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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 04:18:15 -0800 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-01-22 04:18:15 -0800 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..687dcb6 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #67474 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/67474) diff --git a/old/67474-0.txt b/old/67474-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4e0fbd3..0000000 --- a/old/67474-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2821 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Experienced Angler; or Angling -Improved, by Robert Venables - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Experienced Angler; or Angling Improved - Imparting Many of the Aptest Ways and Choicest Experiments for - the Taking Most Sorts of Fish in Pond or River - -Author: Robert Venables - -Release Date: February 22, 2022 [eBook #67474] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXPERIENCED ANGLER; OR -ANGLING IMPROVED *** - - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes. - -Hyphenation has been standardised. - -The Contents list has been created by the Transcriber and is placed in -the public domain. - -Changes made are noted at the end of the book. - - -CONTENTS - - CHAP. I.— When to provide tools and how to make them. - CHAP. II.— Divers sorts of angling; first, of the fly. - CHAP. III.— Of the Artificial Fly. - CHAP. IV.— Of angling at the ground. - CHAP. V.— Of all sorts of baits for each kind of fish. - CHAP. VI.— To keep your baits. - - - - -THE EXPERIENCED ANGLER; OR ANGLING IMPROVED. - - -J. Johnson, Printer, Brook Street, Holborn, London. - - - - -THE - -EXPERIENCED ANGLER; - -OR - -Angling Improved. - -IMPARTING MANY - -OF THE - -APTEST WAYS AND CHOICEST EXPERIMENTS - -FOR THE - -TAKING MOST SORTS OF FISH - -IN - -POND OR RIVER. - -BY COL. ROBERT VENABLES. - -“I have read and practised by many books of this kind, formerly made -public; from which, although I received much advantage, yet without -prejudice to their worthy Authors, I could never find in them that -height of judgment and reason, manifested in this, as I may call it, -Epitome of Angling.” _Isaac Walton._ - -LONDON: - -SEPTIMUS PROWETT, OLD BOND STREET, - -AND - -THOMAS GOSDEN, BEDFORD STREET, - -COVENT GARDEN. - -1825. - - - - -TO HIS INGENIOUS FRIEND THE AUTHOR, ON HIS ANGLING IMPROVED. - -HONOURED SIR, - -_Though I never, to my knowledge, had the happiness to see your -face, yet accidentally coming to a view of this discourse before it -went to the press; I held myself obliged in point of gratitude for -the great advantage I received thereby, to tender you my particular -acknowledgment, especially having been for thirty years past, not -only a lover but a practiser of that innocent recreation, wherein -by your judicious precepts I find myself fitted for a_ higher form; -_which expression I take the boldness to use, because I have read -and practised by many books of this kind, formerly made public; from -which, although I received much advantage in the practice, yet, without -prejudice to their worthy Authors, I could never find in them that -height of_ judgment _and_ reason, _which you have manifested in this, -as I may call it_, epitome of Angling; _since my reading whereof I -cannot look upon some notes of my own gathering, but methinks I do_ -puerilia tractare. _But lest I should be thought to go about to magnify -my own judgment, in giving yours so small a portion of its due, I -humbly take leave with no more ambition than to kiss your hand, and to -be accounted_ - -YOUR HUMBLE AND THANKFUL SERVANT, ISAAC WALTON. - - - - -MEMOIR OF COL. ROBERT VENABLES. - - -Of the author, Colonel Robert Venables, but little is known, and that -little not very satisfactory. Among the Manuscripts in the Harleian -Collection, are several Pedigrees of the Families of Venables: -particularly in that marked ‘1393, f. 39,’ where the great ancestor -of Venables is stated to have been Gabriel Venables, who came over -with William the Conqueror, and afterwards received the Earldom of -Kinderton, in Cheshire, from Hugh Lupus. Another Manuscript, No. 2059, -recites a deed from one of the family, residing at Northwich, as early -as anno 1260. - -But reverting more immediately to the subject of this notice, the -Harleian Manuscript ‘1993, f. 52.’ contains a paper, partly in the hand -writing of Colonel Venables, which furnishes a detailed account of the -time he served in the Parliament Army in Cheshire, and of the pay due -to him from 1643 to 1646. From this authority it appears, that in 1644 -he was made Governor of Chester; and from other sources we learn, that -in 1645, he was Governor of Tarvin. In 1649, he was Commander in Chief -of the Forces in Ulster, in Ireland, and had the towns of Lisnegarvy, -Antrim, and Belfast delivered to him. His actions in the sister -kingdom, are recited in an excessively rare book, entitled ‘A History, -or Briefe Chronicle of the Chief Matters of the Irish Warres,’ printed -at London, in 1650, 4to. - -From this period no trace of him is discoverable, and it is probable -that he was unemployed, until Cromwell, at the instigation of Cardinal -Mazarine, fitted out a fleet for the conquest of Hispaniola, in 1654, -when Colonel Venables, and Admiral Penn, were invested with the command -of that armament. It appears however, to have been undertaken in an -evil hour, and a contemporary manuscript in the Editor’s possession, -and which has not been printed till now, furnishes the most valuable -information respecting the disasters which they underwent. The -manuscript is evidently addressed to some one, and it commences:— - - -Sir, - -The opinion I was of, in that discourse we had at----, touching the -Western Voyage of the English in 1654. I have been since abundantly -confirmed in, by the perusal of some Papers and Memoirs of a Person -of no mean character throughout that action, whose employment gave -him opportunity to know all, at least the most considerable of its -transactions, and I have reason to believe, by the account I have -had of him, he was sufficiently able to take his measures of them -aright. The substance of what I gathered from his notes, and from -orders of the Councils of War, as well of the Commissioners, and from -declarations of the Army, and letters from persons who held posts -in that Army, all which I had the favour to inspect, I will here -faithfully present you with. For indeed I am very desirous to beget in -you the same sentiments of that affair, which I have, I think, with -good reason entertained. And the rather, because the course you design -to steer will give you opportunity of converse with those persons, who -are most inquisitive after, as most concerned to know, matters of this -nature; and yet, perhaps, under greater mistakes in this particular, -than any others. - -It was doubtless, none of the least ends which that fox, Oliver, had -in that design; to rid himself of some persons whom he could neither -securely employ, nor safely discard: which end seemed chiefly to -influence the managery of the whole business, as you will perceive by -the story. - -It was pretended at first it should be carried on with great secrecy; -but the delay was so great, and thereby the notice of it so public, as -alarmed the Spaniards to provide for their reception. Venables moved -to have had soldiers for this service drawn out of the Irish Army, -which he had been well acquainted with; but it was peremptorily denied, -and they were appointed to be drawn out of the army in England, whose -officers generally gave out of their several companies the rawest -and worst armed they had. And these being hastily shipped off at -Portsmouth, the chief of the land officers, who were to go with them, -were never suffered to rendezvous, or see together till they came to -Barbadoes, where they arrived January 29, 1654-5. Here they found them -to want 500 of the number promised, being but 2500 men in all, and not -above half of those well armed. And though they had been assured they -should find 1500 arms at Barbadoes, yet they could not there make up -200 arms; and all the help they had was to make half-pikes, wherein, -and in fixing those arms they had, they met with some difficulty, their -smith’s tools being on board their store ships, which were not yet come -to them. For those ships took in their provisions at London, and they -were promised should meet them at Portsmouth, and there they were told -that they should reach them at Barbadoes; which yet they did not, nor -till at least six months after. So that much of the provision, which -was defective at first taking in, was by that time grown very corrupt. - -While they staid at Barbadoes it was plainly discovered that not only -the inhabitants there were against the general design, but that the -seamen bandied against the land-men, and gave them not that assistance -and furtherance which was in their power. Notwithstanding the -land-soldiers great want of arms, Penn and the sea-officers would not -be prevailed with to furnish them with any, nor so much as to lend them -a pike or a lance; though he had above 1200 of the former to spare, and -great numbers of the latter were put aboard on purpose for the army to -kill cows with. At their leaving that place, the seamen had their full -allowance of victuals and brandy on their fish-days; when the land-men -had for four days in the week, but half their proportions, the other -three fish-days, only bread and water. - -In this condition they left Barbadoes, March the last, 1655. By the way -they touched at St. Christopher’s, whence they took aboard a regiment -of soldiers, who had been raised in that island; among whom they were -pleased to find two Englishmen, Cox and Bounty, who had then lately -come from Hispaniola, where the former had lived twelve years, and -served as a gunner in the castle of St. Domingo. - -Now when they were far out at sea, a dormant commission, not before -discovered, was broken up, whereby two others, Winslow and Butler, were -joined in commission, and equally empowered, with the two generals -Venables and Penn; and nothing was to be done without their joint -advice and orders: yea, when on shore, Venables, (though he had by -his own commission a command of all the land forces in chief,) yet -he was by this commission restrained from acting any thing without -the concurrence of the commissioners, or such one, or more, of them -as was present with him. A great debate now arose between these -Commissioners about dividing the lion’s skin, before he was caught, -which occasioned much heat among them, and gave great dissatisfaction -to the soldiers. There was a clause in this joint commission, that all -prizes and booties got by sea or land should be at the disposal of the -commissioners, for the advance of the present service and design. This -the greater part of the Commissioners judged was to be extended to all -sorts of pillage. Venables thought it was meet to interpret it only of -ships and their lading, and large quantities of treasure and goods in -towns and forts: and that to extend it to all booty, by whomsoever got, -would be both impossible to put in execution, and hugely disgustful -to the soldier to attempt. When he could not prevail to have his -sense of this hard clause pass, he propounded a middle way: that none -should conceal or retain any arms, money, plate, jewels, or goods, to -his private use, on pain of forfeiting his share in the whole, &c. -but that all should be brought in unto officers, chosen by mutual -consent, and sworn to be faithful therein; and then distribution to be -made to each man according to his quality and desert. And agreeably -thereto he framed both an order for the Commissioners to sign, and -a declaration for the officers of the army to subscribe, testifying -their submission to the order, and that they would endeavour that all -under their respective commands should observe it; and further, that -when their several pays should be discharged, they would acquiesce in -the disposal of the surplus by the Commissioners, either in rewards to -the deserving, or in necessaries for the public service, &c. This the -Commissioners so far approved as to appoint it to be writ fair, and -copies made, for each regiment one. The officers and soldiers were also -content, and satisfied therewith; but when it came to the point, only -Venables and Penn signed the order, and so the declaration fell too. -Which surely was a great oversight in the Commissioners who refused, -for by this means they would have soothed and pleased the army with a -fair flourish, but in reality had by common consent obtained the whole -to be at their own disposal. - -Then the Commissioners propounding a fortnight’s pay to the soldiery -instead of the pillage of St. Domingo, the chief city of Hispaniola, -Venables prevailed with them to be content with six weeks pay. But when -that would not be yielded to by the Commissioners, he requested the -officers and soldiers, without standing on any terms, to venture their -lives with him, and trust to Providence for the issue and reward; which -they agreed unto for that time, but withal many of them declared they -would never strike stroke more, where there should be commissioners -thus to controul the general and soldiers, but would forthwith return -for England. - -By this time they drew near to Hispaniola; the land general and -officers were for running the fleet into the harbour of St. Domingo, -but they of the fleet opposed it, Penn assured them there was a bomb -which would hinder their advance; though Cox, being called in, said -he believed there was none, yea, declared among the soldiers, that he -conceived the harbour was incapable of any thing of that kind. During -the debate about this matter, Captain Crispin, who commanded a frigate, -offered to venture the running in of his vessel into the harbour, and -bore up so near as to fire on the castle of St. Domingo, and discovered -nothing of any bomb, or other obstruction, as he after declared; yet -was he commanded off by Penn. Then they of the army resolved at a -council of war, among other things, that one regiment staying to land -to the east of the city, which fell by lot to Col. Butler; the rest of -the army should land some miles distant at the river Hine, the place -where Drake landed, and force the fort which stood at the mouth of -it: yet they of the fleet carried the army westward to Point Nizas, -whence they had to march above thirty miles north to the city, through -a strange, woody, and very hot country, where no water could be found, -and many of them had but two days victuals delivered them from the -fleet, none above three. The mean while Cox, who was designed to be -guide to the land forces, had been sent by Penn a fishing, and was not -returned, nor could be heard of at the landing; in the want of him, -Venables desired to have had Bounty, or Fernes, who also was acquainted -with the Island, but Penn would not part with either of them. - -So soon as they were landed, the Commissioners appointed the publishing -of an order against plundering, and that all pillage should be brought -in unto a common store; but therein gave Venables liberty to promise -the soldiers, in case the city should be taken by storm, six weeks pay, -or a moiety of the pillage, excepting arms, ammunition, and such like: -or in case it should be surrendered, three weeks pay, or a third of the -pillage. This was signed by Penn, Winslow, and Butler. - -The soldiers, who were before disgusted, were by this exasperated into -mutiny. A sea regiment, which came ashore, was the first that laid -down arms; and by their example all the rest. And much ado Venables -had in any sort to pacify them; at last they were persuaded to march, -though with much discontent: and in that unsatisfied, mutinying humour, -they marched four days without any guide, tormented with heat, hunger -and thirst, when they might have landed at the place best fitted for -attack, fresh on the first day. - -The mean while Col. Buller had, according to his order, essayed to -land eastward of the city; but finding no place for it, was afterwards -appointed by the Commissioners to land at Hine river, but with -express order not to stir thence till the army came up. Accordingly -he landed on Monday, April 17, and with him Col. Houldip, and 500 of -his regiment, having Cox in their company. At their approaching, the -Spaniards abandoned the fort near the river mouth, leaving two great -guns dismounted, and the walls, as much as their haste would allow, -dismantled. This encouraged Buller to pursue them towards the city; but -in the narrow passes of the woods, he missed his way, and came to some -plantations vacant and waterless, purposing there to expect the army: -yet next morning sent out a party to descry the fort St. Hieronimo, who -exposed themselves too much to view, and alarmed the Spaniards. - -Soon after Buller had marched from the fort where he landed, the army -came to the other side of the river Hine, but could not pass it, -wanting a guide to shew them the ford, which induced them to march -five miles up the river, seeking one; and at last, the day being spent, -they were forced to quarter that night without either food or good -fresh water. Next day, after three miles march more, a ford was found, -and the river passed, and they had not gone far, when a farm with water -chancing in their way, gave them great refreshment. Where making a -halt, and consulting what was meet for them to do, they resolved to -go to the fleet at the harbour for provision for their hungry men; -to which an Irishman, then brought in by some stratagem, offered to -guide them the shortest way. And though Venables was jealous of him, -and would not have heeded him, yet Commissioner Butler would have him -followed, and charged them by virtue of their instructions so to do; -and follow him they did, till a fruitless march three or four miles the -contrary way, proved him a liar. At last, hearing Buller’s drums, they -made towards him, and met with him near the strong fort, St. Hieronimo, -a regular and well fortified pier, in the road to the city. Venables -being at this time in the van, which he had led all their long march, -went himself with the guide, for the officers being all very weary, -were willing to be excused; to search the woods before the army, and -discovered the Spaniards in ambush, before they stirred; who presently, -thereupon advancing, the English forlorn immediately fired upon -them too hastily and at too much distance, which gave the Spaniards -advantage to fall in with them with their lances, before they could -charge again, and so gave them some disorder, and killed some officers; -among whom, to their great loss, Captain Cox perished; but the English -quickly recovering themselves, beat the enemy back, and pursued them -within cannon shot of the city. - -These weary spent men, drawn on by their eagerness to this skirmish, -forgot that thirst, which, so soon as the pursuit was over, they -fainted under; many, both men and horse, dying on the place for very -thirst. Venables, being much endangered at this action in the route of -the forlorn, was earnestly entreated and pressed by the officers not to -hazard himself so again, but to march with the body. This over, they -called a council of war, where, considering their want of match, which -was spent to three or four inches, and of provision, which all had been -without two days, and some longer, and had no other sustenance but -what fruits the woods afforded; they once again resolved to return to -their ships, which the Irishman’s relation, and Commissioner Butler’s -peremptory charge had diverted them from, and caused them to lose many -men and horses with thirst and hunger in marching back that way, which -otherwise had been saved. - -Some four or five days were spent at the harbour in refreshing the -tired, fainting soldiery, and taking new resolutions for a second march -and charge. Wherein, they could not well be more speedy, for Penn and -Winslow, two of the Commissioners, keeping at sea with the fleet, -(which rode some leagues off from the fort by Hine river,) and refusing -to come ashore, Venables, though then ill with the flux, was forced to -make many dangerous passages to and from them in small Brigantines for -their concurring counsel, which often differing, caused much delay, -and gave the Spaniards time to gather heart and strength for better -defence. The common soldiers this mean while, were but ill treated from -the fleet. Those that by sickness or wounds in the last action, were -disabled for further service, (they having no tents or carriages ashore -to dispose of them in) were sent a ship board, and there they were kept -forty-eight hours on the bare decks, without either meat, drink, or -dressing; that worms bred in their wounds, which would soon be in that -hot country, and some of them by that very usage perished, particularly -one Captain Leverington, a brave man. The others ashore being furnished -with the worst, and most mouldy of the biscuits; no beef, altogether -unwatered, and no brandy to cheer their spirits; had their thirst -greatly enraged, which that river, even where it was fresh, yet coming -from copper, rather augmented than assuaged. And this usage and diet, -together with the extraordinary rains that fell on their unsheltered -bodies, cast them all into violent fluxes; sorry encouragements and -preparatives for a second attempt, which yet was at last resolved on. - -Tuesday, April 25. They had with them one mortar-piece, and two -drakes, in the drawing whereof, and carrying of mattocks, spades, and -calabashes of fresh water, the strongest men were employed till all -were reduced to almost a like weakness; and the cruel sea-officers -offered them no more brandy with them, than would be about a good -spoonful to a man. One night they lodged in the woods; the next day -they advanced toward the fort of St. Hieronimo, which they resolved to -attack, being in their way, about a mile from the town, and not fit to -leave at their backs. - -April 26. Adjutant-General Jackson had this day the command of the -forlorn, consisting of four hundred men; in the van whereof, he put -Captain Butler, and himself brought up the rear. Also he marched -without any wings on either hand to search the woods, and discover -ambushes, which was expressly contrary both to order, and their -daily practice throughout their whole march from Point Nizas. With -the forlorn thus managed, and all ready to faint with thirst, having -marched eight miles without water, in a narrow pass in the thick woods, -where but six could well march abreast, they fell into an ambuscado -of the Spaniards, who suffered the forlorn all to march within them, -and then charged them both in van and flank. Captain Butler with the -van undauntedly received the charge, and in order, fired again, and -all of them stood till he fell; but the rear ran away without abiding -a charge, Jackson himself being the first man that turned his back. -Venables, his regiment, with Ferguson his Lieutenant Colonel in the -head of them, being next, charged their pikes on Jackson and his flying -men; but they being too well resolved to be stopt, first routed that -regiment, and then most of Heanes’s regiment. These all came violently -upon the sea regiment, which was led by Venables and Goodson, then -Vice-Admiral, who with their swords forced the runaways into the -woods, choosing rather to kill, than be routed by them. At the same -time, which much advantaged them, the rear part of Heanes’s regiment -having opened and drawn themselves on either side into the woods, -counterflanked the Spaniards, and charged their ambuscadoes, which the -Spaniards perceiving, and that the sea regiment advanced unrouted, -retreated. The English then charged them afresh, pursued them, and beat -them back beyond the fort, and so regained the bodies of the slain, -and the place of fight, which ground they kept the rest of that day, -and the night following, though the guns from the fort all that time, -as well as during the skirmish, played hotly upon them, and killed -sometimes eight or nine at a shot. - -In this action, the valiant Heanes, major general, and Ferguson before -mentioned, and such other officers of those regiments as knew not what -it was to fly, fell by the swords and lances of the Spaniards; and many -common soldiers with them. - -The English now about the fort, Venables commanded to assault it, and -that to that end, they should play the mortar-piece against it, and -had it drawn up for that purpose. But he himself being before brought -very low with his flux, the toil of the day had so far spent him, that -he could not stand or go but as supported by two; and in that manner -he moved from place to place, to encourage the men to stand, and to -plant it. But the latter he could not prevail on, neither by commands, -entreaties, or offers of rewards. At last, fainting among them, he -was carried off, and Fortescue, who succeeded major general, in the -stead of Heanes, took the command, who laboured much also to get the -mortar-piece planted, but without any effect. For the spirits of the -English soldiers were so sunk, by their want of water and provisions, -the excessive heat, and their great sickness occasioned thereby, that -not any one upon any account could be got to plant it. Night drawing -on, whilst the soldiers buried the dead, they called a council of war -of all the colonels, and field officers, where it was agreed, no man -dissenting, that the difficulties of thirst were not to be overcome, -and that if they staid there, though they beat the enemy, they must -perish for want of water. Whereupon, it was resolved to retreat next -morn at sun rise, if the mortar-piece could not play before. The -morning came, and no place found to plant the mortar-piece, nor men -that would work, the guns from the fort beating them off from every -place, they buried their shells, drew off their mortar-piece, drakes, -spades, &c. and making a strong rear-guard, retreated to their ships at -the harbour. - -In this attempt against the fort, the common soldiers shewed themselves -so extremely heartless, that they only followed their officers to -charge, and left them there to die, unless they were as nimble footed -as themselves. And of all others, the planters, whom they had raised in -those parts, were the worst, being only forward to do mischief; men so -debauched as not to be kept under discipline, and so cowardly as not to -be made to fight. - -Being come to the harbour, they betook themselves to the examination -and punishment of the cowardice of some, and of divers miscarriages -and disorders of others. Jackson was accused. - -1. That contrary to express order, he had marched without any to search -the woods. - -2. That he took but few pikes, and those he placed in the rear, as if -he feared only his own party. - -3. That he put others in the van, and himself brought up his rear. - -4. That he was the first man that run, and when there was a stop, he -opened his way with both hands to get foremost. - -These being proved before a council of war, he was sentenced to be -cashiered: his sword broken over his head: and he made a swabber to -keep the hospital ship clean, which was executed accordingly. And well -it might, for sure it was much gentler than he deserved.[1] - -[1] The Revolution in England, having necessarily raised great numbers -of individuals to the rank of officers, from the lowest stations, a -kind of equality reigned among the soldiery. The following instance of -that equality is a curious fact, and displays equally the republican -manners, and uncivilized spirit of that age. - -Adjutant-General Jackson, who had been the first to run during the -engagement, was tried by a court-martial, convicted of cowardice, -cashiered with ignominy, and condemned to _serve as a_ SWABBER _on -board the hospital ship_!!—General Venables, with a naiveté common to -the writers of that age, which, though seldom respectable, is always -pleasing, makes the following observations on this sentence. After -mentioning the terms of it, he adds, “And justly,—for the benefit of -the sick and wounded, who owed their sufferings to his mis-behaviour. -A sentence too gentle for so notorious an offender, against whom some -of the Colonels made a complaint for _whoring_ and drunkenness at -Barbadoes; but not being able to _prove_ the fact, he escaped; though -considering his former course of life, the presumptions were _strong_, -he and a woman lodging in one chamber, and not any other person with -either, _which was enough to induce a belief of his offence_, he, -having two wives in England, and standing guilty of forgery; all which -I desired Major-General Worsley in joining with me to acquaint his -Highness (Cromwell) with, that he might be taken off, and not suffered -to go with me, lest he should _bring a curse on us_, as I feared. -But his Highness would not hear us.—After this, both perjury and -forgery were proved against him, in the case of a Colonel or General, -at Barbadoes, ruined by him, by that means. Upon the complaint, and -with the advice of the said General, I rebuked him privately; which -he took so distastely, that as it afterwards appeared, he studied and -endeavoured nothing but mutiny; and found fit matter to work upon, as -with an army that has neither pay nor pillage, arms nor ammunition, -nor victuals, is not difficult: but this I came to understand -afterwards.”—VENABLES’ _Narrative_. - -A serjeant also, who in the skirmish threw down his arms, crying, -“gentlemen, shift for yourselves, we are all lost;” and ran away, was -hanged. Other offences met with meet punishments. - -Now the business was, to consult what was next to be done. Commissioner -Winslow came ashore to press for a third attempt, which the officers of -the army would not be persuaded to undertake; for they all, with one -consent, declared they would not lead on their men, saying, they would -never be got to march up to that place again; or if they did, they -would not follow them to a charge, but they freely offered to regiment -themselves, and to live and die together. Whereupon, the Commissioners -judging it needful to try to raise the soldiers by some success in a -smaller exploit, resolved to attempt some other plantation, and at last -Jamaica was pitched on to be the place. - -During this debate, the soldiers on land were in great want and -streights; for though all their provision was spent, yet Penn forbade -any supply to be sent them from the fleet, that their scarcity, yea, -famine, grew so high, that they ate all the horses, asses, and dogs -in the camp; yea, some ate such poisonous food, that they fell dead -instantaneously. But beyond all this, a motion was made, that setting -sail for England, the soldiers, whom they of the fleet usually called -dogs, should be left ashore to the mercy of the enemy; which motion, -Venables in behalf of the land-men, stiffly opposed, detesting so great -inhumanity. Yet the soldiers were so apprehensive of such a trick, that -when they came to go aboard, their officers would not suffer the sea -regiment, which was on shore, to be first shipped, lest they should be -so left in the lurch. - -The fifth day after they set sail from Hispaniola, they came before -Jamaica, where remembering the cowardice of the soldiers, which if not -experienced, would scarce have been believed so great in Englishmen, -they published an order against runaways, that the next man to any that -offered to run, should kill him, or be tried for his own life. Which -done, Penn and Venables placed themselves in the martin galley, and -sailed up to the fort, and played upon it with their great guns, as it -did upon them all the time that the soldiers were getting into the flat -bottomed boats. Which so soon as they had done, a fresh gale of wind -arose, which drove the boats directly upon the fort; this the Spaniards -seeing, and a major, their best soldier, being disabled by a shot from -the martin galley, they were so daunted that they took to their heels, -and left the fort to the English. The army finding fresh water here, -and fearing to advance further, lest (it being then three o’clock) -they should in a strange country, and without guides, be inconveniently -overtaken with night, in some place where they might be more exposed -to the enemies assaults, and beating up their quarters, they resolved -to stay at that fort, and landing place that night, and rest their -weak and sick men. Next morning they marched early, and about noon, -came to a Savanna near the chief town of the island, St. Jago, where -two or three Spaniards appeared at a distance, making some signals of -civility. The like number of English was sent to them, upon which they -rode away, but making a stand, one was sent to them to know what they -desired; they answered, ‘a treaty.’ The English, replied, they would -treat when they saw any impowered thereunto. After some time, a priest -and a major were sent from the town. The English as an introduction -to the treaty, first demanded to have one hundred cows, with cassavia -bread proportionably, sent them immediately; and so daily while the -treaty lasted. Cows were sent in, but no bread; that being, as they -said, scarce with them. Whereupon Commissioners were appointed on both -sides to treat, and in conclusion, the Spaniards yielded to render the -island and all in it, and all ships in the havens unto the English; the -Spaniards and inhabitants having their lives granted them, and such as -would, to be at liberty by a certain day to depart the island, but to -take nothing, save their wearing apparel, and their books, and writings -with them. - -Articles of agreement to this purpose being signed on both sides, the -English for their true performance, demanded and had the Governor -of the island, and the Spanish Commissioners for hostages; and so -they seemed to be in a fair way of settlement, with little ado. Yet -after this, a colonel among the Spaniards, who had no good will -to the governor, and was a man of interest among the commonalty, -persuaded them to drive all the cattle away to the mountains, and -thereby starve out the English. Which being understood, one of the -Spanish Commissioners, Don Acosta, a Portuguese, sent his priest, an -understanding negro, to dissuade them from their purpose. But they -being resolute, and instigated by the colonel, hanged the negro, which -enraged Acosta, and to be revenged on them for the death of his priest, -whom he loved, advised the English that the cattle must necessarily, in -a while, come down into the plains to drink. And by his direction, the -English recovered the cattle, and prevented their mischief. - -After this an order was published, that no private soldier should go -out to shoot cows, which was done for two reasons; first, because the -soldiers straggling about and going single, were often knocked on the -head; and next, because they maimed and marred more than they killed; -for it being a very woody country, unless a beast was shot dead, which -was but seldom done, it escaped its pursuer, though it often died of -its wounds; and many hundreds were found in the woods that had been -so slain, and very many running about hurt and wounded. Thus great -destruction was made of them, to no bodies advantage, that in the end, -they must need have smarted for the want of those which had been thus -lavishly spoiled and lost. Besides, the cattle which at their first -coming, were seen by great numbers, and so tame, that they might have -been easily managed and driven up, were so affrighted by the soldiers -disorderly chasing and shouting after them, that they were now grown -wild and untractable. And therefore, commanded parties with their -officers were thenceforwards ordered out to fetch in cattle as there -was need; and by that means they were sufficiently supplied, and no -waste made. But bread they still much wanted, for their own store ships -not having yet reached them, they had no bread but what came from the -fleet, whence it was very sparingly sent, and scarce any but what was -bad and corrupt. I find it noted, that in seventeen days time, they had -but three biscuits a man; that they could seldom get any thing from -the fleet, unless the Commissioner would sign remittances for greater -proportions than were indeed delivered; that of above a hundred tuns of -brandy, which was put on board in England for this service, and above -thirty tuns more taken in at Barbadoes, it could not be observed, that -the land-men ever had ten tuns to their use, between the middle of -April and the middle of July. So that the soldiers being put to feed -wholly on fresh flesh and fruits, without either brandy, or any kind of -bread; and that after they had been long at a scanty diet, upon salt -meats, it hugely increased sickness among them, insomuch, that after -their coming to Jamaica, they died by fifty, sixty, and sometimes a -hundred in a week, of fevers and fluxes. - -Their streights and distresses being so great, put them on necessity -of hastening to distribute the soldiers to plant for themselves, that -they might have somewhat of their own to subsist on, without depending -on the courtesy of others. And accordingly several of the regiment were -dispersed into several places; but though such was their occasion, each -for his particular private goods and necessaries, yet they could not -without much difficulty, and many fruitless labours, obtain to have -their trunks and stuff ashore to them; and many never had them at all, -but they were carried back with the fleet into England. - -Some discontents grew among the great ones. Venables telling -Commissioner Butler of his drunkenness, which he was often guilty of, -and in that condition, had discovered too much to the Spaniards, and -reproving him for it, made him his enemy, and to practise against him, -and thenceforwards he endeavoured to make factions, and raise disgusts -in the army. - -Penn gave notice of his intentions, suddenly to set sail for England, -and would not be dissuaded. - - * * * * * - -Here the manuscript ends, but in continuation, Oldmixon[2] observes, -that “they arrived in England in September, when they were both -imprisoned for their scandalous conduct in this expedition, which -would have been an irreparable dishonour to the English Nation, had -not the island of Jamaica, which chance more than council, bestowed -upon them, made amends for the loss at Hispaniola.” Their imprisonment -would seem to have received general approbation, as in certain Passages -of Every Dayes Intelligence, from Sept. 21 to 28, 1655, published -by authority, it is said, “Gov. Penn and Gen. Venables, would be -petitioning his Highnes, the Lord Protector for their enlargement -out of the Tower again; but it is a little too soon yet; it were not -amiss that they stayed till we hear again from the West Indies.” His -subsequent liberation, and the particulars of his life after this -period, with the time of his decease, and his residence when he quitted -the cares of this world, are alike unknown to the writer, and have -baffled all attempts at discovery. - -[2] _British Empire in America_, 1740, 8vo. - -[Illustration: _THE Experienc’d Angler, or Angling Improved._ - -_Sold by Rich: Marriott in S^t Dunstans Church-yard._ - -_Vaughan Sculp._ ] - - - - -THE Experienced Angler: - -OR ANGLING IMPROVED. - -_BEING_ - -_A general Discourse of Angling_; - -Imparting many of the aptest wayes and choicest Experiments for the -taking of most sorts of Fish in Pond or River. - -_LONDON_: - -Printed for _Richard Marriot_, and are to be sold at his Shop in St. -_Dunstan’s_ Church-yard, _Fleet-street_. 1662. - - - - -PREFATORY ADDRESS TO THE READER, FROM THE EDITION OF MDCLXII. - - - - -PREFATORY ADDRESS. - - -Delight and Pleasure are so fast rivetted and firmly rooted in the -heart of man, that I suppose there are none so morose or melancholy, -that will not only pretend to, but plead for an interest in the same, -most being so much enamoured therewith, that they judge that life but a -living death, which is wholly deprived or abridged of all pleasure; and -many pursue the same with so much eagerness and importunity, as though -they had been born for no other end, as that they not only consume -their most precious time, but also totally ruin their estates thereby: -for in this loose and licentious age, when profuse prodigality passes -for the characteristical mark of true generosity and frugality, I mean -not niggardliness; is branded with the ignominious blot of baseness. I -expect not that this under-valued subject, though it propound delight -at an easy rate, will meet with any other entertainment than neglect, -if not contempt, it being an art which few take pleasure in, nothing -passing for noble or delightful which is not costly; as though men -could not gratify their senses, but with the consumption of their -fortunes. - -_Hawking_ and _Hunting_ have had their excellencies celebrated with -large _encomiums_ by divers pens, and although I intend not any -undervaluing to those noble recreations, so much famed in all ages -and by all degrees, yet I must needs affirm, that they fall not within -the compass of every ones ability to pursue, being as it were only -entailed on great persons and vast estates; for if meaner fortunes -seek to enjoy them, _Actæon’s_ fable often proves a true story, and -these birds of prey not seldom quarry upon their masters: besides those -recreations are most subject to choler and passion, by how much those -creatures exceed a hook or line in worth: and indeed in those exercises -our pleasure depends much upon the will and humour of a sullen cur or -_kite_, (as I have heard their own passions phrase them); which also -require much attendance, care and skill to keep her serviceable to our -ends. Further, these delights are often prejudicial to the husbandman -in his corn, grass and fences; but in this pleasant and harmless Art -of Angling a man hath none to quarrel with but himself, and we are -usually so entirely our own friends, as not to retain an irreconcilable -hatred against ourselves, but can in short time easily compose the -enmity; and besides ourselves none are offended, none endamaged; and -this recreation falleth within the capacity of the lowest fortune to -compass, affording also profit as well as pleasure, in following of -which exercise a man may employ his thoughts in the noblest studies, -almost as freely as in his closet. - -The minds of anglers being usually more calm and composed than many -others, especially hunters and falconers, who too frequently lose their -delight in their passion, and too often bring home more of melancholy -and discontent than satisfaction in their thoughts; but the angler, -when he hath the worst success, loseth but a hook or line, or perhaps, -what he never possessed, a fish; and suppose he should take nothing, -yet he enjoyeth a delightful walk by pleasant rivers in sweet pastures, -amongst odoriferous flowers, which gratify his senses and delight his -mind; which contentments induce many, who affect not angling, to choose -those places of pleasure for their Summer’s recreation and health. - -But, peradventure, some may alledge that this art is mean, melancholy, -and insipid; I suppose the old answer, _de gustibus non est -disputandum_, will hold as firmly in recreations as palates, many -have supposed Angling void of delight, having never tried it, yet -have afterwards experimented it so full of content, that they have -quitted all other recreations, at least in its season, to pursue it; -and I do pursuade myself, that whosoever shall associate himself with -some honest expert angler, who will freely and candidly communicate -his skill unto him, will in short time be convinced, that _Ars non -habet inimicum nisi ignorantem_; and the more any experiment its -harmless delight, not subject to passion or expence, he will probably -be induced to relinquish those pleasures which being obnoxious to -choler or contention so discompose the thoughts, that nothing during -that unsettlement can relish or delight the mind; to pursue that -recreation which composeth the soul to that calmness and serenity, -which gives a man the fullest possession and fruition of himself -and all his enjoyments; this clearness and equanimity of spirit -being a matter of so high a concern and value in the judgments of -many profound Philosophers, as any one may see that will bestow the -pains to read, _de Tranquilitate Animi_, and _Petrarch de Utriusque -Conditionis Statu_: Certainly he that lives _Sibi et Deo_, leads the -most happy life; and if this art do not dispose and incline the mind -of man to a quiet calm sedateness, I am confident it doth not, as many -other delights; cast blocks and rubs before him to make his way more -difficult and less pleasant. The cheapness of the recreation abates -not its pleasure, but with rational persons heightens it; and if it -be delightful the charge of melancholy falls upon that score, and if -example, which is the best proof, may sway any thing, I know no sort -of men less subject to melancholy than anglers; many have cast off -other recreations and embraced it, but I never knew any angler wholly -cast off, though occasions might interrupt, their affections to their -beloved recreation; and if this art may prove a _Noble brave rest_ -to thy mind, it will be satisfaction to his, who is thy well-wishing -Friend. - - -[Illustration] - - - - -ANGLING IMPROVED: - -OR - -PROFIT AND PLEASURE UNITED. - - - - -CHAP. I. - -WHEN TO PROVIDE TOOLS, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM. - - -For the attaining of such ends which our desires propose to themselves, -of necessity we must make use of such common mediums as have a natural -tendency to the producing of such effects as are in our eye, and at -which we aim; and as in any work, if one principal material be wanting, -the whole is at a stand, neither can the same be perfected: so in -Angling, the end being recreation, which consisteth in drawing the -fish to bite, that we may take them; if you want tools, though you -have baits, or baits, though you have tackle, yet you have no part -of pleasure by either of these singly: nay, if you have both, yet -want skill to use them, all the rest is to little purpose. I shall -therefore first begin with your tools, and so proceed in order with the -rest. - -1. In Autumn, when the leaves are almost or altogether fallen, which -is usually about the Winter solstice, the sap being then in the root; -which about the middle of January begins to ascend again, and then the -time is past to provide yourself with stocks or tops: you need not be -so exactly curious for your stocks as the tops, though I wish you to -choose the neatest taper-grown you can for stocks, but let your tops be -the most neat rush-grown shoots you can get, straight and smooth; and -if for the ground-rod, near or full two yards long, the reason for that -length shall be given presently; and if for the fly, of what length -you please, because you must either choose them to fit the stock, or -the stock to fit them in a most exact proportion; neither do they need -to be so very much taper-grown as those for the ground, for if your -rod be not most exactly proportionable, as well as slender, it will -neither cast well, strike readily, or ply and bend equally, which will -very much endanger your line. When you have fitted yourself with tops -and stocks, for all must be gathered in one season, if any of them -be crooked, bind them all together, and they will keep one another -straight; or lay them on some even-boarded floor, with a weight on the -crooked parts, or else bind them close to some straight staff or pole; -but before you do this you must bathe them all, save the very top, in a -gentle fire. - -For the ground angle, I prefer the cane or reed before all other, both -for its length and lightness: and whereas some object against its -colour and stiffness, I answer, both these inconveniences are easily -remedied; the colour by covering it with thin leather or parchment, -and those dyed into what colour you please; or you may colour the -cane itself, as you see daily done by those that sell them in London, -especially if you scrape off the shining yellow outside, but that -weakens the rod. The stiffness of the cane is helped by the length and -strength of the top, which I would wish to be very much taper-grown, -and of the full length I spoke of before, and so it will kill a very -good fish without ever straining the cane, which will, as you may -observe, yield and bend a little; neither would I advise any to use a -reed that will not receive a top of the fore-mentioned length. Such -who most commend the hazel-rod, (which I also value and praise, but -for different reasons), above the cane; do it because, say they, the -slender rod saveth the line; but my opinion is, that the equal bending -of the rod chiefly, next to the skill of the Angler, saveth the line, -and the slenderness I conceive principally serveth to make the fly-rod -long and light, easy to be managed with one hand, and casteth the fly -far, which are to me the considerations chiefly to be regarded in a -fly-rod; for if you observe the slender part of the rod, if strained, -shoots forth in length as if it were part of the line, so that the -whole stress or strength of the fish is borne or sustained by the -thicker part of the rod, which is no stronger than the stronger end of -such a top as I did before direct for the ground-rod, and you may prove -what I say to be true, if you hang a weight at the top of the fly-rod, -which you shall see ply and bend, in the stiff and thick part, more -or less as the weight is heavy or light. Having made this digression -for the cane, I return to the making up of the top, of which at the -upper or small end, I would have you to cut off about two feet, or -three quarters of a yard at most; and then piece neatly to the thick -remaining part, a small shoot of black thorn or crab tree, gathered in -due season as before, fitted in a most exact proportion to the hazel, -and then cut off a small part of the slender end of the black thorn or -crab tree, and lengthen out the same with a small piece of whale-bone, -made round, smooth, and taper; all which will make your rod to be very -long, gentle, and not so apt to break or stand bent as the hazel, both -which are great inconveniences, especially breaking, which will force -you from your sport to mend your top. - -2. To teach the way or manner how to make a line, were time lost, it -being so easy and ordinary; yet to make the line well, handsome, and to -twist the hair even and neat, makes the line strong. For if one hair -be long and another short, the short one receiveth no strength from -the long one, and so breaketh, and then the other, as too weak, breaks -also; therefore you must twist them slowly, and in the twisting, keep -them from entangling together, which hinders their right plaiting or -bedding. Further, I do not like the mixing of silk or thread with hair, -but if you please, you may, to make the line strong, make it all of -silk, or thread, or hair, as strong as you please, and the lowest part -of the smallest lute or viol strings, which I have proved to be very -strong, but will quickly rot in the water, you may however help that -in having new and strong ones to change for those that decay; but as -to hair, the most usual matter whereof lines are made, I like sorrel, -white, and grey best; sorrel in muddy and boggy rivers, and both the -latter for clear waters. I never could find such virtue or worth in -other colours, to give them so high praise as some do, yet if any other -have worth in it, I must yield it to the pale or watery green, and if -you fancy that, you may dye it thus. Take a pottle of allum water, and -a large handful of marigolds, boil them until a yellow scum arise, then -take half a pound of green copperas, and as much verde-grease, beat -them into a fine powder, then put those with the hair into the allum -water, set all to cool for twelve hours, then take out the hair and lay -it to dry. Leave a bought, or bout, at both ends of the line, the one -to put it to, and take it from your rod, the other to hang your lowest -link upon, to which your hook is fastened, and so that you may change -your hook as often as you please. - -3. Let your hooks be long in the shank, and of a compass somewhat -inclining to roundness, but the point must stand even and straight, and -the bending must be in the shank; for if the shank be straight, the -point will hang outward, though when set on it may stand right, yet -it will after the taking of a few fish, cause the hair at the end of -the shank to stand bent, and so, consequently cause the point of the -hook to lie or hang too much outward, whereas upon the same ground the -bending shank will then cause the point of the hook to hang directly -upwards. - -When you set on your hook, do it with strong but small silk, and lay -your hair upon the inside of the hook, for if on the outside the silk -will cut and fret it asunder; and to avoid the fretting of the hair by -the hook on the inside, smooth all your hooks upon a whetstone, from -the inside to the back of the hook, slope ways. - -4. Get the best cork you can without flaws or holes, as quills and pens -are not of sufficient strength in strong streams; bore the cork through -with a small hot iron, then put into it a quill of a fit proportion, -neither too large to split it, or so small as to slip out, but so as -it may stick in very closely; then pare your cork into the form of a -pyramid, or small pear, and of what size you please, then on a smooth -grindstone, or with pumice make it complete, for you cannot pare it so -smooth as you may grind it: have corks of all sizes. - -5. Get a musquet or carbine bullet, make a hole through it, and put in -a strong twist, hang this on your hook to try the depth of river or -pond. - -6. Take so much parchment as will be about four inches broad, and five -long, make the longer end round, then take so many pieces more as will -make five or six partitions, sew them all together, leaving the side of -the longest square open, to put your lines, spare links, hooks ready -fastened, and flies ready made, into the several partitions; this will -contain much, and will also lie flat and close in your pocket. - -7. Have also a little whetstone about two inches long, and one quarter -square; it’s much better to sharpen your hooks than a file, which -either will not touch a well-tempered hook, or leave it rough but not -sharp. - -8. Have a piece of cane for the bob and palmer, with several boxes of -divers sizes for your hooks, corks, silk, thread, lead, flies, &c. - -9. Bags of linen and woollen, for all sorts of baits. - -10. Have a small pole, made with a loop at the end, like that of your -line, but much larger, to which must be fastened a small net, to land -great fish, without which, should you want assistance, you will be in -danger of losing. - -11. Your pannier cannot be too light; I have seen some made of osiers, -cleft into slender long splinters, and so wrought up, which is very -neat, and exceeding light: you must ever carry with you store of hooks, -lines, hair, silk, thread, lead, links, corks of all sizes, lest you -should lose or break, as is usual, any of them, and be forced to leave -your sport in quest of supplies. - - - - -CHAP. II. - -DIVERS SORTS OF ANGLING; FIRST, OF THE FLY. - - -As there are many kinds and sorts of fish, so there are also various -and different ways to take them; and, therefore, before we proceed to -speak how to take each kind, we must say something in general of the -several ways of angling, as necessary to the better order of our work. - -Angling, therefore, may be distinguished either into fishing by day, -or, which some commend, but the cold and dews caused me to dis-relish -that which impaired my health, by night; and these again are of two -sorts, either upon the superficies of the water, or more or less under -the surface thereof: of this sort is angling with the ground-line, with -lead, but no float, for the Trout, or with lead and float for all sorts -of fish, or near the surface of the water for Chub, Roach, &c. or with -a troll for the Pike, or a minnow for the Trout; of which more in due -place. - -That way of angling upon or above the water, is with cankers, palmers, -caterpillars, cad-bait, or any worm bred on herbs or trees, or with -flies as well natural as artificial; of these last shall be our first -discourse, as comprising much of the other last-named, and as being the -most pleasant and delightful part of angling. - -But I must here beg leave to dissent from the opinion of such who -assign a certain fly to each month, whereas I am certain, scarce -any one sort of fly continues its colour and virtue one month; and -generally all flies last a much shorter time, except the stone-fly, by -some called the May-fly, which is bred of the water cricket, creeps out -of the river, and getting under the stones by the water side, turns to -a fly, and lies under the stones; the May-fly and the reddish fly with -ashy grey wings. Besides the season of the year may much vary the time -of their coming in; a forward Spring brings them in sooner, and a late -Spring the later. Flies being creatures bred of putrefaction, take life -as the heat furthers or disposes the seminal virtue by which they are -generated into animation: and therefore all I can say as to time is, -that your own observation must be your best instructor, when is the -time that each fly comes in, and will be most acceptable to the fish, -of which I shall speak more fully in the next section. Further also I -have observed, that several rivers and soils produce several sorts of -flies; as the mossy boggy soils have one sort peculiar to them; the -clay soil, gravely and mountainous country and rivers; and a mellow -light soil different from them all; yet some sorts are common to all -these sorts of rivers and soils, but they are few, and differ somewhat -in colour from those bred elsewhere in other soils. - -In general, all sorts of flies are very good in their season, for such -fish as will rise at the fly, viz. Salmon, Trout, Umber, Grayling, -Bleak, Chevin, Roach, Dace, &c. Though some of these fish do love some -flies better than other, except the fish named, I know not any sort or -kind that will ordinarily and freely rise at the fly, though I know -some who angle for Bream and Pike with artificial flies, but I judge -the labour lost, and the knowledge a needless curiosity; those fish -being taken much easier, especially the Pike, by other ways. All the -fore-mentioned sorts of fish will sometimes take the fly much better at -the top of the water, and at another time much better a little under -the superficies of the water; and in this your own observation must -be your constant and daily instructor; for if they will not rise to -the top, try them under, it being impossible, in my opinion, to give -any certain rule in this particular: also the five sorts of fish first -named will take the artificial fly, so will not the other, except an -oak-worm or cad-bait be put on the point of the hook, or some other -worm suitable, as the fly must be, to the season. - -You may also observe, what my own experience taught me, that the fish -never rise eagerly and freely at any sort of fly, until that kind come -to the water’s side; for though I have often, at the first coming in of -some flies, which I judged they liked best got several of them, yet I -could never find that they did much, if at all value them, until those -sorts of flies began to flock to the rivers sides, and were to be found -on the trees and bushes there in great numbers; for all sorts of flies, -wherever bred, do, after a certain time, come to the banks of rivers, -I suppose to moisten their bodies dried with the heat; and from the -bushes and herbs there, skip and play upon the water, where the fish -lie in wait for them, and after a short time die, and are not to be -found: though of some kinds there come a second sort afterwards, but -much less, as the orange fly; and when they thus flock to the river, -then is the best season to angle with that fly. And that thou may the -better find what fly they covet most at that instant, do thus: - -When you come first to the river in the morning, with your rod beat -upon the bushes or boughs which hang over the water, and by their -falling upon the water you will see what sorts of flies are there in -greatest numbers; if divers sorts, and equal in number, try them all, -and you will quickly find which they most desire. Sometimes they change -their fly; though not very usual, twice or thrice in one day; but -ordinarily they do not seek another sort of fly till they have for some -days even glutted themselves with a former kind, which is commonly when -those flies die and go out. Directly contrary to our London gallants, -who must have the first of every thing, when hardly to be got, but -scorn the same when kindly ripe, healthful, common, and cheap; but the -fish despise the first, and covet when plenty, and when that sort grow -old and decay, and another cometh in plentifully, then they change; -as if nature taught them, that every thing is best in its own proper -season, and not so desirable when not kindly ripe, or when through long -continuance it begins to lose its native worth and goodness. - -I shall add a few cautions and directions in the use of the natural -fly, and then proceed: - -1. When you angle for Chevin, Roach, or Dace, with the fly, you must -not move your fly swiftly; when you see the fish coming towards it, -but rather after one or two short and slow removes, suffer the fly to -glide gently with the stream towards the fish; or if in a standing or -very slow water, draw the fly slowly, and not directly upon him, but -sloping and sidewise by him, which will make him more eager lest it -escape him; for, should you move it nimbly and quick, they will not, -being fish of slow motion, follow as the Trout will. - -2. When Chub, Roach, or Dace shew themselves in a sun-shiny day upon -the top of the water, they are most easily caught with baits proper for -them; and you may chuse from amongst them which you please to take. - -3. They take an artificial fly with a cad-bait, or oak-worm, on the -point of the hook; and the oak-worm, when they shew themselves is, -better upon the water than under, or than the fly itself, and is more -desired by them. - - - - -CHAP. III. - -OF THE ARTIFICIAL FLY. - - -Having given these few directions for the use of the natural fly of all -sorts, and shewed the time and season of their coming, and how to find -them, and cautioned you in the use of them, I shall proceed to treat -of the artificial fly. But here I must premise, that it is much better -to learn how to make a fly by sight, than by any written direction -that can possibly be expressed, in regard the terms of art do in most -parts of England differ, and also several sorts of flies are called -by different names; some call the fly bred of the water cricket or -creeper a May-fly, and some a stone-fly; some call the cad-bait fly -a May, and some call a short fly, of a sad golden green colour, with -short brown wings, a May-fly: and I see no reason but all flies bred -in May, are properly enough called May-flies. Therefore, except some -one that hath skill, would paint them, I can neither well give their -names nor describe them, without too much trouble and prolixity; nor, -as I alledged, in regard of the variety of soils and rivers, describe -the flies that are bred and frequent each: but the angler, as before -directed, having found the fly which the fish at present affect, -let him make one as like it as possibly he can, in colour, shape, -proportion; and for his better imitation let him lay the natural fly -before him. All this premised and considered, let him go on to make his -fly, which according to my own practice I thus advise. - -First, I begin to set on my hook, placing the hair on the inside of its -shank, with such coloured silk as I conceive most proper for the fly, -beginning at the end of the hook, and when I come to that place which I -conceive most proportionable for the wings, then I place such coloured -feathers there, as I apprehend most resemble the wings of the fly, -and set the points of the wings towards the head; or else I run the -feathers, and those must be stripped from the quill or pen, with part -of it still cleaving to the feathers, round the hook, and so make them -fast, if I turn the feathers round the hook; then I clip away those -that are upon the back of the hook, that so, if it be possible, the -point of the hook may be forced by the feathers left on the inside of -the hook, to swim upwards; and by this means I conceive the stream will -carry your flies’ wings in the posture of one flying; whereas if you -set the points of the wings backwards, towards the bending of the hook, -the stream, if the feathers be gentle as they ought, will fold the -points of the wings in the bending of the hook, as I have often found -by experience. After having set on the wing, I go on so far as I judge -fit, till I fasten all, and then begin to make the body, and the head -last; the body of the fly I make several ways; if the fly be one entire -colour, then I take a worsted thread, or moccoda end, or twist wool or -fur into a kind of thread, or wax a small slender silk thread, and lay -wool, fur, &c. upon it, and then twist, and the material will stick to -it, and then go on to make my fly small or large, as I please. If the -fly, as most are, be of several colours, and those running in circles -round the fly, then I either take two of these threads, fastening them -first towards the bend of the hook, and so run them round, and fasten -all at the wings, and then make the head; or else I lay upon the hook, -wool, fur of hare, dog, fox, bear, cow, or hog, which, close to their -bodies, have a fine fur, and with a silk of the other colour bind the -same wool or fur down, and then fasten all: or instead of the silk -running thus round the fly, you may pluck the feather from one side of -those long feathers which grow about a cock or capon’s neck or tail, -by some called hackle; then run the same round your fly, from head to -tail, making both ends fast; but you must be sure to suit the feather -answerable to the colour you are to imitate in the fly; and this way -you may counterfeit those rough insects, which some call wool-beds, -because of their wool-like outside and rings of divers colours, though -I take them to be palmer worms, which the fish much delight in. Let me -add this only, that some flies have forked tails, and some have horns, -both which you must imitate with a slender hair fastened to the head or -tail of your fly, when you first set on your hook, and in all things, -as length, colour, as like the natural fly as possibly you can: the -head is made after all the rest of the body, of silk or hair, as being -of a more shining glossy colour than the other materials, as usually -the head of the fly is more bright than the body, and is usually of -a different colour from the body. Sometimes I make the body of the -fly with a peacock’s feather, but that is only one sort of fly, whose -colour nothing else that I could ever get would imitate, being the -short, sad, golden, green fly I before mentioned, which I make thus: -take one strain of a peacock’s feather, or if that be not sufficient, -then another, wrap it about the hook, till the body be according to -your mind; if your fly be of divers colours, and those lying long ways -from head to tail, then I take my dubbing, and lay them on the hook -long ways, one colour by another, as they are mixed in the natural fly, -from head to tail, then bind all on, and fasten them with silk of the -most predominant colour; and this I conceive is a more artificial way -than is practised by many anglers, who use to make such a fly, all of -one colour, and bind it on with silk, so that it looks like a fly with -round circles, but in nothing at all resembling the fly it is intended -for: the head, horns, tail, are made as before. That you may the better -counterfeit all sorts of flies, get furs of all sorts and colours you -can possibly procure, as of bear’s hair, foxes, cows, hogs, dogs, which -close to their bodies have a fine soft hair or fur, moccado ends, -crewels, and dyed wool of all colours, with feathers of cocks, capons, -hens, teals, mallards, widgeons, pheasants, partridges, the feather -under the mallard, teal or widgeon’s wings, and about their tails, -about a cock or capon’s neck and tail, of all colours; and generally -of all birds, the kite, &c. that you may make yours exactly of the -colour with the natural fly. And here I will give some cautions and -directions, as for the natural fly, and so pass on to baits for angling -at the ground. - -1. When you angle with the artificial fly, you must either fish in -a river not fully cleared from some rain lately fallen, that had -discoloured it; or in a moorish river, discoloured by moss or bogs; -or else in a dark cloudy day, when a gentle gale of wind moves the -water; but if the wind be high, yet so as you may guide your tools with -advantage, they will rise in the plain deeps, and then and there you -will commonly kill the best fish; but if the wind be little or none at -all, you must angle in the swift streams. - -2. You must keep your artificial fly in continual motion, though the -day be dark, the water muddy, and the wind blow, or else the fish will -discern and refuse it. - -3. If you angle in a river that is mudded by rain, or passing through -mosses or bogs, you must use a larger bodied fly than ordinary, which -argues, that in clear rivers the fly must be smaller; and this not -being observed by some, hinders their sport, and they impute their want -of success to their want of the right fly, when perhaps they have it, -but made too large. - -4. If the water be clear and low, then use a small bodied fly with -slender wings. - -5. When the water begins to clear after rain, and is of a brownish -colour, then a red or orange fly. - -6. If the day be clear, then a light coloured fly, with slender body -and wings. - -7. In dark weather, as well as dark waters, your fly must be dark. - -8. If the water be of a whey colour, or whitish, then use a black or -brown fly: yet these six last rules do not always hold, though usually -they do, or else I had omitted them. - -9. Observe principally the belly of the fly, for that colour the fish -observe most, as being most in their eye. - -10. When you angle with an artificial fly, your line may be twice the -length of your rod, except the river be much encumbered with wood and -trees. - -11. For every sort of fly have three; one of a lighter colour, another -sadder than the natural fly, and a third of the exact colour with the -fly, to suit all waters and weathers, as before. - -12. I never could find, by any experience of mine own, or other man’s -observation, that fish would freely and eagerly rise at the artificial -fly, in any slow muddy rivers: by muddy rivers, I mean such rivers, -the bottom or ground of which is slime or mud; for such as are mudded -by rain, as I have already, and shall afterwards further, shew at -sometimes and seasons I would choose to angle, yet in standing meers -or sloughs, I have known them, in a good wind, to rise very well, but -not so in slimy rivers, either the Weever, in Cheshire, or the Sow, in -Staffordshire, and others in Warwickshire, &c. and the Black-water in -Ulster; in the last, after many trials, though in its best streams, I -could never find almost any sport, save at its influx in Lough Neagh; -but there the working of the Lough makes it sandy; and they will bite -also near Tom Shane’s Castle, Mountjoy, Antrim, &c. even to admiration; -yet sometimes they will rise in that river a little, but not comparable -to what they will do in every little Lough, in any small gale of wind. -And though I have often reasoned in my own thoughts, to search out the -true cause of this, yet I could never so fully satisfy my own judgment, -so as to conclude any thing positively; yet have taken up these two -ensuing particulars as most probable. - -1. I conjectured the depth of the loughs might hinder the force of the -sun beams from operating upon, or heating the mud in those rivers, -which though deep, yet are not so deep as the loughs; I apprehend that -to be the cause, as in great droughts fish bite but little in any -river, but not at all in slimy rivers, in regard the mud is not cooled -by the constant and swift motion of the river, as in gravelly or sandy -rivers, where, in fit seasons, they rise most freely, and bite most -eagerly, save as before in droughts, notwithstanding at that season -some sport may be had, though not with the fly, whereas nothing at all -will be done in muddy slow rivers. - -2. My second supposition was, whether, according to that old received -axiom, suo quæque, similima cœlo, the fish might not partake of the -nature of the river, in which they are bred and live, as we see in -men born in fenny, boggy, low, moist grounds, and thick air, who -ordinarily want that present quickness, vivacity, and activity of body -and mind, which persons born in dry, hilly, sandy soils and clear air, -are usually endued withal. The fish participating of the nature of the -muddy river, which is ever slow, for if they were swift, the stream -would cleanse them from all mud, are not so quick, lively, and active, -as those bred in swift, sandy, or stony rivers, and so coming to the -fly with more deliberation, discern the same to be counterfeit, and -forsake it; whereas, on the contrary, in stony, sandy, swift rivers, -being colder, the fish are more active, and so more hungry and eager, -the stream and hand keeping the fly in continual motion, they snap the -same up without any pause, lest so desirable a morsel escape them. - -You must have a very quick eye, a nimble rod and hand, and strike with -the rising of the fish, or he instantly finds his mistake, and forces -out the hook again: I could never, my eye-sight being weak, discern -perfectly where my fly was, the wind and stream carrying it so to and -again, that the line was never any certain direction or guide to me; -but if I saw a fish rise, I use to strike if I discerned it might be -within the length of my line. - -Be sure in casting, that your fly falls first into the water, for if -the line falls first, it scares or frightens the fish; therefore draw -it back, and cast it again, that the fly may fall first. - -When you try how to fit your colour to the fly, wet your fur, hair, -wool, or moccado, otherwise you will fail in your work; for though when -they are dry, they exactly suit the colour of the fly, yet the water -will alter most colours, and make them lighter or darker. - -The best way to angle with the cad-bait, is to fish with it on the top -of the water, as you do with the fly; it must stand upon the shank of -the hook, in like manner with the artificial fly; if it come into the -bend of the hook, the fish will little or not at all value it, nor if -you pull the blue gut out of it; and to make it keep that place, you -must, when you set on your hook, fasten a horse hair or two under the -silk, with the ends standing a very little out from under the silk, and -pointing towards the line; this will keep it from sliding back into the -bend; and thus used, it is a most excellent bait for a Trout. You may -imitate the cad-bait, by making the body of chamois, the head of black -silk. - -I might here notice several sorts of flies, with the colours that are -used to make them; but for the reasons before given, that their colours -alter in several rivers and soils, and also because, though I name the -colours, yet it is not easy to choose that colour by any description, -except so largely performed as would be over large, and swell this -small piece beyond my intended conciseness, which are easy and short, -if rightly observed, are full enough, and sufficient for making and -finding out all sorts of flies in all rivers. I shall only add, that -the Salmon flies must be made with wings standing one behind the other, -whether two or four; also he delights in the most gaudy and orient -colours you can choose; the wings I mean chiefly, if not altogether, -with long tails and wings. - - - - -CHAP. IV. - -OF ANGLING AT THE GROUND. - - -Now we are come to the second part of angling, viz. under the water, -which if it be with the ground-line for the Trout, then you must not -use any float at all, only a plumb of lead, which I would wish might -be a small bullet, the better to roll on the ground; and it must also -be lighter or heavier, as the stream runs swift or slow, and you -must place it about nine inches or a foot from the hook; the lead -must run upon the ground, and you must keep your line as straight as -possible, yet by no means so as to raise the lead from the ground; -your top must be very gentle, that the fish may more easily, and to -himself insensibly, run away with the bait, and not be scared with -the stiffness of the rod; and if you make your top of black thorn and -whale-bone, as I before directed, it will conduce much to this purpose: -neither must you strike so soon as you feel the fish bite, but slack -your line a little, that so he may more securely swallow the bait, and -hook himself, which he will sometimes do, especially if he be a good -one; the least jerk, however, hooks him, and indeed you can scarce -strike too easily. Your tackle must be very fine and slender, and so -you will have more sport than if you had strong lines, which frighten -the fish, but the slender line is easily broke; with a small jerk. -Morning and evening are the best times for the ground-line for a Trout, -in clear weather and water, but in cloudy weather, or muddy water, you -may angle at ground all day. - -2. You may also in the night angle for the Trout with two great garden -worms, hanging as equally in length as you can place them on your hook; -cast them from you as you would cast the fly, and draw them to you -again upon the top of the water, and not suffer them to sink; therefore -you must use no lead this way of angling; when you hear the fish rise, -give some time for him to gorge your bait, as at the ground, then -strike gently. If he will not take them at the top, add some lead, and -try at the ground, as in the day time; when you feel him bite, order -yourself as in day angling at the ground. Usually the best Trouts bite -in the night, and will rise in the still deeps, but not ordinarily in -the stream. - -3. You may angle also with a minnow for the Trout, which you must put -on your hook thus: first, put your hook through the very point of his -lower chap, and draw it quite through; then put your hook in at his -mouth, and bring the point to his tail, then draw your line straight, -and it will bring him into a round compass, and close his mouth that no -water gets in, which you must avoid; or you may stitch up his mouth; or -you may, when you have set on your hook, fasten some bristles under the -silk, leaving the points about a straw’s breadth and half, or almost -half an inch standing out towards the line, which will keep him from -slipping back. You may also imitate the minnow as well as the fly, but -it must be done by an artist with the needle. - -You must also have a swivel or turn, placed about a yard or more from -your hook, observing you need no lead on your line, for you must -continually draw your bait up the stream, near the top of the water. -If you strike a large Trout, and it should break either your hook or -line, or get off, then near to her hole, if you can discover it, or the -place you struck her, fix a short stick in the water, and with your -knife loose a small piece of the rind, so as you may lay your line in -it, and yet the bark be close enough to keep your line in, that it slip -not out, nor the stream carry it away: bait your hook with a garden -or lob-worm, your hook and line being very strong, let the bait hang -a foot from the stick, then fasten the other end of your line to some -stick or bough in the bank, and within one hour, you may be sure of -her, if all your tackle hold. - -The next way of angling is with a troll for the Pike, which is very -delightful; you may buy your troll ready made, therefore I shall not -trouble myself to describe it, only let it have a winch to wind it -up withall. For this kind of fish, your tackle must be strong, your -rod must not be very slender at the top, where you must place a small -slender ring for your line to run through; let your line be silk, at -least two yards next the hook, and the rest of strong shoe-maker’s -thread; your hook double, and strongly armed with wire, for above a -foot; then with a probe or needle, you must draw the wire in at the -fish’s mouth and out at the tail, that so the hook may lie in the mouth -of the fish, and both the points on either side; upon the shank of the -hook fasten some lead very smooth, that it go into the fish’s mouth, -and sink her with the head downward, as though she had been playing on -the top of the water, and were returning to the bottom; your bait may -be small Roach, Dace, Gudgeon, Loach, or sometimes a Frog; your hook -thus baited, you must tie the tail of the fish close and fast to the -wire, or else with drawing to and again, the fish will rend off the -hook, or, which I judge neater, with a needle and strong thread, stitch -through the fish on either side the wire, and tie it very fast: all -being thus fitted, cast your fish up and down in such places as you -know Pike frequent, observing still, that he sink some depth before -you pull him up again. When the Pike rises, if it be not sunk deep, -you may see the water move, or at least you may feel him; then slacken -your line, and give him length enough to run away to his hold, whither -he will go directly, and there pouch it, ever beginning, as you may -observe, with the head swallowing that first, thus let him lie, until -you see the line move in the water, and then you may certainly conclude -he hath pouched your bait, and rangeth abroad for more; then with your -troll wind up your line, till you think you have it almost straight, -then with a smart jerk hook him, and make your pleasure to your -content. Some use no rod at all, but hold the line in links on their -hand, using lead and float. Others use a very great hook, with the hook -at the tail of the fish, and when the Pike rises, then they strike at -the first pull. Others put a strong string or thread in at the mouth -of the bait, and out at one of the gills; then over the head, and in -at the other gill, and so tie the bait to the hook, leaving a little -length of the thread or string betwixt the fish and the hook, that so -the Pike may turn the head of the bait, the better to swallow it, and -then as before; after some pause, strike. Some tie the bait-hook and -line to a bladder or bundle of flags, or bull-rushes, fastening the -line very gently in the cleft of a small stick, to hold the bait from -sinking more than its allowed length, half a yard. The stick must be -fastened to the bladder or flags, to which the line being tied, that it -may easily unfold and run to its length, and so give the Pike liberty -to run away with the bait, and by the bladder or flags, recover their -line again. You must observe this way to turn off your bait with the -wind or stream, that they may carry it away. Some use, for more sport, -if the Pike be a great one, to tie the same to the foot of a goose, -which the Pike, if large, will sometimes pull under the water. Before I -proceed to give you each sort of bait for every kind of fish, give me -leave to add a caution or two, for the ground-line and fishing, as I -did for the natural and artificial fly, and then we shall go on. - -There are two ways of fishing for Eels, proper and peculiar to that -fish alone; the first is termed by some, angling for Eels, which is -thus: take a short strong rod, and exceeding strong line, with a -little compassed, but strong hook, which you must bait with a large -well-scoured red worm, then place the end of the hook very easily in -a cleft of a stick, that it may very easily slip out; with this stick -and hook thus baited, search for holes under stones, timbers, roots, or -about flood-gates; if there be a good Eel, give her time, and she will -take it; but be sure she has gorged it, and then you may conclude, if -your tackling hold, she is your own. - -The other way is called bobbing for Eels, which is thus: take the -largest garden worms, scour them well, and with a needle run a very -strong thread or silk through them from end to end; take so many as -that at last you may wrap them about a board, for your hand will be -too narrow, a dozen times at least, then tie them fast with the other -two ends of the thread or silk, that they may hang in so many long -bouts or hanks; then fasten all to a strong cord, and something more -than a handful above the worms, fasten a plumb of lead, of about three -quarters of a pound, making your cord sure to a long and strong pole; -with these worms thus ordered, you must fish in a muddy water, and -you will feel the Eels tug strongly at them; when you think they have -swallowed them as far as they can, gently draw up your worms and Eels, -and when you have them near the top of the water, hoist them amain to -land; and thus you may take three or four at once, and good ones, if -there be store. - -1. When you angle at ground, keep your line as straight as possible, -suffering none of it to lie in the water, because it hinders the nimble -jerk of the rod; but if, as sometimes it will happen, that you cannot -avoid but some little will lie in the water, yet keep it in the stream -above your float, by no means below it. - -2. When you angle at ground for small fish, put two hooks to your line, -fastened together thus: lay the two hooks together, then draw the one -shorter than the other by nine inches, this will cause the other end -to over-reach as much, as the other is shorter at the hooks, then turn -that end back, and with a water-knot, in which you must make both the -links to fasten, tie them so as both links may hang close together, -and not come out at both ends of the knot. Then upon that link which -hangeth longest, fasten your lead near a foot above the hook; put upon -your hooks two different baits, and so you may try, with more ease -and less time, what bait the fish love best; and also very often, as -I have done, take two fish at once with one rod. You have also, by -this experience, one bait for such as feed close upon the ground, as -Gudgeon, Flounder, &c. and another for such as feed a little higher, as -Roach, Dace, &c. - -3. Some use to lead their lines heavily, and to set their float about -a foot or more from the end of the rod, with a little lead to buoy it -up, and thus in violent swift streams, they avoid the offence of a -float, and yet perfectly discern the biting of the fish, and so order -themselves accordingly; but this has its inconvenience, viz. the lying -of the line in the water. - -4. Give all fish time to gorge the bait, and be not over hasty, except -you angle with such tender baits as will not endure nibbling at, but -must upon every touch be struck at, as sheep’s blood and flies, which -are taken away at the first pull of the fish, and therefore enforce -you, at the first touch, to try your fortune. - -Now we are to speak next of baits, more particularly proper for every -fish, wherein I shall observe this method, first to name the fish, then -the baits, according as my experience hath proved them grateful to the -fish; and to place them as near as I can in such order as they come -in season, though many of them are in season at one instant of time, -and equally good. I would not be understood, as if when a new bait -comes in, the old one were antiquated and useless; for I know the worm -lasts all the year, flies all the Summer, one sort of bob-worm all the -Winter, the other under cow-dung, in June and July; but I intimate that -some are found when others are not in rerum natura. - - - - -CHAP. V. - -OF ALL SORTS OF BAITS FOR EACH KIND OF FISH, AND HOW TO FIND AND KEEP -THEM. - - -[Illustration: SALMON] - -The SALMON takes the artificial fly very well; but you must use a -troll, as for the Pike, or he, being a strong fish, will hazard your -line, except you give him length: his flies must be much larger than -you use for other fish, the wings very long, two or four, behind one -another, with very long tails; his chiefest ground-bait a great garden -or lob-worm. - -[Illustration: TROUT] - -2. The TROUT takes all sorts of worms, especially brandlings; all sorts -of flies, the minnow, young frogs, marsh-worm, dock-worm, flag-worm, -all sorts of cad-bait, bob, palmers, caterpillars, gentles, wasps, -hornets, dores, bees, grasshoppers, cankers, and bark-worm; he is a -ravenous, greedy fish, and loveth a large bait at ground, and you must -fit him accordingly. - -[Illustration: GRAYLING] - -3. The UMBER, or GRAYLING, is generally taken with the same baits as -the Trout; he is an eager fish, biteth freely, and will rise often at -the same fly, if you prick him not. - -[Illustration: BARBEL] - -The BARBEL bites best at great red worms, well scoured in moss; -gentles, cheese, or paste, made of cheese with suet, maggots, and red -worms; feed much for this fish. - -[Illustration: CARP] - -4. CARP and TENCH love the largest red worms, the - -[Illustration: TENCH] - -especially if they smell much of tar; to which end you may, some small -time before you use them, take so many as you will use at that time, -and put them by themselves in a little tar, but let them not lie long -lest it kill them; paste also of all sorts, made with strong-scented -oils, tar, bread, grain boiled soft, maggots, gentles, marsh-worm, -flag-worm, especially; feed much and often for these fish. - -[Illustration: PIKE] - -The PIKE takes all sorts of baits, save the Fly, Gudgeon, Roach, Dace, - -[Illustration: LOACH] - -and young frogs in Summer. You may halter him thus: fasten a strong -line with a snare at the end of it to a pole, which if you go -circumspectly to work, he will permit you to put it over his head, and -then you must by strength, hoist him to land. - -[Illustration: EEL] - -EELS take great red worms, beef, wasps, guts of fowls, and the minnow. -Bait night-hooks for him with small Roach, the hook must lie in the -mouth of the fish, as for the Pike; this way takes the greatest Eels. - -[Illustration: GUDGEON] - -7. The GUDGEON, RUFF, and BLEAK, take the smallest red worms, cad-bait, -gentles, and wasps. The BLEAK takes the natural or artificial fly, -especially in the evening. - -8. The RUFF taketh the same baits as the PEARCH, save that you must -have lesser worms, he being a smaller fish. - -[Illustration: ROACH] - -9. For ROACH and DACE take small worms, cad-bait, flies, bobs, sheep’s -blood, small white snails, all sorts of worms bred on herbs or trees, -paste, wasps, and gnats. - -The BLEAK is an eager fish, and takes the same baits as the ROACH, only -they must be less. You may angle for him with as many hooks on your -line at once, as you can conveniently fasten on it. - -10. The CHEVIN or CHUB, all sorts of earth-worms, bob, the minnow, -flies of all sorts, cad-bait, all sorts of worms bred on herbs and -trees, especially oak-worms, young frogs, wasps, bees, or grasshoppers, -on the top of the water; cheese, grain, beetles, a great brown fly -that lives on the oak, black snails, their bellies slit that the white -appear; he loves a large bait, as a wasp, colwort-worm, and then a wasp -altogether. - -[Illustration: BREAM] - -11. The BREAM takes red worms, especially those that are got at the -root of a great Dock, it lies wrapped up in a knot, or round clue; -paste, flag-worms, wasps, green-flies, butter-flies, or a grasshopper, -his legs being cut off. - -12. FLOUNDER, SHAD, and MULLET, love red worms of all sorts, wasps, and -gentles. - -As for the MINNOW, LOACH, BULL-HEAD, or - -[Illustration: MILLER’S THUMB] - -being usually children’s recreation, I once purposed to have omitted -them wholly, but considering they often are baits for better fish, as -Trout, Pike, Eel, &c. Neither could this discourse be general, if they -were omitted; and though I should wave mentioning them, yet I cannot -forget them, who have so often vexed me with their unwelcome eagerness; -for the - -[Illustration: MINNOW] - -will have a part in the play, if you come where he is; which is almost -every where, you need not seek him: I find him much oftener than I -desire, it is only in deep still places which he least frequents, and -is not over curious in his baits; any thing will serve that he can -swallow, and he will strain hard for what he cannot gorge: but chiefly -likes small red worms, cad-bait, worms bred on trees, and wasps. - -The LOACH and BULL-HEAD are much of the same diet; but their principal -bait is small red worms. - -Having spoken before of pastes, I shall now shew how you may make the -same; and though there be as many kinds as men have fancies, yet I -esteem these best. - -1. Take the tenderest part of the leg of a young rabbit, virgin -wax, and sheep’s-suet; beat them in a mortar till they be perfectly -incorporated, then with a little clarified honey, temper them before -the fire into a paste. - -2. Sheep’s-kidney suet, as much cheese, fine flower or manchet, make it -into a paste; soften it with clarified honey. - -3. Sheep’s blood, cheese, fine manchet, clarified honey; make all into -a paste. - -4. Sheep’s blood, saffron, and fine manchet; make all into a paste. - -You may add to any paste, coculus-indiæ, assa-fœtida, oil of polipody -of the oak, of lignum vitæ, of ivy, or the gum of ivy dissolved: I -judge there is virtue in these oils, and gum especially, which I would -add to all pastes I make, as also a little flax to keep the paste, that -it wash not off the hook. - - - - -CHAP. VI. - -TO KEEP YOUR BAITS. - - -1. Paste will keep very long, if you put virgin wax and clarified honey -into it, and stick well on the hook, if you beat cotton wool, or flax -into it, when you make your paste. - -2. Put your worms into very good long moss, whether white, red, or -green, matters not; wash it well, and cleanse it from all earth and -filth, wring it very dry, then put your worms into an earthen pot, -cover it close that they crawl not out; set it in a cool place in -Summer, and in Winter in a warm place, that the frost kill them not; -every third day in Summer change your moss, and once in the week in -Winter; the longer you keep them before you use them the better: clean -scouring your worms makes them clear, red, tough, and to live long on -the hook, and to keep colour, and therefore more desireable to the -fish: a little Bol Amoniac put to them, will much further your desire, -and scour them in a short time: or you may put them all night in water, -and they will scour themselves, which will weaken them; but a few hours -in good moss will recover them. Lest your worms die, you may feed them -with crumbs of bread and milk, or fine flour and milk, or the yolk -of an egg, and sweet cream coagulated over the fire, given to them a -little and often; sometimes also put to them earth cast out of a grave, -the newer the grave the better; I mean the shorter time the party hath -been buried, you will find the fish will exceedingly covet them after -this earth, and here you may gather what gum that is, which J. D. in -his _Secrets of Angling_, calls ‘Gum of Life.’ - -3. You must keep all other sorts of worms with the leaves of those -trees and herbs on which they are bred, renewing the leaves often in a -day, and put in fresh for the old ones: the boxes you keep them in must -have a few small holes to let in air. - -4. Keep gentles or maggots with dead flesh, beast’s livers, or suet; -cleanse or scour them in meal, or bran, which is better; you may breed -them by pricking a beast’s liver full of holes, hang it in the sun in -Summer time; set an old course barrel, or small firkin, with clay and -bran in it, into which they will drop, and cleanse themselves in it. - -5. Cad-bait cannot endure the wind and cold, therefore keep them in a -thick woollen bag, with some gravel amongst them: wet them once a day, -at least, if in the house, but often in the hot weather: when you carry -them forth, fill the bag full of water, then hold the mouth close, that -they drop not out, and so let the water run from them; I have thus kept -them three weeks, or you may put them into an earthern pot full of -water, with some gravel at the bottom, and take them forth into your -bag as you use them. - -6. The spawn of some fish is a good bait, to be used at such time as -that fish is spawning: some days before they spawn they will bite -eagerly; if you take one that is full-bellied, take out the spawn, boil -it so hard as to stick on your hook, and so use it; or not boil it at -all, the spawn of SALMON is the best of all sorts of spawn. - -7. I have observed, that CHEVIN, ROACH, and - -[Illustration: DACE] - -bite much better at the oak-worm, or any worm bred on herbs and trees, -especially if you angle with the same, when they shew themselves at -the top of the water, as with the natural fly, than if you use it -under: for I have observed, that when a gale of wind shakes the trees, -the worms fall into the water, and presently rise and float on the top, -where I have seen the fish rise at them, as at flies, which taught me -this experience; and indeed they sink not, till tost and beaten by the -stream, and so die and lose their colour; the fish then, as you may see -by your own on your hook, do not much esteem them. - -8. There are two, some say three, sorts of cad-bait; the one bred -under stones, that lie hollow in shallow rivers, or small brooks, in a -very fine gravelly case or husk, these are yellow when ripe: the other -in old pits, ponds, or slow running rivers, or ditches, in cases or -husks of straw, sticks, or rushes, these are green when ripe: both are -excellent for TROUT, used as before directed, and for most sorts of -small fish. The green sort, which is bred in pits, ponds, or ditches, -may be found in March, before the other yellow ones comes in; the other -yellow ones come in season with May, or the end of April, and go out in -July: a second sort, but smaller, come in again in August. - -9. Yellow bobs are also of two sorts, the one bred in mellow light -soils, and gathered after the plough, when the land is first broken up -from grazing, and are in season in the Winter till March; the other -sort is bred under cow-dung, hath a red head; and these are in season -in the Summer only: scour them in bran, or dry moss, or meal. - -10. Bark-worms are found under the bark of an oak, ash, alder, and -birch, especially if they lie a year or more after they have fallen, -you may find a great white worm, with a brown head, something -resembling a dore bee, or humble-bee, this is in season all the year, -especially from September until June, or mid-May; the Umber covets this -bait above any, save fly, and cad-bait; you may also find this worm in -the body of a rotten alder, if you break it with an axe or beetle; but -be careful only to shake the tree in pieces with beating, and crush not -the worm: you may also find him under the bark of the stump of a tree, -if decayed. - -11. Dry your wasps, dores, or bees, upon a tile-stone, or in an oven -cooled after baking, lest they burn; and to avoid that, you must lay -them on a thin board or chip, and cover them with another so supported, -as not to crush them, or else clap two cakes together: this way they -will keep long, and stick on your hook well. If you boil them hard, -they grow black in a few days. - -12. Dry your sheep’s blood in the air, upon a dry board, till it become -a pretty hard lump; then cut it into small pieces for your use. - -13. When you use grain, boil it soft, and get off the outward rind, -which is the bran; and then if you will, you may fry the same in -honey and milk, or some strong-scented oils, as polypody, spike, ivy, -turpentine; for Nature, which maketh nothing in vain, hath given -the fish nostrils, and that they can smell, is undeniable; and I am -persuaded, more guided by the sense of smelling, than sight, for -sometimes they will come to the float, if any wax be upon it, smell -at it and go away. We see also that strong scents draw them together; -as, put grains, worms, or snails, in a bottle of hay tied pretty close, -and you will, if you pluck it out suddenly, sometimes draw up EELS in -it. But I never yet made trial of any of these oils; for when I had -the oils, I wanted time to try them; or when I had time, I wanted the -oils: but I recommend them to others for trial, and do purpose, God -willing, to prove the virtue myself, especially that ointment so highly -commended by J. D. in his _Secrets of Angling_.[3] - -[3] In the edition of 1613, duod. the receipt here referred to occurs -at the end of the volume: - - Would’st thou catch fish? - Then here’s thy wish; - Take this receipt - To anoint thy bait. - - Thou that desirest to fish with line and hook, - Be it in poole, in river, or in brook, - To blisse thy bait, and make the fish to bite, - Loe here’s a means if thou canst hit it right; - Take gum of life, fine beat and laid to soak - In oyle, well drawn from that which kills the oak; - Fish where thou wilt, thou shalt have sport thy fill, - When twenty fail, thou shalt be sure to kill. - _Probatum._ - - It’s perfect and good - If well understood - Else not to be told - For silver or gold. - -Lauson, who ‘augmented with many approved experiments,’ the second -edition of the _Secrets of Angling_, 1652, duod. observes, ‘This -excellent receipt divers Anglers can tell you where you may buy them.’ -On the subject of ‘gum of life,’ he continues, ‘I have heard much of an -oyntment that will presently cause any fish to bite; but I could never -attain the knowledge thereof, the nearest in mine opinion, except this -Probatum, is the oyle of an ospray, which is called Aquila Marina, the -Sea-Eagle. She is of body neare the bignesse of a goose; one of her -feete is web’d to swim withall, the other hath talons to catch fish. -It seems the fish come up to her, for she cannot dive. Some likelihood -there is also in a paste made of Coculus Indie, Assa-Fœtida, Honey and -Wheat-flour; but I never tried them, therefore I cannot prescribe.’ - -‘That which kills the oak,’ is expressly said to signify ‘the Ivy,’ -edit. 1652. - -In a third, and hitherto unrecorded edition of the _Secrets of -Angling_, it is said, ‘This excellent receipt you may buy ready and -truely made, at the signe of the Flying Horse, an Apothecaries in -Carter-Lane.’ - -EDITOR. - - -14. When you see ant-flies in greatest plenty, go to the ant-hills -where they breed, take a great handful of the earth, with as much of -the roots of the grass growing on those hills; put all into a large -glass bottle, then gather a pottle full of the blackest, ant-flies -unbruised, put them into the bottle, or into a firkin, if you would -keep them long, first washed with honey, or water and honey; ROACH and -DACE will bite at these flies under water near the ground. - -15. When you gather bobs after the plough, put them into a firkin, with -sufficient of the soil they were bred in, to preserve them; stop the -vessel quite close, or all will spoil; set it where neither wind nor -frost may offend them, and they will keep all Winter for your use. - -16. At the latter end of September, take some dead carrion that hath -some maggots bred in it, which are beginning to creep; bury all deep in -the ground, that the frost kill them not, and they will serve in March -or April following, to use. - -17. To find the flag-worm, do thus: go to an old pond, or pit, where -there are store of flags, or, as some call them, sedges, pull some up -by the roots, then shake those roots in the water, till all the mud -and dirt be washed away from them, then amongst the small strings or -fibres that grow to the roots, you will find little husks or cases -of a reddish, or yellowish, and some of other colours; open these -carefully with a pin, and you will find in them a little small worm, -white as a gentle, but longer and thinner; this is an excellent bait -for the Tench, the Bream, and especially the Carp: if you pull the -flags-asunder, and cut open the round stalk, you will also find a worm -like the former in the husks; but tougher, and in that respect better. - - - - -CHAP. VII. - -OF SEVERAL HAUNTS OR RESORTS OF FISH, AND IN WHAT RIVERS OR PLACES OF -THEM THEY ARE MOST USUALLY FOUND. - - -This part of our discourse being a discovery of the several places or -rivers each kind of fish do most haunt or covet, and in which they are -ordinarily found. - -The several sorts of rivers, streams, soils, and waters they most -frequent, is a matter, in this under-valued art, of no small -importance; for if you come with baits for the Trout, or Umber, and -angle for them in slow muddy rivers or places, you will have little, if -any sport at all: and to seek for Carp or Tench in stony swift rivers, -is equally preposterous; and though I know that sometimes you may meet -with fish in such rivers and places, as they do not usually frequent, -for no general rule but admits of particular exceptions, yet the exact -knowledge of what rivers or soils, or what part of the river, for some -rivers have swift gravely streams, and also slow, deep, muddy places; -such or such sorts of fish do most frequent, will exceedingly adapt -you, to know what rivers, or what part of them are most fit for your -baits, or what baits suit best with each river, and the fish in the -same. - -1. The Salmon loves large swift rivers, where there is considerable -ebbing and flowing, and there that fish is found in the greatest -numbers; nevertheless, I have known them to be found in lesser rivers, -high up in the country, yet chiefly in the latter end of the year, -when they come thither to spawn, he chooses the most swift and violent -streams, or rather cataracts, and in England the clearest gravely -rivers usually with rocks or weeds; but in Ireland, I do not know any -river, I mean high in the country, that hath such plenty of them as the -black water, by Charlemont, and the broad water, by Shane’s Castle, -both which have their heads in great bogs, and are of a dark muddy -colour, and very few comparatively in the upper ban, though clearer and -swifter than they. - -2. The Trout is found in small purling brooks, or rivers that are very -swift, and run upon stones or gravel; he feeds whilst strong in the -swiftest streams, behind a stone, a log, or some small bank, which, -shooting into the river, the streams beareth upon; and there he lieth -watching for what comes down the stream, and suddenly catches it up. -His hold is usually in the deep, under a hollow place of the bank, or -a stone which lying hollow, he loves exceedingly; and sometimes, but -not so usually, he is found amongst weeds. - -3. The Pearch prefers a gentle stream, of a reasonable depth, seldom -shallow, close by a hollow bank; and though these three sorts of fish -covet clear and swift rivers, green weeds, and stony gravel; yet they -are sometimes found, but not in such plenty and goodness, in slow muddy -rivers. - -4. Carp, Tench, and Eel, seek mud and a still water; Eels under roots -or stones, a Carp chooseth the deepest and most still place of pond -or river, so does the Tench, and also green weeds, which he likes -exceedingly; the greatest Eels love as before; but the smaller ones are -found in all sorts of rivers and soils. - -5. Pike, Bream, and Chub, choose sand or clay: the Bream, a gentle -stream, and the broadest part of the river; the Pike, still pools full -of fry, and shelters himself, the better to surprise his prey unawares, -amongst bull-rushes, water-docks, or under-bushes; the Chub loves the -same ground, but is more rarely found without some tree to shade and -cover him, in large rivers and streams. - -6. Barbel, Roach, Dace, and Ruff, seek gravel and sand more than the -Bream, and the deepest parts of the river, where shady trees are more -grateful to them, than to the Chub or Chevin. - -7. The Umber seeks marl, clay, clear waters, swift streams, far from -the Sea, for I never saw any taken near it; and the greatest plenty of -them that I know of, are found in the mountainous parts of Derbyshire, -Staffordshire, as Dovetrent, Derwent, &c. - -8. Gudgeon desires sandy, gravely, gentle streams, and smaller rivers; -but I have known them taken in great abundance in Trent, in Derbyshire, -where it is very large; but conceive them to be in greater plenty -nearer the head of that river, about or above Heywood: I can say the -same of other rivers, and therefore conceive they love smaller rivers -rather than the large, or the small brooks, for I never found them -in so great plenty in brooks, as small rivers; he bites best in the -Spring, till he spawns, and little after till wasp time. - -9. Shad, Thwait, Peel, Mullett, Suant, and Flounder, love chiefly to -be in or near the saltish water, which ebb and flow; I have known the -Flounder taken in good plenty, in fresh rivers; they covet sand and -gravel, deep gentle streams near the bank, or at the end of a stream -in a deep still place: though these rules may, and do hold good in the -general, yet I have found them admit of particular exceptions, but -every man’s habitation engaged him to one, or usually at most, to two -rivers, his own experience will quickly inform him of the nature of the -same, and the fish in them. I would persuade all that love angling, -and desire to be complete Anglers, to spend some time in all sorts of -waters, ponds, rivers, swift and slow, stony, gravely, muddy and slimy; -and to observe all the differences in the nature of the fish, the -waters and baits, and by this means he will be able to take fish where -ever he angles; otherwise, through want of experience, he will be like -the man that could read in no book but his own: besides, a man, his -occasions or desires drawing him from home, must only stand as an idle -spectator, whilst others kill fish, but he none; and so lose the repute -of a complete Angler, how excellent soever he be at his own known river. - -Furthermore, you must understand, that as some fish covet one soil -more than another, so they differ in their choice of places, in every -season; some keep all Summer long near the top, some never leave the -bottom; for the former sort you may angle with a quill or small float -near the top, with a fly, or any sort of worm bred on herbs or trees, -or with a fly at the top: the latter sort you will, all Summer long, -find at the tails of wiers, mills, flood-gates, arches of bridges, -or the more shallow parts of the river, in a strong, swift or gentle -stream, except Carp, and Tench, and Eel; in Winter all retreat into -deep still places; where it ebbs and flows, they will sometimes bite -best, but in the ebb most usually; sometimes when it flows, but rarely -at full water, near the arches of Bridges, wiers, or flood-gates. - - - - -CHAP. VIII. - -WHAT TIMES ARE UNSEASONABLE TO ANGLE IN. - - -There being a time for all things, in which with ease and facility -the same may be accomplished, and most difficult, if not impossible, -at another: the skill and knowledge how to choose the best season to -angle, and how to avoid the contrary, come next to be handled; which I -shall do first negatively, viz. what times are unfit to angle; and then -affirmatively, which are the best seasons. - -1. When the earth is parched with a great drought, so that the rivers -run with a much less current than is usual, it is to no purpose to -angle; and indeed the heat of the day in Summer, except cooled by -winds, and shallowed with clouds, though there be no drought, you will -find very little sport, especially in muddy, or very shallow and clear -rivers. - -2. In cold, frosty, snowy weather, I know the fish must eat in all -seasons, and that a man may kill fish when he must first break the ice; -yet I conceive the sport is not then worth pursuing, the extreme cold -taking away the delight, besides the endangering health, if not life, -by those colds, which at least cause rhumes and coughs: wherefore I -leave Winter and night angling, to such strong healthful bodies, whose -extraordinary delight in angling, or those whose necessity enforceth -them to seek profit by their recreation, in such unseasonable times. - -3. When there happens any small frost, all that day after the fish will -not rise freely and kindly, except in the evening, and that the same -prove very pleasant. - -4. If the wind be very high, so that you cannot guide your tools to -advantage. - -5. When shepherds or countrymen wash their sheep, though while they are -washing, I mean the first time only, the fish will bite exceedingly -well; I suppose the filth that falls from the sheep draws them, as like -baiting a place together, and then they so glut themselves, that till -the whole washing time be over, and they have digested their fulness; -they will not take any artificial baits. - -6. Sharp, bitter, nipping winds, which most usually blow out of the -North or East especially, blast your recreation; but this is rather the -season than the wind, though I also judge those winds have a secret -malign quality to hinder the recreation. - -7. After any sort of fish have spawned, they will not bite any thing to -purpose, until they have recovered their strength and former appetite. - -8. When any clouds arise, that will certainly bring a shower or storm, -though in the midst of Summer, they will not bite: I have observed, -that though the fish bite most eagerly, and to your heart’s content, -yet upon the first appearing of any clouds, that will certainly bring -rain, though my own judgment could not then apprehend, or in the least -conjecture, that a storm was arising, they have immediately left off -biting; and that has been all given me to understand that a shower was -coming, and that it was prudent to seek shelter against the same. - - - - -CHAP. IX. - -THE BEST TIMES AND SEASONS TO ANGLE. - - -We now come to the affirmative part, which is the best season to angle, -that as before, we discovered when it would be lost labour to seek -recreation; so now you may learn to improve opportunity, when it offers -itself to best advantage. - -1. Calm, clear, or which is better, cool cloudy weather in Summer, the -wind blowing gently, so as you may guide your tools with ease; in the -hottest months, the cooler the better. - -2. When the floods have carried away all the filth that the rain had -washed from the higher grounds into the river, and that the river keeps -his usual bounds, and appears of a whey colour. - -3. When a sudden violent shower hath a little mudded and raised the -river, then if you go forth in, or immediately after such a shower, and -angle in the stream at the ground, with a red worm chiefly; if there be -store of fish in the river, you will have sport to your own desire. - -4. A little before any fish spawn, your own observation will inform -you of the time, by the fulness of their bellies, they come into the -gravely, sandy fords, to rub and loosen their bellies, and then they -bite very freely. - -5. When rivers after rain do rise, yet so as that they keep within -their banks, in swift rivers the violence of the stream forces the -fish to seek shelter and quiet ease; in the little and milder currents -of small brooks, where they fall into larger rivers, and behind the -ends of bridges that are longer than the breadth of the river, making -a low vacancy, where the bridge defends a small spot of ground from -the violence of the stream, or in any low place near the river’s side, -where the fish may lie at rest, and secure from the disturbance of the -rapid stream; in such a place, not being very deep, and at such a time, -you will find sport: as regards myself, I have ever found it equal to -the best season. - -6. For Carp and Tench early in the morning, from sun rising, until -eight of the clock, and from four after noon, till night; and from sun -set, till far in the night in the hot months. - -7. In March, in the beginning of April, and at the latter end of -September, and all Winter, fish bite best in the warmth of the day, -when no winds are stirring, and the air quite clear. In Summer months, -morning and evening are best, or cool cloudy weather: if you can find -shelter, no matter how high the wind be. - -8. Fish rise best at the fly, after a shower that has not mudded the -water, yet has beaten the gnats and flies into the rivers; you may in -such a shower observe them rise much, if you will endure the rain; -also the best months for the fly, are March, April, May, and part of -June; in the cooler months, in the warmest time of the day; or in warm -weather, about nine in the morning, three in the afternoon, if any -gentle gale blow; sometimes in a warm evening, when the gnats play much. - -9. Also after the river is cleared from a flood, they rise exceeding -well; I conceive that being glutted with ground-baits, they now covet -the fly, having wanted it a time. - -10. A Trout bites best in a muddy rising water, in dark, cloudy, windy -weather, early in the morning, from half an hour after eight, till -ten; and in the afternoon, from three, till after four, and sometimes -in the evening; but about nine in the morning, and about three in the -afternoon, are his chief and most constant hours of biting at ground -or fly, as the water suits either; March, April, May, and part of -June, are his chief months, though he bites well in July, August and -September. After a shower in the evening, he rises well at gnats. - -11. Salmon, at three in the afternoon, chiefly in May, June, July, and -August, with a clear water and some wind. He bites best when the wind -is blowing against the stream, and near the sea. - -12. Carp and Tench, morning and evening, very early and late, June, -July and August, or indeed in the night. - -13. A Chevin, from sun rising or earlier, at snails especially; for in -the heat of the day he cares not for them, in June and July till about -eight, again at three in the afternoon at ground, or fly; and his chief -fly which he most delights in, is a great moth, with a very great head, -not unlike to an owl, with whitish wings, and yellowish body, you may -find them flying abroad in Summer evenings in gardens, when some wind -is stirring, in large rivers chiefly, streams or shade. He will take -a small lamprey, or seven-eyes, an eel-brood, either of them about a -straw’s bigness. - -14. Pike bites best at three in the afternoon, in a clear water, -accompanied by a gentle gale, in July, August, September, and October. - -15. Bream, from about sun rising, till eight, in a muddy water, a good -gale of wind; and in ponds, the higher the better, and where the waves -are highest, and nearer the middle of the pond, the better; from the -end of May, June, July especially, and August. - -16. Roach and Dace all day long; best at the top, at fly, or oak-worm -principally, and at all other worms bred on herbs or trees, palmers, -caterpillars, &c. in plain rivers or ponds, under water-dock leaves, or -under shady trees. - -17. Gudgeon from April, and till he have spawned in May, and a little -after that, till wasp time, and then to the end of the year, all day -long. - -18. Flounder all day in April, May, June, and July. - - - - -CHAP. X. - -GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. - - -1. Let the Angler’s apparel be sad dark colours, as sad grey’s, tawny, -purple, hair, or musk colour. - -2. Use shoe-maker’s wax to your silk or thread, with which you make or -mend either rod or fly; it holds firmer, and sticks better than any -other. - -3. Into such places as you use to angle at, once a week at least, cast -in all sorts of corn boiled soft, grains washed in blood, blood dried -and cut into pieces, snails, worms chopped small, pieces of fowl, or -beast’s guts, beast’s livers; for Carp and Tench you cannot feed too -often, or too much; this course draweth the fish to the place you -desire. And to keep them together, cast about twenty grains of ground -malt at a time, now and then as you angle; and indeed all sorts of -baits are good to cast in, especially whilst you are angling with that -bait, principally cad-bait, gentles, and wasps, and you will find -they will snap up yours more eagerly, and with less suspicion; but by -no means, when you angle in a stream cast them in at your hook, but -something above where you angle, lest the stream carry them beyond your -hook, and so instead of drawing them to you, you draw them from you. - -4. Destroy all beasts or birds that devour the fish or their spawn,[4] -as the - -[Illustration: OTTER] - -&c. and endeavour, whether in authority or not, to see all statutes put -in execution, against such as use unlawful nets, or means to take fish; -especially bar-netting and night-hooking. - -[4] THE OTTER’S ORATION. - - Why stand we beasts abasht, or spare to speake? - Why make wee not a vertue of our need? - We know by proofe, in wit wee are to weake, - And weaker much, because all Adams seed, - (Which beare away the waight of wit indeed) - Do dayly seeke our names for to distaine, - With slanderous blotte, for which we Beasts be slaine. - First of my selfe, before the rest to treate, - Most men cry out, that fishe I do deuoure, - Yea some will say, that Lambes (with mee) be meate: - I graunt to both, and he that hath the powre, - To feede on fish that sweeter were than sowre, - And hath yong flesh to banquet at his fill, - Were fonde to fraunche on garbage, graynes or swill. - But master Man, which findeth all this fault, - And streynes deuise for many a daynty dishe, - Which suffreth not that hunger him assault, - But feedes his fill on euery flesh and fishe, - Which must haue all, as much as witte can wish, - Us seely Beasts, deuouring Beasts do call, - And he himsefe, most bloody beaste of all. - Well yet me thinks, I heare him preach this Text, - How all that is, was made for vse of man: - So was it sure, but therewith followes next, - This heauy place, expound it who so can: - The very scourge and plague of God his Ban, - Will light on such as queyntly can deuise, - To eat more meate, then may thir mouthes suffise. - Now master Man stand forth and here declare, - Who euer yet could see an Otter eate, - More meate at once, then serued for his share? - Who sees vs beasts sitte bybbing in our seate - With sundry wynes, and sundry kindes of meate? - Which breede disease, yfostred in such feastes, - If men do so, be they not worse than beasts? - The beastly man, must sitte al day and quaffe, - The Beaste indeede, doth drincke but twise a day, - The beastly man, must stuffe his monstrous masse - With secrete cause of surfeiting alway; - Where beasts be glad to feede when they get prey, - And neuer eate more than may do them good, - Where men be sicke, and surfet thorough foode. - Who sees a Beast, for sauery Sawces long? - Who sees a beast, or chicke or Capon cramme? - Who sees a beast, once luld on sleepe with song? - Who sees a beast make venson of a Ramme? - Who sees a Beast destroy bothe whelpe and damme? - Who sees a Beast vse beastly Gluttonie? - Which man doth vse, for great Cinilytie. - I know not I, if dyuing be my fault, - Me thinks most men, can dine as well as I: - Some men can diue in Seller and in vault, - In Parlor, Hall, Kitchen and in Buttery - To smell the Roste, whereof the fume doth flee: - And as for games, men dine in every streame, - All frawdes be fishe, their stomacks neuer squeame. - So to conclude, when men their faults can mend, - And shunne the shame, where with they beasts do blot, - When men their time and treasure not mispend, - But follow grace, which is with paines ygot, - When men can vice rebuke, and vse it not: - Then shall they shine, like men of worthy fame, - And else, they be but _Beasts_ well worthy blame. - - _Noble Art of Venerie_, 1611, _4to._ pp. 201-203. - - -5. Get your rods and tops without knots, they are dangerous for -breaking. - -6. Keep your rod dry, lest it rot, and not near the fire, lest it grow -brittle. - -7. In drought, wet your rod a little before you begin to angle. - -8. Lob-worms, dew-worms, and great garden worms, all one. - -9. When you angle at ground, or with the natural fly, your line must -not exceed the length of your rod. For the Trout at ground, it must be -shorter, and in some cases, not half the length as in small brooks or -woody rivers, either at ground, or with the natural fly. - -10. When you have hooked a good fish, have an especial care to keep -your rod bent, lest he run to the line, and break your hook, or his -hold. - -11. Such tops or stocks as you get, must not be used till fully -seasoned, which will not be in one year and a quarter, but I like them -better if kept till they be two years old. - -12. The first fish you take, cut up his belly, and you may then see -his stomach; it is known by its largeness and place, lying from the -gills to the small guts; take it out very tenderly, if you bruise it, -your labour and design are lost; and with a sharp knife cut it open -without bruising, and then you may find his food in it, and thereby -discover what bait the fish at that instant takes best, either flies -or ground-baits, and so suit them accordingly. - -13. Fish are frightened with any the least sight or motion, therefore -by all means keep out of sight, either by sheltering yourself behind -some bush or tree, or by standing so far off the river’s side, that -you can see nothing but your fly or float; to effect this, a long rod -at ground, and a long line with the artificial fly, may be of use to -you. And here I meet with two different opinions and practises, some -will always cast their fly and bait up the water, and so they say -nothing occurs to the fish’s sight but the line; others fish down the -river, and so suppose, the rod and line being long, the quantity of -water takes away, or at least lessens the fish’s sight; but others -affirm, that rod and line, and perhaps yourself, are seen also. In -this difference of opinions I shall only say, in small brooks you -may angle upwards, or else in great rivers you must wade, as I have -known some, who thereby got the sciatica, and I would not wish you to -purchase pleasure at so dear a rate; besides, casting up the river you -cannot keep your line out of the water, which has been noted for a -fault before; and they that use this way confess, that if in casting -your fly, the line fall into the water before it, the fly were better -uncast, because it frightens the fish; then certainly it must do it -this way, whether the fly fall first or not, the line must first come -to the fish, or fall on him, which undoubtedly will frighten him: -my opinion is, therefore, that you angle down the river, for the -other way you traverse twice so much, and beat not so much ground as -downwards. - -14. Keep the sun, and moon, if night, before you, if your eyes will -endure, which I much question, at least be sure to have those planets -on your side, for if they be on your back, your rod will with its -shadow offend much, and the fish see further and clearer, when they -look towards those lights, than the contrary; as you may experiment -thus in a dark night, if a man come betwixt you and any light, you see -him clearly, but not at all if the light come betwixt you and him. - -15. When you angle for the Trout, you need not make above three or four -trials in one place, either with fly or ground-bait, for he will then -either take it, or make an offer, or not stir at all, and so you lose -time to stay there any longer. - -[Illustration: PEARCH] - -PEARCH bites exceedingly well at all sorts of earth-worms, especially -lob-worms, brandlings, bobs, oak-worms, gentles, cad-bait, wasps, -dores, minnows, colwort-worm, and often at almost any bait, save the -fly. - -He bites well all day long in seasonable weather, but chiefly from -eight in the morning till after ten, and from a little before three in -the afternoon till almost five. - -[Illustration: CHUB] - -16. A CHEVIN loves to have several flies, and of divers sorts, on the -hook at once, and several baits also at once on the hook, as a wasp and -colwort-worm, or an old wasp, and young dore, or humble, when his wings -and legs are grown forth, or a fly and cad-worm, or oak-worm. - -17. Take for a Trout, two lob-worms well scoured, cut them into two -equal halves, put them on your hook; this is an excellent bait. - -In a muddy water, a Trout will not take a cad-bait, you must therefore -only use it in clear water. - -If you desire to angle in a very swift stream, and have your bait rest -in one place, and yet not over burthen your line with lead; take a -small pistol bullet, make a hole through it, wider at each side than -the middle, yet so open in every place, as that the line may easily -pass through it without any stop; place a very small piece of lead on -your line, that may keep this bullet from falling nearer the hook than -that piece of lead, and if your float be made large enough to bear -above water, against the force of the stream, the fish will, when they -bite, run away with the bait as securely, as if there were no more -weight upon your line, than the little piece of lead, because the hole -in the bullet gives passage to the line, as if it were not there. - -18. When cattle in Summer come into the fords, their dung draws the -fish to the lower end of the ford; at such time angle for a Chevin, -with baits fit for him, and you will have sport. - -19. Before you set your hook to your line, arm the line by turning the -silk five or six times about the link, and so with the same silk set -on your hook; this preserves your lines, that your hook cut it not -asunder, and also that it will not, when using the cast fly, snap off -so easily, which it is very subject to do. - -20. In very wet seasons Trouts leave the rivers and larger brooks, and -retreat into such little brooks as scarce run at all in dry Summers. - -21. To all sorts of pastes, add flax, cotton, or wool, to keep the -paste from falling off your hook. - -22. Deny not part of what your endeavours shall purchase unto any sick -or indigent persons, but willingly distribute a part of your purchase -to those who may desire a share. - -23. Make not a profession of any recreation, lest your immoderate love -towards it should bring a cross wish on the same. - -[Illustration] - - -J. Johnson, Printer, Brook Street, Holborn, London. - - -Transcriber’s Notes - -Page 10—changed were to where — where the fish lie in wait for them - -Page 14—changed then run the the same round your fly — then run the -same round your fly. - -Page 16—changed artifical to artificial. - -Page 20—changed fall to falls, twice; — that your fly falls first — if -the line falls first - -Page 23— changed get to gets — and close his mouth so no water gets in. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXPERIENCED ANGLER; OR -ANGLING IMPROVED *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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- font-size: 0.9em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - border: solid 0.2em; - border-color: #ccc; - padding-left: 0.5em; - padding-right: 0.5em; } - -.footnote1 { - margin-left: 6%; - margin-right: 6%; - font-size: 0.9em; - margin-top: 1em; - margin-bottom: 1em; - border: solid 0.2em; - border-color: #ccc; } - -.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} - -.fnanchor { - vertical-align: super; - font-size: .8em; - text-decoration: none;} - -/* Poetry */ -.poetry-container {text-align: center;} -.poetry {text-align: left; margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 5%;} -/* uncomment the next line for centered poetry in browsers */ -/* .poetry {display: inline-block;} */ -.poetry .stanza {margin: 1em auto;} -.poetry .verse {text-indent: -3em; padding-left: 3em;} -/* large inline blocks don't split well on paged devices */ -@media print { .poetry {display: block;} } -.x-ebookmaker .poetry {display: block;} - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: The Experienced Angler; or Angling Improved</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Imparting Many of the Aptest Ways and Choicest Experiments for the Taking Most Sorts of Fish in Pond or River</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Robert Venables</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: February 22, 2022 [eBook #67474]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Fiona Holmes and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive.)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXPERIENCED ANGLER; OR ANGLING IMPROVED ***</div> - - - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2>Transcriber’s Notes.</h2> - -<p>Hyphenation has been standardised.</p> - -<p>The Contents list has been created by the Transcriber and is placed in the -public domain.</p> - -<p>Changes made are noted at the <a href="#end_note" title="Go to the End Note">end of the book.</a></p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="" width="765" height="1000" /> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> - -<a href="#CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</a>— When to provide tools and how to make them.<br /> -<a href="#CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</a>— Divers sorts of angling; first, of the fly.<br /> -<a href="#CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</a>— Of the Artificial Fly.<br /> -<a href="#CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</a>— Of angling at the ground.<br /> -<a href="#CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</a>— Of all sorts of baits for each kind of fish.<br /> -<a href="#CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</a>— To keep your baits.<br /> -</div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h1> THE<br /> - EXPERIENCED ANGLER;<br /> - OR<br /> - ANGLING IMPROVED.</h1> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="center" id="J._Johnson_Printer_Brook_Street_Holborn_London">J. Johnson, Printer, Brook Street, Holborn, London.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> -</div> - -<div class="title-page"> -<p class="p80"> <span class="allsmcap">THE</span></p> - -<p class="p120"> EXPERIENCED ANGLER;</p> - -<p class="p80"> <span class="allsmcap">OR</span></p> - -<p class="gothic center"> Angling Improved.</p> - -<p class="p90"> <span class="allsmcap">IMPARTING MANY</span></p> - -<p class="p80"> <span class="allsmcap">OF THE</span></p> - -<p class="p90"> APTEST WAYS AND CHOICEST EXPERIMENTS</p> - -<p class="p80"> <span class="allsmcap">FOR THE</span></p> - -<p class="p90"> TAKING MOST SORTS OF FISH</p> - -<p class="p80"> <span class="allsmcap">IN</span></p> - -<p class="p90"> POND <span class="allsmcap">OR</span> RIVER.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="p90"> BY COL. ROBERT VENABLES.</p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="tdl"> -“I have read and practised by many books of this kind, formerly -made public; from which, although I received much advantage, yet -without prejudice to their worthy Authors, I could never find in them -that height of judgment and reason, manifested in this, as I may call -it, Epitome of Angling.” -</p> - -<p class="right"><em>Isaac Walton.</em></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"> LONDON:</p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="allsmcap">SEPTIMUS PROWETT, OLD BOND STREET,</span></p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="allsmcap">AND</span></p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="allsmcap">THOMAS GOSDEN, BEDFORD STREET,</span></p> - -<p class="center"> <span class="allsmcap">COVENT GARDEN.</span></p> -<hr class="r5" /> -<p class="center"> 1825.</p> -</div> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center"> <span class="allsmcap">TO HIS INGENIOUS FRIEND THE AUTHOR</span>,<br /> -<span class="allsmcap"> ON HIS</span><br /> -<span class="allsmcap"> ANGLING IMPROVED.</span> -</p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Honoured Sir</span>,</p> - -<p><em><span class="smcap">Though</span> I never, to my knowledge, had the happiness -to see your face, yet accidentally coming to a view of this -discourse before it went to the press; I held myself -obliged in point of gratitude for the great advantage I -received thereby, to tender you my particular acknowledgment, -especially having been for thirty years past, not -only a lover but a practiser of that innocent recreation, -wherein by your judicious precepts I find myself fitted -for a</em> higher form; <em>which expression I take the boldness -to use, because I have read and practised by many books -of this kind, formerly made public; from which, although -I received much advantage in the practice, yet, without -prejudice to their worthy Authors, I could never find in -them that height of</em> judgment <em>and</em> reason, <em>which you -have manifested in this, as I may call it</em>, epitome of Angling; -<em>since my reading whereof I cannot look upon some -notes of my own gathering, but methinks I do</em> puerilia -tractare. <em>But lest I should be thought to go about to -magnify my own judgment, in giving yours so small a -portion of its due, I humbly take leave with no more ambition -than to kiss your hand, and to be accounted</em></p> - -<p class="signoff"><span class="smcap">Your Humble and</span></p> -<p class="signoff1"><span class="smcap">Thankful Servant,</span></p> -<p class="sig">ISAAC WALTON.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - - - <p class="center"> MEMOIR<br /> - OF<br /> - COL. ROBERT VENABLES.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Of</span> the author, Colonel Robert Venables, but little is -known, and that little not very satisfactory. Among -the Manuscripts in the Harleian Collection, are several -Pedigrees of the Families of Venables: particularly in -that marked ‘1393, f. 39,’ where the great ancestor of -Venables is stated to have been Gabriel Venables, who -came over with William the Conqueror, and afterwards -received the Earldom of Kinderton, in Cheshire, from -Hugh Lupus. Another Manuscript, No. 2059, recites -a deed from one of the family, residing at Northwich, -as early as anno 1260.</p> - -<p>But reverting more immediately to the subject -of this notice, the Harleian Manuscript ‘1993, f. 52.’ -contains a paper, partly in the hand writing of Colonel -Venables, which furnishes a detailed account of the -time he served in the Parliament Army in Cheshire, -and of the pay due to him from 1643 to 1646. From -this authority it appears, that in 1644 he was made -Governor of Chester; and from other sources we learn, -that in 1645, he was Governor of Tarvin. In 1649, he -was Commander in Chief of the Forces in Ulster, in -Ireland, and had the towns of Lisnegarvy, Antrim, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii"></a>[ii]</span> -Belfast delivered to him. His actions in the sister -kingdom, are recited in an excessively rare book, entitled -‘A History, or Briefe Chronicle of the Chief -Matters of the Irish Warres,’ printed at London, in -1650, 4to.</p> - -<p>From this period no trace of him is discoverable, -and it is probable that he was unemployed, until Cromwell, -at the instigation of Cardinal Mazarine, fitted out -a fleet for the conquest of Hispaniola, in 1654, when -Colonel Venables, and Admiral Penn, were invested -with the command of that armament. It appears however, -to have been undertaken in an evil hour, and a -contemporary manuscript in the Editor’s possession, and -which has not been printed till now, furnishes the most -valuable information respecting the disasters which -they underwent. The manuscript is evidently addressed -to some one, and it commences:—</p> - -<p class="space-above2"></p> -<p>Sir,</p> - -<p><span style="margin-left: 18em;">The opinion I was of, in -that</span> discourse we had at——, touching the Western -Voyage of the English in 1654. I have been since abundantly confirmed -in, by the perusal of some Papers and Memoirs of a Person of no mean -character throughout that action, whose employment gave him opportunity -to know all, at least the most considerable of its transactions, and -I have reason to believe, by the account I have had of him, he was -sufficiently able to take his measures of them aright. The substance -of what I gathered from his notes, and <span class="pagenum"><a -id="Page_iii"></a>[iii]</span>from orders of the Councils of War, as -well of the Commissioners, and from declarations of the Army, and -letters from persons who held posts in that Army, all which I had the -favour to inspect, I will here faithfully present you with. For indeed -I am very desirous to beget in you the same sentiments of that affair, -which I have, I think, with good reason entertained. And the rather, -because the course you design to steer will give you opportunity of -converse with those persons, who are most inquisitive after, as most -concerned to know, matters of this nature; and yet, perhaps, under -greater mistakes in this particular, than any others.