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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8221836 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #68144 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68144) diff --git a/old/68144-0.txt b/old/68144-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 93e2e38..0000000 --- a/old/68144-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1237 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Thoughts upon slavery, by John Wesley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Thoughts upon slavery - -Author: John Wesley - -Release Date: May 21, 2022 [eBook #68144] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON SLAVERY *** - - - - - -THOUGHTS - -UPON - -SLAVERY. - - -THE FIFTH EDITION. - - -By _JOHN WESLEY_, A. M. - - -[Illustration] - - -_LONDON_: - -Printed by G. PARAMORE, North Green, Worship-Street; -and sold by _G. Whitfield_, at the Chapel, City-Road; and at the -Methodist Preaching-Houses, in Town and Country. 1792. - -[Price TWO-PENCE.] - - - - -I. 1. By _Slavery_ I mean Domestic Slavery, or that of a servant to -a master. A late ingenious Writer well observes, “The variety of -forms in which Slavery appears, makes it almost impossible to convey -a just notion of it, by way of definition. There are however certain -properties which have accompanied Slavery in most places, whereby it is -easily distinguished from that mild domestic _service_ which obtains in -our country.”[1] - -[1] See Mr. _Hargrave’s_ Plea for _Somerset_ the Negro. - -2. _Slavery_ imports an obligation of perpetual service, an obligation -which only the consent of the master can dissolve. Neither in some -countries can the master himself dissolve it, without the consent of -judges appointed by the law. It generally gives the master an arbitrary -power of any correction, not affecting life or limb. Sometimes even -these are exposed to his will: or protected only by a fine, or some -slight punishment, too inconsiderable to restrain a master of a harsh -temper. It creates an incapacity of acquiring any thing, except for -the master’s benefit. It allows the master to alienate the Slave, in -the same manner as his cows and horses. Lastly it descends in its full -extent from parent to child, even to the last generation. - -3. The beginning of this may be dated from the remotest period, of -which we have an account in history. It commenced in the barbarous -State of Society, and in process of time spread into all nations. It -prevailed particularly among the _Jews_, the _Greeks_, the _Romans_, -and the ancient _Germans_: and was transmitted by them to the various -kingdoms and states, which arose out of the _Roman_ empire. But after -christianity prevailed, it gradually fell into decline in almost all -parts of _Europe_. This great change began in _Spain_, about the end of -the eighth century: and was become general in most other kingdoms of -_Europe_, before the middle of the fourteenth. - -4. From this time Slavery was nearly extinct, till the commencement -of the sixteenth century, when the discovery of _America_, and of the -Western and Eastern coasts of _Africa_, gave occasion to the revival -of it. It took its rise from the _Portuguese_, who to supply the -_Spaniards_ with men, to cultivate their new possessions in _America_, -procured Negroes from _Africa_, whom they sold for Slaves to the -_American_ Spaniards. This began in the year 1508, when they imported -the first Negroes into _Hispaniola_. In 1540, _Charles_ the fifth, then -King of _Spain_, determined to put an end to _Negro-Slavery_: giving -positive orders, That all the Negro-Slaves in the _Spanish_ dominions -should be set free. And this was accordingly done by _Lagasca_, whom -he sent and impowered to free them all, on condition of continuing to -labour for their masters. But soon after _Lagasca_ returned to _Spain_, -Slavery returned and flourished as before. Afterwards other nations, as -they acquired possessions in _America_, followed the examples of the -_Spaniards_; and Slavery has taken deep root in most of our _American_ -colonies. - -II. Such is the nature of Slavery: such the beginning of Negro-Slavery -in _America_. But some may desire to know, what country it is, from -which the Negroes are brought? What sort of men, of what temper and -behaviour are they in their own country? And in what manner they are -generally procured, carried to, and treated in _America_? - -1. And first, What kind of country is that from whence they are -brought? Is it so remarkably horrid, dreary and barren, that it is a -kindness to deliver them out of it? I believe many have apprehended so: -but it is an entire mistake, if we may give credit to those who have -lived many years therein, and could have no motive to misrepresent it. - -2. That part of _Africa_ whence the Negroes are brought, commonly known -by the name of _Guinea_, extends along the coast, in the whole, between -three and four thousand miles. From the river _Senegal_, (seventeen -degrees North of the line) to Cape _Sierra Leona_, it contains seven -hundred miles. Thence it runs Eastward about fifteen hundred miles, -including the _Grain-coast_, the _Ivory-coast_, the _Gold-coast_, and -the _Slave-coast_, with the large kingdom of _Benin_. From thence it -runs Southward, about twelve hundred miles, and contains the kingdoms -of _Congo_ and _Angola_. - -3. Concerning the first, the _Senegal_ coast, Mons. _Bene_, who lived -there sixteen years, after describing its fruitfulness near the -sea, says, “The farther you go from the sea, the more fruitful and -well-improved is the country, abounding in pulse, Indian corn, and -various fruits. Here are vast meadows, which feed large herds of great -and small cattle. And the villages which lie thick, shew the country -is well peopled.” And again: “I was surprized, to see the land so well -cultivated; scarce a spot lay unimproved: the low lands divided by -small canals, were all sowed with rice: the higher grounds were planted -with Indian corn, and peas of different sorts. Their beef is excellent; -poultry plenty, and very cheap, as are all the necessaries of life.” - -4. As to the _Grain_ and _Ivory-coast_, we learn from eye-witnesses, -that the soil is in general fertile, producing abundance of rice and -roots. Indigo and cotton thrive without cultivation. Fish is in great -plenty; the flocks and herds are numerous, and the trees loaden with -fruit. - -5. The _Gold-coast_ and _Slave-coast_, all who have seen it agree, is -exceeding fruitful and pleasant, producing vast quantities of rice and -other grain, plenty of fruit and roots, palm-wine and oil, and fish in -great abundance, with much tame and wild cattle. The very same account -is given us of the soil and produce of the kingdoms of _Benin_, _Congo_ -and _Angola_. From which it appears, that _Guinea_ in general, is far -from a horrid, dreary, barren country, is one of the most fruitful, -as well as the most pleasant countries in the known world. It is said -indeed to be unhealthy. And so it is to strangers, but perfectly -healthy to the native inhabitants. - -6. Such is the country from which the Negroes are brought. We come next -to enquire, What sort of men they are, of what temper and behaviour, -not in our plantations, but in their native country. And here likewise -the surest way is to take our account from eye and ear-witnesses. Now -those who have lived in the _Senegal_ country observe, it is inhabited -by three nations, the _Jalofs_, _Fulis_ and _Mandingos_. The king -of the _Jalofs_ has under him several Ministers, who assist in the -exercise of justice, the Chief Justice goes in circuit through all -his dominions, to hear complaints and determine controversies. And -the Viceroy goes with him, to inspect the behaviour of the _Alkadi_, -or Governor of each village. The _Fulis_ are governed by their chief -men, who rule with much moderation. Few of them will drink any thing -stronger than water, being strict _Mahometans_. The government is -easy, because the people are of a quiet and good disposition; and so -well instructed in what is right, that a man who wrongs another is the -abomination of all.