt-factors of Brouage were persons of experience and activity, who
+knew their business, its methods, and the markets at home and abroad. The
+fortress was commanded by distinguished officers of the French army, and
+was a rendezvous of the young nobility; like other similar places, a
+training-school for military command. In this association, whether near or
+remote, young Champlain, with his eagle eye and quick ear, was receiving
+lessons and influences which were daily shaping his unfolding capacities,
+and gradually compacting and crystallizing them into the firmness and
+strength of character which he so largely displayed in after years. His
+education, such as it was, was of course obtained during this period. He
+has himself given us no intimation of its character or extent. A careful
+examination of his numerous writings will, however, render it obvious that
+it was limited and rudimentary, scarcely extending beyond the fundamental
+branches which were then regarded as necessary in the ordinary transactions
+of business. As the result of instruction or association with educated men,
+he attained to a good general knowledge of the French language, but was
+never nicely accurate or eminently skilful in its use. He evidently gave
+some attention in his early years to the study and practice of drawing.
+While the specimens of his work that have come down to us are marked by
+grave defects, he appears nevertheless to have acquired facility and some
+skill in the art, which he made exceedingly useful in the illustration of
+his discoveries in the new world.
+
+During Champlain's youth and the earlier years of his manhood, he appears
+to have been engaged in practical navigation. In his address to the Queen
+[10] he says, "this is the art which in my early years won my love, and has
+induced me to expose myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of
+the ocean." That he began the practice of navigation at an early period may
+likewise be inferred from the fact that in 1599 he was put in command of a
+large French ship of 500 tons, which had been chartered by the Spanish
+authorities for a voyage to the West Indies, of which we shall speak more
+particularly in the sequel. It is obvious that he could not have been
+intrusted with a command so difficult and of so great responsibility
+without practical experience in navigation; and, as it will appear
+hereafter that he was in the army several years during the civil war,
+probably from 1592 to 1598, his experience in navigation must have been
+obtained anterior to that, in the years of his youth and early manhood.
+
+Brouage offered an excellent opportunity for such an employment. Its port
+was open to the commerce of foreign nations, and a large number of vessels,
+as we have already seen, was employed in the yearly distribution of the
+salt of Saintonge, not only in the seaport towns of France, but in England
+and on the Continent. In these coasting expeditions, Champlain was
+acquiring skill in navigation which was to be of very great service to him
+in his future career, and likewise gathering up rich stores of experience,
+coming in contact with a great variety of men, observing their manners and
+customs, and quickening and strengthening his natural taste for travel and
+adventure. It is not unlikely that he was, at least during some of these
+years, employed in the national marine, which was fully employed in
+guarding the coast against foreign invasion, and in restraining the power
+of the Huguenots, who were firmly seated at Rochelle with a sufficient
+naval force to give annoyance to their enemies along the whole western
+coast of France.
+
+In 1592, or soon after that date, Champlain was appointed quarter-master in
+the royal army in Brittany, discharging the office several years, until, by
+the peace of Vervins, in 1598, the authority of Henry IV. was firmly
+established throughout the kingdom. This war in Brittany constituted the
+closing scene of that mighty struggle which had been agitating the nation,
+wasting its resources and its best blood for more than half a century. It
+began in its incipient stages as far back as a decade following 1530, when
+the preaching of Calvin in the Kingdom of Navarre began to make known his
+transcendent power. The new faith, which was making rapid strides in other
+countries, easily awakened the warm heart and active temperament of the
+French. The principle of private judgment which lies at the foundation of
+Protestant teaching, its spontaneity as opposed to a faith imposed by
+authority, commended it especially to the learned and thoughtful, while the
+same principle awakened the quick and impulsive nature of the masses. The
+effort to put down the movement by the extermination of those engaged in
+it, proved not only unsuccessful, but recoiled, as usual in such cases,
+upon the hand that struck the blow. Confiscations, imprisonments, and the
+stake daily increased the number of those which these severe measures were
+intended to diminish. It was impossible to mark its progress. When at
+intervals all was calm and placid on the surface, at the same time, down
+beneath, where the eye of the detective could not penetrate, in the closet
+of the scholar and at the fireside of the artisan and the peasant, the new
+gospel, silently and without observation, was spreading like an
+all-pervading leaven. [11]
+
+In 1562, the repressed forces of the Huguenots could no longer be
+restrained, and, bursting forth, assumed the form of organized civil war.
+With the exception of temporary lulls, originating in policy or exhaustion,
+there was no cessation of arms until 1598. Although it is usually and
+perhaps best described as a religious war, the struggle was not altogether
+between the Catholic and the Huguenot or Protestant. There were many other
+elements that came in to give their coloring to the contest, and especially
+to determine the course and policy of individuals.
+
+The ultra-Catholic desired to maintain the old faith with all its ancient
+prestige and power, and to crush out and exclude every other. With this
+party were found the court, certain ambitious and powerful families, and
+nearly all the officials of the church. In close alliance with it were the
+Roman Pontiff, the King of Spain, and the Catholic princes of Germany.
+
+The Huguenots desired what is commonly known as liberty of conscience;
+or, in other words, freedom to worship God according to their own views
+of the truth, without interference or restriction. And in close alliance
+with them were the Queen of England and the Protestant princes of
+Germany.
+
+Personal motives, irrespective of principle, united many persons and
+families with either of these great parties which seemed most likely to
+subserve their private ambitions. The feudal system was nearly extinct in
+form, but its spirit was still alive. The nobles who had long held sway in
+some of the provinces of France desired to hold them as distinct and
+separate governments, and to transmit them as an inheritance to their
+children. This motive often determined their political association.
+
+During the most of the period of this long civil war, Catherine de Médicis
+[12] was either regent or in the exercise of a controlling influence in the
+government of France. She was a woman of commanding person and
+extraordinary ability, skilful in intrigue, without conscience and without
+personal religion. She hesitated at no crime, however black, if through it
+she could attain the objects of her ambition. Neither of her three sons,
+Francis, Charles, and Henry, who came successively to the throne, left any
+legal heir to succeed him. The succession became, therefore, at an early
+period, a question of great interest. If not the potent cause, it was
+nevertheless intimately connected with most of the bloodshed of that bloody
+period.
+
+A solemn league was entered into by a large number of the ultra-Catholic
+nobles to secure two avowed objects, the succession of a Catholic prince to
+the throne, and the utter extermination of the Huguenots. Henry, King of
+Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France, admitted to be the legal heir to
+the throne, was a Protestant, and therefore by the decree of the League
+disqualified to succeed. Around his standard, the Huguenots rallied in
+great numbers. With him were associated the princes of Condé, of royal
+blood, and many other distinguished nobles. They contended for the double
+purpose of securing the throne to its rightful heir and of emancipating and
+establishing the Protestant faith.
+
+But there was another class, acting indeed with one or the other of these
+two great parties, nevertheless influenced by very different motives. It
+was composed of moderate Catholics, who cared little for the political
+schemes and civil power of the Roman Pontiff, who dreaded the encroachments
+of the King of Spain, who were firmly patriotic and desired the
+aggrandizement and glory of France.
+
+The ultra-Catholic party was, for a long period, by far the most numerous
+and the more powerful; but the Huguenots were sufficiently strong to keep
+up the struggle with varying success for nearly forty years.
+
+After the alliance of Henry of Navarre with Henry III. against the League,
+the moderate Catholics and the Huguenots were united and fought together
+under the royal standard until the close of the war in 1598.
+
+Champlain was personally engaged in the war in Brittany for several years.
+This province on the western coast of France, constituting a tongue of land
+jutting out as it were into the sea, isolated and remote from the great
+centres of the war, was among the last to surrender to the arms of Henry
+IV. The Huguenots had made but little progress within its borders. The Duke
+de Mercoeur [13] had been its governor for sixteen years, and had bent all
+his energies to separate it from France, organize it into a distinct
+kingdom, and transmit its sceptre to his own family.
+
+Champlain informs us that he was quarter-master in the army of the king
+under Marshal d'Aumont, de Saint Luc, and Marshal de Brissac, distinguished
+officers of the French army, who had been successively in command in that
+province for the purpose of reducing it into obedience to Henry IV.
+
+Marshal d'Aumont [14] took command of the army in Brittany in 1592. He was
+then seventy years of age, an able and patriotic officer, a moderate
+Catholic, and an uncompromising foe of the League. He had expressed his
+sympathy for Henry IV. a long time before the death of Henry III., and when
+that event occurred he immediately espoused the cause of the new monarch,
+and was at once appointed to the command of one of the three great
+divisions of the French army. He received a wound at the siege of the
+Château de Camper, in Brittany, of which he died on the 19th of August,
+1595.
+
+De Saint Luc, already in the service in Brittany, as lieutenant-general
+under D'Aumont, continued, after the death of that officer, in sole
+command. [15] He raised the siege of the Château de Camper after the death
+of his superior, and proceeded to capture several other posts, marching
+through the lower part of the province, repressing the license of the
+soldiery, and introducing order and discipline. On the 5th of September,
+1596, he was appointed grand-master of the artillery of France, which
+terminated his special service in Brittany.
+
+The king immediately appointed in his place Marshal de Brissac, [16] an
+officer of broad experience, who added other great qualities to those of an
+able soldier. No distinguished battles signalized the remaining months of
+the civil war in this province. The exhausted resources and faltering
+courage of the people could no longer be sustained by the flatteries or
+promises of the Duke de Mercoeur. Wherever the squadrons of the marshal
+made their appearance the flag of truce was raised, and town, city, and
+fortress vied with each other in their haste to bring their ensigns and lay
+them at his feet.
+
+On the seventh of June, 1598, the peace of Vervins was published in Paris,
+and the kingdom of France was a unit, with the general satisfaction of all
+parties, under the able, wise, and catholic sovereign, Henry the Fourth.
+[17]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. The following from Marshal de Montluc refers to Brouage in 1568.
+   Speaking of the Huguenots he says:--"Or ils n'en pouvoient choisir un
+   plus à leur advantage, que celui de la Rochelle, duquel dépend celui de
+   Brouage, qui est le plus beau port de mer de la France." _Commentaires_,
+   Paris, 1760, Tom. III., p. 340.
+
+2. "La Riviere Puitaillé qui en étoit Gouverneur, fut chargé de faire
+   travailler aux fortifications. Belarmat, Bephano, Castritio d'Urbin, &
+   le Cavalier Orlogio, tous Ingénieurs Italiens, présiderent aux
+   travaux."--_Histoire La Rochelle_, par Arcere, à la Rochelle, 1756, Tom.
+   I., p. 121.
+
+3. _Histioire de la Saintonge et de l'Aunis_, 1152-1548, par M. D. Massion,
+   Paris. 1838, Vol. II., p. 406.
+
+4. The King of Navarre "sent for Monsieur _de Mirabeau_ under colour of
+   treating with him concerning other businesses, and forced him to deliver
+   up Brouage into his hands, a Fort of great importance, as well for that
+   it lies upon the Coast of the Ocean-sea, as because it abounds with such
+   store of salt-pits, which yeeld a great and constant revenue; he made
+   the Sieur de Montaut Governour, and put into it a strong Garrison of his
+   dependents, furnishing it with ammunition, and fortifying it with
+   exceeding diligence."--_His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino
+   Davila, London, 1647, p. 455.
+
+5. "The Duke of Mayenne, having without difficulty taken Thone-Charente,
+   and Marans, had laid siege to Brouage, a place, for situation, strength,
+   and the profit of the salt-pits, of very great importance; when the
+   Prince of Condé, having tryed all possible means to relieve the
+   besieged, the Hugonots after some difficulty were brought into such a
+   condition, that about the end of August they delivered it up, saving
+   only the lives of the Souldiers and inhabitants, which agreement the
+   Duke punctually observed."--_His. Civ. Warres_, by Davila, London, 1647,
+   p. 472. See also _Memoirs of Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p. 69.
+
+   "_Le Jeudi_ XXVIII _Mars_. Fut tenu Conseil au Cabinet de la Royne mère
+   du Roy [pour] aviser ce que M. du _Maine_ avoit à faire, & j'ai mis en
+   avant l'enterprise de _Brouage_."--_Journal de Henri III_., Paris, 1744,
+   Tom. III., p. 220.
+
+6. "The Prince of Condé resolved to besiege Brouage, wherein was the Sieur
+   _de St. Luc_, one of the League, with no contemptible number of infantry
+   and some other gentlemen of the Country. The Rochellers consented to
+   this Enterprise, both for their profit, and reputation which redounded
+   by it; and having sent a great many Ships thither, besieged the Fortress
+   by Sea, whilst the Prince having possessed that passage which is the
+   only way to Brouage by land, and having shut up the Defendants within
+   the circuit of their walls, straightned the Siege very closely on that
+   side."--_Davila_, p. 582. See also, _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+   Tom. IX., p. 383.
+
+   The blocking up the harbor at this time appears to have been more
+   effective than convenient. Twenty boats or rafts filled with earth and
+   stone were sunk with a purpose of destroying the harbor. De Saint Luc,
+   the governor, succeeded in removing only four or five. The entrance for
+   vessels afterward remained difficult except at high tide. Subsequently
+   Cardinal de Richelieu expended a hundred thousand francs to remove the
+   rest, but did not succeed in removing one of them.--_Vide Histoire de La
+   Rochelle_, par Arcere, Tom I. p. 121.
+
+7. The Prince of Condé. "Leaving Monsieur de St. Mesmes with the Infantry
+   and Artillery at the Siege of Brouage, and giving order that the Fleet
+   should continue to block it up by sea, he departed upon the eight of
+   October to relieve the Castle of Angiers with 800 Gentlemen and 1400
+   Harquebuziers on horseback."--_Davila_, p. 583. See also _Memoirs of
+   Sully_, Phila., 1817, Vol. I., p 123; _Histoire de Thou_, à Londres,
+   1734, Tom. IX, p. 385.
+
+8. "_St. Luc_ sallying out of Brouage, and following those that were
+   scattered severall wayes, made a great slaughter of them in many places;
+   whereupon the Commander, despairing to rally the Army any more, got away
+   as well as they could possibly, to secure their own strong holds."--
+   _His. Civ. Warres of France_, by Henrico Caterino Davila, London, 1647,
+   p 588.
+
+9. An old writer gives us some idea of the vast quantities of salt exported
+   from France by the amount sent to a single country.
+
+   "Important denique sexies mille vel circiter centenarios salis, quorum
+   singuli constant centenis modiis, ducentenas ut minimum & vicenas
+   quinas, vel & tricenas, pro salis ipsius candore puritateque, libras
+   pondo pendentibus, sena igitur libras centenariorum millia, computatis
+   in singulos aureis nummis tricenis, centum & octoginta reserunt aureorum
+   millia."--_Belguae Descrtptio_, a Lud. Gvicciardino, Amstelodami, 1652,
+   p. 244.
+
+   TRANSLATION.--They import in fine 6000 centenarii of salt, each one of
+   which contains 100 bushels, weighing at least 225 or 230 pounds,
+   according to the purity and whiteness of the salt; therefore six
+   thousand centenarii, computing each at thirty golden nummi, amount to
+   180,000 aurei.
+
+   It may not be easy to determine the value of this importation in money,
+   since the value of gold is constantly changing, but the quantity
+   imported may be readily determined, which was according to the above
+   statement, 67,500 tons.
+
+   A treaty of April 30, 1527, between Francis I. of France and Henry VIII.
+   of England, provided as follows:--"And, besides, should furnish unto the
+   said _Henry_, as long as hee lived, yearly, of the Salt of _Brouage_,
+   the value of fifteene thousand Crownes."--_Life and Raigne of Henry
+   VIII._, by Lord Herbert of Cherbury, London, 1649, p. 206.
+
+   Saintonge continued for a long time to be the source of large exports of
+   salt. De Witt, writing about the year 1658, says they received in
+   Holland of "salt, yearly, the lading of 500 or 600 ships, exported from
+   Rochel, Maran, Brouage, the Island of Oleron, and Ree."--_Republick of
+   Holland_, by John De Witt, London, 1702, p. 271. But it no longer holds
+   the pre-eminence which it did three centuries ago. Saintonge long since
+   yielded the palm to Brittany.
+
+10. Vide _Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed, Tom. III. p. v.
+
+11. In 1558, it was estimated that there were already 400,000 persons in
+    France who were declared adherents of the Reformation.--_Ranke's Civil
+    Wars in France_, Vol. I., p. 234.
+
+    "Although our assemblies were most frequently held in the depth of
+    midnight, and our enemies very often heard us passing through the
+    street, yet so it was, that God bridled them in such manner that we
+    were preserved under His protection."--_Bernard Palissy_, 1580. Vide
+    _Morlay's Life of Palissy_, Vol. II., p. 274.
+
+    When Henry IV. besieged Paris, its population was more than 200,000.--
+    _Malte-Brun_.
+
+12. "Catherine de Médicis was of a large and, at the same time, firm and
+    powerful figure, her countenance had an olive tint, and her prominent
+    eyes and curled lip reminded the spectator of her great uncle, Leo X"
+    --_Civil Wars in France_, by Leopold Ranke, London, 1852, p 28.
+
+13. Philippe Emanuel de Lorraine, Duc de Mercoeur, born at Nomény,
+    September 9, 1558, was the son of Nicolas, Count de Vaudemont, by his
+    second wife, Jeanne de Savoy, and was half-brother of Queen Louise, the
+    wife of Henry III. He was made governor of Brittany in 1582. He
+    embraced the party of the League before the death of Henry III.,
+    entered into an alliance with Philip II., and gave the Spaniards
+    possession of the port of Blavet in 1591. He made his submission to
+    Henry IV. in 1598, on which occasion his only daughter Françoise,
+    probably the richest heiress in the kingdom, was contracted in marriage
+    to César, Duc de Vendôme, the illegitimate son of Henry IV. by
+    Gabrielle d'Estrées, the Duchess de Beaufort. The Duc de Mercoeur died
+    at Nuremburg, February 19, 1602.--_Vide Birch's Memoirs of Queen
+    Elizabeth_, Vol. I., p. 82; _Davila's His. Civil Warres of France_, p.
+    1476.
+
+14. Jean d'Aumont, born in 1522, a Marshal of France who served under
+    six kings, Francis I., Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., Henry
+    III., and Henry IV. He distinguished himself at the battles of
+    Dreux, Saint-Denis, Montcontour, and in the famous siege of
+    Rochelle in 1573. After the death of Henry III., he was the first
+    to recognize Henry IV., whom he served with the same zeal as he
+    had his five predecessors He took part in the brilliant battle of
+    Arques in 1589. In the following year, he so distinguished himself
+    at Ivry that Henry IV., inviting him to sup with him after this
+    memorable battle, addressed to him these flattering words, "Il est
+    juste que vous soyez du festin, après m'avoir si bien servi à mes
+    noces." At the siege of the Château de Camper, in Upper Brittany,
+    he received a musket shot which fractured his arm, and died of the
+    wound on the 19th of August, 1595, at the age of seventy-three
+    years. "Ce grand capitaine qui avoit si bien mérité du Roi et de
+    la nation, emporta dans le tombeau les regrets des Officiers & des
+    soldats, qui pleurerent amérement la perte de leur Général. La
+    Bretagne qui le regardoit comme son père, le Roi, tout le Royaume
+    enfin, furent extrêmement touchez de sa mort. Malgré la haine
+    mutuelle des factions qui divisoient la France, il étoit si estimé
+    dans les deux partis, que s'il se fût agi de trouver un chevalier
+    François sans reproche, tel que nos peres en ont autrefois eu,
+    tout le monde auroit jette les yeux sur d'Aumont."--_Histoire
+    Universelle de Jacque-Auguste de Thou_, à Londres, 1734,
+    Tom. XII., p. 446--_Vide_ also, _Larousse; Camden's His.  Queen
+    Elizabeth_, London, 1675 pp 486,487, _Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, pp. 122, 210; _Oeuvres de Brantôme_, Tom. IV.,
+    pp.  46-49; _Histoire de Bretagne_, par M. Daru, Paris, 1826,
+    Vol. III. p.  319; _Freer's His. Henry IV._, Vol. II, p. 70.
+
+15. François d'Espinay de Saint-Luc, sometimes called _Le Brave Saint
+    Luc_, was born in 1554, and was killed at the battle of Amiens on
+    the 8th of September, 1597. He was early appointed governor of
+    Saintonge, and of the Fortress of Brouage, which he successfully
+    defended in 1585 against the attack of the King of Navarre and the
+    Prince de Condé. He assisted at the battle of Coutras in 1587. He
+    served as a lieutenant-general in Brittany from 1592 to 1596. In
+    1594, he planned with Brissac, his brother-in-law, then governor
+    of Paris for the League, for the surrender of Paris to Henry
+    IV. For this he was offered the baton of a Marshal of France by
+    the king, which he modestly declined, and begged that it might be
+    given to Brissac. In 1578, through the influence or authority of
+    Henry III., he married the heiress, Jeanne de Cosse-Brissac,
+    sister of Charles de Cosse-Brissac, _postea_, a lady of no
+    personal attractions, but of excellent understanding and
+    character.  --_Vide Courcelle's Histoire Généalogique des Pairs de
+    France_, Vol.  II.; _Birch's Memoirs of Queen Elizabeth_, Vol. I.,
+    pp. 163, 191; _Freer's Henry III._, p. 162; _De Mezeray's
+    His. France_, 1683, p. 861.
+
+16. Charles de Cosse-Brissac, a Marshal of France and governor of Angiers.
+    He was a member of the League as early as 1585. He conceived the idea
+    of making France a republic after the model of ancient Rome. He laid
+    his views before the chief Leaguers but none of them approved his plan.
+    He delivered up Paris, of which he was governor, to Henry IV. in 1594,
+    for which he received the Marshal's baton. He died in 1621, at the
+    siege of Saint Jean d'Angely.--_Vide Davila_, pp. 538, 584, 585;
+    _Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, V. 61. Vol. I., p. 420; _Brantôme_, Vol.
+    III., p. 84; _His. Collections_, London, 1598, p. 35; _De Thou_, à
+    Londres, 1724, Tome XII., p. 449.
+
+17. "By the Articles of this Treaty the king was to restore the County of
+    _Charolois_ to the king of _Spain_, to be by him held of the Crown of
+    _France_; who in exchange restor'd the towns of _Calice, Ardres,
+    Montbulin, Dourlens, la Capelle_, and _le Catelet_ in _Picardy_, and
+    _Blavet_ in Britanny: which Articles were Ratifi'd and Sign'd by his
+    Majesty the eleventh of June [1598]; who in his gayety of humour, at so
+    happy a conclusion, told the Duke of _Espernon, That with one dash of
+    his Pen he had done greater things, than he could of a long time have
+    perform'd with the best Swords of his Kingdom."--Life of the Duke of
+    Espernon_, London, 1670, p. 203; _Histoire du Roy Henry le Grand_, par
+    Préfixe, Paris, 1681, p. 243.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+QUARTER-MASTER.--VISIT TO WEST INDIES, SOUTH AMERICA, MEXICO.--HIS
+REPORT.--SUGGESTS A SHIP CANAL.--VOYAGE OF 1603.--EARLIER VOYAGES.--
+CARTIER, DE LA ROQUE, MARQUIS DE LA ROCHE, SIEUR DE CHAUVIN, DE CHASTES.
+--PRELIMINARY VOYAGE.--RETURN TO FRANCE.--DEATH OF DE CHASTES.--SIEUR DE
+MONTS OBTAINS A CHARTER, AND PREPARES FOR AN EXPEDITION TO CANADA.
+
+The service of Champlain as quarter-master in the war in Brittany commenced
+probably with the appointment of Marshal d'Aumont to the command of the
+army in 1592, and, if we are right in this conjecture, it covered a period
+of not far from six years. The activity of the army, and the difficulty of
+obtaining supplies in the general destitution of the province, imposed upon
+him constant and perplexing duty. But in the midst of his embarrassments he
+was gathering up valuable experience, not only relating to the conduct of
+war, but to the transactions of business under a great variety of forms. He
+was brought into close and intimate relations with men of character,
+standing, and influence. The knowledge, discipline, and self-control of
+which he was daily becoming master were unconsciously fitting him for a
+career, humble though it might seem in its several stages, but nevertheless
+noble and potent in its relations to other generations.
+
+At the close of the war, the army which it had called into existence
+was disbanded, the soldiers departed to their homes, the office of
+quarter-master was of necessity vacated, and Champlain was left
+without employment.
+
+Casting about for some new occupation, following his instinctive love of
+travel and adventure, he conceived the idea of attempting an exploration of
+the Spanish West Indies, with the purpose of bringing back a report that
+should be useful to France. But this was an enterprise not easy either to
+inaugurate or carry out. The colonial establishments of Spain were at that
+time hermetically sealed against all intercourse with foreign nations.
+Armed ships, like watch-dogs, were ever on the alert, and foreign
+merchantmen entered their ports only at the peril of confiscation. It was
+necessary for Spain to send out annually a fleet, under a convoy of ships
+of war, for the transportation of merchandise and supplies for the
+colonies, returning laden with cargoes of almost priceless value.
+Champlain, fertile in expedient, proposed to himself to visit Spain, and
+there form such acquaintances and obtain such influence as would secure to
+him in some way a passage to the Indies in this annual expedition.
+
+The Spanish forces, allies of the League in the late war, had not yet
+departed from the coast of France. He hastened to the port of Blavet, [18]
+where they were about to embark, and learned to his surprise and
+gratification that several French ships had been chartered, and that his
+uncle, a distinguished French mariner, commonly known as the _Provençal
+Cappitaine_, had received orders from Marshal de Brissac to conduct the
+fleet, on which the garrison of Blavet was embarked, to Cadiz in Spain.
+Champlain easily arranged to accompany his uncle, who was in command of the
+"St. Julian," a strong, well-built ship of five hundred tons.
+
+Having arrived at Cadiz, and the object of the voyage having been
+accomplished, the French ships were dismissed, with the exception of the
+"St. Julian," which was retained, with the Provincial Captain, who had
+accepted the office of pilot-general for that year, in the service of the
+King of Spain.
+
+After lingering a month at Cadiz, they proceeded to St. Lucar de Barameda,
+where Champlain remained three months, agreeably occupied in making
+observations and drawings of both city and country, including a visit to
+Seville, some fifty miles in the interior.
+
+In the mean time, the fleet for the annual visit to the West Indies, to
+which we have already alluded, was fitting out at Saint Lucar, and about to
+sail under the command of Don Francisco Colombo, who, attracted by the size
+and good sailing qualities of the "Saint Julian," chartered her for the
+voyage. The services of the pilot-general were required in another
+direction, and, with the approbation of Colombo, he gave the command of the
+"Saint Julian" to Champlain. Nothing could have been more gratifying than
+this appointment, which assured to Champlain a visit to the more important
+Spanish colonies under the most favorable circumstances.
+
+He accordingly set sail with the fleet, which left Saint Lucar at the
+beginning of January, 1599.
+
+Passing the Canaries, in two months and six days they sighted the little
+island of Deseada, [19] the _vestibule_ of the great Caribbean
+archipelago, touched at Guadaloupe, wound their way among the group called
+the Virgins, turning to the south made for Margarita, [20] then famous for
+its pearl fisheries, and from thence sailed to St. Juan de Porto-rico. Here
+the fleet was divided into three squadrons. One was to go to Porto-bello,
+on the Isthmus of Panama, another to the coast of South America, then
+called Terra Firma, and the third to Mexico, then known as New Spain. This
+latter squadron, to which Champlain was attached, coasted along the
+northern shore of the island of Saint Domingo, otherwise Hispaniola,
+touching at Porto Platte, Mancenilla, Mosquitoes, Monte Christo, and Saint
+Nicholas. Skirting the southern coast of Cuba, reconnoitring the Caymans,
+[21] they at length cast anchor in the harbor of San Juan d'Ulloa, the
+island fortress near Vera Cruz. While here, Champlain made an inland
+journey to the City of Mexico, where he remained a month. He also sailed in
+a _patache_, or advice-boat, to Porto-bello, when, after a month, he
+returned again to San Juan d'Ulloa. The squadron then sailed for Havana,
+from which place Champlain was commissioned to visit, on public business,
+Cartagena, within the present limits of New Grenada, on the coast of South
+America. The whole _armada_ was finally collected together at Havana,
+and from thence took its departure for Spain, passing through the channel
+of Bahama, or Gulf of Florida, sighting Bermuda and the Azores, reaching
+Saint Lucar early in March, 1601, after an absence from that port of two
+years and two months. [22]
+
+On Champlain's return to France, he prepared an elaborate report of his
+observations and discoveries, luminous with sixty-two illustrations
+sketched by his own hand. As it was his avowed purpose in making the voyage
+to procure information that should be valuable to his government, he
+undoubtedly communicated it in some form to Henry IV. The document remained
+in manuscript two hundred and fifty-seven years, when it was first printed
+at London in an English translation by the Hakluyt Society, in 1859. It is
+an exceedingly interesting and valuable tract, containing a lucid
+description of the peculiarities, manners, and customs of the people, the
+soil, mountains, and rivers, the trees, fruits, and plants, the animals,
+birds, and fishes, the rich mines found at different points, with frequent
+allusions to the system of colonial management, together with the character
+and sources of the vast wealth which these settlements were annually
+yielding to the Spanish crown.
+
+The reader of this little treatise will not fail to see the drift and
+tendency of Champlain's mind and character unfolded on nearly every page.
+His indomitable perseverance, his careful observation, his honest purpose
+and amiable spirit are at all times apparent. Although a Frenchman, a
+foreigner, and an entire stranger in the Spanish fleet, he had won the
+confidence of the commander so completely, that he was allowed by special
+permission to visit the City of Mexico, the Isthmus of Panama, and the
+coast of South America, all of which were prominent and important centres
+of interest, but nevertheless lying beyond the circuit made by the squadron
+to which he was attached.
+
+For the most part, Champlain's narrative of what he saw and of what he
+learned from others is given in simple terms, without inference or comment.
+
+His views are, however, clearly apparent in his description of the Spanish
+method of converting the Indians by the Inquisition, reducing them to
+slavery or the horrors of a cruel death, together with the retaliation
+practised by their surviving comrades, resulting in a milder method. This
+treatment of the poor savages by their more savage masters Champlain
+illustrates by a graphic drawing, in which two stolid Spaniards are
+guarding half a dozen poor wretches who are burning for their faith. In
+another drawing he represents a miserable victim receiving, under the eye
+and direction of the priest, the blows of an uplifted baton, as a penalty
+for not attending church.
+
+Champlain's forecast and fertility of mind may be clearly seen in his
+suggestion that a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama would be a work
+of great practical utility, saving, in the voyage to the Pacific side of
+the Isthmus, a distance of more than fifteen hundred leagues. [23]
+
+As it was the policy of Spain to withhold as much as possible all knowledge
+of her colonial system and wealth in the West Indies, we may add, that
+there is probably no work extant, on this subject, written at that period,
+so full, impartial, and truthful as this tract by Champlain. It was
+undoubtedly written out from notes and sketches made on the spot, and
+probably occupied the early part of the two years that followed his return
+from this expedition, during which period we are not aware that he entered
+upon any other important enterprise. [24]
+
+This tour among the Spanish colonies, and the description which Champlain
+gave of them, information so much desired and yet so difficult to obtain,
+appear to have made a strong and favorable impression upon the mind of
+Henry IV., whose quick comprehension of the character of men was one of the
+great qualities of this distinguished sovereign. He clearly saw that
+Champlain's character was made up of those elements which are indispensable
+in the servants of the executive will. He accordingly assigned him a
+pension to enable him to reside near his person, and probably at the same
+time honored him with a place within the charmed circle of the nobility.
+[25]
+
+While Champlain was residing at court, rejoicing doubtless in his new
+honors and full of the marvels of his recent travels, he formed the
+acquaintance, or perhaps renewed an old one, with Commander de Chastes,
+[26] for many years governor of Dieppe, who had given a long life to the
+service of his country, both by sea [27] and by land, and was a warm and
+attached friend of Henry IV. The enthusiasm of the young voyager and the
+long experience of the old commander made their interviews mutually
+instructive and entertaining. De Chastes had observed and studied with
+great interest the recent efforts at colonization on the coast of North
+America. His zeal had been kindled and his ardor deepened doubtless by the
+glowing recitals of his young friend. It was easy for him to believe that
+France, as well as Spain, might gather in the golden fruits of
+colonization. The territory claimed by France was farther to the north, in
+climate and in sources of wealth widely different, and would require a
+different management. He had determined, therefore, to send out an
+expedition for the purpose of obtaining more definite information than he
+already possessed, with the view to surrender subsequently his government
+of Dieppe, take up his abode in the new world, and there dedicate his
+remaining years to the service of God and his king. He accordingly obtained
+a commission from the king, associating with himself some of the principal
+merchants of Rouen and other cities, and made preparations for despatching
+a pioneer fleet to reconnoitre and fix upon a proper place for settlement,
+and to determine what equipment would be necessary for the convenience and
+comfort of the colony. He secured the services of Pont Gravé, [28] a
+distinguished merchant and Canadian fur-trader, to conduct the expedition.
+Having laid his views open fully to Champlain, he invited him also to join
+the exploring party, as he desired the opinion and advice of so careful an
+observer as to a proper plan of future operations.
+
+No proposition could have been more agreeable to Champlain than this, and
+he expressed himself quite ready for the enterprise, provided De Chastes
+would secure the consent of the king, to whom he was under very great
+obligations. De Chastes readily obtained the desired permission, coupled,
+however, with an order from the king to Champlain to bring back to him a
+faithful report of the voyage. Leaving Paris, Champlain hastened to
+Honfleur, armed with a letter of instructions from M. de Gesures, the
+secretary of the king, to Pont Gravé, directing him to receive Champlain
+and afford him every facility for seeing and exploring the country which
+they were about to visit. They sailed for the shores of the New World on
+the 15th of March, 1603.
+
+The reader should here observe that anterior to this date no colonial
+settlement had been made on the northern coasts of America. These regions
+had, however, been frequented by European fishermen at a very early period,
+certainly within the decade after its discovery by John Cabot in 1497. But
+the Basques, Bretons, and Normans, [29] who visited these coasts, were
+intent upon their employment, and consequently brought home only meagre
+information of the country from whose shores they yearly bore away rich
+cargoes of fish.
+
+The first voyage made by the French for the purpose of discovery in our
+northern waters of which we have any authentic record was by Jacques
+Cartier in 1534, and another was made for the same purpose by this
+distinguished navigator in 1535. In the former, he coasted along the shores
+of Newfoundland, entered and gave its present name to the Bay of Chaleur,
+and at Gaspé took formal possession of the country in the name of the king.
+In the second, he ascended the St. Lawrence as far as Montreal, then an
+Indian village known by the aborigines as Hochelaga, situated on an island
+at the base of an eminence which they named _Mont-Royal_, from which the
+present commercial metropolis of the Dominion derives its name. After a
+winter of great suffering, which they passed on the St. Charles, near
+Quebec, and the death of many of his company, Cartier returned to France
+early in the summer of 1536. In 1541, he made a third voyage, under the
+patronage of François de la Roque, Lord de Roberval, a nobleman of Picardy.
+He sailed up the St. Lawrence, anchoring probably at the mouth of the river
+Cap Rouge, about four leagues above Quebec, where he built a fort which he
+named _Charlesbourg-Royal_. Here he passed another dreary and disheartening
+winter, and returned to France in the spring of 1542. His patron, De
+Roberval, who had failed to fulfil his intention to accompany him the
+preceding year, met him at St. John, Newfoundland. In vain Roberval urged
+and commanded him to retrace his course; but the resolute old navigator had
+too recent an experience and saw too clearly the inevitable obstacles to
+success in their undertaking to be diverted from his purpose. Roberval
+proceeded up the Saint Lawrence, apparently to the fort just abandoned by
+Cartier, which he repaired and occupied the next winter, naming it
+_Roy-Francois_; [30] but the disasters which followed, the sickness and
+death of many of his company, soon forced him, likewise, to abandon the
+enterprise and return to France.
+
+Of these voyages, Cartier, or rather his pilot-general, has left full and
+elaborate reports, giving interesting and detailed accounts of the mode of
+life among the aborigines, and of the character and products of the
+country.
+
+The entire want of success in all these attempts, and the absorbing and
+wasting civil wars in France, paralyzed the zeal and put to rest all
+aspirations for colonial adventure for more than half a century.
+
+But in 1598, when peace again began to dawn upon the nation, the spirit of
+colonization revived, and the Marquis de la Roche, a nobleman of Brittany,
+obtained a royal commission with extraordinary and exclusive powers of
+government and trade, identical with those granted to Roberval nearly sixty
+years before. Having fitted out a vessel and placed on board forty convicts
+gathered out of the prisons of France, he embarked for the northern coasts
+of America. The first land he made was Sable Island, a most forlorn
+sand-heap rising out of the Atlantic Ocean, some thirty leagues southeast
+of Cape Breton. Here he left these wretched criminals to be the strength
+and hope, the bone and sinew of the little kingdom which, in his fancy, he
+pictured to himself rising under his fostering care in the New World. While
+reconnoitring the mainland, probably some part of Nova Scotia, for the
+purpose of selecting a suitable location for his intended settlement, a
+furious gale swept him from the coast, and, either from necessity or
+inclination, he returned to France, leaving his hopeful colonists to a fate
+hardly surpassed by that of Selkirk himself, and at the same time
+dismissing the bright visions that had so long haunted his mind, of
+personal aggrandizement at the head of a colonial establishment.
+
+The next year, 1599, Sieur de Saint Chauvin, of Normandy, a captain in the
+royal marine, at the suggestion of Pont Gravé, of Saint Malo, an
+experienced fur-trader, to whom we have already referred, and who had made
+several voyages to the northwest anterior to this, obtained a commission
+sufficiently comprehensive, amply providing for a colonial settlement and
+the propagation of the Christian faith, with, indeed, all the privileges
+accorded by that of the Marquis de la Roche. But the chief and present
+object which Chauvin and Pont Gravé hoped to attain was the monopoly of the
+fur trade, which they had good reason to believe they could at that time
+conduct with success. Under this commission, an expedition was accordingly
+fitted out and sailed for Tadoussac. Successful in its main object, with a
+full cargo of valuable furs, they returned to France in the autumn,
+leaving, however, sixteen men, some of whom perished during the winter,
+while the rest were rescued from the same fate by the charity of the
+Indians. In the year 1600, Chauvin made another voyage, which was equally
+remunerative, and a third had been projected on a much broader scale, when
+his death intervened and prevented its execution.
+
+The death of Sieur de Chauvin appears to have vacated his commission, at
+least practically, opening the way for another, which was obtained by the
+Commander de Chastes, whose expedition, accompanied by Champlain, as we
+have already seen, left Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. It consisted
+of two barques of twelve or fifteen tons, one commanded by Pont Gravé, and
+the other by Sieur Prevert, of Saint Malo, and was probably accompanied by
+one or more advice-boats. They took with them two Indians who had been in
+France some time, doubtless brought over by De Chauvin on his last voyage.
+With favoring winds, they soon reached the banks of Newfoundland, sighted
+Cape Ray, the northern point of the Island of Cape Breton, Anticosti and
+Gaspé, coasting along the southern side of the river Saint Lawrence as far
+as the Bic, where, crossing over to the northern shore, they anchored in
+the harbor of Tadoussac. After reconnoitring the Saguenay twelve or fifteen
+leagues, leaving their vessels at Tadoussac, where an active fur trade was
+in progress with the Indians, they proceeded up the St. Lawrence in a light
+boat, passed Quebec, the Three Rivers, Lake St. Peter, the Richelieu, which
+they called the river of the Iroquois, making an excursion up this stream
+five or six leagues, and then, continuing their course, passing Montreal,
+they finally cast anchor on the northern side, at the foot of the Falls of
+St. Louis, not being able to proceed further in their boat.
+
+Having previously constructed a skiff for the purpose, Pont Gravé and
+Champlain, with five sailors and two Indians with a canoe, attempted to
+pass the falls. But after a long and persevering trial, exploring the
+shores on foot for some miles, they found any further progress quite
+impossible with their present equipment. They accordingly abandoned the
+undertaking and set out on their return to Tadoussac. They made short stops
+at various points, enabling Champlain to pursue his investigations with
+thoroughness and deliberation. He interrogated the Indians as to the course
+and extent of the St. Lawrence, as well as that of the other large rivers,
+the location of the lakes and falls, and the outlines and general features
+of the country, making rude drawings or maps to illustrate what the Indians
+found difficult otherwise to explain. [31]
+
+The savages also exhibited to them specimens of native copper, which they
+represented as having been obtained from the distant north, doubtless from
+the neighborhood of Lake Superior. On reaching Tadoussac, they made another
+excursion in one of the barques as far as Gaspé, observing the rivers,
+bays, and coves along the route. When they had completed their trade with
+the Indians and had secured from them a valuable collection of furs, they
+commenced their return voyage to France, touching at several important
+points, and obtaining from the natives some general hints in regard to the
+existence of certain mines about the head waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+Before leaving, one of the Sagamores placed his son in charge of Pont
+Gravé, that he might see the wonders of France, thus exhibiting a
+commendable appreciation of the advantages of foreign travel. They also
+obtained the gift of an Iroquois woman, who had been taken in war, and was
+soon to be immolated as one of the victims at a cannibal feast. Besides
+these, they took with them also four other natives, a man from the coast of
+La Cadie, and a woman and two boys from Canada.
+
+The two little barques left Gaspé on the 24th of August; on the 5th of
+September they were at the fishing stations on the Grand Banks, and on the
+20th of the same month arrived at Havre de Grâce, having been absent six
+months and six days.
+
+Champlain received on his arrival the painful intelligence that the
+Commander de Chastes, his friend and patron, under whose auspices the late
+expedition had been conducted, had died on the 13th of May preceding. This
+event was a personal grief as well as a serious calamity to him, as it
+deprived him of an intimate and valued friend, and cast a cloud over the
+bright visions that floated before him of discoveries and colonies in the
+New World. He lost no time in repairing to the court, where he laid before
+his sovereign, Henry IV., a map constructed by his own hand of the regions
+which he had just visited, together with a very particular narrative of the
+voyage.
+
+This "petit discours," as Champlain calls it, is a clear, compact,
+well-drawn paper, containing an account of the character and products of
+the country, its trees, plants, fruits, and vines, with a description of
+the native inhabitants, their mode of living, their clothing, food and its
+preparation, their banquets, religion, and method of burying their dead,
+with many other interesting particulars relating to their habits and
+customs.
+
+Henry IV. manifested a deep interest in Champlain's narrative. He listened
+to its recital with great apparent satisfaction, and by way of
+encouragement promised not to abandon the undertaking, but to continue to
+bestow upon it his royal favor and patronage.
+
+There chanced at this time to be residing at court, a Huguenot gentleman
+who had been a faithful adherent of Henry IV. in the late war, Pierre du
+Guast, Sieur de Monts, gentleman ordinary to the king's chamber, and
+governor of Pons in Saintonge. This nobleman had made a trip for pleasure
+or recreation to Canada with De Chauvin, several years before, and had
+learned something of the country, and especially of the advantages of the
+fur trade with the Indians. He was quite ready, on the death of De Chastes,
+to take up the enterprise which, by this event, had been brought to a
+sudden and disastrous termination. He immediately devised a scheme for the
+establishment of a colony under the patronage of a company to be composed
+of merchants of Rouen, Rochelle, and of other places, their contributions
+for covering the expense of the enterprise to be supplemented, if not
+rendered entirely unnecessary, by a trade in furs and peltry to be
+conducted by the company.
+
+In less than two months after the return of the last expedition, De Monts
+had obtained from Henry IV., though contrary to the advice of his most
+influential minister, [32] a charter constituting him the king's lieutenant
+in La Cadie, with all necessary and desirable powers for a colonial
+settlement. The grant included the whole territory lying between the 4Oth
+and 46th degrees of north latitude. Its southern boundary was on a parallel
+of Philadelphia, while its northern was on a line extended due west from
+the most easterly point of the Island of Cape Breton, cutting New Brunswick
+on a parallel near Fredericton, and Canada near the junction of the river
+Richelieu and the St. Lawrence. It will be observed that the parts of New
+France at that time best known were not included in this grant, viz., Lake
+St. Peter, Three Rivers, Quebec, Tadoussac, Gaspé, and the Bay Chaleur.
+These were points of great importance, and had doubtless been left out of
+the charter by an oversight arising from an almost total want of a definite
+geographical knowledge of our northern coast. Justly apprehending that the
+places above mentioned might not be included within the limits of his
+grant, De Monts obtained, the next month, an extension of the bounds of his
+exclusive right of trade, so that it should comprehend the whole region of
+the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. [33]
+
+The following winter, 1603-4, was devoted by De Monts to organizing his
+company, the collection of a suitable band of colonists, and the necessary
+preparations for the voyage. His commission authorized him to seize any
+idlers in the city or country, or even convicts condemned to
+transportation, to make up the bone and sinew of the colony. To what extent
+he resorted to this method of filling his ranks, we know not. Early in
+April he had gathered together about a hundred and twenty artisans of all
+trades, laborers, and soldiers, who were embarked upon two ships, one of
+120 tons, under the direction of Sieur de Pont Gravé, commanded, however,
+by Captain Morel, of Honfleur; another of 150 tons, on which De Monts
+himself embarked with several noblemen and gentlemen, having Captain
+Timothée, of Havre de Grâce, as commander.
+
+De Monts extended to Champlain an invitation to join the expedition, which
+he readily accepted, but, nevertheless, on the condition, as in the
+previous voyage, of the king's assent, which was freely granted,
+nevertheless with the command that he should prepare a faithful report of
+his observations and discoveries.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+18. Blavet was situated at the mouth of the River Blavet, on the southern
+    coast of Brittany. Its occupation had been granted to the Spanish by
+    the Duke de Mercoeur during the civil war, and, with other places held
+    by the Spanish, was surrendered by the treaty of Vervins, in June,
+    1598. It was rebuilt and fortified by Louis XIII, and is now known as
+    Port Louis.
+
+19. _Deseada_, signifying in Spanish the desired land.
+
+20. _Margarita_, a Spanish word from the Greek [Greek: margaritaes],
+    signifying a pearl. The following account by an eye-witness will not be
+    uninteresting: "Especially it yieldeth store of pearls, those gems
+    which the Latin writers call _Uniones_, because _nulli duo reperiuntur
+    discreti_, they always are found to grow in couples. In this Island
+    there are many rich Merchants who have thirty, forty, fifty _Blackmore_
+    slaves only to fish out of the sea about the rocks these pearls....
+    They are let down in baskets into the Sea, and so long continue under
+    the water, until by pulling the rope by which they are let down, they
+    make their sign to be taken up.... From _Margarita_ are all the Pearls
+    sent to be refined and bored to _Carthagena_, where is a fair and
+    goodly street of no other shops then of these Pearl dressers. Commonly
+    in the month of _July_ there is a ship or two at most ready in the
+    Island to carry the King's revenue, and the Merchant's pearls to
+    _Carthagena_. One of these ships is valued commonly at three score
+    thousand or four score thousand ducats and sometimes more, and
+    therefore are reasonable well manned; for that the _Spaniards_ much
+    fear our _English_ and the _Holland_ ships."--_Vide New Survey of the
+    West Indies_, by Thomas Gage, London, 1677, p. 174.
+
+21. _Caymans_, Crocodiles.
+
+22. For an interesting Account of the best route to and from the West
+    Indies in order to avoid the vigilant French and English corsairs, see
+    _Notes on Giovanni da Verrazano_, by J. C. Brevoort, New York, 1874, p.
+    101.
+
+23. At the time that Champlain was at the isthmus, in 1599-1601, the gold
+    and silver of Peru were brought to Panama, then transported on mules a
+    distance of about four leagues to a river, known as the Rio Chagres,
+    whence they were conveyed by water first to Chagres. and thence along
+    the coast to Porto-bello, and there shipped to Spain.
+
+    Champlain refers to a ship-canal in the following words: "One might
+    judge, if the territory four leagues in extent lying between Panama and
+    this river were cut through, he could pass from the south sea to that
+    on the other side, and thus shorten the route by more than fifteen
+    hundred leagues. From Panama to the Straits of Magellan would
+    constitute an island, and from Panama to New Foundland another, so that
+    the whole of America would be in two islands."--_Vide Brief Discours
+    des Choses Plus Rémarquables_, par Sammuel Champlain de Brovage, 1599,
+    Quebec ed., Vol. I. p 141. This project of a ship canal across the
+    isthmus thus suggested by Champlain two hundred and eighty years ago is
+    now attracting the public attention both in this country and in Europe.
+    Several schemes are on foot for bringing it to pass, and it will
+    undoubtedly be accomplished, if it shall be found after the most
+    careful and thorough investigation to be within the scope of human
+    power, and to offer adequate commercial advantages.
+
+    Some of the difficulties to be overcome are suggested by Mr. Marsh in
+    the following excerpt--
+
+    "The most colossal project of canalization ever suggested, whether we
+    consider the physical difficulties of its execution, the magnitude and
+    importance of the waters proposed to be united, or the distance which
+    would be saved in navigation, is that of a channel between the Gulf of
+    Mexico and the Pacific, across the Isthmus of Darien. I do not now
+    speak of a lock-canal, by way of the Lake of Nicaragua, or any other
+    route,--for such a work would not differ essentially from other canals
+    and would scarcely possess a geographical character,--but of an open
+    cut between the two seas. The late survey by Captain Selfridge, showing
+    that the lowest point on the dividing ridge is 763 feet above the
+    sea-level, must be considered as determining in the negative the
+    question of the possibility of such a cut, by any means now at the
+    control of man; and both the sanguine expectations of benefits, and the
+    dreary suggestions of danger from the realization of this great dream,
+    may now be dismissed as equally chimerical."--_Vide The Earth as
+    Modified by Human Action_, by George P. Marsh, New York, 1874, p. 612.
+
+24. A translation of Champlain's Voyage to the West Indies and Mexico was
+    made by Alice Wilmere, edited by Norton Shaw, and published by the
+    Hakluyt Society, London, 1859.
+
+25. No positive evidence is known to exist as to the time when Champlain
+    was ennobled. It seems most likely to have been in acknowledgment of
+    his valuable report made to Henry IV. after his visit to the West
+    Indies.
+
+26. Amyar de Chastes died on the 13th of May, 1603, greatly respected and
+    beloved by his fellow-citizens. He was charged by his government with
+    many important and responsible duties. In 1583, he was sent by Henry
+    III., or rather by Catherine de Médicis, to the Azores with a military
+    force to sustain the claims of Antonio, the Prior of Crato, to the
+    throne of Portugal. He was a warm friend and supporter of Henry IV.,
+    and took an active part in the battles of Ivry and Arques. He commanded
+    the French fleet on the coasts of Brittany; and, during the long
+    struggle of this monarch with internal enemies and external foes, he
+    was in frequent communication with the English to secure their
+    co-operation, particularly against the Spanish. He accompanied the Duke
+    de Boullon, the distinguished Huguenot nobleman, to England, to be
+    present and witness the oath of Queen Elizabeth to the treaty made with
+    France.
+
+    On this occasion he received a valuable jewel as a present from the
+    English queen. He afterwards directed the ceremonies and entertainment
+    of the Earl of Shrewsbury, who was deputed to receive the ratification
+    of the before-mentioned treaty by Henry IV. _Vide Busk's His. Spain and
+    Portugal_, London, 1833, p. 129 _et passim_; _Denis' His. Portugal_,
+    Paris, 1846, p. 296; _Freer's Life of Henry IV._, Vol. I. p. 121, _et
+    passim_; _Memoirs of Sully_, Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. I. p. 204;
+    _Birch's Memoirs Queen Elizabeth_, London, 1754, Vol. II. pp. 121, 145,
+    151, 154, 155; _Asselini MSS. Chron._, cited by Shaw in _Nar Voyage to
+    West Ind. and Mexico_, Hakluyt Soc., 1859, p. xv.
+
+27. "Au même tems les nouvelles vinrent.... que le Commandeur de Chastes
+    dressoit une grande Armée de Mer en Bretagne."--_Journal de Henri III._
+    (1586), Paris, 1744, Tom. III. p. 279.
+
+28. Du Pont Gravé was a merchant of St Malo. He had been associated with
+    Chauvin in the Canada trade, and continued to visit the St Lawrence for
+    this purpose almost yearly for thirty years.
+
+    He was greatly respected by Champlain, and was closely associated with
+    him till 1629. After the English captured Quebec, he appears to have
+    retired, forced to do so by the infirmities of age.
+
+29. Jean Parmentier, of Dieppe, author of the _Discorso d'un gran capitano_
+    in Ramusio, Vol. III., p. 423, wrote in the year 1539, and he says the
+    Bretons and Normans were in our northern waters thirty-five years
+    before, which would be in 1504. _Vide_ Mr. Parkman's learned note and
+    citations in _Pioneers of France in the New World_, pp. 171, 172. The
+    above is doubtless the authority on which the early writers, such as
+    Pierre Biard, Champlain, and others, make the year 1504 the period when
+    the French voyages for fishing commenced.
+
+30. _Vide Voyage of Iohn Alphonse of Xanctoigne_, Hakluyt, Vol. III., p.
+    293.
+
+31. Compare the result of these inquiries as stated by Champlain, p.252 of
+    this vol and _New Voyages_, by Baron La Hontan, 1684, ed. 1735, Vol I.
+    p. 30.
+
+32. The Duke of Sully's disapprobation is expressed in the following words:
+    "The colony that was sent to Canada this year, was among the number of
+    those things that had not my approbation; there was no kind of riches
+    to be expected from all those countries of the new world, which are
+    beyond the fortieth degree of latitude. His majesty gave the conduct of
+    this expedition to the Sieur du Mont."--_Memoirs of Sully_,
+    Philadelphia, 1817, Vol. III. p. 185.
+
+33. "Frequenter, négocier, et communiquer durant ledit temps de dix ans,
+    depuis le Cap de Raze jusques au quarantième degré, comprenant toute la
+    côte de la Cadie, terre et Cap Breton, Bayes de Sainct-Cler, de
+    Chaleur, Ile Percée, Gachepé, Chinschedec, Mesamichi, Lesquemin,
+    Tadoussac, et la rivière de Canada, tant d'un côté que d'aurre, et
+    toutes les Bayes et rivières qui entrent au dedans désdites côtes."--
+    Extract of Commission, _Histoire de la Nouvelle-France_, par Lescarbot,
+    Paris, 1866, Vol. II. p. 416.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+DE MONTS LEAVES FOR LA CADIE--THE COASTS OF NOVA SCOTIA.--THE BAY OF FUNDY
+--SEARCH FOR COPPER MINE--CHAMPLAIN EXPLORES THE PENOBSCOT--DE MONTS'S
+ISLAND--SUFFERINGS OF THE COLONY--EXPLORATION OF THE COAST AS FAR AS
+NAUSET, ON CAPE COD
+
+De Monts, with Champlain and the other noblemen, left Havre de Grâce on the
+7th April, 1604, while Pont Gravé, with the other vessel, followed three
+days later, to rendezvous at Canseau.
+
+Taking a more southerly course than he had originally intended, De Monts
+came in sight of La Hève on the 8th of May, and on the 12th entered
+Liverpool harbor, where he found Captain Rossignol, of Havre de Grâce,
+carrying on a contraband trade in furs with the Indians, whom he arrested,
+and confiscated his vessel.
+
+The next day they anchored at Port Mouton, where they lingered three or
+four weeks, awaiting news from Pont Gravé, who had in the mean time arrived
+at Canseau, the rendezvous agreed upon before leaving France. Pont Gravé
+had there discovered several Basque ships engaged in the fur-trade. Taking
+possession of them, he sent their masters to De Monts. The ships were
+subsequently confiscated and sent to Rochelle.
+
+Captain Fouques was despatched to Canseau in the vessel which had been
+taken from Rossignol, to bring forward the supplies which had been brought
+over by Pont Gravé. Having transshipped the provisions intended for the
+colony, Pont Gravé proceeded through the Straits of Canseau up the St.
+Lawrence, to trade with the Indians, upon the profits of which the company
+relied largely for replenishing their treasury.
+
+In the mean time Champlain was sent in a barque of eight tons, with the
+secretary Sieur Ralleau, Mr. Simon, the miner, and ten men, to reconnoitre
+the coast towards the west. Sailing along the shore, touching at numerous
+points, doubling Cape Sable, he entered the Bay of Fundy, and after
+exploring St. Mary's Bay, and discovering several mines of both Silver and
+iron, returned to Port Mouton and made to De Monts a minute and careful
+report.
+
+De Monts immediately weighed anchor and sailed for the Bay of St. Mary,
+where he left his vessel, and, with Champlain, the miner, and some others,
+proceeded to explore the Bay of Fundy. They entered and examined Annapolis
+harbor, coasted along the western shores of Nova Scotia, touching at the
+Bay of Mines, passing over to New Brunswick, skirting its whole
+southeastern coast, entering the harbor of St. John, and finally
+penetrating Passamaquoddy Bay as far as the mouth of the river St. Croix,
+and fixed upon De Monts's Island [34] as the seat of their colony. The
+vessel at St. Mary's with the colonists was ordered to join them, and
+immediately active measures were taken for laying out gardens, erecting
+dwellings and storehouses, and all the necessary preparations for the
+coming winter. Champlain was commissioned to design and lay out the town,
+if so it could be called.
+
+When the work was somewhat advanced, he was sent in a barque of five or six
+tons, manned with nine sailors, to search for a mine of pure copper, which
+an Indian named Messamoüet had assured them he could point out to them on
+the coast towards the river St. John. Some twenty-five miles from the river
+St. Croix, they found a mine yielding eighteen per cent, as estimated by
+the miner; but they did not discover any pure copper, as they had hoped.
+
+On the last day of August, 1604, the vessel which had brought out the
+colony, together with that which had been taken from Rossignol, took their
+departure for the shores of France. In it sailed Poutrincourt, Ralleau the
+secretary of De Monts, and Captain Rossignol.
+
+From the moment of his arrival on the coast of America, Champlain employed
+his leisure hours in making sketches and drawings of the most important
+rivers, harbors, and Indian settlements which they had visited.
+
+While the little colony at De Monts's Island was active in getting its
+appointments arranged and settled, De Monts wisely determined, though he
+could not accompany it himself, nevertheless to send out an expedition
+during the mild days of autumn, to explore the region still further to the
+south, then called by the Indians Norumbegue. Greatly to the satisfaction
+of Champlain, he was personally charged, with this important expedition. He
+set out on the 2d of September, in a barque of seventeen or eighteen tons,
+with twelve sailors and two Indian guides. The inevitable fogs of that
+region detained them nearly a fortnight before they were able to leave the
+banks of Passamaquoddy. Passing along the rugged shores of Maine, with its
+endless chain of islands rising one after another into view, which they
+called the Ranges, they at length came to the ancient Pemetiq, lying close
+in to the shore, having the appearance at sea of seven or eight mountains
+drawn together and springing from the same base. This Champlain named
+_Monts Déserts_, which we have anglicized into Mount Desert, [35] an
+appellation which has survived the vicissitudes of two hundred and
+seventy-five years, and now that the island, with its salubrious air and
+cool shades, its bold and picturesque scenery, is attracting thousands from
+the great cities during the heats of summer, the name is likely to abide
+far down into a distant and indefinite future.
+
+Leaving Mount Desert, winding their way among numerous islands, taking a
+northerly direction, they soon entered the Penobscot, [36] known by the
+early navigators as the river Norumbegue. They proceeded up the river as
+far as the mouth of an affluent now known as the Kenduskeag, [37] which was
+then called, or rather the place where it made a junction with the
+Penobscot was called by the natives, _Kadesquit_, situated at the head of
+tide-water, near the present site of the city of Bangor. The falls above
+the city intercepted their further progress. The river-banks about the
+harbor were fringed with a luxurious growth of forest trees. On one side,
+lofty pines reared their gray trunks, forming a natural palisade along the
+shore. On the other, massive oaks alone were to be seen, lifting their
+sturdy branches to the skies, gathered into clumps or stretching out into
+long lines, as if a landscape gardener had planted them to please the eye
+and gratify the taste. An exploration revealed the whole surrounding region
+clothed in a similar wild and primitive beauty.
+
+After a leisurely survey of the country, they returned to the mouth of the
+river. Contrary to what might have been expected, Champlain found scarcely
+any inhabitants dwelling on the borders of the Penobscot. Here and there
+they saw a few deserted wigwams, which were the only marks of human
+occupation. At the mouth of the river, on the borders of Penobscot Bay, the
+native inhabitants were numerous. They were of a friendly disposition, and
+gave their visitors a cordial welcome, readily entered into negotiations
+for the sale of beaver-skins, and the two parties mutually agreed to
+maintain a friendly intercourse in the future.
+
+Having obtained from the Indians some valuable information as to the source
+of the Penobscot, and observed their mode of life, which did not differ
+from that which they had seen still further east, Champlain departed on the
+20th of September, directing his course towards the Kennebec. But,
+encountering bad weather, he found it necessary to take shelter under the
+lee of the island of Monhegan.
+
+After sailing three or four leagues farther, finding that his provisions
+would not warrant the continuance of the voyage, he determined, on the 23d
+of September, to return to the settlement at Saint Croix, or what is now
+known as De Monts's Island, where they arrived on the 2d day of October,
+1604.