</p> - -<p>It was doubtless, none of the least ends which that -fox, Oliver, had in that design; to rid himself of some -persons whom he could neither securely employ, nor -safely discard: which end seemed chiefly to influence -the managery of the whole business, as you will perceive -by the story.</p> - -<p>It was pretended at first it should be carried on -with great secrecy; but the delay was so great, and -thereby the notice of it so public, as alarmed the Spaniards -to provide for their reception. Venables moved -to have had soldiers for this service drawn out of the -Irish Army, which he had been well acquainted with; -but it was peremptorily denied, and they were appointed -to be drawn out of the army in England, whose -officers generally gave out of their several companies -the rawest and worst armed they had. And these being -hastily shipped off at Portsmouth, the chief of the land -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv"></a>[iv]</span>officers, who were to go with them, were never suffered -to rendezvous, or see together till they came to Barbadoes, -where they arrived January 29, 1654-5. Here they -found them to want 500 of the number promised, being -but 2500 men in all, and not above half of those well -armed. And though they had been assured they should -find 1500 arms at Barbadoes, yet they could not there -make up 200 arms; and all the help they had was to -make half-pikes, wherein, and in fixing those arms they -had, they met with some difficulty, their smith’s tools -being on board their store ships, which were not yet -come to them. For those ships took in their provisions -at London, and they were promised should meet them -at Portsmouth, and there they were told that they -should reach them at Barbadoes; which yet they did -not, nor till at least six months after. So that much of -the provision, which was defective at first taking in, -was by that time grown very corrupt.</p> - -<p>While they staid at Barbadoes it was plainly discovered -that not only the inhabitants there were against -the general design, but that the seamen bandied against -the land-men, and gave them not that assistance and -furtherance which was in their power. Notwithstanding -the land-soldiers great want of arms, Penn and the -sea-officers would not be prevailed with to furnish them -with any, nor so much as to lend them a pike or a -lance; though he had above 1200 of the former to -spare, and great numbers of the latter were put aboard -on purpose for the army to kill cows with. At their -leaving that place, the seamen had their full allow<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_v"></a>[v]</span>ance -of victuals and brandy on their fish-days; when -the land-men had for four days in the week, but half -their proportions, the other three fish-days, only bread -and water.</p> - -<p>In this condition they left Barbadoes, March the -last, 1655. By the way they touched at St. Christopher’s, -whence they took aboard a regiment of soldiers, -who had been raised in that island; among whom they -were pleased to find two Englishmen, Cox and Bounty, -who had then lately come from Hispaniola, where the -former had lived twelve years, and served as a gunner -in the castle of St. Domingo.</p> - -<p>Now when they were far out at sea, a dormant -commission, not before discovered, was broken up, -whereby two others, Winslow and Butler, were joined -in commission, and equally empowered, with the two -generals Venables and Penn; and nothing was to be -done without their joint advice and orders: yea, when -on shore, Venables, (though he had by his own commission -a command of all the land forces in chief,) yet -he was by this commission restrained from acting any -thing without the concurrence of the commissioners, -or such one, or more, of them as was present with him. -A great debate now arose between these Commissioners -about dividing the lion’s skin, before he was caught, -which occasioned much heat among them, and gave -great dissatisfaction to the soldiers. There was a clause -in this joint commission, that all prizes and booties got -by sea or land should be at the disposal of the commissioners, -for the advance of the present service and design.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi"></a>[vi]</span> -This the greater part of the Commissioners -judged was to be extended to all sorts of pillage. Venables -thought it was meet to interpret it only of ships -and their lading, and large quantities of treasure and -goods in towns and forts: and that to extend it to all -booty, by whomsoever got, would be both impossible -to put in execution, and hugely disgustful to the soldier -to attempt. When he could not prevail to have -his sense of this hard clause pass, he propounded a -middle way: that none should conceal or retain any -arms, money, plate, jewels, or goods, to his private -use, on pain of forfeiting his share in the whole, &c. -but that all should be brought in unto officers, chosen -by mutual consent, and sworn to be faithful therein; -and then distribution to be made to each man according -to his quality and desert. And agreeably thereto -he framed both an order for the Commissioners to sign, -and a declaration for the officers of the army to subscribe, -testifying their submission to the order, and -that they would endeavour that all under their respective -commands should observe it; and further, -that when their several pays should be discharged, they -would acquiesce in the disposal of the surplus by the -Commissioners, either in rewards to the deserving, or -in necessaries for the public service, &c. This the -Commissioners so far approved as to appoint it to be -writ fair, and copies made, for each regiment one. The -officers and soldiers were also content, and satisfied -therewith; but when it came to the point, only Venables -and Penn signed the order, and so the declaration -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vii"></a>[vii]</span>fell too. Which surely was a great oversight in the -Commissioners who refused, for by this means they -would have soothed and pleased the army with a fair -flourish, but in reality had by common consent obtained -the whole to be at their own disposal.</p> - -<p>Then the Commissioners propounding a fortnight’s pay to the soldiery -instead of the pillage of St. Domingo, the chief city of Hispaniola, -Venables prevailed with them to be content with six weeks pay. But when -that would not be yielded to by the Commissioners, he requested the -officers and soldiers, without standing on any terms, to venture their -lives with him, and trust to Providence for the issue and reward; which -they agreed unto for that time, but withal many of them declared they -would never strike stroke more, where there should be commissioners -thus to controul the general and soldiers, but would forthwith return -for England.</p> - -<p>By this time they drew near to Hispaniola; the -land general and officers were for running the fleet into -the harbour of St. Domingo, but they of the fleet opposed -it, Penn assured them there was a bomb which -would hinder their advance; though Cox, being called -in, said he believed there was none, yea, declared among -the soldiers, that he conceived the harbour was incapable -of any thing of that kind. During the debate -about this matter, Captain Crispin, who commanded a -frigate, offered to venture the running in of his vessel -into the harbour, and bore up so near as to fire on the -castle of St. Domingo, and discovered nothing of any -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii"></a>[viii]</span>bomb, or other obstruction, as he after declared; yet -was he commanded off by Penn. Then they of the army -resolved at a council of war, among other things, that -one regiment staying to land to the east of the city, -which fell by lot to Col. Butler; the rest of the army -should land some miles distant at the river Hine, the -place where Drake landed, and force the fort which stood -at the mouth of it: yet they of the fleet carried the army -westward to Point Nizas, whence they had to march -above thirty miles north to the city, through a strange, -woody, and very hot country, where no water could be -found, and many of them had but two days victuals -delivered them from the fleet, none above three. The -mean while Cox, who was designed to be guide to the -land forces, had been sent by Penn a fishing, and was -not returned, nor could be heard of at the landing; in -the want of him, Venables desired to have had Bounty, -or Fernes, who also was acquainted with the Island, -but Penn would not part with either of them.</p> - -<p>So soon as they were landed, the Commissioners -appointed the publishing of an order against plundering, -and that all pillage should be brought in unto a common -store; but therein gave Venables liberty to promise -the soldiers, in case the city should be taken by -storm, six weeks pay, or a moiety of the pillage, excepting -arms, ammunition, and such like: or in case it -should be surrendered, three weeks pay, or a third of -the pillage. This was signed by Penn, Winslow, and -Butler.</p> - -<p>The soldiers, who were before disgusted, were by -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix"></a>[ix]</span>this exasperated into mutiny. A sea regiment, which -came ashore, was the first that laid down arms; and by -their example all the rest. And much ado Venables -had in any sort to pacify them; at last they were persuaded -to march, though with much discontent: and -in that unsatisfied, mutinying humour, they marched -four days without any guide, tormented with heat, -hunger and thirst, when they might have landed at the -place best fitted for attack, fresh on the first day.</p> - -<p>The mean while Col. Buller had, according to -his order, essayed to land eastward of the city; but finding -no place for it, was afterwards appointed by the -Commissioners to land at Hine river, but with express -order not to stir thence till the army came up. Accordingly -he landed on Monday, April 17, and with -him Col. Houldip, and 500 of his regiment, having Cox -in their company. At their approaching, the Spaniards -abandoned the fort near the river mouth, leaving two -great guns dismounted, and the walls, as much as their -haste would allow, dismantled. This encouraged Buller -to pursue them towards the city; but in the narrow -passes of the woods, he missed his way, and came to -some plantations vacant and waterless, purposing there -to expect the army: yet next morning sent out a party -to descry the fort St. Hieronimo, who exposed themselves -too much to view, and alarmed the Spaniards.</p> - -<p>Soon after Buller had marched from the fort -where he landed, the army came to the other side of -the river Hine, but could not pass it, wanting a guide -to shew them the ford, which induced them to march<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x"></a>[x]</span> -five miles up the river, seeking one; and at last, the -day being spent, they were forced to quarter that night -without either food or good fresh water. Next day, -after three miles march more, a ford was found, and -the river passed, and they had not gone far, when a -farm with water chancing in their way, gave them great -refreshment. Where making a halt, and consulting -what was meet for them to do, they resolved to go to -the fleet at the harbour for provision for their hungry -men; to which an Irishman, then brought in by some -stratagem, offered to guide them the shortest way. -And though Venables was jealous of him, and would -not have heeded him, yet Commissioner Butler would -have him followed, and charged them by virtue of their -instructions so to do; and follow him they did, till a -fruitless march three or four miles the contrary way, -proved him a liar. At last, hearing Buller’s drums, -they made towards him, and met with him near the -strong fort, St. Hieronimo, a regular and well fortified -pier, in the road to the city. Venables being at this -time in the van, which he had led all their long march, -went himself with the guide, for the officers being all -very weary, were willing to be excused; to search the -woods before the army, and discovered the Spaniards in -ambush, before they stirred; who presently, thereupon -advancing, the English forlorn immediately fired upon -them too hastily and at too much distance, which gave -the Spaniards advantage to fall in with them with their -lances, before they could charge again, and so gave -them some disorder, and killed some officers; among<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi"></a>[xi]</span> -whom, to their great loss, Captain Cox perished; but -the English quickly recovering themselves, beat the -enemy back, and pursued them within cannon shot of -the city.</p> - -<p>These weary spent men, drawn on by their eagerness -to this skirmish, forgot that thirst, which, so soon -as the pursuit was over, they fainted under; many, both -men and horse, dying on the place for very thirst. -Venables, being much endangered at this action in the -route of the forlorn, was earnestly entreated and pressed -by the officers not to hazard himself so again, but to -march with the body. This over, they called a council of -war, where, considering their want of match, which was -spent to three or four inches, and of provision, which -all had been without two days, and some longer, and had -no other sustenance but what fruits the woods afforded; -they once again resolved to return to their ships, which -the Irishman’s relation, and Commissioner Butler’s peremptory -charge had diverted them from, and caused -them to lose many men and horses with thirst and hunger -in marching back that way, which otherwise had -been saved.</p> - -<p>Some four or five days were spent at the harbour -in refreshing the tired, fainting soldiery, and taking new -resolutions for a second march and charge. Wherein, -they could not well be more speedy, for Penn and Winslow, -two of the Commissioners, keeping at sea with the -fleet, (which rode some leagues off from the fort by -Hine river,) and refusing to come ashore, Venables, -though then ill with the flux, was forced to make many<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii"></a>[xii]</span> -dangerous passages to and from them in small Brigantines -for their concurring counsel, which often differing, -caused much delay, and gave the Spaniards time to gather -heart and strength for better defence. The common -soldiers this mean while, were but ill treated from -the fleet. Those that by sickness or wounds in the last -action, were disabled for further service, (they having no -tents or carriages ashore to dispose of them in) were sent -a ship board, and there they were kept forty-eight hours -on the bare decks, without either meat, drink, or dressing; -that worms bred in their wounds, which would -soon be in that hot country, and some of them by that -very usage perished, particularly one Captain Leverington, -a brave man. The others ashore being furnished -with the worst, and most mouldy of the biscuits; no beef, -altogether unwatered, and no brandy to cheer their -spirits; had their thirst greatly enraged, which that river, -even where it was fresh, yet coming from copper, -rather augmented than assuaged. And this usage and -diet, together with the extraordinary rains that fell on -their unsheltered bodies, cast them all into violent -fluxes; sorry encouragements and preparatives for a second -attempt, which yet was at last resolved on.</p> - -<p>Tuesday, April 25. They had with them one -mortar-piece, and two drakes, in the drawing whereof, -and carrying of mattocks, spades, and calabashes of -fresh water, the strongest men were employed till all -were reduced to almost a like weakness; and the cruel -sea-officers offered them no more brandy with them, than -would be about a good spoonful to a man. One night<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiii"></a>[xiii]</span> -they lodged in the woods; the next day they advanced -toward the fort of St. Hieronimo, which they resolved -to attack, being in their way, about a mile from the -town, and not fit to leave at their backs.</p> - -<p>April 26. Adjutant-General Jackson had this day -the command of the forlorn, consisting of four hundred -men; in the van whereof, he put Captain Butler, and -himself brought up the rear. Also he marched without -any wings on either hand to search the woods, and discover -ambushes, which was expressly contrary both to -order, and their daily practice throughout their whole -march from Point Nizas. With the forlorn thus managed, -and all ready to faint with thirst, having marched -eight miles without water, in a narrow pass in the thick -woods, where but six could well march abreast, they -fell into an ambuscado of the Spaniards, who suffered -the forlorn all to march within them, and then charged -them both in van and flank. Captain Butler with the -van undauntedly received the charge, and in order, fired -again, and all of them stood till he fell; but the rear ran -away without abiding a charge, Jackson himself being -the first man that turned his back. Venables, his regiment, -with Ferguson his Lieutenant Colonel in the head -of them, being next, charged their pikes on Jackson and -his flying men; but they being too well resolved to -be stopt, first routed that regiment, and then most of -Heanes’s regiment. These all came violently upon -the sea regiment, which was led by Venables and Goodson, -then Vice-Admiral, who with their swords forced the -runaways into the woods, choosing rather to kill, than<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiv"></a>[xiv]</span> -be routed by them. At the same time, which much advantaged -them, the rear part of Heanes’s regiment having -opened and drawn themselves on either side into the -woods, counterflanked the Spaniards, and charged their -ambuscadoes, which the Spaniards perceiving, and that -the sea regiment advanced unrouted, retreated. The -English then charged them afresh, pursued them, and -beat them back beyond the fort, and so regained the -bodies of the slain, and the place of fight, which ground -they kept the rest of that day, and the night following, -though the guns from the fort all that time, as well as -during the skirmish, played hotly upon them, and killed -sometimes eight or nine at a shot.</p> - -<p>In this action, the valiant Heanes, major general, -and Ferguson before mentioned, and such other officers -of those regiments as knew not what it was to fly, fell -by the swords and lances of the Spaniards; and many -common soldiers with them.</p> - -<p>The English now about the fort, Venables commanded -to assault it, and that to that end, they should -play the mortar-piece against it, and had it drawn up for -that purpose. But he himself being before brought -very low with his flux, the toil of the day had so far -spent him, that he could not stand or go but as supported -by two; and in that manner he moved from place to -place, to encourage the men to stand, and to plant it. -But the latter he could not prevail on, neither by commands, -entreaties, or offers of rewards. At last, fainting -among them, he was carried off, and Fortescue, who -succeeded major general, in the stead of Heanes, took<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xv"></a>[xv]</span> -the command, who laboured much also to get the mortar-piece -planted, but without any effect. For the spirits -of the English soldiers were so sunk, by their want of -water and provisions, the excessive heat, and their great -sickness occasioned thereby, that not any one upon any -account could be got to plant it. Night drawing on, -whilst the soldiers buried the dead, they called a council -of war of all the colonels, and field officers, where it -was agreed, no man dissenting, that the difficulties of -thirst were not to be overcome, and that if they staid -there, though they beat the enemy, they must perish for -want of water. Whereupon, it was resolved to retreat -next morn at sun rise, if the mortar-piece could not -play before. The morning came, and no place found -to plant the mortar-piece, nor men that would work, the -guns from the fort beating them off from every place, -they buried their shells, drew off their mortar-piece, -drakes, spades, &c. and making a strong rear-guard, retreated -to their ships at the harbour.</p> - -<p>In this attempt against the fort, the common soldiers -shewed themselves so extremely heartless, that -they only followed their officers to charge, and left them -there to die, unless they were as nimble footed as themselves. -And of all others, the planters, whom they had -raised in those parts, were the worst, being only forward -to do mischief; men so debauched as not to be kept -under discipline, and so cowardly as not to be made to -fight.</p> - -<p>Being come to the harbour, they betook themselves -to the examination and punishment of the cowardice of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvi"></a>[xvi]</span> -some, and of divers miscarriages and disorders of others. -Jackson was accused.</p> - -<p>1. That contrary to express order, he had marched -without any to search the woods.</p> - -<p>2. That he took but few pikes, and those he -placed in the rear, as if he feared only his own party.</p> - -<p>3. That he put others in the van, and himself -brought up his rear.</p> - -<p>4. That he was the first man that run, and when -there was a stop, he opened his way with both hands to -get foremost.</p> - -<p>These being proved before a council of war, he -was sentenced to be cashiered: his sword broken over -his head: and he made a swabber to keep the hospital -ship clean, which was executed accordingly. And well -it might, for sure it was much gentler than he deserved.<a id="FNanchor_1_1" href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1_1" href="#FNanchor_1_1" class="label">[1]</a> -The Revolution in England, having necessarily raised great numbers -of individuals to the rank of officers, from the lowest stations, a -kind of equality reigned among the soldiery. The following instance of -that equality is a curious fact, and displays equally the republican -manners, and uncivilized spirit of that age.</p> - -<p>Adjutant-General Jackson, who had been the first to run during the -engagement, was tried by a court-martial, convicted of cowardice, -cashiered with ignominy, and condemned to <em>serve as a</em> -<span class="smcap">swabber</span> <em>on board the hospital ship</em>!!—General Venables, -with a naiveté common to the writers of that age, which, though seldom -respectable, is always pleasing, makes the following observations -on this sentence. After mentioning the terms of it, he adds, “And -justly,—for the benefit of the sick and wounded, who owed their -sufferings to his mis-behaviour. A sentence too gentle for so notorious -an offender, against whom some of the Colonels made a complaint for -<em>whoring</em> and drunkenness at Barbadoes; but not being able to -<em>prove</em> the fact, he escaped; though considering his former -course of life, the presumptions were <em>strong</em>, he and a woman -lodging in one chamber, and not any other person with either, <em>which -was enough to induce a belief of his offence</em>,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvii"></a>[xvii]</span> he, having two -wives in England, and standing guilty of forgery; all which I desired -Major-General Worsley in joining with me to acquaint his Highness -(Cromwell) with, that he might be taken off, and not suffered to go -with me, lest he should <em>bring a curse on us</em>, as I feared. -But his Highness would not hear us.—After this, both perjury and -forgery were proved against him, in the case of a Colonel or General, -at Barbadoes, ruined by him, by that means. Upon the complaint, and -with the advice of the said General, I rebuked him privately; which -he took so distastely, that as it afterwards appeared, he studied and -endeavoured nothing but mutiny; and found fit matter to work upon, as -with an army that has neither pay nor pillage, arms nor ammunition, -nor victuals, is not difficult: but this I came to understand -afterwards.”—<span class="smcap">Venables’</span> <em>Narrative</em>.</p> -</div> - -<p>A serjeant also, who in the skirmish threw down -his arms, crying, “gentlemen, shift for yourselves, we -are all lost;” and ran away, was hanged. Other offences -met with meet punishments.</p> - -<p>Now the business was, to consult what was next -to be done. Commissioner Winslow came ashore to -press for a third attempt, which the officers of the army -would not be persuaded to undertake; for they all, with -one consent, declared they would not lead on their men, -saying, they would never be got to march up to that -place again; or if they did, they would not follow them -to a charge, but they freely offered to regiment themselves, -and to live and die together. Whereupon, the -Commissioners judging it needful to try to raise the -soldiers by some success in a smaller exploit, resolved -to attempt some other plantation, and at last Jamaica -was pitched on to be the place.</p> - -<p>During this debate, the soldiers on land were in -great want and streights; for though all their provision -was spent, yet Penn forbade any supply to be sent them -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xviii"></a>[xviii]</span>from the fleet, that their scarcity, yea, famine, grew so -high, that they ate all the horses, asses, and dogs in the -camp; yea, some ate such poisonous food, that they fell -dead instantaneously. But beyond all this, a motion -was made, that setting sail for England, the soldiers, -whom they of the fleet usually called dogs, should be -left ashore to the mercy of the enemy; which motion, -Venables in behalf of the land-men, stiffly opposed, detesting -so great inhumanity. Yet the soldiers were so -apprehensive of such a trick, that when they came to go -aboard, their officers would not suffer the sea regiment, -which was on shore, to be first shipped, lest they should -be so left in the lurch.</p> - -<p>The fifth day after they set sail from Hispaniola, -they came before Jamaica, where remembering the -cowardice of the soldiers, which if not experienced, -would scarce have been believed so great in Englishmen, -they published an order against runaways, that the next -man to any that offered to run, should kill him, or be -tried for his own life. Which done, Penn and Venables -placed themselves in the martin galley, and sailed up -to the fort, and played upon it with their great guns, as -it did upon them all the time that the soldiers were -getting into the flat bottomed boats. Which so soon as -they had done, a fresh gale of wind arose, which drove -the boats directly upon the fort; this the Spaniards -seeing, and a major, their best soldier, being disabled by -a shot from the martin galley, they were so daunted -that they took to their heels, and left the fort to the -English. The army finding fresh water here, and fearing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xix"></a>[xix]</span> -to advance further, lest (it being then three o’clock) -they should in a strange country, and without guides, be -inconveniently overtaken with night, in some place -where they might be more exposed to the enemies assaults, -and beating up their quarters, they resolved to -stay at that fort, and landing place that night, and rest -their weak and sick men. Next morning they marched -early, and about noon, came to a Savanna near the chief -town of the island, St. Jago, where two or three Spaniards -appeared at a distance, making some signals of -civility. The like number of English was sent to them, -upon which they rode away, but making a stand, one -was sent to them to know what they desired; they answered, -‘a treaty.’ The English, replied, they would -treat when they saw any impowered thereunto. After -some time, a priest and a major were sent from the -town. The English as an introduction to the treaty, -first demanded to have one hundred cows, with cassavia -bread proportionably, sent them immediately; and so -daily while the treaty lasted. Cows were sent in, but -no bread; that being, as they said, scarce with them. -Whereupon Commissioners were appointed on both sides -to treat, and in conclusion, the Spaniards yielded to render -the island and all in it, and all ships in the havens -unto the English; the Spaniards and inhabitants having -their lives granted them, and such as would, to be at liberty -by a certain day to depart the island, but to take -nothing, save their wearing apparel, and their books, -and writings with them.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xx"></a>[xx]</span></p> -<p>Articles of agreement to this purpose being signed -on both sides, the English for their true performance, -demanded and had the Governor of the island, and the -Spanish Commissioners for hostages; and so they -seemed to be in a fair way of settlement, with little ado. -Yet after this, a colonel among the Spaniards, who had -no good will to the governor, and was a man of interest -among the commonalty, persuaded them to drive -all the cattle away to the mountains, and thereby starve -out the English. Which being understood, one of the -Spanish Commissioners, Don Acosta, a Portuguese, sent -his priest, an understanding negro, to dissuade them -from their purpose. But they being resolute, and instigated -by the colonel, hanged the negro, which enraged -Acosta, and to be revenged on them for the death -of his priest, whom he loved, advised the English that -the cattle must necessarily, in a while, come down into -the plains to drink. And by his direction, the English -recovered the cattle, and prevented their mischief.</p> - -<p>After this an order was published, that no private -soldier should go out to shoot cows, which was done for -two reasons; first, because the soldiers straggling about -and going single, were often knocked on the head; and -next, because they maimed and marred more than they -killed; for it being a very woody country, unless a beast -was shot dead, which was but seldom done, it escaped -its pursuer, though it often died of its wounds; and many -hundreds were found in the woods that had been so slain, -and very many running about hurt and wounded. Thus -great destruction was made of them, to no bodies advantage,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxi"></a>[xxi]</span> -that in the end, they must need have smarted for -the want of those which had been thus lavishly spoiled -and lost. Besides, the cattle which at their first coming, -were seen by great numbers, and so tame, that they -might have been easily managed and driven up, were so -affrighted by the soldiers disorderly chasing and shouting -after them, that they were now grown wild and untractable. -And therefore, commanded parties with their -officers were thenceforwards ordered out to fetch in cattle -as there was need; and by that means they were -sufficiently supplied, and no waste made. But bread -they still much wanted, for their own store ships not -having yet reached them, they had no bread but what -came from the fleet, whence it was very sparingly sent, -and scarce any but what was bad and corrupt. I find it -noted, that in seventeen days time, they had but three -biscuits a man; that they could seldom get any thing -from the fleet, unless the Commissioner would sign remittances -for greater proportions than were indeed delivered; -that of above a hundred tuns of brandy, which -was put on board in England for this service, and above -thirty tuns more taken in at Barbadoes, it could not be -observed, that the land-men ever had ten tuns to their -use, between the middle of April and the middle of -July. So that the soldiers being put to feed wholly on -fresh flesh and fruits, without either brandy, or any kind -of bread; and that after they had been long at a scanty -diet, upon salt meats, it hugely increased sickness -among them, insomuch, that after their coming to Jamaica,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxii"></a>[xxii]</span> -they died by fifty, sixty, and sometimes a hundred -in a week, of fevers and fluxes.</p> - -<p>Their streights and distresses being so great, put -them on necessity of hastening to distribute the soldiers -to plant for themselves, that they might have somewhat -of their own to subsist on, without depending on the -courtesy of others. And accordingly several of the regiment -were dispersed into several places; but though -such was their occasion, each for his particular private -goods and necessaries, yet they could not without much -difficulty, and many fruitless labours, obtain to have -their trunks and stuff ashore to them; and many never -had them at all, but they were carried back with the -fleet into England.</p> - -<p>Some discontents grew among the great ones. -Venables telling Commissioner Butler of his drunkenness, -which he was often guilty of, and in that condition, -had discovered too much to the Spaniards, and reproving -him for it, made him his enemy, and to practise -against him, and thenceforwards he endeavoured to -make factions, and raise disgusts in the army.</p> - -<p>Penn gave notice of his intentions, suddenly to set -sail for England, and would not be dissuaded.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Here the manuscript ends, but in continuation, -Oldmixon<a id="FNanchor_2_2" href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> observes, that “they arrived in England in -September, when they were both imprisoned for their -scandalous conduct in this expedition, which would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xxiii"></a>[xxiii]</span> -have been an irreparable dishonour to the English Nation, -had not the island of Jamaica, which chance more -than council, bestowed upon them, made amends for -the loss at Hispaniola.” Their imprisonment would -seem to have received general approbation, as in certain -Passages of Every Dayes Intelligence, from Sept. 21 -to 28, 1655, published by authority, it is said, “Gov. -Penn and Gen. Venables, would be petitioning his -Highnes, the Lord Protector for their enlargement out -of the Tower again; but it is a little too soon yet; it -were not amiss that they stayed till we hear again from -the West Indies.” His subsequent liberation, and the -particulars of his life after this period, with the time -of his decease, and his residence when he quitted the -cares of this world, are alike unknown to the writer, -and have baffled all attempts at discovery.</p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2_2" href="#FNanchor_2_2" class="label">[2]</a> <em>British Empire in America</em>, 1740, 8vo.</p> -</div> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i032.jpg" alt="" width="465" height="700" /> -<p class="caption center"><cite>THE Experienc’d Angler, or Angling Improved.</cite></p> -<p class="caption center"><em>Sold by Rich: Marriott in S<sup>t</sup> Dunstans Church-yard.</em></p> -<p class="caption right"><em>Vaughan Sculp.</em></p> -</div> - - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i033.jpg" alt="" width="352" height="600" /> -</div> - - -<div class="title-page1"> -THE<br /> -Experienced Angler:<br /> -<br /> -OR<br /> -ANGLING<br /> -IMPROVED.