--They desire no more land than they use, which they -cultivate with great care and industry: if any of them are known to be -made Slaves by the white men; they all join to redeem them. They not -only support all that are old, or blind, or lame among themselves: but -have frequently supplied the necessities of the _Mandingos_, when they -were distrest by famine. - -7. The _Mandingos_, says Mons. _Brue_, are right _Mahometans_, drinking -neither wine nor brandy. They are industrious and laborious, keeping -their ground well cultivated, and breeding a good stock of cattle. -Every town has a Governor, and he appoints the labour of the people. -The men work the ground designed for corn; the women and girls, the -rice-ground. He afterwards divides the corn and rice, among them: -and decides all quarrels, if any arise. All the Mahometan Negroes -constantly go to public prayers thrice a day: there being a Priest in -every village, who regularly calls them together: and it is surprising -to see the modesty, attention and reverence which they observe during -their worship--These three nations practise several trades; they have -Smiths, Sadlers, Potters and Weavers. And they are very ingenious -at their several occupations. Their Smiths not only make all the -instruments of iron, which they have occasion to use, but likewise work -many things neatly in gold and silver. It is chiefly the women and -children who weave fine cotton cloth, which they dye blue and black. - -8. It was of these parts of _Guinea_, that Mons. _Adanson_, -Correspondent of the Royal Academy of Sciences at _Paris_, from -1749, to 1753, gives the following account, both as to the country -and people, “Which way soever I turned my eyes, I beheld a perfect -image of pure nature: an agreeable solitude, bounded on every side by -a charming landscape; the rural situation of cottages, in the midst -of trees; the ease and quietness of the Negroes, reclined under the -shade of the spreading foliage, with the simplicity of their dress and -manners: the whole revived in my mind the idea of our first parents, -and I seemed to contemplate the world in its primitive state. They are, -generally speaking, very good natured, sociable and obliging. I was -not a little pleased with my first reception, and it fully convinced -me, that there ought to be a considerable abatement made, in the -accounts we have of the savage character of the _Africans_.” He adds, -“It is amazing that an illiterate people should reason so pertinently -concerning the heavenly bodies. There is no doubt, but that with proper -instruments, they would become excellent astronomers.” - -9. The inhabitants of the _Grain_ and _Ivory-coast_ are represented -by those that deal with them, as sensible, courteous, and the fairest -traders on the coasts of _Guinea_. They rarely drink to excess: if any -do they are severely punished by the King’s order. They are seldom -troubled with war: if a difference happen between two nations, they -commonly end the dispute amicably. - -10. The inhabitants of the _Gold_ and _Slave-coast_ likewise, when they -are not artfully incensed against each other, live in great union and -friendship, being generally well tempered, civil, tractable, and ready -to help any that need it. In particular, the natives of the kingdom -of _Whidah_, are civil, kind, and obliging to strangers. And they are -the most gentleman-like of all the Negroes, abounding in good manners -toward each other. The inferiors pay the utmost respect to their -superiors: so wives to their husbands, children to their parents. And -they are remarkably industrious; all are constantly employed; the men -in agriculture, the women in spinning and weaving cotton. - -11. The _Gold_ and _Slave-coasts_ are divided into several districts, -some governed by Kings, others by the principal men, who take care -each of their own town or village, and prevent or appease tumults. -They punish murder and adultery severely; very frequently with death. -Theft and robbery are punished by a fine proportionable to the goods -that were taken.--All the natives of this coast, though heathens, -believe there is one God, the Author of them and all things. They -appear likewise to have a confused apprehension of a future state. And -accordingly every town and village has a place of public worship.--It -is remarkable that they have no beggars among them; such is the care of -the chief men, in every city and village, to provide some easy labour, -even for the old and weak. Some are employed in blowing the Smith’s -bellows; others in pressing palm-oil; others in grinding of colours. If -they are too weak even for this, they sell provisions in the market. - -12. The natives of the kingdom of _Benin_ are a reasonable and -good-natured people. They are sincere and inoffensive, and do no -injustice either to one another or to strangers. They are eminently -civil and courteous: if you make them a present, they endeavour to -repay it double. And if they are trusted, till the ship returns the -next year, they are sure honestly to pay the whole debt. Theft is -punished among them, although not with the same severity as murder. -If a man and woman of any quality, are taken in adultery, they are -certain to be put to death, and their bodies thrown on a dunghill, and -left a prey to wild beasts. They are punctually just and honest in -their dealings; and are also very charitable: the King and the great -Lords taking care to employ all that are capable of any work. And those -that are utterly helpless they keep for God’s sake; so that here also -are no beggars. The inhabitants of _Congo_ and _Angola_ are generally -a quiet people. They discover a good understanding, and behave in a -friendly manner to strangers, being of a mild temper and an affable -carriage.