+
+De Monts's Island, having an area of not more than six or seven acres, is
+situated in the river Saint Croix, midway between its opposite shores,
+directly upon the dividing line between the townships of Calais and
+Robinston in the State of Maine. At the northern end of the island, the
+buildings of the settlement were clustered together in the form of a
+quadrangle with an open court in the centre. First came the magazine and
+lodgings of the soldiers, then the mansion of the governor, De Monts,
+surmounted by the colors of France. Houses for Champlain and the other
+gentlemen, [38] for the curé, the artisans and workmen, filled up and
+completed the quadrangle. Below the houses, gardens were laid out for the
+several gentlemen, and at the southern extremity of the island cannon were
+mounted for protection against a sudden assault.
+
+In the ample forests of Maine or New Brunswick, rich in oak and maple and
+pine, abounding in deer, partridge, and other wild game, watered by crystal
+fountains springing from every acre of the soil, we naturally picture for
+our colonists a winter of robust health, physical comfort, and social
+enjoyment. The little island which they had chosen was indeed a charming
+spot in a summer's day, but we can hardly comprehend in what view it could
+have been regarded as suitable for a colonial plantation. In space it was
+wholly inadequate; it was destitute of wood and fresh water, and its soil
+was sandy and unproductive. In fixing the location of their settlement and
+in the construction of their houses, it is obvious that they had entirely
+misapprehended the character of the climate. While the latitude was nearly
+the same, the temperature was far more rigorous than that of the sunny
+France which they had left. The snow began to fall on the 6th of October.
+On the 3d of December the ice was seen floating on the surface of the
+water. As the season advanced, and the tide came and went, huge floes of
+ice, day after day, swept by the island, rendering it impracticable to
+navigate the river or pass over to the mainland. They were therefore
+imprisoned in their own home. Thus cut off from the game with which the
+neighboring forests abounded, they were compelled to subsist almost
+exclusively upon salted meats. Nearly all the forest trees on the island
+had been used in the construction of their houses, and they had
+consequently but a meagre supply of fuel to resist the chilling winds and
+penetrating frosts. For fresh water, their only reliance was upon melted
+snow and ice. Their store-house had not been furnished with a cellar, and
+the frost left nothing untouched; even cider was dispensed in solid blocks.
+To crown the gloom and wretchedness of their situation, the colony was
+visited with disease of a virulent and fatal character. As the malady was
+beyond the knowledge, so it baffled the skill of the surgeons. They called
+it _mal de la terre_. Of the seventy-nine persons, composing the whole
+number of the colony, thirty-five died, and twenty others were brought to
+the verge of the grave. In May, having been liberated from the baleful
+influence of their winter prison and revived by the genial warmth of the
+vernal sun and by the fresh meats obtained from the savages, the disease
+abated, and the survivors gradually regained their strength.
+
+Disheartened by the bitter experiences of the winter, the governor, having
+fully determined to abandon his present establishment, ordered two boats to
+be constructed, one of fifteen and the other of seven tons, in which to
+transport his colony to Gaspé, in case he received no supplies from France,
+with the hope of obtaining a passage home in some of the fishing vessels on
+that coast. But from this disagreeable alternative he was happily relieved.
+On the 15th of June, 1605, Pont Gravé arrived, to the great joy of the
+little colony, with all needed supplies. The purpose of returning to France
+was at once abandoned, and, as no time was to be lost, on the 18th of the
+same month, De Monts, Champlain, several gentlemen, twenty sailors, two
+Indians, Panounias and his wife, set sail for the purpose of discovering a
+more eligible site for his colony somewhere on the shores of the present
+New England. Passing slowly along the coast, with which Champlain was
+already familiar, and consequently without extensive explorations, they at
+length reached the waters of the Kennebec, [39] where the survey of the
+previous year had terminated and that of the present was about to begin.
+
+On the 5th of July, they entered the Kennebec, and, bearing to the right,
+passed through Back River, [40] grazing their barque on the rocks in the
+narrow channel, and then sweeping down round the southern point of
+Jerremisquam Island, or Westport, they ascended along its eastern shores
+till they came near the present site of Wiscasset, from whence they
+returned on the western side of the island, through Monseag Bay, and
+threading the narrow passage between Arrowsick and Woolwich, called the
+Upper Hell-gate, and again entering the Kennebec, they finally reached
+Merrymeeting Bay. Lingering here but a short time, they returned through
+the Sagadahock, or lower Kennebec, to the mouth of the river.
+
+This exploration did not yield to the voyagers any very interesting or
+important results. Several friendly interviews were held with the savages
+at different points along the route. Near the head waters of the Sheepscot,
+probably in Wiscasset Bay, they had an interview, an interesting and joyous
+meeting, with the chief Manthomerme and twenty-five or thirty followers,
+with whom they exchanged tokens of friendship. Along the shores of the
+Sheepscot their attention was attracted by several pleasant streams and
+fine expanses of meadow; but the soil observed on this expedition
+generally, and especially on the Sagadahock, [41] or lower Kennebec, was
+rough and barren, and offered, in the judgment of De Monts and Champlain,
+no eligible site for a new settlement.
+
+Proceeding, therefore, on their voyage, they struck directly across Casco
+Bay, not attempting, in their ignorance, to enter the fine harbor of
+Portland.
+
+On the 9th of July, they made the bay that stretches from Cape Elizabeth to
+Fletcher's Neck, and anchored under the lee of Stratton Island, directly in
+sight of Old Orchard Beach, now a famous watering place during the summer
+months.
+
+The savages having seen the little French barque approaching in the
+distance, had built sires to attract its attention, and came down upon the
+shore at Prout's Neck, formerly known as Black Point, in large numbers,
+indicating their friendliness by lively demonstrations of joy. From this
+anchorage, while awaiting the influx of the tide to enable them to pass
+over the bar and enter a river which they saw flowing into the bay, De
+Monts paid a visit to Richmond's Island, about four miles distant, which he
+was greatly delighted, as he found it richly studded with oak and hickory,
+whose bending branches were wreathed with luxuriant grapevines loaded with
+green clusters of unripe fruit. In honor of the god of wine, they gave to
+the island the classic name of Bacchus. [42] At full tide they passed over
+the bar and cast anchor within the channel of the Saco.
+
+The Indians whom they found here were called Almouchiquois, and differed in
+many respects from any which they had seen before, from the Sourequois of
+Nova Scotia and the Etechemins of the northern part of Maine and New
+Brunswick. They spoke a different language, and, unlike their neighbors on
+the east, did not subsist mainly by the chase, but upon the products of the
+soil, supplemented by fish, which were plentiful and of excellent quality,
+and which they took with facility about the mouth of the river. De Monts
+and Champlain made an excursion upon the shore, where their eyes were
+refreshed by fields of waving corn, and gardens of squashes, beans, and
+pumpkins, which were then bursting into flower. [43] Here they saw in
+cultivation the rank narcotic _petun_, or tobacco, [44] just beginning to
+spread out its broad velvet leaves to the sun, the sole luxury of savage
+life. The forests were thinly wooded, but were nevertheless rich in
+primitive oak, in lofty ash and elm, and in the more humble and sturdy
+beech. As on Richmond's Island so here, along the bank of the river they
+found grapes in luxurious growth, from which the sailors busied themselves
+in making verjuice, a delicious beverage in the meridian heats of a July
+sun. The natives were gentle and amiable, graceful in figure, agile in
+movement, and exhibited unusual taste, dressing their hair in a variety of
+twists and braids, intertwined with ornamental feathers.
+
+Champlain observed their method of cultivating Indian corn, which the
+experience of two hundred and seventy-five years has in no essential point
+improved or even changed. They planted three or four seeds in hills three
+feet apart, and heaped the earth about them, and kept the soil clear of
+weeds. Such is the method of the successful New England farmer to-day. The
+experience of the savage had taught him how many individuals of the rank
+plant could occupy prolifically a given area, how the soil must be gathered
+about the roots to sustain the heavy stock, and that there must be no rival
+near it to draw away the nutriment on which the voracious plant feeds and
+grows. Civilization has invented implements to facilitate the processes of
+culture, but the observation of the savage had led him to a knowledge of
+all that is absolutely necessary to ensure a prolific harvest.
+
+After lingering two days at Saco, our explorers proceeded on their voyage.
+When they had advanced not more than twenty miles, driven by a fierce wind,
+they were forced to cast anchor near the salt marshes of Wells. Having been
+driven by Cape Porpoise, on the subsidence of the wind, they returned to
+it, reconnoitred its harbor and adjacent islands, together with Little
+River, a few miles still further to the east. The shores were lined all
+along with nut-trees and grape-vines. The islands about Cape Porpoise were
+matted all over with wild currants, so that the eye could scarcely discern
+any thing else. Attracted doubtless by this fruit, clouds of wild pigeons
+had assembled there, and were having a midsummer's festival, fearless of
+the treacherous snare or the hunter's deadly aim. Large numbers of them
+were taken, which added a coveted luxury to the not over-stocked larder of
+the little French barque.
+
+On the 15th of July, De Monts and his party left Cape Porpoise,
+keeping in and following closely the sinuosities of the shore. They
+saw no savages during the day, nor any evidences of any, except a
+rising smoke, which they approached, but found to be a lone beacon,
+without any surroundings of human life. Those who had kindled the fire
+had doubtless concealed themselves, or had fled in dismay. Possibly
+they had never seen a ship under sail. The fishermen who frequented
+our northern coast rarely came into these waters, and the little craft
+of our voyagers, moving without oars or any apparent human aid, seemed
+doubtless to them a monster gliding upon the wings of the wind. At the
+setting of the sun, they were near the flat and sandy coast, now known
+as Wallace's Sands. They fought in vain for a roadstead where they
+might anchor safely for the night. When they were opposite to Little
+Boar's Head, with the Isles of Shoals directly east of them, and the
+reflected rays of the sun were still throwing their light upon the
+waters, they saw in the distance the dim outline of Cape Anne, whither
+they directed their course, and, before morning, came to anchor near
+its eastern extremity, in sixteen fathoms of water. Near them were the
+three well-known islands at the apex of the cape, covered with
+forest-trees, and the woodless cluster of rocks, now called the
+Savages, a little further from the shore.
+
+The next morning five or six Indians timidly approached them in a canoe,
+and then retired and set up a dance on the shore, as a token of friendly
+greeting. Armed with crayon and drawing-paper, Champlain was despatched to
+seek from the natives some important geographical information. Dispensing
+knives and biscuit as a friendly invitation, the savages gathered about
+him, assured by their gifts, when he proceeded to impart to them their
+first lesson in topographical drawing. He pictured to them the bay on the
+north side of Cape Anne, which he had just traversed, and signifying to
+them that he desired to know the course of the shore on the south, they
+immediately gave him an example of their apt scholarship by drawing with
+the same crayon an accurate outline of Massachusetts Bay, and finished up
+Champlain's own sketch by introducing the Merrimac River, which, not having
+been seen, owing to the presence of Plum Island, which stretches like a
+curtain before its mouth, he had omitted to portray. The intelligent
+natives volunteered a bit of history. By placing six pebbles at equal
+distances, they intimated that Massachusetts Bay was occupied by six
+tribes, and governed by as many chiefs. [45] He learned from them,
+likewise, that the inhabitants of this region subsisted by agriculture, as
+did those at the mouth of the Saco, and that they were very numerous.
+
+Leaving Cape Anne on Saturday the 16th of July, De Monts entered
+Massachusetts Bay, sailed into Boston harbor, and anchored on the western
+side of Noddle's Island, now better known as East Boston. In passing into
+the bay, they observed large patches of cleared land, and many fields of
+waving corn both upon the islands and the mainland. The water and the
+islands, the open fields and lofty forest-trees, presented fine contrasts,
+and rendered the scenery attractive and beautiful. Here for the first time
+Champlain observed the log canoe. It was a clumsy though serviceable boat
+in still waters, nevertheless unstable and dangerous in unskilful hands.
+They saw, issuing into the bay, a large river, coming from the west, which
+they named River du Guast, in honor of Pierre du Guast, Sieur de Monts, the
+patentee of La Cadie, and the patron and director of this expedition. This
+was Charles River, seen, evidently just at its confluence with the Mystic.
+[46]
+
+On Sunday, the 17th of July, 1605, they left Boston harbor, threading their
+way among the islands, passing leisurely along the south shore, rounding
+Point Allerton on the peninsula of Nantasket, gliding along near Cohasset
+and Scituate, and finally cast anchor at Brant Point, upon the southern
+borders of Marshfield. When they left the harbor of Boston, the islands and
+mainland were swarming with the native population. The Indians were,
+naturally enough, intensely interested in this visit of the little French
+barque. It may have been the first that had ever made its appearance in the
+bay. Its size was many times greater than any water-craft of their own.
+Spreading its white wings and gliding silently away without oarsmen, it
+filled them with surprise and admiration. The whole population was astir.
+The cornfields and fishing stations were deserted. Every canoe was manned,
+and a flotilla of their tiny craft came to attend, honor, and speed the
+parting guests, experiencing, doubtless, a sense of relief that they were
+going, and filled with a painful curiosity to know the meaning of this
+mysterious visit.
+
+Having passed the night at Brant Point, they had not advanced more than two
+leagues along a sandy shore dotted with wigwams and gardens, when they were
+forced to enter a small harbor, to await a more favoring wind. The Indians
+flocked about them, greeted them with cordiality, and invited them to enter
+the little river which flows into the harbor, but this they were unable to
+do, as the tide was low and the depth insufficient. Champlain's attention
+was attracted by several canoes in the bay, which had just completed their
+morning's work in fishing for cod. The fish were taken with a primitive
+hook and line, apparently in a manner not very different from that of the
+present day. The line was made of a filament of bark stripped from the
+trunk of a tree; the book was of wood, having a sharp bone, forming a barb,
+lashed to it with a cord of a grassy fibre, a kind of wild hemp, growing
+spontaneously in that region. Champlain landed, distributed trinkets among
+the natives, examined and sketched an outline of the place, which
+identifies it as Plymouth harbor, which captain John Smith visited in 1614,
+and where the May Flower, still six years later landed the first permanent
+colony planted upon New England soil.
+
+After a day at Plymouth, the little bark weighed anchor, swept down Cape
+Cod, approaching near to the reefs of Billingsgate, describing a complete
+semicircle, and finally, with some difficulty, doubled the cape whose white
+sands they had seen in the distance glittering in the sunlight and which
+appropriately they named _Cap Blanc_. This cape, however, had been visited
+three years before by Bartholomew Gosnold, and named Cape Cod, which
+appellation it has retained to the present time. Passing down on the
+outside of the cape some distance, they came to anchor, sent explorers on
+the shore, who ascending on of the lofty sand-banks [47] which may still be
+seen there silently resisting the winds and waves, discovered further to
+the south, what is now known as Nauset harbor, entirely surrounded by
+Indian cabins. The next day, the 20th of July, 1605, they effected an
+entrance without much difficulty. The bay was spacious, being nine or ten
+miles in circumference. Along the borders, there were, here and there,
+cultivated patches, interspersed with dwellings of the natives. The wigwam
+was cone-shaped, heavily thatched with reeds, having an orifice at the apex
+for the emission of smoke. In the fields were growing Indian corn,
+Brazilian beans, pumpkins, radishes, and tobacco; and in the woods were oak
+and hickory and red cedar. During their stay in the harbor they encountered
+an easterly storm, which continued four days, so raw and chilling that they
+were glad to hug their winter cloaks about them on the 22d of July. The
+natives were friendly and cordial, and entered freely into conversation
+with Champlain; but, as the language of each party was not understood by
+the other, the information he obtained from them was mostly by signs, and
+consequently too general to be historically interesting or important.
+
+The first and only act of hostility by the natives which De Monts and his
+party had thus far experienced in their explorations on the entire coast
+occurred in this harbor. Several of the men had gone ashore to obtain fresh
+water. Some of the Indians conceived an uncontrollable desire to capture
+the copper vessels which they saw in their hands. While one of the men was
+stooping to dip water from a spring, one of the savages darted upon him and
+snatched the coveted vessel from his hand. An encounter followed, and, amid
+showers of arrows and blows, the poor sailor was brutally murdered. The
+victorious Indian, fleet as the reindeer, escaped with his companions,
+bearing his prize with him into the depths of the forest. The natives on
+the shore, who had hitherto shown the greatest friendliness, soon came to
+De Monts, and by signs disowned any participation in the act, and assured
+him that the guilty parties belonged far in the interior. Whether this was
+the truth or a piece of adroit diplomacy, it was nevertheless accepted by
+De Monts, since punishment could only be administered at the risk of
+causing the innocent to suffer instead of the guilty.
+
+The young sailor whose earthly career was thus suddenly terminated, whose
+name even has not come down to us, was doubtless the first European, if we
+except Thorvald, the Northman, whose mortal remains slumber in the soil of
+Massachusetts.
+
+As this voyage of discovery had been planned and provisioned for only six
+weeks, and more than five had already elapsed, on the 25th of July De Monts
+and his party left Nauset harbor, to join the colony still lingering at St.
+Croix. In passing the bar, they came near being wrecked, and consequently
+gave to the harbor the significant appellation of _Port de Mallebarre_, a
+name which has not been lost, but nevertheless, like the shifting sands of
+that region, has floated away from its original moorings, and now adheres
+to the sandy cape of Monomoy.
+
+On their return voyage, they made a brief stop at Saco, and likewise at the
+mouth of the Kennebec. At the latter point they had an interview with the
+sachem, Anassou, who informed them that a ship had been there, and that the
+men on board her had seized, under color of friendship, and killed five
+savages belonging to that river. From the description given by Anassou,
+Champlain was convinced that the ship was English, and subsequent events
+render it quite certain that it was the "Archangel," fitted out by the Earl
+of Southampton and Lord Arundel of Wardour, and commanded by Captain George
+Weymouth. The design of the expedition was to fix upon an eligible site for
+a colonial plantation, and, in pursuance of this purpose, Weymouth anchored
+off Monhegan on the 28th of May, 1605, _new style_, and, after spending a
+month in explorations of the region contiguous, left for England on the
+26th of June. [48] He had seized and carried away five of the natives,
+having concealed them in the hold of his ship, and Anassou, under the
+circumstances, naturally supposed they had been killed. The statement of
+the sachem, that the natives captured belonged to the river where Champlain
+then was, namely, the Kennebec, goes far to prove that Weymouth's
+explorations were in the Kennebec, or at least in the network of waters
+then comprehended under that appellation, and not in the Penobscot or in
+any other river farther east, as some historical writers have supposed.
+
+It would appear that while the French were carefully surveying the coasts
+of New England, in order to fix upon an eligible site for a permanent
+colonial settlement, the English were likewise upon the ground, engaged in
+a similar investigation for the same purpose. From this period onward, for
+more than a century and a half, there was a perpetual conflict and struggle
+for territorial possession on the northern coast of America, between these
+two great nations, sometimes active and violent, and at others subsiding
+into a semi-slumber, but never ceasing until every acre of soil belonging
+to the French had been transferred to the English by a solemn international
+compact.
+
+On this exploration, Champlain noticed along the coast from Kennebec to
+Cape Cod, and described several objects in natural history unknown in
+Europe, such as the horse-foot crab, [49] the black skimmer, and the wild
+turkey, the latter two of which have long since ceased to visit this
+region.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+34. _De Monts's Island_. Of this island Champlain says: "This place was
+    named by Sieur De Monts the Island of St. Croix."--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+    32, note 86. St. Croix has now for a long time been applied as the name
+    of the river in which this island is found. The French denominated this
+    stream the River of the Etechemins, after the name of the tribe of
+    savages inhabiting its shores. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 31. It continued to
+    be so called for a long time. Denys speaks of it under this name in
+    1672. "Depuis la riviere de Pentagouet, jusques à celle de saint Jean,
+    il pent y avoir quarante à quarante cinq lieues; la première rivière
+    que l'on rencontre le long de la coste, est celle des Etechemins, qui
+    porte le nom du pays, depuis Baston jusques au Port royal, dont les
+    Sauvages qui habitent toute cette étendue, portent aussi le mesme
+    nom."--_Description Géographique et Historique des Costes de L'Amerique
+    Septentrionale_, par Nicholas Denys, Paris, 1672, p. 29, _et verso_.
+
+35. Champlain had, by his own explorations and by consulting the Indians,
+    obtained a very full and accurate knowledge of this island at his first
+    visit, on the 5th of September, 1604, when he named it _Monts-déserts_,
+    which we preserve in the English form, MOUNT DESERT. He observed that
+    the distance across the channel to the mainland on the north side was
+    less than a hundred paces. The rocky and barren summits of this cluster
+    of little mountains obviously induced him to give to the island its
+    appropriate and descriptive name _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 39. Dr. Edward
+    Ballard derives the Indian name of this island, _Pemetiq_, from
+    _pemé'te_, sloping, and _ki_, land. He adds that it probably denoted a
+    single locality which was taken by Biard's company as the name of the
+    whole island. _Vide Report of U. S. Coast Survey_ for 1868, p. 253.
+
+36. Penobscot is a corruption of the Abnaki _pa'na8a'bskek_. A nearly exact
+    translation is "at the fall of the rock," or "at the descending rock."
+    _Vide Trumball's Ind. Geog. Names_, Collections Conn. His. Society,
+    Vol. II. p. 19. This name was originally given probably to some part of
+    the river to which its meaning was particularly applicable. This may
+    have been at the mouth of the river a Fort Point, a rocky elevation not
+    less than eighty feet in height. Or it may have been the "fall of water
+    coming down a slope of seven or eight feet," as Champlain expresses it,
+    a short distance above the site of the present city of Bangor. That
+    this name was first obtained by those who only visited the mouth of the
+    river would seem to favor the former supposition.
+
+37. Dr. Edward Ballard supposes the original name of this stream,
+    _Kadesquit_, to be derived from _kaht_, a Micmac word, for _eel_,
+    denoting _eel stream_, now corrupted into _Kenduskeag_. The present
+    site of the city of Bangor is where Biard intended to establish his
+    mission in 1613, but he was finally induced to fix it at Mount
+    Desert--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 44.
+
+38. The other gentlemen whose names we have learned were Messieurs
+    d'Orville, Champdoré, Beaumont, la Motte Bourioli, Fougeray or Foulgeré
+    de Vitré, Genestou, Sourin, and Boulay. The orthography of the names,
+    as they are mentioned from time to time, is various.
+
+39. _Kennebec_. Biard, in the _Relation, de la Nouvelle France, Relations
+    des Jésuites_, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p. 35, writes it _Quinitequi_, and
+    Champlain writes it _Quinibequy_ and _Quinebequi_; hence Mr. Trumball
+    infers that it is probably equivalent in meaning to _quin-ni-pi-ohke_,
+    meaning "long water place," derived from the Abnaki, _K8
+    né-be-ki_.--_Vide Ind. Geog. Names_, Col. Conn. His. Soc. Vol. II. p.
+    15.
+
+40. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 110.
+
+41. _Sagadahock_. This name is particularly applied to the lower part of
+    the Kennebec. It is from the Abnaki, _sa'ghede'aki_, "land at the
+    mouth."--_Vide Indian Geographical Names_, by J. H. Trumball, Col.
+    Conn. His. Society, Vol. II. p. 30. Dr. Edward Ballard derives it from
+    _sanktai-i-wi_, to finish, and _onk_, a locative, "the finishing
+    place," which means the mouth of a river.--_Vide Report of U. S. Coast
+    Survey_, 1868, p. 258.
+
+42. _Bacchus Island_. This was Richmond's Island, as we have stated in Vol.
+    II. note 123. It will be admitted that the Bacchus Island of Champlain
+    was either Richmond's Island or one of those in the bay of the Saco.
+    Champlain does not give a specific name to any of the islands in the
+    bay, as may be seen by referring to the explanations of his map of the
+    bay, Vol. II p. 65. If one of them had been Bacchus Island, he would
+    not have failed to refer to it, according to his uniform custom, under
+    that name. Hence it is certain that his Bacchus Island was not one of
+    those figured on his local map of the bay of the Saco. By reference to
+    the large map of 1632, it will be seen that Bacchus Island is
+    represented by the number 50, which is placed over against the largest
+    island in the neighborhood and that farthest to the east, which, of
+    course, must be Richmond's Island. It is, however, proper to state that
+    these reference figures are not in general so carefully placed as to
+    enable us to rely upon them in fixing a locality, particularly if
+    unsupported by other evidence. But in this case other evidence is not
+    wanting.
+
+43. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 64-67.
+
+44. _Nicotiana rustica. Vide_, Vol. II. by Charles Pickering, M.D. Boston,
+    note 130. _Chronological His. Plants_, 1879, p. 741, _et passim_.
+
+45. Daniel Gookin, who wrote in 1674, speaks of the following subdivisions
+    among the Massachusetts Indians: "Their chief sachem held dominion over
+    many other petty governours; as those of Weechagafkas, Neponsitt,
+    Punkapaog, Nonantam, Nashaway, and some of the Nipmuck people."--_Vide
+    Gookin's His. Col._
+
+46. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 159. _Mushauiwomuk_, which we have converted into
+    _Shawmut, means_, "where there is going-by-boat." The French, if they
+    heard the name and learned its meaning, could hardly have failed to see
+    the appropriateness of it as applied by the aborigines to Boston
+    harbor.--_Vide Trumball_ in Connecticut Historical Society's
+    Collections, Vol. II. p. 5.
+
+47. It was probably on this very bluff from which was seen Nauset harbor on
+    the 19th of July, 1605, and after the lapse of two hundred and seventy
+    four years, on the 17th of November, 1879 the citizens of the United
+    States, with the flags of America, France, and England gracefully
+    waving over their heads, addressed their congratulations by telegraph
+    to the citizens of France at Brest on the communication between the two
+    countries that day completed through submarine wires under the auspices
+    of the "Compagnie Française du Télégraph de Paris à New York."
+
+48. _Vide_ Vol. II. p 91, note 176.
+
+49. The Horsefoot-crab, _Limulus polyphemus_. Champlain gives the Indian
+    name, _siguenoc_. Hariot saw, while at Roanoke Island, in 1585, and
+    described the same crustacean under the name of _seekanauk_. The Indian
+    word is obviously the same, the differing French and English
+    orthography representing the same sound. It thus appears that this
+    shell-fish was at that time known by the aborigines under the same name
+    for at least a thousand miles along the Atlantic coast, from the
+    Kennebec, in Maine, to Roanoke Island, in North Carolina. _Vide
+    Hariot's Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia_,
+    Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 334. See also Vol. II. of this work, notes 171,
+    172, 173, for some account of the black skimmer and the wild turkey.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND REMOVAL TO PORT ROYAL.--DE MONTS RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--SEARCH FOR MINES.--WINTER.--SCURVY.--LATE ARRIVAL OF SUPPLIES AND
+EXPLORATIONS ON THE COAST OF MASSACHUSETTS.--GLOCESTER HARBOR, STAY AT
+CHATHAM AND ATTACK OF THE SAVAGES.--WOOD'S HOLL.--RETURN TO ANNAPOLIS
+BASIN.
+
+On the 8th of August, the exploring party reached St. Croix. During their
+absence, Pont Gravé had arrived from France with additional men and
+provisions for the colony. As no satisfactory site had been found by De
+Monts in his recent tour along the coast, it was determined to remove the
+colony temporarily to Port Royal, situated within the bay now known as
+Annapolis Basin. The buildings at St. Croix, with the exception of the
+store-house, were taken down and transported to the bay. Champlain and Pont
+Gravé were sent forward to select a place for the settlement, which was
+fixed on the north side of the basin, directly opposite to Goat Island,
+near or upon the present site of Lower Granville. The situation was
+protected from the piercing and dreaded winds of the northwest by a lofty
+range of hills, [50] while it was elevated and commanded a charming view of
+the placid bay in front. The dwellings which they erected were arranged in
+the form of a quadrangle with an open court in the centre, as at St. Croix,
+while gardens and pleasure-grounds were laid out by Champlain in the
+immediate vicinity.
+
+When the work of the new settlement was well advanced, De Monts, having
+appointed Pont Gravé as his lieutenant, departed for France, where he hoped
+to obtain additional privileges from the government in his enterprise of
+planting a colony in the New World. Champlain preferred to remain, with the
+purpose of executing more fully his office as geographer to the king, by
+making discoveries on the Atlantic coast still further to the south.
+
+From the beginning, the patentee had cherished the desire of discovering
+valuable mines somewhere on his domains, whose wealth, as well as that of
+the fur-trade, might defray some part of the heavy expenses involved in his
+colonial enterprise. While several investigations for this purpose had
+proved abortive, it was hoped that greater success would be attained by
+searches along the upper part of the Bay of Fundy. Before the approach of
+winter, therefore, Champlain and the miner, Master Jaques, a Sclavonian,
+made a tour to St. John, where they obtained the services of the Indian
+chief, Secondon, to accompany them and point out the place where copper ore
+had been discovered at the Bay of Mines. The search, thorough as was
+practicable under the circumstances, was, in the main, unsuccessful; the
+few specimens which they found were meagre and insignificant.
+
+The winter at Port Royal was by no means so severe as the preceding one at
+St. Croix. The Indians brought in wild game from the forests. The colony
+had no want of fuel and pure water. But experience, bitter as it had been,
+did not yield to them the fruit of practical wisdom. They referred their
+sufferings to the climate, but took too little pains to protect themselves
+against its rugged power. Their dwellings, hastily thrown together, were
+cold and damp, arising from the green, unseasoned wood of which they were
+doubtless in part constructed, and from the standing rainwater with which
+their foundations were at all times inundated, which was neither diverted
+by embankments nor drawn away by drainage. The dreaded _mal de la terre_,
+or scurvy, as might have been anticipated, made its appearance in the early
+part of the season, causing the death of twelve out of the forty-five
+comprising their whole number, while others were prostrated by this
+painful, repulsive, and depressing disease.
+
+The purpose of making further discoveries on the southern coast, warmly
+cherished by Champlain, and entering fully into the plans of De Monts, had
+not been forgotten. Three times during the early part of the summer they
+had equipped their barque, made up their party, and left Port Royal for
+this undertaking, and as many times had been driven back by the violence of
+the winds and the waves.
+
+In the mean time, the supplies which had been promised and expected from
+France had not arrived. This naturally gave to Pont Gravé, the lieutenant,
+great anxiety, as without them it was clearly inexpedient to venture upon
+another winter in the wilds of La Cadie. It had been stipulated by De
+Monts, the patentee, that if succors did not arrive before the middle of
+July, Pont Gravé should make arrangements for the return of the colony by
+the fishing vessels to be found at the Grand Banks. Accordingly, on the
+17th of that month, Pont Gravé set sail with the little colony in two
+barques, and proceeded towards Cape Breton, to seek a passage home. But De
+Monts had not been remiss in his duty. He had, after many difficulties and
+delays, despatched a vessel of a hundred and fifty tons, called the
+"Jonas," with fifty men and ample provisions for the approaching winter.
+While Pont Gravé with his two barques and his retreating colony had run
+into Yarmouth Bay for repairs, the "Jonas" passed him unobserved, and
+anchored in the basin before the deserted settlement of Port Royal. An
+advice-boat had, however, been wisely despatched by the "Jonas" to
+reconnoitre the inlets along the shore, which fortunately intercepted the
+departing colony near Cape Sable, and, elated with fresh news from home,
+they joyfully returned to the quarters they had so recently abandoned.
+
+In addition to a considerable number of artisans and laborers for the
+colony, the "Jonas" had brought out Sieur De Poutrincourt, to remain as
+lieutenant of La Cadie, and likewise Marc Lescarbot, a young attorney of
+Paris, who had already made some scholarly attainments, and who
+subsequently distinguished himself as an author, especially by the
+publication of a history of New France.
+
+De Poutrincourt immediately addressed himself to putting all things in
+order at Port Royal, where it was obviously expedient for the colony to
+remain, at least for the winter. As soon as the "Jonas" had been unladen,
+Pont Gravé and most of those who had shared his recent hardships, departed
+in her for the shores of France. When the tenements had been cleansed,
+refitted, and refurnished, and their provisions had been safely stored, De
+Poutrincourt, by way of experiment, to test the character of the climate
+and the capability of the soil, despatched a squad of gardeners and farmers
+five miles up the river, to the grounds now occupied by the village of
+Annapolis, [51] where the soil was open, clear of forest trees, and easy of
+cultivation. They planted a great variety of seeds, wheat, rye, hemp, flax,
+and of garden esculents, which grew with extraordinary luxuriance, but, as
+the season was too late for any of them to ripen, the experiment failed
+either as a test of the soil or the climate.
+
+On a former visit in 1604, De Poutrincourt had conceived a great admiration
+for Annapolis basin, its protected situation, its fine scenery, and its
+rich soil. He had a strong desire to bring his family there and make it his
+permanent abode. With this design, he had requested and received from De
+Monts a personal grant of this region, which had also been confirmed to him
+[52] by Henry IV. But De Monts wished to plant his La Cadian colony in a
+milder and more genial climate. He had therefore enjoined upon De
+Poutrincourt, as his lieutenant, on leaving France, to continue the
+explorations for the selection of a site still farther to the south.
+Accordingly, on the 5th of September, 1606, De Poutrincourt left Annapolis
+Basin, which the French called Port Royal, in a barque of eighteen tons, to
+fulfil this injunction.
+
+It was Champlain's opinion that they ought to sail directly for Nauset
+harbor, on Cape Cod, and commence their explorations where their search had
+terminated the preceding year, and thus advance into a new region, which
+had not already been surveyed. But other counsels prevailed, and a large
+part of the time which could be spared for this investigation was exhausted
+before they reached the harbor of Nauset. They made a brief visit to the
+island of St. Croix, in which De Monts had wintered in 1604-5, touched also
+at Saco, where the Indians had already completed their harvest, and the
+grapes at Bacchus Island were ripe and luscious. Thence sailing directly to
+Cape Anne, where, finding no safe roadstead, they passed round to
+Gloucester harbor, which they found spacious, well protected, with good
+depth of water, and which, for its great excellence and attractive scenery,
+they named _Beauport_, or the beautiful harbor. Here they remained several
+days. It was a native settlement, comprising two hundred savages, who were
+cultivators of the soil, which was prolific in corn, beans, melons,
+pumpkins, tobacco, and grapes. The harbor was environed with fine forest
+trees, as hickory, oak, ash, cypress, and sassafras. Within the town there
+were several patches of cultivated land, which the Indians were gradually
+augmenting by felling the trees, burning the wood, and after a few years,
+aided by the natural process of decay, eradicating the stumps. The French
+were kindly received and entertained with generous hospitality. Grapes just
+gathered from the vines, and squashes of several varieties, the trailing
+bean still well known in New England, and the Jerusalem artichoke crisp
+from the unexhausted soil, were presented as offerings of welcome to their
+guests. While these gifts were doubtless tokens of a genuine friendliness
+so far as the savages were capable of that virtue, the lurking spirit of
+deceit and treachery which had been inherited and fostered by their habits
+and mode of life, could not be restrained.
+
+The French barque was lying at anchor a short distance northeast of Ten
+Pound Island. Its boat was undergoing repairs on a peninsula near by, now
+known as Rocky Neck, and the sailors were washing their linen just at the
+point where the peninsula is united to the mainland. While Champlain was
+walking on this causeway, he observed about fifty savages, completely
+armed, cautiously screening themselves behind a clump of bushes on the edge
+of Smith's Cove. As soon as they were aware that they were seen, they came
+forth, concealing their weapons as much as possible, and began to dance in
+token of a friendly greeting. But when they discovered De Poutrincourt in
+the wood near by, who had approached unobserved, with eight armed
+musketeers to disperse them in case of an attack, they immediately took to
+flight, and, scattering in all directions, made no further hostile
+demonstrations. [53] This serio-comic incident did not interfere with the
+interchange of friendly offices between the two parties, and when the
+voyagers were about to leave, the savages urged them with great earnestness
+to remain longer, assuring them that two thousand of their friends would
+pay them a visit the very next day. This invitation was, however, not
+heeded. In Champlain's opinion it was a _ruse_ contrived only to furnish a
+fresh opportunity to attack and overpower them.
+
+On the 30th of September, they left the harbor of Gloucester, and, during
+the following night, sailing in a southerly direction, passing Brant Point,
+they found themselves in the lower part of Cape Cod Bay. When the sun rose,
+a low, sandy shore stretched before them. Sending their boat forward to a
+place where the shore seemed more elevated, they found deeper water and a
+harbor, into which they entered in five or six fathoms. They were welcomed
+by three Indian canoes. They found oysters in such quantities in this bay,
+and of such excellent quality, that they named it _Le Port aux Huistres_,
+[54] or Oyster Harbor. After a few hours, they weighed anchor, and
+directing their course north, a quarter northeast, with a favoring wind,
+soon doubled Cape Cod. The next day, the 2d of October, they arrived off
+Nauset. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others entered the harbor in a
+small boat, where they were greeted by a hundred and fifty savages with
+singing and dancing, according to their usual custom. After a brief visit,
+they returned to the barque and continued their course along the sandy
+shore. When near the heel of the cape, off Chatham, they found themselves
+imperilled among breakers and sand-banks, so dangerous as to render it
+inexpedient to attempt to land, even with a small boat. The savages were
+observing them from the shore, and soon manned a canoe, and came to them
+with singing and demonstrations of joy. From them, they learned that lower
+down a harbor would be found, where their barque might ride in safety.
+Proceeding, therefore, in the same direction, after many difficulties, they
+succeeded in rounding the peninsula of Monomoy, and finally, in the gray of
+the evening, cast anchor in the offing near Chatham, now known as Old Stage
+Harbor. The next day they entered, passing between Harding's Beach Point
+and Morris Island, in two fathoms of water, and anchored in Stage Harbor.
+This harbor is about a mile long and half a mile wide, and at its western
+extremity is connected by tide-water with Oyster Pond, and with Mill Cove
+on the east by Mitchell's River. Mooring their barque between these two
+arms of the harbor, towards the westerly end, the explorers remained there
+about three weeks. It was the centre of an Indian settlement, containing
+five or six hundred persons. Although it was now well into October, the
+natives of both sexes were entirely naked, with the exception of a slight
+band about the loins. They subsisted upon fish and the products of the
+soil. Indian corn was their staple. It was secured in the autumn in bags
+made of braided grass, and buried in the sand-banks, and withdrawn as it
+was needed during the winter. The savages were of fine figure and of olive
+complexion. They adorned themselves with an embroidery skilfully interwoven
+with feathers and beads, and dressed their hair in a variety of braids,
+like those at Saco. Their dwellings were conical in shape, covered with
+thatch of rushes and corn-husks, and surrounded by cultivated fields. Each
+cabin contained one or two beds, a kind of matting, two or three inches in
+thickness, spread upon a platform on which was a layer of elastic staves,
+and the whole raised a foot from the ground. On these they secured
+refreshing repose. Their chiefs neither exercised nor claimed any superior
+authority, except in time of war. At all other times and in all other
+matters complete equality reigned throughout the tribe.
+
+The stay at Chatham was necessarily prolonged in baking bread to serve the
+remainder of the voyage, and in repairing their barque, whose rudder had
+been badly shattered in the rough passage round the cape. For these
+purposes, a bakery and a forge were set up on shore, and a tent pitched for
+the convenience and protection of the workmen. While these works were in
+progress, De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and others made frequent excursions
+into the interior, always with a guard of armed men, sometimes making a
+circuit of twelve or fifteen miles. The explorers were fascinated with all
+they saw. The aroma of the autumnal forest and the balmy air of October
+stimulated their senses. The nut-trees were loaded with ripe fruit, and the
+rich clusters of grapes were hanging temptingly upon the vines. Wild game
+was plentiful and delicious. The fish of the bay were sweet, delicate, and
+of many varieties. Nature, unaided by art, had thus supplied so many human
+wants that Champlain gravely put upon record his opinion that this would be
+a most excellent place in which to lay the foundations of a commonwealth,
+if the harbor were deeper and better protected at its mouth.
+
+After the voyagers had been in Chatham eight or nine days, the Indians,
+tempted by the implements which they saw about the forge and bakery,
+conceived the idea of taking forcible possession of them, in order to
+appropriate them to their own use. As a preparation for this, and
+particularly to put themselves in a favorable condition in case of an
+attack or reprisal, they were seen removing their women, children, and
+effects into the forests, and even taking down their cabins. De
+Poutrincourt, observing this, gave orders to the workmen to pass their
+nights no longer on shore, but to go on board the barque to assure their
+personal safety. This command, however, was not obeyed. The next morning,
+at break of day, four hundred savages, creeping softly over a hill in the
+rear, surrounded the tent, and poured such a volley of arrows upon the
+defenceless workmen that escape was impossible. Three of them were killed
+upon the spot; a fourth was mortally and a fifth badly wounded. The alarm
+was given by the sentinel on the barque. De Poutrincourt, Champlain, and
+the rest, aroused from their slumbers, rushed half-clad into the ship's
+boat, and hastened to the rescue. As soon as they touched the shore, the
+savages, fleet as the greyhound, escaped to the wood. Pursuit, under the
+circumstances, was not to be made; and, if it had been, would have ended in
+their utter destruction. Freed from immediate danger, they collected the
+dead and gave them Christian burial near the foot of a cross, which had
+been erected the day before. While the service of prayer and song was
+offered, the savages in the distance mocked them with derisive attitudes
+and hideous howls. Three hours after the French had retired to their
+barque, the miscreants returned, tore down the cross, disinterred the dead,
+and carried off the garments in which they had been laid to rest. They were
+immediately driven off by the French, the cross was restored to its place,
+and the dead reinterred.
+
+Before leaving Chatham, some anxiety was felt in regard to their safety in
+leaving the harbor, as the little barque had scarcely been able to weather
+the rough seas of Monomoy on their inward voyage. A boat had been sent out
+in search of a safer and a better roadway, which, creeping along by the
+shore sixteen or eighteen miles, returned, announcing three fathoms of
+water, and neither bars nor reefs. On the 16th of October they gave their
+canvas to the breeze, and sailed out of Stage Harbor, which they had named
+_Port Fortuné_, [55] an appellation probably suggested by their narrow
+escape in entering and by the bloody tragedy to which we have just
+referred. Having gone eighteen or twenty miles, they sighted the island of
+Martha's Vineyard lying low in the distance before them, which they called
+_La Soupçonneuse_, the suspicious one, as they had several times been in
+doubt whether it were not a part of the mainland. A contrary wind forced
+them to return to their anchorage in Stage Harbor. On the 20th they set out
+again, and continued their course in a southwesterly direction until they
+reached the entrance of Vineyard Sound. The rapid current of tide water
+flowing from Buzzard's Bay into the sound through the rocky channel between
+Nonamesset and Wood's Holl, they took to be a river coming from the
+mainland, and named it _Rivière de Champlain_.
+
+This point, in front of Wood's Holl, is the southern limit of the French
+explorations on the coast of New England, reached by them on the 20th of
+October, 1606.
+
+Encountering a strong wind, approaching a gale, they were again forced to
+return to Stage Harbor, where they lingered two or three days, awaiting
+favoring winds for their return to the colony at the bay of Annapolis.
+
+We regret to add that, while they were thus detained, under the very shadow
+of the cross they had recently erected, the emblem of a faith that teaches
+love and forgiveness, they decoyed, under the guise of friendship, several
+of the poor savages into their power, and inhumanly butchered them in cold
+blood. This deed was perpetrated on the base principle of _lex talionis_,
+and yet they did not know, much less were they able to prove, that their
+victims were guilty or took any part in the late affray. No form of trial
+was observed, no witnesses testified, and no judge adjudicated. It was a
+simple murder, for which we are sure any Christian's cheek would mantle
+with shame who should offer for it any defence or apology.
+
+When this piece of barbarity had been completed, the little French barque
+made its final exit from Stage Harbor, passed successfully round the shoals
+of Monomoy, and anchored near Nauset, where they remained a day or two,
+leaving on the 28th of October, and sailing directly to Isle Haute in
+Penobscot Bay. They made brief stops at some of the islands at the mouth of
+the St. Croix, and at the Grand Manan, and arrived at Annapolis Basin on
+the 14th of November, after an exceedingly rough passage and many
+hair-breadth escapes.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+50. On Lescarbot's map of 1609, this elevation is denominated _Mont de la
+    Roque_. _Vide_ also Vol. II. note 180.
+
+51. Lescarbot locates Poutrincourt's fort on the same spot which he called
+    _Manefort_, the site of the present village of Annapolis.
+
+52. "Doncques l'an 1607, tous les François estans reuenus (ainsi qu'a esté
+    dict) le Sieur de Potrincourt présenta à feu d'immortelle memorie Henry
+    le Grand la donnation à luy faicte par le sieur de Monts, requérant
+    humblement Sa Majesté de la ratifier. Le Roy eut pour agréable la dicte
+    Requeste," &c. _Relations des Jésuites_, 1611, Quebec ed., Vol. I. p.
+    25. _Vide_ Vol. II. of this work, p 37.
+
+53. This scene is well represented on Champlain's map of _Beauport_ or
+    Gloucester Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 114.
+
+54. _Le Port aux Huistres_, Barnstable Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. Note 208.
+
+55. _Port Fortuné_ In giving this name there was doubtless an allusion to
+    the goddess FORTUNA of the ancients, whose office it was to dispense
+    riches and poverty, pleasures and pains, blessings and calamities They
+    had experienced good and evil at her fickle hand. They had entered the
+    harbor in peril and fear, but nevertheless in safety. They had suffered
+    by the attack of the savages, but fortunately had escaped utter
+    annihilation, which they might well have feared. It had been to them
+    eminently the port of hazard or chance. _Vide_ Vol. II Note 231 _La
+    Soupçonneuse_. _Vide_ Vol. II, Note 227.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+RECEPTION OK THE EXPLORERS AT ANNAPOLIS BASIN.--A DREARY WINTER RELIEVED BY
+THE ORDER OF BON TEMPS.--NEWS FROM FRANCE.--BIRTH OF A PRINCE.--RUIN OF DE
+MONTS'S COMPANY--TWO EXCURSIONS AND DEPARTURE FOR FRANCE.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+EXPLORATIONS COMPARED.--DE MONTS'S NEW CHARTER FOR ONE YEAR AND CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN IN 1608 TO NEW FRANCE AND THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEC.--CONSPIRACY OF DU
+VAL AND HIS EXECUTION.
+
+With the voyage which we have described in the last chapter, Champlain
+terminated his explorations on the coast of New England. He never afterward
+stepped upon her soil. But he has left us, nevertheless, an invaluable
+record of the character, manners, and customs of the aborigines as he saw
+them all along from the eastern borders of Maine to the Vineyard Sound, and
+carefully studied them during the period of three consecutive years. Of the
+value of these explorations we need not here speak at length. We shall
+refer to them again in the sequel.
+
+The return of the explorers was hailed with joy by the colonists at
+Annapolis Basin. To give _éclat_ to the occasion, Lescarbot composed a poem
+in French, which he recited at the head of a procession which marched with
+gay representations to the water's edge, to receive their returning
+friends. Over the gateway of the quadrangle formed by their dwellings,
+dignified by them as their fort, were the arms of France, wreathed in
+laurel, together with the motto of the king.--
+
+  DVO PROTEGIT VNVS.
+
+Under this, the arms of De Monts were displayed, overlaid with evergreen,
+and bearing the following inscription:--
+
+  DABIT DEVS HIS QVOQVE FINEM.
+
+Then came the arms of Poutrincourt, crowned also with garlands, and
+inscribed:--
+
+  IN VIA VIRTVTI NVLLA EST VIA.
+
+When the excitement of the return had passed, the little settlement
+subsided into its usual routine. The leisure of the winter was devoted to
+various objects bearing upon the future prosperity of the colony. Among
+others, a corn mill was erected at a fall on Allen River, four or five
+miles from the settlement, a little east of the present site of Annapolis.
+A road was commenced through the forest leading from Lower Granville
+towards the mouth of the bay. Two small barques were built, to be in
+readiness in anticipation of a failure to receive succors the next summer,
+and new buildings were erected for the accommodation of a larger number of
+colonists. Still, there was much unoccupied time, and, shut out as they
+were from the usual associations of civilized life, it was hardly possible
+that the winter should not seem long and dreary, especially to the
+gentlemen.
+
+To break up the monotony and add variety to the dull routine of their life,
+Champlain contrived what he called L'ORDRE DE BON TEMPS, or The Rule of
+Mirth, which was introduced and carried out with spirit and success. The
+fifteen gentlemen who sat at the table of De Poutrincourt, the governor,
+comprising the whole number of the order, took turns in performing the
+duties of steward and caterer, each holding the office for a single day.
+With a laudable ambition, the Grand Master for the time being laid the
+forest and the sea under contribution, and the table was constantly
+furnished with the most delicate and well seasoned game, and the sweetest
+as well as the choicest varieties of fish. The frequent change of office
+and the ingenuity displayed, offered at every repast, either in the viands
+or mode of cooking, something new and tempting to the appetite. At each
+meal, a ceremony becoming the dignity of the order was strictly observed.
+At a given signal, the whole company marched into the dining-hall, the
+Grand Master at the head, with his napkin over his shoulder, his staff of
+office in his hand, and the glittering collar of the order about his neck,
+while the other members bore each in his hand a dish loaded and smoking
+with some part of the delicious repast. A ceremony of a somewhat similar
+character was observed at the bringing in of the fruit. At the close of the
+day, when the last meal had been served, and grace had been said, the
+master formally completed his official duty by placing the collar of the
+order upon the neck of his successor, at the same time presenting to him a
+cup of wine, in which the two drank to each other's health and happiness.
+These ceremonies were generally witnessed by thirty or forty savages, men,
+women, boys, and girls, who gazed in respectful admiration, not to say awe,
+upon this exhibition of European civilization. When Membertou, [56] the
+venerable chief of the tribe, or other sagamores were present, they were
+invited to a seat at the table, while bread was gratuitously distributed to
+the rest.
+
+When the winter had passed, which proved to be an exceedingly mild one, all
+was astir in the little colony. The preparation of the soil, both in the
+gardens and in the larger fields, for the spring sowing, created an
+agreeable excitement and healthy activity.
+
+On the 24th May, in the midst of these agricultural enterprises, a boat
+arrived in the bay, in charge of a young man from St. Malo, named
+Chevalier, who had come out in command of the "Jonas," which he had left at
+Canseau engaged in fishing for the purpose of making up a return cargo of
+that commodity. Chevalier brought two items of intelligence of great
+interest to the colonists, but differing widely in their character. The one
+was the birth of a French prince, the Duke of Orleans; the other, that the
+company of De Monts had been broken up, his monopoly of the fur-trade
+withdrawn, and his colony ordered to return to France. The birth of a
+prince demanded expressions of joy, and the event was loyally celebrated by
+bonfires and a _Te Deum_. It was, however, giving a song when they would
+gladly have hung their harps upon the willows.
+
+While the scheme of De Monts's colonial enterprise was defective,
+containing in itself a principle which must sooner or later work its ruin,
+the disappointment occasioned by its sudden termination was none the less
+painful and humiliating. The monopoly on which it was based could only be
+maintained by a degree of severity and apparent injustice, which always
+creates enemies and engenders strife. The seizure and confiscation of
+several ships with their valuable cargoes on the shores of Nova Scotia, had
+awakened a personal hostility in influential circles in France, and the
+sufferers were able, in turn, to strike back a damaging blow upon the
+author of their losses. They easily and perhaps justly represented that the
+monopoly of the fur-trade secured to De Monts was sapping the national
+commerce and diverting to personal emolument revenues that properly
+belonged to the state. To an impoverished sovereign with an empty treasury
+this appeal was irresistible. The sacredness of the king's commission and
+the loss to the patentee of the property already embarked in the enterprise
+had no weight in the royal scales. De Monts's privilege was revoked, with
+the tantalizing salvo of six thousand livres in remuneration, to be
+collected at his own expense from unproductive sources.
+
+Under these circumstances, no money for the payment of the workmen or
+provisions for the coming winter had been sent out, and De Poutrincourt,
+with great reluctance, proceeded to break up the establishment The goods
+and utensils, as well as specimens of the grain which they had raised, were
+to be carefully packed and sent round to the harbor of Canseau, to be
+shipped by the "Jonas," together with the whole body of the colonists, as
+soon as she should have received her cargo of fish.
+
+While these preparations were in progress, two excursions were made; one
+towards the west, and another northeasterly towards the head of the Bay of
+Fundy. Lescarbot accompanied the former, passing several days at St. John
+and the island of St. Croix, which was the westerly limit of his
+explorations and personal knowledge of the American coast. The other
+excursion was conducted by De Poutrincourt, accompanied by Champlain, the
+object of which was to search for ores of the precious metals, a species of
+wealth earnestly coveted and overvalued at the court of France. They sailed
+along the northern shores of Nova Scotia, entered Mines Channel, and
+anchored off Cape Fendu, now Anglicised into the uneuphonious name of Cape
+Split. De Poutrincourt landed on this headland, and ascended a steep and
+lofty summit which is not less than four hundred feet in height. Moss
+several feet in thickness, the growth of centuries, had gathered upon it,
+and, when he stood upon the pinnacle, it yielded and trembled like gelatine
+under his feet. He found himself in a critical situation. From this giddy
+and unstable height he had neither the skill or courage to return. After
+much anxiety, he was at length rescued by some of his more nimble sailors,
+who managed to put a hawser over the summit, by means of which he safely
+descended. They named it _Cap de Poutrincourt_.
+
+They proceeded as far as the head of the Basin of Mines, but their search
+for mineral wealth was fruitless, beyond a few meagre specimens of copper.
+Their labors were chiefly rewarded by the discovery of a moss-covered cross
+in the last stages of decay, the relic of fishermen, or other Christian
+mariners, who had, years before, been upon the coast.
+
+The exploring parties having returned to Port Royal, to their settlement in
+what is now known as Annapolis Basin, the bulk of the colonists departed in
+three barques for Canseau, on the 30th of July, while De Poutrincourt and
+Champlain, with a complement of sailors, remained some days longer, that
+they might take with them specimens of wheat still in the field and not yet
+entirely ripe.
+
+On the 11th of August they likewise bade adieu to Port Royal amid the tears
+of the assembled savages, with whom they had lived in friendship, and who
+were disappointed and grieved at their departure. In passing round the
+peninsula of Nova Scotia in their little shallop, it was necessary to keep
+close in upon the shore, which enabled Champlain, who had not before been
+upon the coast east of La Hève, to make a careful survey from that point to
+Canseau, the results of which are fully stated in his notes, and delineated
+on his map of 1613.
+
+On the 3d of September, the "Jonas," bearing away the little French colony,
+sailed out of the harbor of Canseau, and, directing its course towards the
+shores of France, arrived at Saint Malo on the 1st of October, 1607.
+
+Champlain's explorations on what may be strictly called the Atlantic coast
+of North America were now completed. He had landed at La Hève in Nova
+Scotia on the 8th of May, 1604, and had consequently been in the country
+three years and nearly four months. During this period he had carefully
+examined the whole shore from Canseau, the eastern limit of Nova Scotia, to
+the Vineyard Sound on the southern boundaries of Massachusetts. This was
+the most ample, accurate, and careful survey of this region which was made
+during the whole period from the discovery of the continent in 1497 down to
+the establishment of the English colony at Plymouth in 1620. A numerous
+train of navigators had passed along the coast of New England: Sebastian
+Cabot, Estévan Gomez, Jean Alfonse, André Thevet, John Hawkins, Bartholomew
+Gosnold, Martin Pring, George Weymouth, Henry Hudson, John Smith, and the
+rest, but the knowledge of the coast which we obtain from them is
+exceedingly meagre and unsatisfactory, especially as compared with that
+contained in the full, specific, and detailed descriptions, maps, and
+drawings left us by this distinguished pioneer in the study and
+illustration of the geography of the New England coast. [57]
+
+The winter of 1607-8 Champlain passed in France, where he was pleasantly
+occupied in social recreations which were especially agreeable to him after
+an absence of more than three years, and in recounting to eager listeners
+his experiences in the New World. He took an early opportunity to lay
+before Monsieur de Monts the results of the explorations which he had made
+in La Cadie since the departure of the latter from Annapolis Basin in the
+autumn of 1605, illustrating his narrative by maps and drawings which he
+had prepared of the bays and harbors on the coast of Nova Scotia, New
+Brunswick, and New England.
+
+While most men would have been disheartened by the opposition which he
+encountered, the mind of De Monts was, nevertheless, rekindled by the
+recitals of Champlain with fresh zeal in the enterprise which he had
+undertaken. The vision of building up a vast territorial establishment,
+contemplated by his charter of 1604, with his own personal aggrandizement
+and that of his family, had undoubtedly vanished. But he clung,
+nevertheless, with extraordinary tenacity to his original purpose of
+planting a colony in the New World. This he resolved to do in the face of
+many obstacles, and notwithstanding the withdrawment of the royal
+protection and bounty. The generous heart of Henry IV. was by no means
+insensible to the merits of his faithful subject, and, on his solicitation,
+he granted to him letters-patent for the exclusive right of trade in
+America, but for the space only of a single year. With this small boon from
+the royal hand, De Monts hastened to fit out two vessels for the
+expedition. One was to be commanded by Pont Gravé, who was to devote his
+undivided attention to trade with the Indians for furs and peltry; the
+other was to convey men and material for a colonial plantation.
+
+Champlain, whose energy, zeal, and prudence had impressed themselves upon
+the mind of De Monts, was appointed lieutenant of the expedition, and
+intrusted with the civil administration, having a sufficient number of men
+for all needed defence against savage intruders, Basque fisher men, or
+interloping fur-traders.
+
+On the 13th of April, 1608, Champlain left the port of Honfleur, and
+arrived at the harbor of Tadoussac on the 3d of June. Here he found Pont
+Gravé, who had preceded him by a few days in the voyage, in trouble with a
+Basque fur-trader. The latter had persisted in carrying on his traffic,
+notwithstanding the royal commission to the contrary, and had succeeded in
+disabling Pont Gravé, who had but little power of resistance, killing one
+of his men, seriously wounding Pont Gravé himself, as well as several
+others, and had forcibly taken possession of his whole armament.
+
+When Champlain had made full inquiries into all the circumstances, he saw
+clearly that the difficulty must be compromised; that the exercise of force
+in overcoming the intruding Basque would effectually break up his plans for
+the year, and bring utter and final ruin upon his undertaking. He wisely
+decided to pocket the insult, and let justice slumber for the present. He
+consequently required the Basque, who began to see more clearly the
+illegality of his course, to enter into a written agreement with Pont Gravé
+that neither should interfere with the other while they remained in the
+country, and that they should leave their differences to be settled in the
+courts on their return to France.
+
+Having thus poured oil upon the troubled waters, Champlain proceeded to
+carry out his plans for the location and establishment of his colony. The
+difficult navigation of the St. Lawrence above Tadoussac was well known to
+him. The dangers of its numberless rocks, sand-bars, and fluctuating
+channels had been made familiar to him by the voyage of 1603. He
+determined, therefore, to leave his vessel in the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+construct a small barque of twelve or fourteen tons, in which to ascend the
+river and fix upon a place of settlement.
+
+While the work was in progress, Champlain reconnoitred the neighborhood,
+collecting much geographical information from the Indians relating to Lake
+St. John and a traditionary salt sea far to the north, exploring the
+Saguenay for some distance, of which he has given us a description so
+accurate and so carefully drawn that it needs little revision after the
+lapse of two hundred and seventy years.
+
+On the last of June, the barque was completed, and Champlain, with a
+complement of men and material, took his departure. As he glided along in
+his little craft, he was exhilarated by the fragrance of the atmosphere,
+the bright coloring of the foliage, the bold, picturesque scenery that
+constantly revealed itself on both sides of the river. The lofty mountains,
+the expanding valleys, the luxuriant forests, the bold headlands, the
+enchanting little bays and inlets, and the numerous tributaries bursting
+into the broad waters of the St. Lawrence, were all carefully examined and
+noted in his journal. The expedition seemed more like a holiday excursion
+than the grave prelude to the founding of a city to be renowned in the
+history of the continent.
+
+On the fourth day, they approached the site of the present city of Quebec.
+The expanse of the river had hitherto been from eight to thirteen miles.
+Here a lofty headland, approaching from the interior, advances upon the
+river and forces it into a narrow channel of three-fourths of a mile in
+width. The river St. Charles, a small stream flowing from the northwest,
+uniting here with the St. Lawrence, forms a basin below the promontory,
+spreading out two miles in one direction and four in another. The rocky
+headland, jutting out upon the river, rises up nearly perpendicularly, and
+to a height of three hundred and forty-five feet, commanding from its
+summit a view of water, forest and mountain of surpassing grandeur and
+beauty. A narrow belt of fertile land formed by the crumbling _débris_ of
+ages, stretches along between the water's edge and the base of the
+precipice, and was then covered with a luxurious growth of nut-trees. The
+magnificent basin below, the protecting wall of the headland in the rear,
+the deep water of the river in front, rendered this spot peculiarly
+attractive. Here on this narrow plateau, Champlain resolved to place his
+settlement, and forthwith began the work of felling trees, excavating
+cellars, and constructing houses.
+
+On the 3d day of July, 1608, Champlain laid the foundation of Quebec. The
+name which he gave to it had been applied to it by the savages long before.
+It is derived from the Algonquin word _quebio_, or _quebec_, signifying a
+_narrowing_, and was descriptive of the form which the river takes at that
+place, to which we have already referred.