<br /> -<br /> -<em>BEING</em><br /> -<br /> -<em>A general Discourse of Angling</em>;<br /> -<br /> -Imparting many of the aptest wayes<br /> -and choicest Experiments for the<br /> -taking of most sorts of Fish in<br /> -Pond or River.<br /> -<br /> -<em>LONDON</em>:<br /> -<br /> -Printed for <em>Richard Marriot</em>, and are to be sold<br /> -at his Shop in St. <em>Dunstan’s</em> Church-yard,<br /> -<em>Fleet-street</em>. 1662.<br /> -</div> - - -<p class="space-above2"></p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="center p90"> PREFATORY ADDRESS</p> -<p class="center p60"> TO</p> -<p class="center p90"> THE READER,</p> -<p class="center p60"> FROM</p> -<p class="center p80"> THE EDITION OF</p> -<p class="center p60"> MDCLXII.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_p_i"></a>[i]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="PREFATORY_ADDRESS">PREFATORY ADDRESS.</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Delight</span> and Pleasure are so fast rivetted and firmly -rooted in the heart of man, that I suppose there are -none so morose or melancholy, that will not only pretend -to, but plead for an interest in the same, most -being so much enamoured therewith, that they judge -that life but a living death, which is wholly deprived -or abridged of all pleasure; and many pursue the same -with so much eagerness and importunity, as though -they had been born for no other end, as that they not -only consume their most precious time, but also totally -ruin their estates thereby: for in this loose and licentious -age, when profuse prodigality passes for the characteristical -mark of true generosity and frugality, -I mean not niggardliness; is branded with the ignominious -blot of baseness. I expect not that this under-valued -subject, though it propound delight at an easy -rate, will meet with any other entertainment than -neglect, if not contempt, it being an art which few -take pleasure in, nothing passing for noble or delightful -which is not costly; as though men could not gratify -their senses, but with the consumption of their -fortunes.</p> - -<p><em>Hawking</em> and <em>Hunting</em> have had their excellencies -celebrated with large <em>encomiums</em> by divers pens, and -although I intend not any undervaluing to those noble recreations,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_p_ii"></a>[ii]</span> -so much famed in all ages and by all degrees, -yet I must needs affirm, that they fall not within the -compass of every ones ability to pursue, being as it were -only entailed on great persons and vast estates; for if -meaner fortunes seek to enjoy them, <em>Actæon’s</em> fable -often proves a true story, and these birds of prey not -seldom quarry upon their masters: besides those recreations -are most subject to choler and passion, by -how much those creatures exceed a hook or line in -worth: and indeed in those exercises our pleasure depends -much upon the will and humour of a sullen cur -or <em>kite</em>, (as I have heard their own passions phrase -them); which also require much attendance, care and -skill to keep her serviceable to our ends. Further, -these delights are often prejudicial to the husbandman -in his corn, grass and fences; but in this pleasant and -harmless Art of Angling a man hath none to quarrel -with but himself, and we are usually so entirely our -own friends, as not to retain an irreconcilable hatred -against ourselves, but can in short time easily compose -the enmity; and besides ourselves none are offended, -none endamaged; and this recreation falleth within -the capacity of the lowest fortune to compass, affording -also profit as well as pleasure, in following of -which exercise a man may employ his thoughts in the -noblest studies, almost as freely as in his closet.</p> - -<p>The minds of anglers being usually more calm -and composed than many others, especially hunters -and falconers, who too frequently lose their delight in -their passion, and too often bring home more of melancholy<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_p_iii"></a>[iii]</span> -and discontent than satisfaction in their thoughts; -but the angler, when he hath the worst success, loseth -but a hook or line, or perhaps, what he never possessed, -a fish; and suppose he should take nothing, yet he enjoyeth -a delightful walk by pleasant rivers in sweet -pastures, amongst odoriferous flowers, which gratify -his senses and delight his mind; which contentments -induce many, who affect not angling, to choose those -places of pleasure for their Summer’s recreation and -health.</p> - -<p>But, peradventure, some may alledge that this art -is mean, melancholy, and insipid; I suppose the old -answer, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">de gustibus non est disputandum</i>, will hold as -firmly in recreations as palates, many have supposed -Angling void of delight, having never tried it, yet have -afterwards experimented it so full of content, that they -have quitted all other recreations, at least in its season, -to pursue it; and I do pursuade myself, that whosoever -shall associate himself with some honest expert -angler, who will freely and candidly communicate his -skill unto him, will in short time be convinced, that -<i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ars non habet inimicum nisi ignorantem</i>; and the more -any experiment its harmless delight, not subject to -passion or expence, he will probably be induced to relinquish -those pleasures which being obnoxious to -choler or contention so discompose the thoughts, that -nothing during that unsettlement can relish or delight -the mind; to pursue that recreation which composeth -the soul to that calmness and serenity, which gives a -man the fullest possession and fruition of himself and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_p_iv"></a>[iv]</span> -all his enjoyments; this clearness and equanimity of -spirit being a matter of so high a concern and value in -the judgments of many profound Philosophers, as any -one may see that will bestow the pains to read, <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">de -Tranquilitate Animi</i>, and <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Petrarch de Utriusque Conditionis -Statu</i>: Certainly he that lives <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">Sibi et Deo</i>, leads -the most happy life; and if this art do not dispose -and incline the mind of man to a quiet calm sedateness, -I am confident it doth not, as many other delights; -cast blocks and rubs before him to make his way more -difficult and less pleasant. The cheapness of the recreation -abates not its pleasure, but with rational persons -heightens it; and if it be delightful the charge of melancholy -falls upon that score, and if example, which -is the best proof, may sway any thing, I know no sort -of men less subject to melancholy than anglers; many -have cast off other recreations and embraced it, but I -never knew any angler wholly cast off, though occasions -might interrupt, their affections to their beloved recreation; -and if this art may prove a <em>Noble brave rest</em> to -thy mind, it will be satisfaction to his, who is thy well-wishing -Friend.</p> - -<p class="space-above4"></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i041.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="144" /> -</div> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="ANGLING_IMPROVED">ANGLING IMPROVED:</h2> - -<p class="center p60">OR</p> - -<p class="center">PROFIT AND PLEASURE UNITED.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_I">CHAP. I.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">WHEN TO PROVIDE TOOLS, AND HOW TO MAKE THEM.</p> -</div> - -<div> - <img class="drop-cap" src="images/i041a.jpg" width="80" height="80" alt=""/> -</div> - -<p class="drop-cap noindent"><span class="smcap">For</span> the attaining of such ends which -our desires propose to themselves, -of necessity we must make use of -such common mediums as have a -natural tendency to the producing -of such effects as are in our eye, -and at which we aim; and as in any work, if one principal -material be wanting, the whole is at a stand, -neither can the same be perfected: so in Angling, the -end being recreation, which consisteth in drawing the -fish to bite, that we may take them; if you want tools, -though you have baits, or baits, though you have tackle, -yet you have no part of pleasure by either of these -singly: nay, if you have both, yet want skill to use<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span> -them, all the rest is to little purpose. I shall therefore -first begin with your tools, and so proceed in order -with the rest.</p> - -<p>1. In Autumn, when the leaves are almost or -altogether fallen, which is usually about the Winter -solstice, the sap being then in the root; which about -the middle of January begins to ascend again, and then -the time is past to provide yourself with stocks or tops: -you need not be so exactly curious for your stocks as -the tops, though I wish you to choose the neatest taper-grown -you can for stocks, but let your tops be the -most neat rush-grown shoots you can get, straight and -smooth; and if for the ground-rod, near or full two -yards long, the reason for that length shall be given -presently; and if for the fly, of what length you please, -because you must either choose them to fit the stock, -or the stock to fit them in a most exact proportion; -neither do they need to be so very much taper-grown -as those for the ground, for if your rod be not most -exactly proportionable, as well as slender, it will neither -cast well, strike readily, or ply and bend equally, -which will very much endanger your line. When you -have fitted yourself with tops and stocks, for all must -be gathered in one season, if any of them be crooked, -bind them all together, and they will keep one another -straight; or lay them on some even-boarded floor, with -a weight on the crooked parts, or else bind them close -to some straight staff or pole; but before you do this -you must bathe them all, save the very top, in a gentle -fire.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<p>For the ground angle, I prefer the cane or reed -before all other, both for its length and lightness: and -whereas some object against its colour and stiffness, I -answer, both these inconveniences are easily remedied; -the colour by covering it with thin leather or parchment, -and those dyed into what colour you please; or -you may colour the cane itself, as you see daily done -by those that sell them in London, especially if you -scrape off the shining yellow outside, but that weakens -the rod. The stiffness of the cane is helped by the -length and strength of the top, which I would wish to -be very much taper-grown, and of the full length I spoke -of before, and so it will kill a very good fish without -ever straining the cane, which will, as you may observe, -yield and bend a little; neither would I advise any to -use a reed that will not receive a top of the fore-mentioned -length. Such who most commend the hazel-rod, -(which I also value and praise, but for different -reasons), above the cane; do it because, say they, the -slender rod saveth the line; but my opinion is, that the -equal bending of the rod chiefly, next to the skill of -the Angler, saveth the line, and the slenderness I conceive -principally serveth to make the fly-rod long and -light, easy to be managed with one hand, and casteth -the fly far, which are to me the considerations chiefly -to be regarded in a fly-rod; for if you observe the slender -part of the rod, if strained, shoots forth in length -as if it were part of the line, so that the whole stress or -strength of the fish is borne or sustained by the thicker -part of the rod, which is no stronger than the stronger<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -end of such a top as I did before direct for the ground-rod, -and you may prove what I say to be true, if you -hang a weight at the top of the fly-rod, which you shall -see ply and bend, in the stiff and thick part, more or -less as the weight is heavy or light. Having made this -digression for the cane, I return to the making up of -the top, of which at the upper or small end, I would -have you to cut off about two feet, or three quarters of -a yard at most; and then piece neatly to the thick remaining -part, a small shoot of black thorn or crab tree, -gathered in due season as before, fitted in a most exact -proportion to the hazel, and then cut off a small part -of the slender end of the black thorn or crab tree, and -lengthen out the same with a small piece of whale-bone, -made round, smooth, and taper; all which will make -your rod to be very long, gentle, and not so apt to -break or stand bent as the hazel, both which are great -inconveniences, especially breaking, which will force -you from your sport to mend your top.</p> - -<p>2. To teach the way or manner how to make a -line, were time lost, it being so easy and ordinary; yet -to make the line well, handsome, and to twist the hair -even and neat, makes the line strong. For if one hair -be long and another short, the short one receiveth no -strength from the long one, and so breaketh, and then -the other, as too weak, breaks also; therefore you -must twist them slowly, and in the twisting, keep them -from entangling together, which hinders their right -plaiting or bedding. Further, I do not like the mixing -of silk or thread with hair, but if you please, you may,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span> -to make the line strong, make it all of silk, or thread, -or hair, as strong as you please, and the lowest part of -the smallest lute or viol strings, which I have proved -to be very strong, but will quickly rot in the water, -you may however help that in having new and strong -ones to change for those that decay; but as to hair, the -most usual matter whereof lines are made, I like sorrel, -white, and grey best; sorrel in muddy and boggy -rivers, and both the latter for clear waters. I never -could find such virtue or worth in other colours, to give -them so high praise as some do, yet if any other have -worth in it, I must yield it to the pale or watery green, -and if you fancy that, you may dye it thus. Take a -pottle of allum water, and a large handful of marigolds, -boil them until a yellow scum arise, then take -half a pound of green copperas, and as much verde-grease, -beat them into a fine powder, then put those -with the hair into the allum water, set all to cool for -twelve hours, then take out the hair and lay it to dry. -Leave a bought, or bout, at both ends of the line, the -one to put it to, and take it from your rod, the other to -hang your lowest link upon, to which your hook is -fastened, and so that you may change your hook as often -as you please.</p> - -<p>3. Let your hooks be long in the shank, and of a -compass somewhat inclining to roundness, but the -point must stand even and straight, and the bending -must be in the shank; for if the shank be straight, the -point will hang outward, though when set on it may -stand right, yet it will after the taking of a few fish,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span> -cause the hair at the end of the shank to stand bent, -and so, consequently cause the point of the hook to lie -or hang too much outward, whereas upon the same -ground the bending shank will then cause the point of -the hook to hang directly upwards.</p> - -<p>When you set on your hook, do it with strong but -small silk, and lay your hair upon the inside of the hook, -for if on the outside the silk will cut and fret it asunder; -and to avoid the fretting of the hair by the hook on the -inside, smooth all your hooks upon a whetstone, from -the inside to the back of the hook, slope ways.</p> - -<p>4. Get the best cork you can without flaws or -holes, as quills and pens are not of sufficient strength -in strong streams; bore the cork through with a -small hot iron, then put into it a quill of a fit proportion, -neither too large to split it, or so small as to slip -out, but so as it may stick in very closely; then pare -your cork into the form of a pyramid, or small pear, -and of what size you please, then on a smooth grindstone, -or with pumice make it complete, for you cannot -pare it so smooth as you may grind it: have corks of -all sizes.</p> - -<p>5. Get a musquet or carbine bullet, make a hole -through it, and put in a strong twist, hang this on your -hook to try the depth of river or pond.</p> - -<p>6. Take so much parchment as will be about four -inches broad, and five long, make the longer end round, -then take so many pieces more as will make five or six -partitions, sew them all together, leaving the side of -the longest square open, to put your lines, spare links,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span> -hooks ready fastened, and flies ready made, into the -several partitions; this will contain much, and will also -lie flat and close in your pocket.</p> - -<p>7. Have also a little whetstone about two inches -long, and one quarter square; it’s much better to sharpen -your hooks than a file, which either will not touch -a well-tempered hook, or leave it rough but not sharp.</p> - -<p>8. Have a piece of cane for the bob and palmer, -with several boxes of divers sizes for your hooks, -corks, silk, thread, lead, flies, &c.</p> - -<p>9. Bags of linen and woollen, for all sorts of baits.</p> - -<p>10. Have a small pole, made with a loop at the -end, like that of your line, but much larger, to which -must be fastened a small net, to land great fish, without -which, should you want assistance, you will be in -danger of losing.</p> - -<p>11. Your pannier cannot be too light; I have seen -some made of osiers, cleft into slender long splinters, -and so wrought up, which is very neat, and exceeding -light: you must ever carry with you store of hooks, -lines, hair, silk, thread, lead, links, corks of all sizes, -lest you should lose or break, as is usual, any of them, -and be forced to leave your sport in quest of supplies.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_II">CHAP. II.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">DIVERS SORTS OF ANGLING; FIRST, OF THE FLY.</p> - - -<p class="noindent">As there are many kinds and sorts of fish, so there are -also various and different ways to take them; and, therefore, -before we proceed to speak how to take each kind, -we must say something in general of the several ways -of angling, as necessary to the better order of our -work.</p> - -<p>Angling, therefore, may be distinguished either -into fishing by day, or, which some commend, but the -cold and dews caused me to dis-relish that which impaired -my health, by night; and these again are of two -sorts, either upon the superficies of the water, or more -or less under the surface thereof: of this sort is angling -with the ground-line, with lead, but no float, for the -Trout, or with lead and float for all sorts of fish, or near -the surface of the water for Chub, Roach, &c. or with -a troll for the Pike, or a minnow for the Trout; of -which more in due place.</p> - -<p>That way of angling upon or above the water, is -with cankers, palmers, caterpillars, cad-bait, or any -worm bred on herbs or trees, or with flies as well natural -as artificial; of these last shall be our first discourse, -as comprising much of the other last-named, and as -being the most pleasant and delightful part of angling.</p> - -<p>But I must here beg leave to dissent from the -opinion of such who assign a certain fly to each month, -whereas I am certain, scarce any one sort of fly continues<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -its colour and virtue one month; and generally -all flies last a much shorter time, except the stone-fly, -by some called the May-fly, which is bred of the water -cricket, creeps out of the river, and getting under the -stones by the water side, turns to a fly, and lies -under the stones; the May-fly and the reddish fly with -ashy grey wings. Besides the season of the year may -much vary the time of their coming in; a forward -Spring brings them in sooner, and a late Spring the -later. Flies being creatures bred of putrefaction, take -life as the heat furthers or disposes the seminal virtue -by which they are generated into animation: and therefore -all I can say as to time is, that your own observation -must be your best instructor, when is the time -that each fly comes in, and will be most acceptable to -the fish, of which I shall speak more fully in the next -section. Further also I have observed, that several rivers -and soils produce several sorts of flies; as the mossy -boggy soils have one sort peculiar to them; the clay soil, -gravely and mountainous country and rivers; and a mellow -light soil different from them all; yet some sorts are -common to all these sorts of rivers and soils, but they -are few, and differ somewhat in colour from those bred -elsewhere in other soils.</p> - -<p>In general, all sorts of flies are very good in their -season, for such fish as will rise at the fly, viz. Salmon, -Trout, Umber, Grayling, Bleak, Chevin, Roach, Dace, -&c. Though some of these fish do love some flies -better than other, except the fish named, I know not -any sort or kind that will ordinarily and freely rise at<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -the fly, though I know some who angle for Bream and -Pike with artificial flies, but I judge the labour lost, and -the knowledge a needless curiosity; those fish being -taken much easier, especially the Pike, by other ways. -All the fore-mentioned sorts of fish will sometimes -take the fly much better at the top of the water, and at -another time much better a little under the superficies -of the water; and in this your own observation must be -your constant and daily instructor; for if they will not -rise to the top, try them under, it being impossible, in -my opinion, to give any certain rule in this particular: -also the five sorts of fish first named will take the artificial -fly, so will not the other, except an oak-worm or -cad-bait be put on the point of the hook, or some other -worm suitable, as the fly must be, to the season.</p> - -<p>You may also observe, what my own experience -taught me, that the fish never rise eagerly and freely -at any sort of fly, until that kind come to the water’s -side; for though I have often, at the first coming in of -some flies, which I judged they liked best got several -of them, yet I could never find that they did much, if at -all value them, until those sorts of flies began to flock -to the rivers sides, and were to be found on the trees -and bushes there in great numbers; for all sorts of flies, -wherever bred, do, after a certain time, come to the -banks of rivers, I suppose to moisten their bodies dried -with the heat; and from the bushes and herbs there, -skip and play upon the water, where the fish lie in wait -for them, and after a short time die, and are not to be -found: though of some kinds there come a second sort<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span> -afterwards, but much less, as the orange fly; and when -they thus flock to the river, then is the best season -to angle with that fly. And that thou may the better find -what fly they covet most at that instant, do thus:</p> - -<p>When you come first to the river in the morning, -with your rod beat upon the bushes or boughs which -hang over the water, and by their falling upon the -water you will see what sorts of flies are there in greatest -numbers; if divers sorts, and equal in number, try -them all, and you will quickly find which they most desire. -Sometimes they change their fly; though not very -usual, twice or thrice in one day; but ordinarily they -do not seek another sort of fly till they have for some -days even glutted themselves with a former kind, which -is commonly when those flies die and go out. Directly -contrary to our London gallants, who must have the -first of every thing, when hardly to be got, but scorn -the same when kindly ripe, healthful, common, and -cheap; but the fish despise the first, and covet when -plenty, and when that sort grow old and decay, and -another cometh in plentifully, then they change; as if -nature taught them, that every thing is best in its own -proper season, and not so desirable when not kindly -ripe, or when through long continuance it begins to lose -its native worth and goodness.</p> - -<p>I shall add a few cautions and directions in the use -of the natural fly, and then proceed:</p> - -<p>1. When you angle for Chevin, Roach, or Dace, -with the fly, you must not move your fly swiftly; when -you see the fish coming towards it, but rather after one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -or two short and slow removes, suffer the fly to glide -gently with the stream towards the fish; or if in a standing -or very slow water, draw the fly slowly, and not directly -upon him, but sloping and sidewise by him, which -will make him more eager lest it escape him; for, -should you move it nimbly and quick, they will not, -being fish of slow motion, follow as the Trout will.</p> - -<p>2. When Chub, Roach, or Dace shew themselves -in a sun-shiny day upon the top of the water, they are -most easily caught with baits proper for them; and you -may chuse from amongst them which you please to take.</p> - -<p>3. They take an artificial fly with a cad-bait, or -oak-worm, on the point of the hook; and the oak-worm, -when they shew themselves is, better upon the water -than under, or than the fly itself, and is more desired by -them.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_III">CHAP. III.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">OF THE ARTIFICIAL FLY.</p> - - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Having</span> given these few directions for the use of the -natural fly of all sorts, and shewed the time and season -of their coming, and how to find them, and cautioned -you in the use of them, I shall proceed to treat of the -artificial fly. But here I must premise, that it is much -better to learn how to make a fly by sight, than by any -written direction that can possibly be expressed, in regard -the terms of art do in most parts of England differ, -and also several sorts of flies are called by different<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span> -names; some call the fly bred of the water cricket or -creeper a May-fly, and some a stone-fly; some call the -cad-bait fly a May, and some call a short fly, of a sad -golden green colour, with short brown wings, a May-fly: -and I see no reason but all flies bred in May, are properly -enough called May-flies. Therefore, except some -one that hath skill, would paint them, I can neither -well give their names nor describe them, without too -much trouble and prolixity; nor, as I alledged, in regard -of the variety of soils and rivers, describe the flies that -are bred and frequent each: but the angler, as before -directed, having found the fly which the fish at present -affect, let him make one as like it as possibly he can, -in colour, shape, proportion; and for his better imitation -let him lay the natural fly before him. All this -premised and considered, let him go on to make his fly, -which according to my own practice I thus advise.</p> - -<p>First, I begin to set on my hook, placing the hair -on the inside of its shank, with such coloured silk as I -conceive most proper for the fly, beginning at the end -of the hook, and when I come to that place which I conceive -most proportionable for the wings, then I place -such coloured feathers there, as I apprehend most resemble -the wings of the fly, and set the points of the -wings towards the head; or else I run the feathers, and -those must be stripped from the quill or pen, with part of -it still cleaving to the feathers, round the hook, and so -make them fast, if I turn the feathers round the hook; -then I clip away those that are upon the back of the -hook, that so, if it be possible, the point of the hook<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span> -may be forced by the feathers left on the inside of the -hook, to swim upwards; and by this means I conceive -the stream will carry your flies’ wings in the posture of -one flying; whereas if you set the points of the wings -backwards, towards the bending of the hook, the stream, -if the feathers be gentle as they ought, will fold the -points of the wings in the bending of the hook, as I have -often found by experience. After having set on the -wing, I go on so far as I judge fit, till I fasten all, and -then begin to make the body, and the head last; the -body of the fly I make several ways; if the fly be one -entire colour, then I take a worsted thread, or moccoda -end, or twist wool or fur into a kind of thread, or wax -a small slender silk thread, and lay wool, fur, &c. upon -it, and then twist, and the material will stick to it, and -then go on to make my fly small or large, as I please. -If the fly, as most are, be of several colours, and those -running in circles round the fly, then I either take two -of these threads, fastening them first towards the bend of -the hook, and so run them round, and fasten all at the -wings, and then make the head; or else I lay upon the -hook, wool, fur of hare, dog, fox, bear, cow, or hog, -which, close to their bodies, have a fine fur, and with a -silk of the other colour bind the same wool or fur down, -and then fasten all: or instead of the silk running thus -round the fly, you may pluck the feather from one side -of those long feathers which grow about a cock or capon’s -neck or tail, by some called hackle; then run the -same round your fly, from head to tail, making both -ends fast; but you must be sure to suit the feather an<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>swerable -to the colour you are to imitate in the fly; and -this way you may counterfeit those rough insects, which -some call wool-beds, because of their wool-like outside -and rings of divers colours, though I take them to be -palmer worms, which the fish much delight in. Let me -add this only, that some flies have forked tails, and some -have horns, both which you must imitate with a slender -hair fastened to the head or tail of your fly, when you -first set on your hook, and in all things, as length, colour, -as like the natural fly as possibly you can: the -head is made after all the rest of the body, of silk or -hair, as being of a more shining glossy colour than the -other materials, as usually the head of the fly is more -bright than the body, and is usually of a different colour -from the body. Sometimes I make the body of the fly -with a peacock’s feather, but that is only one sort of -fly, whose colour nothing else that I could ever get -would imitate, being the short, sad, golden, green fly I -before mentioned, which I make thus: take one strain -of a peacock’s feather, or if that be not sufficient, then -another, wrap it about the hook, till the body be according -to your mind; if your fly be of divers colours, -and those lying long ways from head to tail, then I take -my dubbing, and lay them on the hook long ways, one -colour by another, as they are mixed in the natural fly, -from head to tail, then bind all on, and fasten them with -silk of the most predominant colour; and this I conceive -is a more artificial way than is practised by many anglers, -who use to make such a fly, all of one colour, and -bind it on with silk, so that it looks like a fly with round<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -circles, but in nothing at all resembling the fly it is intended -for: the head, horns, tail, are made as before. -That you may the better counterfeit all sorts of flies, -get furs of all sorts and colours you can possibly procure, -as of bear’s hair, foxes, cows, hogs, dogs, which -close to their bodies have a fine soft hair or fur, moccado -ends, crewels, and dyed wool of all colours, with -feathers of cocks, capons, hens, teals, mallards, widgeons, -pheasants, partridges, the feather under the mallard, -teal or widgeon’s wings, and about their tails, about -a cock or capon’s neck and tail, of all colours; and generally -of all birds, the kite, &c. that you may make -yours exactly of the colour with the natural fly. And -here I will give some cautions and directions, as for the -natural fly, and so pass on to baits for angling at the -ground.</p> - -<p>1. When you angle with the artificial fly, you must -either fish in a river not fully cleared from some rain -lately fallen, that had discoloured it; or in a moorish -river, discoloured by moss or bogs; or else in a dark -cloudy day, when a gentle gale of wind moves the water; -but if the wind be high, yet so as you may guide your -tools with advantage, they will rise in the plain deeps, -and then and there you will commonly kill the best fish; -but if the wind be little or none at all, you must angle -in the swift streams.</p> - -<p>2. You must keep your artificial fly in continual -motion, though the day be dark, the water muddy, and -the wind blow, or else the fish will discern and refuse it.</p> - -<p>3. If you angle in a river that is mudded by rain,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -or passing through mosses or bogs, you must use a -larger bodied fly than ordinary, which argues, that in -clear rivers the fly must be smaller; and this not being -observed by some, hinders their sport, and they impute -their want of success to their want of the right fly, when -perhaps they have it, but made too large.</p> - -<p>4. If the water be clear and low, then use a small -bodied fly with slender wings.</p> - -<p>5. When the water begins to clear after rain, and -is of a brownish colour, then a red or orange fly.</p> - -<p>6. If the day be clear, then a light coloured fly, -with slender body and wings.</p> - -<p>7. In dark weather, as well as dark waters, your -fly must be dark.</p> - -<p>8. If the water be of a whey colour, or whitish, -then use a black or brown fly: yet these six last rules do -not always hold, though usually they do, or else I had -omitted them.</p> - -<p>9. Observe principally the belly of the fly, for -that colour the fish observe most, as being most in their -eye.</p> - -<p>10. When you angle with an artificial fly, your -line may be twice the length of your rod, except the -river be much encumbered with wood and trees.</p> - -<p>11. For every sort of fly have three; one of a -lighter colour, another sadder than the natural fly, and -a third of the exact colour with the fly, to suit all -waters and weathers, as before.</p> - -<p>12. I never could find, by any experience of mine -own, or other man’s observation, that fish would freely<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span> -and eagerly rise at the artificial fly, in any slow muddy -rivers: by muddy rivers, I mean such rivers, the bottom -or ground of which is slime or mud; for such as are -mudded by rain, as I have already, and shall afterwards -further, shew at sometimes and seasons I would choose -to angle, yet in standing meers or sloughs, I have -known them, in a good wind, to rise very well, but not -so in slimy rivers, either the Weever, in Cheshire, or -the Sow, in Staffordshire, and others in Warwickshire, -&c. and the Black-water in Ulster; in the last, after -many trials, though in its best streams, I could never -find almost any sport, save at its influx in Lough Neagh; -but there the working of the Lough makes it sandy; and -they will bite also near Tom Shane’s Castle, Mountjoy, -Antrim, &c. even to admiration; yet sometimes they -will rise in that river a little, but not comparable to what -they will do in every little Lough, in any small gale of -wind. And though I have often reasoned in my own -thoughts, to search out the true cause of this, yet I could -never so fully satisfy my own judgment, so as to conclude -any thing positively; yet have taken up these two ensuing -particulars as most probable.