----Upon the whole therefore the Negroes who inhabit the -coast of _Africa_, from the river _Senegal_ to the Southern bounds -of _Angola_, are so far from being the stupid, senseless, brutish, -lazy barbarians, the fierce, cruel, perfidious Savages they have been -described, that on the contrary, they are represented by them who have -no motive to flatter them, as remarkably sensible, considering the few -advantages they have for improving their understanding: as industrious -to the highest degree, perhaps more so than any other natives of so -warm a climate: as fair, just and honest in all their dealings, unless -where white men have taught them to be otherwise: and as far more mild, -friendly and kind to strangers, than any of our forefathers were. Our -forefathers! Where shall we find at this day, among the fair-faced -natives of _Europe_, a nation generally practising the justice, mercy, -and truth, which are found among these poor _Africans_? Suppose the -preceding accounts are true, (which I see no reason or pretence to -doubt of,) and we may leave _England_ and _France_, to seek genuine -honesty in _Benin_, _Congo_, or _Angola_. - -III. We have now seen what kind of country it is, from which the -Negroes are brought: and what sort of men (even white men being the -judges) they were in their own country. Enquire we, thirdly, In -what manner are they generally procured, carried to, and treated in -_America_. - -1. _First._ In what manner are they procured? Part of them by fraud. -Captains of ships from time to time, invited Negroes to come on board, -and then carried them away. But far more have been procured by force. -The Christians landing upon their coasts, seized as many as they found, -men, women and children, and transported them to _America_. It was -about 1551, that the _English_ began trading to _Guinea_: at first, for -gold and Elephant’s teeth, but soon after, for men. In 1556, Sir _John -Hawkins_ sailed with two ships to Cape _Verd_, where he sent eighty men -on shore to catch Negroes. But the natives flying, they fell farther -down, and there set the men on shore, “to burn their towns and take the -inhabitants.” But they met with such resistance, that they had seven -men killed, and took but ten Negroes. So they went still farther down, -till having taken enough, they proceeded to the _West-Indies_ and sold -them. - -2. It was some time before the _Europeans_ found a more compendious -way of procuring _African_ Slaves, by prevailing upon them to make war -upon each other, and to sell their prisoners. Till then they seldom had -any wars: but were in general quiet and peaceable. But the white men -first taught them drunkenness and avarice, and then hired them to sell -one another. Nay, by this means, even their Kings are induced to sell -their own subjects. So Mr. _Moore_ (Factor of the _African_ Company in -1730) informs us, “When the King of _Barsalli_ wants goods or brandy, -he sends to the _English_ Governor at _James’_ Fort, who immediately -sends a sloop. Against the time it arrives, he plunders some of his -neighbours’ towns, selling the people for the goods he wants. At other -times he falls upon one of his own towns, and makes bold to sell his -own subjects.” So Mons. _Brue_ says, “I wrote to the King” (not the -same) “if he had a sufficient number of slaves I would treat with -him. He seized three hundred of his own people, and sent word he was -ready to deliver them for goods.” He adds, “Some of the natives are -always ready” (when well paid) “to surprize and carry off their own -countrymen. They come at night without noise, and if they find any -lone cottage, surround it and carry off all the people.”--_Barbot_, -(another French Factor) says, “Many of the Slaves sold by the Negroes -are prisoners of war, or taken in the incursions they make into their -enemy’s territories. Others are stolen. Abundance of little Blacks of -both sexes, are stolen away by their neighbours, when found abroad on -the road, or in the woods, or else in the corn-fields, at the time -of year when their parents keep them there all day to scare away the -devouring birds.” That their own parents sell them, is utterly false: -Whites not Blacks, are without natural affection! - -3. To set the manner wherein Negroes are procured in a yet stronger -light, it will suffice to give an extract of two voyages to _Guinea_ on -this account. The first is taken verbatim from the original manuscript -of the Surgeon’s Journal. - -“SESTRO, Dec. 29, 1724. No trade to-day, though many traders came on -board. They informed us, that the people are gone to war within land, -and will bring prisoners enough in two or three days; in hopes of which -we stay. - -“The 30th. No trade yet: but our traders came on board to-day, and -informed us the people had burnt four towns: so that to-morrow we -expect slaves off. - -“The 31st, Fair weather; but no trading yet. We see each night towns -burning. But we hear many of the _Sestro_ men are killed by the inland -Negroes: so that we fear this war will be unsuccessful. - -“The second of January. Last night we saw a prodigious fire break out -about eleven o’clock, and this morning see the town of _Sestro_ burnt -down to the ground.” (It contained some hundred houses.) “So that we -find their enemies are too hard for them at present, and consequently -our trade spoiled here. Therefore about seven o’clock we weighed -anchor, to proceed lower down.” - -4. The second Extract taken from the Journal of a Surgeon, who went -from _New-York_ on the same trade, is as follows. “The Commander of the -vessel sent to acquaint the King, that he wanted a cargo of slaves. The -King promised to furnish him, and in order to it, set out, designing to -surprize some town, and make all the people prisoners. Some time after, -the King sent him word, he had not yet met with the desired success: -having attempted to break up two towns, but having been twice repulsed: -but that he still hoped to procure the number of Slaves. In this design -he persisted, till he met his enemies in the field. A battle was -fought, which lasted three days. And the engagement was so bloody, that -four thousand five hundred men were slain upon the spot.”----Such is -the manner wherein the Negroes are procured! Thus the Christians preach -the Gospel to the Heathens! - -5. Thus they are _procured_. But in what numbers and in what manner are -they carried to _America_?----Mr. _Anderson_ in his history of Trade -and Commerce, observes, “_England_ supplies her _American_ Colonies -with Negro-slaves, amounting in number to about a hundred thousand -every year.” That is, so many are taken on board our ships; but at -least ten thousand of them die in the voyage: about a fourth part more -die at the different Islands, in what is called the Seasoning. So that -at an average, in the passage and seasoning together, thirty thousand -die: that is, properly are murdered. O earth, O sea, cover not thou -their blood! - -6. When they are brought down to the shore in order to be sold, our -Surgeons thoroughly examine them, and that quite naked, women and men, -without any distinction: those that are approved are set on one side. -In the mean time a burning iron, with the arms or name of the Company, -lies in the fire, with which they are marked on the breast. Before they -are put into the ships, their masters strip them of all they have on -their backs: so that they come on board stark naked, women as well -as men. It is common for several hundred of them to be put on board -one vessel: where they are stowed together in as little room as it is -possible for them