+
+A few days after their arrival, an event occurred of exciting interest to
+Champlain and his little colony. One of their number, Jean du Val, an
+abandoned wretch, who possessed a large share of that strange magnetic
+power which some men have over the minds of others, had so skilfully
+practised upon the credulity of his comrades that he had drawn them all
+into a scheme which, aside from its atrocity, was weak and ill-contrived at
+every point It was nothing less than a plan to assassinate Champlain, seize
+the property belonging to the expedition, and sell it to the Basque
+fur-traders at Tadoussac, under the hallucination that they should be
+enriched by the pillage. They had even entered into a solemn compact, and
+whoever revealed the secret was to be visited by instant death. Their
+purpose was to seize Champlain in an unguarded moment and strangle him, or
+to shoot him in the confusion of a false alarm to be raised in the night by
+themselves. But before the plan was fully ripe for execution, a barque
+unexpectedly arrived from Tadoussac with an instalment of utensils and
+provisions for the colony. One of the men, Antoine Natel, who had entered
+into the conspiracy with reluctance, and had been restrained from a
+disclosure by fear, summoned courage to reveal the plot to the pilot of the
+boat, first securing from him the assurance that he should be shielded from
+the vengeance of his fellow-conspirators. The secret was forthwith made
+known to Champlain, who, by a stroke of finesse, placed himself beyond
+danger before he slept. At his suggestion, the four leading spirits of the
+plot were invited by one of the sailors to a social repast on the barque,
+at which two bottles of wine which he pretended had been given him at
+Tadoussac were to be uncorked. In the midst of the festivities, the "four
+worthy heads of the conspiracy," as Champlain satirically calls them, were
+suddenly clapped into irons. It was now late in the evening, but Champlain
+nevertheless summoned all the rest of the men into his presence, and
+offered them a full pardon, on condition that they would disclose the whole
+scheme and the motives which had induced them to engage in it. This they
+were eager to do, as they now began to comprehend the dangerous compact
+into which they had entered, and the peril which threatened their own
+lives. These preliminary investigations rendered it obvious to Champlain
+that grave consequences must follow, and he therefore proceeded with great
+caution.
+
+The next day, he took the depositions of the pardoned men, carefully
+reducing them to writing. He then departed for Tadoussac, taking the four
+conspirators with him. On consultation, he decided to leave them there,
+where they could be more safely guarded until. Pont Gravé and the principal
+men of the expedition could return with them to Quebec, where he proposed
+to give them a more public and formal trial. This was accordingly done. The
+prisoners were duly confronted with the witnesses. They denied nothing, but
+freely admitted their guilt. With the advice and concurrence of Pont Gravé,
+the pilot, surgeon, mate, boatswain, and others, Champlain condemned the
+four conspirators to be hung; three of them, however, to be sent home for a
+confirmation or revision of their sentence by the authorities in France,
+while the sentence of Jean Du Val, the arch-plotter of the malicious
+scheme, was duly executed in their presence, with all the solemn forms and
+ceremonies usual on such occasions. Agreeably to a custom of that period,
+the ghastly head of Du Val was elevated on the highest pinnacle of the fort
+at Quebec, looking down and uttering its silent warning to the busy
+colonists below; the grim Signal to all beholders, that "the way of the
+transgressor is hard."
+
+The catastrophe, had not the plot been nipped in the bud, would have been
+sure to take place. The final purpose of the conspirators might not have
+been realized; it must have been defeated at a later stage; but the hand of
+Du Val, prompted by a malignant nature, was nerved to strike a fatal blow,
+and the life of Champlain would have been sacrificed at the opening of the
+tragic scene.
+
+The punishment of Du Val, in its character and degree, was not only
+agreeable to the civil policy of the age, but was necessary for the
+protection of life and the maintenance of order and discipline in the
+colony. A conspiracy on land, under the present circumstances, was as
+dangerous as a mutiny at sea; and the calm, careful, and dignified
+procedure of Champlain in firmly visiting upon the criminal a severe though
+merited punishment, reveals the wisdom, prudence, and humanity which were
+prominent elements in his mental and moral constitution.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+56. _Membertou_. See Pierre Biard's account of his death in 1611.
+    _Relations des Jésuites_. Quebec ed, Vol. I. p. 32.
+
+57. Had the distinguished navigators who early visited the coasts of North
+    America illustrated their narratives by drawings and maps, it would
+    have added greatly to their value. Capt. John Smith's map, though
+    necessarily indefinite and general, is indispensable to the
+    satisfactory study of his still more indefinite "Description of New
+    England." It is, perhaps, a sufficient apology for the vagueness of
+    Smith's statements, and therefore it ought to be borne in mind, that
+    his work was originally written, probably, from memory, at least for
+    the most part, while he was a prisoner on board a French man-of-war in
+    1615. This may be inferred from the following statement of Smith
+    himself. In speaking of the movement of the French fleet, he says:
+    "Still we spent our time about the Iles neere _Fyall_: where to keepe
+    my perplexed thoughts from too much meditation of my miserable estate,
+    I writ this discourse" _Vide Description of New England_ by Capt. John
+    Smith, London, 1616.
+
+    While the descriptions of our coast left by Champlain are invaluable to
+    the historian and cannot well be overestimated, the process of making
+    these surveys, with his profound love of such explorations and
+    adventures, must have given him great personal satisfaction and
+    enjoyment It would be difficult to find any region of similar extent
+    that could offer, on a summer's excursion, so much beauty to his eager
+    and critical eye as this. The following description of the Gulf of
+    Maine, which comprehends the major part of the field surveyed by
+    Champlain, that lying between the headlands of Cape Sable and Cape Cod,
+    gives an excellent idea of the infinite variety and the unexpected and
+    marvellous beauties that are ever revealing themselves to the voyager
+    as he passes along our coast.--
+
+    "This shoreland is also remarkable, being so battered and frayed by sea
+    and storm, and worn perhaps by arctic currents and glacier beds, that
+    its natural front of some 250 miles is multiplied to an extent of not
+    less than 2,500 miles of salt-water line; while at an average distance
+    of about three miles from the mainland, stretches a chain of outposts
+    consisting of more than three hundred islands, fragments of the main,
+    striking in their diversity on the west; low, wooded and grassy to the
+    water's edge, and rising eastward through bolder types to the crowns
+    and cliffs of Mount Desert and Quoddy Head, an advancing series from
+    beauty to sublimity: and behind all these are deep basins and broad
+    river-mouths, affording convenient and spacious harbors, in many of
+    which the navies of nations might safely ride at anchor.... Especially
+    attractive was the region between the Piscataqua and Penobscot in its
+    marvellous beauty of shore and sea, of island and inlet, of bay and
+    river and harbor, surpassing any other equally extensive portion of the
+    Atlantic coast, and compared by travellers earliest and latest, with
+    the famed archipelago of the Aegean." _Vide Maine, Her Place in
+    History_, by Joshua L. Chamberlain, LL D, President of Bowdoin College,
+    Augusta, 1877, pp. 4-5.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+ERECTION OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--THE SCURVY AND THE STARVING SAVAGES.--
+DISCOVERY OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN, AND THE BATTLE AT TICONDEROGA.--CRUELTIES
+INFLICTED ON PRISONERS OF WAR, AND THE FESTIVAL AFTER VICTORY.--
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS INTERVIEW WITH HENRY IV.--VOYAGE TO
+NEW FRANCE AND PLANS OF DISCOVERY.--BATTLE WITH THE IROQUOIS NEAR THE MOUTH
+OF THE RICHELIEU.--REPAIR OF BUILDINGS AT QUEBEC.--NEWS OF THE
+ASSASSINATION OF HENRY IV.--CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN TO FRANCE AND HIS CONTRACT
+OF MARRIAGE.--VOYAGE TO QUEBEC IN 1611.
+
+On the 18th of September, 1608, Pont Gravé, having obtained his cargo of
+furs and peltry, sailed for France.
+
+The autumn was fully occupied by Champlain and his little band of colonists
+in completing the buildings and in making such other provisions as were
+needed against the rigors of the approaching winter. From the forest trees
+beams were hewed into shape with the axe, boards and plank were cut from
+the green wood with the saw, walls were reared from the rough stones
+gathered at the base of the cliff, and plots of land were cleared near the
+settlement, where wheat and rye were sown and grapevines planted, which
+successfully tested the good qualities of the soil and climate.
+
+Three lodging-houses were erected on the northwest angle formed by the
+junction of the present streets St. Peter and Sous le Fort, near or on the
+site of the Church of Notre Dame. Adjoining, was a store-house. The whole
+was, surrounded by a moat fifteen feet wide and six feet deep, thus giving
+the settlement the character of a fort; a wise precaution against a sudden
+attack of the treacherous savages. [58]
+
+At length the sunny days of autumn were gone, and the winter, with its
+fierce winds and its penetrating frosts and deep banks of snow, was upon
+them. Little occupation could be furnished for the twenty-eight men that
+composed the colony. Their idleness soon brought a despondency that hung
+like a pall upon their spirits. In February, disease made its approach. It
+had not been expected. Every defence within their knowledge had been
+provided against it. Their houses were closely sealed and warm; their
+clothing was abundant; their food nutritious and plenty. But a diet too
+exclusively of salt meat had, notwithstanding, in the opinion of Champlain,
+and we may add the want, probably, of exercise and the presence of bad air,
+induced the _mal de la terre_ or scurvy, and it made fearful havoc with his
+men. Twenty, five out of each seven of their whole number, had been carried
+to their graves before the middle of April, and half of the remaining eight
+had been attacked by the loathsome scourge.
+
+While the mind of Champlain was oppressed by the suffering and death that
+were at all times present in their abode, his sympathies were still further
+taxed by the condition of the savages, who gathered in great numbers about
+the settlement, in the most abject misery and in the last stages of
+starvation. As Champlain could only furnish them, from his limited stores,
+temporary and partial relief, it was the more painful to see them slowly
+dragging their feeble frames about in the snow, gathering up and devouring
+with avidity discarded meat in which the process of decomposition was far
+advanced, and which was already too potent with the stench of decay to be
+approached by his men.
+
+Beyond the ravages of disease [59] and the starving Indians, Champlain adds
+nothing more to complete the gloomy picture of his first winter in Quebec.
+The gales of wind that swept round the wall of precipice that protected
+them in the rear, the drifts of snow that were piled up in fresh
+instalments with every storm about their dwelling, the biting frost, more
+piercing and benumbing than they had ever experienced before, the unceasing
+groans of the sick within, the semi-weekly procession bearing one after
+another of their diminishing numbers to the grave, the mystery that hung
+over the disease, and the impotency of all remedies, we know were prominent
+features in the picture. But the imagination seeks in vain for more than a
+single circumstance that could throw upon it a beam of modifying and
+softening light, and that was the presence of the brave Champlain, who bore
+all without a murmur, and, we may be sure, without a throb of unmanly fear
+or a sensation of cowardly discontent.
+
+But the winter, as all winters do, at length melted reluctantly away, and
+the spring came with its verdure, and its new life. The spirits of the
+little remnant of a colony began to revive. Eight of the twenty-eight with
+which the winter began were still surviving. Four had escaped attack, and
+four were rejoicing convalescents.
+
+On the 5th of June, news came that Pont Gravé had arrived from France, and
+was then at Tadoussac, whither Champlain immediately repaired to confer
+with him, and particularly to make arrangements at the earliest possible
+moment for an exploring expedition into the interior, an undertaking which
+De Monts had enjoined upon him, and which was not only agreeable to his own
+wishes, but was a kind of enterprise which had been a passion with him from
+his youth.
+
+In anticipation of a tour of exploration during the approaching summer,
+Champlain had already ascertained from the Indians that, lying far to the
+southwest, was an extensive lake, famous among the savages, containing many
+fair islands, and surrounded by a beautiful and productive country. Having
+expressed a desire to visit this region, the Indians readily offered to act
+as guides, provided, nevertheless, that he would aid them in a warlike raid
+upon their enemies, the Iroquois, the tribe known to us as the Mohawks,
+whose, homes were beyond the lake in question. Champlain without hesitation
+acceded to the condition exacted, but with little appreciation, as we
+confidently believe, of the bitter consequences that were destined to
+follow the alliance thus inaugurated; from which, in after years, it was
+inexpedient, if not impossible, to recede.
+
+Having fitted out a shallop, Champlain left Quebec on his tour of
+exploration on the 18th of June, 1609, with eleven men, together with a
+party of Montagnais, a tribe of Indians who, in their hunting and fishing
+excursions, roamed over an indefinite region on the north side of the St.
+Lawrence, but whose headquarters were at Tadoussac. After ascending the St
+Lawrence about sixty miles, he came upon an encampment of two hundred or
+three hundred savages, Hurons [60] and Algonquins, the former dwelling on
+the borders of the lake of the same name, the latter on the upper waters of
+the Ottawa. They had learned something of the French from a son of one of
+their chiefs, who had been at Quebec the preceding autumn, and were now on
+their way to enter into an alliance with the French against the Iroquois.
+After formal negotiations and a return to Quebec to visit the French
+settlement and witness the effect of their firearms, of which they had
+heard and which greatly excited their curiosity, and after the usual
+ceremonies of feasting and dancing, the whole party proceeded up the river
+until they reached the mouth of the Richelieu. Here they remained two days,
+as guests of the Indians, feasting upon fish, venison, and water-fowl.
+
+While these festivities were in progress, a disagreement arose among the
+savages, and the bulk of them, including the women, returned to their
+homes. Sixty warriors, however, some from each of the three allied tribes,
+proceeded up the Richelieu with Champlain. At the Falls of Chambly, finding
+it impossible for the shallop to pass them, he directed the pilot to return
+with it to Quebec, leaving only two men from the crew to accompany him on
+the remainder of the expedition. From this point, Champlain and his two
+brave companions entrusted themselves to the birch canoe of the savages.
+For a short distance, the canoes, twenty-four in all, were transported by
+land. The fall and rapids, extending as far as St. John, were at length
+passed. They then proceeded up the river, and, entering the lake which now
+bears the name of Champlain, crept along the western bank, advancing after
+the first few days only in the night, hiding themselves during the day in
+the thickets on the shore to avoid the observation of their enemies, whom
+they were now liable at any moment to meet.
+
+On the evening of the 29th of July, at about ten o'clock, when the allies
+were gliding noiselessly along in restrained silence, as they approached
+the little cape that juts out into the lake at Ticonderoga, near where Fort
+Carillon was afterwards erected by the French, and where its ruins are
+still to be seen, [61] they discovered a flotilla of heavy canoes, of oaken
+bark, containing not far from two hundred Iroquois warriors, armed and
+impatient for conflict. A furor and frenzy as of so many enraged tigers
+instantly seized both parties. Champlain and his allies withdrew a short
+distance, an arrow's range from the shore, fastening their canoes by poles
+to keep them together, while the Iroquois hastened to the water's edge,
+drew up their canoes side by side, and began to fell trees and construct a
+barricade, which they were well able to accomplish with marvellous facility
+and skill. Two boats were sent out to inquire if the Iroquois desired to
+fight, to which they replied that they wanted nothing so much, and, as it
+was now dark, at sunrise the next morning they would give them battle. The
+whole night was spent by both parties in loud and tumultuous boasting,
+berating each other in the roundest terms which their savage vocabulary
+could furnish, insultingly charging each other with cowardice and weakness,
+and declaring that they would prove the truth of their assertions to their
+utter ruin the next morning.
+
+When the sun began to gild the distant mountain-tops, the combatants were
+ready for the fray. Champlain and his two companions, each lying low in
+separate canoes of the Montagnais, put on, as best they could, the light
+armor in use at that period, and, taking the short hand-gun, or arquebus,
+went on shore, concealing themselves as much as possible from the enemy. As
+soon as all had landed, the two parties hastily approached each other,
+moving with a firm and determined tread. The allies, who had become fully
+aware of the deadly character of the hand-gun and were anxious to see an
+exhibition of its mysterious power, promptly opened their ranks, and
+Champlain marched forward in front, until he was within thirty paces of the
+Iroquois. When they saw him, attracted by his pale face and strange armor,
+they halted and gazed at him in a calm bewilderment for some seconds. Three
+Iroquois chiefs, tall and athletic, stood in front, and could be easily
+distinguished by the lofty plumes that waved above their heads. They began
+at once to make ready for a discharge of arrows. At the same instant,
+Champlain, perceiving this movement, levelled his piece, which had been
+loaded with four balls, and two chiefs fell dead, and another savage was
+mortally wounded by the same shot. At this, the allies raised a shout
+rivalling thunder in its stunning effect. From both sides the whizzing
+arrows filled the air. The two French arquebusiers, from their ambuscade in
+the thicket, immediately attacked in flank, pouring a deadly fire upon the
+enemy's right. The explosion of the firearms, altogether new to the
+Iroquois, the fatal effects that instantly followed, their chiefs lying
+dead at their feet and others fast falling, threw them into a tumultuous
+panic. They at once abandoned every thing, arms, provisions, boats, and
+camp, and without any impediment, the naked savages fled through the forest
+with the fleetness of the terrified deer. Champlain and his allies pursued
+them a mile and a half, or to the first fall in the little stream that
+connects Lake Champlain [62] and Lake George. [63] The victory was
+complete. The allies gathered at the scene of conflict, danced and sang in
+triumph, collected and appropriated the abandoned armor, feasted on the
+provisions left by the Iroquois, and, within three hours, with ten or
+twelve prisoners, were sailing down the lake on their homeward voyage.
+
+After they had rowed about eight leagues, according to Champlain's
+estimate, they encamped for the night. A prevailing characteristic of the
+savages on the eastern coast, in the early history of America, was the
+barbarous cruelties which they inflicted upon their prisoners of war. [64]
+They did not depart from their usual custom in the present instance. Having
+kindled a fire, they selected a victim, and proceeded to excoriate his back
+with red-hot burning brands, and to apply live coals to the ends of his
+fingers, where they would give the most exquisite pain. They tore out his
+finger-nails, and, with sharp slivers of wood, pierced his wrists and
+rudely forced out the quivering sinews. They flayed off the skin from the
+top of his head, [65] and poured upon the bleeding wound a stream of
+boiling melted gum. Champlain remonstrated in vain. The piteous cries of
+the poor, tormented victim excited his unavailing compassion, and he turned
+away in anger and disgust. At length, when these inhuman tortures had been
+carried as far as they desired, Champlain was permitted, at his earnest
+request, with a musket-shot to put an end to his sufferings. But this was
+not the termination of the horrid performance. The dead victim was hacked
+in pieces, his heart severed into parts, and the surviving prisoners were
+ordered to eat it. This was too revolting to their nature, degraded as it
+was; they were forced, however, to take it into their mouths, but they
+would do no more, and their guard of more compassionate Algonquins allowed
+them to cast it into the lake.
+
+This exhibition of savage cruelty was not extraordinary, but according to
+their usual custom. It was equalled, and, if possible, even surpassed, in
+the treatment of captives generally, and especially of the Jesuit
+missionaries in after years. [66]
+
+When the party arrived at the Falls of Chambly, the Hurons and Algonquins
+left the river, in order to reach their homes by a shorter way,
+transporting their canoes and effects over land to the St. Lawrence near
+Montreal, while the rest continued their journey down the Richelieu and the
+St. Lawrence to Tadoussac, where their families were encamped, waiting to
+join in the usual ceremonies and rejoicings after a great victory.
+
+When the returning warriors approached Tadoussac, they hung aloft on the
+prow of their canoes the scalped heads of those whom they had slain,
+decorated with beads which they had begged from the French for this
+purpose, and with a savage grace presented these ghastly trophies to their
+wives and daughters, who, laying aside their garments, eagerly swam out to
+obtain the precious mementoes, which they hung about their necks and bore
+rejoicing to the shore, where they further testified their satisfaction by
+dancing and singing.
+
+After a few days, Champlain repaired to Quebec, and early in September
+decided to return with Pont Gravé to France. All arrangements were speedily
+made for that purpose. Fifteen men were left to pass the winter at Quebec,
+in charge of Captain Pierre Chavin of Dieppe. On the 5th of September they
+sailed from Tadoussac, and, lingering some days at Isle Percé, arrived at
+Honfleur on the 13th of October, 1609.
+
+Champlain hastened immediately to Fontainebleau, to make a detailed report
+of his proceedings to Sieur de Monts, who was there in official attendance
+upon the king. [67] On this occasion he sought an audience also with Henry
+IV., who had been his friend and patron from the time of his first voyage
+to Canada in 1603. In addition to the new discoveries and observations
+which he detailed to him, he exhibited a belt curiously wrought and inlaid
+with porcupine-quills, the work of the savages, which especially drew forth
+the king's admiration. He also presented two specimens of the scarlet
+tanager, _Pyranga rubra_, a bird of great brilliancy of plumage and
+peculiar to this continent, and likewise the head of a gar-pike, a fish of
+singular characteristics, then known only in the waters of Lake Champlain.
+[68]
+
+At this time De Monts was urgently seeking a renewal of his commission for
+the monopoly of the fur-trade. In this Champlain was deeply interested. But
+to this monopoly a powerful opposition arose, and all efforts at renewal
+proved utterly fruitless. De Monts did not, however, abandon the enterprise
+on which he had entered. Renewing his engagements with the merchants of
+Rouen with whom he had already been associated, he resolved to send out in
+the early spring, as a private enterprise and without any special
+privileges or monopoly, two vessels with the necessary equipments for
+strengthening his colony at Quebec and for carrying on trade as usual with
+the Indians.
+
+Champlain was again appointed lieutenant, charged with the government and
+management of the colony, with the expectation of passing the next winter
+at Quebec, while Pont Gravé, as he had been before, was specially entrusted
+with the commercial department of the expedition.
+
+They embarked at Honfleur, but were detained in the English Channel by bad
+weather for some days. In the mean time Champlain was taken seriously ill,
+the vessel needed additional ballast, and returned to port, and they did
+not finally put to sea till the 8th of April. They arrived at Tadoussac on
+the 26th of the same month, in the year 1610, and, two days later, sailed
+for Quebec, where they found the commander, Captain Chavin, and the little
+colony all in excellent health.
+
+The establishment at Quebec, it is to be remembered, was now a private
+enterprise. It existed by no chartered rights, it was protected by no
+exclusive authority. There was consequently little encouragement for its
+enlargement beyond what was necessary as a base of commercial operations.
+The limited cares of the colony left, therefore, to Champlain, a larger
+scope for the exercise of his indomitable desire for exploration and
+adventure. Explorations could not, however, be carried forward without the
+concurrence and guidance of the savages by whom he was immediately
+surrounded. Friendly relations existed between the French and the united
+tribes of Montagnais, Hurons, and Algonquins, who occupied the northern
+shores of the St. Lawrence and the great lakes. A burning hatred existed
+between these tribes and the Iroquois, occupying the southern shores of the
+same river. A deadly warfare was their chief employment, and every summer
+each party was engaged either in repelling an invasion or in making one in
+the territory of the other. Those friendly to Champlain were quite ready to
+act as pioneers in his explorations and discoveries, but they expected and
+demanded in return that he should give them active personal assistance in
+their wars. Influenced, doubtless, by policy, the spirit of the age, and
+his early education in the civil conflicts of France, Champlain did not
+hesitate to enter into an alliance and an exchange of services on these
+terms.
+
+In the preceding year, two journeys into distant regions had been planned
+for exploration and discovery. One beginning at Three Rivers, was to
+survey, under the guidance of the Montagnais, the river St. Maurice to its
+source, and thence, by different channels and portages, reach Lake St.
+John, returning by the Saguenay, making in the circuit a distance of not
+less than eight hundred miles. The other plan was to explore, under the
+direction of the Hurons and Algonquins, the vast country over which they
+were accustomed to roam, passing up the Ottawa, and reaching in the end the
+region of the copper mines on Lake Superior, a journey not less than twice
+the extent of the former.
+
+Neither of these explorations could be undertaken the present year. Their
+importance, however, to the future progress of colonization in New France
+is sufficiently obvious. The purpose of making these surveys shows the
+breadth and wisdom of Champlain's views, and that hardships or dangers were
+not permitted to interfere with his patriotic sense of duty.
+
+Soon after his arrival at Quebec, the savages began to assemble to engage
+in their usual summer's entertainment of making war upon the Iroquois.
+Sixty Montagnais, equipped in their rude armor, were hastening to the
+rendezvous which, by agreement made the year before, was to be at the mouth
+of the Richelieu. [69] Hither were to come the three allied tribes, and
+pass together up this river into Lake Champlain, the "gate" or war-path
+through which these hostile clans were accustomed to make their yearly
+pilgrimage to meet each other in deadly conflict. Sending forward four
+barques for trading purposes, Champlain repaired to the mouth of the
+Richelieu, and landed, in company with the Montagnais, on the Island St.
+Ignace, on the 19th of June. While preparations were making to receive
+their Algonquin allies from the region of the Ottawa, news came that they
+had already arrived, and that they had discovered a hundred Iroquois
+strongly barricaded in a log fort, which they had hastily thrown together
+on the brink of the river not far distant, and to capture them the
+assistance of all parties was needed without delay. Champlain, with four
+Frenchmen and the sixty Montagnais, left the island in haste, passed over
+to the mainland, where they left their canoes, and eagerly rushed through
+the marshy forest a distance of two miles. Burdened with their heavy armor,
+half consumed by mosquitoes which were so thick that they were scarcely
+able to breathe, covered with mud and water, they at length stood before
+the Iroquois fort. [70] It was a structure of logs laid one upon another,
+braced and held together by posts coupled by withes, and of the usual
+circular form. It offered a good protection in savage warfare. Even the
+French arquebus discharged through the crevices did slow execution.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that, to ensure victory, the fort must be
+demolished. Huge trees, severed at the base, falling upon it, did not break
+it down. At length, directed by Champlain, the savages approached under
+their shields, tore away the supporting posts, and thus made a breach, into
+which rushed the infuriated besiegers, and in hot haste finished their
+deadly work. Fifteen of the Iroquois were taken prisoners; a few plunged
+into the river and were drowned; the rest perished by musket-shots,
+arrow-wounds, the tomahawk, and the war-club. Of the allied savages three
+were killed and fifty wounded. Champlain himself did not escape altogether
+unharmed. An arrow, armed with a sharp point of stone, pierced his ear and
+neck, which he drew out with his own hand. One of his companions received a
+similar wound in the arm. The victors scalped the dead as usual,
+ornamenting the prows of their canoes with the bleeding heads of their
+enemies, while they severed one of the bodies into quarters, to eat, as
+they alleged, in revenge.
+
+The canoes of the savages and a French shallop having come to the scene of
+this battle, all soon embarked and returned to the Island of St. Ignace.
+Here the allies, joined by eighty Huron warriors who had arrived too late
+to participate in the conflict, remained three days, celebrating their
+victory by dancing, singing, and the administration of the usual punishment
+upon their prisoners of war. This consisted in a variety of exquisite
+tortures, similar to those inflicted the year before, after the victory on
+Lake Champlain, horrible and sickening in all their features, and which
+need not be spread upon these pages. From these tortures Champlain would
+gladly have snatched the poor wretches, had it been in his power, but in
+this matter the savages would brook no interference. There was a solitary
+exception, however, in a fortunate young Iroquois who fell to him in the
+division of prisoners. He was treated with great kindness, but it did not
+overcome his excessive fear and distrust, and he soon sought an opportunity
+and escaped to his home. [71]
+
+When the celebration of the victory had been completed, the Indians
+departed to their distant abodes. Champlain, however, before their
+departure, very wisely entered into an agreement that they should receive
+for the winter a young Frenchman who was anxious to learn their language,
+and, in return, he was himself to take a young Huron, at their special
+request, to pass the winter in France. This judicious arrangement, in which
+Champlain was deeply interested and which he found some difficulty in
+accomplishing, promised an important future advantage in extending the
+knowledge of both parties, and in strengthening on the foundation of
+personal experience their mutual confidence and friendship.
+
+After the departure of the Indians, Champlain returned to Quebec, and
+proceeded to put the buildings in repair and to see that all necessary
+arrangements were made for the safety and comfort of the colony during the
+next winter.
+
+On the 4th of July, Des Marais, in charge of the vessel belonging to De
+Monts and his company, which had been left behind and had been expected
+soon to follow, arrived at Quebec, bringing the intelligence that a small
+revolution had taken place in Brouage, the home of Champlain, that the
+Protestants had been expelled, and an additional guard of soldiers had been
+placed in the garrison. Des Marais also brought the startling news that
+Henry IV. had been assassinated on the 14th of May. Champlain was
+penetrated by this announcement with the deepest sorrow. He fully saw how
+great a public calamity had fallen upon his country. France had lost, by an
+ignominious blow, one of her ablest and wisest sovereigns, who had, by his
+marvellous power, gradually united and compacted the great interests of the
+nation, which had been shattered and torn by half a century of civil
+conflicts and domestic feuds. It was also to him a personal loss. The king
+had taken a special interest in his undertakings, had been his patron from
+the time of his first voyage to New France in 1603, had sustained him by an
+annual pension, and on many occasions had shown by word and deed that he
+fully appreciated the great value of his explorations in his American
+domains. It was difficult to see how a loss so great both to his country
+and himself could be repaired. A cloud of doubt and uncertainty hung over
+the future. The condition of the company, likewise, under whose auspices he
+was acting, presented at this time no very encouraging features. The
+returns from the fur-trade had been small, owing to the loss of the
+monopoly which the company had formerly enjoyed, and the excessive
+competition which free-trade had stimulated. Only a limited attention had
+as yet been given to the cultivation of the soil. Garden vegetables had
+been placed in cultivation, together with small fields of Indian corn,
+wheat, rye, and barley. These attempts at agriculture were doubtless
+experiments, while at the fame time they were useful in supplementing the
+stores needed for the colony's consumption.
+
+Champlain's personal presence was not required at Quebec during the winter,
+as no active enterprise could be carried forward in that inclement season,
+and he decided, therefore, to return to France. The little colony now
+consisted of sixteen men, which he placed in charge, during his absence, of
+Sieur Du Parc. He accordingly left Tadoussac on the 13th of August, and
+arrived at Honfleur in France on the 27th of September, 1610.
+
+During the autumn of this year, while residing in Paris, Champlain became
+attached to Hélène Boullé, the daughter of Nicholas Boullé, secretary of
+the king's chamber. She was at that time a mere child, and of too tender
+years to act for herself, particularly in matters of so great importance as
+those which relate to marital relations. However, agreeably to a custom not
+infrequent at that period, a marriage contract [72] was entered into on the
+27th of December with her parents, in which, nevertheless, it was
+stipulated that the nuptials should not take place within at least two
+years from that date. The dowry of the future bride was fixed at six
+thousand livres _tournois_, three fourths of which were paid and receipted
+for by Champlain two days after the signing of the contract. The marriage
+was afterward consummated, and Helen Boullé, as his wife, accompanied
+Champlain to Quebec, in 1620, as we shall see in the sequel.
+
+Notwithstanding the discouragements of the preceding year and the small
+prospect of future success, De Monts and the merchants associated with him
+still persevered in sending another expedition, and Champlain left Honfleur
+for New France on the first day of March, 1611. Unfortunately, the voyage
+had been undertaken too early in the season for these northern waters, and
+long before they reached the Grand Banks, they encountered ice-floes of the
+most dangerous character. Huge blocks of crystal, towering two hundred feet
+above the surface of the water, floated at times near them, and at others
+they were surrounded and hemmed in by vast fields of ice extending as far
+as the eye could reach. Amid these ceaseless perils, momentarily expecting
+to be crushed between the floating islands wheeling to and fro about them,
+they struggled with the elements for nearly two months, when finally they
+reached Tadoussac on the 13th of May.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+58. The situation of Quebec and an engraved representation of the buildings
+    may be seen by reference to Vol. II. pp. 175, 183.
+
+59. Scurvy, or _mal de la terre_.--_Vide_ Vol. II. note 105.
+
+60. _Hurons_ "The word Huron comes from the French, who seeing these
+    Indians with the hair cut very short, and standing up in a strange
+    fashion, giving them a fearful air, cried out, the first time they saw
+    them, _Quelle hures!_ what boars' heads! and so got to call them
+    Hurons."--Charlevoix's _His. New France_, Shea's Trans Vol. II. p. 71.
+    _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. Vol. I. 1639, P 51; also note
+    321, Vol. II. of this work, for brief notice of the Algonquins and
+    other tribes.
+
+61. For the identification of the site of this battle, see Vol. II p. 223,
+    note 348. It is eminently historical ground. Near it Fort Carrillon was
+    erected by the French in 1756. Here Abercrombie was defeated by
+    Montcalm in 1758. Lord Amherst captured the fort in 1759 Again it was
+    taken from the English by the patriot Ethan Alien in 1775. It was
+    evacuated by St. Clair when environed by Burgoyne in 1777, and now for
+    a complete century it has been visited by the tourist as a ruin
+    memorable for its many historical associations.
+
+62. This lake, discovered and explored by Champlain, is ninety miles in
+    length. Through its centre runs the boundary line between the State of
+    New York and that of Vermont. From its discovery to the present time it
+    has appropriately borne the honored name of Champlain. For its Indian
+    name, _Caniaderiguarunte_, see Vol. II. note 349. According to Mr. Shea
+    the Mohawk name of Lake Champlain is _Caniatagaronte_.--_Vide Shea's
+    Charlevoix_. Vol. II. p. 18.
+
+    Lake Champlain and the Hudson River were both discovered the same year,
+    and were severally named after the distinguished navigators by whom
+    they were explored. Champlain completed his explorations at
+    Ticonderoga, on the 30th of July, 1609, and Hudson reached the highest
+    point made by him on the river, near Albany, on the 22d of September of
+    the same year.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 219. Also _The Third Voyage of
+    Master Henry Hudson_, written by Robert Ivet of Lime-house,
+    _Collections of New York His. Society_, Vol. I. p. 140.
+
+63. _Lake George_. The Jesuit Father, Isaac Jogues, having been summoned in
+    1646 to visit the Mohawks, to attend to the formalities of ratifying a
+    treaty of peace which had been concluded with them, passing by canoe up
+    the Richelieu, through Lake Champlain, and arriving at the end of Lake
+    George on the 29th of May, the eve of Corpus Christi, a festival
+    celebrated by the Roman Church on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday, in
+    honor of the Holy Eucharist or the Lord's Supper, named this lake LAC
+    DU SAINT SACREMENT. The following is from the Jesuit Relation of 1646
+    by Pere Hierosme Lalemant. Ils arriuèrent la veille du S. Sacrement au
+    bout du lac qui est ioint au grand lac de Champlain. Les Iroquois le
+    nomment Andiatarocté, comme qui diroit, là où le lac se ferme. Le Pere
+    le nomma le lac du S. Sacrement--_Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed.
+    Vol. II. 1646, p. 15.
+
+    Two important facts are here made perfectly plain; viz. that the
+    original Indian name of the lake was _Andtatarocté_, and that the
+    French named it Lac du Saint Sacrement because they arrived on its
+    shores on the eve of the festival celebrated in honor of the Eucharist
+    or the Lord's Supper. Notwithstanding this very plain statement, it has
+    been affirmed without any historical foundation whatever, that the
+    original Indian name of this lake was _Horican_, and that the Jesuit
+    missionaries, having selected it for the typical purification of
+    baptism on account of its limpid waters, named it _Lac du Saint
+    Sacrement_. This perversion of history originated in the extraordinary
+    declaration of Mr. James Fenimore Cooper, in his novel entitled "The
+    Last of the Mohicans," in which these two erroneous statements are
+    given as veritable history. This new discovery by Cooper was heralded
+    by the public journals, scholars were deceived, and the bold imposition
+    was so successful that it was even introduced into a meritorious poem
+    in which the Horican of the ancient tribes and the baptismal waters of
+    the limpid lake are handled with skill and effect. Twenty-five years
+    after the writing of his novel, Mr. Cooper's conscience began seriously
+    to trouble him, and he publicly confessed, in a preface to "The Last of
+    the Mohicans," that the name Horican had been first applied to the lake
+    by himself, and without any historical authority. He is silent as to
+    the reason he had assigned for the French name of the lake, which was
+    probably an assumption growing out of his ignorance of its
+    meaning--_Vide The Last of The Mohicans_, by J. Fenimore Cooper,
+    Gregory's ed., New York, 1864, pp ix-x and 12.
+
+64. "There are certain general customs which mark the California Indians,
+    as, the non-use of torture on prisoners of war," &c.--_Vide The Tribes
+    of California_, by Stephen Powers, in _Contributions to North American
+    Ethnology_, Vol. III. p. 15. _Tribes of Washington and Oregon_, by
+    George Gibbs, _idem_, Vol. I. p. 192.
+
+65. "It has been erroneously asserted that the practice of scalping did not
+    prevail among the Indians before the advent of Europeans. In 1535,
+    Carrier saw five scalps at Quebec, dried and stretched on hoops. In
+    1564, Laudonniere saw them among the Indians of Florida. The Algonquins
+    of New England and Nova Scotia were accustomed to cut off and carry
+    away the head, which they afterwards scalped. Those of Canada, it
+    seems, sometimes scalped the dead bodies on the field. The Algonquin
+    practice of carrying off heads as trophies is mentioned by Lalemant,
+    Roger Williams, Lescarbot, and Champlain."--_Vide Pioneers of France in
+    the New World_, by Francis Parkman, Boston, 1874, p. 322. The practice
+    of the tribes on the Pacific coast is different "In war they do not
+    take scalps, but decapitate the slain and bring in the heads as
+    trophies."--_Contributions to Am. Ethnology_, by Stephen Powers,
+    Washington, 1877, Vol. III. pp. 21, 221. _Vide_ Vol. I. p. 192. The
+    Yuki are an exception. Vol. III. p. 129.
+
+66. For an account of the sufferings of Brébeuf, Lalemant, and Jogues, see
+    _History of Catholic Missions_, by John Gilmary Shea, pp. 188, 189,
+    217.
+
+67. He was gentleman in ordinary to the king's chamber. "Gentil-homme
+    ordinaire de nôstre Chambre."--_Vide Commission du Roy au Sieur de
+    Monts, Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, par Marc Lescarbot, Paris,
+    1612, p. 432.
+
+68. Called by the Indians _chaousarou_. For a full account of this
+    crustacean _vide_ Vol. II. note 343.
+
+69. The mouth of the Richelieu was the usual place of meeting. In 1603, the
+    allied tribes were there when Champlain ascended the St Lawrence. They
+    had a fort, which he describes.--_Vide postea_, p 243.
+
+70. Champlain's description does not enable us to identify the place of
+    this battle with exactness. It will be observed, if we refer to his
+    text, that, leaving the island of St Ignace, and going half a league,
+    crossing the river, they landed, when they were plainly on the mainland
+    near the mouth of the Richelieu. They then went half a league, and
+    finding themselves outrun by their Indian guides and lost, they called
+    to two savages, whom they saw going through the woods, to guide them.
+    Going a _short distance_, they were met by a messenger from the scene
+    of conflict, to urge them to hasten forwards. Then, after going less
+    than an eighth of a league, they were within the sound of the voices of
+    the combatants at the fort These distances are estimated without
+    measurement, and, of course, are inexact: but, putting the distances
+    mentioned altogether, the journey through the woods to the fort was
+    apparently a little more than two miles. Had they followed the course
+    of the river, the distance would probably have been somewhat more:
+    perhaps nearly three miles. Champlain does not positively say that the
+    fort was on the Richelieu, but the whole narrative leaves no doubt that
+    such was the fact. This river was the avenue through which the Iroquois
+    were accustomed to come, and they would naturally encamp here where
+    they could choose their own ground, and where their enemies were sure
+    to approach them. If we refer to Champlain's illustration of _Fort des
+    Iroquois_, Vol. II. p. 241, we shall observe that the river is pictured
+    as comparatively narrow, which could hardly be a true representation if
+    it were intended for the St. Lawrence. The escaping Iroquois are
+    represented as swimming towards the right, which was probably in the
+    direction of their homes on the south, the natural course of their
+    retreat. The shallop of Des Prairies, who arrived late, is on the left
+    of the fort, at the exact point where he would naturally disembark if
+    he came up the Richelieu from the St. Lawrence. From a study of the
+    whole narrative, together with the map, we infer that the fort was on
+    the western bank of the Richelieu, between two and three miles from its
+    mouth. We are confident that its location cannot be more definitely
+    fixed.
+
+71. For a full account of the Indian treatment of prisoners, _vide antea_,
+    pp. 94,95. Also Vol. II. pp. 224-227, 244-246.
+
+72. _Vide Contrat de mariage de Samuel de Champlain, Oeuvres de Champlain_,
+    Quebec ed. Vol. VI., _Pièces Fustificatives_, p. 33.
+
+    Among the early marriages not uncommon at that period, the following
+    are examples. César, the son of Henry IV., was espoused by public
+    ceremonies to the daughter of the Duke de Mercoeur in 1598. The
+    bridegroom was four years old and the bride-elect had just entered her
+    sixth year. The great Condé, by the urgency of his avaricious father,
+    was unwillingly married at the age of twenty, to Claire Clemence de
+    Maillé Brézé, the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, when she was but
+    thirteen years of age.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+THE FUR-TRADE AT MONTREAL.--COMPETITION AT THE RENDEZVOUS.--NO
+EXPLORATIONS.--CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO FRANCE.--REORGANIZATION OF THE
+COMPANY.--COUNT DE SOISSONS, HIS DEATH.--PRINCE DE CONDÉ.--CHAMPLAIN'S
+RETURN TO NEW FRANCE AND TRADE WITH THE INDIANS.--EXPLORATION AND DE
+VIGNAN, THE FALSE GUIDE.--INDIAN CEREMONY AT CHAUDIÈRE FALLS.
+
+Champlain lost no time in hastening to Quebec, where he found Du Parc, whom
+he had left in charge, and the colony in excellent health. The paramount
+and immediate object which now engaged his attention was to secure for the
+present season the fur-trade of the Indians. This furnished the chief
+pecuniary support of De Monts's company, and was absolutely necessary to
+its existence. He soon, therefore, took his departure for the Falls of St.
+Louis, situated a short distance above Montreal, and now better known as La
+Chine Rapids. In the preceding year, this place had been agreed upon as a
+rendezvous by the friendly tribes. But, as they had not arrived, Champlain
+proceeded to make a thorough exploration on both sides of the St. Lawrence,
+extending his journeys more than twenty miles through the forests and along
+the shores of the river, for the purpose of selecting a proper site for a
+trading-house, with doubtless an ultimate purpose of making it a permanent
+settlement. After a full survey, he finally fixed upon a point of land
+which he named _La Place Royale_, situated within the present city of
+Montreal, on the eastern side of the little brook Pierre, where it flows
+into the St. Lawrence, at Point à Callière. On the banks of this small
+stream there were found evidences that the land to the extent of sixty
+acres had at some former period been cleared up and cultivated by the
+savages, but more recently had been entirely abandoned on account of the
+wars, as he learned from his Indian guides, in which they were incessantly
+engaged.
+
+Near the spot which had thus been selected for a future settlement,
+Champlain discovered a deposit of excellent clay, and, by way of
+experiment, had a quantity of it manufactured into bricks, of which he made
+a wall on the brink of the river, to test their power of resisting the
+frosts and the floods. Gardens were also made and feeds sown, to prove the
+quality of the soil. A weary month passed slowly away, with scarcely an
+incident to break the monotony, except the drowning of two Indians, who had
+unwisely attempted to pass the rapids in a bark canoe overloaded with
+heron, which they had taken on an island above. In the mean time, Champlain
+had been followed to his rendezvous by a herd of adventurers from the
+maritime towns of France, who, stimulated by the freedom of trade, had
+flocked after him in numbers out of all proportion to the amount of furs
+which they could hope to obtain from the wandering bands of savages that
+might chance to visit the St. Lawrence. The river was lined with these
+voracious cormorants, anxiously watching the coming of the savages, all
+impatient and eager to secure as large a share as possible of the uncertain
+and meagre booty for which they had crossed the Atlantic. Fifteen or twenty
+barques were moored along the shore, all seeking the best opportunity for
+the display of the worthless trinkets for which they had avariciously hoped
+to obtain a valuable cargo of furs.
+
+A long line of canoes was at length seen far in the distance. It was a
+fleet of two hundred Hurons, who had swept down the rapids, and were now
+approaching slowly and in a dignified and impressive order. On coming near,
+they set up a simultaneous shout, the token of savage greeting, which made
+the welkin ring. This salute was answered by a hundred French arquebuses
+from barque and boat and shore. The unexpected multitude of the French, the
+newness of the firearms to most of them, filled the savages with dismay.
+They concealed their fear as well and as long as possible. They
+deliberately built their cabins on the shore, but soon threw up a
+barricade, then called a council at midnight, and finally, under pretence
+of a beaver-hunt, suddenly removed above the rapids, where they knew the
+French barques could not come. When they were thus in a place of safety,
+they confessed to Champlain that they had faith in him, which they
+confirmed by valuable gifts of furs, but none whatever in the grasping herd
+that had followed him to the rendezvous. The trade, meagre in the
+aggregate, divided among so many, had proved a loss to all. It was soon
+completed, and the savages departed to their homes. Subsequently,
+thirty-eight canoes, with eighty or a hundred Algonquin warriors, came to
+the rendezvous. They brought, however, but a small quantity of furs, which
+added little to the lucrative character of the summer's trade.
+
+The reader will bear in mind that Champlain was not here merely as the
+superintendent and responsible agent of a trading expedition. This was a
+subordinate purpose, and the result of circumstances which his principal
+did not choose, but into which he had been unwillingly forced. It was
+necessary not to overlook this interest in the present exigency,
+nevertheless De Monts was sustained by an ulterior purpose of a far higher
+and nobler character. He still entertained the hope that he should yet
+secure a royal charter under which his aspirations for colonial enterprise
+should have full scope, and that his ambition would be finally crowned with
+the success which he had so long coveted, and for which he had so
+assiduously labored. Champlain, who had been for many years the geographer
+of the king, who had carefully reported, as he advanced into unexplored
+regions, his surveys of the rivers, harbors, and lakes, and had given
+faithful descriptions of the native inhabitants, knowledge absolutely
+necessary as a preliminary step in laying the foundation of a French empire
+in America, did not for a moment lose sight of this ulterior purpose. Amid
+the commercial operations to which for the time being he was obliged to
+devote his chief attention, he tried in vain to induce the Indians to
+conduct an exploring party up the St. Maurice, and thus reach the
+headwaters of the Saguenay, a journey which had been planned two years
+before. They had excellent excuses to offer, and the undertaking was
+necessarily deferred for the present. He, however, obtained much valuable
+information from them in conversations, in regard to the source of the St.
+Lawrence, the topography of the country which they inhabited, and even
+drawings were executed by them to illustrate to him other regions which
+they had personally visited.
+
+On the 18th of July, Champlain left the rendezvous, and arrived at Quebec
+on the evening of the next day. Having ordered all necessary repairs at the
+settlement, and, not unmindful of its adornment, planted rose-bushes about
+it, and taking specimens of oak timber to exhibit in France, he left for
+Tadoussac, and finally for France on the 11th of August, and arrived at
+Rochelle on the 16th of September, 1611.
+
+Immediately on his arrival, Champlain repaired to the city of Pons, in
+Saintonge, of which De Monts was governor, and laid before him the
+Situation of his affairs at Quebec. De Monts still clung to the hope of
+obtaining a royal commission for the exclusive right of trade, but his
+associates were wholly disheartened by the competition and consequent
+losses of the last year, and had the sagacity to see that there was no hope
+of a remedy in the future. They accordingly declined to continue further
+expenditures. De Monts purchased their interest in the establishment at
+Quebec, and, notwithstanding the obstacles which had been and were still to
+be encountered, was brave enough to believe that he could stem the tide
+unaided and alone. He hastened to Paris to secure the much coveted
+commission from the king. Important business, however, soon called him in
+another direction, and the whole matter was placed in the hands of
+Champlain, with the understanding that important modifications were to be
+introduced into the constitution and management of the company.
+
+The burden thus unexpectedly laid upon Champlain was not a light one. His
+experience and personal knowledge led him to appreciate more fully than any
+one else the difficulties that environed the enterprise of planting a
+colony in New France. He saw very clearly that a royal commission merely,
+with whatever exclusive rights it conferred; would in itself be ineffectual
+and powerless in the present complications. It was obvious to him that the
+administration must be adapted to the state of affairs that had gradually
+grown up at Quebec, and that it must be sustained by powerful personal
+influence.
+
+Champlain proceeded, therefore, to draw up certain rules and regulations
+which he deemed necessary for the management of the colony and the
+protection of its interests. The leading characteristics of the plan were,
+first, an association of which all who desired to carry on trade in New
+France might become members, sharing equally in its advantages and its
+burdens, its profits and its losses: and, secondly, that it should be
+presided over by a viceroy of high position and commanding influence. De
+Monts, who had thus far been at the head of the undertaking, was a
+gentleman of great respectability, zeal, and honesty, but his name did not,
+as society was constituted at that time in France, carry with it any
+controlling weight with the merchants or others whose views were adverse to
+his own. He was unable to carry out any plans which involved expense,
+either for the exploration of the country or for the enlargement and growth
+of the colony. It was necessary, in the opinion of Champlain, to place at
+the head of the company a man of such exalted official and social position
+that his opinions would be listened to with respect and his wishes obeyed
+with alacrity.
+
+He submitted his plan to De Monts and likewise to President Jeannin, [73] a
+man venerable with age, distinguished for his wisdom and probity, and at
+this time having under his control the finances of the kingdom. They both
+pronounced it excellent and urged its execution.
+
+Having thus obtained the cordial and intelligent assent of the highest
+authority to his scheme, his next step was to secure a viceroy whose
+exalted name and standing should conform to the requirements of his plan.
+This was an object somewhat difficult to attain. It was not easy to find a
+nobleman who possessed all the qualities desired. After careful
+consideration, however, the Count de Soissons [74] was thought to unite
+better than any other the characteristics which the office required.
+Champlain, therefore, laid before the Count, through a member of the king's
+council, a detailed exhibition of his plan and a map of New France executed
+by himself. He soon after received an intimation from this nobleman of his
+willingness to accept the office, if he should be appointed. A petition was
+sent by Champlain to the king and his council, and the appointment was made
+on the 8th of October, 1612, and on the 15th of the same month the Count
+issued a commission appointing Champlain his lieutenant.
+
+Before this commission had been published in the ports and the maritime
+towns of France, as required by law, and before a month had elapsed,
+unhappily the death of the Count de Soissons suddenly occurred at his
+Château de Blandy. Henry de Bourbon, the Prince de Condé, [75] was hastily
+appointed his successor, and a new commission was issued to Champlain on
+the 22d of November of the same year.
+
+The appointment of this prince carried with it the weight of high position
+and influence, though hardly the character which would have been most
+desirable under the circumstances. He was, however, a potent safeguard
+against the final success, though not indeed of the attempt on the part of
+enemies, to break up the company, or to interfere with its plans. No sooner
+had the publication of the commission been undertaken, than the merchants,
+who had schemes of trade in New France, put forth a powerful opposition.
+The Parliamentary Court at Rouen even forbade its publication in that city,
+and the merchants of St. Malo renewed their opposition, which had before
+been set forth, on the flimsy ground that Jacques Cartier, the discoverer
+of New France, was a native of their municipality, and therefore they had
+rights prior and superior to all others.
+
+After much delay and several journeys by Champlain to Rouen, these
+difficulties were overcome. There was, indeed, no solid ground of
+opposition, as none were debarred from engaging in the enterprise who were
+willing to share in the burdens as well as the profits.
+
+These delays prevented the complete organization of the company
+contemplated by Champlain's new plan, but it was nevertheless necessary for
+him to make the voyage to Quebec the present season, in order to keep up
+the continuity of his operations there, and to renew his friendly relations
+with the Indians, who had been greatly disappointed at not seeing him the
+preceding year. Four vessels, therefore, were authorized to sail under the
+commission of the viceroy, each of which was to furnish four men for the
+service of Champlain in explorations and in aid of the Indians in their
+wars, if it should be necessary.
+
+He accordingly left Honfleur in a vessel belonging to his old friend Pont
+Gravé, on the 6th of March, 1613, and arrived at Tadoussac on the 29th of
+April. On the 7th of May he reached Quebec, where he found the little
+colony in excellent condition, the winter having been exceedingly mild, and
+agreeable, the river not having been frozen in the severest weather. He
+repaired at once to the trading rendezvous at Montreal, then commonly known
+as the Falls of St. Louis. He learned from a trading barque that had
+preceded him, that a small band of Algonquins had already been there on
+their return from a raid upon the Iroquois. They had, however, departed to
+their homes to celebrate a feast, at which the torture of two captives whom
+they had taken from the Iroquois was to form the chief element in the
+entertainment. A few days later, three Algonquin canoes arrived from the
+interior with furs, which were purchased by the French. From them they
+learned that the ill treatment of the previous year, and their
+disappointment at not having seen Champlain there as they had expected, had
+led the Indians to abandon the idea of again coming to the rendezvous, and
+that large numbers of them had gone on their usual summer's expedition
+against the Iroquois.
+
+Under these circumstances, Champlain resolved, in making his explorations,
+to visit personally the Indians who had been accustomed to come to the
+Falls of St. Louis, to assure them of kind treatment in the future, to
+renew his alliance with them against their enemies, and, if possible, to
+induce them to come to the rendezvous, where there was a large quantity of
+French goods awaiting them.
+
+It will be remembered that an ulterior purpose of the French, in making a
+settlement in North America, was to enable them better to explore the
+interior and discover an avenue by water to the Pacific Ocean. This shorter
+passage to Cathay, or the land of spicery, had been the day-dream of all
+the great navigators in this direction for more than a hundred years.
+Whoever should discover it would confer a boon of untold commercial value
+upon his country, and crown himself with imperishable honor. Champlain had
+been inspired by this dream from the first day that he set his foot upon
+the soil of New France. Every indication that pointed in this direction he
+watched with care and seized upon with avidity. In 1611, a young man in the
+colony, Nicholas de Vignan, had been allowed, after the trading season had
+closed, to accompany the Algonquins to their distant homes, and pass the
+winter with them. This was one of the methods which had before been
+successfully resorted to for obtaining important information. De Vignan
+returned to Quebec in the spring of 1612, and the same year to France.
+Having heard apparently something of Hudson's discovery and its
+accompanying disaster, he made it the basis of a story drawn wholly from
+his own imagination, but which he well knew must make a strong impression
+upon Champlain and all others interested in new discoveries. He stated
+that, during his abode with the Indians, he had made an excursion into the
+forests of the north, and that he had actually discovered a sea of salt
+water; that the river Ottawa had its source in a lake from which another
+river flowed into the sea in question; that he had seen on its shores the
+wreck of an English ship, from which eighty men had been taken and slain by
+the savages; and that they had among them an English boy, whom they were
+keeping to present to him.
+
+As was expected, this story made a strong impression upon the mind of
+Champlain. The priceless object for which he had been in search so many
+years seemed now within his grasp. The simplicity and directness of the
+narrative, and the want of any apparent motive for deception, were a strong
+guaranty of its truth. But, to make assurance doubly sure, Vignan was
+cross-examined and tested in various ways, and finally, before leaving
+France, was made to certify to the truth of his statement in the presence
+of two notaries at Rochelle. Champlain laid the story before the Chancellor
+de Sillery, the President Jeannin, the old Marshal de Brissac, and others,
+who assured him that it was a question of so great importance, that he
+ought at once to test the truth of the narrative by a personal exploration.
+He resolved, therefore, to make this one of the objects of his summer's
+excursion.
+
+With two bark canoes, laden with provisions, arms, and a few trifles as
+presents for the savages, an Indian guide, four Frenchmen, one of whom was
+the mendacious Vignan, Champlain left the rendezvous at Montreal on the
+27th of May. After getting over the Lachine Rapids, they crossed Lake St.
+Louis and the Two Mountains, and, passing up the Ottawa, now expanding into
+a broad lake and again contracting into narrows, whence its pent-up waters
+swept over precipices and boulders in furious, foaming currents, they at
+length, after incredible labor, reached the island Allumette, a distance of
+not less than two hundred and twenty-five miles. In no expedition which
+Champlain had thus far undertaken had he encountered obstacles so
+formidable. The falls and rapids in the river were numerous and difficult
+to pass. Sometimes a portage was impossible on account of the denseness of
+the forests, in which case they were compelled to drag their canoes by
+ropes, wading along the edge of the water, or clinging to the precipitous
+banks of the river as best they could. When a portage could not be avoided,
+it was necessary to carry their armor, provisions, clothing, and canoes
+through the forests, over precipices, and sometimes over stretches of
+territory where some tornado had prostrated the huge pines in tangled
+confusion, through which a pathway was almost impossible. [76] To lighten
+their burdens, nearly every thing was abandoned but their canoes. Fish and
+wild-fowl were an uncertain reliance for food, and sometimes they toiled on
+for twenty-four hours with scarcely any thing to appease their craving
+appetites.
+
+Overcome with fatigue and oppressed by hunger, they at length arrived at
+Allumette Island, the abode of the chief Tessoüat, by whom they were
+cordially entertained. Nothing but the hope of reaching the north sea could
+have sustained them amid the perils and sufferings through which they had
+passed in reaching this inhospitable region. The Indians had chosen this
+retreat not from choice, but chiefly on account of its great
+inaccessibility to their enemies. They were astonished to see Champlain and
+his company, and facetiously suggested that it must be a dream, or that
+these new-comers had fallen from the clouds. After the usual ceremonies of
+feasting and smoking, Champlain was permitted to lay before Tessoüat and
+his chiefs the object of his journey. When he informed them that he was in
+search of a salt sea far to the north of them, which had been actually seen
+two years before by one of his companions, he learned to his disappointment
+and mortification that the whole story of Vignan was a sheer fabrication.
+The miscreant had indeed passed a winter on the very spot where they then
+were, but had never been a league further north. The Indians themselves had
+no knowledge of the north sea, and were highly enraged at the baseness of
+Vignan's falsehood, and craved the opportunity of despatching him at once.
+They jeered at him, calling him a liar, and even the children took up the
+refrain, vociferating vigorously and heaping maledictions upon his head.
+
+Indignant as he was, Champlain had too much philosophy in his composition
+to commit an indiscretion at such a moment as this. He accordingly
+restrained the Savages and his own anger, bore his insult and
+disappointment with exemplary patience, giving up all hope of seeing the
+salt sea in this direction, as he humorously added, "except in
+imagination."
+
+Before leaving Allumette Island on his return, Champlain invited Tessoüat
+to send a trading expedition to the Falls of St. Louis, where he would find
+an ample opportunity for an exchange of commodities. The invitation was
+readily accepted, and information was at once sent out to the neighboring
+chiefs, requesting them to join in the enterprise. The savages soon began
+to assemble, and when Champlain left, he was accompanied by forty canoes
+well laden with furs; others joined them at different points on the way,
+and on reaching Montreal the number had swollen to eighty.
+
+An incident occurred on their journey down the river worthy of record. When
+the fleet of savage fur-traders had arrived at the foot of the Chaudière
+Falls, not a hundred rods distant from the site of the present city of
+Ottawa, having completed the portage, they all assembled on the shore,
+before relaunching their canoes, to engage in a ceremony which they never
+omitted when passing this spot. A wooden plate of suitable dimensions was
+passed round, into which each of the savages cast a small piece of tobacco.
+The plate was then placed on the ground, in the midst of the company, and
+all danced around it, singing at the same time. An address was then made by
+one of the chiefs, setting forth the great importance of this time-honored
+custom, particularly as a safeguard and protection against their enemies.
+Then, taking the plate, the speaker cast its contents into the boiling
+cauldron at the base of the falls, the act being accompanied by a loud
+shout from the assembled multitude. This fall, named the _Chaudière_, or
+cauldron, by Champlain, formed in fact the limit above which the Iroquois
+rarely if ever went in hostile pursuit of the Algonquins. The region above
+was exceedingly difficult of approach, and from which it was still more
+difficult, in case of an attack, to retreat. But the Iroquois often
+lingered here in ambush, and fell upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of the
+upper Ottawa as they came down the river. It was, therefore, a place of
+great danger; and the Indians, enslaved by their fears and superstitions,
+did not believe it possible to make a prosperous journey, without
+observing, as they passed, the ceremonies above described.
+
+On reaching Montreal, three additional ships had arrived from France with a
+license to carry on trade from the Prince de Condé, the viceroy, making
+seven in all in port. The trade with the Indians for the furs brought in
+the eighty canoes, which had come with Champlain to Montreal, was soon
+despatched. Vignan was pardoned on the solemn promise, a condition offered
+by himself, that he would make a journey to the north sea and bring back a
+true report, having made a most humble confession of his offence in the
+presence of the whole colony and the Indians, who were purposely assembled
+to receive it. This public and formal administration of reproof was well
+adapted to produce a powerful effect upon the mind of the culprit, and
+clearly indicates the moderation and wisdom, so uniformly characteristic of
+Champlain's administration.
+
+The business of the season having been completed, Champlain returned to
+France, arriving at St. Malo on the 26th of August, 1613. Before leaving,
+however, he arranged to send back with the Algonquins who had come from
+Isle Allumette two of his young men to pass the winter, for the purpose, as
+on former occasions, of learning the language and obtaining the information
+which comes only from an intimate and prolonged association.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+73. Pierre Jeannin was born at Autun, in 1540, and died about 1622. He
+    began the practice of law at Dijon, in 1569. Though a Catholic, he
+    always counselled tolerant measures in the treatment of the
+    Protestants. By his influence he prevented the massacre of the
+    Protestants at Dijon in 1572. He was a Councillor, and afterward
+    President, of the Parliament of Dijon. He was the private adviser of
+    the Duke of Mayenne. He united himself with the party of the League in
+    1589. He negotiated the peace between Mayenne and Henry IV. The king
+    became greatly attached to him, and appointed him a Councillor of State
+    and Superintendent of Finances. He held many offices and did great
+    service to the State. After the death of the king, Marie de Médicis,
+    the regent, continued him as Superintendent of Finances.
