diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 11:51:14 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 11:51:14 -0800 |
| commit | 3a1ce6f727d82a2fc8ad847da5d7ee2217b18f7c (patch) | |
| tree | f0dfa2dfdd37c5c137de896f97682d88fb2db269 | |
| parent | d7ee4861b0a60dd31625f66465d60b69b57c36dc (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-0.txt | 2931 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-0.zip | bin | 60318 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h.zip | bin | 1021081 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/66701-h.htm | 2937 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 115174 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/i2.jpg | bin | 182199 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/i3.jpg | bin | 194997 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/i4.jpg | bin | 177890 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/i5.jpg | bin | 183252 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/i8.jpg | bin | 90359 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/66701-h/images/spine.jpg | bin | 11797 -> 0 bytes |
14 files changed, 17 insertions, 5868 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c15c762 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66701 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66701) diff --git a/old/66701-0.txt b/old/66701-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 0b39f18..0000000 --- a/old/66701-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2931 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Beginnings of America, 1607-1763, by -Richard Brandon Morris - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Beginnings of America, 1607-1763 - Voices from America’s Past - -Author: Richard Brandon Morris - James Woodress - -Release Date: November 10, 2021 [eBook #66701] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA, -1607-1763 *** - - - - - VOICES FROM AMERICA’S PAST - - - - - THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA - 1607-1763 - - - Edited by - Richard B. Morris - Gouverneur Morris Professor of History - Columbia University - New York, New York - - James Woodress - Chairman, Department of English - San Fernando Valley State College - Northridge, California - - - WEBSTER PUBLISHING COMPANY - ST. LOUIS ATLANTA DALLAS PASADENA - - VOICES FROM AMERICA’S PAST - _The Beginnings of America 1607-1763_ - _The Times That Tried Men’s Souls 1770-1783_ - _The Age of Washington 1783-1801_ - _The Jeffersonians 1801-1829_ - _Jacksonian Democracy 1829-1848_ - _The Westward Movement 1832-1889_ - _A House Divided: The Civil War 1850-1865_ - (_Other titles in preparation_) - - Copyright ©, 1961, by Webster Publishing Company - Printed in the United States of America - All rights reserved - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - -Preface v - I Settlements North and South - -The Founding of Jamestown 1 - William Simmonds Describes the Settlers’ Problems 2 - John Smith’s Adventures 4 - -The Founding of Plymouth 9 - William Bradford’s History Of _Plymouth Plantation_ 9 - John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony 17 - Cotton Mather Describes John Winthrop 18 - John Winthrop’s Letters to His Wife 19 - II Religious Life in America - -New England 22 - Edward Taylor’s Poems 23 - The Salem Witch Trials 25 - Samuel Sewall’s Confession of Error 30 - The Great Awakening: Jonathan Edwards 30 - -Other Colonies 33 - John Woolman’s Journal 33 - III Colonial Problems - -Indian Troubles 37 - Mrs. Rowlandson’s Captivity 38 - -Conflict with France 42 - George Washington’s Letter on Braddock’s Defeat 42 - Benjamin Franklin’s Comments on Braddock 44 - IV Colonial Life - -Transportation 46 - Sarah Kemble Knight Journeys to Connecticut 46 - -Life in the South 49 - William Byrd, a Virginia Gentleman 49 - William Byrd Sees North Carolina 50 - William Byrd Visits Colonel Spotswood 52 - -Life in a City 52 - From Benjamin Franklin’s _Autobiography_ 53 - - - - -The excerpt from _Of Plymouth Plantation_, by William Bradford, edited -by Samuel Eliot Morison, which begins on page 11, was reprinted by -permission of Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1952. - -The poems by Edward Taylor, “Housewifery” and “The Joy of Church -Fellowship Rightly Attended,” which begin on page 23, were reprinted by -permission of the _New England Quarterly_, December, 1937. - -The picture on page 1, of Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John -Smith, and the picture on page 22, “The Witch,” were reprinted through -the courtesy of the Library of Congress. The picture on the cover and -the picture on page 37, of a colonial woman captured by Indians, were -reprinted through the courtesy of the National Life Insurance Company of -Montpelier, Vermont. The picture of Benjamin Franklin shown on page 46 -was reprinted through the courtesy of the John Hancock Mutual Life -Insurance Company of Boston, Massachusetts. - - - - - Preface - - -The seventeenth century in America was the seedtime of colonization. For -115 years after Columbus discovered America, explorers sailed the -western waters, and the nations of Europe staked out vast empires. -England launched several successful attempts to plant colonies in what -is now the United States. In the years following the landing at -Jamestown in 1607, England laid the foundation for her extensive -colonial system in North America. From these scattered colonies a nation -grew, but a long time passed before the colonies became states and the -states became a nation. - -The English colonization of North America did not suffer for want of -reporters to describe it. The people who took part in the enterprise -wrote a great deal about their experiences. Governor Bradford of -Plymouth wrote a history to preserve a record of the colony’s early -days. Captain John Smith of Virginia wrote pamphlets to satisfy the -curiosity of folks back home who might want to come to the New World. -Many of these works were printed immediately; others remained in -manuscript until our day. - -Not only the leaders of the colonies wrote of their deeds. Ordinary -people also sent letters home to England and kept diaries for their -personal satisfaction. All in all, the United States had her beginnings -amid ample publicity. We are grateful to these people for preserving -records of the early days, for through their efforts we can get a -first-hand idea of colonial times. We don’t have to guess about the -events that took place in America three hundred years ago. Of course, we -don’t have nearly as many documents as we could wish for, but we do have -plenty of records to draw upon. - -This is the first of a series of booklets containing the story of -America, as told by those who were there, the eyewitnesses and -participants. The selections which make up this booklet are a few of the -records that historians use in writing their books. These diaries, -letters, biographies, and narratives are the raw material of history. -These accounts bring us face to face with the Indians of Virginia in -1607, make us feel something of the sufferings of the Pilgrims in -Massachusetts during their “starving time,” tell us about the deep -religious beliefs of the colonists, and the superstitions, like -witchcraft, which were hard to root out. We see life through the eyes of -a prosperous planter in Virginia and a struggling printer’s apprentice -in Philadelphia. History books can provide over-all pictures of a -country’s development, but these eyewitness accounts and first-hand -reports put flesh on the bare bones of history. - -In editing this booklet, we have let the authors tell their own story in -their own words, but we have sometimes modernized the spelling and -punctuation and—when it seemed absolutely necessary—words and sentence -structure. Our aim has been to turn the language of these old documents -into English modern enough that what the writers have to say is not -obscured by the way they said it. Occasionally we have made cuts within -selections to save space, but, for the most part, the material used is -complete. - - Richard B. Morris - James Woodress - - - - - Settlements North and South - - - [Illustration: Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John Smith] - - - - - The Founding of Jamestown - - -The first permanent English settlement in America was founded at -Jamestown, Virginia, in May, 1607. The colonists who went ashore that -spring morning more than three and one-half centuries ago discovered no -cultivated countryside. Instead of the trim, green farms one sees along -the James River today, they found a howling wilderness full of hostile -Indians and wild beasts. Neither the colonists nor their -merchant-sponsors in England were prepared for the troubles that -Jamestown faced. The settlers died of disease, starvation, and Indian -attacks, and they quarreled endlessly among themselves. The stockholders -in the Virginia Company never made any money on their investment in the -colony. - -The Jamestown settlers sailed from England in three ships on December -19, 1606. Captain Christopher Newport was in charge of getting the -colonists to Virginia. The ships stopped in the Canary Islands and the -West Indies before reaching their destination. It was a long, exhausting -voyage. Several weeks after landing at Jamestown, Captain Newport -returned to England. The settlers then were on their own. - - - William Simmonds Describes the Settlers’ Problems - -The following account of the early days at Jamestown was compiled in -London by William Simmonds. It is based on the writings, freely adapted, -of several of the colonists who were his friends. As you can see, -Simmonds’ friends had no use for Edward Wingfield, the first president -of the colony. They were supporters of Captain John Smith, whose own -writings begin after this narrative. - - Being thus left to our fortunes, within ten days, scarce ten amongst - us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and sickness - oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel, if they consider the cause - and reason, which was this: whilst the ships stayed, our allowance of - food was somewhat bettered by a daily portion of biscuit which the - sailors would pilfer [_steal_] to sell, give, or exchange with us, for - money, sassafras, [_or_] furs.... But when they departed, there - remained neither tavern, beer house, nor place of relief but the - common kettle. - - Had we been as free from all sins as we were free from gluttony and - drunkenness, we might have been canonized for saints. But our - president would never have been admitted, for he kept for his private - use oatmeal, sack [_wine_], oil, aqua vitae [_brandy_], beef, eggs, or - what not. [_President Wingfield hotly denied this charge_.] The - [_contents of the common_] kettle indeed he allowed equally to be - distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley - boiled with water for a man a day. This [_grain_] having fried some 26 - weeks in the ship’s hold contained as many worms as grains, so that we - might truly call it rather so much bran than corn. - - Our drink was water, our lodging, castles in the air. With this - lodging and diet our extreme toil in bearing and planting palisades - strained and bruised us. Our continual labor in the extremity of the - heat had so weakened us as were cause sufficient to have made us - miserable in our native country, or any other place in the world. From - May to September those that escaped dying lived upon sturgeon and sea - crabs. Fifty in this time we buried. [_The original colony numbered - 104._] - - Then seeing the President’s projects (who all this time had neither - felt want nor sickness) to escape these miseries by flight in our - pinnace [_small sailing boat_] so moved our dead spirits that we - deposed [_removed_] him and established [_John_] Ratcliffe in his - place.... But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone, all - helps abandoned, each hour expecting the fury of the savages, when - God, the patron of all good endeavors, in that desperate extremity, so - changed the hearts of the savages that they brought such plenty of - their fruits and provision that no man wanted. - - And now where some affirmed it was ill done of the Council to send - forth men so badly provided, this incontradictable reason will show - them plainly they are too ill-advised to nourish such ideas. First, - the fault of our going was our own. What could be thought fitting or - necessary we had; but what we should find, what we should want, where - we should be, we were all ignorant. And supposing to make our passage - in two months with victual [_food_] to live and the advantage of - spring to work, we were at sea five months where we spent both our - victual and lost the opportunity of the time and season to plant. - - Such actions have ever since the world’s beginning been subject to - such accidents. Everything of worth is found full of difficulties, but - nothing [_is_] so difficult as to establish a commonwealth so far - remote from men and means and where men’s minds are so untoward - [_unlucky_] as neither [_to_] do well themselves nor to suffer others - [_to do well_]. But to proceed. - - The new president, being little beloved, of weak judgment in dangers - and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all things - abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good words, and fair - promises set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, - others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task for - his own share. In short time he provided most of them lodgings, - neglecting any for himself. - - This done, seeing the savages’ superfluity [_large numbers_] begin to - decrease, [_he_] with some of his workmen shipped himself in the - shallop [_small boat_] to search the country for trade.... He went - down the river to Kecoughtan [_an Indian village_] where at first they - scorned him as a starved man, yet he so dealt with them that the next - day they loaded his boat with corn. And in his return he discovered - and kindly traded with the Warascoyks.... - - And now the winter approaching, the rivers became so covered with - swans, geese, ducks, and cranes that we daily feasted with good bread, - Virginia peas, pumpkins, and persimmons, fish, fowl, and diverse sorts - of wild beasts, ... so that none of our Tuftaffaty [_silk-dressed_] - humorists desired to go for England. - - - John Smith 1580-1631 - -Captain John Smith already had lived an exciting life by the time he -joined the Virginia-bound colonists at the age of 26. He had left -England at 16 to become a soldier of fortune on the continent of Europe. -He fought with the Austrians against the Turks, and once in single -combat he cut off the heads of three Turkish champions. A Transylvanian -prince rewarded him with a coat of arms for his deeds. Later he was -captured and given as a present to the wife of a Turkish pasha, but he -escaped and made his way back to England. - -Smith’s adventures are so fantastic that many historians have called him -a liar and refused to believe him. Yet recent historical research shows -that Smith’s stories are reasonably accurate. He may have exaggerated -his adventures to make a good story a little better, but it is probably -true that Smith saved the Jamestown colony by his resourceful foraging -among the Indians and by his bold leadership. Certainly he was an -energetic and able man. For a fascinating account of Smith’s career, as -verified by an expert in Hungarian history, see Marshall Fishwick, “Was -John Smith a Liar?” _American Heritage_, IX, 29-33, 110 (October, 1958). - -Smith returned to England in 1609 and never again saw Virginia, but he -wrote much about the colony. One of his most interesting works is a -pamphlet called _A Map of Virginia_. In it he put together a vivid -eyewitness account of the animals, the plants, and the Indians. Smith’s -booklet was designed to satisfy the great curiosity in England about the -New World and to urge new settlers to go there. He does not mention the -hardships. - - - THE INDIANS - - The people differ very much in stature, ... some being very great, ... - others very little, ... but generally tall and straight, of a comely - [_pretty_] proportion and of a color brown, when they are of any age, - but they are borne white. Their hair is generally black, but few have - any beards. The men wear half their heads shaven, the other half long. - For barbers they use their women, who with two shells will grate the - hair, of any fashion they please.... - - They are very strong, of an able body and full of agility, able to - endure, to lie in the woods under a tree by the fire in the worst of - winter or in the weeds and grass in ambush in the summer. They are - inconstant [_changeable_] in everything but what fear constrains them - to keep.... Some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most - cautelous [_deceitful_], all savage. Generally [_they are_] covetous - of copper, beads, and such like trash. They are soon moved to anger - and so malicious that they seldom forget an injury.... - - For their apparel they are sometimes covered with skins of wild - beasts, which in winter are dressed with the hair but in summer - without. The better sort use large mantles of deerskin, ... some - embroidered with white beads, some with copper, others painted after - their manner. But the common sort have scarce to cover their nakedness - but with grass, the leaves of trees, or such like. We have seen some - use mantles made of turkey feathers so prettily wrought and woven with - threads that nothing could be discerned [_seen_] but the feathers, - that was exceedingly warm and very handsome. But the women are always - covered about their middles with a skin and very shamefast to be seen - bare.... - - Their women some have their legs, hands, breasts, and face cunningly - embroidered with diverse works, as beasts, serpents, artificially - wrought into their flesh with black spots. In each ear commonly they - have three great holes, whereat they hang chains, bracelets, or - copper. Some of their men wear in those holes a small green and yellow - colored snake, near half a yard in length, which crawling and lapping - herself about his neck often times familiarly would kiss his lips. - Others wear a dead rat tied by the tail. Some on their heads wear the - wing of a bird or some large feather with a rattle.... Their heads - and shoulders are painted red with the root _pocone_ powdered and - mixed with oil; this they hold in summer to preserve them from the - heat and in winter from the cold. Many other forms of paintings they - use, but he is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to - behold.... - - Men, women, and children have their several names according to the - several humors of their parents. Their women (they say) are easily - delivered of child, yet do they love children very dearly. To make - them hardy, in the coldest mornings they wash them in the rivers and - by painting and ointments so tan their skins that after a year or two - no weather will hurt them. - - The men bestow their time in fishing, hunting, wars, and such man-like - exercises, ... which is the cause that the women be very painful - [_busy_] and the men often idle. The women and children do the rest of - the work. They make mats, baskets, pots, pound their corn, make their - bread, prepare their victuals, plant their corn, gather their corn, - bear all kinds of burdens, and such like. - - Their fire they kindle presently by chafing a dry pointed stick in a - hole of a little square piece of wood, that firing itself will so fire - moss, leaves, or any such like dry thing that will quickly burn. - - - THEIR RELIGION - - There is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so savage in which - the savages have not a religion, deer, and bow and arrows. All things - that were able to do them hurt beyond their prevention they adore with - their kind of divine worship, as the fire, water, lightning, thunder, - our ordnance [_guns_], horses, etc. But their chief god they worship - is the devil. Him they call _Oke_ and serve him more of fear than - love. They say they have conference with him and fashion themselves as - near to his shape as they can imagine. In their temples, they have his - image evil favoredly carved and then painted and adorned with chains, - copper, and beads, and covered with a skin.... - - By him is commonly the sepulchre [_tomb_] of their kings. Their bodies - are first bowelled [_that is, disembowelled or the internal organs - removed_], then dried upon hurdles [_racks_] till they be very dry, - and so about the most of their joints and neck they hang bracelets or - chains of copper, pearl, and such like, as they used to wear. Their - inwards they stuff with copper beads and cover with a skin, hatchets, - and such trash. Then they lappe [_wrap_] them very carefully in white - skins and so roll them in mats for their winding sheets. And in the - tomb, which is an arch made of mats, they lay them orderly. What - remaineth of this kind of wealth their kings have, they set at their - feet in baskets. These temples and bodies are kept by their priests. - - For their ordinary burials they dig a deep hole in the earth with - sharp stakes, and the corpses being lapped in skins and mats with - their jewels, they lay them upon sticks in the ground and so cover - them with earth. The burial ended, the women being painted all their - faces with black coal and oil do sit 24 hours in the houses mourning - and lamenting by turns with such yelling and howling as may express - their great passions. - -John Smith’s most famous story is the account of his rescue by -Pocahontas, but many historians have doubted the tale. Smith is the only -person who says it happened. The facts are these: During the first hard -winter, 1607-1608, when Smith was scouting for provisions, he was -captured by the Indians and taken to the chief, Powhatan, father of -Pocahontas. After three weeks the chief sent him back to Jamestown. When -Smith first wrote about his experiences a few months later, he never -mentioned Pocahontas. - -Years later, in England, Smith wrote a history of Virginia and, for the -first time, told the story of Pocahontas. Between the time Smith was -captured and the time he wrote his history, Pocahontas had married an -Englishman. Her husband had brought her to England, where she had been a -sensation. One cannot help feeling that Smith “remembered” more than -actually happened in order to exploit public interest in the Indian -princess. His account, however, is a good story, even if it happened -only in his mind. Pocahontas was a real person who visited Jamestown -often and brought food to the starving settlers during their worst -times. Many Americans like to think the episode is true, and the tale -has become part of our folklore, like the legendary deeds of Davy -Crockett. Here is Smith’s story: - - At last they brought him [_note that here Smith writes of himself in - the third person_] to Meronocomoco where was Powhatan, their emperor. - Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood wondering at - him, as he had been a monster.... Before a fire upon a seat like a - bedstead he sat covered with a great robe made of raccoon skins and - all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of 16 - or 18 years, and along on each side [_of_] the house two rows of men, - and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders - painted red. Many of their heads [_were_] bedecked with the white down - of birds; but everyone with something, and a great chain of white - beads about their necks. - - At his entrance before the king, all the people gave a great shout. - The Queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his - hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers instead of a towel - to dry them. Having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they - could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was [_that_] - two great stones were brought before Powhatan. Then as many as could, - laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and - being ready with their clubs to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the - king’s dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head - in her arms and laid her own upon his to save him from death; whereat - the emperor was contented he should live to make him hatchets, and her - bells, beads, and copper; for they thought him as well [_capable_] of - all occupations as themselves. For the king himself will make his own - robes, shoes, bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do anything so well - as the rest.... - - Two days after, Powhatan having disguised himself in the most - fearfullest manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be brought forth - to a great house in the woods, and there upon a mat by the fire to be - left alone. Not long after from behind a mat that divided the house - was made the most dolefullest noise he ever heard. Then Powhatan, more - like a devil than a man, with some two hundred more as black as - himself, came unto him and told him now they were friends and - presently he should go to Jamestown.... So to Jamestown with 12 guides - Powhatan sent him. - -In another place in the history, Smith prints a letter he wrote to the -Queen of England at the time Pocahontas visited London. In this letter -he tells more about the Indian girl and describes her as a sort of -guardian angel for the colony: - - [_Pocahontas_] so prevailed with her father that I was safely - conducted to Jamestown, where I found about eight and thirty miserable - poor and sick creatures to keep possession of all those large - territories of Virginia; such was the weakness of this poor - commonwealth. Had the savages not fed us, we directly had starved. And - this relief, most gracious Queen, was commonly brought us by this Lady - Pocahontas. - - Notwithstanding all these passages, when inconstant fortune turned our - peace to war, this tender virgin would still not spare to dare to - visit us, and by her our jars [_distresses_] have been oft appeased - and our wants still supplied. Were it the policy of her father thus to - employ her or the ordinance of God thus to make her His instrument, or - her extraordinary affection to our nation, I know not, but of this I - am sure; when her father with the utmost of his policy and power - sought to surprise me, having but 18 with me, the dark night could not - affright her from coming through the irksome woods; and with watered - eyes [_she_] gave me intelligence with her best advice to escape his - fury, which had he known he had surely slain her. - - Jamestown with her wild train she as freely frequented as her father’s - habitation, and during the time of two or three years she next under - God was still the instrument to preserve this colony from death, - famine, and utter confusion. - - - - - The Founding of Plymouth - - - William Bradford - -William Bradford (1590-1657) was the wise and able governor of the -Plymouth colony for thirty years. During this time he wrote the best -account we have of our colonial beginnings. His narrative, Of Plymouth -Plantation, as he called his work, is a great adventure story. The -account of the little band of Pilgrims who came to Massachusetts in 1620 -is filled with hardships, suffering, courage, and faith. The Pilgrims -faced problems hard to solve, for they landed on the bleak coast of New -England at the beginning of the winter. They were three thousand miles -from home, friends, and civilization, but they worked, prayed, and -survived. The leadership of William Bradford is one of the reasons that -the Plymouth settlers were able to survive on the rocky shores of -Massachusetts. - -Governor Bradford began his history of the colony soon after the landing -and worked on it, from time to time, for many years. The precious -manuscript was not published, but was kept in the family. Early -historians used it, and at the time of the Revolution it was kept in the -library of the Old South Church in Boston. During the war the manuscript -was stolen, probably by a British soldier, and was lost for years. In -the middle of the nineteenth century, however, it was found in the -library of the Bishop of London. Various Americans tried to persuade the -British to return the historic document to America. Finally the American -ambassador succeeded in bringing the manuscript home in 1897, and it now -is the property of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. - -If the manuscript were printed just as it was written, it would look -very strange. Bradford did not prepare it for publication, and thus used -many abbreviations and strange contractions. Also, the English language -has changed since the history was written. The following selections have -been pruned somewhat and words have been spelled out, but the governor’s -old-fashioned language is still not easy to read. Be patient and you -will understand it. It is a story of simple faith and courage. - -The first part of the history describes the experiences of the Pilgrims -before they came to America. Because they disapproved of the Church of -England, they separated themselves from it. Hence the Pilgrims also are -known as Separatists. They first went to Holland, where they were able -to worship as they pleased. But that country was small and -overpopulated. They found it difficult to make a living there. Also, -they feared their children would grow up more Dutch than English. -Therefore they decided, after much discussion, to leave Europe for -America. It was a hard decision, and some of the Pilgrims were terrified -at the prospect. - -Some were afraid of the long sea voyage; others were afraid they would -starve to death. They worried about the change of air, diet, and -drinking water. They were fearful of the Indians and intimidated by the -stories they had heard. The Indians were said to be cruel, barbarous, -treacherous—even cannibal. But men like Bradford argued that “all great -and honorable actions were accompanied with great difficulties.” It was -granted that the difficulties were great and the dangers numerous. But -with the aid of God and courage and patience they would overcome the -obstacles. The brave ones persuaded most of the rest to go. - -Thus they hired the Mayflower, a ship only ninety feet long, and left -Europe on September 6, 1620. For more than nine weeks they sailed -westward. At first they had fair winds, but then the autumn storms -caught them and the ship began to leak. Many of the crew wanted to turn -back, but emergency repairs were made, and Governor Bradford says: “They -committed themselves to the will of God and resolved to proceed.” Then -he continues: - - After long beating at sea they fell with that land which is called - Cape Cod; the which being made and certainly known to be it, they were - not a little joyful. After some deliberation had amongst themselves - and with the master of the ship, they tacked about and resolved to - stand for the southward (the wind and weather being fair) to find some - place about Hudson’s River for their habitation. But after they had - sailed that course about half the day, they fell amongst dangerous - shoals and roaring breakers, and they were so far entangled therewith - as they conceived themselves in great danger; and the wind shrinking - upon them withal, they resolved to bear up again for the Cape, and - thought themselves happy to get out of those dangers before night - overtook them, as by God’s good providence they did. - - Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, they - fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven, who had brought - them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them from all the - perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on the firm and - stable earth.... - - But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half amazed at - this poor people’s present condition; and so I think will the reader, - too, when he well considers the same. Being thus passed the vast - ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation, they had now - no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh their - weatherbeaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair to, to - seek for succour [_help_]. It is recorded in Scripture as a mercy to - the Apostle and his shipwrecked company that the barbarians showed - them no small kindness in refreshing them, but these savage - barbarians, when they met with them were readier to fill their sides - full of arrows than otherwise. And for the season it was winter, and - they that know the winters of that country know them to be sharp and - violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms, dangerous to travel - to known places, much more to search an unknown coast. - - Besides, what could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness, - full of wild beasts and wild men—and what multitudes there might be of - them they knew not. Neither could they, as it were, go up to the top - of Pisgah [_the mountain that Moses climbed to see the Promised Land_] - to view from this wilderness a more goodly country to feed their - hopes; for which way soever they turned their eyes (save upward to the - heavens) they could have little solace or content in respect of any - outward objects. For summer being done, all things stand upon them - with a weather-beaten face, and the whole country, full of woods and - thickets, represented a wild and savage hue. If they looked behind - them, there was the mighty ocean which they had passed and was now as - a main bar and gulf to separate them from all the civil parts of the - world.... - - What could now sustain them but the Spirit of God and His grace? May - not and ought not the children of these fathers rightly say: “Our - fathers were Englishmen which came over this great ocean, and were - ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried unto the Lord, and - He heard their voice and looked on their adversity,” etc. “Let them - therefore praise the Lord, because He is good; and His mercies endure - forever. Yea, let them which have been redeemed of the Lord, show how - He hath delivered them from the hand of the oppressor. When they - wandered in the desert wilderness out of the way, and found no city to - dwell in, both hungry and thirsty, their soul was overwhelmed in them. - Let them confess before the Lord His loving kindness and His wonderful - works before the sons of men.” - -For the next three weeks the Pilgrims explored Cape Cod, looking for a -suitable place to land and build their homes. They found Plymouth Bay -and sailed the Mayflower into it on December 16. On Christmas Day, 1620, -they began to erect the first house. But during their explorations they -were attacked by the Indians. This was on December 6: - - So they [_the exploring party_] ranged up and down all that day, but - found no people, nor any place they liked. When the sun grew low, they - hasted out of the woods to meet with their shallop [_small boat_], to - whom they made signs to come to them into a creek hard by, which they - did at high water; of which they were very glad, for they had not seen - each other all that day since the morning. So they made them a - barricade as usually they did every night, with logs, stakes and thick - pine boughs, the height of a man, leaving it open to leeward, partly - to shelter them from the cold and wind (making their fire in the - middle and lying round about it) and partly to defend them from any - sudden assaults of the savages, if they should surround them; so being - very weary, they betook them to rest. But about midnight they heard a - hideous and great cry, and their sentinel called, “Arm! arm!” So they - bestirred them and stood to their arms and shot off a couple of - muskets, and then the noise ceased.... - - So they rested till about five of the clock in the morning; for the - tide, and their purpose to go from thence, made them be stirring - betimes [_early_]. So after prayer they prepared for breakfast, and it - being day dawning, it was thought best to be carrying things down to - the boat. But some said it was not best to carry the arms down; others - said they would be the