</p> - -<p>1. I conjectured the depth of the loughs might -hinder the force of the sun beams from operating upon, -or heating the mud in those rivers, which though deep, -yet are not so deep as the loughs; I apprehend that to -be the cause, as in great droughts fish bite but little in -any river, but not at all in slimy rivers, in regard the -mud is not cooled by the constant and swift motion of -the river, as in gravelly or sandy rivers, where, in fit<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -seasons, they rise most freely, and bite most eagerly, -save as before in droughts, notwithstanding at that season -some sport may be had, though not with the fly, -whereas nothing at all will be done in muddy slow rivers.</p> - -<p>2. My second supposition was, whether, according -to that old received axiom, suo quæque, similima -cœlo, the fish might not partake of the nature of the -river, in which they are bred and live, as we see in men -born in fenny, boggy, low, moist grounds, and thick -air, who ordinarily want that present quickness, vivacity, -and activity of body and mind, which persons born in -dry, hilly, sandy soils and clear air, are usually endued -withal. The fish participating of the nature of the -muddy river, which is ever slow, for if they were swift, -the stream would cleanse them from all mud, are not -so quick, lively, and active, as those bred in swift, sandy, -or stony rivers, and so coming to the fly with more deliberation, -discern the same to be counterfeit, and forsake -it; whereas, on the contrary, in stony, sandy, swift -rivers, being colder, the fish are more active, and so -more hungry and eager, the stream and hand keeping -the fly in continual motion, they snap the same up without -any pause, lest so desirable a morsel escape them.</p> - -<p>You must have a very quick eye, a nimble rod -and hand, and strike with the rising of the fish, or he -instantly finds his mistake, and forces out the hook -again: I could never, my eye-sight being weak, discern -perfectly where my fly was, the wind and stream carrying -it so to and again, that the line was never any certain -direction or guide to me; but if I saw a fish rise, I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span> -use to strike if I discerned it might be within the length -of my line.</p> - -<p>Be sure in casting, that your fly falls first into -the water, for if the line falls first, it scares or frightens -the fish; therefore draw it back, and cast it again, that -the fly may fall first.</p> - -<p>When you try how to fit your colour to the fly, -wet your fur, hair, wool, or moccado, otherwise you -will fail in your work; for though when they are dry, -they exactly suit the colour of the fly, yet the water will -alter most colours, and make them lighter or darker.</p> - -<p>The best way to angle with the cad-bait, is to fish -with it on the top of the water, as you do with the fly; -it must stand upon the shank of the hook, in like manner -with the artificial fly; if it come into the bend of -the hook, the fish will little or not at all value it, nor if -you pull the blue gut out of it; and to make it keep that -place, you must, when you set on your hook, fasten a -horse hair or two under the silk, with the ends standing -a very little out from under the silk, and pointing towards -the line; this will keep it from sliding back into -the bend; and thus used, it is a most excellent bait for -a Trout. You may imitate the cad-bait, by making the -body of chamois, the head of black silk.</p> - -<p>I might here notice several sorts of flies, with the -colours that are used to make them; but for the reasons -before given, that their colours alter in several -rivers and soils, and also because, though I name the -colours, yet it is not easy to choose that colour by any -description, except so largely performed as would be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -over large, and swell this small piece beyond my intended -conciseness, which are easy and short, if rightly observed, -are full enough, and sufficient for making and -finding out all sorts of flies in all rivers. I shall only -add, that the Salmon flies must be made with wings -standing one behind the other, whether two or four; -also he delights in the most gaudy and orient colours -you can choose; the wings I mean chiefly, if not altogether, -with long tails and wings.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_IV">CHAP. IV.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">OF ANGLING AT THE GROUND.</p> - - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Now</span> we are come to the second part of angling, viz. -under the water, which if it be with the ground-line for -the Trout, then you must not use any float at all, only -a plumb of lead, which I would wish might be a small -bullet, the better to roll on the ground; and it must also -be lighter or heavier, as the stream runs swift or slow, -and you must place it about nine inches or a foot from -the hook; the lead must run upon the ground, and you -must keep your line as straight as possible, yet by no -means so as to raise the lead from the ground; your -top must be very gentle, that the fish may more easily, -and to himself insensibly, run away with the bait, and -not be scared with the stiffness of the rod; and if you -make your top of black thorn and whale-bone, as I before -directed, it will conduce much to this purpose: -neither must you strike so soon as you feel the fish bite,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span> -but slack your line a little, that so he may more securely -swallow the bait, and hook himself, which he will -sometimes do, especially if he be a good one; the least -jerk, however, hooks him, and indeed you can scarce -strike too easily. Your tackle must be very fine and -slender, and so you will have more sport than if you had -strong lines, which frighten the fish, but the slender line -is easily broke; with a small jerk. Morning and evening -are the best times for the ground-line for a Trout, -in clear weather and water, but in cloudy weather, or -muddy water, you may angle at ground all day.</p> - -<p>2. You may also in the night angle for the Trout -with two great garden worms, hanging as equally in -length as you can place them on your hook; cast them -from you as you would cast the fly, and draw them to -you again upon the top of the water, and not suffer -them to sink; therefore you must use no lead this way of -angling; when you hear the fish rise, give some time for -him to gorge your bait, as at the ground, then strike -gently. If he will not take them at the top, add some -lead, and try at the ground, as in the day time; when -you feel him bite, order yourself as in day angling at -the ground. Usually the best Trouts bite in the night, -and will rise in the still deeps, but not ordinarily in the -stream.</p> - -<p>3. You may angle also with a minnow for the -Trout, which you must put on your hook thus: first, -put your hook through the very point of his lower chap, -and draw it quite through; then put your hook in at -his mouth, and bring the point to his tail, then draw<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span> -your line straight, and it will bring him into a round -compass, and close his mouth that no water gets in, -which you must avoid; or you may stitch up his mouth; -or you may, when you have set on your hook, fasten -some bristles under the silk, leaving the points about a -straw’s breadth and half, or almost half an inch standing -out towards the line, which will keep him from -slipping back. You may also imitate the minnow as -well as the fly, but it must be done by an artist with the -needle.</p> - -<p>You must also have a swivel or turn, placed about -a yard or more from your hook, observing you need no -lead on your line, for you must continually draw your -bait up the stream, near the top of the water. If you -strike a large Trout, and it should break either your -hook or line, or get off, then near to her hole, if you -can discover it, or the place you struck her, fix a short -stick in the water, and with your knife loose a small -piece of the rind, so as you may lay your line in it, and -yet the bark be close enough to keep your line in, that -it slip not out, nor the stream carry it away: bait your -hook with a garden or lob-worm, your hook and line -being very strong, let the bait hang a foot from the -stick, then fasten the other end of your line to some -stick or bough in the bank, and within one hour, you -may be sure of her, if all your tackle hold.</p> - -<p>The next way of angling is with a troll for the -Pike, which is very delightful; you may buy your troll -ready made, therefore I shall not trouble myself to describe -it, only let it have a winch to wind it up withall.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span> -For this kind of fish, your tackle must be strong, your -rod must not be very slender at the top, where you must -place a small slender ring for your line to run through; -let your line be silk, at least two yards next the hook, -and the rest of strong shoe-maker’s thread; your hook -double, and strongly armed with wire, for above a foot; -then with a probe or needle, you must draw the wire in -at the fish’s mouth and out at the tail, that so the hook -may lie in the mouth of the fish, and both the points on -either side; upon the shank of the hook fasten some lead -very smooth, that it go into the fish’s mouth, and sink -her with the head downward, as though she had been playing -on the top of the water, and were returning to the -bottom; your bait may be small Roach, Dace, Gudgeon, -Loach, or sometimes a Frog; your hook thus baited, you -must tie the tail of the fish close and fast to the wire, or -else with drawing to and again, the fish will rend off the -hook, or, which I judge neater, with a needle and strong -thread, stitch through the fish on either side the wire, -and tie it very fast: all being thus fitted, cast your fish -up and down in such places as you know Pike frequent, -observing still, that he sink some depth before you pull -him up again. When the Pike rises, if it be not sunk -deep, you may see the water move, or at least you may -feel him; then slacken your line, and give him length -enough to run away to his hold, whither he will go directly, -and there pouch it, ever beginning, as you may -observe, with the head swallowing that first, thus let -him lie, until you see the line move in the water, and -then you may certainly conclude he hath pouched your<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span> -bait, and rangeth abroad for more; then with your troll -wind up your line, till you think you have it almost -straight, then with a smart jerk hook him, and make -your pleasure to your content. Some use no rod at -all, but hold the line in links on their hand, using lead -and float. Others use a very great hook, with the hook -at the tail of the fish, and when the Pike rises, then they -strike at the first pull. Others put a strong string or -thread in at the mouth of the bait, and out at one of the -gills; then over the head, and in at the other gill, and -so tie the bait to the hook, leaving a little length of the -thread or string betwixt the fish and the hook, that so -the Pike may turn the head of the bait, the better to -swallow it, and then as before; after some pause, strike. -Some tie the bait-hook and line to a bladder or bundle -of flags, or bull-rushes, fastening the line very gently -in the cleft of a small stick, to hold the bait from sinking -more than its allowed length, half a yard. The -stick must be fastened to the bladder or flags, to which -the line being tied, that it may easily unfold and run to -its length, and so give the Pike liberty to run away -with the bait, and by the bladder or flags, recover their -line again. You must observe this way to turn off your -bait with the wind or stream, that they may carry it -away. Some use, for more sport, if the Pike be a great -one, to tie the same to the foot of a goose, which the -Pike, if large, will sometimes pull under the water. -Before I proceed to give you each sort of bait for every -kind of fish, give me leave to add a caution or two, for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span> -the ground-line and fishing, as I did for the natural and -artificial fly, and then we shall go on.</p> - -<p>There are two ways of fishing for Eels, proper and -peculiar to that fish alone; the first is termed by some, -angling for Eels, which is thus: take a short strong rod, -and exceeding strong line, with a little compassed, but -strong hook, which you must bait with a large well-scoured -red worm, then place the end of the hook very -easily in a cleft of a stick, that it may very easily slip -out; with this stick and hook thus baited, search for -holes under stones, timbers, roots, or about flood-gates; -if there be a good Eel, give her time, and she will take -it; but be sure she has gorged it, and then you may -conclude, if your tackling hold, she is your own.</p> - -<p>The other way is called bobbing for Eels, which -is thus: take the largest garden worms, scour them well, -and with a needle run a very strong thread or silk -through them from end to end; take so many as that at -last you may wrap them about a board, for your hand -will be too narrow, a dozen times at least, then tie them -fast with the other two ends of the thread or silk, that -they may hang in so many long bouts or hanks; then -fasten all to a strong cord, and something more than a -handful above the worms, fasten a plumb of lead, of -about three quarters of a pound, making your cord sure -to a long and strong pole; with these worms thus ordered, -you must fish in a muddy water, and you will -feel the Eels tug strongly at them; when you think -they have swallowed them as far as they can, gently<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span> -draw up your worms and Eels, and when you have them -near the top of the water, hoist them amain to land; and -thus you may take three or four at once, and good ones, -if there be store.</p> - -<p>1. When you angle at ground, keep your line as -straight as possible, suffering none of it to lie in the -water, because it hinders the nimble jerk of the rod; -but if, as sometimes it will happen, that you cannot -avoid but some little will lie in the water, yet keep it in -the stream above your float, by no means below it.</p> - -<p>2. When you angle at ground for small fish, put -two hooks to your line, fastened together thus: lay the -two hooks together, then draw the one shorter than the -other by nine inches, this will cause the other end to -over-reach as much, as the other is shorter at the -hooks, then turn that end back, and with a water-knot, -in which you must make both the links to fasten, -tie them so as both links may hang close together, and -not come out at both ends of the knot. Then upon that -link which hangeth longest, fasten your lead near a foot -above the hook; put upon your hooks two different baits, -and so you may try, with more ease and less time, what -bait the fish love best; and also very often, as I have -done, take two fish at once with one rod. You have -also, by this experience, one bait for such as feed close -upon the ground, as Gudgeon, Flounder, &c. and another -for such as feed a little higher, as Roach, Dace, &c.</p> - -<p>3. Some use to lead their lines heavily, and to set -their float about a foot or more from the end of the rod, -with a little lead to buoy it up, and thus in violent swift<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span> -streams, they avoid the offence of a float, and yet perfectly -discern the biting of the fish, and so order themselves -accordingly; but this has its inconvenience, viz. -the lying of the line in the water.</p> - -<p>4. Give all fish time to gorge the bait, and be not -over hasty, except you angle with such tender baits as -will not endure nibbling at, but must upon every touch -be struck at, as sheep’s blood and flies, which are taken -away at the first pull of the fish, and therefore enforce -you, at the first touch, to try your fortune.</p> - -<p>Now we are to speak next of baits, more particularly -proper for every fish, wherein I shall observe this -method, first to name the fish, then the baits, according -as my experience hath proved them grateful to the -fish; and to place them as near as I can in such order as -they come in season, though many of them are in season -at one instant of time, and equally good. I would -not be understood, as if when a new bait comes in, the -old one were antiquated and useless; for I know the -worm lasts all the year, flies all the Summer, one sort -of bob-worm all the Winter, the other under cow-dung, -in June and July; but I intimate that some are found -when others are not in rerum natura.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_V">CHAP. V.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">OF ALL SORTS OF BAITS FOR EACH KIND OF FISH, AND -HOW TO FIND AND KEEP THEM.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i069.jpg" alt="SALMON" width="600" height="337" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">The Salmon</span> takes the artificial fly very well; but you -must use a troll, as for the Pike, or he, being a strong -fish, will hazard your line, except you give him length: -his flies must be much larger than you use for other fish, -the wings very long, two or four, behind one another, -with very long tails; his chiefest ground-bait a great -garden or lob-worm.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i069a.jpg" alt="TROUT" width="600" height="334" /> -</div> - -<p>2. The <span class="smcap">Trout</span> takes all sorts of worms, especially -brandlings; all sorts of flies, the minnow, young frogs, -marsh-worm, dock-worm, flag-worm, all sorts of cad-bait,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span> -bob, palmers, caterpillars, gentles, wasps, hornets, -dores, bees, grasshoppers, cankers, and bark-worm; he -is a ravenous, greedy fish, and loveth a large bait at -ground, and you must fit him accordingly.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i070.jpg" alt="GRAYLING" width="600" height="342" /> -</div> - -<p>3. The <span class="smcap">Umber</span>, or <span class="smcap">Grayling</span>, is generally taken -with the same baits as the Trout; he is an eager fish, -biteth freely, and will rise often at the same fly, if you -prick him not.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i070a.jpg" alt="BARBEL" width="600" height="334" /> -</div> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Barbel</span> bites best at great red worms, well -scoured in moss; gentles, cheese, or paste, made of -cheese with suet, maggots, and red worms; feed much -for this fish.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i071.jpg" alt="CARP" width="600" height="341" /> -</div> - -<p>4. <span class="smcap">Carp</span> and <span class="smcap">Tench</span> love the largest red worms, -the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i071a.jpg" alt="TENCH" width="600" height="334" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">especially if they smell much of tar; to which end you -may, some small time before you use them, take so many -as you will use at that time, and put them by themselves -in a little tar, but let them not lie long lest it kill -them; paste also of all sorts, made with strong-scented -oils, tar, bread, grain boiled soft, maggots, gentles, -marsh-worm, flag-worm, especially; feed much and -often for these fish.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i071b.jpg" alt="PIKE" width="600" height="339" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span></p> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Pike</span> takes all sorts of baits, save the Fly, -Gudgeon, Roach, Dace,</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i072.jpg" alt="LOACH" width="600" height="331" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">and young frogs in Summer. You may halter him thus: -fasten a strong line with a snare at the end of it to a -pole, which if you go circumspectly to work, he will -permit you to put it over his head, and then you must -by strength, hoist him to land.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i072a.jpg" alt=" EEL" width="600" height="340" /> -</div> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Eels</span> take great red worms, beef, wasps, guts of -fowls, and the minnow. Bait night-hooks for him with -small Roach, the hook must lie in the mouth of the fish, -as for the Pike; this way takes the greatest Eels.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i073.jpg" alt="GUDGEON" width="600" height="332" /> -</div> - -<p>7. The <span class="smcap">Gudgeon</span>, <span class="smcap">Ruff</span>, and <span class="smcap">Bleak</span>, take the -smallest red worms, cad-bait, gentles, and wasps. The -<span class="smcap">Bleak</span> takes the natural or artificial fly, especially in -the evening.</p> - -<p>8. The <span class="smcap">Ruff</span> taketh the same baits as the <span class="smcap">Pearch</span>, -save that you must have lesser worms, he being a -smaller fish.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i073a.jpg" alt="ROACH" width="600" height="329" /> -</div> - -<p>9. For <span class="smcap">Roach</span> and <span class="smcap">Dace</span> take small worms, -cad-bait, flies, bobs, sheep’s blood, small white snails, -all sorts of worms bred on herbs or trees, paste, wasps, -and gnats.</p> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Bleak</span> is an eager fish, and takes the same -baits as the <span class="smcap">Roach</span>, only they must be less. You may -angle for him with as many hooks on your line at once, -as you can conveniently fasten on it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p> - -<p>10. The <span class="smcap">Chevin</span> or <span class="smcap">Chub</span>, all sorts of earth-worms, -bob, the minnow, flies of all sorts, cad-bait, all -sorts of worms bred on herbs and trees, especially oak-worms, -young frogs, wasps, bees, or grasshoppers, on -the top of the water; cheese, grain, beetles, a great -brown fly that lives on the oak, black snails, their bellies -slit that the white appear; he loves a large bait, as a -wasp, colwort-worm, and then a wasp altogether.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i074.jpg" alt="BREAM" width="600" height="340" /> -</div> - -<p>11. The <span class="smcap">Bream</span> takes red worms, especially those -that are got at the root of a great Dock, it lies wrapped -up in a knot, or round clue; paste, flag-worms, wasps, -green-flies, butter-flies, or a grasshopper, his legs being -cut off.</p> - -<p>12. <span class="smcap">Flounder</span>, <span class="smcap">Shad</span>, and <span class="smcap">Mullet</span>, love red -worms of all sorts, wasps, and gentles.</p> - -<p>As for the <span class="smcap">Minnow</span>, <span class="smcap">Loach</span>, <span class="smcap">Bull-head</span>, or</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i074a.jpg" alt="MILLER’S THUMB" width="600" height="335" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">being usually children’s recreation, I once purposed to -have omitted them wholly, but considering they often -are baits for better fish, as Trout, Pike, Eel, &c. Neither -could this discourse be general, if they were -omitted; and though I should wave mentioning them, -yet I cannot forget them, who have so often vexed me -with their unwelcome eagerness; for the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i075.jpg" alt="MINNOW" width="600" height="334" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">will have a part in the play, if you come where he is; -which is almost every where, you need not seek him: I -find him much oftener than I desire, it is only in deep still -places which he least frequents, and is not over curious -in his baits; any thing will serve that he can swallow, -and he will strain hard for what he cannot gorge: but -chiefly likes small red worms, cad-bait, worms bred on -trees, and wasps.</p> - -<p>The <span class="smcap">Loach</span> and <span class="smcap">Bull-head</span> are much of the -same diet; but their principal bait is small red worms.</p> - -<p>Having spoken before of pastes, I shall now shew -how you may make the same; and though there be as -many kinds as men have fancies, yet I esteem these best.</p> - -<p>1. Take the tenderest part of the leg of a young -rabbit, virgin wax, and sheep’s-suet; beat them in a -mortar till they be perfectly incorporated, then with a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span> -little clarified honey, temper them before the fire into -a paste.</p> - -<p>2. Sheep’s-kidney suet, as much cheese, fine flower -or manchet, make it into a paste; soften it with clarified -honey.</p> - -<p>3. Sheep’s blood, cheese, fine manchet, clarified -honey; make all into a paste.</p> - -<p>4. Sheep’s blood, saffron, and fine manchet; make -all into a paste.</p> - -<p>You may add to any paste, coculus-indiæ, assa-fœtida, -oil of polipody of the oak, of lignum vitæ, of -ivy, or the gum of ivy dissolved: I judge there is virtue -in these oils, and gum especially, which I would add to -all pastes I make, as also a little flax to keep the paste, -that it wash not off the hook.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_VI">CHAP. VI.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">TO KEEP YOUR BAITS.</p> - - -<p class="noindent">1. <span class="smcap">Paste</span> will keep very long, if you put virgin wax -and clarified honey into it, and stick well on the hook, -if you beat cotton wool, or flax into it, when you make -your paste.</p> - -<p>2. Put your worms into very good long moss, -whether white, red, or green, matters not; wash it well, -and cleanse it from all earth and filth, wring it very -dry, then put your worms into an earthen pot, cover it -close that they crawl not out; set it in a cool place in -Summer, and in Winter in a warm place, that the frost<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span> -kill them not; every third day in Summer change your -moss, and once in the week in Winter; the longer you -keep them before you use them the better: clean -scouring your worms makes them clear, red, tough, -and to live long on the hook, and to keep colour, and -therefore more desireable to the fish: a little Bol Amoniac -put to them, will much further your desire, and -scour them in a short time: or you may put them all -night in water, and they will scour themselves, which -will weaken them; but a few hours in good moss will -recover them. Lest your worms die, you may feed -them with crumbs of bread and milk, or fine flour and -milk, or the yolk of an egg, and sweet cream coagulated -over the fire, given to them a little and often; -sometimes also put to them earth cast out of a grave, -the newer the grave the better; I mean the shorter time -the party hath been buried, you will find the fish will -exceedingly covet them after this earth, and here you -may gather what gum that is, which J. D. in his <cite>Secrets -of Angling</cite>, calls ‘Gum of Life.’</p> - -<p>3. You must keep all other sorts of worms with -the leaves of those trees and herbs on which they are -bred, renewing the leaves often in a day, and put in -fresh for the old ones: the boxes you keep them in -must have a few small holes to let in air.</p> - -<p>4. Keep gentles or maggots with dead flesh, -beast’s livers, or suet; cleanse or scour them in meal, -or bran, which is better; you may breed them by pricking -a beast’s liver full of holes, hang it in the sun in -Summer time; set an old course barrel, or small firkin,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span> -with clay and bran in it, into which they will drop, and -cleanse themselves in it.</p> - -<p>5. Cad-bait cannot endure the wind and cold, -therefore keep them in a thick woollen bag, with some -gravel amongst them: wet them once a day, at least, if -in the house, but often in the hot weather: when you -carry them forth, fill the bag full of water, then hold the -mouth close, that they drop not out, and so let the -water run from them; I have thus kept them three -weeks, or you may put them into an earthern pot full -of water, with some gravel at the bottom, and take -them forth into your bag as you use them.</p> - -<p>6. The spawn of some fish is a good bait, to be -used at such time as that fish is spawning: some days -before they spawn they will bite eagerly; if you take -one that is full-bellied, take out the spawn, boil it so -hard as to stick on your hook, and so use it; or not boil -it at all, the spawn of <span class="smcap">Salmon</span> is the best of all sorts of -spawn.</p> - -<p>7. I have observed, that <span class="smcap">Chevin</span>, <span class="smcap">Roach</span>, and</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i078.jpg" alt="DACE" width="600" height="329" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">bite much better at the oak-worm, or any worm bred -on herbs and trees, especially if you angle with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span> -same, when they shew themselves at the top of the -water, as with the natural fly, than if you use it under: -for I have observed, that when a gale of wind shakes -the trees, the worms fall into the water, and presently -rise and float on the top, where I have seen the fish rise -at them, as at flies, which taught me this experience; -and indeed they sink not, till tost and beaten by the -stream, and so die and lose their colour; the fish then, -as you may see by your own on your hook, do not much -esteem them.</p> - -<p>8. There are two, some say three, sorts of cad-bait; -the one bred under stones, that lie hollow in shallow -rivers, or small brooks, in a very fine gravelly case -or husk, these are yellow when ripe: the other in old -pits, ponds, or slow running rivers, or ditches, in cases -or husks of straw, sticks, or rushes, these are green -when ripe: both are excellent for <span class="smcap">Trout</span>, used as before -directed, and for most sorts of small fish. The green -sort, which is bred in pits, ponds, or ditches, may be -found in March, before the other yellow ones comes in; -the other yellow ones come in season with May, or the -end of April, and go out in July: a second sort, but -smaller, come in again in August.</p> - -<p>9. Yellow bobs are also of two sorts, the one bred -in mellow light soils, and gathered after the plough, -when the land is first broken up from grazing, and are -in season in the Winter till March; the other sort is -bred under cow-dung, hath a red head; and these are in -season in the Summer only: scour them in bran, or dry -moss, or meal.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p> - -<p>10. Bark-worms are found under the bark of an -oak, ash, alder, and birch, especially if they lie a year or -more after they have fallen, you may find a great white -worm, with a brown head, something resembling a dore -bee, or humble-bee, this is in season all the year, especially -from September until June, or mid-May; the Umber -covets this bait above any, save fly, and cad-bait; -you may also find this worm in the body of a rotten alder, -if you break it with an axe or beetle; but be careful -only to shake the tree in pieces with beating, and crush -not the worm: you may also find him under the bark of -the stump of a tree, if decayed.</p> - -<p>11. Dry your wasps, dores, or bees, upon a tile-stone, -or in an oven cooled after baking, lest they burn; -and to avoid that, you must lay them on a thin board or -chip, and cover them with another so supported, as not -to crush them, or else clap two cakes together: this -way they will keep long, and stick on your hook well. -If you boil them hard, they grow black in a few days.</p> - -<p>12. Dry your sheep’s blood in the air, upon a dry -board, till it become a pretty hard lump; then cut it into -small pieces for your use.</p> - -<p>13. When you use grain, boil it soft, and get off -the outward rind, which is the bran; and then if you will, -you may fry the same in honey and milk, or some strong-scented -oils, as polypody, spike, ivy, turpentine; for -Nature, which maketh nothing in vain, hath given the -fish nostrils, and that they can smell, is undeniable; and -I am persuaded, more guided by the sense of smelling, -than sight, for sometimes they will come to the float, if<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span> -any wax be upon it, smell at it and go away. We see also -that strong scents draw them together; as, put grains, -worms, or snails, in a bottle of hay tied pretty close, and -you will, if you pluck it out suddenly, sometimes draw -up <span class="smcap">Eels</span> in it. But I never yet made trial of any of -these oils; for when I had the oils, I wanted time to try -them; or when I had time, I wanted the oils: but I recommend -them to others for trial, and do purpose, -God willing, to prove the virtue myself, especially that -ointment so highly commended by J. D. in his <cite>Secrets -of Angling</cite>.<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> -In the edition of 1613, duod. the receipt here referred to -occurs at the end of the volume:</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent10">Would’st thou catch fish?</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Then here’s thy wish;</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Take this receipt</div> - <div class="verse indent10">To anoint thy bait.</div> - <div class="verse indent0" style="padding-top: .5em;">Thou that desirest to fish with line and hook,</div> - <div class="verse indent0"> Be it in poole, in river, or in brook,</div> - <div class="verse indent0"> To blisse thy bait, and make the fish to bite,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Loe here’s a means if thou canst hit it right;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Take gum of life, fine beat and laid to soak</div> - <div class="verse indent0"> In oyle, well drawn from that which kills the oak;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Fish where thou wilt, thou shalt have sport thy fill, </div> - <div class="verse indent0"> When twenty fail, thou shalt be sure to kill.</div> - <p class="right"><em>Probatum.</em></p> - </div> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent10">It’s perfect and good</div> - <div class="verse indent10">If well understood</div> - <div class="verse indent10">Else not to be told</div> - <div class="verse indent10">For silver or gold.