+
+74. Count de Soissons, Charles de Bourbon, was born at Nogent-le-Rotrou, in
+    1556, and died Nov. 1, 1612. He was educated in the Catholic religion.
+    He acted for a time with the party of the League, but, falling in love
+    with Catherine, the sister of Henry IV., better to secure his object he
+    abandoned the League and took a military command under Henry III., and
+    distinguished himself for bravery when the king was besieged in Tours.
+    After the death of the king, he espoused the cause of Henry IV., was
+    made Grand Master of France, and took part in the siege of Paris. He
+    attempted a secret marriage with Catherine, but was thwarted; and the
+    unhappy lovers were compelled, by the Duke of Sully, to renounce their
+    matrimonial intentions. He had been Governor of Dauphiny, and, at the
+    time of his death, was Governor of Normandy, with a pension of 50,000
+    crowns.
+
+75. Prince de Condé, Henry de Bourbon II., the posthumous son of the first
+    Henry de Bourbon, was born at Saint Jean d'Angely, in 1588. He married,
+    in 1609, Charlotte Marguerite de Montmorency, the sister of Henry, the
+    Duke de Montmorency, who succeeded him as the Viceroy of New France. To
+    avoid the impertinent gallantries of Henry IV., who had fallen in love
+    with this beautiful Princess, Condé and his wife left France, and did
+    not return till the death of the king. He headed a conspiracy against
+    the Regent, Marie de Médicis, and was thrown into prison on the first
+    of September, 1616, where he remained three years. Influenced by
+    ambition, and more particularly by his avarice, he forced his son
+    Louis, Le Grand Condé, to marry the niece of Cardinal Richelieu, Claire
+    Clémence de Maillé-Brézé. He did much to confer power and influence
+    upon his family, largely through his avarice, which was his chief
+    characteristic. The wit of Voltaire attributes his crowning glory to
+    his having been the father of the great Condé. During the detention of
+    the Prince de Condé in prison, the Mareschal de Thémins was Acting
+    Viceroy of New France, having been appointed by Marie de Médicis, the
+    Queen Regent.--_Vide Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p.
+    211.
+
+76. In making the portage from what is now known as Portage du Fort to
+    Muskrat Lake, a distance of about nine miles, Champlain, though less
+    heavily loaded than his companions, carried three French arquebusses,
+    three oars, his cloak, and some small articles, and was at the same
+    time bitterly oppressed by swarms of hungry and insatiable mosquitoes.
+    On the old portage road, traversed by Champlain and his party at this
+    time, in 1613, an astrolabe, inscribed 1603, was found in 1867. The
+    presumptive evidence that this instrument was lost by Champlain is
+    stated in a brochure by Mr. O. H. Marshall.--_Vide Magazine of American
+    History_ for March, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN OBTAINS MISSIONARIES FOR NEW FRANCE.--MEETS THE INDIANS AT
+MONTREAL AND ENGAGES IN A WAR AGAINST THE IROQUOIS.--HIS JOURNEY TO THE
+HURONS, AND WINTER IN THEIR COUNTRY.
+
+During the whole of the year 1614, Champlain remained in France, occupied
+for the most part in adding new members to his company of associates, and
+in forming and perfecting such plans as were clearly necessary for the
+prosperity and success of the colony. His mind was particularly absorbed in
+devising means for the establishment of the Christian faith in the wilds of
+America. Hitherto nothing whatever had been done in this direction, if we
+except the efforts of Poutrincourt on the Atlantic coast, which had already
+terminated in disaster. [77] No missionary of any sort had had hitherto set
+his foot upon that part of the soil of New France lying within the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence. [78] A fresh interest had been awakened in the mind of
+Champlain. He saw its importance in a new light. He sought counsel and
+advice from various persons whose wisdom commended them to his attention.
+Among the rest was Louis Houêl, an intimate friend, who held some office
+about the person of the king, and who was the chief manager of the salt
+works at Brouage. This gentleman took a hearty interest in the project, and
+assured Champlain that it would not be difficult to raise the means of
+sending out three or four Fathers, and, moreover, that he knew some of the
+order of the Recollects, belonging to a convent at Brouage, whose zeal he
+was sure would be equal to the undertaking. On communicating with them, he
+found them quite ready to engage in the work. Two of them were sent to
+Paris to obtain authority and encouragement from the proper sources. It
+happened that about this time the chief dignitaries of the church were in
+Paris, attending a session of the Estates. The bishops and cardinals were
+waited upon by Champlain, and their zeal awakened and their co-operation
+secured in raising the necessary means for sustaining the mission. After
+the usual negotiations and delays, the object was fully accomplished;
+fifteen hundred _livres_ were placed in the hands of Champlain for outfit
+and expenses, and four Recollect friars embarked with him at Honfleur, on
+the ship "St. Étienne," on the 24th of April, 1615, viz., Denis Jamay, Jean
+d'Olbeau, Joseph le Caron, and the lay-brother Pacifique du Plessis. [79]
+
+On their arrival at Quebec, Champlain addressed himself immediately to the
+preparation of lodgings for the missionaries and the erection of a chapel
+for the celebration of divine service. The Fathers were impatient to enter
+the fields of labor severally assigned to them. Joseph le Caron was
+appointed to visit the Hurons in their distant forest home, concerning
+which he had little or no information; but he nevertheless entered upon the
+duty with manly courage and Christian zeal. Jean d'Olbeau assumed the
+mission to the Montagnais, embracing the region about Tadoussac and the
+river Saguenay, while Denis Jamay and Pacifique du Plessis took charge of
+the chapel at Quebec.
+
+At the earliest moment possible Champlain hastened to the rendezvous at
+Montreal, to meet the Indians who had already reached there on their annual
+visit for trade. The chiefs were in raptures of delight on seeing their old
+friend again, and had a grand scheme to propose. They had not forgotten
+that Champlain had often promised to aid them in their wars. They
+approached the subject, however, with moderation and diplomatic wisdom.
+They knew perfectly well that the trade in peltry was greatly desired, in
+fact that it was indispensable to the French. The substance of what they
+had to say was this. It had become now, if not impossible, exceedingly
+hazardous, to bring their furs to market. Their enemies, the Iroquois, like
+so many prowling wolves, were sure to be on their trail as they came down
+the Ottawa, and, incumbered with their loaded canoes, the struggle must be
+unequal, and it was nearly impossible for them ever to be winners. The only
+solution of the difficulty known to them, or which they cared to consider,
+as in all Indian warfare, was to annihilate their enemies utterly and wipe
+out their name for ever. Let this be done, and the fruits of peace would
+return, their commerce would be safe, prosperous, and greatly augmented.
+
+Such were the reasons presented by the allies. But there were other
+considerations, likewise, which influenced the mind of Champlain. It was
+necessary to maintain a close and firm alliance with the Indians in order
+to extend the French discoveries and domain into new and more distant
+regions, and on this extension of French influence depended their hope of
+converting the savages to the Christian faith. The force of these
+considerations could not be resisted. Champlain decided that, under the
+circumstances, it was necessary to give them the desired assistance.
+
+A general assembly was called, and the nature and extent of the campaign
+fully considered. It was to be of vastly greater proportions than any that
+had hitherto been proposed. The Indians offered to furnish two thousand
+five hundred and fifty men, but they were to be gathered together from
+different and distant points. The journey must, therefore, be long and
+perilous. The objective point, viz., a celebrated Iroquois fort, could not
+be reached by the only feasible route in a less distance than eight hundred
+or nine hundred miles, and it would require an absence of three or four
+months. Preparations for the journey were entered upon at once. Champlain
+visited Quebec to make arrangements for his long absence. On his return to
+Montreal, the Indians, impatient of delay, had already departed, and Father
+Joseph le Caron had gone with them to his distant field of missionary labor
+among the Hurons.
+
+On the 9th of July, 1615, Champlain embarked, taking with him an
+interpreter, probably Etienne Brûlé, a French servant, and ten savages,
+who, with their equipments, were to be accommodated in two canoes. They
+entered the Rivière des Prairies, which flows into the St. Lawrence some
+leagues east of Montreal, crossing the Lake of the Two Mountains, passed up
+the Ottawa, taking the same route which he had traversed some years before,
+revisiting its long succession of reaches, its placid lakes, impetuous
+rapids, and magnificent falls, and at length arrived at the point where the
+river, by an abrupt angle, begins to flow from the northwest. Here, leaving
+the Ottawa, they entered the Mattawan, passing down this river into Lac du
+Talon, thence into Lac la Tortue, and by a short portage, into Lake
+Nipissing. After remaining here two days, entertained generously by the
+Nipissingian chiefs, they crossed the lake, and, following the channel of
+French River, entered Lake Huron, or rather the Georgian Bay. They coasted
+along until they reached the northern limits of the county of Simcoe. Here
+they disembarked and entered the territory of their old friends and allies,
+the Hurons.
+
+The domain of this tribe consisted of a peninsula formed by the Georgian
+Bay, the river Severn, and Lake Simcoe, at the farthest, not more than
+forty by twenty-five miles in extent, but more generally cultivated by the
+native population, and of a richer soil than any region hitherto explored
+north of the St. Lawrence and the lakes. They visited four of their
+villages and were cordially received and feasted on Indian corn, squashes,
+and fish, with some variety in the methods of cooking. They then proceeded
+to Carhagouha, [80] a town fortified with a triple palisade of wood
+thirty-five feet in height. Here they found the Recollect Father Joseph Le
+Caron, who, having preceded them but a few days, and not anticipating the
+visit, was filled with raptures of astonishment and joy. The good Father
+was intent upon his pious work. On the 12th of August, surrounded by his
+followers, he formally erected a cross as a symbol of the faith, and on the
+same day they celebrated the mass and chanted TE DEUM LAUDAMUS for the
+first time.
+
+Lingering but two days, Champlain and ten of the French, eight of whom had
+belonged to the Suite of Le Caron, proceeded slowly towards Cahiagué, [81]
+the rendezvous where the mustering hosts of the savage warriors were to set
+forth together upon their hostile excursion into the country of the
+Iroquois. Of the Huron villages visited by them, six are particularly
+mentioned as fortified by triple palisades of wood. Cahiagué, the capital,
+encircled two hundred large cabins within its wooden walls. It was situated
+on the north of Lake Simcoe, ten or twelve miles from this body of water,
+surrounded by a country rich in corn, squashes, and a great variety of
+small fruits, with plenty of game and fish. When the warriors had mostly
+assembled, the motley crowd, bearing their bark canoes, meal, and
+equipments on their shoulders, moved down in a southwesterly direction till
+they reached the narrow strait that unites Lake Chouchiching with Lake
+Simcoe, where the Hurons had a famous fishing wear. Here they remained some
+time for other more tardy bands to join them. At this point they despatched
+twelve of the most stalwart savages, with the interpreter, Étienne Brûlé,
+on a dangerous journey to a distant tribe dwelling on the west of the Five
+Nations, to urge them to hasten to the fort of the Iroquois, as they had
+already received word from them that they would join them in this campaign.
+
+Champlain and his allies soon left the fishing wear and coasted along the
+northeastern shore of Lake Simcoe until they reached its most eastern
+border, when they made a portage to Sturgeon Lake, thence sweeping down
+Pigeon and Stony Lakes, through the Otonabee into Rice Lake, the River
+Trent, the Bay of Quinté, and finally rounding the eastern point of Amherst
+Island, they were fairly on the waters of Lake Ontario, just as it merges
+into the great River St. Lawrence, and where the Thousand Islands begin to
+loom into sight. Here they crossed the extremity of the lake at its outflow
+into the river, pausing at this important geographical point to take the
+latitude, which, by his imperfect instruments, Champlain found to be 43
+deg. north. [82]
+
+Sailing down to the southern side of the lake, after a distance, by their
+estimate, of about fourteen leagues, they landed and concealed their canoes
+in a thicket near the shore. Taking their arms, they proceeded along the
+lake some ten miles, through a country diversified with meadows, brooks,
+ponds, and beautiful forests filled with plenty of wild game, when they
+struck inland, apparently at the mouth of Little Salmon River. Advancing in
+a southerly direction, along the course of this stream, they crossed Oneida
+River, an outlet of the lake of the same name. When within about ten miles
+of the fort which they intended to capture, they met a small party of
+savages, men, women, and children, bound on a fishing excursion. Although
+unarmed, nevertheless, according to their custom, they took them all
+prisoners of war, and began to inflict the usual tortures, but this was
+dropped on Champlain's indignant interference. The next day, on the 10th of
+October, they reached the great fortress of the Iroquois, after a journey
+of four days from their landing, a distance loosely estimated at from
+twenty-five to thirty leagues. Here they found the Iroquois in their
+fields, industriously gathering in their autumnal harvest of corn and
+squashes. A skirmish ensued, in which several were wounded on both sides.
+
+The fort, a drawing of which has been left us by Champlain, was situated a
+few miles south of the eastern terminus of Oneida Lake, on a small stream
+that winds its way in a northwesterly direction, and finally loses itself
+in the same body of water. This rude military structure was hexagonal in
+form, one of its sides bordering immediately upon a small pond, while four
+of the other laterals, two on the right and two on the left were washed by
+a channel of water flowing along their bases. [83] The side opposite the
+pond alone had an unobstructed land approach. As an Indian military work,
+it was of great strength. It was made of the trunks of trees, as large as
+could be conveniently transported. These were set in the ground, forming
+four concentric palisades, not more than six inches apart, thirty feet in
+height, interlaced and bound together near the top, supporting a gallery of
+double paling extending around the whole enclosure, proof not only against
+the flint-headed arrows of the Indian, but against the leaden bullets of
+the French arquebus. Port-holes were opened along the gallery, through
+which effective service could be done upon assailants by hurling stones and
+other missiles with which they were well provided. Gutters were laid along
+between the palisades to conduct water to every part of the fortification
+for extinguishing fire, in case of need.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that this fort was a complete protection to the
+Iroquois, unless an opening could be made in its walls. This could not be
+easily done by any force which he and his allies had at their command. His
+only hope was in setting fire to the palisades on the land side. This
+required the dislodgement of the enemy, who were posted in large numbers on
+the gallery, and the protection of the men in kindling the fire, and
+shielding it, when kindled, against the extinguishing torrents which could
+be poured from the water-spouts and gutters of the fort. He consequently
+ordered two instruments to be made with which he hoped to overcome these
+obstacles. One was a wooden tower or frame-work, dignified by Champlain as
+a _cavalier_, somewhat higher than the palisades, on the top of which was
+an enclosed platform where three or four sharp-shooters could in security
+clear the gallery, and thus destroy the effective force of the enemy. The
+other was a large wooden shield, or _mantelet_, under the protection of
+which they could in safety approach and kindle a fire at the base of the
+fort, and protect the fire thus kindled from being extinguished by water
+coming from above.
+
+When all was in readiness, two hundred savages bore the framed tower and
+planted it near the palisades. Three arquebusiers mounted it and poured a
+deadly fire upon the defenders on the gallery. The battle now began and
+raged fiercely for three hours, but Champlain strove in vain to carry out
+any plan of attack. The savages rushed to and fro in a frenzy of
+excitement, filling the air with their discordant yells, observing no
+method and heeding no commands. The wooden shields were not even brought
+forward, and the burning of the fort was undertaken with so little judgment
+and skill that the fire was instantly extinguished by the fountains of
+water let loose by the skilful defenders through the gutters and
+water-spouts of the fort.
+
+The sharp-shooters on the tower killed and wounded a large number, but
+nevertheless no effective impression was made upon the fortress. Two chiefs
+and fifteen men of the allies were wounded, while one was killed, or died
+of wounds received in a skirmish before the formal attack upon the fort
+began. After a frantic and desultory fight of three hours, the attacking
+savages lost their courage and began to clamor for a retreat. No
+persuasions could induce them to renew the attack.
+
+After lingering four days in vain expectation of the arrival of the allies
+to whom Brûlé had been sent, the retreat began. Champlain had been wounded
+in the knee and leg, and was unable to walk. Litters in the form of baskets
+were fabricated, into which the wounded were packed in a constrained and
+uncomfortable attitude, and carried on the shoulders of the men. As the
+task of the carriers was lightened by frequent relays, and, as there was
+little baggage to impede their progress, the march was rapid. In three days
+they had reached their canoes, which had remained in the place of their
+concealment near the shore of the lake, an estimated distance of
+twenty-five or thirty leagues from the fort.
+
+Such was the character of a great battle among the contending savages, an
+undisciplined host, without plan or well-defined purpose, rushing in upon
+each other in the heat of a sudden frenzy of passion, striking an aimless
+blow, and following it by a hasty and cowardly retreat. They had, for the
+time being at least, no ulterior design. They fought and expected no
+substantial reward of their conflict. The sweetness of personal revenge and
+the blotting out a few human lives were all they hoped for or cared at this
+time to attain. The invading party had apparently destroyed more than they
+had themselves lost, and this was doubtless a suitable reward for the
+hazards and hardships of the campaign.
+
+The retreating warriors lingered ten days on the shore of Lake Ontario, at
+the point where they had left their canoes, beguiling the time in preparing
+for hunting and fishing excursions, and for their journey to their distant
+homes. Champlain here took occasion to call the attention of the allies to
+their promise to conduct him safely to his home. The head of the St.
+Lawrence as it flows from the Ontario is less than two hundred miles from
+Montreal, a journey by canoes not difficult to make. Champlain desired to
+return this way, and demanded an escort. The chiefs were reluctant to grant
+his request. Masters in the art of making excuses, they saw many
+insuperable obstacles. In reality, they did not desire to part with him,
+but wished to avail themselves of his knowledge, counsel, and personal aid
+against their enemies. When one obstacle after another gave way, and when
+volunteers were found ready to accompany him, no canoes could be spared for
+the journey. This closed the debate. Champlain was not prepared for the
+exposure and hardship of a winter among the savages, but there was left to
+him no choice. He submitted as gracefully as he could, and with such
+patience as necessity made it possible for him to command.
+
+The bark flotilla was at length ready to leave the borders of the present
+State of New York. According to their usual custom in canoe navigation,
+they crept along the shore of the Ontario, revisiting an island at the
+eastern extremity of the lake, not unlikely the same place where Champlain
+had stopped to take the latitude a few weeks before. Crossing over from the
+island to the mainland on the north, they appear to have continued up the
+Cataraqui Creek east of Kingston, and, after a short portage, entered
+Loughborough Lake, a sheet of water then renowned as a resort of waterfowl
+in vast numbers and varieties. Having bagged all they desired, they
+proceeded inland twenty or thirty miles, to the objective point of their
+excursion, which was a famous hunting-ground for wild game. Here they
+constructed a deer-trap, an enclosure into which the unsuspecting animals
+were beguiled and from which it was impossible for them to escape.
+Deer-hunting was of all pursuits, if we except war, the most exciting to
+the Indians. It not only yielded the richest returns to their larder, and
+supplied more fully other domestic wants, but it possessed the element of
+fascination, which has always given zest and inspiration to the sportsman.
+
+They lingered here thirty-eight days, during which time they captured one
+hundred and twenty deer. They purposely prolonged their stay that the frost
+might seal up the marshes, ponds, and rivers over which they were to pass.
+Early in December they began to arrange into convenient packages their
+peltry and venison, the fat of which was to serve as butter in their rude
+huts during the icy months of winter. On the 4th of the month they broke
+camp and began their weary march, each savage bearing a burden of not less
+than a hundred pounds, while Champlain himself carried a package of about
+twenty. Some of them constructed rude sledges, on which they easily dragged
+their luggage over the ice and snow. During the progress of the journey, a
+warm current came sweeping up from the south, melted the ice, flooded the
+marshes, and for four days the overburdened and weary travellers struggled
+on, knee-deep in mud and water and slush. Without experience, a lively
+imagination alone can picture the toil, suffering, and exposure of a
+journey through the tangled forests and half-submerged bogs and marshes of
+Canada, in the most inclement season of the year.
+
+At length, on the 23d of December, after nineteen days of excessive toil,
+they arrived at Cahiagué, the chief town of the Hurons, the rendezvous of
+the allied tribes, whence they had set forth on the first of September,
+nearly four months before, on what may seem to us a bootless raid. To the
+savage warriors, however, it doubtless seemed a different thing. They had
+been enabled to bring home valuable provisions, which were likely to be
+important to them when an unsuccessful hunt might, as it often did, leave
+them nearly destitute of food. They had lost but a single man, and this was
+less than they had anticipated, and, moreover, was the common fortune of
+war. They had invaded the territory and made their presence felt in the
+very home of their enemies, and could rejoice in having inflicted upon them
+more injury than they had themselves received. Though they had not captured
+or annihilated them, they had done enough to inspire and fully sustain
+their own grovelling pride.
+
+To Champlain even, although the expedition had been accompanied by hardship
+and suffering and some disappointments, it was by no means a failure. He
+had explored an interesting and important region; he had gone where
+European feet had never trod, and had seen what European eyes had never
+seen; he had, moreover, planted the lilies of France in the chief Indian
+towns, and at all suitable and important points, and these were to be
+witnesses of possession and ownership in what his exuberant imagination saw
+as a vast French empire rising into power and opulence in the western
+world.
+
+It was now the last week in December, and the deep snows and piercing cold
+rendered it impossible for Champlain or even the allied warriors to
+continue their journey further. The Algonquins and Nipissings became guests
+of the Hurons for the winter, encamping within their principal walled town,
+or perhaps in some neighboring village not far removed.
+
+After the rest of a few days at Cahiagué, where he had been hospitably
+entertained, Champlain took his departure for Carhagouha, a smaller
+village, where his friend the Recollect Father, Joseph le Caron, had taken
+up his abode as the pioneer missionary to the Hurons. It was important for
+Le Caron to obtain all the information possible, not only of the Hurons,
+but of all the surrounding tribes, as he contemplated returning to France
+the next summer to report to his patrons upon the character, extent, and
+hopefulness of the missionary field which he had been sent out to explore.
+Champlain was happy to avail himself of his company in executing the
+explorations which he desired to make.
+
+They accordingly set out together on the 15th of January, and penetrated
+the trackless and show-bound forests, and, proceeding in a western
+direction, after a journey of two days reached a tribe called _Petuns_, an
+agricultural people, similar in habits and mode of life to the Hurons. By
+them they were hospitably received, and a great festival, in which all
+their neighbors participated, was celebrated in honor of their new guests.
+Having visited seven or eight of their villages, the explorers pushed
+forward still further west, when they came to the settlement of an
+interesting tribe, which they named _Cheveux-Relevés_, or the "lofty
+haired," an appellation suggested by the mode of dressing their hair.
+
+On their return from this expedition, they found, on reaching the
+encampment of the Nipissings, who were wintering in the Huron territory,
+that a disagreement had arisen between the Hurons and their Algonquin
+guests, which had already assumed a dangerous character. An Iroquois
+captive taken in the late war had been awarded to the Algonquins, according
+to the custom of dividing the prisoners among the several bands of allies,
+and, finding him a skilful hunter, they resolved to spare his life, and had
+actually adopted him as one of their tribe. This had offended the Hurons,
+who expected he would be put to the usual torture, and they had
+commissioned one of their number, who had instantly killed the unfortunate
+prisoner by plunging a knife into his heart. The assassin, in turn, had
+been set upon by the Algonquins and put to death on the spot. The
+perpetrators of this last act had regretted the occurrence, and had done
+what they could to heal, the breach by presents: but there was,
+nevertheless, a smouldering feeling of hostility still lingering in both
+parties, which might at any moment break out into open conflict.
+
+It was obvious to Champlain that a permanent disagreement between these two
+important allies would be a great calamity to themselves as well as
+disastrous to his own plans. It was his purpose, therefore, to bring them,
+if possible, to a cordial pacification. Proceeding cautiously and with
+great deliberation, he made himself acquainted with all the facts of the
+quarrel, and then called an assembly of both parties and clearly set before
+them in all its lights the utter foolishness of allowing a circumstance of
+really small importance to interfere with an alliance between two great
+tribes; an alliance necessary to their prosperity, and particularly in the
+war they were carrying on against their common enemy, the Iroquois. This
+appeal of Champlain was so convincing that when the assembly broke up all
+professed themselves entirely satisfied, although the Algonquins were heard
+to mutter their determination never again to winter in the territory of the
+Hurons, a wise and not unnatural conclusion.
+
+Champlain's constant intercourse with these tribes for many months in their
+own homes, his explorations, observations, and inquiries, enabled him to
+obtain a comprehensive, definite, and minute knowledge of their character,
+religion, government, and mode of life. As the fruit of these
+investigations, he prepared in the leisure of the winter an elaborate
+memoir, replete with discriminating details, which is and must always be an
+unquestionable authority on the subject of which it treats.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+77. De Poutrincourt obtained a confirmation from Henry IV. of the gift to
+    him of Port Royal by De Monts, and proceeded to establish a colony
+    there in 1608. In 1611, a Jesuit mission was planted by the Fathers
+    Pierre Biard and Enemond Massé. It was chiefly patronized by a bevy of
+    ladies, under the leadership of the Marchioness de Guerchville, in
+    close association with Marie de Médicis, the queen-regent, Madame de
+    Verneuil, and Madame de Soudis. Although De Poutrincourt was a devout
+    member of the Roman Church, the missionaries were received with
+    reluctance, and between them and the patentee and his lieutenant there
+    was a constant and irrepressible discord. The lady patroness, the
+    Marchioness de Guerchville, determined to abandon Port Royal and plant
+    a new colony at Kadesquit, on the site of the present city of Bangor,
+    in the State of Maine. A colony was accordingly organized, which
+    included the fathers, Quentin and Lalemant with the lay brother,
+    Gilbert du Thet, and arrived at La Hève in La Cadie, on the 6th of May,
+    1613, under the conduct of Sieur de la Saussaye. From there they
+    proceeded to Port Royal, took the two missionaries, Biard and Massé, on
+    board, and coasted along the borders of Maine till they came to Mount
+    Desert, and finally determined to plant their colony on that island. A
+    short time after the arrival of the colony, before they were in any
+    condition for defence, Captain Samuel Argall, from the English colony
+    in Virginia, suddenly appeared, and captured and transported the whole
+    colony, and subsequently that at Port Royal, on the alleged ground that
+    they were intruders on English soil. Thus disastrously ended
+    Poutrincourt's colony at Port Royal, and the Marchioness de
+    Guerchville's mission at Mount Desert.--_Vide Voyages par le Sr. de
+    Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp. 98-114. _Shea's Charlevoix_, Vol. I.
+    pp. 260-286.
+
+78. Champlain had tried to induce Madame de Guerchville to send her
+    missionaries to Quebec, to avoid the obstacles which they had
+    encountered at Port Royal; but, for the simple reason that De Monts was
+    a Calvinist, she would not listen to it.--_Vide Shea's Charlevoix_,
+    Vol. I. p. 274; _Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris ed. 1632, pp.
+    112, 113.
+
+79. _Vide Histoire du Canada, par Gabriel Sagard_, Paris, 1636, pp. 11-12.
+
+80. _Carhagouha_, named by the French _Saint Gabriel_. Dr. J. C. Taché, of
+    Ottawa, Canada, who has given much attention to the subject, fixes this
+    village in the central part of the present township of Tiny, in the
+    county of Simcoe.--_MS. Letter_, Feb. 11, 1880.
+
+81. _Cahiagué. Dr. Taché places this village on the extreme eastern limit
+    of the township of Orillia. in the same county, in the bend of the
+    river Severn, a short distance after it leaves Lake Couchiching. The
+    Indian warriors do not appear to have launched their flotilla of bark
+    canoes until they reached the fishing station at the outlet of Lake
+    Simcoe This village was subsequently known as _Saint-Jean Baptiste_.
+
+82. The latitude of Champlain is here far from correct. It is not possible
+    to determine the exact place at which it was taken. It could not,
+    however have been at a point much below 44 deg. 7'.
+
+83. There has naturally been some difficulty in fixing satisfactorily the
+    site of the Iroquois fort attacked by Champlain and his allies.
+
+    The sources of information on which we are to rely in identifying the
+    site of this fort are in general the same that we resort to in fixing
+    any locality mentioned in his explorations, and are to be found in
+    Champlain's journal of this expedition, the map contained in what is
+    commonly called his edition of 1632, and the engraved picture of the
+    fort executed by Champlain himself, which was published in connection
+    with his journal. The information thus obtained is to be considered in
+    connection with the natural features of the country through which the
+    expedition passed, with such allowance for inexactness as the history,
+    nature, and circumstances of the evidence render necessary.
+
+    The map of 1632 is only at best an outline, drafted on a very small
+    scale, and without any exact measurements or actual surveys. It
+    pictures general features, and in connection with the journal may be of
+    great service.
+
+    Champlain's distances, as given in his journal, are estimates made
+    under circumstances in which accuracy was scarcely possible. He was
+    journeying along the border of lakes and over the face of the country,
+    in company with some hundreds of wild savages, hunting and fishing by
+    the way, marching in an irregular and desultory manner, and his
+    statements of distances are wisely accompanied by very wide margins,
+    and are of little service, taken alone, in fixing the site of an Indian
+    town. But when natural features, not subject to change, are described,
+    we can easily comprehend the meaning of the text.
+
+    The engraving of the fort may or may not have been sketched by
+    Champlain on the spot: parts of it may have been and doubtless were
+    supplied by memory, and it is decisive authority, not in its minor, but
+    in its general features.
+
+    With these observations, we are prepared to examine the evidence that
+    points to the site of the Iroquois fort.
+
+    When the expedition, emerging from Quinté Bay, arrived at the eastern
+    end of Lake Ontario, at the point where the lake ends and the River St.
+    Lawrence begins, they crossed over the lake, passing large and
+    beautiful islands. Some of these islands will be found laid down on the
+    map of 1632. They then proceeded, a distance, according to their
+    estimation, of about fourteen leagues, to the southern side of Lake
+    Ontario, where they landed and concealed their canoes. The distance to
+    the southern side of the lake is too indefinitely stated, even if we
+    knew at what precise point the measurement began, to enable us to fix
+    the exact place of the landing.
+
+    They marched along the sandy shore about four leagues, and then struck
+    inland. If we turn to the map of 1632, on which a line is drawn to
+    rudely represent their course, we shall see that on striking inland
+    they proceeded along the banks of a small river to which several small
+    lakes or ponds are tributary. Little Salmon River being fed by numerous
+    small ponds or lakes may well be the stream figured by Champlain. The
+    text says they discovered an excellent country along the lake before
+    they struck inland, with fine forest-trees, especially the chestnut,
+    with abundance of vines. For several miles along Lake Ontario on the
+    north-east of Little Salmon River the country answers to this
+    description.--_Vide MS. Letters of the Rev. James Cross, D.D., LL.D._,
+    and of S. D. Smith, Esq._, of Mexico, N.Y.
+
+    The text says they, continued their course about twenty-five or thirty
+    leagues. This again is indefinite, allowing a margin of twelve or
+    fifteen miles; but the text also says they crossed a river flowing from
+    a lake in which were certain beautiful islands, and moreover that the
+    river so crossed discharged into Lake Ontario. The lake here referred
+    to must be the Oneida, since that is the only one in the region which
+    contains any islands whatever, and therefore the river they crossed
+    must be the Oneida River, flowing from the lake of the same name into
+    Lake Ontario.
+
+    Soon after they crossed Oneida River, they met a band of savages who
+    were going fishing, whom they made prisoners. This occurred, the text
+    informs us, when they were about four leagues from the fort They were
+    now somewhere south of Oneida Lake If we consult the map of 1632, we
+    shall find represented on it an expanse of water from which a stream is
+    represented as flowing into Lake Ontario, and which is clearly Oneida
+    Lake, and south of this lake a stream is represented as flowing from
+    the east in a northwesterly direction and entering this lake towards
+    its western extremity, which must be Chittenango Creek or one of its
+    branches. A fort or enclosed village is also figured on the map, of
+    such huge dimensions that it subtends the angle formed by the creek and
+    the lake, and appears to rest upon both. It is plain, however, from the
+    text that the fort does not rest upon Oneida Lake; we may infer
+    therefore that it rested upon the creek figured on the map, which from
+    its course, as we have already seen, is clearly intended to represent
+    Chittenango Creek or one of its branches. A note explanatory of the map
+    informs us that this is the village where Champlain went to war against
+    the "Antouhonorons," that is to say, the Iroquois. The text informs us
+    that the fort was on a pond, which furnished a perpetual supply of
+    water. We therefore look for the site of the ancient fort on some small
+    body of water connected with Chittenango Creek.
+
+    If we examine Champlain's engraved representation of the fort, we shall
+    see that it is situated on a peninsula, that one side rests on a pond,
+    and that two streams pass it, one on the right and one on the left, and
+    that one side only has an unobstructed land-approach. These channels of
+    water coursing along the sides are such marked characteristics of the
+    fort as represented by Champlain, that they must be regarded as
+    important features in the identification of its ancient site.
+
+    On Nichols's Pond, near the northeastern limit of the township of
+    Fenner in Madison County, N.Y., the site of an Indian fort was some
+    years since discovered, identified as such by broken bits of pottery
+    and stone implements, such as are usually found in localities of this
+    sort. It is situated on a peculiarly formed peninsula, its northern
+    side resting on Nichols's Pond, while a small stream flowing into the
+    pond forms its western boundary, and an outlet of the pond about
+    thirty-two rods east of the inlet, running in a south-easterly
+    direction, forms the eastern limit of the fort. The outlet of this
+    pond, deflecting to the east and then sweeping round to the north, at
+    length finds its way in a winding course into Cowashalon Creek, thence
+    into the Chittenango, through which it flows into Oneida Lake, at a
+    point north-west of Nichols's Pond.
+
+    If we compare the geographical situation of Champlain's fort as figured
+    on his map of 1632, particularly with reference to Oneida Lake, we
+    shall observe a remarkable correspondence between it and the site of
+    the Indian fort at Nichols's Pond. Both are on the south of Oneida
+    Lake, and both are on streams which flow into that lake by running in a
+    north-westerly direction. Moreover, the site of the old fort at
+    Nichols's Pond is situated on a peninsula like that of Champlain; and
+    not only so, but it is on a peninsula formed by a pond on one side, and
+    by two streams of water on two other opposite sides; thus fulfilling in
+    a remarkable degree the conditions contained in Champlain's drawing of
+    the fort.
+
+    If the reader has carefully examined and compared the evidences
+    referred to in this note, he will have seen that all the distinguishing
+    circumstances contained in the text of Champlain's journal, on the map
+    of 1632, and in his drawing of the fort, converge to and point out this
+    spot on Nichols's Pond, as the probable site of the palisaded Iroquois
+    town attacked by Champlain in 1615.
+
+    We are indebted to General John S. Clark, of Auburn, N.Y., for pointing
+    out and identifying the peninsula at Nichols's Pond as the site of the
+    Iroquois fort.--_Vide Shea's Notes on Champlain's Expedition into
+    Western New York in 1615, and the Recent Identification of the Fort_,
+    by General John S Clark, _Pennsylvania Magazine of History_,
+    Philadelphia, Vol. II. pp. 103-108; also _A Lost Point in History_, by
+    L. W. Ledyard, _Cazenovia Republican_, Vol. XXV. No 47; _Champlain's
+    Invasion of Onondaga_, by the Rev. W. M. Beauchamp, _Baldwinsville
+    Gazette_, for June 27, 1879.
+
+    We are indebted to Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq., of Buffalo, N.Y., for
+    proving the site of the Iroquois fort to be in the neighborhood of
+    Oneida Lake, and not at a point farther west as claimed by several
+    authors.--_Vide Proceedings of the New York Historical Society_ for
+    1849, p. 96; _Magazine of American History_, New York, Vol. I. pp.
+    1-13, Vol. II. pp. 470-483.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RETURN FROM THE HURON COUNTRY AND VOYAGE TO FRANCE.--THE
+CONTRACTED VIEWS OF THE COMPANY OF MERCHANTS.--THE PRINCE DE CONDÉ SELLS
+THE VICEROYALTY TO THE DUKE DE MONTMORENCY.--CHAMPLAIN WITH HIS WIFE
+RETURNS TO QUEBEC, WHERE HE REMAINS FOUR YEARS.--HAVING REPAIRED THE
+BUILDINGS AND ERECTED THE FORTRESS OF ST. LOUIS, CHAMPLAIN RETURNS TO
+FRANCE.--THE VICEROYALTY TRANSFERRED TO HENRY DE LEVI, AND THE COMPANY OF
+THE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES ORGANIZED.
+
+About the 20th of May, Champlain, accompanied by the missionary, Le Caron,
+escorted by a delegation of savages, set out from the Huron capital, in the
+present county of Simcoe, on their return to Quebec. Pursuing the same
+circuitous route by which they had come, they were forty days in reaching
+the Falls of St. Louis, near Montreal, where they found Pont Gravé, just
+arrived from France, who, with the rest, was much rejoiced at seeing
+Champlain, since a rumor had gone abroad that he had perished among the
+savages.
+
+The party arrived at Quebec on the 11th of July. A public service of
+thanksgiving was celebrated by the Recollect Fathers for their safe return.
+The Huron chief, D'Arontal, with whom Champlain had passed the winter and
+who had accompanied him to Quebec, was greatly entertained and delighted
+with the establishment of the French, the buildings and other accessories
+of European life, so different from his own, and earnestly requested
+Champlain to make a settlement at Montreal, that his whole tribe might come
+and reside near them, safe under their protection against their Iroquois
+enemies.
+
+Champlain did not remain at Quebec more than ten days, during which he
+planned and put in execution the enlargement of their houses and fort,
+increasing their capacity by at least one third. This he found necessary to
+do for the greater convenience of the little colony, as well as for the
+occasional entertainment of strangers. He left for France on the 20th day
+of July, in company with the Recollect Fathers, Joseph le Caron and Denis
+Jamay, the commissary of the mission, taking with them specimens of French
+grain which had been produced near Quebec, to testify to the excellent
+quality of the soil. They arrived at Honfleur in France on the 10th of
+September, 1616.
+
+The exploration in the distant Indian territories which we have just
+described in the preceding pages was the last made by Champlain. He had
+plans for the survey of other regions yet unexplored, but the favorable
+opportunity did not occur. Henceforth he directed his attention more
+exclusively than he had hitherto done to the enlargement and strengthening
+of his colonial plantation, without such success, we regret to say, as his
+zeal, devotion, and labors fitly deserved. The obstacles that lay in his
+way were insurmountable. The establishment or factory, we can hardly call
+it a plantation, at Quebec, was the creature of a company of merchants.
+They had invested considerable sums in shipping, buildings, and in the
+employment of men, in order to carry on a trade in furs and peltry with the
+Indians, and they naturally desired remunerative returns. This was the
+limit of their purpose in making the investment. The corporators saw
+nothing in their organization but a commercial enterprise yielding
+immediate results. They were inspired by no generosity, no loyalty, or
+patriotism that could draw from them a farthing to increase the wealth,
+power, or aggrandizement of France. Under these circumstances, Champlain
+struggled on for years against a current which he could barely direct, but
+by no means control.
+
+Champlain made voyages to New France both in 1617 and in 1618. In the
+latter year, among the Indians who came to Quebec for the purpose of trade,
+appeared Étienne Brulé, the interpreter, who it will be remembered had been
+despatched in 1615, when Champlain was among the Hurons, to the
+Entouhonorons at Carantouan, to induce them to join in the attack of the
+Iroquois in central New York. During the three years that had intervened,
+nothing had been heard from him. Brulé related the story of his
+extraordinary adventures, which Champlain has preserved, and which may be
+found in the report of the voyage of 1618, in Volume III. of this work.
+[84]
+
+At Quebec, he met numerous bands of Indians from remote regions, whom he
+had visited in former years, and who, in fulfilment of their promises, had
+come to barter their peltry for such commodities as suited their need or
+fancy, and to renew and strengthen their friendship with the French. By
+these repeated interviews, and the cordial reception and generous
+entertainment which he always gave them, the Indians dwelling on the upper
+waters of the Ottawa, along the borders of Lake Huron, or on the Georgian
+Bay, formed a strong personal attachment to Champlain, and yearly brought
+down their fleets of canoes heavily freighted with the valuable furs which
+they had diligently secured during the preceding winter. His personal
+influence with them, a power which he exercised with great delicacy,
+wisdom, and fidelity, contributed largely to the revenues annually obtained
+by the associated merchants.
+
+But Champlain desired more than this. He was not satisfied to be the agent
+and chief manager of a company organized merely for the purpose of trade.
+He was anxious to elevate the meagre factory at Quebec into the dignity and
+national importance of a colonial plantation. For this purpose he had
+tested the soil by numerous experiments, and had, from time to time,
+forwarded to France specimens of ripened grain to bear testimony to its
+productive quality. He even laid the subject before the Council of State,
+and they gave it their cordial approbation. By these means giving emphasis
+to his personal appeals, he succeeded at length in extorting from the
+company a promise to enlarge the establishment to eighty persons, with
+suitable equipments, farming implements, all kinds of feeds and domestic
+animals, including cattle and sheep. But when the time came, this promise
+was not fulfilled. Differences, bickerings, and feuds sprang up in the
+company. Some wanted one thing, and some wanted another. Even religion cast
+in an apple of discord. The Catholics wished to extend the faith of their
+church into the wilds of Canada, while the Huguenots desired to prevent it,
+or at least not to promote it by their own contributions. The company,
+inspired by avarice and a desire to restrict the establishment to a mere
+trading post, raised an issue to discredit Champlain. It was gravely
+proposed that he should devote himself exclusively to exploration, and that
+the government and trade should henceforth be under the direction and
+control of Pont Gravé. But Champlain was not a man to be ejected from an
+official position by those who had neither the authority to give it to him
+or the power to take it away. Pont Gravé was his intimate, long-tried, and
+trusted friend; and, while he regarded him with filial respect and
+affection, he could not yield, even to him, the rights and honors which had
+been accorded to him as a recognition, if not a reward, for many years of
+faithful service, which he had rendered under circumstances of personal
+hardship and danger. The king addressed a letter to the company, in which
+he directed them to aid Champlain as much as possible in making
+explorations, in settling the country, and cultivating the soil, while with
+their agents in the traffic of peltry there should be no interference. But
+the spirit of avarice could not be subdued by the mandate of the king. The
+associated merchants were still, obstinate. Champlain had intended to take
+his family to Canada that year, but he declined to make the voyage under
+any implication of a divided authority. The vessel in which he was to sail
+departed without him, and Pont Gravé spent the winter in charge of the
+company's affairs at Quebec.
+
+Champlain, in the mean time, took such active measures as seemed necessary
+to establish his authority as lieutenant of the viceroy, or governor of New
+France. He appeared before the Council of State at Tours, and after an
+elaborate argument and thorough discussion of the whole subject, obtained a
+decree ordering that he should have the command at Quebec and at all other
+settlements in New France, and that the company should abstain from any
+interference with him in the discharge of the duties of his office.
+
+The Prince de Condé having recently been liberated from an imprisonment of
+three years, governed by his natural avarice, was not unwilling to part
+with his viceroyalty, and early in 1620 transferred it, for the
+consideration of eleven thousand crowns, or about five hundred and fifty
+pounds sterling, to his brother-in-law, the Duke de Montmorency, [85] at
+that time high-admiral of France. The new viceroy appointed Champlain his
+lieutenant, who immediately prepared to leave for Quebec. But when he
+arrived at Honfleur, the company, displeased at the recent change, again
+brought forward the old question of the authority which the lieutenant was
+to exercise in New France. The time for discussion had, however, passed. No
+further words were now to be wasted. The viceroy sent them a peremptory
+order to desist from further interferences, or otherwise their ships,
+already equipped for their yearly trade, would not be permitted to leave
+port. This message from the high-admiral of France came with authority and
+had the desired effect.
+
+Early in May, 1620, Champlain sailed from Honfleur, accompanied by his wife
+and several Recollect friars, and, after a voyage of two months, arrived at
+Tadoussac, where he was cordially greeted by his brother-in-law, Eustache
+Boullé, who was very much astonished at the arrival of his sister, and
+particularly that she was brave enough to encounter the dangers of the
+ocean and take up her abode in a wilderness at once barren of both the
+comforts and refinements of European life.
+
+On the 11th of July, Champlain left Tadoussac for Quebec, where he found
+the whole establishment, after an absence of two years, in a condition of
+painful neglect and disorder. He was cordially received, and becoming
+ceremonies were observed to celebrate his arrival. A sermon composed for
+the occasion was delivered by one of the Recollect Fathers, the commission
+of the king and that of the viceroy appointing him to the sole command of
+the colony were publicly read, cannon were discharged, and the little
+populace, from loyal hearts, loudly vociferated _Vive le Roy!_
+
+The attention of the lieutenant was at first directed to restoration and
+repairs. The roof of the buildings no longer kept out the rain, nor the
+walls the piercing fury of the winds. The gardens were in a state of
+ruinous neglect, and the fields poorly and scantily cultivated. But the
+zeal, energy, and industry of Champlain soon put every thing in repair, and
+gave to the little settlement the aspect of neatness and thrift. When this
+was accomplished, he laid the foundations of a fortress, which he called
+the _Fort Saint Louis_, situated on the crest of the rocky elevation in the
+rear of the settlement, about a hundred and seventy-two feet above the
+surface of the river, a position which commanded the whole breadth of the
+St. Lawrence at that narrow point.
+
+This work, so necessary for the protection and safety of the colony,
+involving as it did some expense, was by no means satisfactory to the
+Company of Associates. [86] Their general fault-finding and chronic
+discontent led the Duke de Montmorency to adopt heroic measures to silence
+their complaints. In the spring of 1621, he summarily dissolved the
+association of merchants, which he denominated the "Company of Rouen and
+St. Malo," and established another in its place. He continued Champlain in
+the office of lieutenant, but committed all matters relating to trade to
+William de Caen, a merchant of high standing, and to Émeric de Caen the
+nephew of the former, a good naval captain. This new and hasty
+reorganization, arbitrary if not illegal, however important it might seem
+to the prosperity and success of the colony, laid upon Champlain new
+responsibilities and duties at once delicate and difficult to discharge.
+Though in form suppressed, the company did not yield either its existence
+or its rights. Both the old and the new company were, by their agents,
+early in New France, clamoring for their respective interests. De Caen, in
+behalf of the new, insisted that the lieutenant ought to prohibit all trade
+with the Indians by the old company, and, moreover, that he ought to seize
+their property and hold it as security for their unpaid obligations.
+Champlain, having no written authority for such a proceeding, and De Caen,
+declining to produce any, did not approve the measure and declined to act.
+The threats of De Caen that he would take the matter into his own hands,
+and seize the vessel of the old company commanded by Pont Gravé and then in
+port, were so violent that Champlain thought it prudent to place a body of
+armed men in his little fort still unfinished, until the fury of the
+altercation should subside. [87] This decisive measure, and time, the
+natural emollient of irritated tempers, soon restored peace to the
+contending parties, and each was allowed to carry on its trade unmolested
+by the other. The prudence of Champlain's conduct was fully justified, and
+the two companies, by mutual consent, were, the next year, consolidated
+into one.
+
+Champlain remained at Quebec four years before again returning to France.
+His time was divided between many local enterprises of great importance.
+His special attention was given to advancing the work on the unfinished
+fort, in order to provide against incursions of the hostile Iroquois, [88]
+who at one time approached the very walls of Quebec, and attacked
+unsuccessfully the guarded house of the Recollects on the St. Charles. [89]
+He undertook the reconstruction of the buildings of the settlement from
+their foundations. The main structure was enlarged to a hundred and eight
+feet [90] in length, with two wings of sixty feet each, having small towers
+at the four corners. In front and on the borders of the river a platform
+was erected, on which were placed cannon, while the whole was surrounded by
+a ditch spanned by drawbridges.
+
+Having placed every thing at Quebec in as good order as his limited means
+would permit, and given orders for the completion of the works which he had
+commenced, leaving Émeric de Caen in command, Champlain determined to
+return to France with his wife, who, though devoted to a religious life, we
+may well suppose was not unwilling to exchange the rough, monotonous, and
+dreary mode of living at Quebec for the more congenial refinements to which
+she had always been accustomed in her father's family near the court of
+Louis XIII. He accordingly sailed on the 15th of August, and arrived at
+Dieppe on the 1st of October, 1624. He hastened to St. Germain, and
+reported to the king and the viceroy what had occurred and what had been
+done during the four years of his absence.
+
+The interests of the two companies had not been adjusted and they were
+still in conflict. The Duke de Montmorency about this time negotiated a
+sale of his viceroyalty to his nephew, Henry de Levi, Duke de Ventadour.
+This nobleman, of a deeply religious cast of mind, had taken holy orders,
+and his chief purpose in obtaining the viceroyalty was to encourage the
+planting of Catholic missions in New France. As his spiritual directors
+were Jesuits, he naturally committed the work to them. Three fathers and
+two lay brothers of this order were sent to Canada in 1625, and others
+subsequently joined them. Whatever were the fruits of their labors, many of
+them perished in their heroic undertaking, manfully suffering the exquisite
+pains of mutilation and torture.
+
+Champlain was reappointed lieutenant, but remained in France two years,
+fully occupied with public and private duties, and in frequent
+consultations with the viceroy as to the best method of advancing the
+future interests of the colony. On the 15th of April, 1626, with Eustache
+Boullé, his brother-in-law, who had been named his assistant or lieutenant,
+he again sailed for Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of July. He found
+the colonists in excellent health, but nevertheless approaching the borders
+of starvation, having nearly exhausted their provisions. The work that he
+had laid out to be done on the buildings had been entirely neglected. One
+important reason for this neglect, was the necessary employment of a large
+number of the most efficient laborers, for the chief part of the summer in
+obtaining forage for their cattle in winter, collecting it at a distance of
+twenty-five or thirty miles from the settlement. To obviate this
+inconvenience, Champlain took an early opportunity to erect a farm-house
+near the natural meadows at Cape Tourmente, where the cattle could be kept
+with little attendance, appointing at the same time an overseer for the
+men, and making a weekly visit to this establishment for personal
+inspection and oversight.
+
+The fort, which had been erected on the crest of the rocky height in the
+rear of the dwelling, was obviously too small for the protection of the
+whole colony in case of an attack by hostile savages. He consequently took
+it down and erected another on the same spot, with earthworks on the land
+side, where alone, with difficulty, it could be approached. He also made
+extensive repairs upon the storehouse and dwelling.
+
+During the winter of 1626-27, the friendly Indians, the Montagnais,
+Algonquins, and others gave Champlain much anxiety by unadvisedly entering
+into an alliance, into which they were enticed by bribes, with a tribe
+dwelling near the Dutch, in the present State of New York, to assist them
+against their old enemies, the Iroquois, with whom, however, they had for
+some time been at peace. Champlain justly looked upon this foolish
+undertaking as hazardous not only to the prosperity of these friendly
+tribes, but to their very existence. He accordingly sent his brother-in-law
+to Three Rivers, the rendezvous of the savage warriors, to convince them of
+their error and avert their purpose. Boullé succeeded in obtaining a delay
+until all the tribes should be assembled and until the trading vessels
+should arrive from France. When Émeric de Caen was ready to go to Three
+Rivers, Champlain urged upon him the great importance of suppressing this
+impending conflict with the Iroquois. The efforts of De Caen were, however,
+ineffectual. He forthwith wrote to Champlain that his presence was
+necessary to arrest these hostile proceedings. On his arrival, a grand
+council was assembled, and Champlain succeeded, after a full statement of
+all the evils that must evidently follow, in reversing their decision, and
+messengers were sent to heal the breach. Some weeks afterward news came
+that the embassadors were inhumanly massacred.
+
+Crimes of a serious nature were not unfrequently committed against the
+French by Indians belonging to tribes, with which they were at profound
+peace. On one occasion two men, who were conducting cattle by land from
+Cape Tourmente to Quebec, were assassinated in a cowardly manner. Champlain
+demanded of the chiefs that they should deliver to him the perpetrators of
+the crime. They expressed genuine sorrow for what had taken place, but were
+unable to obtain the criminals. At length, after consulting with the
+missionary, Le Caron, they offered to present to Champlain three young
+girls as pledges of their good faith, that he might educate them in the
+religion and manners of the French. The gift was accepted by Champlain, and
+these savage maidens became exceedingly attached to their foster-father, as
+we shall see in the sequel.
+
+The end of the year 1627 found the colony, as usual, in a depressed state.
+As a colony, it had never prospered. The average number composing it had
+not exceeded about fifty persons. At this time it may have been somewhat
+more, but did not reach a hundred. A single family only appears to have
+subsisted by the cultivation of the soil. [91] The rest were sustained by
+supplies sent from France. From the beginning disputes and contentions had
+prevailed in the corporation. Endless bickerings sprung up between the
+Huguenots and Catholics, each sensitive and jealous of their rights. [92]
+All expenditures were the subject of censorious criticism. The necessary
+repairs of the fort, the enlargement and improvement of the buildings from
+time to time, were too often resisted as unnecessary and extravagant. The
+company, as a mere trading association, was doubtless successful. Large
+quantities of peltry were annually brought by the Indians for traffic to
+the Falls of St. Louis, Three Rivers, Quebec, and Tadoussac. The average
+number of beaver-skins annually purchased and transported to France was
+probably not far from fifteen thousand to twenty thousand, and in a most
+favorable year it mounted up to twenty-two thousand. [93] The large
+dividends that they were able to make, intimated by Champlain to be not far
+from forty per centum yearly, were, of course, highly satisfactory to the
+company. They desired not to impair this characteristic of their
+enterprise. They had, therefore, a prime motive for not wishing to lay out
+a single unnecessary franc on the establishment. Their policy was to keep
+the expenses at the minimum and the net income at the maximum. Under these
+circumstances, nearly twenty years had elapsed since the founding of
+Quebec, and it still possessed only the character of a trading post, and
+not that of a colonial plantation. This progress was satisfactory neither
+to Champlain, to the viceroy, nor the council of state. In the view of
+these several interested parties, the time had come for a radical change in
+the organization of the company. Cardinal de Richelieu had risen by his
+extraordinary ability as a statesman, a short time anterior to this, into
+supreme authority, and had assumed the office of grand master and chief of
+the navigation and commerce of France. His sagacious and comprehensive mind
+saw clearly the intimate and interdependent relations between these two
+great national interests and the enlargement and prosperity of the French
+colonies in America. He lost no time in organizing measures which should
+bring them into the closest harmony. The company of merchants whose
+finances had been so skilfully managed by the Caens was by him at once
+dissolved. A new one was formed, denominated _La Compagnie de la
+Nouvelle-France_, consisting of a hundred or more members, and commonly
+known as the Company of the Hundred Associates. It was under the control
+and management of Richelieu himself. Its members were largely gentlemen in
+official positions about the court, in Paris, Rouen, and other cities of
+France. Among them were the Marquis Deffiat, superintendent of finances,
+Claude de Roquemont, the Commander de Razilly, Captain Charles Daniel,
+Sébastien Cramoisy, the distinguished Paris printer, Louis Houêl, the
+controller of the salt works in Brouage, Champlain, and others well known
+in public circles.
+
+The new company had many characteristics which seemed to assure the solid
+growth and enlargement of the colony. Its authority extended over the whole
+domain of New France and Florida. It provided in its organization for an
+actual capital of three hundred thousand livres. It entered into an
+obligation to send to Canada in 1628 from two to three hundred artisans of
+all trades, and within the space of fifteen years to transport four
+thousand colonists to New France. The colonists were to be wholly supported
+by the company for three years, and at the expiration of that period were
+to be assigned as much land as they needed for cultivation. The settlers
+were to be native-born Frenchmen, exclusively of the Catholic faith, and no
+foreigner or Huguenot was to be permitted to enter the country. [94] The
+charter accorded to the company the exclusive control of trade and all
+goods manufactured in New France were to be free of imposts on exportation.
+Besides these, it secured to the corporators other and various exclusive
+privileges of a semifeudal character, supposed, however, to contribute to
+the prosperity and growth of the colony.
+
+The organization of the company, having received the formal approbation of
+Richelieu on the 29th of April, 1627, was ratified by the Council of State
+on the 6th of May, 1628.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+84. The character of Étienne Brulé, either for honor or veracity, is not
+    improved by his subsequent conduct. He appears in 1629 to have turned
+    traitor, to have sold himself to the English, and to have piloted them
+    up the river in their expedition against Quebec. Whether this conduct,
+    base certainly it was, ought to affect the credibility of his story,
+    the reader must judge. Champlain undoubtedly believed it when he first
+    related it to him. He probably had no means then or afterwards of
+    testing its truth. In the edition of 1632, Brulé's story is omitted. It
+    does not necessarily follow that it was omitted because Champlain came
+    to discredit the story, since many passages contained in his preceding
+    publications are omitted in the edition of 1632, but they are not
+    generally passages of so much geographical importance as this, if it be
+    true. The map of 1632 indicates the country of the Carantouanais; but
+    this information might have been obtained by Champlain from the Hurons,
+    or the more western tribes which he visited during the winter of
+    1615-16.--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 220.
+
+85. Henry de Montmorency II was born at Chantilly in 1595, and was beheaded
+    at Toulouse Oct 30, 1632. He was created admiral at the age of
+    seventeen He commanded the Dutch fleet at the siege of Rochelle. He
+    made the campaigns of 1629 and 1630 in Piedmont, and was created a
+    marshal of France after the victory of Veillane. He adopted the party
+    of Gaston, the Duke of Orleans, and having excited the province of
+    Languedoc of which he was governor to rebellion, he was defeated, and
+    executed as guilty of high treason. He was the last scion of the elder
+    branch of Montmorency and his death was a fatal blow to the reign of
+    feudalism.
+
+86. Among other annoyances which Champlain had to contend against was the
+    contraband trade carried on by the unlicensed Rochellers, who not only
+    carried off quantities of peltry, but even supplied the Indians with
+    fire-arms and ammunition This was illegal, and endangered the safety of
+    the colony--_Vide Voyages par De Champlain_, Paris, 1632, Sec Partie, p
+    3.
+
+87. _Vide_ ed 1632, Sec Partie, Chap III.
+
+88. _Vide Hist. New France_, by Charlevoix, Shea's. Trans., Vol. II. p. 32.
+
+89. The house of the Recollects on the St. Charles was erected in 1620, and
+    was called the _Conuent de Nostre Dame Dame des Anges_. The Father Jean
+    d'Olbeau laid the first stone on the 3d of June of that year.--_Vide
+    Histoire du Canada_ par Gabriel Sagard, Paris, 1636, Tross ed., 1866,
+    p. 67; _Découvertes et Êtablissements des Français, dans Pouest et dans
+    le sud de L'Amerique Septentrionale_ 1637, par Pierre Margry, Paris,
+    1876, Vol. I. p. 7.
+
+90. _Hundred and eight feet_, dix-huiet toyses. The _toise_ here estimated
+    at six feet. Compare _Voyages de Champlain_, Laverdière's ed., Vol. I.
+    p. lii, and ed. 1632, Paris, Partie Seconde, p. 63.
+
+91. There was but one private house at Quebec in 1623, and that belonged to
+    Madame Hébert, whose husband was the first to attempt to obtain a
+    living by the cultivation of the soil.--_Vide Sagard, Hist, du Canada_,
+    1636, Tross ed. Vol. I. p. 163 There were fifty-one inhabitants at
+    Quebec in 1624, including men, women, and children.--_Vide Champlain_,
+    ed. 1632, p. 76.
+
+92. _Vide Champlain_, ed. 1632, pp. 107, 108, for an account of the attempt
+    on the part of the Huguenot, Émeric de Caen, to require his sailors to
+    chaunt psalms and say prayers on board his ship after entering the
+    River St. Lawrence, contrary to the direction of the Viceroy, the Duke
+    de Ventadour. As two thirds of them were Huguenots, it was finally
+    agreed that they should continue to say their prayers, but must omit
+    their psalm-singing.
+
+93. Father Lalemant enumerates the kind of peltry obtained by the French
+    from the Indians, and the amount, as follows. "En eschange ils
+    emportent des peaux d'Orignac, de Loup Ceruier, de Renard, de Loutre,
+    et quelquefois il s'en rencontre de noires, de Martre, de Blaireau et
+    de Rat Musqué, mais principalement de Castor qui est le plus grand de
+    leur gain. On m'a dit que pour vne année ils en auoyent emporté iusques
+    à 22000. L'ordinaire de chaque année est de 15000, ou 20000, à une
+    pistole la pièce, ce n'est pas mal allé."--_Vide Rélation de la
+    Nouvelle France en l'Année_ 1626, Quebec ed. p. 5.
+
+94. This exclusiveness was characteristic of the age. Cardinal Richelieu
+    and his associates were not qualified by education or by any tendency
+    of their natures to inaugurate a reformation in this direction. The
+    experiment of amalgamating Catholic and Huguenot in the enterprises of
+    the colony had been tried but with ill success. Contentions and
+    bickerings had been incessant, and subversive of peace and good
+    neighborhood. Neither party had the spirit of practical toleration as
+    we understand it, and which we regard at the present day as a priceless
+    boon. Nor was it understood anywhere for a long time afterward. Even
+    the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay did not comprehend it, and took
+    heroic measures to exclude from their commonwealth those who differed
+    from them in their religious faith. We certainly cannot censure them
+    for not being in advance of their times. It would doubtless have been
+    more manly in them had they excluded all differing from them by plain
+    legal enactment, as did the Society of the Hundred Associates, rather
+    than to imprison or banish any on charges which all subsequent
+    generations must pronounce unsustained _Vide Memoir of the Rev. John
+    Wheelwright_, by Charles H. Bell, Prince Society, ed. 1876, pp. 9-31
+    _et passim; Hutchinson Papers_, Prince Society ed., 1865, Vol. I. pp.