readier, for they had lapped [_wrapped_] them - up in their coats [_as protection_] from the dew; but some three or - four would not carry theirs till they went themselves. Yet as it fell - out, the water being not high enough, they laid them down on the bank - side and came up to breakfast. - - But presently, all on the sudden, they heard a great and strange cry, - which they knew to be the same voices they heard in the night, though - they varied their notes; and one of their company being abroad came - running in and cried, “Men, Indians! Indians!” And withal, their - arrows came flying amongst them. Their men ran with all speed to - recover their arms, as by the good providence of God they did. In the - meantime, of those that were there ready, two muskets were discharged - at them, and two more stood ready in the entrance of their rendezvous - but were commanded not to shoot till they could take full aim at them. - And the other two charged again with all speed, for there were only - four [_who_] had arms there, and defended the barricade, which was - first assaulted. - - The cry of the Indians was dreadful, especially when they saw there - men run out of the rendezvous toward the shallop to recover their - arms, the Indians wheeling about upon them. But some running out with - coats of mail on, and cutlasses in their hands, they soon got their - arms and let fly amongst them and quickly stopped their violence. Yet - there was a lusty man, and no less valiant, [_who_] stood behind a - tree within half a musket shot, and let his arrows fly at them; he was - seen [_to_] shoot three arrows, which were all avoided. He stood three - shots of a musket, till one taking full aim at him made the bark or - splinters of the tree fly about his ears, after which he gave an - extraordinary shriek and away they went, all of them.... - - Thus it pleased God to vanquish their enemies and give them - deliverance; and by His special providence so to dispose that not any - one of them were either hurt or hit, though their arrows came close by - them and on every side [_of_] them; and sundry [_several_] of their - coats, which hung up in the barricade, were shot through and through. - Afterwards they gave God solemn thanks and praise for their - deliverance, and gathered up a bundle of their arrows and sent them - into England afterward by the master of the ship, and called that - place the First Encounter. - - - THE STARVING TIME - - But that which was most sad and lamentable was, that in two or three - months’ time half of their company died, especially in January and - February, being the depth of winter, and wanting houses and other - comforts; being infected with the scurvy and other diseases which this - long voyage and their inaccommodate [_unfit_] condition had brought - upon them. So as there died sometimes two or three of a day in the - foresaid time, that of 100 and odd persons, scarce fifty remained. And - of these, in the time of most distress, there was but six or seven - sound persons who to their great commendations, be it spoken, spared - no pains night nor day, but with abundance of toil and hazard of their - own health fetched them wood, made them fires, dressed them meat, made - their beds, washed their loathsome clothes, clothed and unclothed - them; in a word, did all the homely and necessary offices for them - which dainty and queasy stomachs cannot endure to hear named; and all - this willingly and cheerfully, without any grudging in the least, - showing herein their true love unto their friends and brethren; a rare - example and worthy to be remembered. - - Two of these seven were Mr. William Brewster, their reverend Elder - [_Brewster conducted religious services during the early days of the - Plymouth colony, though he was not an ordained minister_], and Myles - Standish, their Captain and military commander, unto whom myself and - many others were much beholden [_indebted_] in our low and sick - condition. And yet the Lord so upheld these persons as in this general - calamity they were not at all infected either with sickness or - lameness. And what I have said of these I may say of many others who - died in this general visitation, and others yet living, that whilst - they had health, yea, or any strength continuing, they were not - wanting to any that had need of them. And I doubt not but their - recompense is with the Lord. - - - SQUANTO - - All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would - sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached near - them, they would run away; and once they stole away their tools where - they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of - March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in - broken English, which they could well understand but marveled at it. - At length they understood by discourse with him that he was not of - these parts, but belonged to the eastern parts where some English - ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and could name sundry - of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He - became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things - concerning the state of the country in the east parts where he - lived.... His name was Samaset. He told them also of another Indian - whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in - England and could speak better English than himself. - - Being, after some time of entertainment and gifts dismissed, a while - after he came again, and five more with him, and they brought again - all the tools that were stolen away before, and made way for the - coming of their great Sachem [_chief_], called Massasoit, who, about - four or five days after, came with the chief [_part_] of his friends - and other attendance, with the aforesaid Squanto.... - - Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was a - special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their - expectation. He directed them how to set [_plant_] their corn, where - to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their - pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left - them till he died. - - - THE FIRST THANKSGIVING - - They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to fit up - their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered in - health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For as some - were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised in - fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good - store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there - was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter - approached, of which this place did abound when they came first.... - And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of which - they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides they had about a peck of - meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian corn to that - proportion. Which made many afterwards write so largely of their - plenty here to their friends in England, which were not feigned - [_pretended_] but true reports. - -Governor Bradford’s history does not describe the first Thanksgiving -dinner, but we have a letter written by Edward Winslow to a friend in -England, in which Winslow gives details of the feast that followed the -harvest. Governor Bradford sent out four hunters who returned with -enough wild fowl to last the colony a week. The Pilgrims then held a -celebration which was attended by Massasoit and ninety of his braves. -The Indians contributed five deer for the feast, which lasted three -days. - -Soon afterwards, however, another shipload of settlers arrived on the -Fortune. The new colonists come without equipment and provisions. In -order to feed the newcomers the Plymouth colony had to go on half -rations for the following winter. Next, the colony had more Indian -trouble, not with Massasoit’s friendly tribe, but with the Narragansett -Indians. In the following selection from Bradford’s history the Governor -summarizes the end of 1621, the first full year of the colony: - - Soon after this ship’s [_the Fortune’s_] departure, the great people - of the Narragansetts, in a braving manner, sent a messenger unto them - with a bundle of arrows tied about with a great snake-skin, which - their interpreters told them was a threatening and a challenge. Upon - which the Governor, with the advice of others, sent them a round - answer that if they had rather have war than peace, they might begin - when they would; they had done them no wrong, neither did they fear - them or should they find them unprovided [_unprepared_]. And by - another messenger [_he_] sent the snake-skin back with bullets in it. - But they would not receive it, but sent it back again.... - - But this made them [_the settlers_] the more carefully to look to - themselves, so as they agreed to enclose their dwellings with a good - strong pale [_fence_], and make flankers [_fortifications_] in - convenient places with gates to shut, which were every night locked, - and a watch kept; and when need required, there was also warding - [_guarding_] in the daytime. And the company was by the Captain’s and - the Governor’s advice divided into four squadrons, and everyone had - their quarter appointed them, unto which they were to repair upon any - sudden alarm. And if there should be any cry of fire, a company were - appointed for a guard, with muskets, whilst others quenched the same, - to prevent Indian treachery. This was accomplished very cheerfully, - and the town impaled round by the beginning of March [_1622_], in - which every family had a pretty garden plot secured. - - - John Winthrop 1588-1649 - -The Puritans who settled Boston in 1630 came to the New World with -plenty of supplies and equipment. There were more than a thousand new -colonists in the Massachusetts Bay settlements by the end of the year. -These people had the strength of numbers and did not suffer the terrible -privations of the Plymouth colony, but they still had to beat back the -wilderness and squeeze a living from the thin soil of New England. - -What William Bradford was to the Plymouth colony, John Winthrop was to -Massachusetts Bay. Both colonies were fortunate in having good, -resourceful governors. John Winthrop was re-elected governor many times -between the time his flagship, the _Arbella_, dropped anchor in Boston -harbor and his death in 1649. - - - Cotton Mather Describes John Winthrop - -The two selections which follow pertain to Governor Winthrop. The first -is part of Cotton Mather’s biographical sketch of the governor. It comes -from Mather’s _Magnalia Christi Americana_ (1702), which means the -“American Annals of Christ.” Cotton Mather himself was a famous Puritan -minister, the grandson of one of the early settlers and a historian of -the colony. The other selection consists of two of John Winthrop’s -letters to his wife, who remained in England until after the colony was -established. These are touching letters that show the wise governor as a -loving husband and a devout Christian. - - - MATHER’S SKETCH OF WINTHROP - - Accordingly when the noble design of carrying a colony of chosen - people into an American wilderness was by some eminent persons - undertaken, this eminent person was, by the consent of all, chosen for - the Moses who must be the leader of so great an undertaking. And - indeed nothing but a Mosaic spirit could have carried him through the - temptations to which either his farewell to his own land or his travel - in a strange land must needs expose a gentleman of his education. - Wherefore having sold a fair estate of six or seven hundred [_pounds_] - a year, he transported himself with the effects of it into New England - in the year 1630, where he spent it upon the service of a famous - plantation founded and formed for the seat of the most reformed - Christianity.... - - But at the same time his liberality unto the needy was even beyond - measure generous.... ’Twas his custom also to send some of his family - upon errands unto the houses of the poor about their meal time on - purpose to spy whether they wanted; and if it were found that they - wanted, he would make that the opportunity of sending supplies unto - them. And there was one passage of his charity that was perhaps a - little unusual. In an hard and long winter, when wood was very scarce - at Boston, a man gave him a private information that a needy person in - the neighborhood stole wood sometimes from his pile; whereupon the - Governor in a seeming anger did reply, “Does he so? I’ll take a course - with him; go, call that man to me; I’ll warrant you I’ll cure him of - stealing!” - - When the man came, the Governor, considering that if he had stolen, it - was more out of necessity than disposition, said unto him: “Friend, it - is a severe winter, and I doubt you are but meanly provided for wood; - wherefore I would have you supply yourself at my woodpile till this - cold season be over.” And he then merrily asked his friends whether he - had not effectually cured this man of stealing his wood?... - - There was a time when he received a very sharp letter from a gentleman - who was a member of the court, but he delivered back the letter unto - the messengers that brought it with such a Christian speech as this: - “I am not willing to keep such a matter of provocation by me!” - Afterwards the same gentleman was compelled by the scarcity of - provisions to send unto him that he would sell him some of his cattle; - whereupon the Governor prayed him to accept what he had sent for as a - token of his good will; but the gentleman returned him this answer: - “Sir, your overcoming of yourself hath overcome me.” - - - THE FIRST LETTER: BEFORE LEAVING ENGLAND - - My Faithful and Dear Wife,—It pleaseth God, that thou shouldst once - again hear from me before our departure, and I hope this shall come - safe to thy hands. I know it will be a great refreshing to thee. And - blessed be His mercy, that I can write thee so good news, that we are - all in very good health, and, having tried our ship’s entertainment - now more than a week, we find it agrees very well with us. Our boys - are well and cheerful, and have no mind of home. They lie both with - me, and sleep as soundly in a rug (for we use no sheets here) as ever - they did at Groton; and so I do myself (I praise God). - - The wind hath been against us this week and more; but this day it is - come fair to the north, so as we are preparing (by God’s assistance) - to set sail in the morning. We have only four ships ready, and some - two or three Hollanders go along with us. The rest of our fleet (being - seven ships) will not be ready this sennight [_for a week_]. We have - spent now two Sabbaths on shipboard very comfortably (God be praised) - and are daily more and more encouraged to look for the Lord’s presence - to go along with us.... - - We are, in all our eleven ships, about seven hundred persons, - passengers, and two hundred and forty cows, and about sixty horses. - The ship, which went from Plymouth, carried about one hundred and - forty persons, and the ship, which goes from Bristol, carrieth about - eighty persons. And now (my sweet soul) I must once again take my last - farewell of thee in Old England. It goeth very near my heart to leave - thee; but I know to Whom I have committed thee, even to Him Who loves - thee much better than any husband can, Who hath taken account of the - hairs of thy head, and puts all thy tears in His bottle, Who can, and - (if it be for His glory) will bring us together again with peace and - comfort. Oh, how it refresheth my heart, to think, that I shall yet - again see thy sweet face in the land of the living!—that lovely - countenance that I have so much delighted in and beheld with so great - content! - - I have hitherto been so taken up with business, as I could seldom look - back to my former happiness, but now when I shall be at some leisure, - I shall not avoid the remembrance of thee, nor the grief for thy - absence. Thou hast thy share with me, but I hope the course we have - agreed upon will be some ease to us both. Mondays and Fridays, at five - of the clock at night, we shall meet in spirit till we meet in person. - Yet if all these hopes should fail, blessed be our God, that we are - assured we shall meet one day, if not as husband and wife, yet in a - better condition. Let that stay and comfort thy heart. Neither can the - sea drown thy husband, nor enemies destroy, nor any adversity deprive - thee of thy husband or children. - - Therefore I will only take thee now and my sweet children in mine - arms, and kiss and embrace you all, and so leave you with my God. - Farewell, farewell. I bless you all in the name of the Lord Jesus. I - salute my daughter Winth., Matt., Nan., and the rest, and all my good - neighbors and friends. Pray all for us. Farewell. Commend my blessing - to my son John. I cannot now write to him, but tell him I have - committed thee and thine to him. Labor to draw him yet nearer to God, - and he will be the surer staff of comfort to thee. I cannot name the - rest of my good friends, but thou canst supply it. I wrote a week - since to thee and Mr. Leigh and divers others. - Thine wheresoever, - Jo. Winthrop - - From aboard the ARBELLA, riding at the COWES. - March 28, 1630 - - - THE SECOND LETTER: FROM MASSACHUSETTS BAY - - Charlestown in New England - July 16, 1630 - - My Dear Wife,—Blessed be the Lord, our good God and merciful Father, - that yet hath preserved me in life and health to salute thee, and to - comfort thy long longing heart with the joyful news of my welfare, and - the welfare of thy beloved children. - - We had a long and troublesome passage, but the Lord made it safe and - easy to us; and though we have met with many and great troubles (as - this bearer can certify thee) yet He hath pleased to uphold us, and - give us hope of a happy issue. - - I am so overpressed with business, as I have no time for these or - other mine own private occasions. I only write now that thou mayest - know that yet I live and am mindful of thee in all my affairs. The - larger discourse of all things thou shalt receive from my brother - Downing, which I must send by some of the last ships. We have met with - many sad and discomfortable things, as thou shalt hear after, and the - Lord’s hand hath been heavy upon myself in some very near to me. My - son Henry! my son Henry! ah, poor child! [_His son Henry was drowned - on the day the ship landed._] Yet it grieves me much more for my dear - daughter. The Lord strengthen and comfort her heart, to bear this - cross patiently. I know thou wilt not be wanting to her in this - distress. Yet for all these things (I praise my God) I am not - discouraged; nor do I see cause to repent or despair of those good - days here, which will make amends for all. - - I shall expect thee next summer (if the Lord please) and by that time - I hope to be provided for thy comfortable entertainment. My most sweet - wife, be not disheartened; trust in the Lord, and thou shalt see His - faithfulness. - - Commend me heartily to all our kind friends ... and all the rest of my - neighbors and their wives, both rich and poor.... - - The good Lord be with thee and bless thee and all our children and - servants. - - Commend my love to them all; I kiss and embrace thee, my dear wife, - and all my children, and leave thee in His arms, Who is able to - preserve you all, and to fulfill our joy in our happy meeting in His - good time. Amen. - - Thy faithful husband, - Jo. Winthrop. - - - - - Religious Life in America - - - [Illustration: “The Witch”] - - - - - New England - - -Religion played a vital role in the lives of our colonial ancestors. -Massachusetts and Virginia began during an age when men were fighting -religious wars in Europe. The Puritans came to America so that they -could worship God in their own manner. Even the Virginians, who came for -more worldly reasons, took their religion very seriously. Almost nowhere -in the world in those days did people believe that religion was a -private matter between man and God. The Puritans were extremely -intolerant of other religions and persecuted Quakers, Catholics, and -Jews alike. They even persecuted each other. Roger Williams, who founded -Rhode Island, was banished from Massachusetts for his opinions, and -innocent women were hanged in Salem because they were thought to be -witches. The intolerance and persecution of the seventeenth century are -well known, but one should not overlook the admirable piety and intense -love of God that these people also had. - - - Edward Taylor 1645-1729 - -The following selections were written by Edward Taylor, the most -important American poet of the Puritan period. He preached in a frontier -town of western Massachusetts and wrote poetry privately to express his -great love for God. Because his poems were so personal, he did not want -them published, and they remained in manuscript for more than 200 years. -Finally they were found in a dusty corner of the Yale University -Library. - -In the following poem, Taylor imagines himself in heaven looking down on -his fellow New England Puritans, who are on their way to heaven in a -horse-drawn coach—Christ’s coach—which, of course, means figuratively -that they are going to heaven through believing in Christ. These New -England saints are singing at the top of their lungs, happy that they -are in Christ’s coach, but you will note that the harmony is not -perfect. Man is a sinful creature and sometimes, says Taylor, the -singers get out of tune. Also, he notes, there isn’t room in the coach -for everyone, and some have to walk. - - The Joy of Church Fellowship Rightly Attended - - In heaven soaring up, I dropt an ear - On earth, and oh! sweet melody! - And listening, found it was the saints who were - Encoached for heaven that sang for joy. - For in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing, - As they to glory ride therein. - - Oh! joyous hearts! Enfired with holy flame! - Is speech thus tasseled with praise? - Will not your inward fire of joy contain - That it in open flames doth blaze? - For in Christ’s coach saints sweetly sing, - As they to glory ride therein. - - And if a string do slip, by chance, they soon - Do screw it up again: whereby - They set it in a more melodious tune - And a diviner harmony. - For in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing, - As they to glory ride therein. - - In all their acts, public and private, nay, - And secret too, they praise impart. - But in their acts divine and worship, they - With hymns do offer up their heart. - Thus in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing, - As they to glory ride therein. - - Some few not in, and some whose time and place - Block up this coach’s way, do go - As travelers afoot: and so do trace - The road that gives them right thereto; - While in this coach these sweetly sing, - As they to glory ride therein. - -Next, Taylor’s great love of God is expressed in a beautiful figure of -speech in which the poet wants God to use him as a housewife uses wool -to make yarn and yarn to make cloth. In the first stanza, he asks God to -make him into a spinning wheel, of which the flyers, distaff, spool, and -reel all are parts. In the second stanza, Taylor wants to be a loom on -which God can weave holy robes. A fulling mill is a place where cloth is -dyed. Finally, the poet wants God to clothe him in the holy robes made -on this imaginary loom. This poem is a highly original way to ask God to -give one faith, love, and understanding. You should consider it a -prayer. - - Housewifery - - Make me, O Lord, Thy spinning-wheel complete; - Thy holy Word my distaff make for me; - Make mine affections Thy swift flyers neat; - And make my soul Thy holy spool to be; - My conversation make to be Thy reel, - And reel the yarn thereon, spun of Thy wheel. - - Make me Thy loom then; knit therein this twine; - And make Thy Holy Spirit, Lord, wind quills; - Then weave the web Thyself. The yarn is fine. - Thine ordinances make my fulling mills. - Then dye the same in heavenly colors choice, - All pinked with varnished flowers of paradise. - - Then clothe therewith mine understanding, will, - Affections, judgment, conscience, memory, - My words and actions, that their shine may fill - My ways with glory and Thee glorify. - Then mine apparel shall display before Ye - That I am clothed in holy robes for glory. - - - The Salem Witch Trials - -During the seventeenth century, the superstitions of the Middle Ages had -not yet relaxed their hold on men’s minds. People still believed in -witches, even such a prominent clergyman as Cotton Mather. Hence, the -events of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, are understandable, though they -are nonetheless tragic. Early that year Betty Parris and Abigail -Williams, who were nine and eleven years old, began having strange fits. -Soon the mysterious disease spread to other girls in the village. When -the local doctor, with his primitive knowledge of medicine, could not -diagnose the trouble, he concluded that the devil must have bewitched -the girls. - -This diagnosis did not surprise anyone. The New England Puritans -believed that the devil was always at work trying to tempt them from the -path of righteousness. The parents of the children set about to discover -the identity of the devil’s agent who was tormenting their girls. They -questioned the children at length until the children really began to -believe they were bewitched. Betty and Abigail then accused three women -in the community of practicing witchcraft: Tituba, an illiterate slave -from Barbados; Sarah Good, a sharp-tongued woman whom many in the -village thought a nuisance; and Sarah Osburne, a backslider who did not -go to church. No one was surprised when these women were named as -witches. The town proceeded to examine the three on charges of -practicing witchcraft. John Hathorne, ancestor of the novelist Nathaniel -Hawthorne, conducted the hearing in the village church. - -The first of the accused to be questioned was Sarah Good, who denied the -charges with vigor. Then came Sarah Osburne, who was dragged out of a -sickbed to testify. She, too, denied the charges. But, every time these -women denied the charges the children became hysterical and went into -their fits. Finally, the old slave Tituba was questioned. She apparently -decided that she should tell her accusers what they wanted to hear, and -she concocted a wild tale of witchcraft out of her rich imagination. The -selections that follow are actual transcripts of the testimony taken -down that infamous day, March 1, 1692, in Salem by the village clerk. -The proceedings have been edited just enough to make them readable. - - HATHORNE: Sarah Good, what evil spirit have you familiarity with? - - GOOD: None. - - H: Have you made no contract with the devil? - - G: No. - - H: Why do you hurt these children? - - G: I do not hurt them. I scorn it. - - H: Who do you employ then to do it? - - G: I employ nobody. - - H: What creature do you employ then? - - G: No creature; I am falsely accused. - - H: Why did you go away muttering from Mr. Parris’ house? - - G: I did not mutter, but I thanked him for what he gave my child. - - H: Have you made no contract with the devil? - - G: No. - - Judge Hathorne desired the children, all of them, to look upon her and - see if this were the person that had hurt them, and so they all did - look upon her and said this was one of the persons that did torment - them. Presently they were all tormented. - - H: Sarah Good, do you not see now what you have done? Why do you not - tell us the truth? Why do you thus torment these poor children? - - G: I do not torment them. - - H: Who do you employ then? - - G: I employ nobody. I scorn it. - - H: How came they thus tormented? - - G: What do I know? You bring others here, and now you charge me with - it. - - H: Why who was it? - - G: I do not know, but it was someone you brought into the meeting - house with you. - - H: We brought you into the meeting house. - - G: But you brought in two more. - - H: Who was it then that tormented the children? - - G: It was Osburne. - - H: What is it you say when you go muttering away from persons’ houses? - - G: If I must tell, I will tell. - - H: Do tell us then. - - G: It is the commandments. I may say my commandments, I hope. - -The testimony went on for a while longer. Sarah Good continued to be a -very uncooperative witness, but finally Judge Hathorne finished with her -and called Sarah Osburne to the stand. - - HATHORNE: What evil spirit have you familiarity with? - - OSBURNE: None. - - H: Have you made no contract with the devil? - - O: No, I never saw the devil in my life. - - H: Why do you hurt these children? - - O: I do not hurt them. - - H: Who do you employ then to hurt them? - - O: I employ nobody. - - H: What familiarity have you with Sarah Good? - - O: None. I have not seen her these two years. - - H: Where did you see her then? - - O: One day a-going to town. - - H: What communications had you with her? - - O: I had none, only, how do you do or so. I did not know her name. - - H: What did you call her then? - - [_At this point Sarah Osburne had to admit that she had called her - Sarah._] - - H: Sarah Good saith that it was you that hurt the children. - - O: I do not know if the devil goes about in my likeness to do any - hurt. - - Mr. Hathorne desired all the children to stand up and look upon her - and see if they did know her, which they all did, and every one of - them said that this was one of the women that did afflict them and - that they had constantly seen her in the very habit that she was now - in. - -The evidence continued. In a feeble effort to gain sympathy, she said -that she “was more like to be bewitched than that she was a witch.” Mr. -Hathorne asked her what made her say this. She answered that she was -frightened one time in her sleep and either saw or dreamed that she saw -a thing “like an Indian all black which did prick her in the neck and -pulled her by the back part of her head to the door of the house.” Mr. -Hathorne asked her if she had seen anything else. She replied that she -had not. At this point, however, some of the spectators said that Sarah -Osburne also had heard the voice of a lying spirit. - - H: Hath the devil ever deceived you and been false to you? - - O: I do not know the devil. I never did see him. - - H: What lying spirit was it then? - - O: It was a voice that I thought I heard. - - H: What did it propound to you? - - O: That I should go no more to meeting, but I said I would and did go - the next Sabbath day. - - H: Were you never tempted further? - - O: No. - - H: Why did you yield thus far to the devil as never to go to meeting - since? - - O: Alas! I have been sick and not able to go. - - Sarah Osburne was then dismissed from the stand, and Mr. Hathorne - began to question Tituba, the slave, who told her questioners just - what they wanted to hear. - - HATHORNE: Did you never see the devil? - - TITUBA: The devil came to me and bid me serve him.... - - H: What service? - - T: Hurt the children, and last night there was an appearance - [_apparition_] that said to kill the children and if I would not go on - hurting the children they would do worse to me. - - H: What is this appearance you see? - - T: Sometimes he is like a hog and sometimes like a great dog. - - H: What did it say to you? - - T: The black dog said, “Serve me,” but I said, “I am afraid.” He said - if I did not he would do worse to me. - - H: What did you say to it? - - T: I will serve you no longer. Then he said he would hurt me, and then - he looked like a man. This man had a yellow bird that he kept with - him, and he told me he had more pretty things that he would give me if - I would serve him.... - - H: Did you not pinch Elizabeth Hubbard this morning? - - T: The man brought her to me and made me pinch her. - - H: Why did you go to Thomas Putnam’s last night and hurt his child? - - T: They pull and haul me and make me go.... - - H: How did you go? - - T: We ride upon sticks and are there presently. - - H: Why did you not tell your master? - - T: I was afraid. They said they would cut off my head if I told.... - - H: Did not you hurt Mr. Corwin’s child? - - T: Goody [_Mrs._] Good and Goody Osburne told me that they did hurt - Mr. Corwin’s child and would have had me hurt him too, but I did - not.... - - H: Do you see who it is that torments these children now? - - T: Yes, it is Goody Good. She hurts them now in her own shape. - -And so the testimony went. Tituba’s story was even more sensational when -she described the “tall man of Boston,” who was supposed to be a wizard -in charge of all the local witches. The court adjourned for the day, -convinced that the devil had chosen Salem as a special point of attack. -Soon, other people in the village began imagining that they, too, were -being pursued by witches. Neighbor began accusing neighbor until the -whole community was swept up by the hysteria. - -Throughout the summer of 1692, Salem was gripped by the witch hunt. -Twenty persons were executed for witchcraft; 55 were frightened or -tortured into confessing their guilt; 150 were jailed; more than 200 -were denounced by former friends and neighbors. For a time it looked as -if Massachusetts had gone mad. But when the denunciations began to -include some of the most prominent members of the community, such as the -acting president of Harvard College, the authorities knew the hysteria -had to stop or it would destroy the colony. In September the trials were -halted and the jails emptied. In succeeding years many people repented -their part in the tragic business, and the state even restored some of -the property confiscated from the so-called witches. - - - Samuel Sewall’s Confession of Error - -Five years after the unhappy episode ended, one of the judges, Samuel -Sewall, courageously made public confession of error. As the minister -read aloud Sewall’s confession of shame, the judge stood in his pew with -head bowed. - - “Samuel Sewall, sensible of the reiterated strokes of God upon himself - and family, and being sensible that as to the guilt contracted upon - the opening of the late commission of Oyer and Terminer at Salem [_the - trials_], to which the order for this Day relates, he is, upon many - accounts, more concerned than any that he knows of, desires to take - the blame and shame of it, asking pardon of men and especially - desiring prayers that God, Who has an unlimited authority, would - pardon that sin and all other his sins, personal and relative: and - according to His infinite benignity and sovereignty not visit the sin - of him or of any other upon himself or any of his, nor upon the land: - but that He would powerfully defend him against all temptations to sin - for the future and vouchsafe him the efficacious saving conduct of His - word and spirit.” - -Thereafter, for the rest of his life, Samuel Sewall observed one day of -prayer and fasting each year as penance for his part in the Salem witch -trials. - - - The Great Awakening - -Within a century after the Puritan migration to New England, life in the -colonies was changing. New England Puritans were becoming Yankee -traders, and the religious fervor that brought Bradford and Winthrop and -their followers to the New World was dying out. At this time there -appeared upon the American scene a great preacher and theologian, -Jonathan Edwards. After entering Yale College at the age of 13, he had -gone on to study theology and then enter the ministry. By 1729 he had -succeeded his grandfather as pastor of the village church in -Northampton, Massachusetts. During his ministry in Northampton, Edwards -led a great revival movement, which has come to be known as the Great -Awakening. It was an effort to rekindle the dying sparks of Puritanism, -and for a time it brought new religious vitality to New England. The -movement also spread to other colonies. - -During the Great Awakening Edwards made many converts. While he was -doing this, he also was concerned with the psychology of religious -enthusiasm. One of his most interesting books is called Narrative of -Surprising Conversions. In it he records some of the more remarkable -effects of the revival movement that he led. The account of -four-year-old Phebe Bartlet’s conversion, which Edwards