to be crowded. It is easy to suppose what a condition -they must soon be in, between heat, thirst and stench of various kinds. -So that it is no wonder, so many should die in the passage; but rather -that any survive it. - -7. When the vessels arrive at their destined port, the Negroes are -again exposed naked, to the eyes of all that flock together, and -the examination of their purchasers; then they are separated to the -plantations of their several masters, to see each other no more. Here -you may see mothers hanging over their daughters, bedewing their naked -breasts with tears, and daughters clinging to their parents, till the -whipper soon obliges them to part. And what can be more wretched than -the condition they then enter upon? Banished from their country, from -their friends and relations for ever, from every comfort of life, they -are reduced to a state scarce any way preferable to that of beasts of -burden. In general a few roots, not of the nicest kind, usually yams or -potatoes, are their food, and two rags, that neither screen them from -the heat of the day, nor the cold of the night their covering. Their -sleep is very short, their labour continual, and frequently above their -strength; so that death sets many of them at liberty, before they have -lived out half their days. The time they work in the _West-Indies_, is -from day-break to noon, and from two o’clock till dark: during which -time they are attended by overseers, who, if they think them dilatory, -or think any thing not so well done as it should be, whip them most -unmercifully, so that you may see their bodies long after whealed and -scarred usually from the shoulders to the waist. And before they are -suffered to go to their quarters, they have commonly something to -do, as collecting herbage for the horses, or gathering fewel for the -boilers. So that it is often past twelve before they can get home. -Hence if their food is not prepared, they are some times called to -labour again, before they can satisfy their hunger. And no excuse will -avail. If they are not in the field immediately, they must expect to -feel the lash. Did the Creator intend that the noblest creatures in -the visible world, should live such a life as this! “Are _these_ thy -glorious works, Parent of Good?” - -8. As to the punishment inflicted on them, says Sir _Hans Sloan_, -“they frequently geld them, or chop off half a foot: after they are -whipped till they are raw all over. Some put pepper and salt upon -them: some drop melted wax upon their skin. Others cut off their ears, -and constrain them to broil and eat them. For Rebellion,” (that is, -asserting their native Liberty, which they have as much right to as to -the air they breathe) “they fasten them down to the ground with crooked -sticks on every limb, and then applying fire by degrees, to the feet -and hands, they burn them gradually upward to the head.” - -9. But will not the laws made in the plantations, prevent or redress -all cruelty and oppression? We will take but a few of those laws for a -specimen, and then let any man judge. - -In order to rivet the chain of slavery, the law of _Virginia_ ordains, -“That no slave shall be set free, upon any pretence whatever, except -for some meritorious services, to be adjudged and allowed by the -_Governor and Council_: and that where any slave shall be set free by -his owner, otherwise than is herein directed, the Church-wardens of the -parish wherein such negro shall reside for the space of one month are -hereby authorized and required, to _take up and sell_ the said negro, -by _public outcry_.” - -10. Will not these Law-givers take effectual care, to prevent cruelty -and oppression? - -The law of _Jamaica_ ordains, “Every slave that shall run away, and -continue absent from his master twelve months, shall be _deemed -rebellious_:” And by another law, fifty pounds are allowed, to those -who kill or bring in alive a _rebellious_ slave. So their law treats -these poor men with as little ceremony and consideration, as if they -were merely brute beasts! But the innocent blood which is shed in -consequence of such a detestable law, must call for vengeance on the -murderous abetters and actors of such deliberate wickedness. - -11. But the law of _Barbadoes_ exceeds even this, “If any negro under -punishment, by his master, or his order, for running away, or any other -crime or misdemeanor, shall suffer _in life or member, no person -whatsoever shall be liable to any fine therefore_. But if any man, of -wantonness, or only of bloody-mindedness or cruel intention, _wilfully -kill_ a negro of his own” (Now observe the severe punishment!) “He -shall pay into the public treasury fifteen pounds sterling! And not be -liable to any other punishment or forfeiture for the same!” - -Nearly allied to this is that law of _Virginia_: “After proclamation -is issued against slaves that run away, it is lawful for any person -whatsoever to kill and destroy such slaves, by such ways and means as -he shall think fit.” - -We have seen already some of the ways and means which have been -_thought fit_ on such occasions. And many more might be mentioned. -One Gentleman, when I was abroad, _thought fit_ to roast his slave -alive! But if the most natural act of “running away” from intolerable -tyranny, deserves such relentless severity, what punishment have these -_Law-makers_ to expect hereafter, on account of their own enormous -offences? - -IV. 1. This is the plain, unaggravated matter of fact. Such is the -manner wherein our _African_ slaves are procured: such the manner -wherein they are removed from their native land, and wherein they are -treated in our plantations. I would now enquire, whether these things -can be defended, on the principles of even heathen honesty? Whether -they can be reconciled (setting the Bible out of the question) with any -degree of either justice or mercy? - -2. The grand plea is, “They are authorized by law.” But can law, Human -Law, change the nature of things? Can it turn darkness into light, -or evil into good? By no means. Notwithstanding ten thousand laws, -right is right, and wrong is wrong still. There must still remain an -essential difference between justice and injustice, cruelty and mercy. -So that I still ask, who can reconcile this treatment of the negroes, -first and last, with either mercy or justice? - -Where is the justice of inflicting the severest evils, on those that -have done us no wrong? Of depriving those that never injured us in word -or deed, of every comfort of life? Of tearing them from their native -country, and depriving them of liberty itself? To which an _Angolan_, -has the same natural right as an _Englishman_, and on which he sets as -high a value? Yea, where is the justice of taking away the lives of -innocent, inoffensive men? Murdering thousands of them in their own -land, by the hands of their own countrymen: many thousands, year after -year, on shipboard, and then casting them like dung into the sea! And -tens of thousands in that cruel slavery, to which they are so unjustly -reduced? - -3. But waving, for the present, all other considerations, I strike -at the root of this complicated villany. I absolutely deny all -slave-holding to be consistent with any degree of natural justice. - -I cannot place this in a clearer light, than that great ornament of his -profession, Judge _Blackstone_ has already done. Part of his words are -as follows: - -“The three origins of the right of slavery assigned by _Justinian_, -are all built upon false foundations. 