+    79-113. American _Criminal Trials_, by Peleg W. Chandler, Boston, 1841,
+    Vol. I. p. 29.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+THE FAVORABLE PROSPECTS OF THE COMPANY OF NEW FRANCE.--THE ENGLISH INVASION
+OF CANADA AND THE SURRENDER OF QUEBEC--CAPTAIN DANIEL PLANTS A FRENCH
+COLONY NEAR THE GRAND CIBOU--CHAMPLAIN IN FRANCE, AND THE TERRITORIAL
+CLAIMS OF THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH STILL UNSETTLED
+
+The Company of New France, or of the Hundred Associates, lost no time in
+carrying out the purpose of its organization. Even before the ratification
+of its charter by the council, four armed vessels had been fitted out and
+had already sailed under the command of Claude de Roquemont, a member of
+the company, to convoy a fleet of eighteen transports laden with emigrants
+and stores, together with one hundred and thirty-five pieces of ordnance to
+fortify their settlements in New France.
+
+The company, thus composed of noblemen, wealthy merchants, and officials of
+great personal influence, with a large capital, and Cardinal Richelieu, who
+really controlled and shaped the policy of France at that period, at its
+head possessed so many elements of strength that, in the reasonable
+judgment of men, success was assured, failure impossible. [95]
+
+To Champlain, the vision of a great colonial establishment in New France,
+that had so long floated before him in the distance, might well seem to be
+now almost within his grasp. But disappointment was near at hand. Events
+were already transpiring which were destined to cast a cloud over these
+brilliant hopes. A fleet of armed vessels was already crossing the
+Atlantic, bearing the English flag, with hostile intentions to the
+settlements in New France. Here we must pause in our narrative to explain
+the origin, character, and purpose of this armament, as unexpected to
+Champlain as it was unwelcome.
+
+The reader must be reminded that no boundaries between the French and
+English territorial possessions in North America at this time existed. Each
+of these great nations was putting forth claims so broad and extensive as
+to utterly exclude the other. By their respective charters, grants, and
+concessions, they recognized no sovereignty or ownership but their own.
+
+Henry IV. of France, made, in 1603, a grant to a favorite nobleman, De
+Monts, of the territory lying between the fortieth and the forty-sixth
+degrees of north latitude. James I. of England, three years later, in 1606,
+granted to the Virginia Companies the territory lying between the
+thirty-fourth and the forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, covering the
+whole grant made by the French three years before. Creuxius, a French
+historian of Canada, writing some years later than this, informs us that
+New France, that is, the French possessions in North America, then embraced
+the immense territory extending from Florida, or from the thirty-second
+degree of latitude, to the polar circle, and in longitude from Newfoundland
+to Lake Huron. It will, therefore, be seen that each nation, the English
+and the French, claimed at that time sovereignty over the same territory,
+and over nearly the whole of the continent of North America. Under these
+circumstances, either of these nations was prepared to avail itself of any
+favorable opportunity to dispossess the other.
+
+The English, however, had, at this period, particular and special reasons
+for desiring to accomplish this important object. Sir William Alexander,
+[96] Secretary of State for Scotland at the court of England, had received,
+in 1621, from James I., a grant, under the name of New Scotland, of a large
+territory, covering the present province of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and
+that part of the province of Quebec lying east of a line drawn from the
+head-waters of the River St. Croix in a northerly direction to the River
+St. Lawrence. He had associated with him a large number of Scottish
+noblemen and merchants, and was taking active measures to establish
+Scottish colonies on this territory. The French had made a settlement
+within its limits, which had been broken up and the colony dispersed in
+1613, by Captain Samuel Argall, under the authority of Sir Thomas Dale,
+governor of the colony at Jamestown, Virginia. A desultory and straggling
+French population was still in occupation, under the nominal governorship
+of Claude La Tour. Sir William Alexander and his associates naturally
+looked for more or less inconvenience and annoyance from the claims of the
+French. It was, therefore, an object of great personal importance and
+particularly desired by him, to extinguish all French claims, not only to
+his own grant, but to the neighboring settlement at Quebec. If this were
+done, he might be sure of being unmolested in carrying forward his colonial
+enterprise.
+
+A war had broken out between France and England the year before, for the
+ostensible purpose, on the part of the English, of relieving the Huguenots
+who were shut up in the city of Rochelle, which was beleaguered by the
+armies of Louis XIII, under the direction of his prime minister, Richelieu,
+who was resolved to reduce this last stronghold to obedience. The existence
+of this war offered an opportunity and pretext for dispossessing the French
+and extinguishing their claims under the rules of war. This object could
+not be attained in any other way. The French were too deeply rooted to be
+removed by any less violent or decisive means. No time was, therefore, lost
+in taking advantage of this opportunity.
+
+Sir William Alexander applied himself to the formation of a company of
+London merchants who should bear the expense of fitting out an armament
+that should not only overcome and take possession of the French settlements
+and forts wherever they should be found, but plant colonies and erect
+suitable defences to hold them in the future. The company was speedily
+organized, consisting of Sir William Alexander, junior, Gervase Kirke,
+Robert Charlton, William Berkeley, and perhaps others, distinguished
+merchants of London. [97] Six ships were equipped with a suitable armament
+and letters of marque, and despatched on their hostile errand. Capt. David
+Kirke, afterwards Sir David, was appointed admiral of the fleet, who
+likewise commanded one of the ships. [98] His brothers, Lewis Kirke and
+Thomas Kirke, were in command of two others. They sailed under a royal
+patent executed in favor of Sir William Alexander, junior, son of the
+secretary, and others, granting exclusive authority to trade, seize, and
+confiscate French or Spanish ships and destroy the French settlements on
+the river and Gulf of St. Lawrence and parts adjacent.
+
+Kirke sailed, with a part if not the whole of his fleet, to Annapolis Basin
+in the Bay of Fundy, and took possession of the desultory French settlement
+to which we have already referred. He left a Scotch colony there, under the
+command of Sir William Alexander, junior, as governor. The fleet finally
+rendezvoused at Tadoussac, capturing all the French fishing barques, boats,
+and pinnaces which fell in its way on the coast of Nova Scotia, including
+the Island of Cape Breton.
+
+From Tadoussac, Kirke despatched a shallop to Quebec, in charge of six
+Basque fishermen whom he had recently captured. They were bearers of an
+official communication from the admiral of the English fleet to Champlain.
+About the same time he sent up the river, likewise, an armed barque, well
+manned, which anchored off Cape Tourmente, thirty miles below Quebec, near
+an outpost which had been established by Champlain for the convenience of
+forage and pasturage for cattle. Here a squad of men landed, took four men,
+a woman, and little girl prisoners, killed such of the cattle as they
+desired for use and burned the rest in the stables, as likewise two small
+houses, pillaging and laying waste every thing they could find. Having done
+this, the barque hastily returned to Tadoussac.
+
+We must now ask the reader to return with us to the little settlement at
+Quebec. The proceedings which we have just narrated were as yet unknown to
+Champlain. The summer of 1628 was wearing on, and no supplies had arrived
+from France. It was obvious that some accident had detained the transports,
+and they might not arrive at all. His provisions were nearly exhausted. To
+subsist without a resupply was impossible. Each weary day added a new
+keenness to his anxiety. A winter of destitution, of starvation and death
+for his little colony of well on towards a hundred persons was the painful
+picture that now constantly haunted his mind. To avoid this catastrophe, if
+possible, he ordered a boat to be constructed, to enable him to communicate
+with the lower waters of the gulf, where he hoped he might obtain
+provisions from the fishermen on the coast, or transportation for a part or
+the whole of his colony to France.
+
+On the 9th of July, two men came up from Cape Tourmente to announce that an
+Indian had brought in the news that six large ships had entered and were
+lying at anchor in the harbor of Tadoussac. The same day, not long after,
+two canoes arrived, in one of which was Foucher, the chief herds-man at
+Cape Tourmente, who had escaped from his captors, from whom Champlain first
+learned what had taken place at that outpost.
+
+Sufficiently allured of the character of the enemy, Champlain hastened to
+put the unfinished fort in as good condition as possible, appointing to
+every man in the little garrison his post, so that all might be ready for
+duty at a moment's warning. On the afternoon of the next day a small sail
+came into the bay, evidently a stranger, directing its course not through
+the usual channel, but towards the little River St. Charles. It was too
+insignificant to cause any alarm. Champlain, however, sent a detachment of
+arquebusiers to receive it. It proved to be English, and contained the six
+Basque fishermen already referred to, charged by Kirke with despatches for
+Champlain. They had met the armed barque returning to Tadoussac, and had
+taken off and brought up with them the woman and little girl who had been
+captured the day before at Cape Tourmente.
+
+The despatch, written two days before, and bearing date July 8th, 1628, was
+a courteous invitation to surrender Quebec into the hands of the English,
+assigning several natural and cogent reasons why if would be for the
+interest of all parties for them to do so. Under different circumstances,
+the reasoning might have had weight; but this English admiral had clearly
+conceived a very inadequate idea of the character of Champlain, if he
+supposed he would surrender his post, or even take it into consideration,
+while the enemy demanding it and his means of enforcing it were at a
+distance of at least a hundred miles. Champlain submitted the letter to
+Pont Gravé and the other gentlemen of the colony, and we concluded, he
+adds, that if the English had a desire to see us nearer, they must come to
+us, and not threaten us from so great a distance.
+
+Champlain returned an answer declining the demand, couched in language of
+respectful and dignified politeness. It is easy, however, to detect a tinge
+of sarcasm running through it, so delicate as not to be offensive, and yet
+sufficiently obvious to convey a serene indifference on the part of the
+French commander as to what the English might think it best to do in the
+sequel. The tone of the reply, the air of confidence pervading it, led
+Kirke to believe that the French were in a far better condition to resist
+than they really were. The English admiral thought it prudent to withdraw.
+He destroyed all the French fishing vessels and boats at Tadoussac, and
+proceeded down the gulf, to do the same along the coast.
+
+We have already alluded, in the preceding pages, to De Roquemont, the
+French admiral, who had been charged by the Company of the Hundred
+Associates to convoy a fleet of transports to Canada. Wholly ignorant of
+the importance of an earlier arrival at Quebec, he appears to have moved
+leisurely, and was now, with his whole fleet, lying at anchor in the Bay of
+Gaspé. Hearing that Kirke was in the gulf, he very unwisely prepared to
+give him battle, and moved out of the bay for that purpose. On the 18th of
+July the two armaments met. Kirke had six armed vessels under his command,
+while De Roquemont had but four. The conflict was unequal. The English
+vessels were unencumbered and much heavier than those of the French. De
+Roquemont [99] was soon overpowered and compelled to surrender His whole
+fleet of twenty-two vessels, with a hundred and thirty-five pieces of
+ordnance, together with supplies and colonists for Quebec, were all taken.
+Kirke returned to England laden with the rich spoils of his conquest,
+having practically accomplished, if not what he had intended, nevertheless
+that which satisfied the avarice of the London merchants under whose
+auspices the expedition had sailed. The capture of Quebec had from the
+beginning been the objective purpose of Sir William Alexander. The taking
+of this fleet and the cutting off their supplies was an important step in
+this undertaking. The conquest was thereby assured, though not completed.
+
+Champlain, having despatched his reply to Kirke, naturally supposed he
+would soon appear before Quebec to carry out his threat. He awaited this
+event with great anxiety About ten days after the messengers had departed,
+a young Frenchman, named Desdames, armed in a small boat, having been sent
+by De Roquemont, the admiral of the new company, to inform Champlain that
+he was then at Gaspé with a large fleet, bringing colonists, arms, stores,
+and provisions for the settlement. Desdames also stated that De Roquemont
+intended to attack the English, and that on his way he had heard the report
+of cannon, which led him to believe that a conflict had already taken
+place. Champlain heard nothing more from the lower St. Lawrence until the
+next May, when an Indian from Tadoussac brought the story of De Roquemont's
+defeat.
+
+In the mean time, Champlain resorted to every expedient to provide
+subsistence for his famishing colony. Even at the time when the surrender
+was demanded by the English, they were on daily rations of seven ounces
+each. The means of obtaining food were exceedingly slender. Fishing could
+not be prosecuted to any extent, for the want of nets, lines, and hooks. Of
+gunpowder they had less than fifty pounds, and a possible attack by
+treacherous savages rendered it inexpedient to expend it in hunting game.
+Moreover, they had no salt for curing or preserving the flesh of such wild
+animals as they chanced to take. The few acres cultivated by the
+missionaries and the Hébert family, and the small gardens about the
+settlement, could yield but little towards sustaining nearly a hundred
+persons for the full term of ten months, the shortest period in which they
+could reasonably expect supplies from France. A system of the utmost
+economy was instituted. A few eels were purchased by exchange of
+beaver-skins from the Indians. Pease were reduced to flour first by mortars
+and later by hand-mills constructed for the purpose, and made into a soup
+to add flavor to other less palatable food. Thus economising their
+resources, the winter finally wore away, but when the spring came, their
+scanty means were entirely exhausted. Henceforth their sole reliance was
+upon the few fish that could be taken from the river, and the edible roots
+gathered day by day from the fields and forests. An attempt was made to
+quarter some of the men upon the friendly Indians, but with little success.
+Near the last of June, thirty of the colony, men, women, and children,
+unwilling to remain longer at Quebec, were despatched to Gaspé, twenty of
+them to reside there with the Indians, the others to seek a passage to
+France by some of the foreign fishing-vessels on the coast. This detachment
+was conducted by Eustache Boullé, the brother-in-law of Champlain. The
+remnant of the little colony, disheartened by the gloomy prospect before
+them and exhausted by hunger, continued to drag out a miserable existence,
+gathering sustenance for the wants of each day, without knowing what was to
+supply the demands of the next.
+
+On the 19th of July, 1629, three English vessels were seen from the fort at
+Quebec, distant not more than three miles, approaching under full sail
+[100] Their purpose could not be mistaken. Champlain called a council, in
+which it was decided at once to surrender, but only on good terms;
+otherwise, to resist to their utmost with such slender means as they had.
+The little garrison of sixteen men, all his available force, hastened to
+their posts. A flag of truce soon brought a summons from the brothers,
+Lewis and Thomas Kirke, couched in courteous language, asking the surrender
+of the fort and settlement, and promising such honorable and reasonable
+terms as Champlain himself might dictate.
+
+To this letter Champlain [101] replied that he had not, in his present
+circumstances, the power of resisting their demand, and that on the morrow
+he would communicate the conditions on which he would deliver up the
+settlement; but, in the mean time, he must request them to retire beyond
+cannon-shot, and not attempt to land. On the evening of the same day the
+articles of capitulation were delivered, which were finally, with very
+little variation, agreed to by both parties.
+
+The whole establishment at Quebec, with all the movable property belonging
+to it, was to be surrendered into the hands of the English. The colonists
+were to be transported to France, nevertheless, by the way of England. The
+officers were permitted to leave with their arms, clothes, and the peltries
+belonging to them as personal property. The soldiers were allowed their
+clothes and a beaver-robe each; the missionaries, their robes and books.
+This agreement was subsequently ratified at Tadoussac by David Kirke, the
+admiral of the fleet, on the 19th of August, 1629.
+
+On the 20th of July, Lewis Kirke, vice-admiral, at the head of two hundred
+armed men, [102] took formal possession of Quebec, in the name of Charles
+I., the king of England. The English flag was hoisted over the Fort of St.
+Louis. Drums beat and cannon were discharged in token of the accomplished
+victory.
+
+The English demeaned themselves with exemplary courtesy and kindness
+towards their prisoners of war. Champlain was requested to continue to
+occupy his accustomed quarters until he should leave Quebec; the holy mass
+was celebrated at his request; and an inventory of what was found in the
+habitation and fort was prepared and placed in his hand, a document which
+proved to be of service in the sequel. The colonists were naturally anxious
+as to the disposition of their lands and effects; but their fears were
+quieted when they were all cordially invited to remain in the settlement,
+assured, moreover, that they should have the same privileges and security
+of person and property which they had enjoyed from their own government.
+This generous offer of the English, and their kind and considerate
+treatment of them, induced the larger part of the colonists to remain.
+
+On the 24th of July, Champlain, exhausted by a year of distressing anxiety
+and care, and depressed by the adverse proceedings going on about him,
+embarked on the vessel of Thomas Kirke for Tadoussac, to await the
+departure of the fleet for England. Before reaching their destination, they
+encountered a French ship laden with merchandise and supplies, commanded by
+Émeric de Caen, who was endeavoring to reach Quebec for the purpose of
+trade and obtaining certain peltry and other property stored at that place,
+belonging to his uncle, William de Caen. A conflict was inevitable. The two
+vessels met. The struggle was severe, and, for a time, of doubtful result.
+At length the French cried for quarter. The combat ceased. De Caen asked
+permission to speak with Champlain. This was accorded by Kirke, who
+informed him, if another shot were fired, it would be at the peril of his
+life. Champlain was too old a soldier and too brave a man to be influenced
+by an appeal to his personal fears. He coolly replied, It will be an easy
+matter for you to take my life, as I am in your power, but it would be a
+disgraceful act, as you would violate your sacred promise. I cannot command
+the men in the ship, or prevent their doing their duty as brave men should;
+and you ought to commend and not blame them.
+
+De Caen's ship was borne as a prize into the harbor of Tadoussac, and
+passed for the present into the vortex of general confiscation.
+
+Champlain remained at Tadoussac until the fleet was ready to return to
+England. In the mean time, he was courteously entertained by Sir David
+Kirke. He was, however, greatly pained and disappointed that the admiral
+was unwilling that he should take with him to France two Indian girls who
+had been presented to him a year or two before, and whom he had been
+carefully instructing in religion and manners, and whom he loved as his own
+daughters. Kirke, however, was inexorable. Neither reason, entreaty, nor
+the tears of the unhappy maidens could move him. As he could not take them
+with him, Champlain administered to them such consolation as he could,
+counselling them to be brave and virtuous, and to continue to say the
+prayers that he had taught them. It was a relief to his anxiety at last to
+be able to obtain from Mr. Couillard, [103] one of the earliest settlers at
+Quebec, the promise that they should remain in the care of his wife, while
+the girls, on their part, assured him that they would be as daughters to
+their new foster-parents until his return to New France.
+
+Quebec having been provisioned and garrisoned, the fleet sailed for England
+about the middle of September, and arrived at Plymouth on the 20th of
+November. On the 27th, the missionaries and others who wished to return to
+France, disembarked at Dover, while Champlain was taken to London, where he
+arrived on the 29th.
+
+At Plymouth, Kirke learned that a peace between France and England had been
+concluded on the 24th of the preceding April, nearly three months before
+Quebec had been taken; consequently, every thing that had been done by this
+expedition must, sooner or later, be reversed. The articles of peace had
+provided that all conquests subsequent to the date of that instrument
+should be restored. It was evident that Quebec, the peltry, and other
+property taken there, together with the fishing-vessels and others captured
+in the gulf, must be restored to the French. To Kirke and the Company of
+London Merchants this was a bitter disappointment. Their expenditures had
+been large in the first instance; the prizes of the year before, the fleet
+of the Hundred Associates which they had captured, had probably all been
+absorbed in the outfit of the present expedition, comprising the six
+vessels and two pinnaces with which Kirke had sailed for the conquest of
+Quebec. Sir William Alexander had obtained, in the February preceding, from
+Charles I., a royal charter of THE COUNTRY AND LORDSHIP OF CANADA IN
+AMERICA, [104] embracing a belt of territory one hundred leagues in width,
+covering both sides of the St. Lawrence from its mouth to the Pacific
+Ocean. This charter with the most ample provisions had been obtained in
+anticipation of the taking of Quebec, and in order to pave the way for an
+immediate occupation and settlement of the country. Thus a plan for the
+establishment of an English colonial empire on the banks of the St.
+Lawrence had been deliberately formed, and down to the present moment
+offered every prospect of a brilliant success. But a cloud had now swept
+along the horizon and suddenly obscured the last ray of hope. The proceeds
+of their two years of incessant labor, and the large sums which they had
+risked in the enterprise, had vanished like a mist in the morning sun. But,
+as the cause of the English became more desperate, the hopes of the French
+revived. The losses of the latter were great and disheartening; but they
+saw, nevertheless, in the distance, the long-cherished New France of the
+past rising once more into renewed strength and beauty.
+
+On his arrival at London, Champlain immediately put himself in
+communication with Monsieur de Châteauneuf, the French ambassador, laid
+before him the original of the capitulation, a map of the country, and such
+other memoirs as were needed to show the superior claims of the French to
+Quebec on the ground both of discovery and occupation. [105] Many questions
+arose concerning the possession and ownership of the peltry and other
+property taken by the English, and, during his stay, Champlain contributed
+as far as possible to the settlement of these complications. It is somewhat
+remarkable that during this time the English pretended to hold him as a
+prisoner of war, and even attempted to extort a ransom from him, [106]
+pressing the matter so far that Champlain felt compelled to remonstrate
+against a demand so extraordinary and so obviously unjust, as he was in no
+sense a prisoner of war, and likewise to state his inability to pay a
+ransom, as his whole estate in France did not exceed seven hundred pounds
+sterling.
+
+After having remained a month in London, Champlain was permitted to depart
+for France, arriving on the last day of December.
+
+At Dieppe he met Captain Daniel, from whom he learned that Richelieu and
+the Hundred Associates had not been unmindful of the pressing wants of
+their colony at Quebec. Arrangements had been made early in the year 1629
+to send to Champlain succor and supplies, and a fleet had been organized to
+be conducted thither by the Commander Isaac de Razilly. While preparations
+were in progress, peace was concluded between France and England on the
+24th of April. It was, consequently, deemed unnecessary to accompany the
+transports by an armed force, and thereupon Razilly's orders were
+countermanded, while Captain Daniel of Dieppe, [107] whose services had
+been engaged, was sent forward with four vessels and a barque belonging to
+the company, to carry supplies to Quebec. A storm scattered his fleet, but
+the vessel under his immediate command arrived on the coast of the Island
+of Cape Breton, and anchored on the 18th of September, _novo stylo_, in the
+little harbor of Baleine, situated about six miles easterly from the
+present site of Louisburgh, now famous in the annals of that island. Here
+he was surprised to find a British settlement. Lord Ochiltrie, better known
+as Sir James Stuart, a Scottish nobleman, had obtained a grant, through Sir
+William Alexander, of the Island of Cape Breton, and had, on the 10th of
+the July preceding, _novo stylo_, planted there a colony of sixty persons,
+men, women, and children, and had thrown up for their protection a
+temporary fort. Daniel considered this an intrusion upon French soil. He
+accordingly made a bloodless capture of the fortress at Baleine, demolished
+it, and, sailing to the north and sweeping round to the west, entered an
+estuary which he says the savages called Grand Cibou? [108] where he
+erected a fort and left a garrison of forty men, with provisions and all
+necessary means of defence. Having set up the arms of the King of France
+and those of Cardinal Richelieu, erected a house, chapel, and magazine, and
+leaving two Jesuit missionaries, the fathers Barthélémy Vimond and
+Alexander de Vieuxpont, he departed, taking with him the British colonists,
+forty-two of whom he landed near Falmouth in England, and eighteen,
+including Lord Ochiltrie, he carried into France. This settlement at the
+Bay of St. Anne, or Port Dauphin, accidentally established and inadequately
+sustained, lingered a few years and finally disappeared.
+
+Having received the above narrative from Captain Daniel, Champlain soon
+after proceeded to Paris, and laid the whole subject of the unwarrantable
+proceedings of the English in detail before the king, Cardinal Richelieu,
+and the Company of New France, and urged the importance of regaining
+possession as early as possible of the plantation from which they had been
+unjustly ejected. The English king did not hesitate at an early day to
+promise the restoration of Quebec, and, in fact, after some delay, all
+places which were occupied by the French at the outbreak of the war. The
+policy of the English ministers appears, however, to have been to postpone
+the execution of this promise as long as possible, probably with the hope
+that something might finally occur to render its fulfilment unnecessary.
+Sir William Alexander, the Earl of Stirling, who had very great influence
+with Charles I, was particularly opposed to the restoration of the
+settlement on the shores of Annapolis Basin. This fell within the limits of
+the grant made to him in 1621, under the name of New Scotland, and a Scotch
+colony was now in occupation. He contended that no proper French plantation
+existed there at the opening of the war, and this was probably true; a few
+French people were, indeed, living there, but under no recognized,
+certainly no actual, authority or control of the crown of France, and
+consequently they were under no obligation to restore it. But Charles I had
+given his word that all places taken by the English should be restored as
+they were before the war, and no argument or persuasions could change his
+resolution to fulfil his promise. It was not, however, till after the lapse
+of more than two years, owing, chiefly, to the opposition of Sir William
+Alexander, that the restoration of Quebec and the plantation on Annapolis
+Basin was fully assured by the treaty of St Germain en Laye, bearing date
+March 29, 1632. The reader must be reminded that the text of the treaty
+just mentioned and numerous contemporary documents show that the
+restorations demanded by the French and granted by the English only related
+to the places occupied by the French before the outbreak of the war, and
+not to Canada or New France or to any large extent of provincial territory
+whatever. [109] When the restorations were completed, the boundary lines
+distinguishing the English and French possessions in America were still
+unsettled, the territorial rights of both nations were still undefined, and
+each continued, as they had done before the war, to claim the same
+territory as a part of their respective possessions. Historians, giving to
+this treaty a superficial examination, and not considering it in connection
+with contemporary documents, have, from that time to the present, fallen
+into the loose and unauthorized statement that, by the treaty of St.
+Germain en Laye, the whole domain of Canada or New France was restored to
+the French. Had the treaty of St. Germain en Laye, by which Quebec was
+restored to the French, fixed accurately the boundary lines between the two
+countries, it would probably have saved the expenditure of money and blood,
+which continued to be demanded from time to time until, after a century and
+a quarter, the whole of the French possessions were transferred, under the
+arbitration of war, to the English crown.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+95. The association was a joint-stock company Each corporator was bound to
+    pay in three thousand livres, and as there were over a hundred, the
+    quick capital amounted to over 300,000 livres--_Vide Mercure François_,
+    Paris, 1628, Tome XIV. p 250. For a full statement of the organization
+    and constitution of the Company of New France, _Vide Mercure Francois_,
+    Tome XIV pp 232-267 _Vide_ also _Charlevoix's Hist. New France_, Shea's
+    Trans Vol. II. pp. 39-44.
+
+96. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince Society,
+    Boston, 1873.
+
+97. _Vide Colonial Papers_, Vol. V. 87, III. We do not find the mention of
+    any others as belonging to the Company of Merchant Adventurers to
+    Canada.
+
+98. Sir David Kirke was one of five brothers, the sons of Gervase or
+    Gervais Kirke, a merchant of London, and his wife, Elizabeth Goudon of
+    Dieppe in France. The grandfather of Sir David was Thurston Kirke of
+    Norton, a small town in the northern part of the county of Derby, known
+    as the birthplace of the sculptor Chantrey. This little hamlet had been
+    the home of the Kirkes for several generations. Gervase Kirke had, in
+    1629, resided in Dieppe for the most of the forty years preceding, and
+    his children were probably born there. Sir David Kirke was married to
+    Sarah, daughter of Sir Joseph Andrews. In early life he was a wine-
+    merchant at Bordeaux and Cognac. He was knighted by Charles I in 1633,
+    in recognition of his services in taking Quebec. On the 13th of
+    November, 1637, he received a grant of "the whole continent, island, or
+    region called Newfoundland." In 1638, he took up his residence at
+    Ferryland, Newfoundland, in the house built by Lord Baltimore. He was a
+    friend and correspondent of Archbishop Laud, to whom he wrote, in 1639,
+    "That the ayre of Newfoundland agrees perfectly well with all God's
+    creatures, except Jesuits and schismatics." He remained in Newfoundland
+    nearly twenty years, where he died in 1655-56, having experienced many
+    disappointments occasioned by his loyalty to Charles I.--_Vide Colonial
+    Papers_, Vol. IX. No. 76; _The First English Conquest of Canada_, by
+    Henry Kirke, London, 1871, _passim; Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_,
+    Paris ed. 1632, p. 257.
+
+99. Champlain criticises with merited severity the conduct of De Roquemont,
+    and closes in the following words "Le merite d'un bon Capitaine n'est
+    pas seulement au courage, mais il doit estre accompagné de prudence,
+    qui est ce qui les fait estimer, comme estant suiuy de ruses,
+    stratagesmes, & d'inventions plusieurs auec peu ont beaucoup fait, & se
+    sont rendus glorieux & redoutables"--_Vide Les Voyages du Sieur de
+    Champlain_, ed 1632, part II p. 166.
+
+100. On the 13th of March, 1629, letters of marque were issued to Capt.
+     David Kirke, Thomas Kirke, and others, in favor of the "Abigail," 300
+     tons, the "William," 200 tons, the "George" of London, and the
+     "Jarvis."
+
+101. This correspondence is preserved by Champlain.--_Vide Les Voyages par
+     le Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, pp. 215-219.
+
+102. _Vide Abstract of the Deposition of Capt. David Kirke and others_.
+     Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, 1574-1660, p. 103.
+
+103. _Couillard_ Champlain writes _Coulart_ This appears to have been
+     William Couillard, the son in-law of Madame Hébert and one of the five
+     families which remained at Quebec after it was taken by the
+     English--_Vide Laverdière's note, Oeuvres de Champlain_, Quebec ed
+     Vol. VI p. 249.
+
+104. An English translation of this charter from the Latin original was
+     published by the Prince Society in 1873 _Vide Sir William Alexander
+     and American Colonization_, Prince Society, Boston, pp. 239-249.
+
+105. Champlain published, in 1632, a brief argument setting forth the
+     claims of the French, which he entitles. _Abregé des Descouuertures de
+     la Nouuelle France, tant de ce que nous auons descouuert comme aussi
+     les Anglais, depuis les Virgines iusqu'au Freton Dauis, & de cequ'eux
+     & nous pouuons pretendre suiuant le rapport des Historiens qui en ont
+     descrit, que ie rapporte cy dessous, qui feront iuger à un chacun du
+     tout sans passion.--Vide_ ed. 1632, p. 290. In this paper he narrates
+     succinctly the early discoveries made both by the French and English
+     navigators, and enforces the doctrine of the superior claims of the
+     French with clearness and strength. It contains, probably, the
+     substance of what Champlain placed at this time in the hands of the
+     French embassador in London.
+
+106. It is difficult to conceive on what ground this ransom was demanded
+     since the whole proceedings of the English against Quebec were
+     illegal, and contrary to the articles of peace which had just been
+     concluded. That such a demand was made would be regarded as
+     incredible, did not the fact rest upon documentary evidence of
+     undoubted authority.--_Vide Laverdière's_ citation from State Papers
+     Office, Vol. V. No. 33. Oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed, Vol. VI. p
+     1413.
+
+107. _Vide Relation du Voyage fait par le Capitaine Daniel de Dieppe, année
+     1629, Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain_, Paris, 1632, p. 271. Captain
+     Daniel was enrolled by Creuxius in the Society of New France or the
+     Hundred Associates, as _Carolus Daniel, nauticus Capitaneus_. _Vide
+     Historia Canadensis_ for the names of the Society of the Hundred
+     Associates.
+
+108. _Cibou_. Sometimes written Chibou. "Cibou means," says Mr. J. Hammond
+     Trumball, "simply river in all eastern Algonkin languages."--_MS.
+     letter_. Nicholas Denys, in his very full itinerary of the coast of
+     the island of Cape Breton speaks also of the _entree du petit Chibou
+     ou de Labrador_. This _petit Chibou_, according to his description, is
+     identical with what is now known as the Little Bras d'Or, or smaller
+     passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It seems probable that the great Cibou of
+     the Indians was applied originally by them to what we now call the
+     Great Bras d'Or, or larger passage to Bras d'Or Lake. It is plain,
+     however, that Captain Daniel and other early writers applied it to an
+     estuary or bay a little further west than the Great Bras d'Or,
+     separated from it by Cape Dauphin, and now known as St. Anne's Bay. It
+     took the name of St. Anne's immediately on the planting of Captain
+     Daniel's colony, as Champlain calls it, _l'habitation saincte Anne en
+     l'ile du Cap Breton_ in his relation of what took place in
+     1631.--_Voyages_, ed. 1632, p. 298. A very good description of it by
+     Père Perrault may be found in _Jesuit Relations_, 1635, Quebec ed p.
+     42.--_Vide_, also, _Description de l'Amerique Septentrionale par
+     Monsieur Denys_, Paris, 1672, p. 155, where is given an elaborate
+     description of St Anne's Harbor. _Gransibou_ may be seen on
+     Champlain's map of 1632, but the map is too indefinite to aid us in
+     fixing its exact location.
+
+109. _Vide Sir William Alexander and American Colonization_, Prince
+     Society, 1873, pp. 66-72.--_Royal Letters, Charters, and Tracts
+     relating to the Colonisation of New Scotland_, Bannatyne Club,
+     Edinburgh, 1867, p. 77 _et passim_.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+ÉMERIC DE CAEN TAKES POSSESSION OF QUEBEC.--CHAMPLAIN PUBLISHES HIS
+VOYAGES.--RETURNS TO NEW FRANCE, REPAIRS THE HABITATION, AND ERECTS A
+CHAPEL.--HIS LETTER TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.--CHAMPLAIN'S DEATH.
+
+In breaking up the settlement at Quebec, the losses of the De Caens were
+considerable, and it was deemed an act of justice to allow them an
+opportunity to retrieve them, at least in part; and, to enable them to do
+this, the monopoly of the fur-trade in the Gulf of St. Lawrence was granted
+to them for one year, and, on the retirement of the English, Émeric de
+Caen, as provisional governor for that period, took formal possession of
+Quebec on the 13th of July, 1632. In the mean time, Champlain remained in
+France, devoting himself with characteristic energy to the interests of New
+France. Beside the valuable counsel and aid which he gave regarding the
+expedition then fitting out and to be sent to Quebec by the Company of New
+France, he prepared and carried through the press an edition of his
+Voyages, comprising extended extracts from what he had already published,
+and a continuation of the narrative to 1631. He also published in the same
+volume a Treatise on Navigation, and a Catechism translated from the French
+by one of the Fathers into the language of the Montagnais. [110]
+
+On the 23d of March, 1633, having again been commissioned as governor,
+Champlain sailed from Dieppe with a fleet of three vessels, the "Saint
+Pierre," the "Saint Jean," and the "Don de Dieu," belonging to the Company
+of New France, conveying to Quebec a large number of colonists, together
+with the Jesuit fathers, Enemond Massé and Jean de Brébeuf. The three
+vessels entered the harbor of Quebec on the 23d of May. On the announcement
+of Champlain's arrival, the little colony was all astir. The cannon at the
+Fort St. Louis boomed forth their hoarse welcome of his coming. The hearts
+of all, particularly of those who had remained at Quebec during the
+occupation of the English, were overflowing with joy. The three years'
+absence of their now venerable and venerated governor, and the trials,
+hardships, and discouragements through which they had in the mean time
+passed, had not effaced from their minds the virtues that endeared him to
+their hearts. The memory of his tender solicitude in their behalf, his
+brave example of endurance in the hour of want and peril, and the sweetness
+of his parting counsels, came back afresh to awaken in them new pulsations
+of gratitude. Champlain's heart was touched by his warm reception and the
+visible proofs of their love and devotion. This was a bright and happy day
+in the calendar of the little colony.
+
+Champlain addressed himself with his old zeal and a renewed strength to
+every interest that promised immediate or future good results. He at once
+directed the renovation and improvement of the habitation and fort, which,
+after an occupation of three years by aliens, could not be delayed. He then
+instituted means, holding councils and creating a new trading-post, for
+winning back the traffic of the allied tribes, which had been of late drawn
+away by the English, who continued to steal into the waters of the St.
+Lawrence for that purpose. At an early day after his re-establishment of
+himself at Quebec, Champlain proceeded to build a memorial chapel in close
+proximity to the fort which he had erected some years before on the crest
+of the rocky eminence that overlooks the harbor. He gave it the appropriate
+and significant name, NOTRE DAME DE RECOUVRANCE, in grateful memory of the
+recent return of the French to New France. [111] It had long been an ardent
+desire of Champlain to establish a French settlement among the Hurons, and
+to plant a mission there for the conversion of this favorite tribe to the
+Christian faith. Two missionaries, De Brébeuf and De Nouë, were now ready
+for the undertaking. The governor spared no pains to secure for them a
+favorable reception, and vigorously urged the importance of their mission
+upon the Hurons assembled at Quebec. [112] But at the last, when on the eve
+of securing his purpose, complications arose and so much hostility was
+displayed by one of the chiefs, that he thought it prudent to advise its
+postponement to a more auspicious moment. With these and kindred
+occupations growing out of the responsibilities of his charge, two years
+soon passed away.
+
+During the summer of 1635, Champlain addressed an interesting and important
+letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, whose authority at that time shaped both
+the domestic and foreign policy of France. In it the condition and
+imperative wants of New France are clearly set forth. This document was
+probably the last that Champlain ever penned, and is, perhaps, the only
+autograph letter of his now extant. His views of the richness and possible
+resources of the country, the vast missionary field which it offered, and
+the policy to be pursued, are so clearly stated that we need offer no
+apology for giving the following free translation of the letter in these
+pages. [113]
+
+LETTER OF CHAMPLAIN TO CARDINAL DE RICHELIEU.
+
+MONSEIGNEUR,--The honor of the commands that I have received from your
+Eminence has inspired me with greater courage to render to you every
+possible service with all the fidelity and affection that can be desired
+from a faithful servant. I shall spare neither my blood nor my life
+whenever the occasion shall demand them.
+
+There are subjects enough in these regions, if your Eminence, after
+considering the character of the country, shall desire to extend your
+authority over them. This territory is more than fifteen hundred leagues in
+length, lying between the same parallels of latitude as our own France. It
+is watered by one of the finest rivers in the world, into which empty many
+tributaries more than four hundred leagues in length, beautifying a country
+inhabited by a vast number of tribes. Some of them are sedentary in their
+mode of life, possessing, like the Muscovites, towns and villages built of
+wood; others are nomadic, hunters and fishermen, all longing to welcome the
+French and religious fathers, that they may be instructed in our faith.
+
+The excellence of this country cannot be too highly estimated or praised,
+both as to the richness of the soil, the diversity of the timber such as we
+have in France, the abundance of wild animals, game, and fish, which are of
+extraordinary magnitude. All this invites you, Monseigneur, and makes it
+seem as if God had created you above all your predecessors to do a work
+here more pleasing to Him than any that has yet been accomplished.
+
+For thirty years I have frequented this country, and have acquired a
+thorough knowledge of it, obtained from my own observation and the
+information given me by the native inhabitants. Monseigneur, I pray you to
+pardon my zeal, if I say that, after your renown has spread throughout the
+East, you should end by compelling its recognition in the West.
+
+Expelling the English from Quebec has been a very important beginning, but,
+nevertheless, since the treaty of peace between the two crowns, they have
+returned to carry on trade and annoy us in this river; declaring that it
+was enjoined upon them to withdraw, but not to remain away, and that they
+have their king's permission to come for the period of thirty years. But,
+if your Eminence wills, you can make them feel the power of your authority.
+This can, furthermore, be extended at your pleasure to him who has come
+here to bring about a general peace among these peoples, who are at war
+with a nation holding more than four hundred leagues in subjection, and who
+prevent the free use of the rivers and highways. If this peace were made,
+we should be in complete and easy enjoyment of our possessions. Once
+established in the country, we could expel our enemies, both English and
+Flemings, forcing them to withdraw to the coast, and, by depriving them of
+trade with the Iroquois, oblige them to abandon the country entirely. It
+requires but one hundred and twenty men, light-armed for avoiding arrows,
+by whose aid, together with two or three thousand savage warriors, our
+allies, we should be, within a year, absolute masters of all these peoples,
+and, by establishing order among them, promote religious worship and secure
+an incredible amount of traffic.
+
+The country is rich in mines of copper, iron, steel, brass, silver, and
+other minerals which may be found here.
+
+The cost, Monseigneur, of one hundred and twenty men is a trifling one to
+his Majesty, the enterprise the most noble that can be imagined.
+
+All for the glory of God, whom I pray with my whole heart to grant you
+ever-increasing prosperity, and to make me, all my life, Monseigneur,
+
+   Your most humble,
+     Most faithful,
+       and Most obedient servant,
+                        CHAMPLAIN.
+
+AT QUEBEC, IN NEW FRANCE, the 15th of August, 1635.
+
+In this letter will be found the key to Champlain's war-policy with the
+Iroquois, no where else so fully unfolded. We shall refer to this subject
+in the sequel.
+
+Early in October, when the harvest of the year had ripened and been
+gathered in, and the leaves had faded and fallen, and the earth was mantled
+in the symbols of general decay, in sympathy with all that surrounded him,
+in his chamber in the little fort on the crest of the rocky promontory at
+Quebec, lay the manly form of Champlain, smitten with disease, which was
+daily breaking down the vigor and strength of his iron constitution. From
+loving friends he received the ministrations of tender and assiduous care.
+But his earthly career was near its end. The bowl had been broken at the
+fountain. Life went on ebbing away from week to week. At the end of two
+months and a half, on Christmas day, the 25th of December, 1635, his spirit
+passed to its final rest.
+
+This otherwise joyous festival was thus clouded with a deep sorrow. No
+heart in the little colony was untouched by this event. All had been drawn
+to Champlain, so many years their chief magistrate and wise counsellor, by
+a spontaneous and irresistible respect, veneration, and love. It was meet,
+as it was the universal desire, to crown him, in his burial, with every
+honor which, in their circumstances, they could bestow. The whole
+population joined in a mournful procession. His spiritual adviser and
+friend, Father Charles Lalemant, performed in his behalf the last solemn
+service of the church. Father Paul Le Jeune pronounced a funeral discourse,
+reciting his virtues, his fidelity to the king and the Company of New
+France, his extraordinary love and devotion to the families of the colony,
+and his last counsels for their continued happiness and welfare. [114]
+
+When these ceremonies were over his body was piously and tenderly laid to
+rest, and soon after a tomb was constructed for its reception expressly in
+his honor as the benefactor of New France. [115] The place of his burial
+[116] was within the little chapel subsequently erected, and which was
+reverently called _La Chapelle de M. de Chiamplain_, in grateful memory of
+him whose body reposed beneath its sheltering walls.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+110. This catechism, bearing the following title, is contained on fifteen
+     pages in the ed. of 1632: _Doctrine Chrestienne, du R. P. Ledesme de
+     la Compagnie de Jesus. Traduîte en Langage Canadois, autre que celuy
+     des Montagnars, pour la Conversion des habitans dudit pays. Par le R.
+     P. Breboeuf de la mesme Compagnie_. It is in double columns, one side
+     Indian and the other French.
+
+111. The following extracts will show that the chapel was erected in 1633,
+     that it was built by Champlain, and that it was called Notre Dame de
+     Recouvrance.
+
+     Nous les menasmes en nostre petite chapelle, qui a commencé ceste
+     année à l'embellir.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_. Québec ed. 1633,
+     p. 30.
+
+     La sage conduitte et la prudence de Monsieur de Champlain Gouuerneur
+     de Kebec et du fleuve sainct Laurens, qui nous honore de sa bien-
+     veillance, retenant vn chacun dans son devoir, a fait que nos paroles
+     et nos prédications ayent esté bien receuens, et la Chapelle qu'il a
+     fait dresser proche du fort a l'honneur de nostre Dame, &c.--_Idem_,
+     1634, p. 2.
+
+     La troisiéme, que nous allons habiter cette Autome, la Residence de
+     Nostre-dame de Recouvrance, à Kebec proche du Fort.--_Idem_, 1635, p.
+     3.
+
+112. According to Père Le Jeune, from five to seven hundred Hurons had
+     assembled at Quebec in July, 1633, bringing their canoes loaded with
+     merchandise.--_Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1633, p. 34.
+
+113. This letter was printed in oeuvres de Champlain, Quebec ed. Vol. VI.
+     _Pièces Justificatives_, p 35. The original is at Paris, in the
+     Archives of Foreign Affairs.
+
+114. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1636, p. 56. _Creuxius,
+     Historia Canadensis_, pp. 183-4.
+
+115. Monsieur le Gouverneur, qui estimoit sa vertu, desira qu'il fust
+     enterré prés du corps de feu Monsieur de Champlain, qui est dans vn
+     sepulchre particulier, erigé exprés pour honorer la memoire de ce
+     signalé personnage qui a tant obligé la Nouuelle France.--_Vide
+     Relations des Jésuites_, Quebec ed. 1643, p. 3.
+
+116. The exact spot where Champlain was buried is at this time unknown.
+     Historians and antiquaries have been much interested in its discovery.
+     In 1866, the Abbés Laverdière and Casgrain were encouraged to believe
+     that their searches had been crowned with success. They published a
+     statement of their discovery. Their views were controverted in several
+     critical pamphlets that followed. In the mean time, additional
+     researches have been made. The theory then broached that his burial
+     was in the Lower Town, and in the Recollect chapel built in 1615, has
+     been abandoned. The Abbé Casgrain, in an able discussion of this
+     subject, in which he cites documents hitherto unpublished, shows that
+     Champlain was buried in a tomb within the walls of a chapel erected by
+     his successor in the Upper Town, and that this chapel was situated
+     somewhere within the court-yard of the present post-office. Père Le
+     Jeune, who records the death of Champlain in his Relation of 1636,
+     does not mention the place of his burial; but the Père Vimont, in his
+     Relation of 1643, in speaking of the burial of Père Charles Raymbault,
+     says, the "Governor desired that he should be buried near the _body of
+     the late Monsieur de Champlain_, which is in a particular tomb erected
+     expressly to honor the memory of that distinguished personage, who had
+     placed New France under such great obligation." In the Parish Register
+     of Notre Dame de Quebec, is the following entry: "The 22d of October
+     (1642), was interred _in the Chapel of M. De Champlain_ the Père
+     Charles Rimbault." It is plain, therefore, that Champlain was buried
+     in what was then commonly known as _the Chapel of M. de Champlain_. By
+     reference to ancient documents or deeds (one bearing date Feb. 10,
+     1649, and another 22d April, 1652, and in one of which the Chapel of
+     Champlain is mentioned as contiguous to a piece of land therein
+     described), the Abbé Casgrain proves that the _Chapel of M. de
+     Champlain_ was within the square where is situated the present
+     post-office at Quebec, and, as the tomb of Champlain was within the
+     chapel, it follows that Champlain was buried somewhere within the
+     post-office square above mentioned.
+
+     Excavations in this square have been made, but no traces of the walls
+     or foundations of the chapel have been found. In the excavations for
+     cellars of the houses constructed along the square, the foundations of
+     the chapel may have been removed. It is possible that when the chapel
+     was destroyed, which was at a very early period, as no reference to
+     its existence is found subsequent to 1649, the body of Champlain and
+     the others buried there may have been removed, and no record made of
+     the removal. The Abbé Casgrain expresses the hope that other
+     discoveries may hereafter be made that shall place this interesting
+     question beyond all doubt.--_Vide Documents Inédits Relatifs au
+     Tombeau de Champlain_, par l'Abbé H. R. Casgrain, _L'Opinion
+     Publique_, Montreal, 4 Nov. 1875.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S RELIGION.--HIS WAR POLICY.--HIS DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL LIFE.--
+CHAMPLAIN AS AN EXPLORER.--HIS LITERARY LABORS.--THE RESULTS OF HIS CAREER.
+
+As Champlain had lived, so he died, a firm and consistent member of the
+Roman church. In harmony with his general character, his religious views
+were always moderate, never betraying him into excesses, or into any merely
+partisan zeal. Born during the profligate, cruel, and perfidious reign of
+Charles IX., he was, perhaps, too young to be greatly affected by the evils
+characteristic of that period, the massacre of St. Bartholomew's and the
+numberless vices that swept along in its train. His youth and early
+manhood, covering the plastic and formative period, stretched through the
+reign of Henry III., in which the standards of virtue and religion were
+little if in any degree improved. Early in the reign of Henry IV., when he
+had fairly entered upon his manhood, we find him closely associated with
+the moderate party, which encouraged and sustained the broad, generous, and
+catholic principles of that distinguished sovereign.
+
+When Champlain became lieutenant-governor of New France, his attention was
+naturally turned to the religious wants of his distant domain. Proceeding
+cautiously, after patient and prolonged inquiry, he selected missionaries
+who were earnest, zealous, and fully consecrated to their work. And all
+whom he subsequently invited into the field were men of character and
+learning, whose brave endurance of hardship, and manly courage amid
+numberless perils, shed glory and lustre upon their holy calling.
+
+Champlain's sympathies were always with his missionaries in their pious
+labors. Whether the enterprise were the establishment of a mission among
+the distant Hurons, among the Algonquins on the upper St. Lawrence, or for
+the enlargement of their accommodations at Quebec, the printing of a
+catechism in the language of the aborigines, or if the foundations of a
+college were to be laid for the education of the savages, his heart and
+hand were ready for the work.
+
+On the establishment of the Company of New France, or the Hundred
+Associates, Protestants were entirely excluded. By its constitution no
+Huguenots were allowed to settle within the domain of the company. If this
+rule was not suggested by Champlain, it undoubtedly existed by his decided
+and hearty concurrence. The mingling of Catholics and Huguenots in the
+early history of the colony had brought with it numberless annoyances. By
+sifting the wheat before it was sown, it was hoped to get rid of an
+otherwise inevitable cause of irritation and trouble. The correctness of
+the principle of Christian toleration was not admitted by the Roman church
+then any more than it is now. Nor did the Protestants of that period
+believe in it, or practise it, whenever they possessed the power to do
+otherwise. Even the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay held that their charter
+conferred upon them the right and power of exclusion. It was not easy, it
+is true, to carry out this view by square legal enactment without coming
+into conflict with the laws of England; but they were adroit and skilful,
+endowed with a marvellous talent for finding some indirect method of laying
+a heavy hand upon Friend or Churchman, or the more independent thinkers
+among their own numbers, who desired to make their abode within the
+precincts of the bay. In the earlier years of the colony at Quebec, when
+Protestant and Catholic were there on equal terms, Champlain's religious
+associations led him to swerve neither to the right hand nor to the left.
+His administration was characterized by justice, firmness, and gentleness,
+and was deservedly satisfactory to all parties.
+
+In his later years, the little colony upon whose welfare and Christian
+culture he had bestowed so much cheerful labor and anxious thought, became
+every day more and more dear to his heart. Within the ample folds of his
+charity were likewise encircled the numerous tribes of savages, spread over
+the vast domains of New France. He earnestly desired that all of them, far
+and near, friend and foe, might be instructed in the doctrines of the
+Christian faith, and brought into willing and loving obedience to the
+cross.
+
+In its personal application to his own heart, the religion of Champlain was
+distinguished by a natural and gradual progress. His warmth, tenderness,
+and zeal grew deeper and stronger with advancing years. In his religious
+life there was a clearly marked seed-time, growth, and ripening for the
+harvest. After his return to Quebec, during the last three years of his
+life, his time was especially systematized and appropriated for
+intellectual and spiritual improvement. Some portion was given every
+morning by himself and those who constituted his family to a course of
+historical reading, and in the evening to the memoirs of the saintly dead
+whose lives he regarded as suitable for the imitation of the living, and
+each night for himself he devoted more or less time to private meditation
+and prayer.
+
+Such were the devout habits of Champlain's life in his later years. We are
+not, therefore, surprised that the historian of Canada, twenty-five years
+after his death, should place upon record the following concise but
+comprehensive eulogy:--
+
+"His surpassing love of justice, piety, fidelity to God, his king, and the
+Society of New France, had always been conspicuous. But in his death he
+gave such illustrious proofs of his goodness as to fill every one with
+admiration." [117]
+
+The reader of these memoirs has doubtless observed with surprise and
+perhaps with disappointment, the readiness with which Champlain took part
+in the wars of the savages. On his first visit to the valley of the St
+Lawrence, he found the Indians dwelling on the northern shores of the river
+and the lakes engaged in a deadly warfare with those on the southern, the
+Iroquois tribes occupying the northern limits of the present State of New
+York, generally known as the Five Nations. The hostile relations between
+these savages were not of recent date. They reached back to a very early
+but indefinite period. They may have existed for several centuries. When
+Champlain planted his colony at Quebec, in 1608, he at once entered into
+friendly relations with all the tribes which were his immediate neighbors.
+This was eminently a suitable thing to do, and was, moreover, necessary for
+his safety and protection.
+
+But a permanent and effective alliance with these tribes carried with it of
+necessity a solemn assurance of aid against their enemies. This Champlain
+promptly promised without hesitation, and the next year he fulfilled his
+promise by leading them to battle on the shores of Lake Champlain. At all
+subsequent periods he regarded himself as committed to aid his allies in
+their hostile expeditions against the Iroquois. In his printed journal, he
+offers no apology for his conduct in this respect, nor does he intimate
+that his views could be questioned either in morals or sound policy. He
+rarely assigns any reason whatever for engaging in these wars. In one or
+two instances he states that it seemed to him necessary to do so in order
+to facilitate the discoveries which he wished to make, and that he hoped it
+might in the end be the means of leading the savages to embrace
+Christianity. But he nowhere enters upon a full discussion of this point.
+It is enough to say, in explanation of this silence, that a private journal
+like that published by Champlain, was not the place in which to foreshadow
+a policy, especially as it might in the future be subject to change, and
+its success might depend upon its being known only to those who had the
+power to shape and direct it. But nevertheless the silence of Champlain has
+doubtless led some historians to infer that he had no good reasons to give,
+and unfavorable criticisms have been bestowed upon his conduct by those,
+who did not understand the circumstances which influenced him, or the
+motives which controlled his action.
+
+The war-policy of Champlain was undoubtedly very plainly set forth in his
+correspondence and interviews with the viceroys and several companies under
+whose authority he acted. But these discussions, whether oral or written,
+do not appear in general to have been preserved. Fortunately a single
+document of this character is still extant, in which his views are clearly
+unfolded. In Champlain's remarkable letter to Cardinal de Richelieu, which
+we have introduced a few pages back, his policy is fully stated. It is
+undoubtedly the same that he had acted upon from the beginning, and
+explains the frankness and readiness with which, first and last, as a
+faithful ally, he had professed himself willing to aid the friendly tribes
+in their wars against the Iroquois. The object which he wished to
+accomplish by this tribal war was, as fully stated in the letter to which
+we have referred, first, to conquer the Iroquois or Five Nations; to
+introduce peaceful relations between them and the other surrounding tribes;
+and, secondly, to establish a grand alliance of all the savage tribes, far
+and near, with the French. This could only be done in the order here
+stated. No peace could be secured from the Iroquois, except by their
+conquest, the utter breaking down of their power. They were not susceptible
+to the influence of reason. They were implacable, and had been brutalized
+by long-inherited habits of cruelty. In the total annihilation of their
+power was the only hope of peace. This being accomplished, the surviving
+remnant would, according to the usual custom among the Indians, readily
+amalgamate with the victorious tribes, and then a general alliance with the
+French could be easily secured. This was what Champlain wished to
+accomplish. The pacification of all the tribes occupying both sides of the
+St. Lawrence and the chain of northern lakes would place the whole domain
+of the American continent, or as much of it as it would be desirable to
+hold, under the easy and absolute control of the French nation.
+
+Such a pacification as this would secure two objects; objects eminently
+important, appealing strongly to all who desired the aggrandizement of
+France and the progress and supremacy of the Catholic faith. It would
+secure for ever to the French the fur-trade of the Indians, a commerce then
+important and capable of vast expansion. The chief strength and resources
+of the savages allied with the French, the Montagnais, Algonquins, and
+Hurons, were at that period expended in their wars. On the cessation of
+hostilities, their whole force would naturally and inevitably be given to
+the chase. A grand field lay open to them for this exciting occupation. The
+fur-bearing country embraced not only the region of the St. Lawrence and
+the lakes, but the vast and unlimited expanse of territory stretching out
+indefinitely in every direction. The whole northern half of the continent
+of North America, filled with the most valuable fur-producing mammalia,
+would be open to the enterprise of the French, and could not fail to pour
+into their treasury an incredible amount of wealth. This Champlain was
+far-sighted enough to see, and his patriotic zeal lead him to desire that
+France should avail herself of this opportunity. [118]
+
+But the conquest of the Iroquois would not only open to France the prospect
+of exhaustless wealth, but it would render accessible a broad, extensive,
+and inviting field of missionary labor. It would remove all external and
+physical obstacles to the speedy transmission and offer of the Christian
+faith to the numberless tribes that would thus be brought within their
+reach.
+
+The desire to bring about these two great ulterior purposes, the
+augmentation of the commerce of France in the full development of the
+fur-trade, and the gathering into the Catholic church the savage tribes of
+the wilderness, explains the readiness with which, from the beginning,
+Champlain encouraged his Indian allies and took part with them in their
+wars against the Five Nations. In the very last year of his life, he
+demanded of Richelieu the requisite military force to carry on this war,
+reminding him that the cost would be trifling to his Majesty, while the
+enterprise would be the most noble that could be imagined.
+
+In regard to the domestic and social life of Champlain, scarcely any
+documents remain that can throw light upon the subject. Of his parents we
+have little information beyond that of their respectable calling and
+standing. He was probably an only child, as no others are on any occasion
+mentioned or referred to. He married, as we have seen, the daughter of the
+Secretary of the King's Chamber, and his wife, Hélène Boullé, accompanied
+him to Canada in 1620, where she remained four years. They do not appear to
+have had children, as the names of none are found in the records at Quebec,
+and, at his death, the only claimant as an heir, was a cousin, Marie
+Cameret, who, in 1639, resided at Rochelle, and whose husband was Jacques
+Hersant, controller of duties and imposts. After Champlain's decease, his
+wife, Hélène Boullé, became a novice in an Ursuline convent in the faubourg
+of St. Jacques in Paris. Subsequently, in 1648, she founded a religious
+house of the same order in the city of Meaux, contributing for the purpose
+the sum of twenty thousand livres and some part of the furnishing. She
+entered the house that she had founded, as a nun, under the name of Sister
+_Hélène de St. Augustin_, where, as the foundress, certain privileges were
+granted to her, such as a superior quality of food for herself, exemption
+from attendance upon some of the longer services, the reception into the
+convent, on her recommendation, of a young maiden to be a nun of the choir,
+with such pecuniary assistance as she might need, and the letters of her
+brother, the Father Eustache Boullé, were to be exempted from the usual
+inspection. She died at Meaux, on the 20th day of December, 1654, in the
+convent which she had founded. [119]
+
+As an explorer, Champlain was unsurpassed by any who visited the northern
+coasts of America anterior to its permanent settlement He was by nature
+endowed with a love of useful adventure, and for the discovery of new
+countries he had an insatiable thirst. It began with him as a child, and
+was fresh and irrepressible in his latest years. Among the arts, he
+assigned to navigation the highest importance. His broad appreciation of it
+and his strong attachment to it, are finely stated in his own compact and
+comprehensive description.
+
+"Of all the most useful and excellent arts, that of navigation has always
+seemed to me to occupy the first place. For the more hazardous it is, and
+the more numerous the perils and losses by which it is attended, so much
+the more is it esteemed and exalted above all others, being wholly unsuited
+to the timid and irresolute. By this art we obtain a knowledge of different
+countries, regions, and realms. By it we attract and bring to our own land
+all kinds of riches; by it the idolatry of paganism is overthrown and
+Christianity proclaimed throughout all the regions of the earth. This is
+the art which won my love in my early years, and induced me to expose
+myself almost all my life to the impetuous waves of the ocean, and led me
+to explore the coasts of a part of America, especially those of New France,
+where I have always desired to see the Lily flourish, together with the
+only religion, catholic, apostolic, and Roman."
+
+In addition to his natural love for discovery, Champlain had a combination
+of other qualities which rendered his explorations pre-eminently valuable.
+His interest did not vanish with seeing what was new. It was by no means a
+mere fancy for simple sight-seeing. Restlessness and volatility did not
+belong to his temperament. His investigations were never made as an end,
+but always as a means. His undertakings in this direction were for the most
+part shaped and colored by his Christian principle and his patriotic love
+of France. Sometimes one and sometimes the other was more prominent.
+
+His voyage to the West Indies was undertaken under a twofold impulse. It
+gratified his love of exploration and brought back rare and valuable
+information to France. Spain at that time did not open her island-ports to
+the commerce of the world. She was drawing from them vast revenues in
+pearls and the precious metals. It was her policy to keep this whole
+domain, this rich archipelago, hermetically sealed, and any foreign vessel
+approached at the risk of capture and confiscation. Champlain could not,
+therefore, explore this region under a commission from France. He
+accordingly sought and obtained permission to visit these Spanish
+possessions under the authority of Spain herself. He entered and personally
+examined all the important ports that surround and encircle the Caribbean
+Sea, from the pearl-bearing Margarita on the south, Deseada on the east, to
+Cuba on the west, together with the city of Mexico, and the Isthmus of
+Panama on the mainland. As the fruit of these journeyings, he brought back
+a report minute in description, rich in details, and luminous with
+illustrations. This little brochure, from the circumstances attendant upon
+its origin, is unsurpassed in historical importance by any similar or
+competing document of that period. It must always remain of the highest
+value as a trustworthy, original authority, without which it is probable
+that the history of those islands, for that period, could not be accurately
+and truthfully written.