writes about in -the following selection, is an astonishing story. Phebe certainly was -not a typical child, but the fact that any child could undergo the -religious experience Edwards describes reminds us again that religion -played a central role in the lives of our colonial ancestors. - -She was born in March, in the year 1731. About the latter end of April, -or beginning of May, 1735, she was greatly affected by the talk of her -brother, who had been hopefully converted a little before, at about -eleven years of age, and then seriously talked to her about the great -things of religion. Her parents did not know of it at that time, and -were not wont, in the counsels they gave to their children, particularly -to direct themselves to her, by reason of her being so young, and, as -they supposed, not capable of understanding; but after her brother had -talked to her, they observed her very earnestly to listen to the advice -they gave to the other children, and she was observed very constantly to -retire, several times in a day, as was concluded, for secret prayer, and -grew more and more engaged in religion, and was more frequently in her -closet, till at last she was wont to visit it five or six times in a -day, and was so engaged in it, that nothing would, at any time, divert -her from her stated closet exercises. Her mother often observed and -watched her, when such things occurred, as she thought most likely to -divert her, either by putting it out of her thoughts, or otherwise -engaging her inclinations, but never could observe her to fail. She -mentioned some very remarkable instances. - -She once, of her own accord, spake of her unsuccessfulness, in that she -could not find God, or to that purpose. But on Thursday, the last of -July, about the middle of the day, the child being in the closet, where -it used to retire, its mother heard it speaking aloud, which was -unusual, and never had been observed before; and her voice seemed to be -as of one exceeding importunate and engaged, but her mother could -distinctly hear only these words (spoken in her childish manner, but -seemed to be spoken with extraordinary earnestness, and out of distress -of soul), “Pray BLESSED LORD, give me salvation! I PRAY, BEG, pardon all -my sins!” When the child had done prayer, she came out of the closet, -and came and sat down by her mother, and cried out aloud. Her mother -very earnestly asked her several times, what the matter was, before she -would make any answer, but she continued exceedingly crying, and -wreathing her body to and fro, like one in anguish of spirit. Her mother -then asked her whether she was afraid that God would not give her -salvation. She then answered, “Yes, I am afraid I shall go to hell!” Her -mother then endeavored to quiet her, and told her she would not have her -cry—she must be a good girl, and pray every day, and she hoped God would -give her salvation. But this did not quiet her at all—but she continued -thus earnestly crying and taking on for some time, till at length she -suddenly ceased crying and began to smile, and presently said with a -smiling countenance, “Mother, the kingdom of heaven is come to me!” Her -mother was surprised at the sudden alteration, and at the speech, and -knew not what to make of it, but at first said nothing to her.... - -The same day the elder children, when they came home from school, seemed -much affected with the extraordinary change that seemed to be made in -Phebe; and her sister Abigail standing by, her mother took occasion to -counsel her, now to improve her time, to prepare for another world; on -which Phebe burst out in tears, and cried out, “Poor Nabby!” Her mother -told her she would not have her cry, she hoped that God would give Nabby -salvation; but that did not quiet her, but she continued earnestly -crying for some time; and when she had in a measure ceased, her sister -Eunice being by her, she burst out again, and cried, “Poor Eunice!” and -cried exceedingly; and when she had almost done, she went into another -room, and there looked upon her sister Naomi, and burst out again, -crying, “Poor Amy!” Her mother was greatly affected at such behavior in -the child, and knew not what to say to her. One of the neighbors coming -in a little after, asked her what she had cried for. She seemed, at -first, backward to tell the reason. Her mother told her she might tell -that person, for he had given her an apple; upon which she said she -cried because she was afraid they would go to hell.... - -From this time there has appeared a very remarkable abiding change in -the child: she has been very strict upon the Sabbath, and seems to long -for the Sabbath day before it comes, and will often in the week time be -inquiring how long it is to the Sabbath day, and must have the days -particularly counted over that are between, before she will be -contented. And she seems to love God’s house—is very eager to go -thither. Her mother once asked her why she had such a mind to go? -Whether it was not to see the fine folks? She said no, it was to hear -Mr. Edwards preach. When she is in the place of worship, she is very far -from spending her time there as children at her age usually do, but -appears with an attention that is very extraordinary for such a child. -She also appears, very desirous at all opportunities, to go to private -religious meetings, and is very still and attentive at home, in prayer -time, and has appeared affected in time of family prayer. - - - - - Other Colonies - - - John Woolman’s Journal - -Although one may think first of New England Puritanism in discussing the -religious life of the colonies, America was founded by many religious -groups. The Church of England was dominant in the southern colonies, -Maryland was founded by Catholics, and New York was settled by -Netherlanders who belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church. Still another -important religious influence was the Quaker faith, represented most -significantly by William Penn, who established the Pennsylvania colony. -There also were many Quakers in New Jersey, one of whom, John Woolman, -is the writer of the following selection. - -Woolman was a simple, plain tailor and shopkeeper who spent much of his -adult life traveling about the colonies visiting Quaker churches. His -Journal gives a clear account of the faith and life of a Quaker. The -portion printed below (from the original edition published in -Philadelphia in 1774) details Woolman’s boyhood and early religious -experience. - - I was born in Northampton, in Burlington County, West-Jersey, in the - year 1720; and before I was seven years old I began to be acquainted - with the operations of divine love. Through the care of my parents, I - was taught to read nearly as soon as I was capable of it; and, as I - went from school one Seventh Day [_the Quaker’s term for Saturday; - Sunday is the First Day_], I remember, while my companions went to - play by the way, I went forward out of sight, and, sitting down, I - read the 22d Chapter of the Revelations: “He showed me a pure river of - water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God - and of the Lamb,” etc., and, in reading it, my mind was drawn to seek - after that pure habitation, which, I then believed, God had prepared - for His servants. The place where I sat, and the sweetness that - attended my mind, remain fresh in my memory. - - This, and the like gracious visitations, had that effect upon me, that - when boys used ill language it troubled me; and, through the continued - mercies of God, I was preserved from it. - - The pious instructions of my parents were often fresh in my mind when - I happened to be among wicked children, and were of use to me. My - parents, having a large family of children, used frequently, on First - Days after meeting, to put us to read in the holy scriptures, or some - religious books, one after another, the rest sitting by without much - conversation; which, I have since often thought, was a good practice. - From what I had read and heard, I believed there had been, in past - ages, people who walked in uprightness before God, in a degree - exceeding any that I knew, or heard of, now living: and the - apprehension of there being less steadiness and firmness, amongst - people in this age than in past ages, often troubled me while I was a - child.... - - A thing remarkable in my childhood was, that once, going to a - neighbour’s house, I saw, on the way, a robin sitting on her nest, and - as I came near she went off, but having young ones flew about, and - with many cries expressed her concern for them; I stood and threw - stones at her, till, one striking her, she fell down dead: at first I - was pleased with the exploit, but after a few minutes was seized with - horror, as having, in a sportive way, killed an innocent creature - while she was careful for her young. I beheld her lying dead, and - thought these young ones, for which she was so careful, must now - perish for want of their dam to nourish them; and after some painful - considerations on the subject, I climbed up the tree, took all the - young birds, and killed them; supposing that better than to leave them - to pine away and die miserably: and believed, in this case, that - scripture-proverb was fulfilled, “The tender mercies of the wicked are - cruel.” I then went on my errand, but, for some hours, could think of - little else but the cruelties I had committed, and was much troubled. - Thus, He, Whose tender mercies are over all His works, hath placed a - principle in the human mind, which incites to exercise goodness - towards every living creature; and this being singly attended to, - people become tender hearted and sympathizing; but being frequently - and totally rejected, the mind becomes shut up in a contrary - disposition. - - About the twelfth year of my age, my father being abroad, my mother - reproved me for some misconduct, to which I made an undutiful reply; - and, the next First Day, as I was with my father returning from - meeting, he told me he understood I had behaved amiss to my mother, - and advised me to be more careful in [_the_] future. I knew myself - blameable, and in shame and confusion remained silent. Being thus - awakened to a sense of my wickedness, I felt remorse in my mind, and, - getting home, I retired and prayed to the Lord to forgive me; and do - not remember that I ever, after that, spoke unhandsomely to either of - my parents, however foolish in some other things. - - Having attained the age of sixteen years, I began to love wanton - company; and though I was preserved from profane language, or - scandalous conduct, still I perceived a plant in me which produced - much wild grapes; yet my merciful Father forsook me not utterly, but, - at times, through His grace, I was brought seriously to consider my - ways; and the sight of my backslidings affected me with sorrow; but, - for want of rightly attending to the reproofs of instruction, vanity - was added to vanity, and repentance to repentance: upon the whole, my - mind was more and more alienated from the truth, and I hastened toward - destruction. While I meditate on the gulf towards which I travelled, - and reflect on my youthful disobedience, for these things I weep, mine - eyes run down with water. - - Advancing in age, the number of my acquaintances increased, and - thereby my way grew more difficult; though I had found comfort in - reading the holy scriptures, and thinking on heavenly things, I was - now estranged therefrom: I knew I was going from the flock of Christ, - and had no resolution to return; hence serious reflections were uneasy - to me, and youthful vanities and diversions my greatest pleasure. - Running in this road I found many like myself; and we associated in - that which is the reverse of true friendship. - - But in this swift race it pleased God to visit me with sickness, so - that I doubted of recovering; and then did darkness, horror, and - amazement, with full force, seize me, even when my pain and distress - of body was very great. I thought it would have been better for me - never to have had a being, than to see the day which I now saw. I was - filled with confusion; and in great affliction, both of mind and body, - I lay and bewailed myself. I had not confidence to lift up my cries to - God, Whom I had thus offended; but, in a deep sense of my great folly, - I was humbled before Him; and, at length, that Word which is as a fire - and a hammer, broke and dissolved my rebellious heart, and then my - cries were put up in contrition; and in the multitude of His mercies I - found inward relief, and felt a close engagement, that, if He was - pleased to restore my health, I might walk humbly before Him. - - - - - Colonial Problems - - - [Illustration: Woman captured by Indians] - - - - - Indian Troubles - - -As we have seen, the task of planting colonies in the New World took -stout hearts and strong arms. The major problem was the unspectacular -one of scratching a living from the soil. There were, in addition, more -dramatic problems, such as Indian skirmishes and even full-scale war. -More and more land was being taken up by the English settlers. In New -England, an Indian leader known as King Philip organized a big Indian -drive to rid the country of English settlers. This drive was known as -King Philip’s War and was waged in the years 1675-76. In this conflict, -the Indians of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut spread -terror throughout New England and burnt many houses, but in the end were -nearly wiped out themselves. During the next century, England and France -fought for control of the Mississippi Valley. In the latter part of this -struggle, between 1754 and 1763, usually called the French and Indian -War, the American colonies found themselves the battleground for the -rivalries of two great European powers. - - - Mrs. Rowlandson’s Captivity - -In the selection that follows, Mary Rowlandson, a New England housewife, -tells of her capture by the Indians and her captivity during King -Philip’s War. She was held by the Indians for twelve weeks until her -friends were able to ransom her. As vivid today as when it was written -in 1682, this narrative is called _A True History of the Captivity and -Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson_. - - - THE ATTACK - - On the tenth of February, 1675, came the Indians with great numbers - upon Lancaster [_Massachusetts_]. Their first coming was about - sunrising; hearing the noise of some guns, we looked out; several - houses were burning, and the smoke ascending to heaven. There were - five persons taken in one house; the father and the mother and a - sucking child they knocked on the head; the other two they took and - carried away alive. There were two others who, being out of their - garrison upon some occasion, were set upon; one was knocked on the - head, the other escaped. Another there was who, running along, was - shot and wounded, and fell down; he begged of them his life, promising - them money (as they told me); but they would not hearken to him, but - knocked him in [_the_] head, and stripped him naked, and split open - his bowels. Another seeing many of the Indians about his barn ventured - and went out, but was quickly shot down. There were three others - belonging to the same garrison who were killed; the Indians, getting - up upon the roof of the barn, had advantage to shoot down upon them - over their fortification. Thus these murderous wretches went on, - burning and destroying before them. - - At length they came and beset our own house, and quickly it was the - dolefulest day that ever mine eyes saw. The house stood upon the edge - of a hill; some of the Indians got behind the hill, others into the - barn, and others behind anything that could shelter them; from all - which places they shot against the house, so that the bullets seemed - to fly like hail; and quickly they wounded one man among us, then - another, and then a third. About two hours (according to my - observation in that amazing time) they had been about the house before - they prevailed to fire it (which they did with flax and hemp, which - they brought out of the barn, and there being no defense about the - house, only two flankers [_fortifications_] at two opposite corners, - and one of them not finished). They fired it once and one ventured out - and quenched it, but they quickly fired it again, and that took. - - Now is the dreadful hour come that I have often heard of (in time of - war, as it was in the case of others), but now mine eyes see it. Some - in our house were fighting for their lives, others wallowing in their - blood, the house on fire over our heads, and the bloody heathen ready - to knock us on the head if we stirred out. Now might we hear mothers - and children crying out for themselves and one another, “Lord, what - shall we do?” Then I took my children (and one of my sisters hers) to - go forth and leave the house, but as soon as we came to the door and - appeared, the Indians shot so thick that the bullets rattled against - the house as if one had taken an handful of stones and threw them, so - that we were fain to give back. We had six stout dogs belonging to our - garrison, but none of them would stir, though another time, if an - Indian had come to the door, they were ready to fly upon him and tear - him down. The Lord hereby would make us the more to acknowledge His - hand, and to see that our help is always in Him. - - But out we must go, the fire increasing, and coming along behind us - roaring, and the Indians gaping before us with their guns, spears, and - hatchets to devour us. No sooner were we out of the house but my - brother-in-law (being before wounded in defending the house, in or - near the throat) fell down dead, whereat the Indians scornfully - shouted and hallowed, and were presently upon him, stripping off his - clothes. The bullets flying thick, one went through my side, and the - same (as would seem) through the bowels and hand of my dear child in - my arms. One of my elder sister’s children (named William) had then - his leg broken, which the Indians perceiving they knocked him on the - head. Thus were we butchered by those merciless heathen, standing - amazed, with the blood running down to our heels. My eldest sister - being yet in the house, and seeing those woeful sights, the infidels - hauling mothers one way and children another, and some wallowing in - their blood, and her elder son telling her that her son William was - dead and myself was wounded, she said, “And, Lord, let me die with - them”; which was no sooner said but she was struck with a bullet and - fell down dead over the threshold. - - Of the thirty-seven persons in the house, twelve were killed and only - one escaped. Mrs. Rowlandson and her baby were among the remaining - twenty-four taken captive. - - - THE FIRST REMOVE - - Now away we must go with those barbarous creatures, with our bodies - wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no less than our bodies. About a - mile we went that night up upon a hill, within sight of the town, - where they intended to lodge. There was hard by a vacant house - (deserted by the English before, for fear of the Indians); I asked - them whether I might not lodge in the house that night, to which they - answered, “What, will you love Englishmen still?” This was the - dolefulest night that ever my eyes saw. Oh, the roaring, and singing, - and dancing, and yelling of those black creatures in the night, which - made the place a lively resemblance of hell! And as miserable was the - waste that was there made, of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, calves, - lambs, roasting pigs, and fowl (which they had plundered in the town), - some roasting, some lying and burning, and some boiling, to feed our - merciless enemies, who were joyful enough, though we were - disconsolate. - - To add to the dolefulness of the former day and the dismalness of the - present night, my thoughts ran upon my losses and sad, bereaved - condition. All was gone, my husband gone (at least separated from me, - he being in the Bay; and to add to my grief, the Indians told me they - would kill him as he came homeward), my children gone, my relations - and friends gone, our house and home, and all our comforts within door - and without—all was gone (except my life), and I knew not but the next - moment that might go too. - - There remained nothing to me but one poor, wounded babe, and it seemed - at present worse than death, that it was in such a pitiful condition, - bespeaking compassion, and I had no refreshing for it nor suitable - things to revive it. Little do many think what is the savageness and - brutishness of this barbarous enemy ... when the English have fallen - into their hands.... - - - THE SECOND REMOVE - - But now (the next morning) I must turn my back upon the town, and - travel with them into the vast and desolate wilderness, I know not - whither. It is not my tongue or pen can express the sorrows of my - heart and bitterness of my spirit that I had at this departure; but - God was with me in a wonderful manner, carrying me along and bearing - up my spirit, that it did not quite fail. One of the Indians carried - my poor wounded babe upon a horse; it went moaning all along: “I shall - die, I shall die.” I went on foot after it, with sorrow that cannot be - expressed. At length I took it off the horse and carried it in my - arms, till my strength failed and I fell down with it. - - Then they set me upon a horse with my wounded child in my lap; and - there being no furniture [_saddle_] upon the horseback, as we were - going down a steep hill, we both fell over the horse’s head, at which - they, like inhuman creatures, laughed and rejoiced to see it, though I - thought we should there have ended our days, overcome with so many - difficulties. But the Lord renewed my strength still, and carried me - along, that I might see more of His power, yea, so much that I could - never have thought of, had I not experienced it. - - After this it quickly began to snow; and when the night came on they - stopped; and now down I must sit in the snow by a little fire, and a - few boughs behind me, with my sick child in my lap and calling much - for water, being now (through the wound) fallen into a violent fever. - My own wound also growing so stiff that I could scarce sit down or - rise up, yet so it must be, that I must sit all this cold winter night - upon the cold snowy ground, with my sick child in my arms, looking - that every hour would be the last of its life, and having no Christian - friend near me, either to comfort or help me. Oh, I may see the - wonderful power of God, that my spirit did not utterly sink under my - affliction; still the Lord upheld me with His gracious and merciful - spirit, and we were both alive to see the light of the next morning. - - - THE THIRD REMOVE - - The morning being come, they prepared to go on their way. One of the - Indians got up upon a horse, and they set me up behind him, with my - poor sick babe in my lap. A very wearisome and tedious day I had of - it; what with my own wound and my child’s being so exceeding sick, and - in a lamentable condition with her wound. It may be easily judged what - a poor feeble condition we were in, there being not the least crumb of - refreshing that came within either of our mouths from Wednesday night - to Saturday night, except only a little cold water.... - - Thus nine days I sat upon my knees with my babe in my lap, till my - flesh was raw again; my child being even ready to depart this - sorrowful world, they bade me carry it out to another wigwam (I - suppose because they would not be troubled with such spectacles) - whither I went with a very heavy heart, and down I sat with the - picture of death in my lap. About two hours in the night my sweet babe - like a lamb departed this life, on February 18, 1675, it being about - six years and five months old. It was nine days from the first - wounding, in this miserable condition, without any refreshing of one - nature or other, except a little cold water.... In the morning, when - they understood that my child was dead they sent for me home to my - master’s wigwam.... I went to take up my dead child in my arms to - carry it with me, but they bid me let it alone. There was no - resisting, but go I must and leave it. When I had been at my master’s - wigwam, I took the first opportunity I could get to go look after my - dead child. When I came I asked them what they had done with it? Then - they told me it was upon the hill. Then they went and showed me where - it was, where I saw the ground was newly digged, and there they told - me they had buried it. There I left that child in the wilderness and - must commit it and myself also in this wilderness condition to Him who - is above all. - - Mrs. Rowlandson’s ordeal lasted twelve weeks, after which she was - ransomed and allowed to return home to her husband, who had survived - the attack. Her two other children, also captured with her, were - rescued and reunited with their parents. - - - - - Conflict with France - - - George Washington’s Letter on Braddock’s Defeat - -On July 9, 1755, during the French and Indian War, Colonel George -Washington took part in the Battle of Monongahela, in which General -Braddock was killed and his army routed. Washington had advised Braddock -to push on rapidly towards the French-held Fort Duquesne and to leave -behind his artillery and baggage wagons so that he could move through -the wilderness as fast as possible. Washington feared the consequences -of moving too slowly and wrote his brother a few days before the battle -that the army “instead of pushing on with vigor, without regarding a -little rough road” was “halting to level every mold hill and to erect -bridges over every brook; by which means we were four days getting -twelve miles.” Washington’s fear of disaster was only too well-founded. -The following letter is his account of the battle, written to his mother -nine days later: - - Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755 - - Honored Madam: - - As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and perhaps have it - represented in a worse light (if possible) than it deserves; I have - taken this earliest opportunity to give you some account of the - engagement, as it happened within seven miles of the French fort, on - Wednesday the ninth. - - We marched on to that place without any considerable loss, having only - now and then a straggler picked up by the French scouting Indians. - When we came here, we were attacked by a body of French and Indians - whose number (I am certain) did not exceed 300 men; ours consisted of - about 1,300 well-armed troops, chiefly of the English soldiers who - were struck with such a panic that they behaved with more cowardice - than it is possible to conceive. The officers behaved gallantly in - order to encourage their men, for which they suffered greatly, there - being nearly 60 killed and wounded, a large proportion out of the - number we had! The Virginia troops showed a good deal of bravery and - were near all killed, for I believe out of three companies that were - there, there is scarce 30 men left alive. Capt. Peyrouny and all his - officers down to a corporal was killed. Capt. Polson shared near as - hard a fate, for only one of his was left. In short the dastardly - behavior of those they call regulars exposed all others that were - inclined to do their duty to almost certain death, and at last, in - despite of all the efforts of the officers to the contrary, they broke - and run as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was impossible to rally them. - - The general was wounded, of which he died three days after. Sir Peter - Halket was killed in the field where died many other brave officers. I - luckily escaped without a wound, though I had four bullets through my - coat and two horses shot under me. Captains Orme and Morris, two of - the general’s aides de camp, were wounded early in the engagement, - which rendered the duty hard upon me, as I was the only person then - left to distribute the general’s orders, which I was scarcely able to - do, as I was not half recovered from a violent illness that confined - me to my bed and a wagon for above ten days. I am still in a weak and - feeble condition, which induces me to halt here two or three days in - hopes of recovering a little strength to enable me to proceed - homewards, from whence, I fear, I shall not be able to stir till - towards September, so that I shall not have the pleasure of seeing you - till then, unless it be in Fairfax. Please give my love to Mr. Lewis - [_his brother-in-law_] and my sister and compliments to Mr. Jackson - and all other friends that inquire after me. I am, Honored Madam, your - most dutiful son. - - - Benjamin Franklin’s Comments - -Benjamin Franklin shared George Washington’s doubts about Braddock’s -ability to capture Fort Duquesne. As a public-spirited citizen, Franklin -had taken the initiative in collecting wagons from Pennsylvania farmers -to transport the army’s supplies. His comments on Braddock, written many -years later, come from his autobiography. - - This general was, I think, a brave man, and might probably have made a - figure as a good officer in some European war. But he had too much - self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of regular - troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians. George - Croghan, our Indian interpreter, joined him on his march with one - hundred of those people, who might have been of great use to his army - as guides, scouts, etc., if he had treated them kindly; but he - slighted and neglected them, and they gradually left him. - - In conversation with him one day, he was giving me some account of his - intended progress. “After taking Fort Duquesne,” says he, “I am to - proceed to Niagara; and having taken that to Frontenac, if the season - will allow time; and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can hardly detain - me above three or four days; and then I see nothing that can obstruct - my march to Niagara.” Having before revolved in my mind the long line - his army must make in their march by a very narrow road, to be cut for - them through the woods and bushes, and also what I had read of a - former defeat of fifteen hundred French who invaded the Iroquois - country, I had conceived some doubts and some fears for the event of - the campaign. But I ventured only to say, “To be sure, sir, if you - arrive well before Duquesne, with these fine troops, so well provided - with artillery, that place, not yet completely fortified, and as we - hear with no very strong garrison, can probably make but a short - resistance. The only danger I apprehend of obstruction to your march - is from ambuscades of Indians, who, by constant practice, are - dexterous in laying and executing them; and the slender line, near - four miles long, which your army must make, may expose it to be - attacked by surprise in its flanks, and to be cut like a thread into - several pieces, which, from their distance, can not come up in time to - support each other.” - - He smiled at my ignorance, and replied, “These savages may, indeed, be - a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon the king’s - regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they should make - any impression.” I was conscious of an impropriety in my disputing - with a military man in matters of his profession, and said no more. - - - - - Colonial Life - - - [Illustration: Benjamin Franklin] - - - - - Transportation - - -Life in the United States has changed beyond recognition from life in -America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In thousands of -ways people live differently. They work, they play, they eat, and they -even sleep differently. Then, there was no station wagon in the garage -to take the family to the beach or mountains over weekends and no -telephone at hand to call a friend to ask how to do tomorrow’s algebra -problem. Life was slower-paced than it is today, and was not complicated -by the machines that have become masters as well as slaves of our -society. The selections that follow will give you an insight into the -daily lives of several interesting early Americans. It is just as -important to understand how people lived in colonial times as it is to -know about wars and kings and presidents. - - - Sarah Kemble Knight 1666-1727 - -Madam Knight, as Sarah Kemble Knight is known, was a Boston -schoolteacher and businesswoman. In the autumn of 1704 she made a -business trip to New York by way of Rhode Island and Connecticut. On the -journey she kept a journal which gives a vivid account of her -experiences. You will find that this Boston woman writes about -Connecticut as though it were a foreign country. She had a good sense of -humor and a keen eye for detail. You learn in this report that not all -of your New England ancestors were cultivated people like governors -Winthrop and Bradford. - - - THE THIRD DAY - - Wednesday, October 4, 1704 - - About four in the morning, we set out for Kingston [_Rhode Island_] - (for so was the town called) with a French doctor in our company. He - and the post put on very furiously, so that I could not keep up with - them, only as now and then they’d stop till they see me. This road was - poorly furnished with accommodations for travelers, so that we were - forced to ride 22 miles by the post’s account, but nearer thirty by - mine, before we could bait [_feed_] so much as our horses, which I - exceedingly complained of. But the post encouraged me by saying we - should be well accommodated anon at Mr. Devil’s, a few miles further. - But I questioned whether we ought to go to the devil to be helped out - of affliction. However, like the rest of [_the_] deluded souls that - post to the infernal den, we made all possible speed to this devil’s - habitation, where, alighting in full assurance of good accommodation, - we were going in. But meeting his two daughters, as I supposed twins, - they so nearly resembled each other, both in features and habit, and - looked as old as the devil himself and quite as ugly, we desired - entertainment but could hardly get a word out of ’em, till with our - importunity [_urging_], telling them our necessity, etc., they called - the old sophister, who was as sparing of his words as his daughters - had been, and no, or none, was the reply he made us to our demands. He - differed only in this from the old fellow in t’other country: he let - us depart.... - - Thus leaving this habitation of cruelty, we went forward, and arriving - at an ordinary [_inn_] about two mile further, found tolerable - accommodation. But our hostess, being a pretty full-mouthed old - creature, entertained our fellow traveler, the French doctor, with - innumerable complaints of her bodily infirmities and whispered to him - so loud that all the house had as full a hearing as he, which was very - diverting to the company (of which there was a great many), as one - might see by their sneering. But poor weary I slipped out to enter my - mind in my journal, and left my great landlady with her talkative - guests to themselves.... - - - THE SIXTH DAY - - Saturday, October 7 - - About two o’clock [_in the_] afternoon we arrived at New Haven - [_Connecticut_], where I was received with all possible respects and - civility. Here I discharged Mr. Wheeler with a reward to his - satisfaction and took some time to rest after so long and toilsome a - journey, and informed myself of the manners and customs of the place, - and at the same time employed myself in the affair I went there upon. - - They are governed by the same laws as we in Boston (or little - differing) throughout this whole colony of Connecticut, and much the - same way of church government and many of them good, sociable people, - and I hope religious too. But [_they are_] a little too much - independent in their principles, and, as I have been told, were - formerly in their zeal very rigid in their administrations towards - such as their laws made offenders, even to a harmless kiss or innocent - merriment among young people.... - - Their diversions in this part of the country are on lecture days and - [_militia_] training days mostly. On the former there is riding from - town to town. - - And on training days the youth divert themselves by shooting at the - target, as they call it (but it very much resembles a pillory), where - he that hits nearest the white has some yards of red ribbon presented - him, which being tied to his hatband, the two ends streaming down his - back, he is led away in triumph, with great applause, as the winners - of the Olympic Games. They generally marry very young, the males - oftener, as I am told, under twenty than above. They generally make - public weddings and have a way something singular (as they say) in - some of them, namely, just before joining hands the bridegroom quits - the place, who is soon followed by the bridesmen, and as it were, - dragged back to duty—being the reverse to the former practice among - us, to steal his bride.... - - Being at a merchant’s house, in comes a tall country fellow, with his - alfogeos [_cheeks_] full of tobacco, for they seldom lose their cud - but keep chewing and spitting as long as their eyes are open. He - advanced to the middle of the room, makes an awkward nod, and spitting - a large deal of aromatic tincture, he gave a scrape with his - shovel-like shoe, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, - made a full stop. Hugging his own pretty body with his hands under his - arms, [_he_] stood staring round him like a cat let out of a basket. - At last, like the creature Balaam rode on [_an ass_], he opened his - mouth and said: “Have you any ribbon for hatbands to sell, I pray?” - The questions and answers about the pay being past, the ribbon is - brought and opened. Bumpkin Simpers cries, “It’s confounded gay, I - vow,” and beckoning to the door, in comes Joan Tawdry, dropping about - 50 curtsies, and stands by him. He shows her the ribbon. “Law you,” - says she, “It’s right gent; do you take it; ’tis dreadful pretty.” - Then she inquires: “Have you any hood silk, I pray?” which being - brought and bought, “Have you any thread silk to sew it with,” says - she, which being accommodated with, they departed. They generally - stand, after they come in, a great while speechless and sometimes - don’t say a word till they are asked what they want, which I impute to - the awe they stand in of the merchants, who they are constantly almost - indebted to and must take what they bring without liberty to choose - for themselves; but they serve them as well, making the merchants stay - [_wait_] long enough for their pay. - - - - - Life in the South - - -A century after Jamestown was founded, Virginia was a prosperous, -flourishing colony. The capital was moved a few miles away to -Williamsburg, which today has been rebuilt to look much as it did in -colonial times. Along the James River were large plantations, operated -by gentleman farmers. These men lived much as their land-owning cousins -did in the old country. Lower on the social scale, of course, were white -indentured servants, who had bound themselves to years of labor in -return for their passage to Virginia, and slaves. - - - William Byrd 1674-1744 - -The culture of the colony, however, was dominated by prosperous planters -like William Byrd, ancestor of the present Byrd family of Virginia. His -estate occupied the present site of Richmond. He was educated in England -and active in the affairs of the colony. - -In 1728, he was appointed to help survey the boundary between North -Carolina and Virginia. The boundary, which was disputed, ran through -virgin forests and over mountains. During the arduous weeks that the -commissioners were making their survey, Byrd kept notes. His account of -this experience is given in _The History of the Dividing Line_. You can -see that Virginia gentlemen did not think much of the poor farmers in -North Carolina. - - - LIFE IN NORTH CAROLINA - - March 25, 1728: Surely there is no place in the world where the - inhabitants live with less labor than in North Carolina. It approaches - nearer to the description of Lubberland [_a mythical land of plenty - and idleness_] than any other, by the great felicity of the climate, - the easiness of raising provisions, and the slothfulness of the - people. - - Indian corn is of so great increase that a little pains will subsist a - very large family with bread, and then they may have meat without any - pains at all, by the help of the low grounds, and the great variety of - mast [_nuts_] that grows on the high land. The men, for their parts, - just like the Indians, impose all the work upon the poor women. They - make their wives rise out of their beds early in the morning, at the - same time that they lie and snare till the sun has run one-third of - his course and dispersed all the unwholesome damps. Then, after - stretching and yawning for half an hour, they light their pipes, and, - under the protection of a cloud of smoke, venture out into the open - air, though if it happens to be never so little cold, they quickly - return shivering into the chimney corner. When the weather is mild, - they stand leaning with both their arms upon the cornfield fence, and - gravely consider whether they had best go and take a small heat at the - hoe, but generally find reasons to put it off till another time. Thus - they loiter away their lives.... - - March 27: Within 3 or 4 miles of Edenton [_North Carolina_], the soil - appears to be a little more fertile, though it is much out with - slashes [_swamps_], which seem all to have a tendency towards the - Dismal. - - This town is situate on the north side of Albemarle Sound, which is - there about 5 miles over. A dirty slash runs all along the back of it, - which in the summer is a foul annoyance and furnishes abundance of - that Carolina plague, mosquitoes. There may be 40 or 50 houses, most - of them small and built without expense. A citizen here is counted - extravagant, if he has ambition enough to aspire to a brick chimney. - Justice herself is but indifferently lodged, the court house having - much the air of a common tobacco house. I believe this is the only - metropolis in the Christian or Mohammedan world, where there is - neither church, chapel, mosque, synagogue, or any other place of - public worship of any sect or religion whatsoever. - - What little devotion there may happen to be is much more private than - their vices. The people seem easy without a minister, as long as they - are exempted from paying him. Sometimes the society for propagating - the Gospel has had the charity to send over missionaries to this - country; but unfortunately the priest has been too lewd [_worthless_] - for the people, or, which oftener happens, they too lewd for the - priest. For these reasons these reverend gentlemen have always left - their flocks as arrant heathen as they found them. Thus much, however, - may be said for the inhabitants of Edenton, that not a soul has the - least taint of hypocrisy or superstition, acting very frankly and - aboveboard in all their excesses. - - Provisions here are extremely cheap and extremely good, so that people - may live plentifully at a trifling expense. Nothing is dear but law, - physic, and strong drink, which are all bad in their kind, and the - last they get with so much difficulty, that they are never guilty of - the sin of suffering it to sour upon their hands. Their vanity - generally lies not so much in having a handsome dining room as a - handsome house of office [_kitchen_]. In this kind of structure they - are really extravagant. - - They are rarely guilty of flattering or making any court to their - governors, but treat them with all the excesses of freedom and - familiarity. They are of opinion their rulers would be apt to grow - insolent, if they grew rich, and for that reason take care to keep - them poorer, and more dependent, if possible, than the saints in New - England used to do their governors. - -A Virginia planter had many responsibilities and many interests. Besides -growing tobacco and raising livestock, Byrd and his associates made -their plantations as self-sufficient as possible. Late in his life Byrd -visited some mining property he owned in western Virginia, and on the -trip stopped off to see Colonel Spotswood, a former governor of -Virginia. The following account, from _A Progress to the Mines_, gives -us a glimpse of another Virginian’s house. Note, too, how Byrd concerns -himself with collecting medicinal herbs. - - - A VISIT TO COLONEL SPOTSWOOD - - September 27, 1732: I came into the main county road that leads from - Fredericksburg to Germanna, which last place I reached in ten miles - more. This famous town consists of Col. Spotswood’s enchanted castle - on one side of the street and a baker’s dozen of ruinous tenements on - the other.... Here I arrived about three o’clock and found only Mrs. - Spotswood at home, who received her old acquaintance with many a - gracious smile. I was carried into a room elegantly set off with pier - glasses [_full-length mirrors set between windows_] the largest of - which came soon after to an odd misfortune. - - Amongst other favorite animals that cheered this lady’s solitude, a - brace of tame deer ran familiarly about the house, and one of them - came to stare at me as a stranger. But unluckily spying his own figure - in the glass, he made a spring over the tea table that stood under it, - and shattered the glass to pieces, and falling back upon the tea - table, made a terrible fracas among the china. This exploit was so - sudden and accompanied with such a noise that it surprised me, and - perfectly frightened Mrs. Spotswood. But ’twas worth all the damage to - show the moderation and good humor with which she bore this disaster. - - In the evening the noble colonel came home from his mines, who saluted - me very civilly, and Mrs. Spotswood’s sister, Miss Theky, who had been - to meet him _en cavalier_ [_on horseback_] was so kind too as to bid - me welcome. We talked over a legend [_collection_] of old stories, - supped about 9, and then prattled with the ladies till ’twas time for - a traveler to retire. In the meantime I observed my old friend to be - very uxorious [_submissive to his wife_] and exceedingly fond of his - children. This was so opposite to the maxims he used to preach up - before he was married, that I could not forbear rubbing up the memory - of them. But he gave a very goodnatured turn to his change of - sentiments by alleging that whoever brings a poor gentlewoman into so - solitary a place, from all her friends and acquaintance, would be - ungrateful not to use her and all that belongs to her with all - possible tenderness. - - September 28: We all kept snug in our several apartments till nine, - except Miss Theky, who was the housewife of the family. At that hour - we met over a pot of coffee, which was not quite strong enough to give - us the palsy. After breakfast the Colonel and I left the ladies to - their domestic affairs and took a turn in the garden, which has - nothing beautiful but 3 terrace walks that fall in slopes one below - another. I let him understand that besides the pleasure of paying him - a visit, I came to be instructed by so great a master in the mystery - of making of iron, wherein he had led the way.... - - September 30: The sun rose clear this morning, and so did I and - finished all my little affairs by breakfast. It was then resolved to - wait on the ladies on horseback, since the bright sun, the fine air, - and the wholesome exercise all invited us to it. We forded the river a - little above the ferry and rode 6 miles up the neck to a fine level - piece of rich land where we found about 20 plants of ginseng, with the - scarlet berries growing on the top of the middle stalk. The root of - this is of wonderful virtue in many cases, particularly to raise the - spirits and promote perspiration, which makes it a specific in colds - and coughs. The colonel complimented me with all we found in return - for my telling him the virtues of it. We were all pleased to find so - much of this king of plants so near the colonel’s habitation and - growing too upon his own land.... I carried home this treasure with as - much joy as if every root had been a graft of the Tree of Life, and - washed and dried it carefully. - - - - - Life in a City - - -Benjamin Franklin’s life is too well-known to need summarizing here. The -story of his life should be on the reading list of every American, and -the best account of it is the one he wrote himself. Unfortunately, he -never finished his autobiography, so we do not have in his own words the -story of his diplomatic mission to France during the Revolution, or his -activities in America at the time of the Declaration of Independence and -later during the Constitutional Convention. His early career, however, -is well described. The following selection from the Autobiography tells -of Franklin’s arrival in Philadelphia at the age of 17 after running -away from home in Boston. - - - From Benjamin Franklin’s _Autobiography_ - - I was in my working dress, my best clothes being to come round by sea. - I was dirty from my journey; my pockets were stuffed out with shirts - and stockings; I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. I was - fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest; I was very hungry; - and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch dollar and about a - shilling in copper. The latter I gave the people of the boat for my - passage, who at first refused it, on account of my rowing; but I - insisted on their taking it, a man being sometimes more generous when - he has but a little money than when he has plenty, perhaps through - fear of being thought to have but little. - - Then I walked up the street, gazing about, till near the market-house - I met a boy with bread. I had made many a meal on bread, and, - inquiring where he got it, I went immediately to the baker’s he - directed me to, in Second Street, and asked for biscuit, intending - such as we had in Boston; but they, it seems, were not made in - Philadelphia. Then I asked for a three-penny loaf, and was told they - had none such. So, not considering or knowing the difference of money, - and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I bade him give - me three-penny-worth of any sort. He gave me, accordingly, three great - puffy rolls. I was surprised at the quantity, but took it, and, having - no room in my pockets, walked off with a roll under each arm, and - eating the other. Thus I went up Market Street as far as Fourth - Street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future wife’s father; when - she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought I made, as I certainly - did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance. Then I turned and went - down Chestnut Street and part of Walnut Street, eating my roll all the - way, and, coming round, found myself again at Market Street wharf, - near the boat I came in, to which I went for a draught of the river - water; and, being filled with one of my rolls, gave the other two to a - woman and her child that came down the river in the boat with us, and - were waiting to go farther. - - Thus refreshed, I walked again up the street, which by this time had - many clean-dressed people in it, who were all walking the same way. I - joined them, and thereby was led into the great meeting-house of the - Quakers near the market. I sat down among them, and, after looking - round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very drowsy through labor - and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast asleep, and - continued so till the meeting broke up, when one was kind enough to - rouse me. This was, therefore, the first house I was in, or slept in, - in Philadelphia. - - Walking down again toward the river and looking in the faces of - people, I met a young Quaker man, whose countenance I liked and - accosting him, requested he would tell me where a stranger could get - lodging. We were then near the sign of the Three Mariners. “Here,” - says he, “is one place that entertains strangers, but it is not a - reputable house; if thee wilt walk with me, I’ll show thee a better.” - He brought me to the Crooked Billet in Water Street. Here I got a - dinner; and while I was eating it several sly questions were asked me, - as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appearance that I might - be some runaway. - - After dinner my sleepiness returned, and, being shown to a bed, I lay - down without undressing, and slept till six in the evening, was called - to supper, went to bed again very early, and slept soundly till next - morning. Then I made myself as tidy as I could and went to Andrew - Bradford the printer’s. I found in the shop the old man his father, - whom I had seen at New York, and who, traveling on horseback, had got - to Philadelphia before me. He introduced me to his son, who received - me civilly, gave me a breakfast, but told me he did not at present - want a hand, being lately supplied with one; but there was another - printer in town, lately set up, one Keimer, who perhaps might employ - me; if not, I should be welcome to lodge at his house, and he would - give me a little work to do now and then till fuller business should - offer. - - The old gentleman said he would go with me to the new printer; and - when we found him, “Neighbor,” says Bradford, “I have brought to see - you a young man of your business; perhaps you may want such a one.” He - asked me a few questions, put a composing stick in my hand to see how - I worked, and then said he would employ me soon, though he had just - then nothing for me to do; and, taking old Bradford, whom he had never - seen before, to be of the town’s people that had a good will for him, - entered into a conversation on his present undertaking and prospects; - while Bradford, not discovering that he was the other printer’s - father, on Keimer’s saying he expected soon to get the greatest part - of the business into his own hands, drew him on by artful questions, - and starting little doubts, to explain all his views, what interest he - relied on, and in what manner he intended to proceed. I, who stood by - and heard all, saw immediately that one of them was a crafty old - sophister, and the other a mere novice. Bradford left me with Keimer, - who was greatly surprised when I told him who the old man was. - - Keimer’s printing-house, I found, consisted of an old shattered press, - and one small, worn-out font of English [_type_], which he was then - using himself, composing an elegy on Aquila Rose, before mentioned, an - ingenious young man, of excellent character, much respected in the - town, clerk of the Assembly, and a pretty poet. Keimer made verses - too, but very indifferently. He could not be said to write them, for - his manner was to compose them in the types directly out of his head. - So there being no copy, but one pair of cases, and the elegy likely to - require all the letters, no one could help him. I endeavored to put - his press (which he had not yet used, and of which he understood - nothing) into order fit to be worked with; and, promising to come and - print off his elegy as soon as he should have got it ready, I returned - to Bradford’s, who gave me a little job to do for the present, and - there I lodged and dieted. A few days after, Keimer sent for me to - print off the elegy. And now he had got another pair of cases, and a - pamphlet to reprint, on which he set me to work. - - These two printers I found poorly qualified for their business. - Bradford had not been bred to it, and was very illiterate; and Keimer, - though something of a scholar, was a mere compositor, knowing nothing - of presswork. He had been one of the French prophets [_a group of - French Protestants known as Camisards, persecuted under Louis XIV_], - and could act their enthusiastic agitations. At this time he did not - profess any particular religion, but something of all on occasion; was - very ignorant of the world, and had, as I afterward found, a good deal - of the knave in his composition. He did not like my lodging at - Bradford’s while I worked with him. He had a house, indeed, but - without furniture, so he could not lodge me; but he got me a lodging - at Mr. Read’s, before mentioned, who was the owner of his house; and, - my chest and clothes being come by this time, I made rather a more - respectable appearance in the eyes of Miss Read than I had done when - she first happened to see me eating my roll in the street. - - I began now to have some acquaintance among the young people of the - town that were lovers of reading, with whom I spent my evenings very - pleasantly; and gaining money by my industry and frugality, I lived - very agreeably, forgetting Boston as much as I could, and not desiring - that any there should know where I resided. - -Franklin was an industrious, ambitious young man who had thoroughly -mastered the trade of printer before leaving Boston. In Philadelphia, he -set up his own printing business and prospered so much that he was able -to retire at the age of 42. The rest of his life he devoted to public -enterprises and to scientific investigation. He was instrumental in -founding a hospital, the academy that became the University of -Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society. He initiated -projects for providing police protection, street lighting, cleaning, and -paving in Philadelphia. He served as postmaster-general for the -colonies, and later represented them in England as events moved toward -the Revolution. One of his many public-spirited projects was the -establishment of a lending library, and in the selection that follows he -tells just how he got the library started. - - At the time I established myself in Pennsylvania, there was not a good - bookseller’s shop in any of the colonies to the southward of Boston. - In New York and Philadelphia the printers were indeed stationers; they - sold only paper, etc., almanacs, ballads, and a few common - school-books. Those who loved reading were obliged to send for their - books from England; the members of the Junto [_Franklin’s club_] had - each a few. We had left the alehouse, where we first met, and hired a - room to hold our club in. I proposed that we should all of us bring - our books to that room, where they would not only be ready to consult - in our conferences, but become a common benefit, each of us being at - liberty to borrow such as he wished to read at home. This was - accordingly done, and for some time contented us. - - Finding the advantage of this little collection, I proposed to render - the benefit from books more common, by commencing a public - subscription library. I drew a sketch of the plan and rules that would - be necessary, and got a skilful conveyancer, Mr. Charles Brockden, to - put the whole in form of articles of agreement to be subscribed, by - which each subscriber engaged to pay a certain sum down for the first - purchase of books, and an annual contribution for increasing them. So - few were the readers at that time in Philadelphia, and the majority of - us so poor, that I was not able, with great industry, to find more - than fifty persons, mostly young tradesmen, willing to pay down for - this purpose forty shillings each, and ten shillings per annum. [_A - shilling in Franklin’s day was worth perhaps $1.50 in today’s money._] - On this little fund we began. The books were imported; the library was - opened one day in the week for lending to the subscribers, on their - promissory notes to pay double the value if not duly returned. The - institution soon manifested its utility, was imitated by other towns, - and in other provinces. The libraries were augmented by donations; - reading became fashionable; and our people, having no public - amusements to divert their attention from study, became better - acquainted with books, and in a few years were observed by strangers - to be better instructed and more intelligent than people of the same - rank generally are in other countries.... - - This library afforded me the means of improvement by constant study, - for which I set apart an hour or two each day, and thus repaired in - some degree the loss of the learned education my father once intended - for me. Reading was the only amusement I allowed myself. I spent no - time in taverns, games, or frolics of any kind; and my industry in my - business continued as indefatigable as it was necessary. - - [Illustration: A Woman Captured by Indians] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - ---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - ---Silently corrected a few palpable typos, leaving period spellings - unchanged. - ---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - ---Added subheadings in the text to match entries in the Table of - Contents. - ---Added captions to illustrations based on the attributions in front - matter. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA, -1607-1763 *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/old/66701-0.zip b/old/66701-0.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index de6f247..0000000 --- a/old/66701-0.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h.zip b/old/66701-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f063d83..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/66701-h.htm b/old/66701-h/66701-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 3fb68fa..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/66701-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2937 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> -<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> -<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Beginnings of America 1607-1763, edited by Richard B. Morris and James Woodress</title> -<meta name="author" content="Richard B. Morris; James Woodress" /> -<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="1961" /> -<link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> -<link rel="spine" href="images/spine.jpg" /> -<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" /> -<meta name="DC.Title" content="The Beginnings of America 1607-1763" /> -<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> -<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> -<meta name="DC.Created" content="1961" /> -<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Richard B. Morris" /> -<meta name="DC.Creator" content="James Woodress" /> -<style type="text/css"> -/* == GLOBAL MARKUP == */ -body, table.twocol tr td { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; } /* BODY */ -.box { border-style:double; margin-bottom:2em; max-width:30em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-top:2em; } -.box p { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; } -.box dl { margin-right:1em; margin-left:1em; } -h1, h5, h6, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; } /* HEADINGS */ -h2 { margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:2em; font-size:125%; text-align:left; clear:both; } -h1 { margin-top:3em; } -div.box h1 { margin-top:1em; } -h3 { margin-top:3em; text-align:center; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:1.5em; } -h3.center { text-align:center; font-style:normal; } -h4, h5 { font-size:80%; text-align:left; clear:right; margin-top:2em; font-family:sans-serif; } -h6 { font-size:100%; } -h6.var { font-size:80%; font-style:normal; } -.titlepg { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; } -span.chaptertitle { font-style:normal; display:block; text-align:center; font-size:150%; text-indent:0; } -.tblttl { text-align:center; text-indent:0;} -.tblsttl { text-align:center; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; } - -pre sub.ms { width:4em; letter-spacing:1em; } -table.fmla { text-align:center; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; } -table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; } -td.cola { text-align:left; vertical-align:100%; } -td.colb { text-align:justify; } - -p, blockquote, div.p, div.bq { text-align:justify; } /* PARAGRAPHS */ -div.p, div.bq { margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; } -blockquote, .bq { margin-left:1em; margin-right:0em; } -.verse { font-size:100%; } -p.indent {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; } -p.tb, p.tbcenter, verse.tb, blockquote.tb { margin-top:2em; } - -span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb /* PAGE BREAKS */ -{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; } -div.pb { display:inline; } -.pb, dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, dl.index dt.pb { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em; - margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0; - font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold; - color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; } -div.index .pb { display:block; } -.bq div.pb, .bq span.pb { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; } - -div.img, body a img {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; clear:right; } - -sup, a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; font-style:normal; } -h3 a.fn { font-size:65%; } -sub { font-size:75%; } -.center, .tbcenter { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; } /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */ -span.center { display:block; } -table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; } -table.center tr td.l {text-align:left; margin-left:0em; } -table.center tr td.j {text-align:justify; } -table.center tr td.t {text-align:left; text-indent:1em; } -table.center tr td.t2 {text-align:left; text-indent:2em; } -table.center tr td.r {text-align:right; } -table.center tr th {vertical-align:bottom; } -table.center tr td {vertical-align:top; } -table.inline, table.symbol { display: inline-table; vertical-align: middle; } - -p { clear:left; } -p.revint { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -.small, .lsmall { font-size:90%; font-style: normal; } -.smaller { font-size:80%; } -.smallest { font-size:67%; } -.larger { font-size:150%; } -.large { font-size:125%; } -.xlarge { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; } -.xxlarge { font-size:200%; line-height:60%; } -.gs { letter-spacing:1em; } -.gs3 { letter-spacing:2em; } -.gslarge { letter-spacing:.3em; font-size:110%; } -.sc { font-variant:small-caps; font-style:normal; } -.unbold { font-weight:normal; } -.xo { position:relative; left:-.3em; } -.over { text-decoration: overline; display:inline; } -hr { margin-left:40%; width:20%; clear:both; } -.jl { text-align:left; } -.jr { text-align:right; min-width:2em; display:inline-block; float:right; } -.jr1 { text-align:right; margin-right:2em; } -h1 .jr { margin-right:.5em; } -.ind1 { text-align:left; margin-left:2em; } -.u { text-decoration:underline; } -.hst { margin-left:2em; } -.rubric { color:red; } -.cnwhite { color:white; background-color:black; min-width:2em; display:inline-block; - text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-family:sans-serif; } -.cwhite { color:white; background-color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; - font-family:sans-serif; } -ul li { text-align:justify; } -.ss { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; } -.ssn { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } - -dd.t { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; } -dl.toc { clear:both; margin-top:1em; } /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */ -.toc dt.center { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1.5em; text-indent:0; font-weight:bold; font-family:serif; } -.toc dt { text-align:right; clear:left; margin-top:1em; font-size:80%; font-family:sans-serif; } -.toc dt a { font-weight:bold; font-size:120%; font-family:serif; } -.toc dd { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; font-family:sans-serif; font-size:80%; } -.toc dd.center { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0; font-weight:bold; font-size:110%; font-family:serif; } -.toc dd.ddt { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; } -.toc dd.ddt2 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:5em; } -.toc dd.ddt3 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:6em; } -.toc dd.ddt4 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:7em; } -.toc dd.ddt5 { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:8em; } -.toc dd.note { text-align:justify; clear:both; margin-left:5em; text-indent:-1em; margin-right:3em; } -.toc dt .xxxtest {width:17em; display:block; position:relative; left:4em; } -.toc dt a, -.toc dd a, -.toc dt span.left, -.toc dt span.lsmall, -.toc dd span.left { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; } -.toc dt a span.cn { width:4em; text-align:right; margin-right:.7em; float:left; } -.toc dt.sc { text-align:right; clear:both; } -.toc dt.scl { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; } -.toc dt.sct { text-align:right; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; } -.toc dt.jl { text-align:left; clear:both; font-variant:normal; } -.toc dt.scc { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; } -.toc dt span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; } -dd.tocsummary {text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-left:2em; } -/* BOX CELL */ -td.top { border-top:1px solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; } -td.bot { border-bottom:1px solid; width:.5em; height:.8em; } -td.rb { border:1px solid; border-left:none; width:.5em; height:.8em; } -td.lb { border:1px solid; border-right:none; width:.5em; height:.8em; } - -/* INDEX (.INDEX) */ -dl.index { clear:both; } -.index dd { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; } -.index dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left; } -.index dt.center {text-align:center; text-indent:0; text-indent:0; margin-left:0; } - -.ab, .ab1, .ab2 { -font-weight:bold; text-decoration:none; -border-style:solid; border-color:gray; border-width:1px; -margin-right:0px; margin-top:5px; display:inline-block; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -.ab { width:1em; } -.ab2 { width:1.5em; } -a.gloss { background-color:#f2f2f2; border-bottom-style:dotted; text-decoration:none; border-color:#c0c0c0; color:inherit; } - /* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */ -div.notes p { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; } - -dl.undent dd { margin-left:3em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; } -dl.undent dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.undent dd.t { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; } - /* POETRY LINE NUMBER */ -.lnum { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:.5em; display:inline; } - -.hymn { text-align:left; } /* HYMN AND VERSE: HTML */ -.verse { text-align:left; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; } -.versetb { text-align:left; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; } -.originc { text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -.subttl { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; } -.srcttl { text-align:center; font-size:80%; text-indent:0; font-weight:bold; } -p.t0, p.l { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.lb { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.tw, div.tw, .tw { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t, div.t, .t { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t2, div.t2, .t2 { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t3, div.t3, .t3 { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t4, div.t4, .t4 { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t5, div.t5, .t5 { margin-left:9em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t6, div.t6, .t6 { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t7, div.t7, .t7 { margin-left:11em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t8, div.t8, .t8 { margin-left:12em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t9, div.t9, .t9 { margin-left:13em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t10, div.t10,.t10 { margin-left:14em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t11, div.t11,.t11 { margin-left:15em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t12, div.t12,.t12 { margin-left:16em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t13, div.t13,.t13 { margin-left:17em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t14, div.t14,.t14 { margin-left:18em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.t15, div.t15,.t15 { margin-left:19em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } -p.lr, div.lr, span.lr { display:block; margin-left:0em; margin-right:1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:right; } -dt.lr { width:100%; margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; margin-top:1em; text-align:right; } -dl dt.lr a { text-align:left; clear:left; float:left; } - -.fnblock { margin-top:2em; } -.fndef { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; } -.