1. Slavery is said to arise -from captivity in war. The conqueror having a right to the life of -his captive, if he spares that, has then a right to deal with them as -he speaks. But this is untrue, if taken generally, That by the laws -of nations, a man has a right to kill his enemy. He has only a right -to kill him in particular cases, in cases of absolute necessity for -self-defence. And it is plain, this absolute necessity did not subsist, -since he did not kill him, but made him prisoner. War itself is -justifiable only on principles of self-preservation. Therefore it gives -us no right over prisoners, but to hinder their hurting us by confining -them. Much less can it give a right to torture, or kill, or even -enslave an enemy when the war is over. Since therefore the right of -making our prisoners slaves, depends on a supposed right of slaughter, -that foundation failing, the consequence which is drawn from it must -fail likewise.” - -“It is said secondly, Slavery may begin, by one man’s selling himself -to another. And it is true, a man may sell himself to work for another; -but he can not sell himself to be a slave, as above defined. Every sale -implies an equivalent given to the seller, in lieu of what he transfers -to the buyer. But what equivalent can be given for life or liberty? -His property likewise, with the very price which he seems to receive, -devolves _ipso facto_ to his master, the instant he becomes his slave: -in this case therefore the buyer gives nothing. Of what validity then -can a sale be, which destroys the very principle upon which all sales -are founded?” - -“We are told, Thirdly, that men may be _born slaves_, by being the -children of slaves. But this being built upon the two former rights -must fall together with them, if neither captivity, nor contract can -by the plain law of nature and reason, reduce the parent to a state of -slavery, much less can they reduce the offspring.” It clearly follows, -that all slavery is as irreconcileable to justice as to mercy. - -4. That slave-holding is utterly inconsistent with mercy, is almost -too plain to need a proof. Indeed it is said, “That these negroes -being prisoners of war, our captains and factors buy them, merely to -save them from being put to death. And is not this mercy?” I answer, -1. Did Sir _John Hawkins_, and many others, seize upon men, women and -children, who were at peace in their own fields and houses, merely to -save them from death? 2. Was it to save them from death, that they -knock’d out the brains of those they could not bring away? 3. Who -occasioned and fomented those wars, wherein these poor creatures were -taken prisoners? Who excited them by money, by drink, by every possible -means, to fall upon one another? Was it not themselves? They know in -their own conscience it was, if they have any conscience left. But 4. -To bring the matter to a short issue. Can they say before God, That -they ever took a single voyage, or bought a single negro from this -motive? They cannot, they well know, to get money, not to save lives, -was the whole and sole spring of their motions. - -5. But if this manner of procuring and tearing negroes is not -consistent either with mercy or justice, yet there is a plea for it -which every man of business will acknowledge to be quite sufficient. -Fifty years ago, one meeting an eminent statesman in the lobby of the -House of Commons, said, “You have been long talking about justice and -equity, Pray which is this bill? Equity or justice?” He answered, very -short, and plain, “D--n justice: it is necessity.” Here also the -slave-holder fixes his foot: here he rests the strength of his cause. -“If it is not quite right, yet it _must_ be so: there is an absolute -_necessity for it_. It is necessary we should procure slaves: and when -we have procured them, it is necessary to use them with severity, -considering their stupidity, stubbornness and wickedness.” - -I answer, You stumble at the threshold: I deny that villany is ever -necessary. It is impossible that it should ever be necessary, for -any reasonable creature to violate all the laws of justice, mercy, -and truth. No circumstances can make it necessary for a man to burst -in sunder all the ties of humanity. It can never be necessary for a -rational being to sink himself below a brute. A man can be under no -necessity, of degrading himself into a wolf. The absurdity of the -supposition is so glaring, that one would wonder any one could help -seeing it. - -6. This in general. But to be more particular, I ask, 1. What is -necessary? And secondly, To what end? It may be answered, “The whole -method now used by the original purchasers of negroes, is necessary to -the furnishing our colonies yearly with a hundred thousand slaves.” I -grant this is necessary to that end. But how is that end necessary? -How will you prove it necessary that one hundred, that _one_ of those -slaves should be procured? “Why, it is necessary to my gaining an -hundred thousand pounds.” Perhaps so: but how is _this_ necessary? -It is very possible you might be both a better and a happier man, if -you had not a quarter of it. I deny that your gaining one thousand is -necessary, either to your present or eternal happiness. “But however -you must allow, these slaves are necessary for the cultivation of -our Islands: inasmuch as white men are not able to labour in hot -climates.” I answer, 1. It were better that all those Islands should -remain uncultivated for ever, yea, it were more desirable that they -were altogether sunk in the depth of the sea, than that they should -be cultivated at so high a price, as the violation of justice, mercy -and truth. But, secondly, the supposition on which you ground your -argument is false. For white men, even _English_ men, are well able -to labour in hot climates: provided they are temperate both in meat -and drink, and that they inure themselves to it by degrees. I speak -no more than I know by experience. It appears from the thermometer, -that the summer heat in _Georgia_, is frequently equal to that in -_Barbadoes_, yea to that under the line. And yet I and my family (eight -in number) did employ all our spare time there, in felling of trees and -clearing of ground, as hard labour as any negro need be employed in. -The _German_ family likewise, forty in number, were employed in all -manner of labour. And this was so far from impairing our health, that -we all continued perfectly well, while the idle ones round about us, -were swept away as with a pestilence. It is not true therefore that -white men are not able to labour, even in hot climates, full as well -as black. But if they were not, it would be better that none should -labour there, that the work should be left undone, than that myriads -of innocent men should be murdered, and myriads more dragged into the -basest