+
+Champlain was a pioneer in the exploration of the Atlantic coast of New
+England and the eastern provinces of Canada, From the Strait of Canseau, at
+the northeastern extremity of Nova Scotia, to the Vineyard Sound, on the
+southern limits of Massachusetts, he made a thorough survey of the coast in
+1605 and 1606, personally examining its most important harbors, bays, and
+rivers, mounting its headlands, penetrating its forests, carefully
+observing and elaborately describing its soil, its products, and its native
+inhabitants. Besides lucid and definite descriptions of the coast, he
+executed topographical drawings of numerous points of interest along our
+shores, as Plymouth harbor, Nauset Bay, Stage Harbor at Chatham, Gloucester
+Bay, the Bay of Baco, with the long stretch of Old Orchard Beach and its
+interspersed islands, the mouth of the Kennebec, and as many more on the
+coast of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. To these he added descriptions,
+more or less definite, of the harbors of Barnstable, Wellfleet, Boston, of
+the headland of Cape Anne, Merrimac Bay, the Isles of Shoals, Cape
+Porpoise, Richmond's Island, Mount Desert, Isle Haute, Seguin, and the
+numberless other islands that adorn the exquisite sea-coast of Maine, as
+jewels that add a new lustre to the beauty of a peerless goddess.
+
+Other navigators had coasted along our shores. Some of them had touched at
+single points, of which they made meagre and unsatisfactory surveys.
+Gosnold had, in 1602, discovered Savage Rock, but it was so indefinitely
+located and described that it cannot even at this day be identified.
+Resolving to make a settlement on one of the barren islands forming the
+group named in honor of Queen Elizabeth and still bearing her name; after
+some weeks spent in erecting a storehouse, and in collecting a cargo of
+"furrs, skyns, saxafras, and other commodities," the project of a
+settlement was abandoned and he returned to England, leaving, however, two
+permanent memorials of his voyage, in the names which he gave respectively
+to Martha's Vineyard and to the headland of Cape Cod.
+
+Captain Martin Pring came to our shores in 1603, in search of a cargo of
+sassafras. There are indications that he entered the Penobscot. He
+afterward paid his respects to Savage Rock, the undefined _bonanza_ of his
+predecessor. He soon found his desired cargo on the Vineyard Islands, and
+hastily returned to England.
+
+Captain George Weymouth, in 1605, was on the coast of Maine concurrently,
+or nearly so, with Champlain, where he passed a month, explored a river,
+set up a cross, and took possession of the country in the name of the king.
+But where these transactions took place is still in dispute, so
+indefinitely does his journalist describe them.
+
+Captain John Smith, eight years later than Champlain, surveyed the coast of
+New England while his men were collecting a cargo of furs and fish. He
+wrote a description of it from memory, part or all of it while a prisoner
+on board a French ship of war off Fayall, and executed a map, both
+valuable, but nevertheless exceedingly indefinite and general in their
+character.
+
+These flying visits to our shores were not unimportant, and must not be
+undervalued. They were necessary steps in the progress of the grand
+historical events that followed. But they were meagre and hasty and
+superficial, when compared to the careful, deliberate, extensive, and
+thorough, not to say exhaustive, explorations made by Champlain.
+
+In the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Cartier had preceded Champlain by a period of
+more than sixty years. During this long, dreary half-century the stillness
+of the primeval forest had not been disturbed by the woodman's axe. When
+Champlain's eyes fell upon it, it was still the same wild, unfrequented,
+unredeemed region that it had been to its first discoverer. The rivers,
+bays, and islands described by Cartier were identified by Champlain, and
+the names they had already received were permanently fixed by his added
+authority. The whole gulf and river were re-examined and described anew in
+his journal. The exploration of the Richelieu and of Lake Champlain was
+pushed into the interior three hundred miles from his base at Quebec. It
+reached into a wilderness and along gentle waters never before seen by any
+civilized race. It was at once fascinating and hazardous, environed as it
+was by vigilant and ferocious savages, who guarded its gates with the
+sleepless watchfulness of the fabled Cerberus.
+
+The courage, endurance, and heroism of Champlain were tested in the still
+greater-exploration of 1615. It extended from Montreal, the whole length of
+the Ottawa, to Lake Nipissing, the Georgian Bay, Simcoe, the system of
+small lakes on the south, across the Ontario, and finally ending in the
+interior of the State of New York, a journey through tangled forests and
+broken water-courses of more than a thousand miles, occupying nearly a
+year, executed in the face of physical suffering and hardship before which
+a nature less intrepid and determined, less loyal to his great purpose,
+less generous and unselfish, would have yielded at the outset. These
+journeys into the interior, along the courses of navigable rivers and
+lakes, and through the primitive forests, laid open to the knowledge of the
+French a domain vast and indefinite in extent, on which an empire broader
+and far richer in resources than the old Gallic France might have been
+successfully reared.
+
+The personal explorations of Champlain in the West Indies, on the Atlantic
+coast, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the State of New York and of
+Vermont, and among the lakes in Canada and those that divide the Dominion
+from the United States, including the full, explicit, and detailed journals
+which he wrote concerning them, place Champlain undeniably not merely in
+the front rank, but at the head of the long list of explorers and
+navigators, who early visited this part of the continent of North America.
+
+Champlain's literary labors are interesting and important. They were not
+professional, but incidental, and the natural outgrowth of the career to
+which he devoted his life He had the sagacity to see that the fields which
+he entered as an explorer were new and important, that the aspect of every
+thing which he then saw would, under the influence and progress of
+civilization, soon be changed, and that it was historically important that
+a portrait Sketched by an eyewitness should be handed down to other
+generations. It was likewise necessary for the immediate and successful
+planting of colonies, that those who engaged in the undertaking should have
+before them full information of all the conditions on which they were to
+build their hopes of final success.
+
+Inspired by such motives as these, Champlain wrote out an accurate journal
+of the events that transpired about him, of what he personally saw, and of
+the observations of others, authenticated by the best tests which, under
+the circumstances, he was able to apply. His natural endowments for this
+work were of the highest order. As an observer he was sagacious,
+discriminating, and careful. His judgment was cool, comprehensive, and
+judicious. His style is in general clear, logical, and compact. His
+acquired ability was not, however, extraordinary. He was a scholar neither
+by education nor by profession. His life was too full of active duties, or
+too remote from the centres of knowledge for acquisitions in the
+departments of elegant and refined learning. The period in which he lived
+was little distinguished for literary culture. A more brilliant day was
+approaching, but it had not yet appeared. The French language was still
+crude and unpolished. It had not been disciplined and moulded into the
+excellence to which it soon after arose in the reign of Louis XIV. We
+cannot in reason look for a grace, refinement, and flexibility which the
+French language had not at that time generally attained. But it is easy to
+see under the rude, antique, and now obsolete forms which characterize
+Champlain's narratives, the elements of a style which, under, early
+discipline, nicer culture, and a richer vocabulary, might have made it a
+model for all times. There are, here and there, some involved, unfinished,
+and obscure passages, which seem, indeed, to be the offspring of haste, or
+perhaps of careless and inadequate proof-reading. But in general his style
+is without ornament, simple, dignified, concise, and clear. While he was
+not a diffusive writer, his works are by no means limited in extent, as
+they occupy in the late erudite Laverdière's edition, six quarto volumes,
+containing fourteen hundred pages. In them are three large maps,
+delineating the whole northeastern part of the continent, executed with
+great care and labor by his own hand, together with numerous local
+drawings, picturing not only bays and harbors, Indian canoes, wigwams, and
+fortresses, but several battle scenes, conveying a clear idea, not possible
+by a mere verbal description, of the savage implements and mode of warfare.
+[120] His works include, likewise, a treatise on navigation, full of
+excellent suggestions to the practical seaman of that day, drawn from his
+own experience, stretching over a period of more than forty years.
+
+The Voyages of Champlain, as an authority, must always stand in the front
+rank. In trustworthiness, in richness and fullness of detail, they have no
+competitor in the field of which they treat. His observations upon the
+character, manners, customs, habits, and utensils of the aborigines, were
+made before they were modified or influenced in their mode of life by
+European civilization. The intercourse of the strolling fur-trader and
+fishermen with them was so infrequent and brief at that early period, that
+it made upon them little or no impression. Champlain consequently pictures
+the Indian in his original, primeval simplicity. This will always give to
+his narratives, in the eye of the historian, the ethnologist, and the
+antiquary, a peculiar and pre-eminent importance. The result of personal
+observation, eminently truthful and accurate, their testimony must in all
+future time be incomparably the best that can be obtained relating to the
+aborigines on this part of the American continent.
+
+In completing this memoir, the reader can hardly fail to be impressed, not
+to say disappointed, by the fact that results apparently insignificant
+should thus far have followed a life of able, honest, unselfish, heroic
+labor. The colony was still small in numbers, the acres subdued and brought
+into cultivation were few, and the aggregate yearly products were meagre.
+But it is to be observed that the productiveness of capital and labor and
+talent, two hundred and seventy years ago, cannot well be compared with the
+standards of to-day. Moreover, the results of Champlain's career are
+insignificant rather in appearance than in reality. The work which he did
+was in laying foundations, while the superstructure was to be reared in
+other years and by other hands. The palace or temple, by its lofty and
+majestic proportions, attracts the eye and gratifies the taste; but its
+unseen foundations, with their nicely adjusted arches, without which the
+superstructure would crumble to atoms, are not less the result of the
+profound knowledge and practical wisdom of the architect. The explorations
+made by Champlain early and late, the organization and planting of his
+colonies, the resistance of avaricious corporations, the holding of
+numerous savage tribes in friendly alliance, the daily administration of
+the affairs of the colony, of the savages, and of the corporation in
+France, to the eminent satisfaction of all generous and noble-minded
+patrons, and this for a period of more than thirty years, are proofs of an
+extraordinary combination of mental and moral qualities. Without
+impulsiveness, his warm and tender sympathies imparted to him an unusual
+power and influence over other men. He was wise, modest, and judicious in
+council, prompt, vigorous, and practical in administration, simple and
+frugal in his mode of life, persistent and unyielding in the execution of
+his plans, brave and valiant in danger, unselfish, honest, and
+conscientious in the discharge of duty. These qualities, rare in
+combination, were always conspicuous in Champlain, and justly entitle him
+to the respect and admiration of mankind.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+117. _Vide Creuxius, Historia Canadensis_, pp 183, 184.
+
+118. The justness of Champlain's conception of the value of the fur-trade
+     has been verified by its subsequent history. The Hudson's Bay Company
+     was organized for the purpose of carrying on this trade, under a
+     charter granted by Charles II., in 1670. A part of the trade has at
+     times been conducted by other associations But this company is still
+     in active and rigorous operation. Its capital is $10,000,000. At its
+     reorganization in 1863, it was estimated that it would yield a net
+     annual income, to be divided among the corporators, of $400,000. It
+     employs twelve hundred servants beside its chief factors. It is easy
+     to see what a vast amount of wealth in the shape of furs and peltry
+     has been pouring into the European markets, for more than two hundred
+     years, from this fur bearing region, and the sources of this wealth
+     are probably little, if in any degree, diminished.
+
+119. _Vide Documents inédits sur Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne
+     Charavay, archiviste-paléographe, Paris, 1875.
+
+120. The later sketches made by Champlain are greatly superior to those
+     which he executed to illustrate his voyage in the West Indies. They
+     are not only accurate, but some of them are skilfully done, and not
+     only do no discredit to an amateur, but discover marks of artistic
+     taste and skill.
+
+
+
+
+ANNOTATIONES POSTSCRIPTAE
+
+EUSTACHE BOULLÉ. A brother-in-law of Champlain, who made his first visit to
+Canada in 1618. He was an active assistant of Champlain, and in 1625 was
+named his lieutenant. He continued there until the taking of Quebec by the
+English in 1629. He subsequently took holy orders.--_Vide Doc. inédits sur
+Samuel de Champlain_, par Étienne Charavay. Paris, 1875, p. 8.
+
+PONT GRAVÉ. The whole career of this distinguished merchant was closely
+associated with Canadian trade. He was in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the
+interest of Chauvin, in 1599. He commanded the expedition sent out by De
+Chaste in 1603, when Champlain made his first exploration of the River St.
+Lawrence. He was intrusted with the chief management of the trade carried
+on with the Indians by the various companies and viceroys under Champlain's
+lieutenancy until the removal of the colony by the English, when his active
+life was closed by the infirmities of age. He was always a warm and trusted
+friend of Champlain, who sought his counsel on all occasions of importance.
+
+THE BIRTH OF CHAMPLAIN. All efforts to fix the exact date of his birth have
+been unsuccessful. M. De Richemond, author of a _Biographie de la Charente
+Inférieure_, instituted most careful searches, particularly with the hope
+of finding a record of his baptism. The records of the parish of Brouage
+extend back only to August 11, 1615. The duplicates, deposited at the
+office of the civil tribunal of Marennes anterior to this date, were
+destroyed by fire.--_MS. letter of M. De Richemond, Archivist of the Dep.
+of Charente Inférieure_, La Rochelle, July 17, 1875.
+
+MARC LESCARBOT. We have cited the authority of this writer in this work on
+many occasions. He was born at Vervins, perhaps about 1585. He became an
+advocate, and a resident of Paris, and, according to Larousse, died in
+1630. He came to America in 1606, and passed the winter of that year at the
+French settlement near the present site of Lower Granville, on the western
+bank of Annapolis Basin in Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1607 he crossed
+the Bay of Fundy, entered the harbor of St. John, N. B., and extended his
+voyage as far as De Monts's Island in the River St. Croix. He returned to
+France that same year, on the breaking up of De Monts's colony. He was the
+author of the following works: _Histoire de la Nouvelle France_, 1609; _Les
+Muses de la Nouvelle France; Tableau de la Suisse, auquel sont décrites les
+Singularites des Alpes_, Paris, 1618; _La Chasse aux Anglais dans l'isle de
+Rhé et au Siége de la Rochelle, et la Réduction de cette Ville en 1628_,
+Paris, 1629.
+
+PLYMOUTH HARBOR. This note will modify our remarks on p. 78, Vol. II.
+Champlain entered this harbor on the 18th of July, 1605, and, lingering but
+a single day, sailed out of it on the 19th. He named it _Port St. Louis_,
+or _Port du Cap St. Louis_.--_Vide antea_, pp. 53, 54; Vol. II., pp. 76-78.
+As the fruit of his brief stay in the harbor of Plymouth, he made an
+outline sketch of the bay which preserves most of its important features.
+He delineates what is now called on our Coast Survey maps _Long Beach_ and
+_Duxbury Beach_. At the southern extremity of the latter is the headland
+known as the _Gurnet_. Within the bay he figures two islands, of which he
+speaks also in the text. These two islands are mentioned in Mourt's
+Relation, printed in 1622.--_Vide Dexter's ed._ p. 60. They are also
+figured on an old map of the date of 1616, found by J. R. Brodhead in the
+Royal Archives at the Hague; likewise on a map by Lucini, without date,
+but, as it has Boston on it, it must have been executed after 1630. These
+maps may be found in _Doc. His. of the State of New York_, Vol. I.;
+_Documents relating to the Colonial His. of the State of New York_, Vol.
+I., p. 13. The reader will find these islands likewise indicated on the map
+of William Wood, entitled _The South part of New-England, as it is Planted
+this yeare, 1634_.--_Vide New England Prospect_, Prince Society ed. They
+appear also on Blaskowitz's "Plan of Plimouth," 1774.--_Vide Changes in the
+Harbor of Plymouth_, by Prof. Henry Mitchell, Chief of Physical
+Hydrography, U. S. Coast Survey, Report of 1876, Appendix No. 9. In the
+collections of the Mass. Historical Society for 1793, Vol. II., in an
+article entitled _A Topographical Description of Duxborough_, but without
+the author's name, the writer speaks of two pleasant islands within the
+harbor, and adds that Saquish was joined to the Gurnet by a narrow piece of
+land, but for several years the water had made its way across and
+_insulated_ it.
+
+From the early maps to which we have referred, and the foregoing citations,
+it appears that there were two islands in the harbor of Plymouth from the
+time of Champlain till about the beginning of the present century. A
+careful collation of Champlain's map of the harbor with the recent Coast
+Survey Charts will render it evident that one of these islands thus figured
+by Champlain, and by others later, is Saquish Head; that since his time a
+sand-bank has been thrown up and now become permanent, connecting it with
+the Gurnet by what is now called Saquish Neck. Prof. Mitchell, in the work
+already cited, reports that there are now four fathoms less of water in the
+deeper portion of the roadstead than when Champlain explored the harbor in
+1605. There must, therefore, have been an enormous deposit of sand to
+produce this result, and this accounts for the neck of sand which has been
+thrown up and become fixed or permanent, now connecting Saquish Head with
+the Gurnet.
+
+MOUNT DESERT. This island was discovered on the fifth day of September,
+1604. Champlain having been comissioned by Sieur De Monts, the Patentee of
+La Cadie, to make discoveries on the coast southwest of the Saint Croix,
+left the mouth of that river in a small barque of seventeen or eighteen
+tons, with twelve sailors and two savages as guides, and anchored the same
+evening, apparently near Bar Harbor. While here, they explored Frenchman's
+Bay as far on the north as the Narrows, where Champlain says the distance
+across to the mainland is not more than a hundred paces. The next day, on
+the sixth of the month, they sailed two leagues, and came to Otter Creek
+Cove, which extends up into the island a mile or more, nestling between the
+spurs of Newport Mountain on the east and Green Mountain on the west.
+Champlain says this cove is "at the foot of the mountains," which clearly
+identifies it, as it is the only one in the neighborhood answering to this
+description. In this cove they discovered several savages, who had come
+there to hunt beavers and to fish. On a visit to Otter Cove Cliffs in June,
+1880, we were told by an old fisherman ninety years of age, living on the
+borders of this cove, and the statement was confirmed by several others,
+that on the creek at the head of the cove, there was, within his memory, a
+well-known beaver dam.
+
+The Indians whose acquaintance Champlain made at this place conducted him
+among the islands, to the mouth of the Penobscot, and finally up the river,
+to the site of the present city of Bangor. It was on this visit, on the
+fifth of September, 1604, that Champlain gave the island the name of
+_Monts-déserts_. The French generally gave to places names that were
+significant. In this instance they did not depart from their usual custom.
+The summits of most of the mountains on this island, then as now, were only
+rocks, being destitute of trees, and this led Champlain to give its
+significant name, which, in plain English, means the island of the desert,
+waste, or uncultivatable mountains. If we follow the analogy of the
+language, either French or English, it should be pronounced with the accent
+on the penult, Mount Désert, and not on the last syllable, as we sometimes
+hear it. This principle cannot be violated without giving to the word a
+meaning which, in this connection, would be obviously inappropriate and
+absurd.
+
+CARTE DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, 1632. As the map of 1632 has often been
+referred to in this work, we have introduced into this volume a heliotype
+copy. The original was published in the year of its date, but it had been
+completed before Champlain left Quebec in 1629. The reader will bear in
+mind that it was made from Champlain's personal explorations, and from such
+other information as could be obtained from the meagre sources which
+existed at that early period, and not from any accurate or scientific
+surveys. The information which he obtained from others was derived from
+more or less doubtful sources, coming as it did from fishermen,
+fur-traders, and the native inhabitants. The two former undoubtedly
+constructed, from time to time, rude maps of the coast for their own use.
+From these Champlain probably obtained valuable hints, and he was thus able
+to supplement his own knowledge of the regions with which he was least
+familiar on the Atlantic coast and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Beyond the
+limits of his personal explorations on the west, his information was wholly
+derived from the savages. No European had penetrated into those regions, if
+we except his servant, Étienne Brûlé, whose descriptions could have been of
+very little service. The deficiencies of Champlain's map are here
+accordingly most apparent. Rivers and lakes farther west than the Georgian
+Bay, and south of it, are sometimes laid down where none exist, and, again,
+where they do exist, none are portrayed. The outline of Lake Huron, for
+illustration, was entirely misconceived. A river-like line only of water
+represents Lake Erie, while Lake Michigan does not appear at all.
+
+The delineation of Hudson's Bay was evidently taken from the TABULA NAUTICA
+of Henry Hudson, as we have shown in Note 297, Vol. II., to which the
+reader is referred.
+
+It will be observed that there is no recognition on the map of any English
+settlement within the limits of New England. In 1629, when the _Carte de la
+Nouvelle France_ was completed, an English colony had been planted at
+Plymouth, Mass., nine years, and another at Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, N.
+H., six years. The Rev. William Blaxton had been for several years in
+occupation of the peninsula of Shawmut, or Boston. Salem had also been
+settled one or two years. These last two may not, it is true, have come to
+Champlain's knowledge. But none of these settlements are laid down on the
+map. The reason of these omissions is obvious. The whole territory from at
+least the 40th degree of north latitude, stretching indefinitely to the
+north, was claimed by the French. As possession was, at that day, the most
+potent argument for the justice of a territorial claim, the recognition, on
+a French map, of these English settlements, would have been an indiscretion
+which the wise and prudent Champlain would not be likely to commit.
+
+There is, however, a distinct recognition of an English settlement farther
+south. Cape Charles and Cape Henry appear at the entrance of Chesapeake
+Bay. Virginia is inscribed in its proper place, while Jamestown and Point
+Comfort are referred to by numbers.
+
+On the borders of the map numerous fish belonging to these waters are
+figured, together with several vessels of different sizes and in different
+attitudes, thus preserving their form and structure at that period. The
+degrees of latitude and longitude are numerically indicated, which are
+convenient for the references found in Champlain's journals, but are
+necessarily too inaccurate to be otherwise useful. But notwithstanding its
+defects, when we take into account the limited means at his command, the
+difficulties which he had to encounter, the vast region which it covers,
+this map must be regarded as an extraordinary achievement. It is by far the
+most accurate in outline, and the most finished in detail, of any that had
+been attempted of this region anterior to this date.
+
+THE PORTRAITS OF CHAMPLAIN.--Three engraved portraits of Champlain have
+come to our knowledge. All of them appear to have been after an original
+engraved portrait by Balthazar Moncornet. This artist was born in Rouen
+about 1615, and died not earlier than 1670. He practised his art in Paris,
+where he kept a shop for the sale of prints. Though not eminently
+distinguished as a skilful artist, he nevertheless left many works,
+particularly a great number of portraits. As he had not arrived at the age
+of manhood when Champlain died, his engraving of him was probably executed
+about fifteen or twenty years after that event. At that time Madame
+Champlain, his widow, was still living, as likewise many of Champlaln's
+intimate friends. From some of them it is probable Moncornet obtained a
+sketch or portrait, from which his engraving was made.
+
+Of the portraits of Champlain which we have seen, we may mention first that
+in Laverdière's edition of his works. This is a half-length, with long,
+curling hair, moustache and imperial. The sleeves of the close-fitting coat
+are slashed, and around the neck is the broad linen collar of the period,
+fastened in front with cord and tassels. On the left, in the background, is
+the promontory of Quebec, with the representation of several turreted
+buildings both in the upper and lower town. On the border of the oval,
+which incloses the subject, is the legend, _Moncornet Ex c. p._ The
+engraving is coarsely executed, apparently on copper. It is alleged to have
+been taken from an original Moncornet in France. Our inquiries as to where
+the original then was, or in whose possession it then was or is now, have
+been unsuccessful. No original, when inquiries were made by Dr. Otis, a
+short time since, was found to exist in the department of prints in the
+Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
+
+Another portrait of Champlain is found in Shea's translation of
+Charlevoix's History of New France. This was taken from the portrait of
+Champlain, which, with that of Cartier, Montcalm, Wolfe, and others, adorns
+the walls of the reception room of the Speaker of the House of Commons, in
+the Parliament House at Ottawa, in Canada, which was painted by Thomas
+Hamel, from a copy of Moncornet's engraving obtained in France by the late
+M. Faribault. From the costume and general features, it appears to be after
+the same as that contained in Laverdière's edition of Champlain's works, to
+which we have already referred. The artist has given it a youthful
+appearance, which suggests that the original sketch was made many years
+before Champlain's death. We are indebted to the politeness of Dr. Shea for
+the copies which accompany this work.
+
+A third portrait of Champlain may be found in L'Histoire de France, par M.
+Guizot, Paris, 1876, Vol. v. p. 149. The inscription reads: "CHAMPLAIN
+[SAMUEL DE], d'après un portrait gravé par Moncornet." It is engraved on
+wood by E. Ronjat, and represents the subject in the advanced years of his
+life. In position, costume, and accessories it is widely different from the
+others, and Moncornet must have left more than one engraving of Champlain,
+or we must conclude that the modern artists have taken extraordinary
+liberties with their subject. The features are strong, spirited, and
+characteristic. A heliotype copy accompanies this volume.
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION.
+
+The journals of Champlain, commonly called his Voyages, were written and
+published by him at intervals from 1603 to 1632. The first volume was
+printed in 1603, and entitled,--
+
+1. _Des Sauuages, ou, Voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouage, faict en la
+France Nouuelle, l'an mil six cens trois. A Paris, chez Claude de
+Monstr'oeil, tenant sa boutique en la Cour du Palais, au nom de Jesus.
+1604. Auec privilege du Roy_. 12mo. 4 preliminary leaves. Text 36 leaves.
+The title-page contains also a sub-title, enumerating in detail the
+subjects treated of in the work. Another copy with slight verbal changes
+has no date on the title-page, but in both the "privilège" is dated
+November 15, 1603. The copies which we have used are in the Library of
+Harvard College, and in that of Mrs. John Carter Brown, of Providence, R.
+I.
+
+An English translation of this issue is contained in _Purchas his
+Pilgrimes_. London, 1625, vol. iv., pp. 1605-1619.
+
+The next publication appeared in 1613, with the following title:--
+
+2. _Les Voyages du Sieur de Champlain Xaintongeois, Capitaine ordinaire
+pour le Roy, en la marine. Divisez en deux livres. ou, journal tres-fidele
+des observations faites és descouuertures de la Nouuelle France: tant en la
+description des terres, costes, riuieres, ports, haures, leurs hauteurs, &
+plusieurs delinaisons de la guide-aymant; qu'en la creance des peuples,
+leur superslition, façon de viure & de guerroyer: enrichi de quantité de
+figures, A Paris, chez Jean Berjon, rue S. Jean de Beauuais, au Cheual
+volant, & en sa boutique au Palais, à la gallerie des prisonniers.
+M.DC.XIII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 4to. 10 preliminary leaves. Text, 325
+pages; table 5 pp. One large folding map. One small map. 22 plates. The
+title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title in regard to the two maps.
+
+The above-mentioned volume contains, also, the Fourth Voyage, bound in at
+the end, with the following title:--
+
+_Qvatriesme Voyage du Sr de Champlain Capitaine ordinaire povr le Roy en la
+marine, & Lieutenant de Monseigneur le Prince de Condé en la Nouuelle
+France, fait en l'année_ 1613. 52 pages. Whether this was also issued as a
+separate work, we are not informed.
+
+The copy of this publication of 1613 which we have used is in the Library
+of Harvard College.
+
+The next publication of Champlain was in 1619. There was a re-issue of the
+same in 1620 and likewise in 1627. The title of the last-mentioned issue is
+as follows:--
+
+3. _Voyages et Descovvertures faites en la Novvelle France, depuis l'année
+1615. iusques à la fin de l'année 1618. Par le Sieur de Champlain,
+Cappitaine ordinaire pour le Roy en la Mer du Ponant. Seconde Edition. A
+Paris, chez Clavde Collet, au Palais, en la gallerie des Prisonniers.
+M.D.C.XXVII. Avec privilege dv Roy_. 12mo. 8 preliminary leaves. Text 158
+leaves, 6 plates. The title-page contains, in addition, a sub-title, giving
+an outline of the contents. The edition of 1627, belonging to the Library
+of Harvard College, contains likewise an illuminated title-page, which we
+here give in heliotype. As this illuminated title-page bears the date of
+1619, it was probably that of the original edition of that date.
+
+The next and last publication of Champlain was issued in 1632, with the
+following title:--
+
+4. _Les Voyages de la Novvelle France occidentale, dicte Canada, faits par
+le Sr de Champlain Xainctongeois, Capitaine pour le Roy en la Marine du
+Ponant, & toutes les Descouuertes qu'il a faites en ce païs depuis l'an
+1603, iusques en l'an 1629. Où se voit comme ce pays a esté premierement
+descouuert par les François, sous l'authorité de nos Roys tres-Chrestiens,
+iusques au regne de sa Majesté à present regnante Louis XIII. Roy de France
+& de Navarre. A Paris. Chez Clavde Collet au Palais, en la Gallerie des
+Prisonniers, à l'Estoille d'Or. M.DC.XXXII. Avec Privilege du Roy_.
+
+There is also a long sub-title, with a statement that the volume contains
+what occurred in New France in 1631. The volume is dedicated to Cardinal
+Richelieu. 4to. 16 preliminary pages. Text 308 pages. 6 plates, which are
+the same as those in the edition of 1619. "Seconde Partie," 310 pages. One
+large general map; table explanatory of map, 8 pages. "Traitté de la
+Marine," 54 pages. 2 plates. "Doctrine Chrestienne" and "L'Oraison
+Dominicale," 20 pages. Another copy gives the name of Sevestre as
+publisher, and another that of Pierre Le Mvr.
+
+The publication of 1632 is stated by Laverdière to have been reissued in
+1640, with a new title and date, but without further changes. This,
+however, is not found in the National Library at Paris, which contains all
+the other editions and issues. The copies of the edition of 1632 which we
+have consulted are in the Harvard College Library and in the Boston
+Athenaeum.
+
+It is of importance to refer, as we have done, to the particular copy used,
+for it appears to have been the custom in the case of books printed as
+early as the above, to keep the type standing, and print issues at
+intervals, sometimes without any change in the title-page or date, and yet
+with alterations to some extent in the text. For instance, the copy of the
+publication of 1613 in the Harvard College Library differs from that in
+Mrs. Brown's Library, at Providence, in minor points, and particularly in
+reference to some changes in the small map. The same is true of the
+publication of 1603. The variations are probably in part owing to the lack
+of uniformity in spelling at that period.
+
+None of Champlain's works had been reprinted until 1830, when there
+appeared, in two volumes, a reprint of the publication of 1632, "at the
+expense of the government, in order to give work to printers." Since then
+there has been published the elaborate work, with extensive annotations, of
+the Abbé Laverdière, as follows:--
+
+OEUVRES DE CHAMPLAIN, PUBLIÉES SOUS LE PATRONAGE DE L'UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL. PAR
+L'ABBÉ C. H. LAVERDIÈRE, M. A. SECONDE ÉDITION. 6 TOMES. 4TO. QUÉBEC:
+IMPRIMÉ AU SÉMINAIRE PAR GEO. E. DESBARATS. 1870.
+
+This contains all the works of Champlain above mentioned, and the text is a
+faithful reprint from the early Paris editions. It includes, in addition to
+this, Champlain's narrative of his voyage to the West Indies, in 1598, of
+which the following is the title:--
+
+_Brief Discovrs des choses plvs remarqvables qve Sammvel Champlain de
+Brovage a reconneues aux Indes Occidentalles au voiage qu'il en a faict en
+icelles en l'année mil v[c] iiij.[xx].xix. & en l'année mil vj[c] i. comme
+ensuit_.
+
+This had never before been published in French, although a translation of
+it had been issued by the Hakluyt Society in 1859. The _MS_. is the only
+one of Champlain's known to exist, excepting a letter to Richelieu,
+published by Laverdière among the "Pièces Justificatives." When used by
+Laverdière it was in the possession of M. Féret, of Dieppe, but has since
+been advertised for sale by the Paris booksellers, Maisonneuve & Co., at
+the price of 15,000 francs, and is now in the possession of M. Pinart.
+
+The volume printed in 1632 has been frequently compared with that of 1613,
+as if the former were merely a second edition of the latter. But this
+conveys an erroneous idea of the relation between the two. In the first
+place, the volume of 1632 contains what is not given in any of the previous
+publications of Champlain. That is, it extends his narrative over the
+period from 1620 to 1632. It likewise goes over the same ground that is
+covered not only by the volume of 1613, but also by the other still later
+publications of Champlain, up to 1620. It includes, moreover, a treatise on
+navigation. In the second place, it is an abridgment, and not a second
+edition in any proper sense. It omits for the most part personal details
+and descriptions of the manners and customs of the Indians, so that very
+much that is essential to the full comprehension of Champlain's work as an
+observer and explorer is gone. Moreover, there seems a to be some internal
+evidence indicating that this abridgment was not made by Champlain himself,
+and Laverdière suggests that the work has been tampered with by another
+hand. Thus, all favorable allusions to the Récollets, to whom Champlain was
+friendly, are modified or expunged, while the Jesuits are made to appear in
+a prominent and favorable light. This question has been specially
+considered by Laverdière in his introduction to the issue of 1632, to which
+the reader is referred.
+
+The language used by Champlain is essentially the classic French of the
+time of Henry IV. The dialect or patois of Saintonge, his native province,
+was probably understood and spoken by him; but we have not discovered any
+influence of it in his writings, either in respect to idiom or vocabulary.
+An occasional appearance at court, and his constant official intercourse
+with public men of prominence at Paris and elsewhere, rendered necessary
+strict attention to the language he used.
+
+But though using in general the language of court and literature, he
+offends not unfrequently against the rules of grammar and logical
+arrangement. Probably his busy career did not allow him to read, much less
+study, at least in reference to their style, such masterpieces of
+literature as the "Essais" of Montaigne, the translations of Amyot, or the
+"Histoire Universelle" of D'Aubigné. The voyages of Cartier he undoubtedly
+read; but, although superior in point of literary merit to Champlaih's
+writings, they were, by no-means without their blemishes, nor were they
+worthy of being compared with the classical authors to which we have
+alluded. But Champlain's discourse is so straightforward, and the thought
+so simple and clear, that the meaning is seldom obscure, and his occasional
+violations of grammar and looseness of style are quite pardonable in one
+whose occupations left him little time for correction and revision. Indeed,
+one rather wonders that the unpretending explorer writes so well. It is the
+thought, not the words, which occupies his attention. Sometimes, after
+beginning a period which runs on longer than usual, his interest in what he
+has to narrate seems so completely to occupy him that he forgets the way in
+which he commenced, and concludes in a manner not in logical accordance
+with the beginning. We subjoin a passage or two illustrative of his
+inadvertencies in respect to language. They are from his narrative of the
+voyage of 1603, and the text of the Paris edition is followed:
+
+1. "Au dit bout du lac, il y a des peuples qui sont cabannez, puis on entre
+dans trois autres riuieres, quelques trois ou quatre iournees dans chacune,
+où au bout desdites riuieres, il y a deux ou trois manières de lacs, d'où
+prend la source du Saguenay." Chap. iv.
+
+2. "Cedit iour rengeant tousiours ladite coste du Nort, iusques à vn lieu
+où nous relachasmes pour les vents qui nous estoient contraires, où il y
+auoit force rochers & lieux fort dangereux, nous feusmes trois iours en
+attendant le beau temps" Chap. v.
+
+3. "Ce seroit vn grand bien qui pourrait trouuer à la coste de la Floride
+quelque passage qui allast donner proche du & susdit grand lac." Chap. x.
+
+4. "lesquelles [riuieres] vont dans les terres, où le pays y est tres-bon &
+fertille, & de fort bons ports." Chap. x.
+
+5. "Il y a aussi vne autre petite riuiere qui va tomber comme à moitié
+chemin de celle par où reuint ledict sieur Preuert, où sont comme deux
+manières de lacs en ceste-dicte riuiere." Chap. xii.
+
+The following passages are taken at random from the voyages of 1604-10, as
+illustrative of Champlain's style in general:
+
+1. Explorations in the Bay of Fundy, Voyage of 1604-8. "De la riuiere
+sainct Iean nous fusmes à quatre isles, en l'vne desquelles nous mismes
+pied à terre, & y trouuasmes grande quantité d'oiseaux appeliez Margos,
+don't nous prismes force petits, qui sont aussi bons que pigeonneaux. Le
+sieur de Poitrincourt s'y pensa esgarer: Mais en fin il reuint à nostre
+barque comme nous l'allions cerchant autour de isle, qui est esloignee de
+la terre ferme trois lieues." Chap iii.
+
+2. Explorations in the Vineyard Sound. Voyage of 1604-8. "Comme nous eusmes
+fait quelques six ou sept lieues nous eusmes cognoissance d'vne isle que
+nous nommasmes la soupçonneuse, pour auoir eu plusieurs fois croyance de
+loing que ce fut autre chose qu'vne isle, puis le vent nous vint contraire,
+qui nous fit relascher au lieu d'où nous estions partis, auquel nous fusmes
+deux on trois jours sans que durant ce temps il vint aucun sauuage se
+presenter à nous." Chap. xv.
+
+3. Fight with the Indians on the Richelieu. Voyage of 1610.
+
+"Les Yroquois s'estonnoient du bruit de nos arquebuses, & principalement de
+ce que les balles persoient mieux que leurs flesches; & eurent tellement
+l'espouuante de l'effet qu'elles faisoient, voyant plusieurs de leurs
+compaignons tombez morts, & blessez, que de crainte qu'ils auoient, croyans
+ces coups estre sans remede ils se iettoient par terre, quand ils
+entendoient le bruit: aussi ne tirions gueres à faute, & deux ou trois
+balles à chacun coup, & auios la pluspart du temps nos arquebuses appuyees
+sur le bord de leur barricade." Chap. ii.
+
+The following words, found in the writings of Champlain, are to be noted as
+used by him in a sense different from the ordinary one, or as not found in
+the dictionaries. They occur in the voyages of 1603 and 1604-11. The
+numbers refer to the continuous pagination in the Quebec edition:
+
+_appoil_, 159. A species of duck. (?)
+
+_catalougue_, 266. A cloth used for wrapping up a dead body. Cf. Spanish
+_catalogo_.
+
+_déserter_, 211, _et passim_. In the sense of to clear up a new country by
+removing the trees, &c.
+
+_esplan_, 166. A small fish, like the _équille_ of Normandy.
+
+_estaire_, 250. A kind of mat. Cf. Spanish _estera_.
+
+_fleurir_, 247. To break or foam, spoken of the waves of the sea.
+
+_legueux_, 190. Watery.(?) Or for _ligneux_, fibrous.(?)
+
+_marmette_, 159. A kind of sea-bird.
+
+_Matachias_, 75, _et passim_. Indian word for strings of beads, used to
+ornament the person.
+
+_papesi_, 381. Name of one of the sails of a vessel.
+
+_petunoir_, 79. Pipe for smoking.
+
+_Pilotua_, 82, _et passim_. Word used by the Indians for soothsayer or
+medicine-man.
+
+_souler_, 252. In sense of, to be wont, accustomed.
+
+_truitière_, 264. Trout-brook.
+
+The first and main aim of the translator has been to give the exact sense
+of the original, and he has endeavored also to reproduce as far as possible
+the spirit and tone of Champlain's narrative. The important requisite in a
+translation, that it should be pure and idiomatic English, without any
+transfer of the mode of expression peculiar to the foreign language, has
+not, it is hoped, been violated, at least to any great extent. If,
+perchance, a French term or usage has been transferred to the translation,
+it is because it has seemed that the sense or spirit would be better
+conveyed in this way. At best, a translation comes short of the original,
+and it is perhaps pardonable at times to admit a foreign term, if by this
+means the sense or style seems to be better preserved. It is hoped that the
+present work has been done so as to satisfy the demands of the historian,
+who may find it convenient to use it in his investigations.
+
+C. P. O.
+
+BOSTON, June 17, 1880
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES
+
+OR VOYAGE OF
+
+SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+OF BROUAGE,
+
+Made in New France in the year 1603.
+
+DESCRIBING,
+
+The customs, mode of life, marriages, wars, and dwellings of the Savages of
+Canada. Discoveries for more than four hundred and fifty leagues in the
+country. The tribes, animals, rivers, lakes, islands, lands, trees, and
+fruits found there. Discoveries on the coast of La Cadie, and numerous
+mines existing there according to the report of the Savages.
+
+PARIS.
+
+Claude de Monstr'oeil, having his store in the Court of the Palace, under
+the name of Jesus.
+
+WITH AUTHORITY OF THE KING.
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION.
+
+To the very noble, high and powerful Lord Charles De Montmorency, Chevalier
+of the Orders of the King, Lord of Ampuille and of Meru, Count of
+Secondigny, Viscount of Melun, Baron of Chateauneuf and of Gonnort, Admiral
+of France and of Brittany.
+
+_My Lord,
+
+Although many have written about the country of Canada, I have nevertheless
+been unwilling to rest satisfied with their report, and have visited these
+regions expressly in order to be able to render a faithful testimony to the
+truth, which you will see, if it be your pleasure, in the brief narrative
+which I address to you, and which I beg you may find agreeable, and I pray
+God for your ever increasing greatness and prosperity, my Lord, and shall
+remain all my life,
+
+ Your most humble
+   and obedient servant,
+     S. CHAMPLAIN_.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM THE LICENSE
+
+By license of the King, given at Paris on the 15th of November, 1603,
+signed Brigard.
+
+Permission is given to Sieur de Champlain to have printed by such printer
+as may seem good to him, a book which he has composed, entitled, "The
+Savages, or Voyage of Sieur de Champlain, made in the Year 1603;" and all
+book-sellers and printers of this kingdom are forbidden to print, sell, or
+distribute said book, except with the consent of him whom he shall name and
+choose, on penalty of a fine of fifty crowns, of confiscation, and all
+expenses, as is more fully stated in the license.
+
+Said Sieur de Champlain, in accordance with his license, has chosen and
+given permission to Claude de Monstr'oeil, book-seller to the University of
+Paris, to print said book, and he has ceded and transferred to him his
+license, so that no other person can print or have printed, sell, or
+distribute it, during the time of five years, except with the consent of
+said Monstr'oeil, on the penalties contained in the said license.
+
+
+
+
+THE SAVAGES,
+
+VOYAGE OF SIEUR DE CHAMPLAIN
+
+MADE IN THE YEAR 1603.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+BRIEF NARRATIVE OF THE VOYAGE FROM HONFLEUR IN NORMANDY TO THE PORT OF
+TADOUSSAC IN CANADA
+
+We set out from Honfleur on the 15th of March, 1603. On the same day we put
+back to the roadstead of Havre de Grâce, the wind not being favorable. On
+Sunday following, the 16th, we set sail on our route. On the 17th, we
+sighted d'Orgny and Grenesey, [121] islands between the coast of Normandy
+and England. On the 18th of the same month, we saw the coast of Brittany.
+On the 19th, at 7 o'clock in the evening we reckoned that we were off
+Ouessant. [122] On the 21st, at 7 o'clock in the morning, we met seven
+Flemish vessels, coming, as we thought from the Indies. On Easter day, the
+30th of the same month, we encountered a great tempest, which seemed to be
+more lightning than wind, and which lasted for seventeen days, though not
+continuing so severe as it was on the first two days. During this time, we
+lost more than we gained. On the 16th of April, to the delight of all, the
+weather began to be more favorable, and the sea calmer than it had been, so
+that we continued our course until the 18th, when we fell in with a very
+lofty iceberg. The next day we sighted a bank of ice more than eight
+leagues long, accompanied by an infinite number of smaller banks, which
+prevented us from going on. In the opinion of the pilot, these masses of
+ice were about a hundred or a hundred and twenty leagues from Canada. We
+were in latitude 45 deg. 40', and continued our course in 44 deg..
+
+On the 2nd of May we reached the Bank at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, in 44
+deg. 40'. On the 6th of the same month we had approached so near to land
+that we heard the sea beating on the shore, which, however, we could not
+see on account of the dense fog, to which these coasts are subject. [123]
+For this reason we put out to sea again a few leagues, until the next
+morning, when the weather being clear, we sighted land, which was Cape
+St. Mary. [124]
+
+On the 12th we were overtaken by a severe gale, lasting two days. On the
+15th we sighted the islands of St. Peter. [125] On the 17th we fell in with
+an ice-bank near Cape Ray, six leagues in length, which led us to lower
+sail for the entire night that we might avoid the danger to which we were
+exposed. On the next day we set sail and sighted Cape Ray, [126] the
+islands of St. Paul, and Cape St. Lawrence. [127] The latter is on the
+mainland lying to the south, and the distance from it to Cape Ray is
+eighteen leagues, that being the breadth of the entrance to the great bay
+of Canada. [128] On the same day, about ten o'clock in the morning, we fell
+in with another bank of ice, more than eight leagues in length. On the
+20th, we sighted an island some twenty-five or thirty leagues long, called
+_Anticosty_, [129] which marks the entrance to the river of Canada. The
+next day, we sighted Gaspé, [130] a very high land, and began to enter the
+river of Canada, coasting along the south side as far as Montanne, [131]
+distant sixty-five leagues from Gaspé. Proceeding on our course, we came in
+sight of the Bic, [132] twenty leagues from Mantanne and on the southern
+shore; continuing farther, we crossed the river to Tadoussac, fifteen
+leagues from the Bic. All this region is very high, barren, and
+unproductive.
+
+On the 24th of the month, we came to anchor before Tadoussac, [133] and on
+the 26th entered this port, which has the form of a cove. It is at the
+mouth of the river Saguenay, where there is a current and tide of
+remarkable swiftness and a great depth of water, and where there are
+sometimes troublesome winds, [134] in consequence of the cold they bring.
+It is stated that it is some forty-five or fifty leagues up to the first
+fall in this river, and that it flows from the northwest. The harbor of
+Tadoussac is small, in which only ten or twelve vessels could lie; but
+there is water enough on the east, sheltered from the river Saguenay, and
+along a little mountain, which is almost cut off by the river. On the shore
+there are very high mountains, on which there is little earth, but only
+rocks and sand, which are covered, with pine, cypress and fir, [135] and a
+smallish species of trees. There is a small pond near the harbor, enclosed
+by wood-covered mountains. At the entrance to the harbor, there are two
+points: the one on the west side extending a league out into the river, and
+called St. Matthew's Point; [136] the other on the southeast side extending
+out a quarter of a league, and called All-Devils' Point. This harbor is
+exposed to the winds from the south, southeast, and south-southwest. The
+distance from St. Matthew's Point to All-Devils' Point is nearly a league;
+both points are dry at low tide.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+121. Alderney and Guernsey. French maps at the present day for Alderney
+     have d'Aurigny.
+
+122. The islands lying off Finistère, on the western extremity of Brittany
+     in France.
+
+123. The shore which they approached was probably Cape Pine, east of
+     Placentia Bay, Newfoundland.
+
+124. In Placentia bay, on the southern coast of Newfoundland.
+
+125. West of Placentia Bay.
+
+126. Cape Ray is northwest of the islands of St. Peter.
+
+127. Cape St. Lawrence, now called Cape North, is the northern extremity of
+     the island of Cape Breton, and the island of St. Paul is a few miles
+     north of it.
+
+128. The Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. It was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     his second voyage, in 1535. Nous nommasmes la dicte baye la Sainct
+     Laurens, _Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avezac ed. p. 8. The northeastern part
+     of it is called on De Laet's map, "Grand Baye."
+
+129. "This island is about one hundred and forty miles long,
+     thirty-five miles broad at its widest part, with an average
+     breadth of twenty-seven and one-half miles."--_Le Moine's
+     Chronicles of the St.  Lawrence_, p.100. It was named by Cartier
+     in 1535, the Island of the Assumption, having been discovered on
+     the 15th of August, the festival of the Assumption. Nous auons
+     nommes l'ysle de l'Assumption.--_Brief Recit_, 1545, D'Avenzac's
+     ed. p. 9. Alfonse, in his report of his voyage of 1542, calls it
+     the _Isle de l'Ascension_, probably by mistake. "The Isle of
+     Ascension is a goodly isle and a goodly champion land, without
+     any hills, standing all upon white rocks and Alabaster, all
+     covered with wild beasts, as bears, Luserns, Porkespicks."
+     _Hakluyt_, Vol. III. p. 292. Of this island De Laet says, "Elle
+     est nommee el langage des Sauvages _Natiscotec_"--_Hist. du
+     Nouveau Monde_, a Leyde, 1640, p.42. _Vide also Wyet's Voyage_ in
+     Hakluyt, Vol. III. p. 241. Laverdière says the Montagnais now
+     call it _Natascoueh_, which signifies, _where the bear is
+     caught_. He cites Thevet, who says it is called by the savages,
+     _Naticousti_, by others _Laisple_. The use of the name Anticosty
+     by Champlain, now spelled Anticosti, would imply that its
+     corruption from the original, _Natiscotec_, took place at a very
+     early date. Or it is possible that Champlain wrote it as he heard
+     it pronounced by the natives, and his orthography may best
+     represent the original.
+
+130. _Gachepé_, so written in the text, subsequently written by the author
+     _Gaspey_, but now generally _Gaspé_. It is supposed to have been
+     derived from the Abnaquis word _Katsepi8i_, which means what is
+     separated from the rest, and to have reference to a remarkable rock,
+     three miles above Cape Gaspé, separated from the shore by the violence
+     of the waves, the incident from which it takes its name.--_Vide
+     Voyages de Champlain_, ed. 1632, p. 91; _Chronicles of the St.
+     Lawrence_, by J. M. Le Moine, p. 9.
+
+131. A river flowing into the St. Lawrence from the south in latitude 48
+     deg. 52' and in longitude west from Greenwich 67 deg. 32', now known
+     as the Matane.
+
+132. For Bic, Champlain has _Pic_, which is probably a typographical error.
+     It seems probable that Bic is derived from the French word _bicoque_,
+     which means a place of small consideration, a little paltry town. Near
+     the site of the ancient Bic, we now have, on modern maps, _Bicoque_
+     Rocks, _Bicquette_ Light, _Bic_ Island, _Bic_ Channel, and _Bic_
+     Anchorage. As suggested by Laverdière, this appears to be the
+     identical harbor entered by Jacques Cartier, in 1535, who named if the
+     Isles of Saint John, because he entered it on the day of the beheading
+     of St. John, which was the 29th of August. Nous les nommasmes les
+     Ysleaux sainct Jehan, parce que nous y entrasmes le jour de la
+     decollation dudict sainct. _Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 11.
+     Le Jeune speaks of the _Isle du Bic_ in 1635. _Vide Relation des
+     Jésuites_, p. 19.
+
+133. _Tadoussac_, or _Tadouchac_, is derived from the word _totouchac_,
+     which in Montagnais means _breasts_, and Saguenay signifies _water
+     which springs forth_, from the Montagnais word _saki-nip_.--_Vide
+     Laverdière in loco_. Tadoussac, or the breasts from which water
+     springs forth, is naturally suggested by the rocky elevations at the
+     base of which the Saguenay flows.
+
+134. _Impetueux_, plainly intended to mean _troublesome_, as may be seen
+     from the context.
+
+135. Pine, _pins_. The white pine, _Pinus strobus_, or _Strobus
+     Americanus_, grows as far north as Newfoundland, and as far south as
+     Georgia. It was observed by Captain George Weymouth on the Kennebec,
+     and hence deals afterward imported into England were called _Weymouth
+     pine_--_Vide Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Picketing,
+     M.D., Boston, 1879, p. 809. This is probably the species here referred
+     to by Champlain. Cypress, _Cyprez_. This was probably the American
+     arbor vitæ. _Thuja occidentalis_, a species which, according to the
+     Abbé Laverdière, is found in the neighborhood of the Saguenay.
+     Champlain employed the same word to designate the American savin, or
+     red cedar. _Juniperus Virginiana_, which he found on Cape Cod--_Vide_
+     Vol. II. p. 82. Note 168.
+
+     Fir, _sapins_. The fir may have been the white spruce, _Abies alba_,
+     or the black spruce, _Abies nigra_, or the balsam fir or Canada
+     balsam, _Abies balsamea_, or yet the hemlock spruce, _Abies
+     Canadaisis_.
+
+136. _St. Matthew's Point_, now known as Point aux Allouettes, or Lack
+     Point.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p 165, note 292. _All-Devils' Point_, now
+     called _Pointe aux Vaches_. Both of these points had changed their
+     names before the publication of Champlain's ed., 1632.--_Vide_ p. 119
+     of that edition. The last mentioned was called by Champlain, in 1632,
+     _pointe aux roches_. Laverdière thinks _ro_ches was a typographical
+     error, as Sagard, about the same time, writes _vaches_.--_Vide Sagard.
+     Histoire du Canada_, 1636, Stross. ed., Vol I p. 150.
+
+     We naturally ask why it was called _pointe aux vaches_, or point of
+     cows. An old French apothegm reads _Le diable est aux vaches_, the
+     devil is in the cows, for which in English we say, "the devil is to
+     pay." May not this proverb have suggested _vaches_ as a synonyme of
+     _diables_?
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+FAVORABLE RECEPTION GIVEN TO THE FRENCH BY THE GRAND SAGAMORE OF THE
+SAVAGES OF CANADA--THE BANQUETS AND DANCES OF THE LATTER--THEIR WAR WITH
+THE IROQUOIS.--THE MATERIAL OF WHICH THEIR CANOES AND CABINS ARE MADE, AND
+THEIR MODE OF CONSTRUCTION--INCLUDING ALSO A DESCRIPTION OF ST MATTHEW'S
+POINT.
+
+On the 27th, we went to visit the savages at St. Matthew's point, distant a
+league from Tadoussac, accompanied by the two savages whom Sieur du Pont
+Gravé took to make a report of what they had seen in France, and of the
+friendly reception the king had given them. Having landed, we proceeded to
+the cabin of their grand Sagamore [137] named _Anadabijou_, whom we found
+with some eighty or a hundred of his companions celebrating a _tabagie_,
+that is a banquet. He received us very cordially, and according to the
+custom of his country, seating us near himself, with all the savages
+arranged in rows on both sides of the cabin. One of the savages whom we had
+taken with us began to make an address, speaking of the cordial reception
+the king had given them, and the good treatment they had received in
+France, and saying they were assured that his Majesty was favorably
+disposed towards them, and was desirous of peopling their country, and of
+making peace with their enemies, the Iroquois, or of sending forces to
+conquer them. He also told them of the handsome manors, palaces, and houses
+they had seen, and of the inhabitants and our mode of living. He was
+listened to with the greatest possible silence. Now, after he had finished
+his address, the grand Sagamore, Anadabijou, who had listened to it
+attentively, proceeded to take some tobacco, and give it to Sieur du Pont
+Gravé of St. Malo, myself, and some other Sagamores, who were near him.
+After a long smoke, he began to make his address to all, speaking with
+gravity, stopping at times a little, and then resuming and saying, that
+they truly ought to be very glad in having his Majesty for a great friend.
+They all answered with one voice, _Ho, ho, ho_, that is to say _yes, yes_.
+He continuing his address said that he should be very glad to have his
+Majesty people their land, and make war upon their enemies; that there was
+no nation upon earth to which they were more kindly disposed than to the
+French. finally he gave them all to understand the advantage and profit
+they could receive from his Majesty. After he had finished his address, we
+went out of his cabin, and they began to celebrate their _tabagie_ or
+banquet, at which they have elk's meat, which is similar to beef, also that
+of the bear, seal and beaver, these being their ordinary meats, including
+also quantities of fowl. They had eight or ten boilers full of meats, in
+the middle of this cabin, separated some six feet from each other, each one
+having its own fire. They were seated on both sides, as I stated before,
+each one having his porringer made of bark. When the meat is cooked, some
+one distributes to each his portion in his porringer, when they eat in a
+very filthy manner. For when their hands are covered with fat, they rub
+them on their heads or on the hair of their dogs of which they have large
+numbers for hunting. Before their meat was cooked, one of them arose, took
+a dog and hopped around these boilers from one end of the cabin to the
+other. Arriving in front of the great Sagamore, he threw his dog violently
+to the ground, when all with one voice exclaimed, _Ho, ho, ho_, after which
+he went back to his place. Instantly another arose and did the same, which
+performance was continued until the meat was cooked. Now after they had
+finished their _tabagie_, they began to dance, taking the heads of their
+enemies, which were slung on their backs, as a sign of joy. One or two of
+them sing, keeping time with their hands, which they strike on their knees:
+sometimes they stop, exclaiming, _Ho, ho, ho_, when they begin dancing
+again, puffing like a man out of breath. They were having this celebration
+in honor of the victory they had obtained over the Iroquois, several
+hundred of whom they had killed, whose heads they had cut off and had with
+them to contribute to the pomp of their festivity. Three nations had
+engaged in the war, the Etechemins, Algonquins, and Montagnais. [138]
+These, to the number of a thousand, proceeded to make war upon the
+Iroquois, whom they encountered at the mouth of the river of the Iroquois,
+and of whom they killed a hundred. They carry on war only by surprising
+their enemies; for they would not dare to do so otherwise, and fear too
+much the Iroquois, who are more numerous than the Montagnais, Etechemins,
+and Algonquins.
+
+On the 28th of this month they came and erected cabins at the harbor of
+Tadoussac, where our vessel was. At daybreak their grand Sagamore came out
+from his cabin and went about all the others, crying out to them in a loud
+voice to break camp to go to Tadoussac, where their good friends were. Each
+one immediately took down his cabin in an incredibly short time, and the
+great captain was the first to take his canoe and carry it to the water,
+where he embarked his wife and children and a quantity of furs. Thus were
+launched nearly two hundred canoes, which go wonderfully fast; for,
+although our shallop was well manned, yet they went faster than ourselves.
+Two only do the work of propelling the boat, a man and a woman. Their
+canoes are some eight or nine feet long, and a foot or a foot and a half
+broad in the middle, growing narrower towards the two ends. They are very
+liable to turn over, if one does not understand how to manage them, for
+they are made of the bark of trees called _bouille_, [139] strengthened on
+the inside by little ribs of wood strongly and neatly made. They are so
+light that a man can easily carry one, and each canoe can carry the weight
+of a pipe. When they wish to go overland to some river where they have
+business, they carry their canoes with them.
+
+Their cabins are low and made like tents, being covered with the same kind
+of bark as that before mentioned. The whole top for the space of about a
+foot they leave uncovered, whence the light enters; and they make a number
+of fires directly in the middle of the cabin, in which there are sometimes
+ten families at once. They sleep on skins, all together, and their dogs
+with them. [140]
+
+They were in number a thousand persons, men, women and children. The place
+at St. Matthew's Point, where they were first encamped, is very pleasant.
+They were at the foot of a small slope covered with trees, firs and
+cypresses. At St. Matthew's Point there is a small level place, which is
+seen at a great distance. On the top of this hill there is a level tract of
+land, a league long, half a league broad, covered with trees. The soil is
+very sandy, and contains good pasturage. Elsewhere there are only rocky
+mountains, which are very barren. The tide rises about this slope, but at
+low water leaves it dry for a full half league out.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+137. _Sagamo_, thus written in the French According to Laflèche, as cited
+     by Laverdière, this word, in the Montagnais language, is derived from
+     _tchi_, great and _okimau_, chief, and consequently signifies the
+     Great Chief.
+
+138. The Etechemins, may be said in general terms to have occupied the
+     territory from St. John, N. B., to Mount Desert Island, in Maine, and
+     perhaps still further west, but not south of Saco. The Algonquins here
+     referred to were those who dwelt on the Ottawa River. The Montagnais
+     occupied the region on both sides of the Saguenay, having their
+     trading centre at Tadoussac. War had been carried on for a period we
+     know not how long, perhaps for several centuries, between these allied
+     tribes and the Iroquois.
+
+139. _Bouille_ for _bouleau_, the birch-tree. _Betula papyracea_, popularly
+     known as the paper or canoe birch. It is a large tree, the bark white,
+     and splitting into thin layers. It is common in New England, and far
+     to the north The white birch, _Betula alba_, of Europe and Northern
+     Asia, is used for boat-building at the present day.--_Vide
+     Chronological History of Plants_, by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston,
+     1879, p. 134.
+
+140. The dog was the only domestic animal found among the aborigines of
+     this country. "The Australians," says Dr. Pickering, "appear to be the
+     only considerable portion of mankind destitute of the companionship of
+     the dog. The American tribes, from the Arctic Sea to Cape Horn, had
+     the companionship of the dog, and certain remarkable breeds had been
+     developed before the visit of Columbus" (F. Columbus 25); further,
+     according to Coues, the cross between the coyote and female dog is
+     regularly procured by our northwestern tribes, and, according to Gabb,
+     "dogs one-fourth coyote are pointed out; the fact therefore seems
+     established that the coyote or American barking wolfe, _Canis
+     latrans_, is the dog in its original wild state."--_Vide Chronological
+     History of Plants_, etc., by Charles Pickering, M.D., Boston, 1879, p.
+     20.
+
+     "It was believed by some for a length of time that the wild dog was of
+     recent introduction to Australia: this is not so."--_Vide Aborigines
+     of Victoria_, by R. Brough Smyth, London, 1878, Vol. 1. p. 149. The
+     bones of the wild dog have recently been discovered in Australia, at a
+     depth of excavation, and in circumstances, which prove that his
+     existence there antedates the introduction of any species of the dog
+     by Europeans. The Australians appear, therefore, to be no exception to
+     the universal companionship of the dog with man.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+THE REJOICINGS OF THE INDIANS AFTER OBTAINING A VICTORY OVER THEIR
+ENEMIES--THEIR DISPOSITION, ENDURANCE OF HUNGER, AND MALICIOUSNESS.--THEIR
+BELIEFS AND FALSE OPINIONS, COMMUNICATION WITH EVIL SPIRITS--THEIR
+GARMENTS, AND HOW THEY WALK ON THE SNOW--THEIR MANNER OF MARRIAGE, AND THE
+INTERMENT OF THEIR DEAD.