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; } -dl.catalog dd { font-style:italic; } -dl.catalog dt { margin-top:1em; } -.author { text-align:right; margin-top:0em; margin-bottom:0em; display:block; } - -dl.biblio dt { margin-top:.6em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; text-indent:0; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap, p.caption { margin-left:0; text-align:center; margin-top:0; font-size:80%; margin-bottom:.5em; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:2em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; margin-right:2em; margin-top:.5em; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; }</style> -</head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Beginnings of America, 1607-1763, by Richard Brandon Morris</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Beginnings of America, 1607-1763</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Voices from America’s Past</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Richard Brandon Morris and James Woodress</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 10, 2021 [eBook #66701]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA, 1607-1763 ***</div> -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="The Beginnings of America 1607-1763" width="500" height="747" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center"><span class="rubric">VOICES FROM AMERICA’S PAST</span></p> -<h1>THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA -<br /><span class="rubric"><span class="smallest">1607-1763</span></span></h1> -<div class="ssn"> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Edited by</dt> -<dd class="t">Richard B. Morris</dd> -<dd class="t">Gouverneur Morris Professor of History</dd> -<dd class="t">Columbia University</dd> -<dd class="t">New York, New York</dd></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dd class="t">James Woodress</dd> -<dd class="t">Chairman, Department of English</dd> -<dd class="t">San Fernando Valley State College</dd> -<dd class="t">Northridge, California</dd></dl> -</div> -<p class="tbcenter"><span class="rubric"><span class="large">WEBSTER PUBLISHING COMPANY</span></span> -<br /><span class="smaller"><span class="rubric">ST. LOUIS</span><span class="hst"> ATLANTA</span><span class="hst"> DALLAS</span><span class="hst"> PASADENA</span></span></p> -</div> -<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="smaller"><span class="ss">VOICES FROM AMERICA’S PAST</span></span></dt> -<dt><i>The Beginnings of America 1607-1763</i></dt> -<dt><i>The Times That Tried Men’s Souls 1770-1783</i></dt> -<dt><i>The Age of Washington 1783-1801</i></dt> -<dt><i>The Jeffersonians 1801-1829</i></dt> -<dt><i>Jacksonian Democracy 1829-1848</i></dt> -<dt><i>The Westward Movement 1832-1889</i></dt> -<dt><i>A House Divided: The Civil War 1850-1865</i></dt> -<dt><span class="smaller">(<i>Other titles in preparation</i>)</span></dt></dl> -<dl class="undent"><dt>Copyright ©, 1961, by Webster Publishing Company</dt> -<dt>Printed in the United States of America</dt> -<dt>All rights reserved</dt></dl> -<div class="pb" id="Page_iii">iii</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="toc">TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> -<dl class="toc"> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c1">Preface</a> v</dt> -<dd class="center">I Settlements North and South</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c2">The Founding of Jamestown</a> 1</dt> -<dd><a href="#c3">William Simmonds Describes the Settlers’ Problems</a> 2</dd> -<dd><a href="#c4">John Smith’s Adventures</a> 4</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c5">The Founding of Plymouth</a> 9</dt> -<dd><a href="#c6">William Bradford’s History Of <i>Plymouth Plantation</i></a> 9</dd> -<dd><a href="#c7">John Winthrop, Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> 17</dd> -<dd><a href="#c8">Cotton Mather Describes John Winthrop</a> 18</dd> -<dd><a href="#c9">John Winthrop’s Letters to His Wife</a> 19</dd> -<dd class="center">II Religious Life in America</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c10">New England</a> 22</dt> -<dd><a href="#c11">Edward Taylor’s Poems</a> 23</dd> -<dd><a href="#c12">The Salem Witch Trials</a> 25</dd> -<dd><a href="#c13">Samuel Sewall’s Confession of Error</a> 30</dd> -<dd><a href="#c14">The Great Awakening: Jonathan Edwards</a> 30</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c15">Other Colonies</a> 33</dt> -<dd><a href="#c16">John Woolman’s Journal</a> 33</dd> -<dd class="center">III Colonial Problems</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c17">Indian Troubles</a> 37</dt> -<dd><a href="#c18">Mrs. Rowlandson’s Captivity</a> 38</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c19">Conflict with France</a> 42</dt> -<dd><a href="#c20">George Washington’s Letter on Braddock’s Defeat</a> 42</dd> -<dd><a href="#c21">Benjamin Franklin’s Comments on Braddock</a> 44</dd> -<dd class="center">IV Colonial Life</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c22">Transportation</a> 46</dt> -<dd><a href="#c23">Sarah Kemble Knight Journeys to Connecticut</a> 46</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c24">Life in the South</a> 49</dt> -<dd><a href="#c25">William Byrd, a Virginia Gentleman</a> 49</dd> -<dd><a href="#c26">William Byrd Sees North Carolina</a> 50</dd> -<dd><a href="#c27">William Byrd Visits Colonel Spotswood</a> 52</dd> -<dt class="dsp"><a href="#c28">Life in a City</a> 52</dt> -<dd><a href="#c29">From Benjamin Franklin’s <i>Autobiography</i></a> 53</dd> -</dl> -<p class="tb">The excerpt from <i>Of Plymouth Plantation</i>, by William Bradford, edited -by Samuel Eliot Morison, which begins on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_11">page 11</a>, was reprinted by -permission of Alfred Knopf, Inc., 1952.</p> -<p>The poems by Edward Taylor, “Housewifery” and “The Joy of Church -Fellowship Rightly Attended,” which begin on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_23">page 23</a>, were reprinted -by permission of the <i>New England Quarterly</i>, December, 1937.</p> -<p>The picture on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_1">page 1</a>, of Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John -Smith, and the picture on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_22">page 22</a>, “The Witch,” were reprinted through -the courtesy of the Library of Congress. The picture on the <a href="#Page_i">cover</a> and -the picture on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_37">page 37</a>, of a colonial woman captured by Indians, were -reprinted through the courtesy of the National Life Insurance Company -of Montpelier, Vermont. The picture of Benjamin Franklin shown on <a class="pgref" href="#Page_46">page 46</a> -was reprinted through the courtesy of the John Hancock Mutual Life -Insurance Company of Boston, Massachusetts.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_v">v</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c1">Preface</h2> -<p>The seventeenth century in America was the seedtime of colonization. -For 115 years after Columbus discovered America, explorers sailed the -western waters, and the nations of Europe staked out vast empires. England -launched several successful attempts to plant colonies in what is now the -United States. In the years following the landing at Jamestown in 1607, -England laid the foundation for her extensive colonial system in North -America. From these scattered colonies a nation grew, but a long time -passed before the colonies became states and the states became a nation.</p> -<p>The English colonization of North America did not suffer for want of -reporters to describe it. The people who took part in the enterprise wrote -a great deal about their experiences. Governor Bradford of Plymouth -wrote a history to preserve a record of the colony’s early days. Captain -John Smith of Virginia wrote pamphlets to satisfy the curiosity of folks back -home who might want to come to the New World. Many of these works -were printed immediately; others remained in manuscript until our day.</p> -<p>Not only the leaders of the colonies wrote of their deeds. Ordinary -people also sent letters home to England and kept diaries for their personal -satisfaction. All in all, the United States had her beginnings amid -ample publicity. We are grateful to these people for preserving records -of the early days, for through their efforts we can get a first-hand idea of -colonial times. We don’t have to guess about the events that took place -in America three hundred years ago. Of course, we don’t have nearly -as many documents as we could wish for, but we do have plenty of records -to draw upon.</p> -<p>This is the first of a series of booklets containing the story of America, -as told by those who were there, the eyewitnesses and participants. The -selections which make up this booklet are a few of the records that historians -use in writing their books. These diaries, letters, biographies, and -narratives are the raw material of history. These accounts bring us face to -face with the Indians of Virginia in 1607, make us feel something of the -sufferings of the Pilgrims in Massachusetts during their “starving time,” tell -us about the deep religious beliefs of the colonists, and the superstitions, -like witchcraft, which were hard to root out. We see life through the eyes -of a prosperous planter in Virginia and a struggling printer’s apprentice -<span class="pb" id="Page_vi">vi</span> -in Philadelphia. History books can provide over-all pictures of a country’s -development, but these eyewitness accounts and first-hand reports put flesh -on the bare bones of history.</p> -<p>In editing this booklet, we have let the authors tell their own story in -their own words, but we have sometimes modernized the spelling and -punctuation and—when it seemed absolutely necessary—words and sentence -structure. Our aim has been to turn the language of these old documents -into English modern enough that what the writers have to say is not -obscured by the way they said it. Occasionally we have made cuts within -selections to save space, but, for the most part, the material used is -complete.</p> -<p><span class="lr">Richard B. Morris</span> -<span class="lr">James Woodress</span></p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2><span class="large">Settlements North and South</span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/i2.jpg" alt="" width="794" height="595" /> -<p class="caption">Pocahontas saving the life of Captain John Smith</p> -</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c2">The Founding of Jamestown</h2> -<p>The first permanent English settlement in America was founded at -Jamestown, Virginia, in May, 1607. The colonists who went ashore that -spring morning more than three and one-half centuries ago discovered no -cultivated countryside. Instead of the trim, green farms one sees along the -James River today, they found a howling wilderness full of hostile Indians -and wild beasts. Neither the colonists nor their merchant-sponsors in England -were prepared for the troubles that Jamestown faced. The settlers -died of disease, starvation, and Indian attacks, and they quarreled endlessly -among themselves. The stockholders in the Virginia Company never -made any money on their investment in the colony.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<p>The Jamestown settlers sailed from England in three ships on December -19, 1606. Captain Christopher Newport was in charge of getting the -colonists to Virginia. The ships stopped in the Canary Islands and the West -Indies before reaching their destination. It was a long, exhausting voyage. -Several weeks after landing at Jamestown, Captain Newport returned to -England. The settlers then were on their own.</p> -<h3 id="c3">William Simmonds Describes the Settlers’ Problems</h3> -<p>The following account of the early days at Jamestown was compiled in -London by William Simmonds. It is based on the writings, freely adapted, -of several of the colonists who were his friends. As you can see, Simmonds’ -friends had no use for Edward Wingfield, the first president of the colony. -They were supporters of Captain John Smith, whose own writings begin -after this narrative.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Being thus left to our fortunes, within ten days, scarce ten -amongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and -sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel, if they consider -the cause and reason, which was this: whilst the ships stayed, -our allowance of food was somewhat bettered by a daily portion of -biscuit which the sailors would pilfer [<i>steal</i>] to sell, give, or exchange -with us, for money, sassafras, [<i>or</i>] furs.... But when they -departed, there remained neither tavern, beer house, nor place of -relief but the common kettle.</p> -<p>Had we been as free from all sins as we were free from gluttony -and drunkenness, we might have been canonized for saints. But our -president would never have been admitted, for he kept for his private -use oatmeal, sack [<i>wine</i>], oil, aqua vitae [<i>brandy</i>], beef, eggs, or -what not. [<i>President Wingfield hotly denied this charge</i>.] The [<i>contents -of the common</i>] kettle indeed he allowed equally to be distributed, -and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled -with water for a man a day. This [<i>grain</i>] having fried some 26 weeks -in the ship’s hold contained as many worms as grains, so that we -might truly call it rather so much bran than corn.</p> -<p>Our drink was water, our lodging, castles in the air. With this -lodging and diet our extreme toil in bearing and planting palisades -strained and bruised us. Our continual labor in the extremity of the -heat had so weakened us as were cause sufficient to have made us -miserable in our native country, or any other place in the world. -From May to September those that escaped dying lived upon sturgeon -and sea crabs. Fifty in this time we buried. [<i>The original colony -numbered 104.</i>]</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<p>Then seeing the President’s projects (who all this time had -neither felt want nor sickness) to escape these miseries by flight in -our pinnace [<i>small sailing boat</i>] so moved our dead spirits that we -deposed [<i>removed</i>] him and established [<i>John</i>] Ratcliffe in his -place.... But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone, -all helps abandoned, each hour expecting the fury of the savages, -when God, the patron of all good endeavors, in that desperate extremity, -so changed the hearts of the savages that they brought such -plenty of their fruits and provision that no man wanted.</p> -<p>And now where some affirmed it was ill done of the Council to -send forth men so badly provided, this incontradictable reason will -show them plainly they are too ill-advised to nourish such ideas. -First, the fault of our going was our own. What could be thought -fitting or necessary we had; but what we should find, what we should -want, where we should be, we were all ignorant. And supposing -to make our passage in two months with victual [<i>food</i>] to live and -the advantage of spring to work, we were at sea five months where -we spent both our victual and lost the opportunity of the time and -season to plant.</p> -<p>Such actions have ever since the world’s beginning been subject -to such accidents. Everything of worth is found full of difficulties, -but nothing [<i>is</i>] so difficult as to establish a commonwealth so far -remote from men and means and where men’s minds are so untoward -[<i>unlucky</i>] as neither [<i>to</i>] do well themselves nor to suffer -others [<i>to do well</i>]. But to proceed.</p> -<p>The new president, being little beloved, of weak judgment in -dangers and less industry in peace, committed the managing of all -things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good -words, and fair promises set some to mow, others to bind thatch, -some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing -the greatest task for his own share. In short time he provided most -of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>This done, seeing the savages’ superfluity [<i>large numbers</i>] begin -to decrease, [<i>he</i>] with some of his workmen shipped himself in the -shallop [<i>small boat</i>] to search the country for trade.... He went -down the river to Kecoughtan [<i>an Indian village</i>] where at first they -scorned him as a starved man, yet he so dealt with them that the next -day they loaded his boat with corn. And in his return he discovered -and kindly traded with the Warascoyks....</p> -<p>And now the winter approaching, the rivers became so covered -with swans, geese, ducks, and cranes that we daily feasted with -good bread, Virginia peas, pumpkins, and persimmons, fish, fowl, -and diverse sorts of wild beasts, ... so that none of our Tuftaffaty -[<i>silk-dressed</i>] humorists desired to go for England.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c4">John Smith <span class="ssn">1580-1631</span></h3> -<p>Captain John Smith already had lived an exciting life by the time he -joined the Virginia-bound colonists at the age of 26. He had left England -at 16 to become a soldier of fortune on the continent of Europe. He fought -with the Austrians against the Turks, and once in single combat he cut off -the heads of three Turkish champions. A Transylvanian prince rewarded -him with a coat of arms for his deeds. Later he was captured and given -as a present to the wife of a Turkish pasha, but he escaped and made his -way back to England.</p> -<p>Smith’s adventures are so fantastic that many historians have called -him a liar and refused to believe him. Yet recent historical research shows -that Smith’s stories are reasonably accurate. He may have exaggerated -his adventures to make a good story a little better, but it is probably true -that Smith saved the Jamestown colony by his resourceful foraging among -the Indians and by his bold leadership. Certainly he was an energetic and -able man. For a fascinating account of Smith’s career, as verified by an -expert in Hungarian history, see Marshall Fishwick, “Was John Smith a -Liar?” <i>American Heritage</i>, IX, 29-33, 110 (October, 1958).</p> -<p>Smith returned to England in 1609 and never again saw Virginia, but -he wrote much about the colony. One of his most interesting works is a -pamphlet called <i>A Map of Virginia</i>. In it he put together a vivid eyewitness -account of the animals, the plants, and the Indians. Smith’s booklet was -designed to satisfy the great curiosity in England about the New World -and to urge new settlers to go there. He does not mention the hardships.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4>THE INDIANS</h4> -<p>The people differ very much in stature, ... some being very -great, ... others very little, ... but generally tall and straight, of -a comely [<i>pretty</i>] proportion and of a color brown, when they are -of any age, but they are borne white. Their hair is generally black, -but few have any beards. The men wear half their heads shaven, the -other half long. For barbers they use their women, who with two -shells will grate the hair, of any fashion they please....</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div> -<p>They are very strong, of an able body and full of agility, able -to endure, to lie in the woods under a tree by the fire in the worst -of winter or in the weeds and grass in ambush in the summer. They -are inconstant [<i>changeable</i>] in everything but what fear constrains -them to keep.... Some are of disposition fearful, some bold, most -cautelous [<i>deceitful</i>], all savage. Generally [<i>they are</i>] covetous of -copper, beads, and such like trash. They are soon moved to anger -and so malicious that they seldom forget an injury....</p> -<p>For their apparel they are sometimes covered with skins of wild -beasts, which in winter are dressed with the hair but in summer without. -The better sort use large mantles of deerskin, ... some embroidered -with white beads, some with copper, others painted after -their manner. But the common sort have scarce to cover their nakedness -but with grass, the leaves of trees, or such like. We have seen -some use mantles made of turkey feathers so prettily wrought -and woven with threads that nothing could be discerned [<i>seen</i>] but -the feathers, that was exceedingly warm and very handsome. But the -women are always covered about their middles with a skin and very -shamefast to be seen bare....</p> -<p>Their women some have their legs, hands, breasts, and face cunningly -embroidered with diverse works, as beasts, serpents, artificially -wrought into their flesh with black spots. In each ear commonly -they have three great holes, whereat they hang chains, -bracelets, or copper. Some of their men wear in those holes a small -green and yellow colored snake, near half a yard in length, which -crawling and lapping herself about his neck often times familiarly -would kiss his lips. Others wear a dead rat tied by the tail. Some on -their heads wear the wing of a bird or some large feather with a -rattle.... Their heads and shoulders are painted red with the root -<i>pocone</i> powdered and mixed with oil; this they hold in summer to -preserve them from the heat and in winter from the cold. Many other -forms of paintings they use, but he is the most gallant that is the -most monstrous to behold....</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div> -<p>Men, women, and children have their several names according -to the several humors of their parents. Their women (they say) are -easily delivered of child, yet do they love children very dearly. To -make them hardy, in the coldest mornings they wash them in the -rivers and by painting and ointments so tan their skins that after a -year or two no weather will hurt them.</p> -<p>The men bestow their time in fishing, hunting, wars, and such -man-like exercises, ... which is the cause that the women be very -painful [<i>busy</i>] and the men often idle. The women and children do -the rest of the work. They make mats, baskets, pots, pound their -corn, make their bread, prepare their victuals, plant their corn, -gather their corn, bear all kinds of burdens, and such like.</p> -<p>Their fire they kindle presently by chafing a dry pointed stick in -a hole of a little square piece of wood, that firing itself will so fire -moss, leaves, or any such like dry thing that will quickly burn.</p> -<h4>THEIR RELIGION</h4> -<p>There is yet in Virginia no place discovered to be so savage -in which the savages have not a religion, deer, and bow and arrows. -All things that were able to do them hurt beyond their prevention -they adore with their kind of divine worship, as the fire, water, lightning, -thunder, our ordnance [<i>guns</i>], horses, etc. But their chief god -they worship is the devil. Him they call <i>Oke</i> and serve him more of -fear than love. They say they have conference with him and fashion -themselves as near to his shape as they can imagine. In their temples, -they have his image evil favoredly carved and then painted and -adorned with chains, copper, and beads, and covered with a skin....</p> -<p>By him is commonly the sepulchre [<i>tomb</i>] of their kings. Their -bodies are first bowelled [<i>that is, disembowelled or the internal -organs removed</i>], then dried upon hurdles [<i>racks</i>] till they be very -dry, and so about the most of their joints and neck they hang bracelets -or chains of copper, pearl, and such like, as they used to wear. -Their inwards they stuff with copper beads and cover with a skin, -hatchets, and such trash. Then they lappe [<i>wrap</i>] them very carefully -in white skins and so roll them in mats for their winding sheets. -And in the tomb, which is an arch made of mats, they lay them -orderly. What remaineth of this kind of wealth their kings have, -they set at their feet in baskets. These temples and bodies are kept -by their priests.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div> -<p>For their ordinary burials they dig a deep hole in the earth with -sharp stakes, and the corpses being lapped in skins and mats with -their jewels, they lay them upon sticks in the ground and so cover -them with earth. The burial ended, the women being painted all -their faces with black coal and oil do sit 24 hours in the houses -mourning and lamenting by turns with such yelling and howling -as may express their great passions.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>John Smith’s most famous story is the account of his rescue by Pocahontas, -but many historians have doubted the tale. Smith is the only person -who says it happened. The facts are these: During the first hard winter, -1607-1608, when Smith was scouting for provisions, he was captured by -the Indians and taken to the chief, Powhatan, father of Pocahontas. After -three weeks the chief sent him back to Jamestown. When Smith first wrote -about his experiences a few months later, he never mentioned Pocahontas.</p> -<p>Years later, in England, Smith wrote a history of Virginia and, for the -first time, told the story of Pocahontas. Between the time Smith was captured -and the time he wrote his history, Pocahontas had married an Englishman. -Her husband had brought her to England, where she had been -a sensation. One cannot help feeling that Smith “remembered” more than -actually happened in order to exploit public interest in the Indian princess. -His account, however, is a good story, even if it happened only in his mind. -Pocahontas was a real person who visited Jamestown often and brought -food to the starving settlers during their worst times. Many Americans like -to think the episode is true, and the tale has become part of our folklore, -like the legendary deeds of Davy Crockett. Here is Smith’s story:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>At last they brought him [<i>note that here Smith writes of himself -in the third person</i>] to Meronocomoco where was Powhatan, their -emperor. Here more than two hundred of those grim courtiers stood -wondering at him, as he had been a monster.... Before a fire upon -a seat like a bedstead he sat covered with a great robe made of -raccoon skins and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit -a young wench of 16 or 18 years, and along on each side [<i>of</i>] the -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -house two rows of men, and behind them as many women, with all -their heads and shoulders painted red. Many of their heads [<i>were</i>] -bedecked with the white down of birds; but everyone with something, -and a great chain of white beads about their necks.</p> -<p>At his entrance before the king, all the people gave a great shout. -The Queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to -wash his hands, and another brought him a bunch of feathers instead -of a towel to dry them. Having feasted him after their best -barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the -conclusion was [<i>that</i>] two great stones were brought before Powhatan. -Then as many as could, laid hands on him, dragged him to -them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs -to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the king’s dearest daughter, when -no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms and laid her own -upon his to save him from death; whereat the emperor was contented -he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and -copper; for they thought him as well [<i>capable</i>] of all occupations as -themselves. For the king himself will make his own robes, shoes, -bows, arrows, pots; plant, hunt, or do anything so well as the rest....</p> -<p>Two days after, Powhatan having disguised himself in the most -fearfullest manner he could, caused Captain Smith to be brought -forth to a great house in the woods, and there upon a mat by the -fire to be left alone. Not long after from behind a mat that divided -the house was made the most dolefullest noise he ever heard. Then -Powhatan, more like a devil than a man, with some two hundred -more as black as himself, came unto him and told him now they -were friends and presently he should go to Jamestown.... So to -Jamestown with 12 guides Powhatan sent him.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>In another place in the history, Smith prints a letter he wrote to the -Queen of England at the time Pocahontas visited London. In this letter he -tells more about the Indian girl and describes her as a sort of guardian -angel for the colony:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>[<i>Pocahontas</i>] so prevailed with her father that I was safely conducted -to Jamestown, where I found about eight and thirty miserable -poor and sick creatures to keep possession of all those large -<span class="pb" id="Page_9">9</span> -territories of Virginia; such was the weakness of this poor commonwealth. -Had the savages not fed us, we directly had starved. And -this relief, most gracious Queen, was commonly brought us by -this Lady Pocahontas.</p> -<p>Notwithstanding all these passages, when inconstant fortune -turned our peace to war, this tender virgin would still not spare to -dare to visit us, and by her our jars [<i>distresses</i>] have been oft appeased -and our wants still supplied. Were it the policy of her father -thus to employ her or the ordinance of God thus to make her His -instrument, or her extraordinary affection to our nation, I know not, -but of this I am sure; when her father with the utmost of his policy -and power sought to surprise me, having but 18 with me, the dark -night could not affright her from coming through the irksome woods; -and with watered eyes [<i>she</i>] gave me intelligence with her best advice -to escape his fury, which had he known he had surely slain her.</p> -<p>Jamestown with her wild train she as freely frequented as her -father’s habitation, and during the time of two or three years she -next under God was still the instrument to preserve this colony from -death, famine, and utter confusion.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c5">The Founding of Plymouth</h2> -<h3 id="c6">William Bradford</h3> -<p>William Bradford (1590-1657) was the wise and able governor of the -Plymouth colony for thirty years. During this time he wrote the best account -we have of our colonial beginnings. His narrative, Of Plymouth Plantation, -as he called his work, is a great adventure story. The account of the little -band of Pilgrims who came to Massachusetts in 1620 is filled with hardships, -suffering, courage, and faith. The Pilgrims faced problems hard to -solve, for they landed on the bleak coast of New England at the beginning -of the winter. They were three thousand miles from home, friends, and -civilization, but they worked, prayed, and survived. The leadership of -William Bradford is one of the reasons that the Plymouth settlers were -able to survive on the rocky shores of Massachusetts.</p> -<p>Governor Bradford began his history of the colony soon after the -landing and worked on it, from time to time, for many years. The precious -manuscript was not published, but was kept in the family. Early historians -used it, and at the time of the Revolution it was kept in the library of the -Old South Church in Boston. During the war the manuscript was stolen, -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -probably by a British soldier, and was lost for years. In the middle of the -nineteenth century, however, it was found in the library of the Bishop of -London. Various Americans tried to persuade the British to return the -historic document to America. Finally the American ambassador succeeded -in bringing the manuscript home in 1897, and it now is the property -of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.</p> -<p>If the manuscript were printed just as it was written, it would look very -strange. Bradford did not prepare it for publication, and thus used many -abbreviations and strange contractions. Also, the English language has -changed since the history was written. The following selections have been -pruned somewhat and words have been spelled out, but the governor’s -old-fashioned language is still not easy to read. Be patient and you will -understand it. It is a story of simple faith and courage.</p> -<p>The first part of the history describes the experiences of the Pilgrims -before they came to America. Because they disapproved of the Church of -England, they separated themselves from it. Hence the Pilgrims also are -known as Separatists. They first went to Holland, where they were able to -worship as they pleased. But that country was small and overpopulated. -They found it difficult to make a living there. Also, they feared their children -would grow up more Dutch than English. Therefore they decided, -after much discussion, to leave Europe for America. It was a hard decision, -and some of the Pilgrims were terrified at the prospect.</p> -<p>Some were afraid of the long sea voyage; others were afraid they would -starve to death. They worried about the change of air, diet, and drinking -water. They were fearful of the Indians and intimidated by the stories they -had heard. The Indians were said to be cruel, barbarous, treacherous—even -cannibal. But men like Bradford argued that “all great and honorable -actions were accompanied with great difficulties.” It was granted -that the difficulties were great and the dangers numerous. But with the -aid of God and courage and patience they would overcome the obstacles. -The brave ones persuaded most of the rest to go.</p> -<p>Thus they hired the Mayflower, a ship only ninety feet long, and left -Europe on September 6, 1620. For more than nine weeks they sailed westward. -At first they had fair winds, but then the autumn storms caught them -and the ship began to leak. Many of the crew wanted to turn back, but -emergency repairs were made, and Governor Bradford says: “They committed -themselves to the will of God and resolved to proceed.” Then he -continues:</p> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div> -<p>After long beating at sea they fell with that land which is -called Cape Cod; the which being made and certainly known to be it, -they were not a little joyful. After some deliberation had amongst -themselves and with the master of the ship, they tacked about and -resolved to stand for the southward (the wind and weather being -fair) to find some place about Hudson’s River for their habitation. -But after they had sailed that course about half the day, they fell -amongst dangerous shoals and roaring breakers, and they were so -far entangled therewith as they conceived themselves in great danger; -and the wind shrinking upon them withal, they resolved to bear up -again for the Cape, and thought themselves happy to get out of -those dangers before night overtook them, as by God’s good providence -they did.</p> -<p>Being thus arrived in a good harbor, and brought safe to land, -they fell upon their knees and blessed the God of Heaven, who had -brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and delivered them -from all the perils and miseries thereof, again to set their feet on -the firm and stable earth....</p> -<p>But here I cannot but stay and make a pause, and stand half -amazed at this poor people’s present condition; and so I think will the -reader, too, when he well considers the same. Being thus passed the -vast ocean, and a sea of troubles before in their preparation, they had -now no friends to welcome them nor inns to entertain or refresh -their weatherbeaten bodies; no houses or much less towns to repair -to, to seek for succour [<i>help</i>]. It is recorded in Scripture as a mercy -to the Apostle and his shipwrecked company that the barbarians -showed them no small kindness in refreshing them, but these savage -barbarians, when they met with them were readier to fill their sides -full of arrows than otherwise. And for the season it was winter, -and they that know the winters of that country know them to be -sharp and violent, and subject to cruel and fierce storms, dangerous -to travel to known places, much more to search an unknown coast.