slavery. - -7. “But the furnishing us with slaves is necessary, for the trade, and -wealth, and glory of our nation:” here are several mistakes. For 1. -Wealth is not necessary to the glory of any nation; but wisdom, virtue, -justice, mercy, generosity, public spirit, love of our country. These -are necessary to the real glory of a nation; but abundance of wealth -is not. Men of understanding allow, that the glory of _England_ was -full as high, in Queen _Elizabeth’s_ time as it is now: although our -riches and trade were then as much smaller, as our virtue was greater. -But, secondly, it is not clear, that we should have either less money -or trade, (only less of that detestable trade of man-stealing) if -there was not a negro in all our Islands, or in all _English America_. -It is demonstrable, white men, inured to it by degrees _can_ work as -well as them: and they _would_ do it, were negroes out of the way, and -proper encouragement given them. However, thirdly, I come back to the -same point: better no trade, than trade procured by villany. It is far -better to have no wealth, than to gain wealth at the expence of virtue. -Better is honest poverty, than all the riches bought by the tears, and -sweat and blood of our fellow-creatures. - -8. “However this be; it is necessary when we have slaves, to use them -with severity.” What, to whip them for every petty offence, till they -are all in gore blood? To take that opportunity, of rubbing pepper and -salt into their raw flesh? To drop burning sealing-wax upon their skin? -To castrate them? To cut off half their foot with an axe? To hang them -on gibbets, that they may die by inches, with heat, and hunger, and -thirst? To pin them down to the ground, and then burn them by degrees, -from the feet, to the head? To roast them alive?--When did a Turk or a -Heathen find it necessary to use a fellow-creature thus? - -I pray, to what end is this usage necessary? “Why, to prevent their -running away: and to keep them constantly to their labour, that they -may not idle away their time. So miserably stupid is this race of -men, yea, so stubborn and so wicked.” Allowing them to be as stupid -as you say, to whom is that stupidity owing? Without question it lies -altogether at the door of their inhuman masters: who give them no -means, no opportunity of improving their understanding: and indeed -leave them no motive, either from hope or fear, to attempt any such -thing. They were no way remarkable for stupidity, while they remained -in their own country: the inhabitants of _Africa_ where they have -equal motives and equal means of improvement, are not inferior to the -inhabitants of _Europe_: to some of them they are greatly superior. -Impartially survey in their own country, the natives of _Benin_, and -the natives of _Lapland_. Compare, (setting prejudice aside) the -_Samoeids_ and the _Angolans_. And on which side does the advantage -lie, in point of understanding? Certainly the _African_ is in no -respect inferior to the _European_. Their stupidity therefore in our -plantations is not natural; otherwise than it is the natural effect of -their condition. Consequently it is not their fault, but _your’s_: you -must answer for it, before God and man. - -9. “But their stupidity is not the only reason of our treating them -with severity. For it is hard to say, which is the greatest, this -or their stubbornness and wickedness.”----It may be so: But do not -these as well as the other, lie at _your_ door; are not stubbornness, -cunning, pilfering, and divers other vices, the natural, necessary -fruits of slavery? Is not this an observation which has been made, -in every age and nation?----And what means have you used to remove -this stubbornness? Have you tried what mildness and gentleness would -do? I knew one that did: that had prudence and patience to make -the experiment: Mr. _Hugh Bryan_, who then lived on the borders of -_South-Carolina_. And what was the effect? Why, that all his negroes -(and he had no small number of them) loved and reverenced him as a -father, and chearfully obeyed him out of love. Yea, they were more -afraid of a frown from _him_, than of many blows from an overseer. And -what pains have _you_ taken, what method have _you_ used, to reclaim -them from their wickedness? Have you carefully taught them, - -“That there is a God, a wise, powerful, merciful being, the Creator -and Governor of heaven and earth? That he has appointed a day wherein -he will judge the world, will take an account of all our thoughts, -words and actions? That in that day he will reward every child of man -according to his works: that “then the righteous shall inherit the -kingdom prepared for them from the foundation of the world: and the -wicked shall be cast into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil and -his angels.” If you have not done this, if you have taken no pains or -thought about the matter, can you wonder at their wickedness? What -wonder, if they should cut your throat? And if they did, whom could you -thank for it but yourself? You first acted the villain in making them -slaves, (whether you stole them or bought them.) You kept them stupid -and wicked, by cutting them off from all opportunities of improving -either in knowledge or virtue: and now you assign their want of wisdom -and goodness as the reason for using them worse than brute beasts! - -V. 1. It remains only to make a little application of the preceding -observations.--But to whom should that application be made? That may -bear a question. Should we address ourselves to the public at large? -What effect can this have? It may inflame the world against the guilty, -but is not likely to remove that guilt. Should we appeal to the -_English_ nation in general? This also is striking wide; and is never -likely to procure any redress for the sore evil we complain of.--As -little would it in all probability avail, to apply to the Parliament. -So many things, which _seem_ of greater importance lie before them that -they are not likely to attend to this. I therefore add a few words to -those who are more immediately concerned, whether captains, merchants -or planters. - -2. And, first, to the captains employed in this trade. Most of _you_ -know, the country of _Guinea_: several parts of it at least, between -the river _Senegal_ and the kingdom of _Angola_. Perhaps now, by -_your_ means, part of it is become a dreary uncultivated wilderness, -the inhabitants being all murdered or carried away, so that there are -none left to till the ground. But you well know, how populous, how -fruitful, how pleasant it was a few years ago. You know the people -were not stupid, not wanting in sense, considering the few means of -improvement they enjoyed. Neither did you find them savage, fierce, -cruel, treacherous, or unkind to strangers. On the contrary, they were -in most parts, a sensible and ingenious people. They were kind and -friendly, courteous and obliging, and remarkably fair and just in their -dealings. Such are the men whom you hire their own countrymen, to tear -away from this lovely country; part by stealth, part by force, part -made captive in those wars, which you raise or foment on purpose. You -have seen them torn away, children from their parents, parents from -their children: husbands from their wives, wives from their beloved -husbands, brethren and sisters from each other. You have dragged them -who had never done you any wrong, perhaps in chains, from their native -shore. You have forced them into your ships like an herd of swine, them -who had souls immortal as your own: (only some of them, leaped into -the sea, and resolutely stayed under water, till they could suffer no -more from you.) You have stowed them together as close as ever they -could lie, without any regard either to decency or convenience. And -when many of them had been poisoned by foul air, or had sunk under -various hardships, you have seen their remains delivered to the deep, -till the sea should give up its dead. You have carried the survivors -into the vilest slavery, never to end but with life: such slavery as is -not found among the Turks at _Algiers_, no nor among the Heathens in -_America_. - -3. May I speak plainly to you? I must. Love constrains me: love to -_you_, as well as to those you are concerned with. - -Is there a God? You know there is. Is he a just God? Then there must be -a state of retribution: a state wherein the just God will reward every -man according to his works. Then what reward will he render to _you_? O -think betimes! Before you drop into eternity! Think now, _He shall have -judgment without mercy that hath shewed no mercy_. Are you a _man_? -Then you should have a _human_ heart. But have you indeed? What is your -heart made of? Is there no such principle as compassion there? Do you -never _feel_ another’s pain? Have you no sympathy? No sense of human -woe? No pity for the miserable? When you saw the flourishing eyes, -the heaving breasts, or the bleeding sides and tortured limbs of your -fellow-creatures, was you a stone, or a brute? Did you look upon them -with the eyes of a tiger? When you squeezed the agonizing creatures -down in the ship, or when you threw their poor mangled remains into the -sea, had you no relenting? Did not one tear drop from your eye, one -sigh escape from your breast? Do you feel no relenting _now_? If you -do not, you must go on, till the measure of your iniquities is full. -Then will the great God deal with _you_, as you have dealt with _them_, -and require all their blood at your hands. And at that day it shall be -more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah than for _you_! But if your heart -does relent, though in a small degree, know it is a call from the God -of love. And to-day, if you will hear his voice, harden not your heart. -To-day resolve, God being your helper, to escape for your life. Regard -not money! All that a man hath will he give for his life! Whatever -you lose, lose not your soul: nothing can countervail that loss. -Immediately quit the horrid trade: at all events, be an honest man. - -4. This equally concerns every Merchant, who is engaged in the -Slave-trade. It is _you_ that induce the _African_ villain to sell his -countrymen; and in order thereto, to steal, rob, murder men, women and -children without number: by enabling the _English_ villain to pay him -for so doing; whom you over pay for his execrable labour. It is _your_ -money, that is the spring of all, that impowers him to go on: so that -whatever he or the _African_ does in this matter, is all _your_ act and -deed. And is your conscience quite reconciled to this? Does it never -reproach you at all? Has gold entirely blinded your eyes, and stupified -your heart? Can you see, can you _feel_ no harm therein? Is it doing -as you would be done to? Make the case your own. “Master,” said a Slave -at _Liverpool_ (to the Merchant that owned him) “what if some of my -countrymen were to come here, and take away my mistress, and master -_Tommy_ and master _Billy_ and carry them into our country, and make -them slaves, how would you like it?” His answer was worthy of a man: -“I will never buy a slave more while I live.” O let his resolution be -your’s! Have no more any part in this detestable business. Instantly -leave it to those unfeeling wretches, “Who laugh at human nature -and compassion!” Be _you_ a man! Not a wolf, a devourer of the human -species! Be merciful, that you may obtain mercy! - -5. And this equally concerns every gentleman that has an estate in our -_American_ plantations: yea all Slave-holders of whatever rank and -degree: seeing _men-buyers_ are exactly on a level with _men-stealers_. -Indeed you say, “I pay honestly for my goods: and I am not concerned to -know how they are come by”: nay but you are: you are deeply concerned -to know they are honestly come by. Otherwise you are partaker with a -thief, and are not a jot honester than him. But you know, they are not -honestly come by: you know they are procured by means, nothing near -so innocent as picking pockets, house-breaking, or robbery upon the -high-way. You know they are procured by a deliberate series of more -complicated villany, (of fraud, robbery and murder) than was ever -practised either by Mahometans or Pagans: in particular by murders of -all kinds; by the blood of the innocent poured upon the ground like -water. Now it is _your_ money that pays the Merchant, and through him -the Captain, and the _African_ butchers. _You_ therefore are guilty, -yea principally guilty, of all these frauds, robberies and murders. You -are the spring that puts all the rest in motion: they would not stir -a step without _you_: therefore the blood of all these wretches, who -die before their time, whether in the country or elsewhere, lies upon -your head. _The blood of thy brother_, (for, whether thou wilt believe -it or no, such he is in the sight of Him that made him) _crieth against -thee from the earth_, from the ship, and from the waters. O, whatever -it costs, put a stop to its cry before it be too late: instantly, -at any price, were it the half of your goods, deliver thyself from -blood-guiltiness! Thy hands, thy bed, thy furniture, thy house, -thy lands are at present stained with blood. Surely it is enough; -accumulate no more guilt: spill no more the blood of the innocent! Do -not hire another to shed blood: do not pay him for doing it! Whether -you are a Christian or no, shew yourself a man! Be not more savage than -a lion or a bear! - -6. Perhaps you will say, “I do not _buy_ any Negroes: I only _use_ -those left by my father.” So far is well: but is it enough to satisfy -your own conscience? Had your father, have _you_, has any man living, a -right to use another as a slave? It cannot be, even setting revelation -aside. It cannot be that either war, or contract, can give any man such -a property in another as he has in his sheep and oxen. Much less is it -possible, that any child of man, should ever be _born a slave_. Liberty -is the right of every human creature, as soon as he breathes the vital -air. And no human law can deprive him of that right, which he derives -from the law of nature. - -If therefore you have any regard to justice, (to say nothing of mercy, -nor the revealed law of God) render unto all their due. Give liberty to -whom liberty is due, that is to every child of man, to every