+
+On the 9th of June the savages proceeded to have a rejoicing all together,
+and to celebrate their _tabagie_, which I have before described, and to
+dance, in honor of their victory over their enemies. Now, after they had
+feasted well, the Algonquins, one of the three nations, left their cabins
+and went by themselves to a public place. Here they arranged all their
+wives and daughters by the side of each other, and took position themselves
+behind them, all singing in the manner I have described before. Suddenly
+all the wives and daughters proceeded to throw off their robes of skins,
+presenting themselves stark naked, and exposing their sexual parts. But
+they were adorned with _matachiats_, that is beads and braided strings,
+made of porcupine quills, which they dye in various colors. After finishing
+their songs, they all said together, _Ho, ho, ho:_ at the same instant all
+the wives and daughters covered themselves with their robes, which were at
+their feet. Then, after stopping a short time, all suddenly beginning to
+sing throw off their robes as before. They do not stir from their position
+while dancing, and make various gestures and movements of the body, lifting
+one foot and then the other, at the same time striking upon the ground.
+Now, during the performance of this dance, the Sagamore of the Algonquins,
+named _Besouat_, was seated before these wives and daughters, between two
+sticks, on which were hung the heads of their enemies. Sometimes he arose
+and went haranguing, and saying to the Montagnais and Etechemins: "Look!
+how we rejoice in the victory that we have obtained over our enemies; you
+must do the same, so that we may be satisfied." Then all said together,
+_Ho, ho, ho_. After returning to his position, the grand Sagamore together
+with all his companions removed their robes, making themselves stark naked
+except their sexual parts, which are covered with a small piece of skin.
+Each one took what seemed good to him, as _matachiats_, hatchets, swords,
+kettles, fat, elk flesh, seal, in a word each one had a present, which they
+proceeded to give to the Algonquins. After all these ceremonies, the dance
+ceased, and the Algonquins, men and women, carried their presents into
+their cabins. Then two of the most agile men of each nation were taken,
+whom they caused to run, and he who was the fastest in the race, received a
+present.
+
+All these people have a very cheerful disposition, laughing often; yet at
+the same time they are somewhat phlegmatic. They talk very deliberately, as
+if desiring to make themselves well understood, and stopping suddenly, they
+reflect for a long time, when they resume their discourse. This is their
+usual manner at their harangues in council, where only the leading men, the
+elders, are present, the women and children not attending at all.
+
+All these people suffer so much sometimes from hunger, on account of the
+severe cold and snow, when the animals and fowl on which they live go away
+to warmer countries, that they are almost constrained to eat one another. I
+am of opinion that if one were to teach them how to live, and instruct them
+in the cultivation of the soil and in other respects, they would learn very
+easily, for I can testify that many of them have good judgment and respond
+very appropriately to whatever question may be put to them. [141] They have
+the vices of taking revenge and of lying badly, and are people in whom it
+is not well to put much confidence, except with caution and with force at
+hand. They promise well, but keep their word badly.
+
+Most of them have no law, so far as I have been able to observe or learn
+from the great Sagamore, who told me that they really believed there was a
+God, who created all things. Whereupon I said to him: that, "Since they
+believed in one sole God, how had he placed them in the world, and whence
+was their origin." He replied: that, "After God had made all things, he
+took a large number of arrows, and put them in the ground; whence sprang
+men and women, who had been multiplying in the world up to the present
+time, and that this was their origin." I answered that what he said was
+false, but that there really was one only God, who had created all things
+upon earth and in the heavens. Seeing all these things so perfect, but that
+there was no one to govern here on earth, he took clay from the ground, out
+of which he created Adam our first father. While Adam was sleeping, God
+took a rib from his side, from which he formed Eve, whom he gave to him as
+a companion, and, I told him, that it was true that they and ourselves had
+our origin in this manner, and not from arrows, as they suppose. He said
+nothing, except that he acknowledged what I said, rather than what he had
+asserted. I asked him also if he did not believe that there was more than
+one only God. He told me their belief was that there was a God, a Son, a
+Mother, and the Sun, making four; that God, however, was above all, that
+the Son and the Sun were good, since they received good things from them;
+but the Mother, he said, was worthless, and ate them up; and the Father not
+very good. I remonstrated with him on his error, and contrasted it with our
+faith, in which he put some little confidence. I asked him if they had
+never seen God, nor heard from their ancestors that God had come into the
+world. He said that they had never seen him; but that formerly there were
+five men who went towards the setting sun, who met God, who asked them:
+"Where are you going?" they answered: "We are going in search of our
+living." God replied to them: "You will find it here." They went on,
+without paying attention to what God had said to them, when he took a stone
+and touched two of them with it, whereupon they were changed to stones; and
+he said again to the three others: "Where are you going?" They answered as
+before, and God said to them again: "Go no farther, you will find it here."
+And seeing that nothing came to them, they went on; when God took two
+sticks, with which he touched the two first, whereupon they were
+transformed into sticks, when the fifth one stopped, not wishing to go
+farther. And God asked him again: "Where are you going?" "I am going in
+search of my living." "Stay and thou shalt find it." He staid without
+advancing farther, and God gave him some meat, which he ate. After making
+good cheer, he returned to the other savages, and related to them all the
+above.
+
+He told me also that another time there was a man who had a large quantity
+of tobacco (a plant from which they obtain what they smoke), and that God
+came to this man, and asked him where his pipe was. The man took his pipe,
+and gave it to God, who smoked much. After smoking to his satisfaction, God
+broke the pipe into many pieces, and the man asked: "Why hast thou broken
+my pipe? thou seest in truth that I have not another." Then God took one
+that he had, and gave it to him, saying: "Here is one that I will give you,
+take it to your great Sagamore; let him keep it, and if he keep it well, he
+will not want for any thing whatever, neither he nor all his companions."
+The man took the pipe, and gave it to his great Sagamore; and while he kept
+it, the savages were in want of nothing whatever: but he said that
+afterwards the grand Sagamore lost this pipe, which was the cause of the
+severe famines they sometimes have. I asked him if he believed all that; he
+said yes, and that it was the truth. Now I think that this is the reason
+why they say that God is not very good. But I replied, "that God was in all
+respects good, and that it was doubtless the Devil who had manifested
+himself to those men, and that if they would believe as we did in God they
+would not want for what they had need of; that the sun which they saw, the
+moon and the stars, had been created by this great God, who made heaven and
+earth, but that they have no power except that which God has given them;
+that we believe in this great God, who by His goodness had sent us His dear
+Son who, being conceived of the Holy Spirit, was clothed with human flesh
+in the womb of the Virgin Mary, lived thirty years on earth, doing an
+infinitude of miracles, raising the dead, healing the sick, driving out
+devils, giving sight to the blind, teaching men the will of God his Father,
+that they might serve, honor and worship Him, shed his blood, suffered and
+died for us, and our sins, and ransomed the human race, that, being buried,
+he rose again, descended into hell, and ascended into heaven, where he is
+seated on the right hand of God his Father." [142] I told him that this was
+the faith of all Christians who believe in the Father, Son, and Holy
+Spirit, that these, nevertheless, are not three Gods, but one the same and
+only God, and a trinity in which there is no before nor after, no greater
+nor smaller; that the Virgin Mary, mother of the Son of God, and all the
+men and women who have lived in this world doing the commandments of God,
+and enduring martyrdom for his name, and who by the permission of God have
+done miracles, and are saints in heaven in his paradise, are all of them
+praying this Great Divine Majesty to pardon us our errors and sins which we
+commit against His law and commandments. And thus, by the prayers of the
+saints in heaven and by our own prayers to his Divine Majesty, He gives
+what we have need of, and the devil has no power over us and can do us no
+harm. I told them that if they had this belief, they would be like us, and
+that the devil could no longer do them any harm, and that they would not
+lack what they had need of.
+
+Then this Sagamore replied to me that he acknowledged what I said. I asked
+him what ceremonies they were accustomed to in praying to their God. He
+told me that they were not accustomed to any ceremonies, but that each
+prayed in his heart as he desired. This is why I believe that they have no
+law, not knowing what it is to worship and pray to God, and living, the
+most of them, like brute beasts. But I think that they would speedily
+become good Christians, if people were to colonize their country, of which
+most of them were desirous.
+
+There are some savages among them whom they call _Pilotoua_, [143] who have
+personal communications with the devil. Such an one tells them what they
+are to do, not only in regard to war, but other things; and if he should
+command them to execute any undertaking, as to kill a Frenchman or one of
+their own nation, they would obey his command at once.
+
+They believe, also, that all dreams which they have are real; and many of
+them, indeed, say that they have seen in dreams things which come to pass
+or will come to pass. But, to tell the truth in the matter, these are
+visions of the devil, who deceives and misleads them. This is all that I
+have been able to learn from them in regard to their matters of belief,
+which is of a low, animal nature.
+
+All these people are well proportioned in body, without any deformity, and
+are also agile. The women are well-shaped, full and plump, and of a swarthy
+complexion, on account of the large amount of a certain pigment with which
+they rub themselves, and which gives them an olive color. They are clothed
+in skins, one part of their body being covered and the other left
+uncovered. In winter they provide for their whole body, for they are
+dressed in good furs, as those of the elk, otter, beaver, seal, stag, and
+hind, which they have in large quantities. In winter, when the snows are
+heavy, they make a sort of _raquette_ [144] two or three times as large as
+those in France. These they attach to their feet, and thus walk upon the
+snow without sinking in; for without them, they could not hunt or make
+their way in many places.
+
+Their manner of marriage is as follows: When a girl attains the age of
+fourteen or fifteen years, she may have several suitors and friends, and
+keep company with such as she pleases. At the end of some five or six years
+she may choose that one to whom her fancy inclines as her husband, and they
+will live together until the end of their life, unless, after living
+together a certain period, they fail to have children, when the husband is
+at liberty to divorce himself and take another wife, on the ground that his
+own is of no worth. Accordingly, the girls are more free than the wives;
+yet as soon as they are married they are chaste, and their husbands are for
+the most part jealous, and give presents to the father or relatives of the
+girl whom they marry. This is the manner of marriage, and conduct in the
+same.
+
+In regard to their interments, when a man or woman dies, they make a
+trench, in which they put all their property, as kettles, furs, axes, bows
+and arrows, robes, and other things. Then they put the body in the trench,
+and cover it with earth, laying on top many large pieces of wood, and
+erecting over all a piece of wood painted red on the upper part. They
+believe in the immortality of the soul, and say that when they die
+themselves, they shall go to rejoice with their relatives and friends in
+other lands.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+141. _Vide_ Vol. II of this work, p 190.
+
+142. This summary of the Christian faith is nearly in the words of the
+     Apostles Creed.
+
+143. On _Pilotoua_ or _Pilotois, vide_ Vol. II. note 341.
+
+144. _Une manière de raquette_. The snow-shoe, which much resembles the
+     racket or battledore, an instrument used for striking the ball in the
+     game of tennis. This name was given for the want of one more specific.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+THE RIVER SAGUENAY AND ITS SOURCE.
+
+On the 11th of June, I went some twelve or fifteen leagues up the Saguenay,
+which is a fine river, of remarkable depth. For I think, judging from what
+I have heard in regard to its source, that it comes from a very high place,
+whence a torrent of water descends with great impetuosity. But the water
+which proceeds thence is not capable of producing such a river as this,
+which, however, only extends from this torrent, where the first fall is, to
+the harbor Tadoussac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, a distance of some
+forty-five or fifty leagues, it being a good league and a half broad at the
+widest place, and a quarter of a league at the narrowest; for which reason
+there is a strong current. All the country, so far as I saw it, consisted
+only of rocky mountains, mostly covered with fir, cypress, and birch; a
+very unattractive region in which I did not find a level tract of land
+either on the one side or the other. There are some islands in the river,
+which are high and sandy. In a word, these are real deserts, uninhabitable
+for animals or birds. For I can testify that when I went hunting in places
+which seemed to me the most attractive, I found nothing whatever but little
+birds, like nightingales and swallows, which come only in summer, as I
+think, on account of the excessive cold there, this river coming from the
+northwest.
+
+They told me that, after passing the first fall, whence this torrent comes,
+they pass eight other falls, when they go a day's journey without finding
+any; then they pass ten other falls and enter a lake [145] which it
+requires two days to cross, they being able to make easily from twelve to
+fifteen leagues a day. At the other extremity of the lake is found a people
+who live in cabins. Then you enter three other rivers, up each of which the
+distance is a journey of some three or four days. At the extremity of these
+rivers are two or three bodies of water, like lakes, in which the Saguenay
+has its source, from which to Tadoussac is a journey of ten days in their
+canoes. There is a large number of cabins on the border of these rivers,
+occupied by other tribes which come from the north to exchange with the
+Montagnais their beaver and marten skins for articles of merchandise, which
+the French vessels furnish to the Montagnais. These savages from the north
+say that they live within sight of a sea which is salt. If this is the
+case, I think that it is a gulf of that sea which flows from the north into
+the interior, and in fact it cannot be otherwise. [146] This is what I have
+learned in regard to the River Saguenay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+145. This was Lake St John. This description is given nearly _verbatim_ in
+     Vol. II. p. 169.--_Vide_ notes in the same volume, 294, 295. 146.
+     Champlain appears to have obtained from the Indians a very correct
+     idea not only of the existence but of the character of Hudson's Bay,
+     although that bay was not discovered by Hudson till about seven years
+     later than this.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+DEPARTURE FROM TADOUSSAC FOR THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF HARE ISLAND, ISLE DU
+COUDRE, ISLE D'ORLÉANS, AND SEVERAL OTHERS--OUR ARRIVAL AT QUEBEC
+
+On Wednesday, the eighteenth day of June, we set out from Tadoussac for the
+Fall. [147] We passed near an island called Hare Island, [148] about two
+leagues, from the northern shore and some seven leagues from Tadoussac and
+five leagues from the southern shore. From Hare Island we proceeded along
+the northern coast about half a league, to a point extending out into the
+water, where one must keep out farther. This point is one league [149] from
+an island called _Isle au Coudre_, about two leagues wide, the distance
+from which to the northern shore is a league. This island has a pretty even
+surface, growing narrower towards the two ends. At the western end there
+are meadows and rocky points, which extend out some distance into the
+river. This island is very pleasant on account of the woods surrounding it.
+It has a great deal of slate-rock, and the soil is very gravelly; at its
+extremity there is a rock extending half a league out into the water. We
+went to the north of this island, [150] which is twelve leagues distant
+from Hare Island.
+
+On the Thursday following, we set out from here and came to anchor in a
+dangerous cove on the northern shore, where there are some meadows and a
+little river, [151] and where the savages sometimes erect their cabins. The
+same day, continuing to coast along on the northern shore, we were obliged
+by contrary winds to put in at a place where there were many very dangerous
+rocks and localities. Here we stayed three days, waiting for fair weather.
+Both the northern and Southern shores here are very mountainous, resembling
+in general those of the Saguenay.
+
+On Sunday, the twenty-second, we set out for the Island of Orleans, [152]
+in the neighborhood of which are many islands on the southern shore. These
+are low and covered with trees, Seem to be very pleasant, and, so far as I
+could judge, some of them are one or two leagues and others half a league
+in length. About these islands there are only rocks and shallows, so that
+the passage is very dangerous.
+
+They are distant some two leagues from the mainland on the south. Thence we
+coasted along the Island of Orleans on the south. This is distant a league
+from the mainland on the north, is very pleasant and level, and eight
+leagues long. The coast on the south is low for some two leagues inland;
+the country begins to be low at this island which is perhaps two leagues
+distant from the southern shore. It is very dangerous passing on the
+northern shore, on account of the sand-banks and rocks between the island
+and mainland, and it is almost entirely dry here at low tide.
+
+At the end of this island I saw a torrent of water [153] which descended
+from a high elevation on the River of Canada. Upon this elevation the land
+is uniform and pleasant, although in the interior high mountains are seen
+some twenty or twenty-five leagues distant, and near the first fall of the
+Saguenay.
+
+We came to anchor at Quebec, a narrow passage in the River of Canada, which
+is here some three hundred paces broad. [154] There is, on the northern
+side of this passage, a very high elevation, which falls off on two sides.
+Elsewhere the country is uniform and fine, and there are good tracts full
+of trees, as oaks, cypresses, birches, firs, and aspens, also wild
+fruit-trees and vines which, if they were cultivated, would, in my opinion,
+be as good as our own. Along the shore of Quebec, there are diamonds in
+some slate-rocks, which are better than those of Alençon. From Quebec to
+Hare Island is a distance of twenty-nine leagues.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+147. _Saut de St Louis_, about three leagues above Montreal.
+
+148. _Isle au Lieure_ Hare Island, so named by Cartier from the great
+     number of hares which he found there. Le soir feusmes à ladicte ysle,
+     ou trouuasmes grand nombre de lieures, desquelz eusmes quantité: & par
+     ce la nommasmes l'ysle es lieures.--_Brief Récit_, par Jacques
+     Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed p. 45.
+
+     The distances are here overestimated. From Hare Island to the northern
+     shore the distance is four nautical miles, and to the southern six.
+
+149. The point nearest to Hare Island is Cape Salmon, which is about six
+     geographical miles from the Isle au Coudres, and we should here
+     correct the error by reading not one but two leagues. The author did
+     not probably intend to be exact.
+
+150. _Isle au Coudre.--Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 44; also Vol. II. of this work, p. 172. Charlevoix
+     says, whether from tradition or on good authority we know not, that
+     "in 1663 an earthquake rooted up a mountain, and threw it upon the
+     Isle au Coudres, which made it one-half larger than before."--
+     _Letters to the Duchess of Lesdiguieres_, London, 1763, p. 15.
+
+151. This was probably about two leagues from the Isle aux Coudres, where
+     is a small stream which still bears the name La Petite Rivière.
+
+152. _Isle d'Orléans.--Vide_ Vol. II. p. 173.
+
+153. On Champlain's map of the harbor of Quebec he calls this "torrent" le
+     grand saut de Montmorency, the grand fall of Montmorency. It was named
+     by Champlain himself, and in honor of the "noble, high, and powerful
+     Charles de Montmorency," to whom the journal of this voyage is
+     dedicated. The stream is shallow, "in some places," Charlevoix says,
+     "not more than ankle deep." The grandeur or impressiveness of the
+     fall, if either of these qualities can be attributed to it, arises
+     from its height and not from the volume of water--_Vide_ ed. 1632, p.
+     123. On Bellm's Atlas Maritime, 1764, its height is put down at
+     _sixty-five feet_. Bayfield's Chart more correctly says 251 feet above
+     high water spring tides--_Vide_ Vol. II of this work, note 308.
+
+154. _Nous vinsmmes mouiller l'ancre à Quebec, qui est vn destroict de
+     laditt riuiere de Canadas_. These words very clearly define the
+     meaning of Quebec, which is an Indian word, signifying a narrowing or
+     a contraction.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 175, note 309. The breadth of the
+     river at this point is underestimated It is not far from 1320 feet, or
+     three-quarters of a mile.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+OF THE POINT ST. CROIX AND THE RIVER BATISCAN.--OF THE RIVERS, ROCKS,
+ISLANDS, LANDS, TREES, FRUITS, VINES, AND FINE COUNTRY BETWEEN QUEBEC AND
+THE TROIS RIVIÈRES.
+
+On Monday, the 23d of this month, we set out from Quebec, where the river
+begins to widen, sometimes to the extent of a league, then a league and a
+half or two leagues at most. The country grows finer and finer; it is
+everywhere low, without rocks for the most part. The northern shore is
+covered with rocks and sand-banks; it is necessary to go along the southern
+one about half a league from the shore. There are some small rivers, not
+navigable, except for the canoes of the savages, and in which there are a
+great many falls. We came to anchor at St. Croix, fifteen leagues distant
+from Quebec; a low point rising up on both sides. [155] The country is fine
+and level, the soil being the best that I had seen, with extensive woods,
+containing, however, but little fir and cypress. There are found there in
+large numbers vines, pears, hazel-nuts, cherries, red and green currants,
+and certain little radishes of the size of a small nut, resembling truffles
+in taste, which are very good when roasted or boiled. All this soil is
+black, without any rocks, excepting that there a large quantity of slate.
+The soil is very soft, and, if well cultivated, would be very productive.
+
+On the north shore there is a river called Batiscan, [156] extending a
+great distance into the interior, along which the Algonquins sometimes
+come. On the same shore there is another river, [157] three leagues below
+St. Croix, which was as far as Jacques Cartier went up the river at the
+time of his explorations. [158] The above-mentioned river is pleasant,
+extending a considerable distance inland. All this northern shore is very
+even and pleasing.
+
+On Wednesday, [159] the 24th, we set out from St. Croix, where we had
+stayed over a tide and a half in order to proceed the next day by daylight,
+for this is a peculiar place on account of the great number of rocks in the
+river, which is almost entirely dry at low tide; but at half-flood one can
+begin to advance without difficulty, although it is necessary to keep a
+good watch, lead in hand. The tide rises here nearly three fathoms and a
+half.
+
+The farther we advanced, the finer the country became. After going some
+five leagues and a half, we came to anchor on the northern shore. On the
+Wednesday following, we set out from this place, where the country is
+flatter than the preceding and heavily wooded, as at St. Croix. We passed
+near a small island covered with vines, and came to anchor on the southern
+shore, near a little elevation, upon ascending which we found a level
+country. There is another small island three leagues from St. Croix, near
+the southern shore. [160] We set out on the following Thursday from this
+elevation, and passed by a little island near the northern shore. Here I
+landed at six or more small rivers, up two of which boats can go for a
+considerable distance. Another is some three hundred feet broad, with some
+islands at its mouth. It extends far into the interior, and is the deepest
+of all. [161] These rivers are very pleasant, their shores being covered
+with trees which resemble nut-trees, and have the same odor; but, as I saw
+no fruit, I am inclined to doubt. The savages told me that they bear fruit
+like our own.
+
+Advancing still farther, we came to an island called St. Éloi; [162] also
+another little island very near the northern shore. We passed between this
+island and the northern shore, the distance from one to the other being
+some hundred and fifty feet; that from the same island to the southern
+shore, a league and a half. We passed also near a river large enough for
+canoes. All the northern shore is very good, and one can sail along there
+without obstruction; but he should keep the lead in hand in order to avoid
+certain points. All this shore along which we coasted consists of shifting
+sands, but a short distance in the interior the land is good.
+
+The Friday following, we set out from this island, and continued to coast
+along the northern shore very near the land, which is low and abundant in
+trees of good quality as far as the Trois Rivières. Here the temperature
+begins to be somewhat different from that of St. Croix, since the trees are
+more forward here than in any other place that I had yet seen. From the
+Trois Rivières to St. Croix the distance is fifteen leagues. In this river
+[163] there are six islands, three of which are very small, the others
+being from five to six hundred feet long, very pleasant, and fertile so far
+as their small extent goes. There is one of these in the centre of the
+above-mentioned river, confronting the River of Canada, and commanding a
+view of the others, which are distant from the land from four to five
+hundred feet on both sides. It is high on the southern side, but lower
+somewhat on the northern. This would be, in my judgment, a favorable place
+in which to make a settlement, and it could be easily fortified, for its
+situation is strong of itself, and it is near a large lake which is only
+some four leagues distant. This river extends close to the River Saguenay,
+according to the report of the savages, who go nearly a hundred leagues
+northward, pass numerous falls, go overland some five or six leagues, enter
+a lake from which principally the Saguenay has its source, and thence go to
+Tadoussac. [164] I think, likewise, that the settlement of the Trois
+Rivières would be a boon for the freedom of some tribes, who dare not come
+this way in consequence of their enemies, the Iroquois, who occupy the
+entire borders of the River of Canada; but, if it were settled, these
+Iroquois and other savages could be made friendly, or, at least, under the
+protection of this settlement, these savages would come freely without fear
+or danger, the Trois Rivières being a place of passage. All the land that I
+saw on the northern shore is sandy. We ascended this river for about a
+league, not being able to proceed farther on account of the strong current.
+We continued on in a skiff, for the sake of observation, but had not gone
+more than a league when we encountered a very narrow fall, about twelve
+feet wide, on account of which we could not go farther. All the country
+that I saw on the borders of this river becomes constantly more
+mountainous, and contains a great many firs and cypresses, but few trees of
+other kinds.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+155. The Point of St. Croix, where they anchored, must have been what is
+     now known as Point Platon. Champlain's distances are rough estimates,
+     made under very unfavorable circumstances, and far from accurate.
+     Point Platon is about thirty-five miles from Quebec.
+
+156. Champlain does not mention the rivers precisely in their order. On his
+     map of 1612, he has _Contrée de Bassquan_ on the west of Trois
+     Rivières. The river Batiscan empties into the St. Lawrence about four
+     miles west of the St. Anne--_Vide Atlas Maritime_, by Bellin, 1764;
+     _Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+157. River Jacques Cartier, which is in fact about five miles east of Point
+     Platon.
+
+158. Jacques Cartier did, in fact, ascend the St. Lawrence as far as
+     Hochelaga, or Montreal. The Abbé Laverdière suggests that Champlain
+     had not at this time seen the reports of Cartier. Had he seen them he
+     would hardly have made this statement. Pont Gravé had been here
+     several times, and may have been Champlain's incorrect informant.
+     _Vide Laverdière in loco_.
+
+159. Read Tuesday.
+
+160. Richelieu Island, so called by the French, as early as 1635, nearly
+     opposite Dechambeau Point.--_Vide Laurie's Chart_. It was called St
+     Croix up to 1633. _Laverdière in loco_ The Indians called it _Ka
+     ouapassiniskakhi_.--_Jésuit Relations_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+161. This river is now known as the Sainte Anne. Champlain says they named
+     it _Rivière Saincte Marie_--_Vide_ Quebec ed. Tome III. p. 175; Vol.
+     II. p 201 of this work.
+
+162. An inconsiderable island near Batiscan, not laid down on the charts.
+
+163. The St. Maurice, anciently known as _Trois Rivièrs_, because two
+     islands in its mouth divide it into three channels. Its Indian name,
+     according to Père Le Jeune, was _Metaberoutin_. It appears to be the
+     same river mentioned by Cartier in his second voyage, which he
+     explored and reported as shallow and of no importance. He found in it
+     four small islands, which may afterward have been subdivided into six.
+     He named it _La Riuiere die Fouez.--Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier,
+     D'Avezac ed. p. 28. _Vide Relations des Jésuites_, 1635, p. 13.
+
+164. An eastern branch of the St Maurice River rises in a small lake, from
+     which Lake St. John, which is an affluent of the Saguenay, may be
+     reached by a land portage of not more than five or six leagues.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+LENGTH, BREADTH, AND DEPTH OF A LAKE--OF THE RIVERS THAT FLOW INTO IT, AND
+THE ISLANDS IT CONTAINS.--CHARACTER OF THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY.--OF THE
+RIVER OF THE IROQUOIS AND THE FORTRESS OF THE SAVAGES WHO MAKE WAR UPON
+THEM.
+
+On the Saturday following, we set out from the Trois Rivières, and came to
+anchor at a lake four leagues distant. All this region from the Trois
+Rivières to the entrance to the lake is low and on a level with the water,
+though somewhat higher on the south side. The land is very good and the
+pleasantest yet seen by us. The woods are very open, so that one could
+easily make his way through them.
+
+The next day, the 29th of June, [165] we entered the lake, which is some
+fifteen leagues long and seven or eight wide. [166] About a league from its
+entrance, and on the south side, is a river [167] of considerable size and
+extending into the interior some sixty or eighty leagues. Farther on, on
+the same side, there is another small river, extending about two leagues
+inland, and, far in, another little lake, which has a length of perhaps
+three or four leagues. [168] On the northern shore, where the land appears
+very high, you can see for some twenty leagues; but the mountains grow
+gradually smaller towards the west, which has the appearance of being a
+flat region. The savages say that on these mountains the land is for the
+most part poor. The lake above mentioned is some three fathoms deep where
+we passed, which was nearly in the middle. Its longitudinal direction is
+from east to west, and its lateral one from north to south. I think that it
+must contain good fish, and such varieties as we have at home. We passed
+through it this day, and came to anchor about two leagues up the river,
+which extends its course farther on, at the entrance to which there are
+thirty little islands. [169] From what I could observe, some are two
+leagues in extent, others a league and a half, and some less. They contain
+numerous nut-trees, which are but little different from our own, and, as I
+am inclined to think, the nuts are good in their season. I saw a great many
+of them under the trees, which were of two kinds, some small, and others an
+inch long; but they were decayed. There are also a great many vines on the
+shores of these islands, most of which, however, when the waters are high,
+are submerged. The country here is superior to any I have yet seen.
+
+The last day of June, we set out from here and went to the entrance of the
+River of the Iroquois, [170] where the savages were encamped and fortified
+who were on their way to make war with the former. [171] Their fortress is
+made of a large number of stakes closely pressed against each other. It
+borders on one side on the shore of the great river, on the other on that
+of the River of the Iroquois. Their canoes are drawn up by the side of each
+other on the shore, so that they may be able to flee quickly in case of a
+surprise from the Iroquois; for their fortress is covered with oak bark,
+and serves only to give them time to take to their boats.
+
+We went up the River of the Iroquois some five or six leagues, but, because
+of the strong current, could not proceed farther in our barque, which we
+were also unable to drag overland, on account of the large number of trees
+on the shore. Finding that we could not proceed farther, we took our skiff
+to see if the current were less strong above; but, on advancing some two
+leagues, we found it still stronger, and were unable to go any farther.
+[172] As we could do nothing else, we returned in our barque. This entire
+river is some three to four hundred paces broad, and very unobstructed. We
+saw there five islands, distant from each other a quarter or half a league,
+or at most a league, one of which, the nearest, is a league long, the
+others being very small. All this country is heavily wooded and low, like
+that which I had before seen; but there are more firs and cypresses than in
+other places. The soil is good, although a little sandy. The direction of
+this river is about southwest. [173]
+
+The savages say that some fifteen leagues from where we had been there is a
+fall [174] of great length, around which they carry their canoes about a
+quarter of a league, when they enter a lake, at the entrance to which there
+are three islands, with others farther in. It may be some forty or fifty
+leagues long and some twenty-five wide, into which as many as ten rivers
+flow, up which canoes can go for a considerable distance. [175] Then, at
+the other end of this lake, there is another fall, when another lake is
+entered, of the same size as the former, [176] at the extremity of which
+the Iroquois are encamped. They say also that there is a river [177]
+extending to the coast of Florida, a distance of perhaps some hundred or
+hundred and forty leagues from the latter lake. All the country of the
+Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, but has a very good soil, the climate
+being moderate, without much winter.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+165. They entered the lake on St. Peter's day, the 29th of June, and, for
+     this reason doubtless, it was subsequently named Lake St. Peter, which
+     name it still retains. It was at first called Lake Angouleme--_Vide_
+     marginal note in Hakluyt. Vol. III. p. 271. Laverdière cites Thévet to
+     the same effect.
+
+166. From the point at which the river flows into the lake to its exit, the
+     distance is about twenty-seven miles and its width about seven miles.
+     Champlain's distances, founded upon rough estimates made on a first
+     voyage of difficult navigation, are exceedingly inaccurate, and,
+     independent of other data, cannot be relied upon for the
+     identification of localities.
+
+167. The author appears to have confused the relative situations of the two
+     rivers here mentioned. The smaller one should, we think, have been
+     mentioned first. The larger one was plainly the St Francis, and the
+     smaller one the Nicolette.
+
+168. This would seem to be the _Baie la Vallure_, at the southwestern
+     extremity of Lake St. Peter.
+
+169. The author here refers to the islands at the western extremity of Lake
+     St. Peter, which are very numerous. On Charlevoix's Carte de la
+     Rivière de Richelieu they are called _Isles de Richelieu_. The more
+     prominent are Monk Island, Isle de Grace, Bear Island. Isle St Ignace,
+     and Isle du Pas. Champlain refers to these islands again in 1609, with
+     perhaps a fuller description--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 206.
+
+170. The Richelieu, flowing from Lake Champlain to the St. Lawrence. For
+     description of this river, see Vol. II. p. 210, note 337. In 1535 the
+     Indians at Montreal pointed out this river as leading to Florida.--
+     _Vide Brief Récit_, par Jacques Cartier, 1545, D'Avezac ed.
+
+171. The Hurons, Algonquins, and Montagnais were at war with the Iroquois,
+     and the savages assembled here were composed of some or all of these
+     tribes.
+
+172. The rapids in the river here were too strong for the French barque, or
+     even the skiff, but were not difficult to pass with the Indian canoe,
+     as was fully proved in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 207 of this work.
+
+173. The course of the Richelieu is nearly from the south to the north.
+
+174. The rapids of Chambly.
+
+175. Lake Champlain, discovered by him in 1609.--_Vide_ Vol. II. ch. ix.
+
+176. Lake George. Champlain either did not comprehend his Indian
+     informants, or they greatly exaggerated the comparative size of this
+     lake.
+
+177. The Hudson River--_Vide_ Vol. II. p. 218, note 347.
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+ARRIVAL AT THE FALL.--DESCRIPTION OF THE SAME AND ITS REMARKABLE
+CHARACTER.--REPORTS OF THE SAVAGES IN REGARD TO THE END OF THE GREAT RIVER.
+
+Setting out from the River of the Iroquois, we came to anchor three leagues
+from there, on the northern shore. All this country is low, and filled with
+the various kinds of trees which I have before mentioned.
+
+On the first day of July we coasted along the northern shore, where the
+woods are very open; more so than in any place we had before seen. The soil
+is also everywhere favorable for cultivation.
+
+I went in a canoe to the southern shore, where I saw a large number of
+islands, [178] which abound in fruits, such as grapes, walnuts, hazel-nuts,
+a kind of fruit resembling chestnuts, and cherries; also in oaks, aspens,
+poplar, hops, ash, maple, beech, cypress, with but few pines and firs.
+There were, moreover, other fine-looking trees, with which I am not
+acquainted. There are also a great many strawberries, raspberries, and
+currants, red, green, and blue, together with numerous small fruits which
+grow in thick grass. There are also many wild beasts, such as orignacs,
+stags, hinds, does, bucks, bears, porcupines, hares, foxes, bearers,
+otters, musk-rats, and some other kinds of animals with which I am not
+acquainted, which are good to eat, and on which the savages subsist. [179]
+
+We passed an island having a very pleasant appearance, some four leagues
+long and about half a league wide. [180] I saw on the southern shore two
+high mountains, which appeared to be some twenty leagues in the interior.
+[181] The savages told me that this was the first fall of the River of the
+Iroquois.
+
+On Wednesday following, we set out from this place, and made some five or
+six leagues. We saw numerous islands; the land on them was low, and they
+were covered with trees like those of the River of the Iroquois. On the
+following day we advanced some few leagues, and passed by a great number of
+islands, beautiful on account of the many meadows, which are likewise to be
+seen on the mainland as well as on the islands. [182] The trees here are
+all very small in comparison with those we had already passed.
+
+We arrived finally, on the same day, having a fair wind, at the entrance to
+the fall. We came to an island almost in the middle of this entrance, which
+is a quarter of a league long. [183] We passed to the south of it, where
+there were from three to five feet of water only, with a fathom or two in
+some places, after which we found suddenly only three or four feet. There
+are many rocks and little islands without any wood at all, and on a level
+with the water. From the lower extremity of the above-mentioned island in
+the middle of the entrance, the water begins to come with great force.
+Although we had a very favorable wind, yet we could not, in spite of all
+our efforts, advance much. Still, we passed this island at the entrance of
+the fall. Finding that we could not proceed, we came to anchor on the
+northern shore, opposite a little island, which abounds in most of the
+fruits before mentioned. [184] We at once got our skiff ready, which had
+been expressly made for passing this fall, and Sieur Du Pont Gravé and
+myself embarked in it, together with some savages whom we had brought to
+show us the way. After leaving our barque, we had not gone three hundred
+feet before we had to get out, when some sailors got into the water and
+dragged our skiff over. The canoe of the savages went over easily. We
+encountered a great number of little rocks on a level with the water, which
+we frequently struck.
+
+There are here two large islands; one on the northern side, some fifteen
+leagues long and almost as broad, begins in the River of Canada, some
+twelve leagues towards the River of the Iroquois, and terminates beyond the
+fall. [185] The island on the south shore is some four leagues long and
+half a league wide. [186] There is, besides, another island near that on
+the north, which is perhaps half a league long and a quarter wide. [187]
+There is still another small island between that on the north and the other
+farther south, where we passed the entrance to the fall. [188] This being
+passed, there is a kind of lake, in which are all these islands, and which
+is some five leagues long and almost as wide, and which contains a large
+number of little islands or rocks. Near the fall there is a mountain, [189]
+visible at a considerable distance, also a small river coming from this
+mountain and falling into the lake. [190] On the south, some three or four
+mountains are seen, which seem to be fifteen or sixteen leagues off in the
+interior. There are also two rivers; the one [191] reaching to the first
+lake of the River of the Iroquois, along which the Algonquins sometimes go
+to make war upon them, the other near the fall and extending some feet
+inland. [192]
+
+On approaching this fall [193] with our little skiff and the canoe, I saw,
+to my astonishment, a torrent of water descending with an impetuosity such
+as I have never before witnessed, although it is not very high, there being
+in some places only a fathom or two, and at most but three. It descends as
+if by steps, and at each descent there is a remarkable boiling, owing to
+the force and swiftness with which the water traverses the fall, which is
+about a league in length. There are many rocks on all sides, while near the
+middle there are some very narrow and long islands. There are rapids not
+only by the side of those islands on the south shore, but also by those on
+the north, and they are so dangerous that it is beyond the power of man to
+pass through with a boat, however small. We went by land through the woods
+a distance of a league, for the purpose of seeing the end of the falls,
+where there are no more rocks or rapids; but the water here is so swift
+that it could not be more so, and this current continues three or four
+leagues; so that it is impossible to imagine one's being able to go by
+boats through these falls. But any one desiring to pass them, should
+provide himself with the canoe of the savages, which a man can easily
+carry. For to make a portage by boat could not be done in a sufficiently
+brief time to enable one to return to France, if he desired to winter
+there. Besides this first fall, there are ten others, for the most part
+hard to pass; so that it would be a matter of great difficulty and labor to
+see and do by boat what one might propose to himself, except at great cost,
+and the risk of working in vain. But in the canoes of the savages one can
+go without restraint, and quickly, everywhere, in the small as well as
+large rivers. So that, by using canoes as the savages do, it would be
+possible to see all there is, good and bad, in a year or two.
+
+The territory on the side of the fall where we went overland consists, so
+far as we saw it, of very open woods, where one can go with his armor
+without much difficulty. The air is milder and the soil better than in any
+place I have before seen. There are extensive woods and numerous fruits, as
+in all the places before mentioned. It is in latitude 45 deg. and some
+minutes.
+
+Finding that we could not advance farther, we returned to our barque, where
+we asked our savages in regard to the continuation of the river, which I
+directed them to indicate with their hands; so, also, in what direction its
+source was. They told us that, after passing the first fall, [194] which we
+had seen, they go up the river some ten or fifteen leagues with their
+canoes, [195] extending to the region of the Algonquins, some sixty leagues
+distant from the great river, and that they then pass five falls,
+extending, perhaps, eight leagues from the first to the last, there being
+two where they are obliged to carry their canoes. [196] The extent of each
+fall may be an eighth of a league, or a quarter at most. After this, they
+enter a lake, [197] perhaps some fifteen or sixteen leagues long. Beyond
+this they enter a river a league broad, and in which they go several
+leagues. [198] Then they enter another lake some four or five leagues long.
+[199] After reaching the end of this, they pass five other falls, [200] the
+distance from the first to the last being about twenty-five or thirty
+leagues. Three of these they pass by carrying their canoes, and the other
+two by dragging them in the water, the current not being so strong nor bad
+as in the case of the others. Of all these falls, none is so difficult to
+pass as the one we saw. Then they come to a lake some eighty leagues long,
+[201] with a great many islands; the water at its extremity being fresh and
+the winter mild. At the end of this lake they pass a fall, [202] somewhat
+high and with but little water flowing over. Here they carry their canoes
+overland about a quarter of a league, in order to pass the fall, afterwards
+entering another lake [203] some sixty leagues long, and containing very
+good water. Having reached the end, they come to a strait [204] two leagues
+broad and extending a considerable distance into the interior. They said
+they had never gone any farther, nor seen the end of a lake [205] some
+fifteen or sixteen leagues distant from where they had been, and that those
+relating this to them had not seen any one who had seen it; that since it
+was so large, they would not venture out upon it, for fear of being
+surprised by a tempest or gale. They say that in summer the sun sets north
+of this lake, and in winter about the middle; that the water there is very
+bad, like that of this sea. [206]
+
+I asked them whether from this last lake, which they had seen, the water
+descended continuously in the river extending to Gaspé. They said no; that
+it was from the third lake only that the water came to Gaspé, but that
+beyond the last fall, which is of considerable extent, as I have said, the
+water was almost still, and that this lake might take its course by other
+rivers extending inland either to the north or south, of which there are a
+large number there, and of which they do not see the end. Now, in my
+judgment, if so many rivers flow into this lake, it must of necessity be
+that, having so small a discharge at this fall, it should flow off into
+some very large river. But what leads me to believe that there is no river
+through which this lake flows, as would be expected, in view of the large
+number of rivers that flow into it, is the fact that the savages have not
+seen any river taking its course into the interior, except at the place
+where they have been. This leads me to believe that it is the south sea
+which is salt, as they say. But one is not to attach credit to this opinion
+without more complete evidence than the little adduced.
+
+This is all that I have actually seen respecting this matter, or heard from
+the savages in response to our interrogatories.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+178. Isle Plat, and at least ten other islets along the share before
+     reaching the Verchères.--_Vide_ Laurie's Chart.
+
+179. The reader will observe that the catalogue of fruits, trees, and
+     animals mentioned above, include, only such as are important in
+     commerce. They are, we think, without an exception, of American
+     species, and, consequently, the names given by Champlain are not
+     accurately descriptive. We notice them in order, and in italics give
+     the name assigned by Champlain in the text.
+
+     Grapes. _Vignes_, probably the frost grape. _Vitis
+     cordifolia_.--Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_ p. 875.
+
+     Walnuts. _Noir_, this name is given in France to what is known in
+     commerce as the English or European walnut, _Juglans rigia_, a Persian
+     fruit now cultivated in most countries in Europe. For want of a
+     better, Champlain used this name to signify probably the butternut,
+     _Juglans cinerea_, and five varieties of the hickory; the shag-bark.
+     _Carya alba_, the mocker-nut, _Carya tontentofa_, the small-fruited
+     _Carya microcarpa_, the pig-nut, _Carya glatra_, bitter-nut. _Carya
+     amara_, all of which are exclusively American fruits, and are still
+     found in the valley of the St Lawrence.--_MS. Letter of J. M. Le
+     Maine_, of Quebec; Jeffrie's _Natural History of French Dominions in
+     America_, London. 1760, p.41.
+
+     Hazel-nuts, _noysettes_. The American filbert or hazel-nut, _Corylus
+     Americana_. The flavor is fine, but the fruit is smaller and the shell
+     thicker than that of the European filbert.
+
+     "Kind of fruit resembling chestnuts." This was probably the chestnut,
+     _Caftanea Americana_. The fruit much resembles the European, but is
+     smaller and sweeter.
+
+     Cherries, _cerises_. Three kinds may here be included, the wild red
+     cherry, _Prunus Pennsylvanica_, the choke cherry. _Prunus Virginiana_,
+     and the wild black cherry, _Prunus serotina_.
+
+     Oaks, _chesnes_. Probably the more noticeable varieties, as the white
+     oak, _Quercus alba_, and red oak, Quercus _rubra_.
+
+     Aspens, _trembles_. The American aspen, _Populus tremuloides_.
+
+     Poplar, _pible_. For _piboule_, as suggested by Laverdière. a variety
+     of poplar.
+
+     Hops, _houblon_. _Humulus lupulus_, found in northern climates,
+     differing from the hop of commerce, which was imported from Europe.
+
+     Ash. _fresne_. The white ash, _Fraxinus Americana_, and black ash,
+     _Fraxinus sambucifolia_.
+
+     Maple, _érable_. The tree here observed was probably the rock or sugar
+     maple, _Acer faccharinum_. Several other species belong to this
+     region.
+
+     Beech, _hestre_. The American beech, _Fagus ferruginea_, of which
+     there is but one species.--_Vide_, Vol. II. p. 113, note 205.
+
+     Cypress, _cyprez_.--_Vide antea_ note 35.
+
+     Strawberry, _fraises_. The wild strawberry, _Fragaria vesca_, and
+     _Fragaria Virginiana_, both species, are found in this region.--_Vide_
+     Pickering's _Chronological History of Plants_, p. 873.
+
+     Raspberries _framboises_. The American raspberry, _Rubis strigosus_.
+
+     Currants, red, green, and blue, _groizelles rouges, vertes and
+     bleues_. The first mentioned is undoubtedly the red currant of our
+     gardens. _Ribes rubrum_. The second may have been the unripe fruit of
+     the former. The third doubtless the black currant, _Ribes nigrum_,
+     which grows throughout Canada.--_Vide Chronological History of
+     Plants_, Pickering. p. 871; also Vol. II. note 138.
+
+     _Orignas_, so written in the original text. This is, I think, the
+     earliest mention of this animal under this Algonquin name. It was
+     written, by the French, sometimes _orignac, orignat_, and
+     _orignal_.--_Vide Jesuit Relations_, 1635, p. 16; 1636, p. 11, _et
+     passim_; Sagard, _Hist. du Canada_, 1636, p. 749; _Description de
+     l'Amerique_, par Denys. 1672, p. 27. _Orignac_ was used
+     interchangeably with _élan_, the name of the elk of northern Europe,
+     regarded by some as the same spccies.--_Vide Mammals_, by Spenser F.
+     Baird. But the _orignac_ of Champlain was the moose. _Alce
+     Americanus_, peculiar to the northern latitudes of America. Moose is
+     derived from the Indian word _moosoa_. This animal is the largest of
+     the _Cervus_ family. The males are said to attain the weight of eleven
+     or twelve hundred pounds. Its horns sometimes weigh fifty or sixty
+     pounds. It is exceedingly shy and difficult to capture.
+
+     Stags, _cerfs_. This is undoubtedly a reference to the caribou,
+     _Cervus tarandus_. Sagard (1636) calls it _Caribou ou asne Sauuages_,
+     caribou or wilde ass.--_Hist. du Canada_, p. 750. La Hontan, 1686,
+     says harts and caribous are killed both in summer and winter after the
+     same manner with the elks (mooses), excepting that the caribous, which
+     are a kind of wild asses, make an easy escape when the snow is hard by
+     virtue of their broad feet (Voyages, p. 59). There are two varieties,
+     the _Cervus tarandus arcticus_ and the _Cervus tarandus sylvestris_.
+     The latter is that here referred to and the larger and finer animal,
+     and is still found in the forests of Canada.
+
+     Hinds, _biches_, the female of _cerfs_, and does, _dains_, the female
+     of _daim_, the fallow deer. These may refer to the females of the two
+     preceding species, or to additional species as the common red deer,
+     _Cervus Virginianus_, and some other species or variety. La Hontan in
+     the passage cited above speaks of three, the _elk_ which we have shown
+     to be the moose, the well-known _caribou_, and the _hart_, which was
+     undoubtedly the common red deer of this region, _Cervus Virginianus_.
+     I learn from Mr. J. M. LeMoine of Quebec, that the Wapiti, _Elaphus
+     Canadensis_ was found in the valley of the St. Lawrence a hundred and
+     forty years ago, several horns and bones having been dug up in the
+     forest, especially in the Ottawa district. It is now extinct here, but
+     is still found in the neighborhood of Lake Winnipeg and further west.
+     Cartier, in 1535, speaks of _dains_ and _cerfs_, doubtless referring
+     to different species.--_Vide Brief Récit_, D'Avezac ed. p. 31 _verso_.
+
+     Bears. _ours_. The American black bear, _Ursus Americanus_. The grisly
+     bear. _Ursus ferox_, was found on the Island of Anticosti.--_Vide
+     Hist. du Canada_, par Sagard, 1636, pp. 148, 750. _La Hontan's
+     Voyages_. 1687, p. 66.
+
+     Porcupines. _porcs-espics_. The Canada porcupine, _Hystrix pilosus_. A
+     nocturnal rodent quadruped, armed with barbed quills, his chief
+     defence when attacked by other animals.
+
+     Hares, _lapins_. The American hare, _Lepus Americanus_.
+
+     Foxes, _reynards_. Of the fox. _Canis vulpes_, there are several
+     species in Canada. The most common is of a carroty red color, _Vulpes
+     fulvus_. The American cross fox. _Canis decussatus_, and the black or
+     silver fox. _Canis argentatus_, are varieties that may have been found
+     there at that period, but are now rarely if ever seen.
+
+     Beavers, _castors_. The American beaver, _Castor Americanus_. The fur
+     of the beaver was of all others the most important in the commerce of
+     New France.
+
+     Otters, _loutres_. This has reference only to the river otter, _Lutra
+     Canadensis_. The sea otter, _Lutra marina_, is only found in America
+     on the north-west Pacific coast.
+
+     Muskrat, _rats musquets_. The musk-rat, _Fiber zibethecus_, sometimes
+     called musquash from the Algonquin word, _m8sk8éss8_, is found in
+     three varieties, the black, and rarely the pied and white. For a
+     description of this animal _vide Le Jeune, Jesuit Relations_, 1635,
+     pp. 18, 19.
+
+180. The Verchères.
+
+181. Summits of the Green Mountains.
+
+182. From the Verchères to Montreal, the St. Lawrence is full of islands,
+     among them St. Thérèse and nameless others.
+
+183. This was the Island of St Hélène, a favorite name given to several
+     other places. He subsequently called it St Hélène, probably from
+     Hélène Boullé, his wife. Between it and the mainland on the north
+     flows the _Rapide de Ste. Marie.--Vide Lauru's Chart_.
+
+184. This landing was on the present site of the city of Montreal, and the
+     little island, according to Laverdière, is now joined to the mainland
+     by quays.
+
+185. The island of Montreal, here referred to, not including the isle
+     Jésus, is about thirty miles long and nine miles in its greatest
+     width.
+
+186. The Isle Perrot is about seven or eight miles long and about three
+     miles wide.
+
+187. Island of St Paul, sometimes called Nuns' Island.
+
+188. Round Island, situated just below St. Hélène's, on the east, say about
+     fifty yards distant.
+
+189. The mountain in the rear of the city of Montreal, 700 feet in height,
+     discovered in October, 1535. by Jacques Cartier, to which he gave the
+     name after which the city is called. "Nous nomasmes la dicte montaigne
+     le mont Royal."--_Brief Récit_, 1545, D'Avezac's ed. p. 23. When
+     Cartier made his visit to this place in 1535, he found on or near the
+     site of the present city of Montreal the famous Indian town called
+     _Hochelaga_. Champlain does not speak of it in the text, and it had of
+     course entirely disappeared.--_Vide_ Cartier's description in _Brief
+     Récit_, above cited.
+
+190. Rivière St Pierre. This little river is formed by two small streams
+     flowing one from the north and the other from the south side of the
+     mountain. Bellin and Charlevoix denominate it _La Petite Rivière_.
+     These small streams do not appear on modern maps, and have probably
+     now entirely disappeared.--_Vide Charlevoix's Carte de l'Isle de
+     Montreal; Atlas Maritime_, par Sieur Bellin; likewise _Atlas of the
+     Dominion of Canada_, 1875.
+
+191. The River St. Lambert, according to Laverdière, a small stream from
+     which by a short portage the Indian with his canoe could easily reach
+     Little River, which flows into the basin of Chambly, the lake referred
+     to by Champlain. This was the route of the Algonquins, at least on
+     their return from their raids upon the Iroquois.--_Vide_ Vol. II. p.
+     225.
+
+192. Laverdière supposes this insignificant stream to be La Rivière de la
+     Tortue.
+
+193. The Falls of St. Louis, or the Lachine rapids.
+
+194. Lachine Rapids.
+
+195. Passing through Lake St. Louis, they come to the River Ottawa,
+     sometimes called the River of the Algonquins.
+
+196. The Cascades, Cèdres and Rapids du Coteau du Lac with subdivisions.
+     _Laverdière_. La Hontan mentions four rapids between Lake St. Louis
+     and St Francis, as _Cascades, Le Cataracte du Trou, Sauts des Cedres_,
+     and _du Buisson_.
+
+197. Lake St. Francis, about twenty-five miles long.
+
+198. Long Saut.
+
+199. Hardly a lake but rather the river uninterrupted by falls or rapids.
+
+200. The smaller rapids, the Galops, Point Cardinal, and others.--_Vide_
+     La Hontan's description of his passage up this river, _New Voyages to
+     N. America_, London, 1735. Vol. I. p. 30.
+
+201. Lake Ontario. It is one hundred and eighty miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+202. Niagara Falls. Champlain does not appear to have obtained from the
+     Indians any adequate idea of the grandeur and magnificence of this
+     fall. The expression, _qui est quelque peu éleué, où il y a peu d'eau,
+     laquelle descend_, would imply that it was of moderate if not of an
+     inferior character. This may have arisen from the want of a suitable
+     medium of communication, but it is more likely that the intensely
+     practical nature of the Indian did not enable him to appreciate or
+     even observe the beauties by which he was surrounded. The immense
+     volume of water and the perpendicular fall of 160 feet render it
+     unsurpassed in grandeur by any other cataract in the world. Although
+     Champlain appears never to have seen this fall, he had evidently
+     obtained a more accurate description of it before 1629.--_Vide_ note
+     No. 90 to map in ed. 1632.
+
+203. Lake Erie, 250 miles long.--_Garneau_.
+
+204. Detroit river, or the strait which connects Lake Erie and Lake St.
+     Clair.--_Atlas of the Dominion of Canada_.
+
+205. Lake Huron, denominated on early maps _Mer Douce_, the sweet sea of
+     which the knowledge of the Indian guides was very imperfect.
+
+206. The Indians with whom Champlain came in contact on this hasty visit in
+     1603 appear to have had some notion of a salt sea, or as they say
+     water that is very bad like the sea, lying in an indefinite region,
+     which neither they nor their friends had ever visited. The salt sea to
+     which they occasionally referred was probably Hudson's Bay, of which
+     some knowledge may have been transmitted from the tribes dwelling near
+     it to others more remote, and thus passing from tribe to tribe till it
+     reached, in rather an indefinite shape, those dwelling on the St.
+     Lawrence.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+RETURN FROM THE FALL TO TADOUSSAC.--TESTIMONY OF SEVERAL SAVAGES IN REGARD
+TO THE LENGTH AND COMMENCEMENT OF THE GREAT RIVER OF CANADA, NUMBER OF THE
+FALLS, AND THE LAKES WHICH IT TRAVERSES.
+
+We set out from the fall on Friday, the fourth of June, [207] and returned
+the same day to the river of the Iroquois. On Sunday, the sixth of June, we
+set out from here, and came to anchor at the lake. On Monday following, we
+came to anchor at the Trois Rivières. The same day, we made some four
+leagues beyond the Trois Rivières. The following Tuesday we reached Quebec,
+and the next day the end of the island of Orleans, where the Indians, who
+were encamped on the mainland to the north, came to us. We questioned two
+or three Algonquins, in order to ascertain whether they would agree with
+those whom we had interrogated in regard to the extent and commencement of
+the River of Canada.
+
+They said, indicating it by signs, that two or three leagues after passing
+the fall which we had seen, there is, on the northern shore, a river in
+their territory; that, continuing in the said great river, they pass a
+fall, where they carry their canoes; that they then pass five other falls
+comprising, from the first to the last, some nine or ten leagues, and that
+these falls are not hard to pass, as they drag their canoes in the most of
+them, except at two, where they carry them. After that, they enter a river
+which is a sort of lake, comprising some six or seven leagues; and then
+they pass five other falls, where they drag their canoes as before, except
+at two, where they carry them as at the first; and that, from the first to
+the last, there are some twenty or twenty-five leagues. Then they enter a
+lake some hundred and fifty leagues in length, and some four or five
+leagues from the entrance of this lake there is a river [208] extending
+northward to the Algonquins, and another towards the Iroquois, [209] where
+the said Algonquins and the Iroquois make war upon each other. And a little
+farther along, on the south shore of this lake, there is another river,
+[210] extending towards the Iroquois; then, arriving at the end of this
+lake, they come to another fall, where they carry their canoes; beyond
+this, they enter another very large lake, as long, perhaps, as the first.
+The latter they have visited but very little, they said, and have heard
+that, at the end of it, there is a sea of which they have not seen the end,
+nor heard that any one has, but that the water at the point to which they
+have gone is not salt, but that they are not able to judge of the water
+beyond, since they have not advanced any farther; that the course of the
+water is from the west towards the east, and that they do not know whether,
+beyond the lakes they have seen, there is another watercourse towards the
+west; that the sun sets on the right of this lake; that is, in my judgment,
+northwest more or less; and that, at the first lake, the water never
+freezes, which leads me to conclude that the weather there is moderate.
+[211] They said, moreover, that all the territory of the Algonquins is low
+land, containing but little wood; but that on the side of the Iroquois the
+land is mountainous, although very good and productive, and better than in
+any place they had seen. The Iroquois dwell some fifty or sixty leagues
+from this great lake. This is what they told me they had seen, which
+differs but very little from the statement of the former savages.
+
+On the same day we went about three leagues, nearly to the Isle aux
+Coudres. On Thursday, the tenth of the month, we came within about a league
+and a half of Hare Island, on the north shore, where other Indians came to
+our barque, among whom was a young Algonquin who had travelled a great deal
+in the aforesaid great lake. We questioned him very particularly, as we had
+the other savages. He told us that, some two or three leagues beyond the
+fall we had seen, there is a river extending to the place where the
+Algonquins dwell, and that, proceeding up the great river, there are five
+falls, some eight or nine leagues from the first to the last, past three of
+which they carry their canoes, and in the other two drag them; that each
+one of these falls is, perhaps, a quarter of a league long. Then they enter
+a lake some fifteen leagues in extent, after which they pass five other
+falls, extending from the first to the last some twenty to twenty-five
+leagues, only two of which they pass in their canoes, while at the three
+others they drag them. After this, they enter a very large lake, some three
+hundred leagues in length. Proceeding some hundred leagues in this lake,
+they come to a very large island, beyond which the water is good; but that,
+upon going some hundred leagues farther, the water has become somewhat bad,
+and, upon reaching the end of the lake, it is perfectly salt. That there is
+a fall about a league wide, where a very large mass of water falls into
+said lake; that, when this fall is passed, one sees no more land on either
+side, but only a sea so large that they have never seen the end of it, nor
+heard that any one has; that the sun sets on the right of this lake, at the
+entrance to which there is a river extending towards the Algonquins, and
+another towards the Iroquois, by way of which they go to war; that the
+country of the Iroquois is somewhat mountainous, though very fertile, there
+being there a great amount of Indian corn and other products which they do
+not have in their own country. That the territory of the Algonquins is low
+and fertile.
+
+I asked them whether they had knowledge of any mines. They told us that
+there was a nation called the good Iroquois, [212] who come to barter for
+the articles of merchandise which the French vessels furnish the
+Algonquins, who say that, towards the north, there is a mine of pure
+copper, some bracelets made from which they showed us, which they had
+obtained from the good Iroquois; [213] that, if we wished to go there, they
+would guide those who might be deputed for this object.
+
+This is all that I have been able to ascertain from all parties, their
+statements differing but little from each other, except that the second
+ones who were interrogated said that they had never drunk salt water;
+whence it appears that they had not proceeded so far in said lake as the
+others. They differ, also, but little in respect to the distance, some
+making it shorter and others longer; so that, according to their statement,
+the distance from the fall where we had been to the salt sea, which is
+possibly the South Sea, is some four hundred leagues. It is not to be
+doubted, then, according to their statement, that this is none other than
+the South Sea, the sun setting where they say.
+
+On Friday, the tenth of this month, [214] we returned to Tadoussac, where
+our vessel lay.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+207. As they were at Lake St Peter on the 29th of June, it is plain that
+     this should read July.
+
+208. This river extending north from Lake Ontario is the river-like Bay of
+     Quinté.
+
+209. The Oswego River.
+
+210. The Genesee River, after which they come to Niagara Falls.
+
+211. We, can easily recognize Lake Ontario, Lake Erie and Niagara Falls,
+     although this account is exceedingly confused and inaccurate.
+
+212. Reference is here made to the Hurons who were nearly related to the
+     Iroquois. They were called by the French the good Iroquois in
+     distinction from the Iroquois in the State of New York, with whom they
+     were at war.
+
+213. A specimen of pure copper was subsequently presented to Champlain.--
+     Vol. II. p. 236: _Vide_ a brochure on _Prehistoric Copper Implements_,
+     by the editor, reprinted from the New England Historical and
+     Genealogical Register for Jan. 1879; also reprinted in the Collections
+     of Wis. Hist. Soc., Vol. VIII. 1880.
+
+214. Friday, July 11th.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+VOYAGE FROM TADOUSSAC TO ISLE PERCÉE.--DESCRIPTION OF MOLUES BAY, THE
+ISLAND OF BONAVENTURE, BAY OF CHALEUR: ALSO SEVERAL RIVERS, LAKES, AND
+COUNTRIES WHERE THERE ARE VARIOUS KINDS OF MINES.
+
+At once, after arriving at Tadoussac, we embarked for Gaspé, about a
+hundred leagues distant. On the thirteenth day of the month, we met a troop
+of savages encamped on the south shore, nearly half way between Tadoussac
+and Gaspé. The name of the Sagamore who led them is Armouchides, who is
+regarded as one of the most intelligent and daring of the savages. He was
+going to Tadoussac to barter their arrows and orignac meat [215] for
+beavers and martens [216] with the Montagnais, Etechemins, and Algonquins.