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div> -<p>Besides, what could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness, -full of wild beasts and wild men—and what multitudes there -might be of them they knew not. Neither could they, as it were, go -up to the top of Pisgah [<i>the mountain that Moses climbed to see the -Promised Land</i>] to view from this wilderness a more goodly country -to feed their hopes; for which way soever they turned their eyes -(save upward to the heavens) they could have little solace or content -in respect of any outward objects. For summer being done, all -things stand upon them with a weather-beaten face, and the whole -country, full of woods and thickets, represented a wild and savage -hue. If they looked behind them, there was the mighty ocean which -they had passed and was now as a main bar and gulf to separate -them from all the civil parts of the world....</p> -<p>What could now sustain them but the Spirit of God and His -grace? May not and ought not the children of these fathers rightly -say: “Our fathers were Englishmen which came over this great -ocean, and were ready to perish in this wilderness; but they cried -unto the Lord, and He heard their voice and looked on their adversity,” -etc. “Let them therefore praise the Lord, because He is -good; and His mercies endure forever. Yea, let them which have -been redeemed of the Lord, show how He hath delivered them from -the hand of the oppressor. When they wandered in the desert wilderness -out of the way, and found no city to dwell in, both hungry -and thirsty, their soul was overwhelmed in them. Let them confess -before the Lord His loving kindness and His wonderful works before -the sons of men.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>For the next three weeks the Pilgrims explored Cape Cod, looking for a -suitable place to land and build their homes. They found Plymouth Bay -and sailed the Mayflower into it on December 16. On Christmas Day, -1620, they began to erect the first house. But during their explorations -they were attacked by the Indians. This was on December 6:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>So they [<i>the exploring party</i>] ranged up and down all that day, -but found no people, nor any place they liked. When the sun grew -low, they hasted out of the woods to meet with their shallop [<i>small -boat</i>], to whom they made signs to come to them into a creek hard -by, which they did at high water; of which they were very glad, for -they had not seen each other all that day since the morning. So they -made them a barricade as usually they did every night, with logs, -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -stakes and thick pine boughs, the height of a man, leaving it open -to leeward, partly to shelter them from the cold and wind (making -their fire in the middle and lying round about it) and partly to defend -them from any sudden assaults of the savages, if they should surround -them; so being very weary, they betook them to rest. But -about midnight they heard a hideous and great cry, and their sentinel -called, “Arm! arm!” So they bestirred them and stood to their arms -and shot off a couple of muskets, and then the noise ceased....</p> -<p>So they rested till about five of the clock in the morning; for the -tide, and their purpose to go from thence, made them be stirring betimes -[<i>early</i>]. So after prayer they prepared for breakfast, and it -being day dawning, it was thought best to be carrying things down -to the boat. But some said it was not best to carry the arms down; -others said they would be the readier, for they had lapped [<i>wrapped</i>] -them up in their coats [<i>as protection</i>] from the dew; but some three -or four would not carry theirs till they went themselves. Yet as it -fell out, the water being not high enough, they laid them down on -the bank side and came up to breakfast.</p> -<p>But presently, all on the sudden, they heard a great and strange -cry, which they knew to be the same voices they heard in the night, -though they varied their notes; and one of their company being -abroad came running in and cried, “Men, Indians! Indians!” And -withal, their arrows came flying amongst them. Their men ran -with all speed to recover their arms, as by the good providence -of God they did. In the meantime, of those that were there -ready, two muskets were discharged at them, and two more -stood ready in the entrance of their rendezvous but were commanded -not to shoot till they could take full aim at them. And the other two -charged again with all speed, for there were only four [<i>who</i>] had -arms there, and defended the barricade, which was first assaulted.</p> -<p>The cry of the Indians was dreadful, especially when they saw -there men run out of the rendezvous toward the shallop to recover -their arms, the Indians wheeling about upon them. But some running -out with coats of mail on, and cutlasses in their hands, they soon -got their arms and let fly amongst them and quickly stopped their -violence. Yet there was a lusty man, and no less valiant, [<i>who</i>] stood -behind a tree within half a musket shot, and let his arrows fly at -them; he was seen [<i>to</i>] shoot three arrows, which were all avoided. -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -He stood three shots of a musket, till one taking full aim at him made -the bark or splinters of the tree fly about his ears, after which he -gave an extraordinary shriek and away they went, all of them....</p> -<p>Thus it pleased God to vanquish their enemies and give them -deliverance; and by His special providence so to dispose that not any -one of them were either hurt or hit, though their arrows came close -by them and on every side [<i>of</i>] them; and sundry [<i>several</i>] of their -coats, which hung up in the barricade, were shot through and -through. Afterwards they gave God solemn thanks and praise for -their deliverance, and gathered up a bundle of their arrows and -sent them into England afterward by the master of the ship, and -called that place the First Encounter.</p> -<h4>THE STARVING TIME</h4> -<p>But that which was most sad and lamentable was, that in two -or three months’ time half of their company died, especially in -January and February, being the depth of winter, and wanting -houses and other comforts; being infected with the scurvy and other -diseases which this long voyage and their inaccommodate [<i>unfit</i>] -condition had brought upon them. So as there died sometimes two -or three of a day in the foresaid time, that of 100 and odd persons, -scarce fifty remained. And of these, in the time of most distress, there -was but six or seven sound persons who to their great commendations, -be it spoken, spared no pains night nor day, but with abundance -of toil and hazard of their own health fetched them wood, -made them fires, dressed them meat, made their beds, washed their -loathsome clothes, clothed and unclothed them; in a word, did all -the homely and necessary offices for them which dainty and queasy -stomachs cannot endure to hear named; and all this willingly and -cheerfully, without any grudging in the least, showing herein their -true love unto their friends and brethren; a rare example and worthy -to be remembered.</p> -<p>Two of these seven were Mr. William Brewster, their reverend -Elder [<i>Brewster conducted religious services during the early days -of the Plymouth colony, though he was not an ordained minister</i>], -and Myles Standish, their Captain and military commander, unto -whom myself and many others were much beholden [<i>indebted</i>] in -<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span> -our low and sick condition. And yet the Lord so upheld these persons -as in this general calamity they were not at all infected either -with sickness or lameness. And what I have said of these I may say -of many others who died in this general visitation, and others yet -living, that whilst they had health, yea, or any strength continuing, -they were not wanting to any that had need of them. And I doubt -not but their recompense is with the Lord.</p> -<h4>SQUANTO</h4> -<p>All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would -sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached -near them, they would run away; and once they stole away their -tools where they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But -about the 16th of March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them -and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand -but marveled at it. At length they understood by discourse -with him that he was not of these parts, but belonged to the eastern -parts where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted -and could name sundry of them by their names, amongst -whom he had got his language. He became profitable to them in -acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country -in the east parts where he lived.... His name was Samaset. He -told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native -of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English -than himself.</p> -<p>Being, after some time of entertainment and gifts dismissed, a -while after he came again, and five more with him, and they brought -again all the tools that were stolen away before, and made way for -the coming of their great Sachem [<i>chief</i>], called Massasoit, who, -about four or five days after, came with the chief [<i>part</i>] of his friends -and other attendance, with the aforesaid Squanto....</p> -<p>Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was -a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation. -He directed them how to set [<i>plant</i>] their corn, where to take -fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to -bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left them -till he died.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div> -<h4>THE FIRST THANKSGIVING</h4> -<p>They began now to gather in the small harvest they had, and to -fit up their houses and dwellings against winter, being all well recovered -in health and strength and had all things in good plenty. For -as some were thus employed in affairs abroad, others were exercised -in fishing, about cod and bass and other fish, of which they took good -store, of which every family had their portion. All the summer there -was no want; and now began to come in store of fowl, as winter approached, -of which this place did abound when they came first.... -And besides waterfowl there was great store of wild turkeys, of -which they took many, besides venison, etc. Besides they had about -a peck of meal a week to a person, or now since harvest, Indian -corn to that proportion. Which made many afterwards write so -largely of their plenty here to their friends in England, which were -not feigned [<i>pretended</i>] but true reports.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Governor Bradford’s history does not describe the first Thanksgiving -dinner, but we have a letter written by Edward Winslow to a friend in -England, in which Winslow gives details of the feast that followed the -harvest. Governor Bradford sent out four hunters who returned with -enough wild fowl to last the colony a week. The Pilgrims then held a celebration -which was attended by Massasoit and ninety of his braves. The -Indians contributed five deer for the feast, which lasted three days.</p> -<p>Soon afterwards, however, another shipload of settlers arrived on the -Fortune. The new colonists come without equipment and provisions. In -order to feed the newcomers the Plymouth colony had to go on half rations -for the following winter. Next, the colony had more Indian trouble, not -with Massasoit’s friendly tribe, but with the Narragansett Indians. In the -following selection from Bradford’s history the Governor summarizes the -end of 1621, the first full year of the colony:</p> -<blockquote> -<p>Soon after this ship’s [<i>the Fortune’s</i>] departure, the great people -of the Narragansetts, in a braving manner, sent a messenger -unto them with a bundle of arrows tied about with a great snake-skin, -which their interpreters told them was a threatening and a -challenge. Upon which the Governor, with the advice of others, -sent them a round answer that if they had rather have war than -<span class="pb" id="Page_17">17</span> -peace, they might begin when they would; they had done them no -wrong, neither did they fear them or should they find them unprovided -[<i>unprepared</i>]. And by another messenger [<i>he</i>] sent the snake-skin -back with bullets in it. But they would not receive it, but sent -it back again....</p> -<p>But this made them [<i>the settlers</i>] the more carefully to look to -themselves, so as they agreed to enclose their dwellings with a good -strong pale [<i>fence</i>], and make flankers [<i>fortifications</i>] in convenient -places with gates to shut, which were every night locked, and a watch -kept; and when need required, there was also warding [<i>guarding</i>] -in the daytime. And the company was by the Captain’s and the -Governor’s advice divided into four squadrons, and everyone had -their quarter appointed them, unto which they were to repair upon -any sudden alarm. And if there should be any cry of fire, a company -were appointed for a guard, with muskets, whilst others quenched -the same, to prevent Indian treachery. This was accomplished very -cheerfully, and the town impaled round by the beginning of March -[<i>1622</i>], in which every family had a pretty garden plot secured.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c7">John Winthrop <span class="ssn">1588-1649</span></h3> -<p>The Puritans who settled Boston in 1630 came to the New World with -plenty of supplies and equipment. There were more than a thousand new -colonists in the Massachusetts Bay settlements by the end of the year. -These people had the strength of numbers and did not suffer the terrible -privations of the Plymouth colony, but they still had to beat back the -wilderness and squeeze a living from the thin soil of New England.</p> -<p>What William Bradford was to the Plymouth colony, John Winthrop -was to Massachusetts Bay. Both colonies were fortunate in having good, -resourceful governors. John Winthrop was re-elected governor many times -between the time his flagship, the <i>Arbella</i>, dropped anchor in Boston harbor -and his death in 1649.</p> -<h3 id="c8">Cotton Mather Describes John Winthrop</h3> -<p>The two selections which follow pertain to Governor Winthrop. The -first is part of Cotton Mather’s biographical sketch of the governor. It -comes from Mather’s <i>Magnalia Christi Americana</i> (1702), which means the -“American Annals of Christ.” Cotton Mather himself was a famous Puritan -minister, the grandson of one of the early settlers and a historian of the -colony. The other selection consists of two of John Winthrop’s letters to -his wife, who remained in England until after the colony was established. -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -These are touching letters that show the wise governor as a loving husband -and a devout Christian.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4>MATHER’S SKETCH OF WINTHROP</h4> -<p>Accordingly when the noble design of carrying a colony of -chosen people into an American wilderness was by some eminent -persons undertaken, this eminent person was, by the consent of all, -chosen for the Moses who must be the leader of so great an undertaking. -And indeed nothing but a Mosaic spirit could have carried -him through the temptations to which either his farewell to his own -land or his travel in a strange land must needs expose a gentleman -of his education. Wherefore having sold a fair estate of six or seven -hundred [<i>pounds</i>] a year, he transported himself with the effects of -it into New England in the year 1630, where he spent it upon the -service of a famous plantation founded and formed for the seat of -the most reformed Christianity....</p> -<p>But at the same time his liberality unto the needy was even beyond -measure generous.... ’Twas his custom also to send some of -his family upon errands unto the houses of the poor about their meal -time on purpose to spy whether they wanted; and if it were found -that they wanted, he would make that the opportunity of sending -supplies unto them. And there was one passage of his charity that -was perhaps a little unusual. In an hard and long winter, when wood -was very scarce at Boston, a man gave him a private information -that a needy person in the neighborhood stole wood sometimes from -his pile; whereupon the Governor in a seeming anger did reply, -“Does he so? I’ll take a course with him; go, call that man to me; -I’ll warrant you I’ll cure him of stealing!”</p> -<p>When the man came, the Governor, considering that if he had -stolen, it was more out of necessity than disposition, said unto him: -“Friend, it is a severe winter, and I doubt you are but meanly provided -for wood; wherefore I would have you supply yourself at my -woodpile till this cold season be over.” And he then merrily asked -his friends whether he had not effectually cured this man of stealing -his wood?...</p> -<p>There was a time when he received a very sharp letter from a -gentleman who was a member of the court, but he delivered back -<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span> -the letter unto the messengers that brought it with such a Christian -speech as this: “I am not willing to keep such a matter of provocation -by me!” Afterwards the same gentleman was compelled by the -scarcity of provisions to send unto him that he would sell him some -of his cattle; whereupon the Governor prayed him to accept what he -had sent for as a token of his good will; but the gentleman returned -him this answer: “Sir, your overcoming of yourself hath overcome -me.”</p> -<h4>THE FIRST LETTER: BEFORE LEAVING ENGLAND</h4> -<p>My Faithful and Dear Wife,—It pleaseth God, that thou -shouldst once again hear from me before our departure, and I hope -this shall come safe to thy hands. I know it will be a great refreshing -to thee. And blessed be His mercy, that I can write thee so good -news, that we are all in very good health, and, having tried our ship’s -entertainment now more than a week, we find it agrees very well -with us. Our boys are well and cheerful, and have no mind of home. -They lie both with me, and sleep as soundly in a rug (for we use no -sheets here) as ever they did at Groton; and so I do myself (I praise -God).</p> -<p>The wind hath been against us this week and more; but this day -it is come fair to the north, so as we are preparing (by God’s assistance) -to set sail in the morning. We have only four ships ready, and -some two or three Hollanders go along with us. The rest of our fleet -(being seven ships) will not be ready this sennight [<i>for a week</i>]. -We have spent now two Sabbaths on shipboard very comfortably -(God be praised) and are daily more and more encouraged to look -for the Lord’s presence to go along with us....</p> -<p>We are, in all our eleven ships, about seven hundred persons, -passengers, and two hundred and forty cows, and about sixty horses. -The ship, which went from Plymouth, carried about one hundred -and forty persons, and the ship, which goes from Bristol, carrieth -about eighty persons. And now (my sweet soul) I must once again -take my last farewell of thee in Old England. It goeth very near my -heart to leave thee; but I know to Whom I have committed thee, -even to Him Who loves thee much better than any husband can, Who -hath taken account of the hairs of thy head, and puts all thy tears -<span class="pb" id="Page_20">20</span> -in His bottle, Who can, and (if it be for His glory) will bring us -together again with peace and comfort. Oh, how it refresheth my -heart, to think, that I shall yet again see thy sweet face in the land -of the living!—that lovely countenance that I have so much delighted -in and beheld with so great content!</p> -<p>I have hitherto been so taken up with business, as I could seldom -look back to my former happiness, but now when I shall be -at some leisure, I shall not avoid the remembrance of thee, nor the -grief for thy absence. Thou hast thy share with me, but I hope the -course we have agreed upon will be some ease to us both. Mondays -and Fridays, at five of the clock at night, we shall meet in spirit till -we meet in person. Yet if all these hopes should fail, blessed be -our God, that we are assured we shall meet one day, if not as husband -and wife, yet in a better condition. Let that stay and comfort -thy heart. Neither can the sea drown thy husband, nor enemies destroy, -nor any adversity deprive thee of thy husband or children.</p> -<p>Therefore I will only take thee now and my sweet children in -mine arms, and kiss and embrace you all, and so leave you with my -God. Farewell, farewell. I bless you all in the name of the Lord Jesus. -I salute my daughter Winth., Matt., Nan., and the rest, and all my -good neighbors and friends. Pray all for us. Farewell. Commend my -blessing to my son John. I cannot now write to him, but tell him I -have committed thee and thine to him. Labor to draw him yet nearer -to God, and he will be the surer staff of comfort to thee. I cannot -name the rest of my good friends, but thou canst supply it. I wrote -a week since to thee and Mr. Leigh and divers others. -<span class="center">Thine wheresoever,</span> -<span class="lr">Jo. Winthrop</span></p> -<dl class="undent"><dt>From aboard the ARBELLA, riding at the COWES.</dt> -<dt>March 28, 1630</dt></dl> -<h4>THE SECOND LETTER: FROM MASSACHUSETTS BAY</h4> -<p class="jr1">Charlestown in New England -<br />July 16, 1630</p> -<p>My Dear Wife,—Blessed be the Lord, our good God and merciful -Father, that yet hath preserved me in life and health to salute thee, -<span class="pb" id="Page_21">21</span> -and to comfort thy long longing heart with the joyful news of my -welfare, and the welfare of thy beloved children.</p> -<p>We had a long and troublesome passage, but the Lord made it -safe and easy to us; and though we have met with many and great -troubles (as this bearer can certify thee) yet He hath pleased to uphold -us, and give us hope of a happy issue.</p> -<p>I am so overpressed with business, as I have no time for these or -other mine own private occasions. I only write now that thou mayest -know that yet I live and am mindful of thee in all my affairs. The -larger discourse of all things thou shalt receive from my brother -Downing, which I must send by some of the last ships. We have met -with many sad and discomfortable things, as thou shalt hear after, -and the Lord’s hand hath been heavy upon myself in some very near -to me. My son Henry! my son Henry! ah, poor child! [<i>His son Henry -was drowned on the day the ship landed.</i>] Yet it grieves me much -more for my dear daughter. The Lord strengthen and comfort her -heart, to bear this cross patiently. I know thou wilt not be wanting -to her in this distress. Yet for all these things (I praise my God) I -am not discouraged; nor do I see cause to repent or despair of those -good days here, which will make amends for all.</p> -<p>I shall expect thee next summer (if the Lord please) and by that -time I hope to be provided for thy comfortable entertainment. My -most sweet wife, be not disheartened; trust in the Lord, and thou -shalt see His faithfulness.</p> -<p>Commend me heartily to all our kind friends ... and all the rest -of my neighbors and their wives, both rich and poor....</p> -<p>The good Lord be with thee and bless thee and all our children -and servants.</p> -<p>Commend my love to them all; I kiss and embrace thee, my dear -wife, and all my children, and leave thee in His arms, Who is able to -preserve you all, and to fulfill our joy in our happy meeting in His -good time. Amen.</p> -<p><span class="center">Thy faithful husband,</span> -<span class="lr">Jo. Winthrop.</span></p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c9">Religious Life in America</h2> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/i3.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="650" /> -<p class="caption">“The Witch”</p> -</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c10">New England</h2> -<p>Religion played a vital role in the lives of our colonial ancestors. -Massachusetts and Virginia began during an age when men were fighting -religious wars in Europe. The Puritans came to America so that they could -worship God in their own manner. Even the Virginians, who came for more -worldly reasons, took their religion very seriously. Almost nowhere in the -world in those days did people believe that religion was a private matter -between man and God. The Puritans were extremely intolerant of other -religions and persecuted Quakers, Catholics, and Jews alike. They even -persecuted each other. Roger Williams, who founded Rhode Island, was -banished from Massachusetts for his opinions, and innocent women were -hanged in Salem because they were thought to be witches. The intolerance -<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span> -and persecution of the seventeenth century are well known, but one -should not overlook the admirable piety and intense love of God that -these people also had.</p> -<h3 id="c11">Edward Taylor 1645-1729</h3> -<p>The following selections were written by Edward Taylor, the most important -American poet of the Puritan period. He preached in a frontier -town of western Massachusetts and wrote poetry privately to express his -great love for God. Because his poems were so personal, he did not want -them published, and they remained in manuscript for more than 200 -years. Finally they were found in a dusty corner of the Yale University -Library.</p> -<p>In the following poem, Taylor imagines himself in heaven looking down -on his fellow New England Puritans, who are on their way to heaven in -a horse-drawn coach—Christ’s coach—which, of course, means figuratively -that they are going to heaven through believing in Christ. These -New England saints are singing at the top of their lungs, happy that they -are in Christ’s coach, but you will note that the harmony is not perfect. Man -is a sinful creature and sometimes, says Taylor, the singers get out of tune. -Also, he notes, there isn’t room in the coach for everyone, and some have -to walk.</p> -<h6>The Joy of Church Fellowship Rightly Attended</h6> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">In heaven soaring up, I dropt an ear</p> -<p class="t3">On earth, and oh! sweet melody!</p> -<p class="t0">And listening, found it was the saints who were</p> -<p class="t3">Encoached for heaven that sang for joy.</p> -<p class="t3">For in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing,</p> -<p class="t3">As they to glory ride therein.</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Oh! joyous hearts! Enfired with holy flame!</p> -<p class="t3">Is speech thus tasseled with praise?</p> -<p class="t0">Will not your inward fire of joy contain</p> -<p class="t3">That it in open flames doth blaze?</p> -<p class="t3">For in Christ’s coach saints sweetly sing,</p> -<p class="t3">As they to glory ride therein.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">And if a string do slip, by chance, they soon</p> -<p class="t4">Do screw it up again: whereby</p> -<p class="t0">They set it in a more melodious tune</p> -<p class="t3">And a diviner harmony.</p> -<p class="t3">For in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing,</p> -<p class="t3">As they to glory ride therein.</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">In all their acts, public and private, nay,</p> -<p class="t3">And secret too, they praise impart.</p> -<p class="t0">But in their acts divine and worship, they</p> -<p class="t3">With hymns do offer up their heart.</p> -<p class="t3">Thus in Christ’s coach they sweetly sing,</p> -<p class="t3">As they to glory ride therein.</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Some few not in, and some whose time and place</p> -<p class="t3">Block up this coach’s way, do go</p> -<p class="t0">As travelers afoot: and so do trace</p> -<p class="t3">The road that gives them right thereto;</p> -<p class="t3">While in this coach these sweetly sing,</p> -<p class="t3">As they to glory ride therein.</p> -</div> -<p>Next, Taylor’s great love of God is expressed in a beautiful figure of -speech in which the poet wants God to use him as a housewife uses wool -to make yarn and yarn to make cloth. In the first stanza, he asks God to -make him into a spinning wheel, of which the flyers, distaff, spool, and -reel all are parts. In the second stanza, Taylor wants to be a loom on -which God can weave holy robes. A fulling mill is a place where cloth -is dyed. Finally, the poet wants God to clothe him in the holy robes made -on this imaginary loom. This poem is a highly original way to ask God -to give one faith, love, and understanding. You should consider it a prayer.</p> -<h6>Housewifery</h6> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Make me, O Lord, Thy spinning-wheel complete;</p> -<p class="t3">Thy holy Word my distaff make for me;</p> -<p class="t0">Make mine affections Thy swift flyers neat;</p> -<p class="t3">And make my soul Thy holy spool to be;</p> -<p class="t3">My conversation make to be Thy reel,</p> -<p class="t3">And reel the yarn thereon, spun of Thy wheel.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Make me Thy loom then; knit therein this twine;</p> -<p class="t3">And make Thy Holy Spirit, Lord, wind quills;</p> -<p class="t0">Then weave the web Thyself. The yarn is fine.</p> -<p class="t3">Thine ordinances make my fulling mills.</p> -<p class="t3">Then dye the same in heavenly colors choice,</p> -<p class="t3">All pinked with varnished flowers of paradise.</p> -</div> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">Then clothe therewith mine understanding, will,</p> -<p class="t3">Affections, judgment, conscience, memory,</p> -<p class="t0">My words and actions, that their shine may fill</p> -<p class="t3">My ways with glory and Thee glorify.</p> -<p class="t3">Then mine apparel shall display before Ye</p> -<p class="t3">That I am clothed in holy robes for glory.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c12">The Salem Witch Trials</h3> -<p>During the seventeenth century, the superstitions of the Middle Ages -had not yet relaxed their hold on men’s minds. People still believed in -witches, even such a prominent clergyman as Cotton Mather. Hence, the -events of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts, are understandable, though they -are nonetheless tragic. Early that year Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, -who were nine and eleven years old, began having strange fits. Soon the -mysterious disease spread to other girls in the village. When the local -doctor, with his primitive knowledge of medicine, could not diagnose the -trouble, he concluded that the devil must have bewitched the girls.</p> -<p>This diagnosis did not surprise anyone. The New England Puritans believed -that the devil was always at work trying to tempt them from the -path of righteousness. The parents of the children set about to discover -the identity of the devil’s agent who was tormenting their girls. They questioned -the children at length until the children really began to believe -they were bewitched. Betty and Abigail then accused three women in the -community of practicing witchcraft: Tituba, an illiterate slave from Barbados; -Sarah Good, a sharp-tongued woman whom many in the village -thought a nuisance; and Sarah Osburne, a backslider who did not go to -church. No one was surprised when these women were named as witches. -The town proceeded to examine the three on charges of practicing witchcraft. -John Hathorne, ancestor of the novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne, conducted -the hearing in the village church.</p> -<p>The first of the accused to be questioned was Sarah Good, who denied -the charges with vigor. Then came Sarah Osburne, who was dragged -<span class="pb" id="Page_26">26</span> -out of a sickbed to testify. She, too, denied the charges. But, every time -these women denied the charges the children became hysterical and went -into their fits. Finally, the old slave Tituba was questioned. She apparently -decided that she should tell her accusers what they wanted to hear, and she -concocted a wild tale of witchcraft out of her rich imagination. The selections -that follow are actual transcripts of the testimony taken down that -infamous day, March 1, 1692, in Salem by the village clerk. The proceedings -have been edited just enough to make them readable.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>HATHORNE: Sarah Good, what evil spirit have you familiarity -with?</p> -<p>GOOD: None.</p> -<p>H: Have you made no contract with the devil?</p> -<p>G: No.</p> -<p>H: Why do you hurt these children?</p> -<p>G: I do not hurt them. I scorn it.</p> -<p>H: Who do you employ then to do it?</p> -<p>G: I employ nobody.</p> -<p>H: What creature do you employ then?</p> -<p>G: No creature; I am falsely accused.</p> -<p>H: Why did you go away muttering from Mr. Parris’ house?</p> -<p>G: I did not mutter, but I thanked him for what he gave my child.</p> -<p>H: Have you made no contract with the devil?</p> -<p>G: No.</p> -<p>Judge Hathorne desired the children, all of them, to look upon -her and see if this were the person that had hurt them, and so they -all did look upon her and said this was one of the persons that did -torment them. Presently they were all tormented.</p> -<p>H: Sarah Good, do you not see now what you have done? Why -do you not tell us the truth? Why do you thus torment these poor -children?</p> -<p>G: I do not torment them.</p> -<p>H: Who do you employ then?</p> -<p>G: I employ nobody. I scorn it.</p> -<p>H: How came they thus tormented?</p> -<p>G: What do I know? You bring others here, and now you charge -me with it.</p> -<p>H: Why who was it?</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div> -<p>G: I do not know, but it was someone you brought into the meeting -house with you.</p> -<p>H: We brought you into the meeting house.</p> -<p>G: But you brought in two more.</p> -<p>H: Who was it then that tormented the children?</p> -<p>G: It was Osburne.</p> -<p>H: What is it you say when you go muttering away from persons’ -houses?</p> -<p>G: If I must tell, I will tell.</p> -<p>H: Do tell us then.</p> -<p>G: It is the commandments. I may say my commandments, I hope.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The testimony went on for a while longer. Sarah Good continued to be -a very uncooperative witness, but finally Judge Hathorne finished with her -and called Sarah Osburne to the stand.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>HATHORNE: What evil spirit have you familiarity with?</p> -<p>OSBURNE: None.</p> -<p>H: Have you made no contract with the devil?</p> -<p>O: No, I never saw the devil in my life.</p> -<p>H: Why do you hurt these children?</p> -<p>O: I do not hurt them.</p> -<p>H: Who do you employ then to hurt them?</p> -<p>O: I employ nobody.</p> -<p>H: What familiarity have you with Sarah Good?</p> -<p>O: None. I have not seen her these two years.</p> -<p>H: Where did you see her then?</p> -<p>O: One day a-going to town.</p> -<p>H: What communications had you with her?</p> -<p>O: I had none, only, how do you do or so. I did not know her -name.</p> -<p>H: What did you call her then?</p> -<p>[<i>At this point Sarah Osburne had to admit that she had called -her Sarah.</i>]</p> -<p>H: Sarah Good saith that it was you that hurt the children.</p> -<p>O: I do not know if the devil goes about in my likeness to do any -hurt.