</div> - </div> - </div> -</div> - -<p>Lauson, who ‘augmented with many approved experiments,’ the second -edition of the <cite>Secrets of Angling</cite>, 1652, duod. observes, ‘This -excellent receipt divers Anglers can tell you where you may buy them.’ -On the subject of ‘gum of life,’ he continues, ‘I have heard much of an -oyntment that will presently cause any fish to bite; but I could never -attain the knowledge thereof, the nearest in mine opinion, except this -Probatum, is the oyle of an ospray, which is called Aquila Marina, the -Sea-Eagle. She is of body neare the bignesse of a goose; one of her<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span> -feete is web’d to swim withall, the other hath talons to catch fish. -It seems the fish come up to her, for she cannot dive. Some likelihood -there is also in a paste made of Coculus Indie, Assa-Fœtida, Honey and -Wheat-flour; but I never tried them, therefore I cannot prescribe.’</p> - -<p>‘That which kills the oak,’ is expressly said to signify ‘the Ivy,’ - edit. 1652.</p> - - -<p>In a third, and hitherto unrecorded edition of the <cite>Secrets of -Angling</cite>, it is said, ‘This excellent receipt you may buy ready -and truely made, at the signe of the Flying Horse, an Apothecaries in -Carter-Lane.’</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Editor.</span></p> -</div> - - -<p>14. When you see ant-flies in greatest plenty, go -to the ant-hills where they breed, take a great handful -of the earth, with as much of the roots of the grass -growing on those hills; put all into a large glass bottle, -then gather a pottle full of the blackest, ant-flies unbruised, -put them into the bottle, or into a firkin, if you -would keep them long, first washed with honey, or -water and honey; <span class="smcap">Roach</span> and <span class="smcap">Dace</span> will bite at these -flies under water near the ground.</p> - -<p>15. When you gather bobs after the plough, put -them into a firkin, with sufficient of the soil they were -bred in, to preserve them; stop the vessel quite close, -or all will spoil; set it where neither wind nor frost may -offend them, and they will keep all Winter for your use.</p> - -<p>16. At the latter end of September, take some -dead carrion that hath some maggots bred in it, which -are beginning to creep; bury all deep in the ground, -that the frost kill them not, and they will serve in -March or April following, to use.</p> - -<p>17. To find the flag-worm, do thus: go to an old -pond, or pit, where there are store of flags, or, as some -call them, sedges, pull some up by the roots, then shake -those roots in the water, till all the mud and dirt be -<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span> -washed away from them, then amongst the small strings -or fibres that grow to the roots, you will find little husks -or cases of a reddish, or yellowish, and some of other -colours; open these carefully with a pin, and you will -find in them a little small worm, white as a gentle, but -longer and thinner; this is an excellent bait for the -Tench, the Bream, and especially the Carp: if you pull -the flags-asunder, and cut open the round stalk, you will -also find a worm like the former in the husks; but -tougher, and in that respect better.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_VII">CHAP. VII.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap"> OF SEVERAL HAUNTS OR RESORTS OF FISH, AND IN WHAT - RIVERS OR PLACES OF THEM THEY ARE MOST - USUALLY FOUND.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">This</span> part of our discourse being a discovery of the - several places or rivers each kind of fish do most - haunt or covet, and in which they are ordinarily found.</p> - -<p> The several sorts of rivers, streams, soils, and - waters they most frequent, is a matter, in this under-valued - art, of no small importance; for if you come with - baits for the Trout, or Umber, and angle for them in - slow muddy rivers or places, you will have little, if any - sport at all: and to seek for Carp or Tench in stony - swift rivers, is equally preposterous; and though I know - that sometimes you may meet with fish in such rivers - and places, as they do not usually frequent, for no general<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span> - rule but admits of particular exceptions, yet the - exact knowledge of what rivers or soils, or what part - of the river, for some rivers have swift gravely - streams, and also slow, deep, muddy places; such or - such sorts of fish do most frequent, will exceedingly - adapt you, to know what rivers, or what part of them - are most fit for your baits, or what baits suit best with - each river, and the fish in the same.</p> - -<p> 1. The Salmon loves large swift rivers, where - there is considerable ebbing and flowing, and there that - fish is found in the greatest numbers; nevertheless, I - have known them to be found in lesser rivers, high up - in the country, yet chiefly in the latter end of the year, - when they come thither to spawn, he chooses the most - swift and violent streams, or rather cataracts, and in - England the clearest gravely rivers usually with rocks - or weeds; but in Ireland, I do not know any river, I - mean high in the country, that hath such plenty of them - as the black water, by Charlemont, and the broad water, - by Shane’s Castle, both which have their heads in great - bogs, and are of a dark muddy colour, and very few - comparatively in the upper ban, though clearer and - swifter than they.</p> - -<p> 2. The Trout is found in small purling brooks, - or rivers that are very swift, and run upon stones or - gravel; he feeds whilst strong in the swiftest streams, - behind a stone, a log, or some small bank, which, - shooting into the river, the streams beareth upon; and - there he lieth watching for what comes down the stream, - and suddenly catches it up. His hold is usually in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span> - deep, under a hollow place of the bank, or a stone which - lying hollow, he loves exceedingly; and sometimes, - but not so usually, he is found amongst weeds.</p> - -<p> 3. The Pearch prefers a gentle stream, of a reasonable - depth, seldom shallow, close by a hollow bank; - and though these three sorts of fish covet clear and - swift rivers, green weeds, and stony gravel; yet they - are sometimes found, but not in such plenty and goodness, - in slow muddy rivers.</p> - -<p> 4. Carp, Tench, and Eel, seek mud and a still - water; Eels under roots or stones, a Carp chooseth the - deepest and most still place of pond or river, so does - the Tench, and also green weeds, which he likes exceedingly; - the greatest Eels love as before; but the smaller - ones are found in all sorts of rivers and soils.</p> - -<p> 5. Pike, Bream, and Chub, choose sand or clay: - the Bream, a gentle stream, and the broadest part of the - river; the Pike, still pools full of fry, and shelters himself, - the better to surprise his prey unawares, amongst - bull-rushes, water-docks, or under-bushes; the Chub - loves the same ground, but is more rarely found without - some tree to shade and cover him, in large rivers and - streams.</p> - -<p> 6. Barbel, Roach, Dace, and Ruff, seek gravel and - sand more than the Bream, and the deepest parts of the - river, where shady trees are more grateful to them, than - to the Chub or Chevin.</p> - -<p> 7. The Umber seeks marl, clay, clear waters, - swift streams, far from the Sea, for I never saw any - taken near it; and the greatest plenty of them that I<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span> - know of, are found in the mountainous parts of Derbyshire, - Staffordshire, as Dovetrent, Derwent, &c.</p> - -<p> 8. Gudgeon desires sandy, gravely, gentle streams, - and smaller rivers; but I have known them taken in - great abundance in Trent, in Derbyshire, where it is - very large; but conceive them to be in greater plenty - nearer the head of that river, about or above Heywood: - I can say the same of other rivers, and therefore conceive - they love smaller rivers rather than the large, or - the small brooks, for I never found them in so great - plenty in brooks, as small rivers; he bites best in the - Spring, till he spawns, and little after till wasp time.</p> - -<p> 9. Shad, Thwait, Peel, Mullett, Suant, and - Flounder, love chiefly to be in or near the saltish water, - which ebb and flow; I have known the Flounder taken - in good plenty, in fresh rivers; they covet sand and - gravel, deep gentle streams near the bank, or at the end - of a stream in a deep still place: though these rules - may, and do hold good in the general, yet I have found - them admit of particular exceptions, but every man’s - habitation engaged him to one, or usually at most, to - two rivers, his own experience will quickly inform him - of the nature of the same, and the fish in them. I - would persuade all that love angling, and desire to be - complete Anglers, to spend some time in all sorts of - waters, ponds, rivers, swift and slow, stony, gravely, - muddy and slimy; and to observe all the differences in - the nature of the fish, the waters and baits, and by this - means he will be able to take fish where ever he angles; - otherwise, through want of experience, he will be like<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span> - the man that could read in no book but his own: - besides, a man, his occasions or desires drawing him - from home, must only stand as an idle spectator, whilst - others kill fish, but he none; and so lose the repute of - a complete Angler, how excellent soever he be at his - own known river.</p> - -<p> Furthermore, you must understand, that as some - fish covet one soil more than another, so they differ in - their choice of places, in every season; some keep all - Summer long near the top, some never leave the bottom; - for the former sort you may angle with a quill or small - float near the top, with a fly, or any sort of worm bred - on herbs or trees, or with a fly at the top: the latter - sort you will, all Summer long, find at the tails of wiers, - mills, flood-gates, arches of bridges, or the more shallow - parts of the river, in a strong, swift or gentle - stream, except Carp, and Tench, and Eel; in Winter all - retreat into deep still places; where it ebbs and flows, - they will sometimes bite best, but in the ebb most - usually; sometimes when it flows, but rarely at full - water, near the arches of Bridges, wiers, or flood-gates.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_VIII">CHAP. VIII.</h2> -</div> -<p class="center allsmcap">WHAT TIMES ARE UNSEASONABLE TO ANGLE IN.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">There</span> being a time for all things, in which with ease - and facility the same may be accomplished, and most - difficult, if not impossible, at another: the skill and - knowledge how to choose the best season to angle, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span> - how to avoid the contrary, come next to be handled; - which I shall do first negatively, viz. what times are unfit - to angle; and then affirmatively, which are the best - seasons.</p> - -<p> 1. When the earth is parched with a great drought, - so that the rivers run with a much less current than is - usual, it is to no purpose to angle; and indeed the heat - of the day in Summer, except cooled by winds, and - shallowed with clouds, though there be no drought, you - will find very little sport, especially in muddy, or very - shallow and clear rivers.</p> - -<p> 2. In cold, frosty, snowy weather, I know the fish - must eat in all seasons, and that a man may kill fish - when he must first break the ice; yet I conceive the - sport is not then worth pursuing, the extreme cold - taking away the delight, besides the endangering health, - if not life, by those colds, which at least cause rhumes - and coughs: wherefore I leave Winter and night angling, - to such strong healthful bodies, whose extraordinary - delight in angling, or those whose necessity enforceth - them to seek profit by their recreation, in such - unseasonable times.</p> - -<p> 3. When there happens any small frost, all that - day after the fish will not rise freely and kindly, except - in the evening, and that the same prove very pleasant.</p> - -<p> 4. If the wind be very high, so that you cannot - guide your tools to advantage.</p> - -<p> 5. When shepherds or countrymen wash their - sheep, though while they are washing, I mean the first<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span> - time only, the fish will bite exceedingly well; I suppose - the filth that falls from the sheep draws them, as like - baiting a place together, and then they so glut themselves, - that till the whole washing time be over, and they - have digested their fulness; they will not take any artificial - baits.</p> - -<p> 6. Sharp, bitter, nipping winds, which most - usually blow out of the North or East especially, blast - your recreation; but this is rather the season than the - wind, though I also judge those winds have a secret - malign quality to hinder the recreation.</p> - - <p> 7. After any sort of fish have spawned, they will - not bite any thing to purpose, until they have recovered - their strength and former appetite.</p> - -<p> 8. When any clouds arise, that will certainly - bring a shower or storm, though in the midst of Summer, - they will not bite: I have observed, that though - the fish bite most eagerly, and to your heart’s content, - yet upon the first appearing of any clouds, that will - certainly bring rain, though my own judgment could not - then apprehend, or in the least conjecture, that a storm - was arising, they have immediately left off biting; and - that has been all given me to understand that a shower - was coming, and that it was prudent to seek shelter - against the same.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span> - </p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_IX">CHAP. IX.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap ">THE BEST TIMES AND SEASONS TO ANGLE.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">We</span> now come to the affirmative part, which is the best - season to angle, that as before, we discovered when it - would be lost labour to seek recreation; so now you may - learn to improve opportunity, when it offers itself to - best advantage.</p> - -<p> 1. Calm, clear, or which is better, cool cloudy - weather in Summer, the wind blowing gently, so as you - may guide your tools with ease; in the hottest months, - the cooler the better.</p> - -<p> 2. When the floods have carried away all the filth - that the rain had washed from the higher grounds into - the river, and that the river keeps his usual bounds, and - appears of a whey colour.</p> - - -<p> 3. When a sudden violent shower hath a little - mudded and raised the river, then if you go forth in, or - immediately after such a shower, and angle in the - stream at the ground, with a red worm chiefly; if there - be store of fish in the river, you will have sport to your - own desire.</p> - -<p> 4. A little before any fish spawn, your own observation - will inform you of the time, by the fulness of - their bellies, they come into the gravely, sandy fords, to - rub and loosen their bellies, and then they bite very - freely.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span></p> - -<p> 5. When rivers after rain do rise, yet so as that - they keep within their banks, in swift rivers the violence - of the stream forces the fish to seek shelter and quiet - ease; in the little and milder currents of small brooks, - where they fall into larger rivers, and behind the ends of - bridges that are longer than the breadth of the river, - making a low vacancy, where the bridge defends a small - spot of ground from the violence of the stream, or in - any low place near the river’s side, where the fish may - lie at rest, and secure from the disturbance of the rapid - stream; in such a place, not being very deep, and at - such a time, you will find sport: as regards myself, I - have ever found it equal to the best season.</p> - -<p> 6. For Carp and Tench early in the morning, from - sun rising, until eight of the clock, and from four after - noon, till night; and from sun set, till far in the night - in the hot months.</p> - -<p> 7. In March, in the beginning of April, and at the - latter end of September, and all Winter, fish bite best - in the warmth of the day, when no winds are stirring, - and the air quite clear. In Summer months, morning - and evening are best, or cool cloudy weather: if you - can find shelter, no matter how high the wind be.</p> - -<p> 8. Fish rise best at the fly, after a shower that has - not mudded the water, yet has beaten the gnats and flies - into the rivers; you may in such a shower observe them - rise much, if you will endure the rain; also the best - months for the fly, are March, April, May, and part of - June; in the cooler months, in the warmest time of the - day; or in warm weather, about nine in the morning,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span> - three in the afternoon, if any gentle gale blow; sometimes - in a warm evening, when the gnats play much.</p> - -<p> 9. Also after the river is cleared from a flood, they - rise exceeding well; I conceive that being glutted with - ground-baits, they now covet the fly, having wanted it a - time.</p> - -<p> 10. A Trout bites best in a muddy rising water, in - dark, cloudy, windy weather, early in the morning, from - half an hour after eight, till ten; and in the afternoon, - from three, till after four, and sometimes in the evening; - but about nine in the morning, and about three in - the afternoon, are his chief and most constant hours of - biting at ground or fly, as the water suits either; - March, April, May, and part of June, are his chief - months, though he bites well in July, August and September. - After a shower in the evening, he rises well - at gnats.</p> - -<p> 11. Salmon, at three in the afternoon, chiefly in - May, June, July, and August, with a clear water and - some wind. He bites best when the wind is blowing - against the stream, and near the sea.</p> - -<p> 12. Carp and Tench, morning and evening, very - early and late, June, July and August, or indeed in the - night.</p> - -<p> 13. A Chevin, from sun rising or earlier, at snails - especially; for in the heat of the day he cares not for - them, in June and July till about eight, again at three - in the afternoon at ground, or fly; and his chief fly - which he most delights in, is a great moth, with a very - great head, not unlike to an owl, with whitish wings,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span> - and yellowish body, you may find them flying abroad in - Summer evenings in gardens, when some wind is stirring, - in large rivers chiefly, streams or shade. He will - take a small lamprey, or seven-eyes, an eel-brood, either - of them about a straw’s bigness.</p> - -<p> 14. Pike bites best at three in the afternoon, in a - clear water, accompanied by a gentle gale, in July, - August, September, and October.</p> - -<p> 15. Bream, from about sun rising, till eight, in a - muddy water, a good gale of wind; and in ponds, the - higher the better, and where the waves are highest, and - nearer the middle of the pond, the better; from the end - of May, June, July especially, and August.</p> - -<p> 16. Roach and Dace all day long; best at the top, - at fly, or oak-worm principally, and at all other worms - bred on herbs or trees, palmers, caterpillars, &c. in - plain rivers or ponds, under water-dock leaves, or under - shady trees.</p> - -<p> 17. Gudgeon from April, and till he have spawned - in May, and a little after that, till wasp time, and then - to the end of the year, all day long.</p> - -<p> 18. Flounder all day in April, May, June, and - July.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHAP_X">CHAP. X.</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center allsmcap">GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</p> - -<p class="noindent"> 1.<span class="smcap"> Let</span> the Angler’s apparel be sad dark colours, as sad - grey’s, tawny, purple, hair, or musk colour.</p> - -<p> 2. Use shoe-maker’s wax to your silk or thread, - with which you make or mend either rod or fly; it - holds firmer, and sticks better than any other.</p> - -<p> 3. Into such places as you use to angle at, once a - week at least, cast in all sorts of corn boiled soft, grains - washed in blood, blood dried and cut into pieces, snails, - worms chopped small, pieces of fowl, or beast’s guts, - beast’s livers; for Carp and Tench you cannot feed too - often, or too much; this course draweth the fish to the - place you desire. And to keep them together, cast - about twenty grains of ground malt at a time, now and - then as you angle; and indeed all sorts of baits are good - to cast in, especially whilst you are angling with that - bait, principally cad-bait, gentles, and wasps, and you - will find they will snap up yours more eagerly, and with - less suspicion; but by no means, when you angle in a - stream cast them in at your hook, but something above - where you angle, lest the stream carry them beyond - your hook, and so instead of drawing them to you, you - draw them from you.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span></p> - -<p> 4. Destroy all beasts or birds that devour the fish - or their spawn,<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> as the</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i095.jpg" alt="OTTER" width="600" height="340" /> -</div> - -<p class="noindent">&c. and endeavour, whether in authority - or not, to see all statutes put in execution, against such as use - unlawful nets, or means to take fish; especially bar-netting - and night-hooking.</p> - -<div class="footnote1"> - -<p class="center"><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> THE OTTER’S ORATION.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">Why stand we beasts abasht, or spare to speake?</div> - <div class="verse">Why make wee not a vertue of our need?</div> - <div class="verse">We know by proofe, in wit wee are to weake,</div> - <div class="verse">And weaker much, because all Adams seed,</div> - <div class="verse">(Which beare away the waight of wit indeed)</div> - <div class="verse">Do dayly seeke our names for to distaine,</div> - <div class="verse">With slanderous blotte, for which we Beasts be slaine.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">First of my selfe, before the rest to treate,</div> - <div class="verse">Most men cry out, that fishe I do deuoure,</div> - <div class="verse">Yea some will say, that Lambes (with mee) be meate:</div> - <div class="verse">I graunt to both, and he that hath the powre,</div> - <div class="verse">To feede on fish that sweeter were than sowre,</div> - <div class="verse">And hath yong flesh to banquet at his fill,</div> - <div class="verse">Were fonde to fraunche on garbage, graynes or swill.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">But master Man, which findeth all this fault,</div> - <div class="verse">And streynes deuise for many a daynty dishe,</div> - <div class="verse">Which suffreth not that hunger him assault,</div> - <div class="verse">But feedes his fill on euery flesh and fishe,</div> - <div class="verse">Which must haue all, as much as witte can wish,</div> - <div class="verse">Us seely Beasts, deuouring Beasts do call,</div> - <div class="verse">And he himsefe, most bloody beaste of all.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Well yet me thinks, I heare him preach this Text,</div> - <div class="verse">How all that is, was made for vse of man:</div> - <div class="verse">So was it sure, but therewith followes next,</div> - <div class="verse">This heauy place, expound it who so can:</div> - <div class="verse">The very scourge and plague of God his Ban,</div> - <div class="verse">Will light on such as queyntly can deuise,</div> -<div><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span></div> - <div class="verse">To eat more meate, then may thir mouthes suffise.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Now master Man stand forth and here declare,</div> - <div class="verse">Who euer yet could see an Otter eate,</div> - <div class="verse">More meate at once, then serued for his share?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees vs beasts sitte bybbing in our seate</div> - <div class="verse">With sundry wynes, and sundry kindes of meate?</div> - <div class="verse">Which breede disease, yfostred in such feastes,</div> - <div class="verse">If men do so, be they not worse than beasts?</div> - <div class="verse indent2">The beastly man, must sitte al day and quaffe,</div> - <div class="verse">The Beaste indeede, doth drincke but twise a day,</div> - <div class="verse">The beastly man, must stuffe his monstrous masse</div> - <div class="verse">With secrete cause of surfeiting alway;</div> - <div class="verse">Where beasts be glad to feede when they get prey,</div> - <div class="verse">And neuer eate more than may do them good,</div> - <div class="verse">Where men be sicke, and surfet thorough foode.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">Who sees a Beast, for sauery Sawces long?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees a beast, or chicke or Capon cramme?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees a beast, once luld on sleepe with song?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees a beast make venson of a Ramme?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees a Beast destroy bothe whelpe and damme?</div> - <div class="verse">Who sees a Beast vse beastly Gluttonie?</div> - <div class="verse">Which man doth vse, for great Cinilytie.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">I know not I, if dyuing be my fault,</div> - <div class="verse">Me thinks most men, can dine as well as I:</div> - <div class="verse">Some men can diue in Seller and in vault,</div> - <div class="verse">In Parlor, Hall, Kitchen and in Buttery</div> - <div class="verse">To smell the Roste, whereof the fume doth flee:</div> - <div class="verse">And as for games, men dine in every streame,</div> - <div class="verse">All frawdes be fishe, their stomacks neuer squeame.</div> - <div class="verse indent2">So to conclude, when men their faults can mend,</div> - <div class="verse">And shunne the shame, where with they beasts do blot,</div> - <div class="verse">When men their time and treasure not mispend,</div> - <div class="verse">But follow grace, which is with paines ygot,</div> - <div class="verse">When men can vice rebuke, and vse it not:</div> - <div class="verse">Then shall they shine, like men of worthy fame,</div> - <div class="verse">And else, they be but <em>Beasts</em> well worthy blame.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - -<p class="right"><cite>Noble Art of Venerie</cite>, 1611, <em>4to.</em> pp. 201-203.</p> -</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p> -<p>5. Get your rods and tops without knots, they are -dangerous for breaking.</p> - -<p>6. Keep your rod dry, lest it rot, and not near -the fire, lest it grow brittle.</p> - -<p>7. In drought, wet your rod a little before you -begin to angle.</p> - -<p>8. Lob-worms, dew-worms, and great garden -worms, all one.</p> - -<p>9. When you angle at ground, or with the natural -fly, your line must not exceed the length of your -rod. For the Trout at ground, it must be shorter, and -in some cases, not half the length as in small brooks or -woody rivers, either at ground, or with the natural fly.</p> - -<p>10. When you have hooked a good fish, have an -especial care to keep your rod bent, lest he run to the -line, and break your hook, or his hold.</p> - -<p>11. Such tops or stocks as you get, must not be -used till fully seasoned, which will not be in one year -and a quarter, but I like them better if kept till they be -two years old.</p> - -<p>12. The first fish you take, cut up his belly, and -you may then see his stomach; it is known by its largeness -and place, lying from the gills to the small guts; -take it out very tenderly, if you bruise it, your labour -and design are lost; and with a sharp knife cut it open -without bruising, and then you may find his food in it, -and thereby discover what bait the fish at that instant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span> -takes best, either flies or ground-baits, and so suit -them accordingly.</p> - -<p>13. Fish are frightened with any the least sight or -motion, therefore by all means keep out of sight, either -by sheltering yourself behind some bush or tree, or by -standing so far off the river’s side, that you can see -nothing but your fly or float; to effect this, a long rod -at ground, and a long line with the artificial fly, may be -of use to you. And here I meet with two different -opinions and practises, some will always cast their fly -and bait up the water, and so they say nothing occurs -to the fish’s sight but the line; others fish down the -river, and so suppose, the rod and line being long, the -quantity of water takes away, or at least lessens the -fish’s sight; but others affirm, that rod and line, and -perhaps yourself, are seen also. In this difference of -opinions I shall only say, in small brooks you may angle -upwards, or else in great rivers you must wade, as I -have known some, who thereby got the sciatica, and I -would not wish you to purchase pleasure at so dear a -rate; besides, casting up the river you cannot keep your -line out of the water, which has been noted for a fault -before; and they that use this way confess, that if in -casting your fly, the line fall into the water before it, the -fly were better uncast, because it frightens the fish; -then certainly it must do it this way, whether the fly fall -first or not, the line must first come to the fish, or fall -on him, which undoubtedly will frighten him: my -opinion is, therefore, that you angle down the river, for<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span> -the other way you traverse twice so much, and beat not -so much ground as downwards.</p> - -<p>14. Keep the sun, and moon, if night, before you, -if your eyes will endure, which I much question, at -least be sure to have those planets on your side, for if -they be on your back, your rod will with its shadow offend -much, and the fish see further and clearer, when -they look towards those lights, than the contrary; as -you may experiment thus in a dark night, if a man come -betwixt you and any light, you see him clearly, but not -at all if the light come betwixt you and him.</p> - -<p>15. When you angle for the Trout, you need not -make above three or four trials in one place, either with -fly or ground-bait, for he will then either take it, or -make an offer, or not stir at all, and so you lose time to -stay there any longer.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i099.jpg" alt="PEARCH" width="600" height="329" /> -</div> - -<p><span class="smcap">Pearch</span> bites exceedingly well at all sorts of -earth-worms, especially lob-worms, brandlings, bobs, -oak-worms, gentles, cad-bait, wasps, dores, minnows, -colwort-worm, and often at almost any bait, save the fly.</p> - -<p>He bites well all day long in seasonable weather, -but chiefly from eight in the morning till after ten, and -from a little before three in the afternoon till almost five.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i100.jpg" alt="CHUB" width="600" height="328" /> -</div> - -<p>16. A <span class="smcap">Chevin</span> loves to have several flies, and of -divers sorts, on the hook at once, and several baits also -at once on the hook, as a wasp and colwort-worm, or an -old wasp, and young dore, or humble, when his wings -and legs are grown forth, or a fly and cad-worm, or -oak-worm.</p> - -<p>17. Take for a Trout, two lob-worms well scoured, -cut them into two equal halves, put them on your -hook; this is an excellent bait.</p> - -<p>In a muddy water, a Trout will not take a cad-bait, -you must therefore only use it in clear water.</p> - -<p>If you desire to angle in a very swift stream, and -have your bait rest in one place, and yet not over burthen -your line with lead; take a small pistol bullet, -make a hole through it, wider at each side than the -middle, yet so open in every place, as that the line may -easily pass through it without any stop; place a very -small piece of lead on your line, that may keep this -bullet from falling nearer the hook than that piece of -lead, and if your float be made large enough to bear -above water, against the force of the stream, the fish -will, when they bite, run away with the bait as securely,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span> -as if there were no more weight upon your line, than the -little piece of lead, because the hole in the bullet gives -passage to the line, as if it were not there.</p> - -<p>18. When cattle in Summer come into the fords, -their dung draws the fish to the lower end of the ford; -at such time angle for a Chevin, with baits fit for him, -and you will have sport.</p> - -<p>19. Before you set your hook to your line, arm -the line by turning the silk five or six times about the -link, and so with the same silk set on your hook; this -preserves your lines, that your hook cut it not asunder, -and also that it will not, when using the cast fly, snap -off so easily, which it is very subject to do.</p> - -<p>20. In very wet seasons Trouts leave the rivers -and larger brooks, and retreat into such little brooks as -scarce run at all in dry Summers.</p> - -<p>21. To all sorts of pastes, add flax, cotton, or -wool, to keep the paste from falling off your hook.</p> - -<p>22. Deny not part of what your endeavours shall -purchase unto any sick or indigent persons, but willingly -distribute a part of your purchase to those who may -desire a share.</p> - -<p>23. Make not a profession of any recreation, lest -your immoderate love towards it should bring a cross -wish on the same.</p> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/i102.jpg" alt="FINIS" width="400" height="171" /> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> -<p class="center">J. Johnson, Printer, Brook Street, Holborn, London.</p> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<h2 id="end_note" class="nopagebreak" title="">Transcriber’s Notes</h2> - -<p class="noindent"><a href="#Page_10" title="">Page 10</a>— changed were to where—<span class="bold">where</span> the fish lie in wait for them</p> - -<p class="noindent"><a href="#Page_14" title="">Page 14</a>—changed then run <span class="bold">the the</span> same round your fly — then run the - same round your fly.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><a href="#Page_16" title="">Page 16</a>— changed artifical to artificial.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><a href="#Page_20" title="">Page 20</a>—changed fall to falls, twice;<br /> -— that your fly <span class="bold">falls</span> first<br /> -— if the line <span class="bold">falls</span> first</p> - -<p class="noindent"><a href="#Page_23" title="">Page 23</a>— changed get to gets—and close his mouth so no water <span class="bold">gets</span> in.</p> - </div> -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE EXPERIENCED ANGLER; OR ANGLING IMPROVED ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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