+
+On the 15th day of the month we arrived at Gaspé, situated on the northern
+shore of a bay, and about a league and a half from the entrance. This bay
+is some seven or eight leagues long, and four leagues broad at its
+entrance. There is a river there extending some thirty leagues inland.
+[217] Then we saw another bay, called Moluës Bay [218] some three leagues
+long and as many wide at its entrance. Thence we come to Isle Percée, [219]
+a sort of rock, which is very high and steep on two sides, with a hole
+through which shallops and boats can pass at high tide. At low tide, you
+can go from the mainland to this island, which is only some four or five
+hundred feet distant. There is also another island, about a league
+southeast of Isle Percée, called the Island of Bonaventure, which is,
+perhaps, half a league long. Gaspé, Moluës Bay, and Isle Percée are all
+places where dry and green fishing is carried on.
+
+Beyond Isle Percée there is a bay, called _Baye de Chaleurs_, [220]
+extending some eighty leagues west-southwest inland, and some fifteen
+leagues broad at its entrance. The Canadian savages say that some sixty
+leagues along the southern shore of the great River of Canada, there is a
+little river called Mantanne, extending some eighteen leagues inland, at
+the end of which they carry their canoes about a league by land, and come
+to the Baye de Chaleurs, [221] whence they go sometimes to Isle Percée.
+They also go from this bay to Tregate [222] and Misamichy. [223]
+
+Proceeding along this coast, you pass a large number of rivers, and reach a
+place where there is one called _Souricoua_, by way of which Sieur Prevert
+went to explore a copper mine. They go with their canoes up this river for
+two or three days, when they go overland some two or three leagues to the
+said mine, which is situated on the seashore southward. At the entrance to
+the above-mentioned river there is an island [224] about a league out, from
+which island to Isle Percée is a distance of some sixty or seventy leagues.
+Then, continuing along this coast, which runs towards the east, you come to
+a strait about two leagues broad and twenty-five long. [225] On the east
+side of it is an island named _St. Lawrence_, [226] on which is Cape
+Breton, and where a tribe of savages called the _Souriquois_ winter.
+Passing the strait of the Island of St. Lawrence, and coasting along the
+shore of La Cadie, you come to a bay [227] on which this copper mine is
+situated. Advancing still farther, you find a river [228] extending some
+sixty or eighty leagues inland, and nearly to the Lake of the Iroquois,
+along which the savages of the coast of La Cadie go to make war upon the
+latter.
+
+One would accomplish a great good by discovering, on the coast of Florida,
+some passage running near to the great lake before referred to, where the
+water is salt; not only on account of the navigation of vessels, which
+would not then be exposed to so great risks as in going by way of Canada,
+but also on account of the shortening of the distance by more than three
+hundred leagues. And it is certain that there are rivers on the coast of
+Florida, not yet discovered, extending into the interior, where the land is
+very good and fertile, and containing very good harbors. The country and
+coast of Florida may have a different temperature and be more productive in
+fruits and other things than that which I have seen; but there cannot be
+there any lands more level nor of a better quality than those we have seen.
+
+The savages say that, in this great Baye de Chaleurs, there is a river
+extending some twenty leagues into the interior, at the extremity of which
+is a lake [229] some twenty leagues in extent, but with very little water;
+that it dries up in summer, when they find in it, a foot or foot and a half
+under ground, a kind of metal resembling the silver which I showed them,
+and that in another place, near this lake, there is a copper mine.
+
+This is what I learned from these savages.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+215. _Orignac_. Moose.--_Vide antea_, note 179.
+
+216. Martens, _martres_. This may include the pine-marten, _Mustela
+     martes_, and the pecan or fisher, _Mustela Canadenfis_, both of which
+     were found in large numbers in New France.
+
+217. York River.
+
+218. Molues Bay, _Baye des Moluès_. Now known as Mal-Bay, from _morue_,
+     codfish, a corruption from the old orthography _molue_ and _baie_,
+     codfish bay, the name having been originally applied on account of the
+     excellent fish of the neighborhood. The harbor of Mal-Bay is enclosed
+     between two points, Point Peter on the north, and a high rocky
+     promontory on the south, whose cliffs rise to the height of 666
+     feet.--_Vide Charts of the St. Lawrence by Captain H. W. Bayfield_.
+
+219. _Isle Percée.--Vide_ Vol. II, note 290.
+
+220. _Baye de Chaleurs_. This bay was so named by Jacques Cartier on
+     account of the excessive heat, _chaleur_, experienced there on his
+     first voyage in 1634.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, Mechelant,
+     ed. Paris, 1865, p. 50. The depth of the bay is about ninety miles and
+     its width at the entrance is about eighteen. It receives the
+     Ristigouche and other rivers.
+
+221. By a portage of about three leagues from the river Matane to the
+     Matapedia, the Bay of Chaleur may be reached by water.
+
+222. _Tregaté_, Tracadie. By a very short portage Between Bass River and
+     the Big Tracadie River, this place may be reached.
+
+223. _Misamichy_, Miramichi. This is reached by a short portage from the
+     Nepisiguit to the head waters of the Miramichi.
+
+224. It is obvious from this description that the island above mentioned is
+     Shediac Island, and the river was one of the several emptying into
+     Shediac Bay, and named _Souricoua_, as by it the Indians went to the
+     Souriquois or Micmacs in Nova Scotia.
+
+225. The Strait of Canseau.
+
+226. _St. Lawrence_. This island had then borne the name of the _Island of
+     Cape Breton_ for a hundred years.
+
+227. The Bay of Fundy.
+
+228. The River St John by which they reached the St Lawrence, and through
+     the River Richelieu the lake of the Iroquois. It was named Lake
+     Champlain in 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 223.
+
+229. By traversing the Ristigouche River, the Matapediac may be reached,
+     the lake here designated.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+RETURN FROM ISLE PERCÉE TO TADOUSSAC.--DESCRIPTION OF THE COVES, HARBORS,
+RIVERS, ISLANDS, ROCKS, FALLS, BAYS, AND SHALLOWS ALONG THE NORTHERN SHORE.
+
+
+We set out from Isle Percée on the nineteenth of the month, on our return
+to Tadoussac. When we were some three leagues from Cape Évêque [230]
+encountered a tempest, which lasted two days, and obliged us to put into a
+large cove and wait for fair weather. The next day we set out from there
+and again encountered another tempest. Not wishing to put back, and
+thinking that we could make our way, we proceeded to the north shore on the
+28th of July, and came to anchor in a cove which is very dangerous on
+account of its rocky banks. This cove is in latitude 51 deg. and some
+minutes. [231]
+
+The next day we anchored near a river called St. Margaret, where the depth
+is some three fathoms at full tide, and a fathom and a half at low tide. It
+extends a considerable distance inland. So far as I observed the eastern
+shore inland, there is a waterfall some fifty or sixty fathoms in extent,
+flowing into this river; from this comes the greater part of the water
+composing it. At its mouth there is a sand-bank, where there is, perhaps,
+at low tide, half a fathom of water. All along the eastern shore there is
+moving sand; and here there is a point some half a league from the above
+mentioned river, [232] extending out half a league, and on the western
+shore there is a little island. This place is in latitude 50 deg. All these
+lands are very poor, and covered with firs. The country is somewhat high,
+but not so much so as that on the south side.
+
+After going some three leagues, we passed another river, [233] apparently
+very large, but the entrance is, for the most part, filled with rocks. Some
+eight leagues distant from there, is a point [234] extending out a league
+and a half, where there is only a fathom and a half of water. Some four
+leagues beyond this point, there is another, where there is water enough.
+[235] All this coast is low and sandy.
+
+Some four leagues beyond there is a cove into which a river enters. [236]
+This place is capable of containing a large number of vessels on its
+western side. There is a low point extending out about a league. One must
+sail along the eastern side for some three hundred paces in order to enter.
+This is the best harbor along all the northern coast; yet it is very
+dangerous sailing there on account of the shallows and sandbanks along the
+greater part of the coast for nearly two leagues from the shore.
+
+Some six leagues farther on is a bay, [237] where there is a sandy island.
+This entire bay is very shoal, except on the eastern side, where there are
+some four fathoms of water. In the channel which enters this bay, some four
+leagues from there, is a fine cove, into which a river flows. There is a
+large fall on it. All this coast is low and sandy. Some five leagues
+beyond, is a point extending out about half a league, [238] in which there
+is a cove; and from one point to the other is a distance of three leagues;
+which, however, is only shoals with little water.
+
+Some two leagues farther on, is a strand with a good harbor and a little
+river, in which there are three islands, [239] and in which vessels could
+take shelter.
+
+Some three leagues from there, is a sandy point, [240] extending out about
+a league, at the end of which is a little island. Then, going on to the
+Esquemin, [241] you come to two small, low islands and a little rock near
+the shore. These islands are about half a league from the Esquemin, which
+is a very bad harbor, surrounded by rocks and dry at low tide, and, in
+order to enter, one must tack and go in behind a little rocky point, where
+there is room enough for only one vessel. A little farther on, is a river
+extending some little distance into the interior; this is the place where
+the Basques carry on the whale-fishery. [242] To tell the truth, the harbor
+is of no account at all.
+
+We went thence to the harbor of Tadoussac, on the third of August. All
+these lands above-mentioned along the shore are low, while the interior is
+high. They are not so attractive or fertile as those on the south shore,
+although lower.
+
+This is precisely what I have seen of this northern shore.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+230. _Évesque_ This cape cannot be identified.
+
+231. On passing to the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, they entered,
+     according to the conjecture of Laverdière, Moisie Bay. It seems to us,
+     however, more likely that they entered a cove somewhere among the
+     Seven Islands, perhaps near the west channel to the Seven Islands Bay,
+     between Point Croix and Point Chassé, where they might have found good
+     anchorage and a rocky shore. The true latitude is say, about 50 deg.
+     9'. The latitude 51 deg., as given by Champlain, would cut the coast
+     of Labrador, and is obviously an error.
+
+232. This was probably the river still bearing the name of St. Margaret.
+     There is a sandy point extending out on the east and a peninsula on
+     the western shore, which may then have been an island formed by the
+     moving sands.--_Vide Bayfield's charts_.
+
+233. Rock River, in latitude 50 deg. 2'.
+
+234. Point De Monts. The Abbé Laverdière, whose opportunities for knowing
+     this coast were excellent, states that there is no other point between
+     Rock River and Point De Monts of such extent, and where there is so
+     little water. As to the distance, Champlain may have been deceived by
+     the currents, or there may have been, as suggested by Laverdière, a
+     typographical error. The distance to Point De Monts is, in fact,
+     eighteen leagues.
+
+235. Point St Nicholas.--_Laverdière_. This is probably the point referred
+     to, although the distance is again three times too great.
+
+236. The Manicouagan River.--_Laverdière_. The distance is still excessive,
+     but in other respects the description in the text identifies this
+     river. On Bellin's map this river is called Rivière Noire.
+
+237. Outard Bay. The island does not now appear. It was probably an island
+     of sand, which has since been swept away, unless it was the sandy
+     peninsula lying between Outard and Manicouagan Rivers. The fall is
+     laid down on Bayfield's chart.
+
+238. Bersimis Point Walker and Miles have _Betsiamites_, Bellin,
+     _Bersiamites_ Laverdière, _Betsiams_, and Bayfield, _Bersemis_. The
+     text describes the locality with sufficient accuracy.
+
+239. Jeremy Island. Bellin, 1764, lays down three islands, but Bayfield,
+     1834, has but one. Two of them appear to have been swept away or
+     united in one.
+
+240. Three leagues would indicate Point Colombier. But Laverdière suggests
+     Mille Vaches as better conforming to the description in the text,
+     although the distance is three times too great.
+
+241. _Esquemin_. Walker and Miles have _Esconmain_, Bellin, _Lesquemin_,
+     Bayfield, _Esquamine_, and Laverdière, _Escoumins_. The river half a
+     league distant is now called River Romaine.
+
+242. The River Lessumen, a short distance from which is _Anse aux Basques_,
+     or Basque Cove. This is probably the locality referred to in the text.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CEREMONIES OF THE SAVAGES BEFORE ENGAGING IN WAR--OF THE ALMOUCHICOIS
+SAVAGES AND THEIR STRANGE FORM--NARRATIVE OF SIEUR DE PREVERT OF ST. MALO
+ON THE EXPLORATION OF THE LA CADIAN COAST, WHAT MINES THERE ARE THERE; THE
+EXCELLENCE AND FERTILITY OF THE COUNTRY.
+
+Upon arriving at Tadoussac, we found the savages, whom we had met at the
+River of the Iroquois, and who had had an encounter at the first lake with
+three Iroquois canoes, there being ten of the Montagnais. The latter
+brought back the heads of the Iroquois to Tadoussac, there being only one
+Montagnais wounded, which was in the arm by an arrow; and in case he should
+have a dream, it would be necessary for all the ten others to execute it in
+order to satisfy him, they thinking, moreover, that his wound would thereby
+do better. If this savage should die, his relatives would avenge his death
+either on his own tribe or others, or it would be necessary for the
+captains to make presents to the relatives of the deceased, in order to
+content them, otherwise, as I have said, they would practise vengeance,
+which is a great evil among them.
+
+Before these Montagnais set out for the war, they all gathered together in
+their richest fur garments of beaver and other skins, adorned with beads
+and belts of various colors. They assembled in a large public place, in the
+presence of a sagamore named Begourat, who led them to the war. They were
+arranged one behind the other, with their bows and arrows, clubs, and round
+shields with which they provide for fighting. They went leaping one after
+the other, making various gestures with their bodies, and many snail-like
+turns. Afterwards they proceeded to dance in the customary manner, as I
+have before described; then they had their _tabagie_, after which the women
+stripped themselves stark naked, adorned with their handsomest
+_matachiats_. Thus naked and dancing, they entered their canoes, when they
+put out upon the water, striking each other with their oars, and throwing
+quantities of water at one another. But they did themselves no harm, since
+they parried the blows hurled at each other. After all these ceremonies,
+the women withdrew to their cabins, and the men went to the war against the
+Iroquois.
+
+On the sixteenth of August we set out from Tadoussac, and arrived on the
+eighteenth at Isle Percée, where we found Sieur Prevert of St. Malo, who
+came from the mine where he had gone with much difficulty, from the fear
+which the savages had of meeting their enemies, the Almouchicois, [243] who
+are savages of an exceedingly strange form, for their head is small and
+body short, their arms slender as those of a skeleton, so also the thighs,
+their legs big and long and of uniform size, and when they are seated on
+the ground, their knees extend more than half a foot above the head,
+something strange and seemingly abnormal. They are, however, very agile and
+resolute, and are settled upon the best lands all the coast of La Cadie;
+[244] so that the Souriquois fear them greatly. But with the assurance
+which Sieur de Prevert gave them, he took them to the mine, to which the
+savages guided him. [245] It is a very high mountain, extending somewhat
+seaward, glittering brightly in the sunlight, and containing a large amount
+of verdigris, which proceeds from the before-mentioned copper mine. At the
+foot of this mountain, he said, there was at low water a large quantity of
+bits of copper, such as he showed us, which fall from the top of the
+mountain. Going on three or four leagues in the direction of the coast of
+La Cadie one finds another mine; also a small river extending some distance
+in a Southerly direction, where there is a mountain containing a black
+pigment with which the savages paint themselves. Then, some six leagues
+from the second mine, going seaward about a league, and near the coast of
+La Cadie, you find an island containing a kind of metal of a dark brown
+color, but white when it is cut. This they formerly used for their arrows
+and knives, which they beat into shape with stones, which leads me to
+believe that it is neither tin nor lead, it being so hard; and, upon our
+showing them some silver, they said that the metal of this island was like
+it, which they find some one or two feet under ground. Sieur Prevert gave
+to the savages wedges and chisels and other things necessary to extract the
+ore of this mine, which they promised to do, and on the following year to
+bring and give the same to Sieur Prevert.
+
+They say, also, that, some hundred or hundred and twenty leagues distant,
+there are other mines, but that they do not dare to go to them, unless
+accompanied by Frenchmen to make war upon their enemies, in whose
+possession the mines are.
+
+This place where the mine is, which is in latitude 44 deg. and some
+minutes, [246] and some five or six leagues from the coast of La Cadie, is
+a kind of bay some leagues broad at its entrance, and somewhat more in
+length, where there are three rivers which flow into the great bay near the
+island of St John, [247] which is some thirty or thirty-five leagues long
+and some six leagues from the mainland on the south. There is also another
+small river emptying about half way from that by which Sieur Prevert
+returned, in which there are two lake-like bodies of water. There is also
+still another small river, extending in the direction of the pigment
+mountain. All these rivers fall into said bay nearly southeast of the
+island where these savages say this white mine is. On the north side of
+this bay are the copper mines, where there is a good harbor for vessels, at
+the entrance to which is a small island. The bottom is mud and sand, on
+which vessels can be run.
+
+From this mine to the mouth of the above rivers is a distance of some sixty
+or eighty leagues overland. But the distance to this mine, along the
+seacoast, from the outlet between the Island of St. Lawrence and the
+mainland is, I should think, more than fifty or sixty leagues. [248]
+
+All this country is very fair and flat, containing all the kinds of trees
+we saw on our way to the first fall of the great river of Canada, with but
+very little fir and cypress.
+
+This is an exact statement of what I ascertained from Sieur Prevert.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+243. _Almouchiquois_. Champlain here writes _Armouchicois_. The account
+     here given to Prevert, by the Souriquois or Micmacs, as they have been
+     more recently called, of the Almouchicois or Indians found south of
+     Saco, on the coast of Massachusetts, if accurately reported, is far
+     from correct. _Vide_ Champlain's description of them, Vol. II. p. 63,
+     _et passim_.
+
+244. _Coast of La Cadie_. This extent given to La Cadie corresponds with
+     the charter of De Monts, which covered the territory from 40 deg.
+     north latitude to 46 deg. The charter was obtained in the autumn of
+     this same year, 1603, and before the account of this voyage by
+     Champlain was printed.--_Vide_ Vol. 11. note 155.
+
+245. Prevert did not make this exploration, personally, although he
+     pretended that he did. He sent some of his men with Secondon, the
+     chief of St. John, and others. His report is therefore second-hand,
+     confused, and inaccurate. Champlain exposes Prevert's attempt to
+     deceive in a subsequent reference to him. Compare Vol. II. pp. 26, 97,
+     98.
+
+246. _44 deg. and some minutes_. The Basin of Mines, the place where the
+     copper was said to be, is about 45 deg. 30'.
+
+247. _Island of St. John_. Prince Edward Island. It was named the island of
+     St. John by Cartier, having been discovered by him on St. John's Day,
+     the 24th of June, 1534.--_Vide Voyage de Jacques Cartier_, 1534,
+     Michelant, ed. Paris, 1865, p. 33. It continued to be so called for
+     the period of _two hundred and sixty-five_ years, when it was changed
+     to Prince Edward Island by an act of its legislature, in November,
+     1798, which was confirmed by the king in council, Feb. 1, 1799.
+
+248. That is, from the Strait of Canseau round the coast of Nova Scotia to
+     the Bay of Mines.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+A TERRIBLE MONSTER, WHICH THE SAVAGES CALL GOUGOU--OUR SHORT AND FAVORABLE
+VOYAGE BACK TO FRANCE
+
+There is, moreover, a strange matter, worthy of being related, which
+several savages have assured me was true; namely, near the Bay of Chaleurs,
+towards the south, there is an island where a terrible monster resides,
+which the savages call _Gougou_, and which they told me had the form of a
+woman, though very frightful, and of such a size that they told me the tops
+of the masts of our vessel would not reach to his middle, so great do they
+picture him; and they say that he has often devoured and still continues to
+devour many savages; these he puts, when he can catch them, into a great
+pocket, and afterwards eats them; and those who had escaped the jaws of
+this wretched creature said that its pocket was so great that it could have
+put our vessel into it. This monster makes horrible noises in this island,
+which the savages call the _Gougou_; and when they speak of him, it is with
+the greatest possible fear, and several have assured me that they have seen
+him. Even the above-mentioned Prevert from St. Malo told me that, while
+going in search of mines, as mentioned in the previous chapter, he passed
+so near the dwelling-place of this frightful creature, that he and all
+those on board his vessel heard strange hissings from the noise it made,
+and that the savages with him told him it was the same creature, and that
+they were so afraid that they hid themselves wherever they could, for fear
+that it would come and carry them off. What makes me believe what they say
+is the fact that all the savages in general fear it, and tell such strange
+things about it that, if I were to record all they say, it would be
+regarded as a myth; but I hold that this is the dwelling-place of some
+devil that torments them in the above-mentioned manner. [249] This is what
+I have learned about this Gougou.
+
+Before leaving Tadoussac on our return to France, one of the sagamores of
+the Montagnais, named _Bechourat_, gave his son to Sieur Du Pont Gravé to
+take to France, to whom he was highly commended by the grand sagamore,
+Anadabijou, who begged him to treat him well and have him see what the
+other two savages, whom we had taken home with us, had seen. We asked them
+for an Iroquois woman they were going to eat, whom they gave us, and whom,
+also, we took with this savage. Sieur de Prevert also took four savages: a
+man from the coast of La Cadie, a woman and two boys from the Canadians.
+
+On the 24th of August, we set out from Gaspé, the vessel of Sieur Prevert
+and our own. On the 2d of September we calculated that we were as far as
+Cape Race, on the 5th, we came upon the bank where the fishery is carried
+on; on the 16th, we were on soundings, some fifty leagues from Ouessant; on
+the 20th we arrived, by God's grace, to the joy of all, and with a
+continued favorable wind, at the port of Havre de Grâce.
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+249. The description of this enchanted island is too indefinite to invite a
+     conjecture of its identity or location. The resounding noise of the
+     breaking waves, mingled with the whistling of the wind, might well lay
+     a foundation for the fears of the Indians, and their excited
+     imaginations would easily fill out and complete the picture. In
+     Champlain's time, the belief in the active agency of good and evil
+     spirits, particularly the latter, in the affairs of men, was
+     universal. It culminated in this country in the tragedies of the Salem
+     witchcraft in 1692. It has since been gradually subsiding, but
+     nevertheless still exists under the mitigated form of spiritual
+     communications. Champlain, sharing the credulity of his times, very
+     naturally refers these strange phenomena reported by the savages,
+     whose statements were fully accredited and corroborated by the
+     testimony of his countryman, M. Prevert, to the agency of some evil
+     demon, who had taken up his abode in that region in order to vex and
+     terrify these unhappy Indians. As a faithful historian, he could not
+     omit this story, but it probably made no more impression upon his mind
+     than did the thousand others of a similar character with which he must
+     have been familiar He makes no allusion to it in the edition of 1613,
+     when speaking of the copper mines in that neighborhood, nor yet in
+     that of 1632, and it had probably passed from his memory.
+
+
+
+
+CHAMPLAIN'S EXPLANATION
+
+OF THE
+
+CARTE DE LA NOVVELLE FRANCE.
+
+1632.
+
+TABLE FOR FINDING THE PROMINENT PLACES ON THE MAP.
+
+A. _Baye des Isles_. [1]
+
+B. _Calesme_. [2]
+
+C. _Baye des Trespasses_.
+
+D. _Cap de Leuy_. [3]
+
+E. _Port du Cap de Raye_, where the cod-fishery is carried on.
+
+F. The north-west coast of Newfoundland, but little known.
+
+G. Passage to the north at the 52d degree. [4]
+
+H. _Isle St. Paul_, near Cape St Lawrence
+
+I. _Isle de Sasinou_, between Monts Déserts and Isles aux Corneilles. [5]
+
+K. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, some eight or nine
+leagues in circuit. [6]
+
+L. _Riuière Jeannin_. [7]
+
+M. _Riuière St. Antoine_, [8]
+
+N. Kind of salt water discharging into the sea, with ebb and flood,
+abundance of fish and shell-fish, and in some places oysters of not very
+good flavor. [9]
+
+P. _Port aux Coquilles_, an island at the mouth of the River St. Croix,
+with good fishing. [10]
+
+Q. Islands where there is fishing. [11]
+
+R. _Lac de Soissons_. [12]
+
+S. _Baye du Gouffre_. [13]
+
+T. _Isle de Monts Déserts_, very high.
+
+V. _Isle S. Barnabe_, in the great river near the Bic.
+
+X. _Lesquemain_, where there is a small river, abounding in salmon and
+trout, near which is a little rocky islet, where there was formerly a
+station for the whale fishery. [14]
+
+Y. _La Pointe aux Allouettes_, where, in the month of September, there are
+numberless larks, also other kinds of game and shell-fish.
+
+Z. _Isle aux Liéures_, so named because some hares were captured there when
+it was first discovered. [15]
+
+2. _Port à Lesquille_, dry at low tide, where are two brooks coming from
+the mountains. [16]
+
+3. _Port au Saulmon_, dry at low tide. There are two small islands here,
+abounding, in the season, with strawberries, raspberries, and _bluets_.
+[17] Near this place is a good roadstead for vessels, and two small brooks
+flowing into the harbor.
+
+4. _Riuière Platte_, coming from the mountains, only navigable for canoes.
+It is dry here at low tide a long distance out. Good anchorage in the
+offing.
+
+5. _Isles aux Couldres_, some league and a half long, containing in their
+season great numbers of rabbits, partridges, and other kinds of game. At
+the southwest point are meadows, and reefs seaward. There is anchorage here
+for vessels between this island and the mainland on the north.
+
+6. _Cap de Tourmente_, a league from which Sieur de Champlain had a
+building erected, which was burned by the English in 1628. Near this place
+is Cap Bruslé, between which and Isle aux Coudres is a channel, with eight,
+ten, and twelve fathoms of water. On the south the shore is muddy and
+rocky. To the north are high lands, &c.
+
+7. _Isle d'Orléans_, six leagues in length, very beautiful on account of
+its variety of woods, meadows, vines, and nuts. The western point of this
+island is called Cap de Condé.
+
+8. _Le Sault de Montmorency_, twenty fathoms high, [18] formed by a river
+coming from the mountains, and discharging into the St. Lawrence, a league
+and a half from Quebec.
+
+9. _Rivière S. Charles_, coming from Lac S. Joseph, [19] very beautiful
+with meadows at low tide. At full tide barques can go up as far as the
+first fall. On this river are built the churches and quarters of the
+reverend Jésuit and Récollect Fathers. Game is abundant here in spring and
+autumn.
+
+10. _Rivière des Etechemins_, [20] by which the savages go to Quinebequi,
+crossing the country with difficulty, on account of the falls and little
+water. Sieur de Champlain had this exploration made in 1628, and found a
+savage tribe, seven days from Quebec, who till the soil, and are called the
+Abenaquiuoit.
+
+11. _Rivière de Champlain_, near that of Batisquan, north-west of the
+Grondines.
+
+12. _Rivière de Sauvages_ [21]
+
+13. _Isle Verte_, five or six leagues from Tadoussac. [22]
+
+14. _Isle de Chasse_.
+
+15. _Rivière Batisquan_, very pleasant, and abounding in fish.
+
+16. _Les Grondines_, and some neighboring islands. A good place for hunting
+and fishing.
+
+17. _Rivière des Esturgeons & Saulmons_, with a fall of water from fifteen
+to twenty feet high, two leagues from Saincte Croix, which descends into a
+small pond discharging into the great river St. Lawrence. [23]
+
+18. _Isle de St. Eloy_, with a passage between the island and the mainland
+on the north. [24]
+
+19. _Lac S. Pierre_, very beautiful, three to four fathoms in depth, and
+abounding in fish, surrounded by hills and level tracts, with meadows in
+places. Several small streams and brooks flow into it.
+
+20. _Rivière du Gast_, very pleasant, yet containing but little water. [25]
+
+21. _Rivière Sainct Antoine_. [26]
+
+22. _Rivière Saincte Suzanne_. [27]
+
+23. _Rivière des Yrocois_, very beautiful, with many islands and meadows.
+It comes from Lac de Champlain, five or fix days' journey in length,
+abounding in fish and game of different kinds. Vines, nut, plum, and
+chestnut trees abound in many places. There are meadows and very pretty
+islands in it. To reach it, it is necessary to pass one large and one small
+fall. [28]
+
+24. _Sault de Rivière du Saguenay_, fifty leagues from Tadoussac, ten or
+twelve fathoms high. [29]
+
+25. _Grand Sault_, which falls some fifteen feet, amid a large number of
+islands. It is half a league in length and three leagues broad. [30]
+
+26. _Port au Mouton_.
+
+27. _Baye de Campseau_.
+
+28. _Cap Baturier_, on the Isle de Sainct Jean.
+
+29. A river by way of which they go to the Baye Françoise. [31]
+
+30. _Chasse des Eslans_. [32]
+
+31. _Cap de Richelieu_, on the eastern part of the Isle d'Orléans. [33]
+
+32. A small bank near Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+33. _Rivière des Puans_, coming from a lake where there is a mine of pure
+red copper. [34]
+
+34. _Sault de Gaston_, nearly two leagues broad, and discharging into the
+Mer Douce. It comes from another very large lake, which, with the Mer
+Douce, have an extent of thirty days' journey by canoe, according to the
+report of the savages. [35]
+
+_Returning to the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Coast of La Cadie_.
+
+35. _Riuière de Gaspey_. [36]
+
+36. _Riuière de Chaleu_. [37]
+
+37. Several Islands near Miscou and the harbor of Miscou, between two
+islands.
+
+38. _Cap de l'Isle Sainct Jean_. [38]
+
+39. _Port au Rossignol_.
+
+40. _Riuière Platte_. [39]
+
+41. _Port du Cap Naigré_. On the bay by this cape there is a French
+settlement, where Sieur de la Tour commands, from whom it was named Port la
+Tour. The Reverend Récollect Fathers dwelt here in 1630. [40]
+
+42. _Baye du Cap de Sable_.
+
+43. _Baye Saine_. [41]
+
+44. _Baye Courante_, with many islands abounding in game, good fishing, and
+places favorable for vessels. [42]
+
+45. _Port du Cap Fourchu_, very pleasant, but very nearly dry at low tide.
+Near this place are many islands, with good hunting.
+
+47. _Petit Passage de Isle Longue_. Here there is good cod-fishing.
+
+48. _Cap des Deux Bayes_. [43]
+
+49. _Port des Mines_, where, at low tide, small pieces of very pure copper
+are to be found in the rocks along the shore. [44]
+
+50. _Isles de Bacchus_, very pleasant, containing many vines, nut,
+plum, and other trees. [45]
+
+51. Islands near the mouth of the river Chouacoet.
+
+52. _Isles Assez Hautes_, three or four in number, two or three leagues
+distant from the land, at the mouth of Baye Longue. [46]
+
+53. _Baye aux Isles_, with suitable harbors for vessels. The country is
+very good, and settled by numerous savages, who till the land. In these
+localities are numerous cypresses, vines, and nut-trees. [47]
+
+54. _La Soupçonneuse_, an island nearly a league distant from the land.
+[48]
+
+55. _Baye Longue_. [49]
+
+56. _Les Sept Isles_. [50]
+
+57. _Riuière des Etechemins_. [51] _The Virginias, where the English are
+settled, between the 36th and 37th degrees of latitude. Captains Ribaut and
+Laudonnière made explorations 36 or 37 years ago along the coasts adjoining
+Florida, and established a settlement_. [52]
+
+58. Several rivers of the Virginias, flowing into the Gulf.
+
+59. Coast inhabited by savages who till the soil, which is very good.
+
+60. _Poincte Confort_. [53]
+
+61. _Immestan_. [54]
+
+62. _Chesapeacq Bay_.
+
+63. _Bedabedec_, the coast west of the river Pemetegoet. [55]
+
+64. _Belles Prairies_.
+
+65. Place on Lac Champlain where the Yroquois were defeated by Sieur
+Champlain in 1606. [56]
+
+66. _Petit Lac_, by way of which they go to the Yroquois, after passing
+over that of Champlain. [57]
+
+67. _Baye des Trespassez_, on the island of Newfoundland.
+
+68. _Chappeau Rouge_.
+
+69. _Baye du Sainct Esprit_.
+
+70. _Les Vierges_.
+
+71. _Port Breton_, near Cap Sainct Laurent, on Isle du Cap Breton.
+
+72. _Les Bergeronnettes_, three leagues from Tadoussac.
+
+73. _Le Cap d'Espoir_, near Isle Percée. [58]
+
+74. _Forillon_, at Poincte de Gaspey.
+
+75. _Isle de Mont-réal_, at the Falls of St. Louis, in the River St.
+Lawrence. [59]
+
+76. _Riuière des Prairies_, coming from a lake at the Falls of St. Louis,
+where there are two islands, one of which is Montreal For several years
+this has been a station for trading with the savages. [60]
+
+77. _Sault de la Chaudière_, on the river of the Algonquins, some
+eighteen feet high, and descending among rocks with a great roar. [61]
+
+78. _Lac de Nibachis_, the name of a savage captain who dwells here and
+tills a little land, where he plants Indian corn. [62]
+
+79. Eleven lakes, near each other, one, two, and three leagues in extent,
+and abounding in fish and game. Sometimes the savages go this way in order
+to avoid the Fall of the Calumets, which is very dangerous. Some of these
+localities abound in pines, yielding a great amount of resin. [63]
+
+80. _Sault des Pierres à Calunmet_, which resemble alabaster.
+
+81. _Isle de Tesouac_, an Algonquin captain (_Tesouac_) to
+whom the savages pay a toll for allowing them passage to Quebec. [64]
+
+82. _La Riuière de Tesouac_, in which there are five falls. [65]
+
+83. A river by which many savages go to the North Sea, above the Saguenay,
+and to the Three Rivers, going some distance overland. [66]
+
+84. The lakes by which they go to the North Sea.
+
+85. A river extending towards the North Sea.
+
+86. Country of the Hurons, so called by the French, where there are
+numerous communities, and seventeen villages fortified by three palisades
+of wood, with a gallery all around in the form of a parapet, for defence
+against their enemies. This region is in latitude 44 deg. 30', with a
+fertile soil cultivated by the savages.
+
+87. Passage of a league overland, where the canoes are carried.
+
+88. A river discharging into the _Mer Douce_. [67]
+
+89. Village fortified by four palisades, where Sieur de Champlain went in
+the war against the Antouhonorons, and where several savages were taken
+prisoners. [68]
+
+90. Falls at the extremity of the Falls of St. Louis, very high, where many
+fish come down and are stunned. [69]
+
+91. A small river near the Sault de la Chaudière, where there is a
+waterfall nearly twenty fathoms high, over which the water flows in such
+volume and with such velocity that a long arcade is made, beneath which the
+savages go for amusement, without getting wet. It is a fine sight. [70]
+
+92. This river is very beautiful, with numerous islands of various sizes.
+It passes through many fine lakes, and is bordered by beautiful meadows. It
+abounds in deer and other animals, with fish of excellent quality. There
+are many cleared tracts of land upon it, with good soil, which have been
+abandoned by the savages on account of their wars. It discharges into Lake
+St. Louis, and many tribes come to these regions to hunt and obtain their
+provision for the winter. [71]
+
+93. Chestnut forest, where there are great quantities of chestnuts, on the
+borders of Lac St Louis. Also many meadows, vines, and nut-trees. [72]
+
+94. Lake-like bodies of salt water at the head of Baye François, where the
+tide ebbs and flows. Islands containing many birds, many meadows in
+different localities, small rivers flowing into these species of lakes, by
+which they go to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, near Isle S. Jean. [73]
+
+95. _Isle Haute_, a league in circuit, and flat on top. It contains fresh
+water and much wood. It is a league distant from Port aux Mines and Cap des
+Deux Bayes. It is more than forty fathoms high on all sides, except in one
+place, where it slopes, and where there is a pebbly point of a triangular
+shape. In the centre is a pond with salt water. Many birds make their nests
+in this island.
+
+96. _La Riuière des Algommequins_, extending from the Falls of St Louis
+nearly to the Lake of the Bissereni, containing more than eighty falls,
+large and small, which must be passed by going around, by rowing, or by
+hauling with ropes. Some of these falls are very dangerous, particularly in
+going down. [74]
+
+_Gens de Petun_. This is a tribe cultivating this herb (_tobacco_), in
+which they carry on an extensive traffic with the other tribes. They have
+large towns, fortified with wood, and they plant Indian corn.
+
+_Cheveux Releuez_. These are savages who wear nothing about the loins, and
+go stark naked, except in winter, when they clothe themselves in robes of
+skins, which they leave off when they quit their houses for the fields.
+They are great hunters, fishermen, and travellers, till the soil, and plant
+Indian corn. They dry _bluets_ [75] and raspberries, in which they carry on
+an extensive traffic with the other tribes, taking in exchange skins,
+beads, nets, and other articles. Some of these people pierce the nose, and
+attach beads to it They tattoo their bodies, applying black and other
+colors. They wear their hair very straight, and grease it, painting it red,
+as they do also the face.
+
+_La Nation Neutre_. This is a people that maintains itself against all the
+others. They engage in war only with the Assistaqueronons. They are very
+powerful, having forty towns well peopled.
+
+_Les Antouhonorons_. They consist of fifteen towns built in strong
+situations. They are enemies of all the other tribes, except Neutral
+nation. Their country is fine, with a good climate, and near the river St.
+Lawrence, the passage of which they forbid to all the other tribes, for
+which reason it is less visited by them. They till the soil, and plant
+their land. [76] _Les Yroquois_. They unite with the Antouhonorons in
+making war against all the other tribes, except the Neutral nation.
+
+_Carantouanis_. This is a tribe that has moved to the south of the
+Antouhonorons, and dwells in a very fine country, where it is securely
+quartered. They are friends of all the other tribes, except the above named
+Antouhonorons, from whom they are only three days' journey distant. Once
+they took as prisoners some Flemish, but sent them back again without doing
+them any harm, supposing that they were French. Between Lac St. Louis and
+Sault St. Louis, which is the great river St Lawrence, there are five
+falls, numerous fine lakes, and pretty islands, with a pleasing country
+abounding in game and fish, favorable for settlement, were it not for the
+wars which the savages carry on with each other.
+
+_La Mer Douce_ is a very large lake, containing a countless number of
+islands. It is very deep, and abounds in fish of all varieties and of
+extraordinary size, which are taken at different times and seasons, as in
+the great sea. The southern shore is much pleasanter than the northern,
+where there are many rocks and great quantities of caribous.
+
+_Le Lac des Bisserenis_ is very beautiful, some twenty-five leagues in
+circuit, and containing numerous islands covered with woods and meadows.
+The savages encamp here, in order to catch in the river sturgeon, pike, and
+carp, which are excellent and of very great size, and taken in large
+numbers. Game is also abundant, although the country is not particularly
+attractive, it being for the most part rocky.
+
+[NOTE.--The following are marked on the map as places where the French have
+had settlements: 1. Grand Cibou; 2. Cap Naigre; 3. Port du Cap Fourchu; 4.
+Port Royal; 5. St. Croix; 6. Isle des Monts Deserts; 7. Port de Miscou; 8.
+Tadoussac; 9. Quebec; 10. St. Croix, near Quebec.]
+
+ENDNOTES:
+
+1. It is to be observed that some of the letters and figures are not found
+   on the map. Among the rest, the letter A is wanting. It is impossible of
+   course to tell with certainty to what it refers, particularly as the
+   places referred to do not occur in consecutive order. The Abbé
+   Laverdière thinks this letter points to the bay of Boston or what we
+   commonly call Massachusetts Bay, or to the Bay of all Isles as laid down
+   by Champlain on the eastern coast of Nova Scotia.
+
+2. On the southern coast of Newfoundland, now known as _Placentia Bay_.
+
+3. Point Levi, opposite Quebec.
+
+4. The letter G is wanting, but the reference is plainly to the Straits of
+   Belle Isle, as may be seen by reference to the map.
+
+5. This island was somewhere between Mount Desert and Jonesport; not
+   unlikely it was that now known as Petit Manan. It was named after
+   Sasanou, chief of the River Kennebec. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 58.
+
+6. The underestimate is so great, that it is probable that the author
+   intended to say that the length of the island is eight or nine leagues.
+
+7. The Boyer, east of Quebec. It appears to have been named after the
+   President Jeannin. _Vide antea_, p.112.
+
+8. A river east of the Island of Orleans now called Rivière du Sud.
+
+9. N is wanting.
+
+10. A harbor at the north-eastern extremity of the island of Campobello.
+    _Vide_ Vol II. p. 100.
+
+11. Q is wanting. The reference is perhaps to the islands in Penobscot Bay.
+
+12. Lac de Soissons So named after Charles de Bourbon, Count de Soissons, a
+    Viceroy of New France in 1612. _Vide antea_, p 112. Now known as the
+    Lake of Two Mountains.
+
+13. A bay at the mouth of a river of this name now called St. Paul's Bay,
+    near the Isle aux Coudres. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 305.
+
+14. _Vide antea_, note 241.
+
+15. An island in the River St Lawrence west of Tadoussac, still called Hare
+    Island. _Vide antea_, note 148.
+
+16. Figure 2 is not found on the map, and it is difficult to identify the
+    place referred to.
+
+17. Bluets, _Vaccinium Canadense_, the Canada blueberry. Champlain says it
+    is a small fruit very good for eating. _Vide_ Quebec ed. Voyage of
+    1615, p. 509.
+
+18. _Vide_ Vol. II. p. 176.
+
+19. For _Lac S. Joseph_, read Lac S. Charles.
+
+20. Champlain here calls the Chaudière the River of the Etechemins,
+    notwithstanding he had before given the name to that now known as the
+    St. Croix. _Vide_ Vol. II. pp. 30, 47, 60. There is still a little east
+    of the Chaudière a river now known as the Etechemin; but the channel of
+    the Chaudière would be the course which the Indians would naturally
+    take to reach the head-waters of the Kennebec, where dwelt the
+    Abenaquis.
+
+21. River Verte, entering the St. Lawrence on the south of Green Island,
+    opposite to Tadoussac.
+
+22. Green Island.
+
+23. Jacques Cartier River.
+
+24. Near the Batiscan.
+
+25. Nicolet. _Vide_ Laverdière's note, Quebec ed. Vol. III. p. 328.
+
+26. River St. Francis.
+
+27. Rivière du Loup.
+
+28. River Richelieu.
+
+29. This number is wanting.
+
+30. The Falls of St Louis, above Montreal. The figures are wanting.
+
+31. One of the small rivers between Cobequid Bay and Cumberland Strait.
+
+32. Moose Hunting, on the west of Gaspé.
+
+33. Argentenay.--_Laverdière_.
+
+34. Champlain had not been in this region, and consequently obtained his
+    information from the savages. There is no such lake as he represents on
+    his map, and this island producing pure copper may have been Isle
+    Royale, in Lake Superior.
+
+35. The Falls of St. Mary.
+
+36. York River.
+
+37. The Ristigouche.
+
+38. Now called North Point.
+
+39. Probably Gold River, flowing into Mahone Bay.
+
+40. Still called Port La Tour.
+
+41. Halifax Harbor. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 266.
+
+42. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 192.
+
+43. Now Cape Chignecto, in the Bay of Fundy.
+
+44. Advocates' Harbor.
+
+45. Richmond Island _Vide_ note 42 Vol. I. and note 123 Vol. II. of this
+    work.
+
+46. The Isles of Shoals. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 142.
+
+47. Boston Bay.
+
+48. Martha's Vineyard _Vide_ Vol. II. note 227.
+
+49. Merrimac Bay, as it may be appropriately called stretching from Little
+    Boar's Head to Cape Anne.
+
+50. These islands appear to be in Casco Bay.
+
+51. The figures are not on the map. The reference is to the Scoudic,
+    commonly known as the River St Croix.
+
+52. There is probably a typographical error in the figures. The passage
+    should read "66 or 67 years ago."
+
+53. Now Old Point Comfort.
+
+54. Jamestown, Virginia.
+
+55. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 95.
+
+56. This should read 1609. _Vide_ Vol. II. note 348.
+
+57. Lake George _Vide antea_, note 63. p. 93.
+
+58. This cape still bears the same name.
+
+59. This number is wanting.
+
+60. This river comes from the Lake of Two Mountains, is a branch of the
+    Ottawa separating the Island of Montreal from the Isle Jésus and flows
+    into the main channel of the Ottawa two or three miles before it
+    reaches the eastern end of the Island of Montreal.
+
+61. The Chaudière Falls are near the site of the city of Ottawa. _Vide
+    antea_, p. 120.
+
+62. Muskrat Lake.
+
+63. This number is wanting on the map. Muscrat Lake is one of this
+    succession of lakes, which extends easterly towards the Ottawa.
+
+64. Allumette Island, in the River Ottawa, about eighty-five miles above
+    the capital of the Dominion of Canada.
+
+65. That part of the River Ottawa which, after its bifurcation, sweeps
+    around and forms the northern boundary of Allumette Island.
+
+66. The Ottawa beyond its junction with the Matawan.
+
+67. French River.
+
+68. _Vide antea_, note 83, p. 130.
+
+69. Plainly Lake St. Louis, now the Ontario, and not the Falls of St Louis.
+    The reference is here to Niagara Falls.
+
+70. The River Rideau.
+
+71. The River Trent discharges into the Bay of Quinte, an arm of Lake
+    Ontario or Lac St Louis.
+
+72. On the borders of Lake Ontario in the State of New York.
+
+73. The head-waters of the Bay of Fundy.
+
+74. The River Ottawa, here referred to, extends nearly to Lake Nipissing,
+    here spoken of as the lake of the _Bissèreni_.
+
+75. The Canada blueberry, Vaccanium Canadense. The aborigines of New
+    England were accustomed to dry the blueberry for winter's use. _Vide
+    Josselyn's Rarities_, Tuckerman's ed., Boston, 1865, p. 113.
+
+76. This reference is to the Antouoronons, as given on the map.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+[Seal Inscription: In Memory of Thomas Prince]
+
+COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
+
+IN THE YEAR ONE THOUSAND EIGHT HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FOUR.
+
+AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General
+Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows_:
+
+SECTION I. John Ward Dean, J. Wingate Thornton, Edmund F. Slafter, and
+Charles W. Tuttle, their associates and successors, are made a corporation
+by the name of the PRINCE SOCIETY, for the purpose of preserving and
+extending the knowledge of American History, by editing and printing such
+manuscripts, rare tracts, and volumes as are mostly confined in their use
+to historical students and public libraries.
+
+SECTION 2. Said corporation may hold real and personal estate to an amount
+not exceeding thirty thousand dollars.
+
+SECTION 3. This act shall take effect upon its passage.
+
+Approved March 18, 1874.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+NOTE.--The Prince Society was organized on the 25th of May, 1858. What was
+undertaken as an experiment has proved successful. This ACT OF
+INCORPORATION has been obtained to enable the Society better to fulfil its
+object, in its expanding growth.
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+CONSTITUTION.
+
+ARTICLE I.--This Society Shall be called THE PRINCE SOCIETY; and it Shall
+have for its object the publication of rare works, in print or manuscript,
+relating to America.
+
+ARTICLE II--The officers of the Society shall be a President, four
+Vice-Presidents, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, and a
+Treasurer; who together shall form the Council of the Society.
+
+ARTICLE III.--Members may be added to the Society on the recommendation of
+any member and a confirmatory vote of a majority of the Council.
+
+Libraries and other Institutions may hold membership, and be represented by
+an authorized agent.
+
+All members shall be entitled to and shall accept the volumes printed by
+the Society, as they are issued from time to time, at the prices fixed by
+the Council; and membership shall be forfeited by a refusal or neglect to
+accept the said volumes.
+
+Any person may terminate his membership by resignation addressed in writing
+to the President; provided, however, that he shall have previously paid for
+all volumes issued by the Society after the date of his election as a
+member.
+
+ARTICLE IV.--The management of the Society's affairs shall be vested in the
+Council, which shall keep a faithful record of its proceedings, and report
+the same to the Society annually, at its General Meeting in May.
+
+ARTICLE V.--On the anniversary of the birth of the Rev. Thomas
+Prince,--namely, on the twenty-fifth day of May, in every year (but if this
+day shall fall on Sunday or a legal holiday, on the following day),--a
+General Meeting shall be held at Boston, in Massachusetts, for the purpose
+of electing officers, hearing the report of the Council, auditing the
+Treasurer's account, and transacting other business.
+
+ARTICLE VI.--The officers shall be chosen by the Society annually, at the
+General Meeting; but vacancies occurring between the General Meetings may
+be filled by the Council.
+
+ARTICLE VII.--By-Laws for the more particular government of the Society may
+be made or amended at any General Meeting.
+
+ARTICLE VIII.--Amendments to the Constitution may be made at the General
+Meeting in May, by a three-fourths vote, provided that a copy of the same
+be transmitted to every member of the Society, at least two weeks previous
+to the time of voting thereon.
+
+COUNCIL.
+
+RULES AND REGULATIONS.
+
+1. The Society shall be administered on the mutual principle, and solely in
+the interest of American history.
+
+2. A volume shall be issued as often as practicable, but not more
+frequently than once a year.
+
+3. An editor of each work to be issued shall be appointed, who shall be a
+member of the Society, whose duty it shall be to prepare, arrange, and
+conduct the same through the press; and, as he will necessarily be placed
+under obligations to scholars and others for assistance, and particularly
+for the loan of rare books, he shall be entitled to receive ten copies, to
+enable him to acknowledge and return any courtesies which he may have
+received.
+
+4. All editorial work and official service shall be performed gratuitously.
+
+5. All contracts connected with the publication of any work shall be laid
+before the Council in distinct specifications in writing, and be adopted by
+a vote of the Council, and entered in a book kept for that purpose; and,
+when the publication of a volume is completed, its whole expense shall be
+entered, with the items of its cost in full, in the same book. No member of
+the Council shall be a contractor for doing any part of the mechanical work
+of the publications.
+
+6. The price of each volume shall be a hundredth part of the cost of the
+edition, or as near to that as conveniently may be; and there shall be no
+other assessments levied upon the members of the Society.
+
+7. A sum, not exceeding one thousand dollars, may be set apart by the
+Council from the net receipts for publications, as a working capital; and
+when the said net receipts shall exceed that sum, the excess shall be
+divided, from time to time, among the members of the Society, by remitting
+either a part or the whole cost of a volume, as may be deemed expedient.
+
+8. All moneys belonging to the Society shall be deposited in the New
+England Trust Company in Boston, unless some other banking institution
+shall be designated by a vote of the Council; and said moneys shall be
+entered in the name of the Society, subject to the order of the Treasurer.
+
+9. It shall be the duty of the President to call the Council together,
+whenever it may be necessary for the transaction of business, and to
+preside at its meetings.
+
+10. It shall be the duty of the Vice-Presidents to authorize all bills
+before their payment, to make an inventory of the property of the Society
+during the month preceding the annual meeting and to report the same to the
+Council, and to audit the accounts of the Treasurer.
+
+11. It shall be the duty of the Corresponding Secretary to issue all
+general notices to the members, and to conduct the general correspondence
+of the Society.
+
+12. It shall be the duty of the Recording Secretary to keep a complete
+record of the proceedings both of the Society and of the Council, in a book
+provided for that purpose.
+
+13. It shall be the duty of the Treasurer to forward to the members bills
+for the volumes, as they are issued; to superintend the sending of the
+books; to pay all bills authorized and indorsed by at leaft two
+Vice-Presidents of the Society; and to keep an accurate account of all
+moneys received and disbursed.
+
+14. No books shall be forwarded by the Treasurer to any member until the
+amount of the price fixed for the same shall have been received; and any
+member neglecting to forward the said amount for one month after his
+notification, shall forfeit his membership.
+
+OFFICERS OF THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+_President_.
+
+THE REV. EDMUND F. SLAFTER, A.M. BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Vice-Presidents_.
+
+JOHN WARD DEAN, A.M.             BOSTON, MASS.
+WILLIAM B. TRASK, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+THE HON. CHARLES H. BELL, A.M.   EXETER, N. H.
+JOHN MARSHALL BROWN, A.M.        PORTLAND, ME.
+
+_Corresponding Secretary_.
+
+CHARLES W. TUTTLE, Ph.D.         BOSTON, MASS.
+
+_Recording Secretary_.
+
+DAVID GREENE HASKINS, JR., A.M.  CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
+
+_Treasurer_.
+
+ELBRIDGE H. GOSS, ESQ.           BOSTON, MASS.
+
+
+THE PRINCE SOCIETY.
+
+1880.
+
+The Hon. Charles Francis Adams, LL.D.           Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Agnew, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Thomas Coffin Amory, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+William Sumner Appleton, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Walter T. Avery, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+George L. Balcom, Esq.                          Claremont, N.H.
+Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq.                       New York, N Y.
+The Hon. Charles H. Bell, A.M.                  Exeter, N.H.
+John J. Bell, A.M.                              Exeter, N.H.
+Samuel Lane Boardman, Esq.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. James Ware Bradbury, LL.D.             Augusta, Me.
+J. Carson Brevoort, LL.D.                       Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Sidney Brooks, A.M.                             Boston, Mass.
+Mrs. John Carter Brown.                         Providence, R.I.
+John Marshall Brown, A.M.                       Portland, Me.
+Joseph O. Brown, Esq.                           New York, N.Y.
+Philip Henry Brown, A.M.                        Portland, Me.
+Thomas O. H. P. Burnham, Esq.                   Boston, Mass.
+George Bement Butler, Esq.                      New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Mellen Chamberlain, A.M.               Chelsea, Mass.
+William Eaton Chandler, A.M.                    Concord, N.H.
+George Bigelow Chase, A.M.                      Concord, Mass.
+Clarence H. Clark, Esq.                         Philadelphia, Pa.
+Gen. John S. Clark,                             Auburn, N.Y.
+Ethan N. Coburn, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+Jeremiah Colburn, A.M.                          Boston, Mass.
+Joseph J. Cooke, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+Deloraine P. Corey, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+Erastus Corning, Esq.                           Albany, N.Y.
+Ellery Bicknell Crane, Esq.                     Worcester, Mass.
+Abram E. Cutter, Esq.                           Charlestown, Mass.
+The Rev. Edwin A. Dalrymple, S.T.D.             Baltimore, Md.
+William M. Darlington, Esq.                     Pittsburg, Pa.
+John Ward Dean, A.M.                            Boston, Mass.
+Charles Deane, LL.D.                            Cambridge, Mass.
+Edward Denham, Esq.                             New Bedford, Mass.
+Prof. Franklin B. Dexter, A.M.                  New Haven, Ct.
+The Rev. Henry Martyn Dexter, D.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Samuel Adams Drake, Esq.                        Melrose, Mass.
+Henry Thayer Drowne, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+Henry H. Edes, Esq.                             Charlestown, Mass.
+Jonathan Edwards, A.B., M.D.                    New Haven, Ct.
+Janus G. Elder, Esq.                            Lewiston, Me.,
+Samuel Eliot, LL.D.                             Boston, Mass.
+Alfred Langdon Elwyn, M.D.                      Philadelphia, Pa.
+James Emott, Esq.                               New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. William M. Evarts, LL.D.               New York, N.Y.
+Joseph Story Fay, Esq.                          Woods Holl, Mass.
+John S. H. Fogg, M.D.                           Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Henry W. Foote, A.M.                   Boston, Mass.
+Samuel P. Fowler, Esq.                          Danvers, Mass.
+James E. Gale, Esq.                             Haverhill, Mass.
+Marcus D. Gilman, Esq.                          Montpelier, Vt.
+The Hon. John E. Godfrey                        Bangor, Me.
+Abner C. Goodell, Jr., A.M.                     Salem, Mass.
+Elbridge H. Goss, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Chief Justice Horace Gray, L.L.D.      Boston, Mass.
+William W. Greenough, A.B.                      Boston, Mass.
+Isaac J. Greenwood, A.M.                        New York, N.Y.
+Charles H. Guild, Esq.                          Somerville, Mass.
+The Hon. Robert S. Hale, LL.D.                  Elizabethtown, N.Y.
+C. Fiske Harris, A.M.                           Providence, R.I.
+David Greene Haskins, Jr., A.M.                 Cambridge, Mass.
+The Hon. Francis B. Hayes, A.M.                 Boston, Mass.
+Thomas Wentworth Higginson, A.M.                Cambridge, Mass.
+W. Scott Hill, M.D.                             Augusta, Me.
+James F. Hunnewell, Esq.                        Charlestown, Mass.
+Theodore Irwin, Esq.                            Oswego, N.Y.
+The Hon. Clark Jillson                          Worcester, Mass.
+Mr. Sawyer Junior                               Nashua, N.H.
+George Lamb, Esq.                               Boston, Mass.
+Edward F. de Lancey, Esq.                       New York, N.Y.
+William B. Lapham, M.D.                         Augusta, Me.
+Henry Lee, A.M.                                 Boston, Mass.
+John A. Lewis, Esq.                             Boston, Mass.
+Orsamus H. Marshall, Esq.                       Buffalo, N.Y.
+William T. R. Marvin, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+William F. Matchett, Esq.                       Boston, Mass.
+Frederic W. G. May, Esq.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. James H. Means, D.D.                   Boston, Mass.
+George H. Moore, LL.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. Henry C. Murphy, LL.D.                 Brooklyn, N.Y.
+The Rev. James De Normandie, A.M.               Portsmouth, N.H.
+The Hon. James W. North.                        Augusta, Me.
+Prof. Charles E. Norton, A.M.                   Cambridge, Mass.
+John H. Osborne, Esq.                           Auburn, N.Y.
+George T. Paine, Esq.                           Providence, R.I.
+The Hon. John Gorham Palfrey, LL.D.             Cambridge, Mass.
+Daniel Parish, Jr., Esq.                        New York, N. Y.
+Francis Parkman, LL.D.                          Boston, Mass.
+Augustus T. Perkins, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+The Rt. Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., LL.D. Davenport, Iowa.
+William Frederic Poole, A.M.                    Chicago, Ill.
+George Prince, Esq.                             Bath, Me.
+Capt. William Prince, U.S.A.                    New Orleans, La.
+Samuel S. Purple, M.D.                          New York, N.Y.
+The Hon. John Phelps Futnam, A.M.               Boston, Mass.
+Edward Ashton Rollins, A.M.                     Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Mark Skinner                           Chicago, Ill.
+The Rev. Carlos Slafter, A.M.                   Dedham, Mass.
+The Rev. Edmund F. Slafter, A.M.                Boston, Mass.
+Charles C. Smith, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+Samuel T. Snow, Esq.                            Boston, Mass.
+Oliver Bliss Stebbins, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+George Stevens, Esq.                            Lowell, Mass.
+The Hon. Edwin W. Stoughton.                    New York, N.Y.
+William B. Trask, Esq.                          Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. William H. Tuthill.                    Tipton, Iowa.
+Charles W. Tuttle, Ph.D.                        Boston, Mass.
+The Rev. Alexander Hamilton Vinton, D.D.        Pomfret, Ct.
+Joseph B. Walker, A.M.                          Concord, N.H.
+William Henry Wardwell, Esq.                    Boston, Mass.
+Miss Rachel Wetherill                           Philadelphia, Pa.
+Henry Wheatland, A.M., M.D.                     Salem, Mass.
+John Gardner White, A.M.                        Cambridge, Mass.
+William Adee Whitehead, A.M.                    Newark, N.J.
+William H. Whitmore, A.M.                       Boston, Mass.
+Henry Austin Whitney, A.M.                      Boston, Mass.
+The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, Ph.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Henry Winsor, Esq.                              Philadelphia, Pa.
+The Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, LL.D.              Boston, Mass.
+Charles Levi Woodbury, Esq.                     Boston, Mass.
+Ashbel Woodward, M.D.                           Franklin, Ct.
+J. Otis Woodward, Esq.                          Albany, N.Y.
+
+LIBRARIES.
+
+American Antiquarian Society                    Worcester, Mass.
+Amherst College Library                         Amherst, Mass.
+Astor Library                                   New York, N.Y.
+Boston Athenaeum                                Boston, Mass.
+Boston Library Society                          Boston, Mass.
+British Museum                                  London, Eng.
+Concord Public Library                          Concord, Mass.
+Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library              Peabody, Mass.
+Free Public Library                             Worcester, Mass.
+Grosvenor Library                               Buffalo, N.Y.
+Harvard College Library                         Cambridge, Mass.
+Historical Society of Pennfylvania              Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library Company of Philadelphia                 Philadelphia, Pa.
+Library of Parliament                           Ottawa, Canada.
+Library of the State Department                 Washington, D.C.
+Long Island Historical Society                  Brooklyn, N.Y.
+Maine Historical Society                        Brunswick, Me.
+Maryland Historical Society                     Baltimore, Md.
+Massachusetts Historical Society                Boston, Mass.
+Mercantile Library                              New York, N.Y.
+Minnesota Historical Society                    St. Paul, Minn.
+Newburyport Public Library, Peabody Fund        Newburyport, Mass.
+New England Historic Genealogical Society       Boston, Mass.
+Newton Free Library                             Newton, Mass.
+New York Society Library                        New York, N.Y.
+Plymouth Public Library                         Plymouth, Mass.
+Portsmouth Athenaeum                            Portsmouth, N.H.
+Public Library of the City of Boston            Boston, Mass.
+Redwood Library                                 Newport, R.I.
+State Library of Massachusetts                  Boston, Mass.
+State Library of New York                       Albany, N.Y.
+State Library of Rhode Island                   Providence, R.I.
+State Library of Vermont                        Montpelier, Vt.
+Williams College Library                        Williamstown, Mass.
+Yale College Library                            New Haven, Ct.
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK, VOYAGES OF SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN, VOL. 1 ***
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