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<p>Mr. Hathorne desired all the children to stand up and look upon -her and see if they did know her, which they all did, and every one of -them said that this was one of the women that did afflict them and -that they had constantly seen her in the very habit that she was -now in.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>The evidence continued. In a feeble effort to gain sympathy, she said -that she “was more like to be bewitched than that she was a witch.” Mr. -Hathorne asked her what made her say this. She answered that she was -frightened one time in her sleep and either saw or dreamed that she saw -a thing “like an Indian all black which did prick her in the neck and pulled -her by the back part of her head to the door of the house.” Mr. Hathorne -asked her if she had seen anything else. She replied that she had not. At -this point, however, some of the spectators said that Sarah Osburne also -had heard the voice of a lying spirit.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>H: Hath the devil ever deceived you and been false to you?</p> -<p>O: I do not know the devil. I never did see him.</p> -<p>H: What lying spirit was it then?</p> -<p>O: It was a voice that I thought I heard.</p> -<p>H: What did it propound to you?</p> -<p>O: That I should go no more to meeting, but I said I would and -did go the next Sabbath day.</p> -<p>H: Were you never tempted further?</p> -<p>O: No.</p> -<p>H: Why did you yield thus far to the devil as never to go to meeting -since?</p> -<p>O: Alas! I have been sick and not able to go.</p> -<p>Sarah Osburne was then dismissed from the stand, and Mr. Hathorne -began to question Tituba, the slave, who told her questioners just what -they wanted to hear.</p> -<p>HATHORNE: Did you never see the devil?</p> -<p>TITUBA: The devil came to me and bid me serve him....</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<p>H: What service?</p> -<p>T: Hurt the children, and last night there was an appearance -[<i>apparition</i>] that said to kill the children and if I would not go on -hurting the children they would do worse to me.</p> -<p>H: What is this appearance you see?</p> -<p>T: Sometimes he is like a hog and sometimes like a great dog.</p> -<p>H: What did it say to you?</p> -<p>T: The black dog said, “Serve me,” but I said, “I am afraid.” He -said if I did not he would do worse to me.</p> -<p>H: What did you say to it?</p> -<p>T: I will serve you no longer. Then he said he would hurt me, and -then he looked like a man. This man had a yellow bird that he kept -with him, and he told me he had more pretty things that he would -give me if I would serve him....</p> -<p>H: Did you not pinch Elizabeth Hubbard this morning?</p> -<p>T: The man brought her to me and made me pinch her.</p> -<p>H: Why did you go to Thomas Putnam’s last night and hurt his -child?</p> -<p>T: They pull and haul me and make me go....</p> -<p>H: How did you go?</p> -<p>T: We ride upon sticks and are there presently.</p> -<p>H: Why did you not tell your master?</p> -<p>T: I was afraid. They said they would cut off my head if I told....</p> -<p>H: Did not you hurt Mr. Corwin’s child?</p> -<p>T: Goody [<i>Mrs.</i>] Good and Goody Osburne told me that they did -hurt Mr. Corwin’s child and would have had me hurt him too, but I -did not....</p> -<p>H: Do you see who it is that torments these children now?</p> -<p>T: Yes, it is Goody Good. She hurts them now in her own shape.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>And so the testimony went. Tituba’s story was even more sensational -when she described the “tall man of Boston,” who was supposed to be a -wizard in charge of all the local witches. The court adjourned for the day, -convinced that the devil had chosen Salem as a special point of attack. -Soon, other people in the village began imagining that they, too, were -being pursued by witches. Neighbor began accusing neighbor until the -whole community was swept up by the hysteria.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<p>Throughout the summer of 1692, Salem was gripped by the witch hunt. -Twenty persons were executed for witchcraft; 55 were frightened or tortured -into confessing their guilt; 150 were jailed; more than 200 were -denounced by former friends and neighbors. For a time it looked as if -Massachusetts had gone mad. But when the denunciations began to include -some of the most prominent members of the community, such as -the acting president of Harvard College, the authorities knew the hysteria -had to stop or it would destroy the colony. In September the trials were -halted and the jails emptied. In succeeding years many people repented -their part in the tragic business, and the state even restored some of the -property confiscated from the so-called witches.</p> -<h3 id="c13">Samuel Sewall’s Confession of Error</h3> -<p>Five years after the unhappy episode ended, one of the judges, Samuel -Sewall, courageously made public confession of error. As the minister read -aloud Sewall’s confession of shame, the judge stood in his pew with head -bowed.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>“Samuel Sewall, sensible of the reiterated strokes of God upon -himself and family, and being sensible that as to the guilt contracted -upon the opening of the late commission of Oyer and Terminer at -Salem [<i>the trials</i>], to which the order for this Day relates, he is, -upon many accounts, more concerned than any that he knows of, -desires to take the blame and shame of it, asking pardon of men and -especially desiring prayers that God, Who has an unlimited authority, -would pardon that sin and all other his sins, personal and relative: -and according to His infinite benignity and sovereignty not visit the -sin of him or of any other upon himself or any of his, nor upon the -land: but that He would powerfully defend him against all temptations -to sin for the future and vouchsafe him the efficacious saving -conduct of His word and spirit.”</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Thereafter, for the rest of his life, Samuel Sewall observed one day -of prayer and fasting each year as penance for his part in the Salem -witch trials.</p> -<h3 id="c14">The Great Awakening</h3> -<p>Within a century after the Puritan migration to New England, life in -the colonies was changing. New England Puritans were becoming Yankee -<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span> -traders, and the religious fervor that brought Bradford and Winthrop and -their followers to the New World was dying out. At this time there appeared -upon the American scene a great preacher and theologian, -Jonathan Edwards. After entering Yale College at the age of 13, he had -gone on to study theology and then enter the ministry. By 1729 he had -succeeded his grandfather as pastor of the village church in Northampton, -Massachusetts. During his ministry in Northampton, Edwards led a great -revival movement, which has come to be known as the Great Awakening. -It was an effort to rekindle the dying sparks of Puritanism, and for a time -it brought new religious vitality to New England. The movement also -spread to other colonies.</p> -<p>During the Great Awakening Edwards made many converts. While he -was doing this, he also was concerned with the psychology of religious -enthusiasm. One of his most interesting books is called Narrative of Surprising -Conversions. In it he records some of the more remarkable effects -of the revival movement that he led. The account of four-year-old Phebe -Bartlet’s conversion, which Edwards writes about in the following selection, -is an astonishing story. Phebe certainly was not a typical child, but the -fact that any child could undergo the religious experience Edwards describes -reminds us again that religion played a central role in the lives -of our colonial ancestors.</p> -<p>She was born in March, in the year 1731. About the latter end -of April, or beginning of May, 1735, she was greatly affected by the -talk of her brother, who had been hopefully converted a little before, -at about eleven years of age, and then seriously talked to her about -the great things of religion. Her parents did not know of it at that -time, and were not wont, in the counsels they gave to their children, -particularly to direct themselves to her, by reason of her being so -young, and, as they supposed, not capable of understanding; but -after her brother had talked to her, they observed her very earnestly -to listen to the advice they gave to the other children, and she was -observed very constantly to retire, several times in a day, as was -concluded, for secret prayer, and grew more and more engaged in -religion, and was more frequently in her closet, till at last she was -wont to visit it five or six times in a day, and was so engaged in it, -that nothing would, at any time, divert her from her stated closet exercises. -<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span> -Her mother often observed and watched her, when such -things occurred, as she thought most likely to divert her, either by -putting it out of her thoughts, or otherwise engaging her inclinations, -but never could observe her to fail. She mentioned some very remarkable -instances.</p> -<p>She once, of her own accord, spake of her unsuccessfulness, in -that she could not find God, or to that purpose. But on Thursday, -the last of July, about the middle of the day, the child being in the -closet, where it used to retire, its mother heard it speaking aloud, -which was unusual, and never had been observed before; and her -voice seemed to be as of one exceeding importunate and engaged, but -her mother could distinctly hear only these words (spoken in her -childish manner, but seemed to be spoken with extraordinary earnestness, -and out of distress of soul), “Pray BLESSED LORD, give -me salvation! I PRAY, BEG, pardon all my sins!” When the child -had done prayer, she came out of the closet, and came and sat down -by her mother, and cried out aloud. Her mother very earnestly -asked her several times, what the matter was, before she would make -any answer, but she continued exceedingly crying, and wreathing -her body to and fro, like one in anguish of spirit. Her mother then -asked her whether she was afraid that God would not give her salvation. -She then answered, “Yes, I am afraid I shall go to hell!” Her -mother then endeavored to quiet her, and told her she would not have -her cry—she must be a good girl, and pray every day, and she hoped -God would give her salvation. But this did not quiet her at all—but -she continued thus earnestly crying and taking on for some time, -till at length she suddenly ceased crying and began to smile, and -presently said with a smiling countenance, “Mother, the kingdom of -heaven is come to me!” Her mother was surprised at the sudden -alteration, and at the speech, and knew not what to make of it, but -at first said nothing to her....</p> -<p>The same day the elder children, when they came home from -school, seemed much affected with the extraordinary change that -seemed to be made in Phebe; and her sister Abigail standing by, her -mother took occasion to counsel her, now to improve her time, to -prepare for another world; on which Phebe burst out in tears, and -cried out, “Poor Nabby!” Her mother told her she would not have -her cry, she hoped that God would give Nabby salvation; but that -<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span> -did not quiet her, but she continued earnestly crying for some time; -and when she had in a measure ceased, her sister Eunice being by -her, she burst out again, and cried, “Poor Eunice!” and cried exceedingly; -and when she had almost done, she went into another -room, and there looked upon her sister Naomi, and burst out again, -crying, “Poor Amy!” Her mother was greatly affected at such behavior -in the child, and knew not what to say to her. One of the -neighbors coming in a little after, asked her what she had cried for. -She seemed, at first, backward to tell the reason. Her mother told her -she might tell that person, for he had given her an apple; upon which -she said she cried because she was afraid they would go to hell....</p> -<p>From this time there has appeared a very remarkable abiding -change in the child: she has been very strict upon the Sabbath, and -seems to long for the Sabbath day before it comes, and will often -in the week time be inquiring how long it is to the Sabbath day, and -must have the days particularly counted over that are between, before -she will be contented. And she seems to love God’s house—is -very eager to go thither. Her mother once asked her why she had -such a mind to go? Whether it was not to see the fine folks? She said -no, it was to hear Mr. Edwards preach. When she is in the place of -worship, she is very far from spending her time there as children -at her age usually do, but appears with an attention that is very -extraordinary for such a child. She also appears, very desirous at -all opportunities, to go to private religious meetings, and is very -still and attentive at home, in prayer time, and has appeared affected -in time of family prayer.</p> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c15">Other Colonies</h2> -<h3 id="c16">John Woolman’s Journal</h3> -<p>Although one may think first of New England Puritanism in discussing -the religious life of the colonies, America was founded by many religious -groups. The Church of England was dominant in the southern colonies, -Maryland was founded by Catholics, and New York was settled by Netherlanders -who belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church. Still another important -religious influence was the Quaker faith, represented most significantly -by William Penn, who established the Pennsylvania colony. There also -were many Quakers in New Jersey, one of whom, John Woolman, is the -writer of the following selection.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div> -<p>Woolman was a simple, plain tailor and shopkeeper who spent much -of his adult life traveling about the colonies visiting Quaker churches. His -Journal gives a clear account of the faith and life of a Quaker. The portion -printed below (from the original edition published in Philadelphia in 1774) -details Woolman’s boyhood and early religious experience.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>I was born in Northampton, in Burlington County, West-Jersey, -in the year 1720; and before I was seven years old I began to -be acquainted with the operations of divine love. Through the care -of my parents, I was taught to read nearly as soon as I was capable -of it; and, as I went from school one Seventh Day [<i>the Quaker’s -term for Saturday; Sunday is the First Day</i>], I remember, while my -companions went to play by the way, I went forward out of sight, -and, sitting down, I read the 22d Chapter of the Revelations: “He -showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding -out of the throne of God and of the Lamb,” etc., and, in reading it, -my mind was drawn to seek after that pure habitation, which, I then -believed, God had prepared for His servants. The place where I sat, -and the sweetness that attended my mind, remain fresh in my -memory.</p> -<p>This, and the like gracious visitations, had that effect upon me, -that when boys used ill language it troubled me; and, through the -continued mercies of God, I was preserved from it.</p> -<p>The pious instructions of my parents were often fresh in my -mind when I happened to be among wicked children, and were of -use to me. My parents, having a large family of children, used frequently, -on First Days after meeting, to put us to read in the holy -scriptures, or some religious books, one after another, the rest sitting -by without much conversation; which, I have since often thought, -was a good practice. From what I had read and heard, I believed -there had been, in past ages, people who walked in uprightness before -God, in a degree exceeding any that I knew, or heard of, now -living: and the apprehension of there being less steadiness and firmness, -amongst people in this age than in past ages, often troubled -me while I was a child....</p> -<p>A thing remarkable in my childhood was, that once, going to a -<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span> -neighbour’s house, I saw, on the way, a robin sitting on her nest, and -as I came near she went off, but having young ones flew about, and -with many cries expressed her concern for them; I stood and threw -stones at her, till, one striking her, she fell down dead: at first I was -pleased with the exploit, but after a few minutes was seized with -horror, as having, in a sportive way, killed an innocent creature -while she was careful for her young. I beheld her lying dead, and -thought these young ones, for which she was so careful, must now -perish for want of their dam to nourish them; and after some painful -considerations on the subject, I climbed up the tree, took all the -young birds, and killed them; supposing that better than to leave -them to pine away and die miserably: and believed, in this case, that -scripture-proverb was fulfilled, “The tender mercies of the wicked -are cruel.” I then went on my errand, but, for some hours, could -think of little else but the cruelties I had committed, and was much -troubled. Thus, He, Whose tender mercies are over all His works, -hath placed a principle in the human mind, which incites to exercise -goodness towards every living creature; and this being singly attended -to, people become tender hearted and sympathizing; but -being frequently and totally rejected, the mind becomes shut up in -a contrary disposition.</p> -<p>About the twelfth year of my age, my father being abroad, my -mother reproved me for some misconduct, to which I made an undutiful -reply; and, the next First Day, as I was with my father returning -from meeting, he told me he understood I had behaved amiss -to my mother, and advised me to be more careful in [<i>the</i>] future. -I knew myself blameable, and in shame and confusion remained -silent. Being thus awakened to a sense of my wickedness, I felt remorse -in my mind, and, getting home, I retired and prayed to the -Lord to forgive me; and do not remember that I ever, after that, -spoke unhandsomely to either of my parents, however foolish in -some other things.</p> -<p>Having attained the age of sixteen years, I began to love wanton -company; and though I was preserved from profane language, or -scandalous conduct, still I perceived a plant in me which produced -much wild grapes; yet my merciful Father forsook me not utterly, -but, at times, through His grace, I was brought seriously to consider -my ways; and the sight of my backslidings affected me with sorrow; -<span class="pb" id="Page_36">36</span> -but, for want of rightly attending to the reproofs of instruction, -vanity was added to vanity, and repentance to repentance: upon the -whole, my mind was more and more alienated from the truth, and I -hastened toward destruction. While I meditate on the gulf towards -which I travelled, and reflect on my youthful disobedience, for these -things I weep, mine eyes run down with water.</p> -<p>Advancing in age, the number of my acquaintances increased, -and thereby my way grew more difficult; though I had found comfort -in reading the holy scriptures, and thinking on heavenly things, -I was now estranged therefrom: I knew I was going from the flock -of Christ, and had no resolution to return; hence serious reflections -were uneasy to me, and youthful vanities and diversions my greatest -pleasure. Running in this road I found many like myself; and we -associated in that which is the reverse of true friendship.</p> -<p>But in this swift race it pleased God to visit me with sickness, -so that I doubted of recovering; and then did darkness, horror, and -amazement, with full force, seize me, even when my pain and distress -of body was very great. I thought it would have been better for -me never to have had a being, than to see the day which I now saw. -I was filled with confusion; and in great affliction, both of mind and -body, I lay and bewailed myself. I had not confidence to lift up my -cries to God, Whom I had thus offended; but, in a deep sense of my -great folly, I was humbled before Him; and, at length, that Word -which is as a fire and a hammer, broke and dissolved my rebellious -heart, and then my cries were put up in contrition; and in the multitude -of His mercies I found inward relief, and felt a close engagement, -that, if He was pleased to restore my health, I might walk -humbly before Him.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2>Colonial Problems</h2> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/i4.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="606" /> -<p class="caption">Woman captured by Indians</p> -</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c17">Indian Troubles</h2> -<p>As we have seen, the task of planting colonies in the New World took -stout hearts and strong arms. The major problem was the unspectacular -one of scratching a living from the soil. There were, in addition, more -dramatic problems, such as Indian skirmishes and even full-scale war. More -and more land was being taken up by the English settlers. In New England, -an Indian leader known as King Philip organized a big Indian drive to rid -the country of English settlers. This drive was known as King Philip’s War -and was waged in the years 1675-76. In this conflict, the Indians of Massachusetts, -Rhode Island, and Connecticut spread terror throughout New -England and burnt many houses, but in the end were nearly wiped out -themselves. During the next century, England and France fought for control -of the Mississippi Valley. In the latter part of this struggle, between 1754 -and 1763, usually called the French and Indian War, the American colonies -found themselves the battleground for the rivalries of two great European -powers.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div> -<h3 id="c18">Mrs. Rowlandson’s Captivity</h3> -<p>In the selection that follows, Mary Rowlandson, a New England housewife, -tells of her capture by the Indians and her captivity during King -Philip’s War. She was held by the Indians for twelve weeks until her friends -were able to ransom her. As vivid today as when it was written in 1682, -this narrative is called <i>A True History of the Captivity and Restoration of -Mrs. Mary Rowlandson</i>.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4>THE ATTACK</h4> -<p>On the tenth of February, 1675, came the Indians with great -numbers upon Lancaster [<i>Massachusetts</i>]. Their first coming was -about sunrising; hearing the noise of some guns, we looked out; -several houses were burning, and the smoke ascending to heaven. -There were five persons taken in one house; the father and the -mother and a sucking child they knocked on the head; the other -two they took and carried away alive. There were two others who, -being out of their garrison upon some occasion, were set upon; one -was knocked on the head, the other escaped. Another there was -who, running along, was shot and wounded, and fell down; he -begged of them his life, promising them money (as they told me); -but they would not hearken to him, but knocked him in [<i>the</i>] -head, and stripped him naked, and split open his bowels. Another -seeing many of the Indians about his barn ventured and went out, -but was quickly shot down. There were three others belonging to the -same garrison who were killed; the Indians, getting up upon the roof -of the barn, had advantage to shoot down upon them over their -fortification. Thus these murderous wretches went on, burning and -destroying before them.</p> -<p>At length they came and beset our own house, and quickly it -was the dolefulest day that ever mine eyes saw. The house stood -upon the edge of a hill; some of the Indians got behind the hill, -others into the barn, and others behind anything that could shelter -them; from all which places they shot against the house, so that the -bullets seemed to fly like hail; and quickly they wounded one man -among us, then another, and then a third. About two hours (according -to my observation in that amazing time) they had been about -the house before they prevailed to fire it (which they did with -<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span> -flax and hemp, which they brought out of the barn, and there being -no defense about the house, only two flankers [<i>fortifications</i>] at two -opposite corners, and one of them not finished). They fired it once -and one ventured out and quenched it, but they quickly fired it again, -and that took.</p> -<p>Now is the dreadful hour come that I have often heard of (in -time of war, as it was in the case of others), but now mine eyes see it. -Some in our house were fighting for their lives, others wallowing in -their blood, the house on fire over our heads, and the bloody heathen -ready to knock us on the head if we stirred out. Now might we hear -mothers and children crying out for themselves and one another, -“Lord, what shall we do?” Then I took my children (and one of -my sisters hers) to go forth and leave the house, but as soon as we -came to the door and appeared, the Indians shot so thick that the -bullets rattled against the house as if one had taken an handful of -stones and threw them, so that we were fain to give back. We had -six stout dogs belonging to our garrison, but none of them would -stir, though another time, if an Indian had come to the door, they -were ready to fly upon him and tear him down. The Lord hereby -would make us the more to acknowledge His hand, and to see that -our help is always in Him.</p> -<p>But out we must go, the fire increasing, and coming along behind -us roaring, and the Indians gaping before us with their guns, -spears, and hatchets to devour us. No sooner were we out of the -house but my brother-in-law (being before wounded in defending -the house, in or near the throat) fell down dead, whereat the Indians -scornfully shouted and hallowed, and were presently upon him, -stripping off his clothes. The bullets flying thick, one went through -my side, and the same (as would seem) through the bowels and -hand of my dear child in my arms. One of my elder sister’s children -(named William) had then his leg broken, which the Indians perceiving -they knocked him on the head. Thus were we butchered by -those merciless heathen, standing amazed, with the blood running -down to our heels. My eldest sister being yet in the house, and seeing -those woeful sights, the infidels hauling mothers one way and -children another, and some wallowing in their blood, and her elder -son telling her that her son William was dead and myself was -wounded, she said, “And, Lord, let me die with them”; which was no -<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span> -sooner said but she was struck with a bullet and fell down dead -over the threshold.</p> -<p>Of the thirty-seven persons in the house, twelve were killed and only -one escaped. Mrs. Rowlandson and her baby were among the remaining -twenty-four taken captive.</p> -<h4>THE FIRST REMOVE</h4> -<p>Now away we must go with those barbarous creatures, with our -bodies wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no less than our -bodies. About a mile we went that night up upon a hill, within sight -of the town, where they intended to lodge. There was hard by a -vacant house (deserted by the English before, for fear of the Indians); -I asked them whether I might not lodge in the house that -night, to which they answered, “What, will you love Englishmen -still?” This was the dolefulest night that ever my eyes saw. Oh, the -roaring, and singing, and dancing, and yelling of those black creatures -in the night, which made the place a lively resemblance of hell! -And as miserable was the waste that was there made, of horses, -cattle, sheep, swine, calves, lambs, roasting pigs, and fowl (which -they had plundered in the town), some roasting, some lying and -burning, and some boiling, to feed our merciless enemies, who were -joyful enough, though we were disconsolate.</p> -<p>To add to the dolefulness of the former day and the dismalness -of the present night, my thoughts ran upon my losses and sad, bereaved -condition. All was gone, my husband gone (at least separated -from me, he being in the Bay; and to add to my grief, the -Indians told me they would kill him as he came homeward), my -children gone, my relations and friends gone, our house and home, -and all our comforts within door and without—all was gone (except -my life), and I knew not but the next moment that might go too.</p> -<p>There remained nothing to me but one poor, wounded babe, -and it seemed at present worse than death, that it was in such a -pitiful condition, bespeaking compassion, and I had no refreshing -for it nor suitable things to revive it. Little do many think what is -the savageness and brutishness of this barbarous enemy ... when -the English have fallen into their hands....</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div> -<h4>THE SECOND REMOVE</h4> -<p>But now (the next morning) I must turn my back upon the -town, and travel with them into the vast and desolate wilderness, I -know not whither. It is not my tongue or pen can express the sorrows -of my heart and bitterness of my spirit that I had at this departure; -but God was with me in a wonderful manner, carrying me along and -bearing up my spirit, that it did not quite fail. One of the Indians -carried my poor wounded babe upon a horse; it went moaning all -along: “I shall die, I shall die.” I went on foot after it, with sorrow -that cannot be expressed. At length I took it off the horse and -carried it in my arms, till my strength failed and I fell down with it.</p> -<p>Then they set me upon a horse with my wounded child in my -lap; and there being no furniture [<i>saddle</i>] upon the horseback, as -we were going down a steep hill, we both fell over the horse’s head, -at which they, like inhuman creatures, laughed and rejoiced to see it, -though I thought we should there have ended our days, overcome -with so many difficulties. But the Lord renewed my strength still, -and carried me along, that I might see more of His power, yea, so -much that I could never have thought of, had I not experienced it.</p> -<p>After this it quickly began to snow; and when the night came on -they stopped; and now down I must sit in the snow by a little fire, -and a few boughs behind me, with my sick child in my lap and calling -much for water, being now (through the wound) fallen into a -violent fever. My own wound also growing so stiff that I could scarce -sit down or rise up, yet so it must be, that I must sit all this cold -winter night upon the cold snowy ground, with my sick child in my -arms, looking that every hour would be the last of its life, and having -no Christian friend near me, either to comfort or help me. Oh, I -may see the wonderful power of God, that my spirit did not utterly -sink under my affliction; still the Lord upheld me with His gracious -and merciful spirit, and we were both alive to see the light of the -next morning.</p> -<h4>THE THIRD REMOVE</h4> -<p>The morning being come, they prepared to go on their way. -One of the Indians got up upon a horse, and they set me up behind -him, with my poor sick babe in my lap. A very wearisome and tedious -<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span> -day I had of it; what with my own wound and my child’s being -so exceeding sick, and in a lamentable condition with her wound. -It may be easily judged what a poor feeble condition we were in, -there being not the least crumb of refreshing that came within either -of our mouths from Wednesday night to Saturday night, except only -a little cold water....</p> -<p>Thus nine days I sat upon my knees with my babe in my lap, -till my flesh was raw again; my child being even ready to depart -this sorrowful world, they bade me carry it out to another wigwam -(I suppose because they would not be troubled with such spectacles) -whither I went with a very heavy heart, and down I sat with -the picture of death in my lap. About two hours in the night my -sweet babe like a lamb departed this life, on February 18, 1675, it -being about six years and five months old. It was nine days from the -first wounding, in this miserable condition, without any refreshing of -one nature or other, except a little cold water.... In the morning, -when they understood that my child was dead they sent for me home -to my master’s wigwam.... I went to take up my dead child in my -arms to carry it with me, but they bid me let it alone. There was no -resisting, but go I must and leave it. When I had been at my master’s -wigwam, I took the first opportunity I could get to go look after my -dead child. When I came I asked them what they had done with it? -Then they told me it was upon the hill. Then they went and showed -me where it was, where I saw the ground was newly digged, and -there they told me they had buried it. There I left that child in the -wilderness and must commit it and myself also in this wilderness -condition to Him who is above all.</p> -<p>Mrs. Rowlandson’s ordeal lasted twelve weeks, after which she was -ransomed and allowed to return home to her husband, who had survived -the attack. Her two other children, also captured with her, were rescued -and reunited with their parents.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c19">Conflict with France</h2> -<h3 id="c20">George Washington’s Letter on Braddock’s Defeat</h3> -<p>On July 9, 1755, during the French and Indian War, Colonel George -Washington took part in the Battle of Monongahela, in which General -Braddock was killed and his army routed. Washington had advised Braddock -to push on rapidly towards the French-held Fort Duquesne and to -<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span> -leave behind his artillery and baggage wagons so that he could move -through the wilderness as fast as possible. Washington feared the consequences -of moving too slowly and wrote his brother a few days before the -battle that the army “instead of pushing on with vigor, without regarding a -little rough road” was “halting to level every mold hill and to erect bridges -over every brook; by which means we were four days getting twelve miles.” -Washington’s fear of disaster was only too well-founded. The following -letter is his account of the battle, written to his mother nine days later:</p> -<blockquote> -<p><span class="lr">Fort Cumberland, July 18, 1755</span></p> -<p>Honored Madam:</p> -<p>As I doubt not but you have heard of our defeat, and perhaps -have it represented in a worse light (if possible) than it deserves; I -have taken this earliest opportunity to give you some account of the -engagement, as it happened within seven miles of the French fort, on -Wednesday the ninth.</p> -<p>We marched on to that place without any considerable loss, having -only now and then a straggler picked up by the French scouting -Indians. When we came here, we were attacked by a body of French -and Indians whose number (I am certain) did not exceed 300 men; -ours consisted of about 1,300 well-armed troops, chiefly of the English -soldiers who were struck with such a panic that they behaved -with more cowardice than it is possible to conceive. The officers -behaved gallantly in order to encourage their men, for which they -suffered greatly, there being nearly 60 killed and wounded, a large -proportion out of the number we had! The Virginia troops showed -a good deal of bravery and were near all killed, for I believe out -of three companies that were there, there is scarce 30 men left alive. -Capt. Peyrouny and all his officers down to a corporal was killed. -Capt. Polson shared near as hard a fate, for only one of his was -left. In short the dastardly behavior of those they call regulars exposed -all others that were inclined to do their duty to almost certain -death, and at last, in despite of all the efforts of the officers to the -contrary, they broke and run as sheep pursued by dogs, and it was -impossible to rally them.</p> -<p>The general was wounded, of which he died three days after. Sir -<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span> -Peter Halket was killed in the field where died many other brave officers. -I luckily escaped without a wound, though I had four bullets -through my coat and two horses shot under me. Captains Orme and -Morris, two of the general’s aides de camp, were wounded early in -the engagement, which rendered the duty hard upon me, as I was -the only person then left to distribute the general’s orders, which I -was scarcely able to do, as I was not half recovered from a violent -illness that confined me to my bed and a wagon for above ten days. -I am still in a weak and feeble condition, which induces me to halt -here two or three days in hopes of recovering a little strength to enable -me to proceed homewards, from whence, I fear, I shall not be -able to stir till towards September, so that I shall not have the -pleasure of seeing you till then, unless it be in Fairfax. Please give -my love to Mr. Lewis [<i>his brother-in-law</i>] and my sister and compliments -to Mr. Jackson and all other friends that inquire after me. -I am, Honored Madam, your most dutiful son.</p> -</blockquote> -<h3 id="c21">Benjamin Franklin’s Comments</h3> -<p>Benjamin Franklin shared George Washington’s doubts about Braddock’s -ability to capture Fort Duquesne. As a public-spirited citizen, Franklin -had taken the initiative in collecting wagons from Pennsylvania farmers -to transport the army’s supplies. His comments on Braddock, written many -years later, come from his autobiography.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>This general was, I think, a brave man, and might probably -have made a figure as a good officer in some European war. But he -had too much self-confidence, too high an opinion of the validity of -regular troops, and too mean a one of both Americans and Indians. -George Croghan, our Indian interpreter, joined him on his march -with one hundred of those people, who might have been of great use -to his army as guides, scouts, etc., if he had treated them kindly; but -he slighted and neglected them, and they gradually left him.</p> -<p>In conversation with him one day, he was giving me some account -of his intended progress. “After taking Fort Duquesne,” says -he, “I am to proceed to Niagara; and having taken that to Frontenac, -if the season will allow time; and I suppose it will, for Duquesne can -hardly detain me above three or four days; and then I see nothing -that can obstruct my march to Niagara.” Having before revolved -<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span> -in my mind the long line his army must make in their march by a -very narrow road, to be cut for them through the woods and bushes, -and also what I had read of a former defeat of fifteen hundred French -who invaded the Iroquois country, I had conceived some doubts and -some fears for the event of the campaign. But I ventured only to say, -“To be sure, sir, if you arrive well before Duquesne, with these fine -troops, so well provided with artillery, that place, not yet completely -fortified, and as we hear with no very strong garrison, can probably -make but a short resistance. The only danger I apprehend of obstruction -to your march is from ambuscades of Indians, who, by -constant practice, are dexterous in laying and executing them; and -the slender line, near four miles long, which your army must make, -may expose it to be attacked by surprise in its flanks, and to be cut -like a thread into several pieces, which, from their distance, can not -come up in time to support each other.”</p> -<p>He smiled at my ignorance, and replied, “These savages may, indeed, -be a formidable enemy to your raw American militia, but upon -the king’s regular and disciplined troops, sir, it is impossible they -should make any impression.” I was conscious of an impropriety in -my disputing with a military man in matters of his profession, and -said no more.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2>Colonial Life</h2> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/i5.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="701" /> -<p class="caption">Benjamin Franklin</p> -</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c22">Transportation</h2> -<p>Life in the United States has changed beyond recognition from life in -America in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In thousands of ways -people live differently. They work, they play, they eat, and they even sleep -differently. Then, there was no station wagon in the garage to take the -family to the beach or mountains over weekends and no telephone at hand -to call a friend to ask how to do tomorrow’s algebra problem. Life was -slower-paced than it is today, and was not complicated by the machines -that have become masters as well as slaves of our society. The selections -that follow will give you an insight into the daily lives of several interesting -early Americans. It is just as important to understand how people lived -in colonial times as it is to know about wars and kings and presidents.</p> -<h3 id="c23">Sarah Kemble Knight <span class="ssn">1666-1727</span></h3> -<p>Madam Knight, as Sarah Kemble Knight is known, was a Boston schoolteacher -and businesswoman. In the autumn of 1704 she made a business -trip to New York by way of Rhode Island and Connecticut. On the journey -<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span> -she kept a journal which gives a vivid account of her experiences. You -will find that this Boston woman writes about Connecticut as though it -were a foreign country. She had a good sense of humor and a keen eye -for detail. You learn in this report that not all of your New England -ancestors were cultivated people like governors Winthrop and Bradford.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4>THE THIRD DAY</h4> -<p><span class="lr">Wednesday, October 4, 1704</span></p> -<p>About four in the morning, we set out for Kingston [<i>Rhode -Island</i>] (for so was the town called) with a French doctor in our -company. He and the post put on very furiously, so that I could -not keep up with them, only as now and then they’d stop till they -see me. This road was poorly furnished with accommodations for -travelers, so that we were forced to ride 22 miles by the post’s account, -but nearer thirty by mine, before we could bait [<i>feed</i>] so -much as our horses, which I exceedingly complained of. But the post -encouraged me by saying we should be well accommodated anon at -Mr. Devil’s, a few miles further. But I questioned whether we ought -to go to the devil to be helped out of affliction. However, like the -rest of [<i>the</i>] deluded souls that post to the infernal den, we made all -possible speed to this devil’s habitation, where, alighting in full assurance -of good accommodation, we were going in. But meeting his -two daughters, as I supposed twins, they so nearly resembled each -other, both in features and habit, and looked as old as the devil himself -and quite as ugly, we desired entertainment but could hardly -get a word out of ’em, till with our importunity [<i>urging</i>], telling -them our necessity, etc., they called the old sophister, who was as -sparing of his words as his daughters had been, and no, or none, was -the reply he made us to our demands. He differed only in this from -the old fellow in t’other country: he let us depart....</p> -<p>Thus leaving this habitation of cruelty, we went forward, and -arriving at an ordinary [<i>inn</i>] about two mile further, found tolerable -accommodation. But our hostess, being a pretty full-mouthed -old creature, entertained our fellow traveler, the French doctor, with -innumerable complaints of her bodily infirmities and whispered to -him so loud that all the house had as full a hearing as he, which -was very diverting to the company (of which there was a great -<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span> -many), as one might see by their sneering. But poor weary I slipped -out to enter my mind in my journal, and left my great landlady with -her talkative guests to themselves....</p> -<h4>THE SIXTH DAY</h4> -<p><span class="lr">Saturday, October 7</span></p> -<p>About two o’clock [<i>in the</i>] afternoon we arrived at New Haven -[<i>Connecticut</i>], where I was received with all possible respects and -civility. Here I discharged Mr. Wheeler with a reward to his satisfaction -and took some time to rest after so long and toilsome a -journey, and informed myself of the manners and customs of the -place, and at the same time employed myself in the affair I went -there upon.</p> -<p>They are governed by the same laws as we in Boston (or little -differing) throughout this whole colony of Connecticut, and much -the same way of church government and many of them good, -sociable people, and I hope religious too. But [<i>they are</i>] a little too -much independent in their principles, and, as I have been told, were -formerly in their zeal very rigid in their administrations towards -such as their laws made offenders, even to a harmless kiss or innocent -merriment among young people....</p> -<p>Their diversions in this part of the country are on lecture days -and [<i>militia</i>] training days mostly. On the former there is riding -from town to town.</p> -<p>And on training days the youth divert themselves by shooting at -the target, as they call it (but it very much resembles a pillory), -where he that hits nearest the white has some yards of red ribbon -presented him, which being tied to his hatband, the two ends streaming -down his back, he is led away in triumph, with great applause, -as the winners of the Olympic Games. They generally marry very -young, the males oftener, as I am told, under twenty than above. -They generally make public weddings and have a way something -singular (as they say) in some of them, namely, just before joining -hands the bridegroom quits the place, who is soon followed by the -bridesmen, and as it were, dragged back to duty—being the reverse -to the former practice among us, to steal his bride....</p> -<p>Being at a merchant’s house, in comes a tall country fellow, with -<span class="pb" id="Page_49">49</span> -his alfogeos [<i>cheeks</i>] full of tobacco, for they seldom lose their cud -but keep chewing and spitting as long as their eyes are open. He -advanced to the middle of the room, makes an awkward nod, and -spitting a large deal of aromatic tincture, he gave a scrape with his -shovel-like shoe, leaving a small shovel full of dirt on the floor, made -a full stop. Hugging his own pretty body with his hands under his -arms, [<i>he</i>] stood staring round him like a cat let out of a basket. -At last, like the creature Balaam rode on [<i>an ass</i>], he opened his -mouth and said: “Have you any ribbon for hatbands to sell, I pray?” -The questions and answers about the pay being past, the ribbon is -brought and opened. Bumpkin Simpers cries, “It’s confounded gay, -I vow,” and beckoning to the door, in comes Joan Tawdry, dropping -about 50 curtsies, and stands by him. He shows her the ribbon. -“Law you,” says she, “It’s right gent; do you take it; ’tis dreadful -pretty.” Then she inquires: “Have you any hood silk, I pray?” which -being brought and bought, “Have you any thread silk to sew it with,” -says she, which being accommodated with, they departed. They generally -stand, after they come in, a great while speechless and sometimes -don’t say a word till they are asked what they want, which I -impute to the awe they stand in of the merchants, who they are -constantly almost indebted to and must take what they bring without -liberty to choose for themselves; but they serve them as well, making -the merchants stay [<i>wait</i>] long enough for their pay.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c24">Life in the South</h2> -<p>A century after Jamestown was founded, Virginia was a prosperous, -flourishing colony. The capital was moved a few miles away to Williamsburg, -which today has been rebuilt to look much as it did in colonial -times. Along the James River were large plantations, operated by gentleman -farmers. These men lived much as their land-owning cousins did -in the old country. Lower on the social scale, of course, were white indentured -servants, who had bound themselves to years of labor in return -for their passage to Virginia, and slaves.</p> -<h3 id="c25">William Byrd <span class="ssn">1674-1744</span></h3> -<p>The culture of the colony, however, was dominated by prosperous -planters like William Byrd, ancestor of the present Byrd family of Virginia. -<span class="pb" id="Page_50">50</span> -His estate occupied the present site of Richmond. He was educated -in England and active in the affairs of the colony.</p> -<p>In 1728, he was appointed to help survey the boundary between North -Carolina and Virginia. The boundary, which was disputed, ran through -virgin forests and over mountains. During the arduous weeks that the -commissioners were making their survey, Byrd kept notes. His account of -this experience is given in <i>The History of the Dividing Line</i>. You can see -that Virginia gentlemen did not think much of the poor farmers in North -Carolina.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4 id="c26">LIFE IN NORTH CAROLINA</h4> -<p>March 25, 1728: Surely there is no place in the world where the -inhabitants live with less labor than in North Carolina. It approaches -nearer to the description of Lubberland [<i>a mythical land of plenty -and idleness</i>] than any other, by the great felicity of the climate, the -easiness of raising provisions, and the slothfulness of the people.</p> -<p>Indian corn is of so great increase that a little pains will subsist -a very large family with bread, and then they may have meat without -any pains at all, by the help of the low grounds, and the great variety -of mast [<i>nuts</i>] that grows on the high land. The men, for their parts, -just like the Indians, impose all the work upon the poor women. -They make their wives rise out of their beds early in the morning, -at the same time that they lie and snare till the sun has run one-third -of his course and dispersed all the unwholesome damps. Then, after -stretching and yawning for half an hour, they light their pipes, and, -under the protection of a cloud of smoke, venture out into the open -air, though if it happens to be never so little cold, they quickly return -shivering into the chimney corner. When the weather is mild, -they stand leaning with both their arms upon the cornfield fence, and -gravely consider whether they had best go and take a small heat at -the hoe, but generally find reasons to put it off till another time. Thus -they loiter away their lives....</p> -<p>March 27: Within 3 or 4 miles of Edenton [<i>North Carolina</i>], -the soil appears to be a little more fertile, though it is much out with -slashes [<i>swamps</i>], which seem all to have a tendency towards the -Dismal.</p> -<p>This town is situate on the north side of Albemarle Sound, -<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span> -which is there about 5 miles over. A dirty slash runs all along the -back of it, which in the summer is a foul annoyance and furnishes -abundance of that Carolina plague, mosquitoes. There may be 40 -or 50 houses, most of them small and built without expense. A citizen -here is counted extravagant, if he has ambition enough to aspire to -a brick chimney. Justice herself is but indifferently lodged, the court -house having much the air of a common tobacco house. I believe -this is the only metropolis in the Christian or Mohammedan world, -where there is neither church, chapel, mosque, synagogue, or any -other place of public worship of any sect or religion whatsoever.</p> -<p>What little devotion there may happen to be is much more private -than their vices. The people seem easy without a minister, as -long as they are exempted from paying him. Sometimes the society -for propagating the Gospel has had the charity to send over missionaries -to this country; but unfortunately the priest has been too -lewd [<i>worthless</i>] for the people, or, which oftener happens, they too -lewd for the priest. For these reasons these reverend gentlemen have -always left their flocks as arrant heathen as they found them. Thus -much, however, may be said for the inhabitants of Edenton, that not -a soul has the least taint of hypocrisy or superstition, acting very -frankly and aboveboard in all their excesses.</p> -<p>Provisions here are extremely cheap and extremely good, so that -people may live plentifully at a trifling expense. Nothing is dear but -law, physic, and strong drink, which are all bad in their kind, and the -last they get with so much difficulty, that they are never guilty of the -sin of suffering it to sour upon their hands. Their vanity generally -lies not so much in having a handsome dining room as a handsome -house of office [<i>kitchen</i>]. In this kind of structure they are really -extravagant.</p> -<p>They are rarely guilty of flattering or making any court to their -governors, but treat them with all the excesses of freedom and familiarity. -They are of opinion their rulers would be apt to grow -insolent, if they grew rich, and for that reason take care to keep -them poorer, and more dependent, if possible, than the saints in -New England used to do their governors.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>A Virginia planter had many responsibilities and many interests. Besides -growing tobacco and raising livestock, Byrd and his associates made their -<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span> -plantations as self-sufficient as possible. Late in his life Byrd visited some -mining property he owned in western Virginia, and on the trip stopped off -to see Colonel Spotswood, a former governor of Virginia. The following -account, from <i>A Progress to the Mines</i>, gives us a glimpse of another -Virginian’s house. Note, too, how Byrd concerns himself with collecting -medicinal herbs.</p> -<blockquote> -<h4 id="c27">A VISIT TO COLONEL SPOTSWOOD</h4> -<p><span class="sc">September 27, 1732</span>: I came into the main county road that -leads from Fredericksburg to Germanna, which last place I reached -in ten miles more. This famous town consists of Col. Spotswood’s -enchanted castle on one side of the street and a baker’s dozen of -ruinous tenements on the other.... Here I arrived about three -o’clock and found only Mrs. Spotswood at home, who received her -old acquaintance with many a gracious smile. I was carried into a -room elegantly set off with pier glasses [<i>full-length mirrors set between -windows</i>] the largest of which came soon after to an odd -misfortune.</p> -<p>Amongst other favorite animals that cheered this lady’s solitude, -a brace of tame deer ran familiarly about the house, and one of -them came to stare at me as a stranger. But unluckily spying his own -figure in the glass, he made a spring over the tea table that stood -under it, and shattered the glass to pieces, and falling back upon the -tea table, made a terrible fracas among the china. This exploit was -so sudden and accompanied with such a noise that it surprised me, -and perfectly frightened Mrs. Spotswood. But ’twas worth all the -damage to show the moderation and good humor with which she -bore this disaster.</p> -<p>In the evening the noble colonel came home from his mines, -who saluted me very civilly, and Mrs. Spotswood’s sister, Miss -Theky, who had been to meet him <i>en cavalier</i> [<i>on horseback</i>] was -so kind too as to bid me welcome. We talked over a legend [<i>collection</i>] -of old stories, supped about 9, and then prattled with the ladies -till ’twas time for a traveler to retire. In the meantime I observed my -old friend to be very uxorious [<i>submissive to his wife</i>] and exceedingly -fond of his children. This was so opposite to the maxims he -used to preach up before he was married, that I could not forbear -<span class="pb" id="Page_53">53</span> -rubbing up the memory of them. But he gave a very goodnatured -turn to his change of sentiments by alleging that whoever brings a -poor gentlewoman into so solitary a place, from all her friends and -acquaintance, would be ungrateful not to use her and all that belongs -to her with all possible tenderness.</p> -<p>September 28: We all kept snug in our several apartments till -nine, except Miss Theky, who was the housewife of the family. At -that hour we met over a pot of coffee, which was not quite strong -enough to give us the palsy. After breakfast the Colonel and I left -the ladies to their domestic affairs and took a turn in the garden, -which has nothing beautiful but 3 terrace walks that fall in slopes -one below another. I let him understand that besides the pleasure of -paying him a visit, I came to be instructed by so great a master in -the mystery of making of iron, wherein he had led the way....</p> -<p>September 30: The sun rose clear this morning, and so did I -and finished all my little affairs by breakfast. It was then resolved to -wait on the ladies on horseback, since the bright sun, the fine air, -and the wholesome exercise all invited us to it. We forded the river -a little above the ferry and rode 6 miles up the neck to a fine level -piece of rich land where we found about 20 plants of ginseng, with -the scarlet berries growing on the top of the middle stalk. The root -of this is of wonderful virtue in many cases, particularly to raise the -spirits and promote perspiration, which makes it a specific in colds -and coughs. The colonel complimented me with all we found in -return for my telling him the virtues of it. We were all pleased to -find so much of this king of plants so near the colonel’s habitation -and growing too upon his own land.... I carried home this treasure -with as much joy as if every root had been a graft of the Tree of Life, -and washed and dried it carefully.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class='chapter' /><h2 id="c28"><b>Life in a City</b></h2> -<p>Benjamin Franklin’s life is too well-known to need summarizing here. The -story of his life should be on the reading list of every American, and the -best account of it is the one he wrote himself. Unfortunately, he never -finished his autobiography, so we do not have in his own words the story -of his diplomatic mission to France during the Revolution, or his activities -in America at the time of the Declaration of Independence and later during -the Constitutional Convention. His early career, however, is well described. -<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span> -The following selection from the Autobiography tells of Franklin’s -arrival in Philadelphia at the age of 17 after running away from home in -Boston.</p> -<h3 id="c29">From Benjamin Franklin’s <i>Autobiography</i></h3> -<blockquote> -<p>I was in my working dress, my best clothes being to come round -by sea. I was dirty from my journey; my pockets were stuffed out -with shirts and stockings; I knew no soul nor where to look for lodging. -I was fatigued with traveling, rowing, and want of rest; I was -very hungry; and my whole stock of cash consisted of a Dutch -dollar and about a shilling in copper. The latter I gave the people -of the boat for my passage, who at first refused it, on account of my -rowing; but I insisted on their taking it, a man being sometimes more -generous when he has but a little money than when he has plenty, -perhaps through fear of being thought to have but little.</p> -<p>Then I walked up the street, gazing about, till near the market-house -I met a boy with bread. I had made many a meal on bread, -and, inquiring where he got it, I went immediately to the baker’s -he directed me to, in Second Street, and asked for biscuit, intending -such as we had in Boston; but they, it seems, were not made in Philadelphia. -Then I asked for a three-penny loaf, and was told they had -none such. So, not considering or knowing the difference of money, -and the greater cheapness nor the names of his bread, I bade him -give me three-penny-worth of any sort. He gave me, accordingly, -three great puffy rolls. I was surprised at the quantity, but took it, -and, having no room in my pockets, walked off with a roll under -each arm, and eating the other. Thus I went up Market Street as -far as Fourth Street, passing by the door of Mr. Read, my future -wife’s father; when she, standing at the door, saw me, and thought -I made, as I certainly did, a most awkward, ridiculous appearance. -Then I turned and went down Chestnut Street and part of Walnut -Street, eating my roll all the way, and, coming round, found myself -again at Market Street wharf, near the boat I came in, to which I -went for a draught of the river water; and, being filled with one of my -rolls, gave the other two to a woman and her child that came down -the river in the boat with us, and were waiting to go farther.</p> -<p>Thus refreshed, I walked again up the street, which by this time -had many clean-dressed people in it, who were all walking the same -<span class="pb" id="Page_55">55</span> -way. I joined them, and thereby was led into the great meeting-house -of the Quakers near the market. I sat down among them, and, -after looking round awhile and hearing nothing said, being very -drowsy through labor and want of rest the preceding night, I fell fast -asleep, and continued so till the meeting broke up, when one was -kind enough to rouse me. This was, therefore, the first house I was -in, or slept in, in Philadelphia.</p> -<p>Walking down again toward the river and looking in the faces -of people, I met a young Quaker man, whose countenance I liked -and accosting him, requested he would tell me where a stranger could -get lodging. We were then near the sign of the Three Mariners. -“Here,” says he, “is one place that entertains strangers, but it is not -a reputable house; if thee wilt walk with me, I’ll show thee a better.” -He brought me to the Crooked Billet in Water Street. Here I got a -dinner; and while I was eating it several sly questions were asked -me, as it seemed to be suspected from my youth and appearance -that I might be some runaway.</p> -<p>After dinner my sleepiness returned, and, being shown to a bed, -I lay down without undressing, and slept till six in the evening, was -called to supper, went to bed again very early, and slept soundly -till next morning. Then I made myself as tidy as I could and went to -Andrew Bradford the printer’s. I found in the shop the old man his -father, whom I had seen at New York, and who, traveling on horseback, -had got to Philadelphia before me. He introduced me to his -son, who received me civilly, gave me a breakfast, but told me he did -not at present want a hand, being lately supplied with one; but there -was another printer in town, lately set up, one Keimer, who perhaps -might employ me; if not, I should be welcome to lodge at his house, -and he would give me a little work to do now and then till fuller -business should offer.</p> -<p>The old gentleman said he would go with me to the new printer; -and when we found him, “Neighbor,” says Bradford, “I have -brought to see you a young man of your business; perhaps you may -want such a one.” He asked me a few questions, put a composing -stick in my hand to see how I worked, and then said he would employ -me soon, though he had just then nothing for me to do; and, -taking old Bradford, whom he had never seen before, to be of -the town’s people that had a good will for him, entered into a conversation -<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span> -on his present undertaking and prospects; while Bradford, -not discovering that he was the other printer’s father, on Keimer’s -saying he expected soon to get the greatest part of the business into -his own hands, drew him on by artful questions, and starting little -doubts, to explain all his views, what interest he relied on, and in -what manner he intended to proceed. I, who stood by and heard all, -saw immediately that one of them was a crafty old sophister, and the -other a mere novice. Bradford left me with Keimer, who was greatly -surprised when I told him who the old man was.</p> -<p>Keimer’s printing-house, I found, consisted of an old shattered -press, and one small, worn-out font of English [<i>type</i>], which he was -then using himself, composing an elegy on Aquila Rose, before mentioned, -an ingenious young man, of excellent character, much respected -in the town, clerk of the Assembly, and a pretty poet. Keimer -made verses too, but very indifferently. He could not be said to -write them, for his manner was to compose them in the types directly -out of his head. So there being no copy, but one pair of cases, and -the elegy likely to require all the letters, no one could help him. I -endeavored to put his press (which he had not yet used, and of -which he understood nothing) into order fit to be worked with; and, -promising to come and print off his elegy as soon as he should have -got it ready, I returned to Bradford’s, who gave me a little job to -do for the present, and there I lodged and dieted. A few days after, -Keimer sent for me to print off the elegy. And now he had got another -pair of cases, and a pamphlet to reprint, on which he set me -to work.</p> -<p>These two printers I found poorly qualified for their business. -Bradford had not been bred to it, and was very illiterate; and Keimer, -though something of a scholar, was a mere compositor, knowing -nothing of presswork. He had been one of the French prophets [<i>a -group of French Protestants known as Camisards, persecuted under -Louis XIV</i>], and could act their enthusiastic agitations. At this time -he did not profess any particular religion, but something of all on -occasion; was very ignorant of the world, and had, as I afterward -found, a good deal of the knave in his composition. He did not -like my lodging at Bradford’s while I worked with him. He had a -house, indeed, but without furniture, so he could not lodge me; but -he got me a lodging at Mr. Read’s, before mentioned, who was the -<span class="pb" id="Page_57">57</span> -owner of his house; and, my chest and clothes being come by this -time, I made rather a more respectable appearance in the eyes of -Miss Read than I had done when she first happened to see me eating -my roll in the street.</p> -<p>I began now to have some acquaintance among the young people -of the town that were lovers of reading, with whom I spent my evenings -very pleasantly; and gaining money by my industry and frugality, -I lived very agreeably, forgetting Boston as much as I could, -and not desiring that any there should know where I resided.</p> -</blockquote> -<p>Franklin was an industrious, ambitious young man who had thoroughly -mastered the trade of printer before leaving Boston. In Philadelphia, he -set up his own printing business and prospered so much that he was able -to retire at the age of 42. The rest of his life he devoted to public enterprises -and to scientific investigation. He was instrumental in founding a -hospital, the academy that became the University of Pennsylvania, and -the American Philosophical Society. He initiated projects for providing -police protection, street lighting, cleaning, and paving in Philadelphia. -He served as postmaster-general for the colonies, and later represented -them in England as events moved toward the Revolution. One of his many -public-spirited projects was the establishment of a lending library, and in -the selection that follows he tells just how he got the library started.</p> -<blockquote> -<p>At the time I established myself in Pennsylvania, there was not -a good bookseller’s shop in any of the colonies to the southward of -Boston. In New York and Philadelphia the printers were indeed -stationers; they sold only paper, etc., almanacs, ballads, and a few -common school-books. Those who loved reading were obliged to -send for their books from England; the members of the Junto -[<i>Franklin’s club</i>] had each a few. We had left the alehouse, where -we first met, and hired a room to hold our club in. I proposed that -we should all of us bring our books to that room, where they would -not only be ready to consult in our conferences, but become a common -benefit, each of us being at liberty to borrow such as he wished -to read at home. This was accordingly done, and for some time -contented us.</p> -<p>Finding the advantage of this little collection, I proposed to -<span class="pb" id="Page_58">58</span> -render the benefit from books more common, by commencing a public -subscription library. I drew a sketch of the plan and rules that -would be necessary, and got a skilful conveyancer, Mr. Charles -Brockden, to put the whole in form of articles of agreement to be -subscribed, by which each subscriber engaged to pay a certain sum -down for the first purchase of books, and an annual contribution -for increasing them. So few were the readers at that time in Philadelphia, -and the majority of us so poor, that I was not able, with -great industry, to find more than fifty persons, mostly young tradesmen, -willing to pay down for this purpose forty shillings each, and -ten shillings per annum. [<i>A shilling in Franklin’s day was worth perhaps -$1.50 in today’s money.</i>] On this little fund we began. The -books were imported; the library was opened one day in the week -for lending to the subscribers, on their promissory notes to pay double -the value if not duly returned. The institution soon manifested its -utility, was imitated by other towns, and in other provinces. The -libraries were augmented by donations; reading became fashionable; -and our people, having no public amusements to divert their attention -from study, became better acquainted with books, and in a few -years were observed by strangers to be better instructed and more -intelligent than people of the same rank generally are in other -countries....</p> -<p>This library afforded me the means of improvement by constant -study, for which I set apart an hour or two each day, and thus repaired -in some degree the loss of the learned education my father -once intended for me. Reading was the only amusement I allowed -myself. I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of any kind; and -my industry in my business continued as indefatigable as it was -necessary.</p> -</blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/i8.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="443" /> -<p class="caption">A Woman Captured by Indians</p> -</div> -<div class='chapter' /><h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> -<ul> -<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li> -<li>Silently corrected a few palpable typos, leaving period spellings unchanged.</li> -<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li> -<li>Added subheadings in the text to match entries in the Table of Contents.</li> -<li>Added captions to illustrations based on the attributions in front matter.</li> -</ul> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEGINNINGS OF AMERICA, 1607-1763 ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 6a765ac..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/i2.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/i2.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 14bb7f6..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/i2.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/i3.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/i3.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0d35e11..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/i3.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/i4.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/i4.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b09d3a2..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/i4.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/i5.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/i5.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2e8f6ce..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/i5.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/i8.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/i8.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 08d2b41..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/i8.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/66701-h/images/spine.jpg b/old/66701-h/images/spine.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index a1c5ad2..0000000 --- a/old/66701-h/images/spine.jpg +++ /dev/null |