partaker -of human nature. Let none serve you but by his own act and deed, by his -own voluntary choice. Away with all whips, all chains, all compulsion! -Be gentle toward all men, and see that you invariably do unto every -one, as you would he should do unto _you_. - -7. O thou God of love, thou who art loving to every man, and whose -mercy is over all thy works; thou who art the Father of the spirits of -all flesh, and who art rich in mercy unto all; thou who has mingled of -one blood, all the nations upon the earth; have compassion upon these -outcasts of men, who are trodden down as dung upon the earth! Arise -and help these that have no helper, whose blood is spilt upon the -ground like water! Are not these also the work of thine own hands, the -purchase of thy Son’s blood? Stir them up to cry unto thee in the land -of their captivity; and let their complaint come up before thee; let -it enter into thy ears! Make even those that lead them away captive to -pity them, and turn their captivity as the rivers in the South. O burst -thou all their chains in sunder; more especially the chains of their -sins: Thou, Saviour of all, make them free, that they may be free indeed! - - The servile progeny of _Ham_ - Seize as the purchase of thy blood! - Let all the Heathens know thy name, - From Idols to the living God; - The dark _Americans_ convert, - And shine in every Pagan heart. - - -FINIS - - - - -Transcriber’s Note - - -Clear printer’s errors have been corrected by the transcriber; as far as -possible, however, original spelling and punctuation have been preserved. - -In this file, text in _italics_ is indicated by underscores. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON SLAVERY *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Thoughts upon slavery</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: John Wesley</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 21, 2022 [eBook #68144]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Thomas Frost and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON SLAVERY ***</div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p> - - - - -<h1>THOUGHTS<br /> -<span class="p60">UPON</span><br /> -<span class="p80">SLAVERY.</span></h1> - -<hr class="r65 hrbold" style="margin-top:2em" /> - -<p class="center p90"><b>THE FIFTH EDITION.</b></p> - -<hr class="r65 hrbold" /> - - -<p class="center p140"><b>By <span class="italic">JOHN WESLEY</span>, A. M.</b></p> - - -<hr class="r65 hrbold" /> - -<div class="figcenter illowp25" id="image_1" style="max-width: 10em;"> - <img class="w100" src="images/image_1.jpg" alt="" /> -</div> - - -<hr class="r65 hrbold" /> - -<p class="center p120"><b><span class="italic">LONDON</span>:</b></p> - -<p class="center ml20 mr20"><b>Printed by <span class="smcap">G. Paramore</span>, North Green, Worship-Street; -and sold by <span class="italic">G. Whitfield</span>, at the Chapel, City-Road; and at the -Methodist Preaching-Houses, in Town and Country. 1792.</b></p> - -<p class="center p120"><b>[Price TWO-PENCE.]</b></p> - -<hr class="r65 hrbold x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<h2 class="break">I.</h2><p class="inline"> 1. <span class="smcap">By</span> <em>Slavery</em> I mean Domestic Slavery, or that of a -servant to a master. A late ingenious Writer -well observes, “The variety of forms in which Slavery -appears, makes it almost impossible to convey a just -notion of it, by way of definition. There are however -certain properties which have accompanied Slavery in -most places, whereby it is easily distinguished from that -mild domestic <em>service</em> which obtains in our country.”<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See Mr. <span class="italic">Hargrave’s</span> Plea for <span class="italic">Somerset</span> the Negro.</p> - -</div> - -<p>2. <em>Slavery</em> imports an obligation of perpetual service, -an obligation which only the consent of the master can -dissolve. Neither in some countries can the master himself -dissolve it, without the consent of judges appointed -by the law. It generally gives the master an arbitrary -power of any correction, not affecting life or limb. -Sometimes even these are exposed to his will: or protected -only by a fine, or some slight punishment, too -inconsiderable to restrain a master of a harsh temper. -It creates an incapacity of acquiring any thing, except -for the master’s benefit. It allows the master to alienate -the Slave, in the same manner as his cows and horses. -Lastly it descends in its full extent from parent to child, -even to the last generation.</p> - -<p>3. The beginning of this may be dated from the remotest -period, of which we have an account in history. -It commenced in the barbarous State of Society, and in -process of time spread into all nations. It prevailed -particularly among the <span class="italic">Jews</span>, the <span class="italic">Greeks</span>, the <span class="italic">Romans</span>, -and the ancient <span class="italic">Germans</span>: and was transmitted by them -to the various kingdoms and states, which arose out of -the <span class="italic">Roman</span> empire. But after christianity prevailed, it -gradually fell into decline in almost all parts of <span class="italic">Europe</span>. -This great change began in <span class="italic">Spain</span>, about the end of the -eighth century: and was become general in most other -kingdoms of <span class="italic">Europe</span>, before the middle of the fourteenth.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p> - -<p>4. From this time Slavery was nearly extinct, till -the commencement of the sixteenth century, when the -discovery of <span class="italic">America</span>, and of the Western and Eastern -coasts of <span class="italic">Africa</span>, gave occasion to the revival of it. It -took its rise from the <span class="italic">Portuguese</span>, who to supply the -<span class="italic">Spaniards</span> with men, to cultivate their new possessions -in <span class="italic">America</span>, procured Negroes from <span class="italic">Africa</span>, whom they -sold for Slaves to the <span class="italic">American</span> Spaniards. This began -in the year 1508, when they imported the first Negroes -into <span class="italic">Hispaniola</span>. In 1540, <span class="italic">Charles</span> the fifth, then King of -<span class="italic">Spain</span>, determined to put an end to <em>Negro-Slavery</em>: -giving positive orders, That all the Negro-Slaves in the -<span class="italic">Spanish</span> dominions should be set free. And this was accordingly -done by <span class="italic">Lagasca</span>, whom he sent and impowered -to free them all, on condition of continuing -to labour for their masters. But soon after -<span class="italic">Lagasca</span> returned to <span class="italic">Spain</span>, Slavery returned and -flourished as before. Afterwards other nations, as they -acquired possessions in <span class="italic">America</span>, followed the examples -of the <span class="italic">Spaniards</span>; and Slavery has taken deep root in -most of our <span class="italic">American</span> colonies.</p> - -<h2>II.</h2><p class="inline"> Such is the nature of Slavery: such the beginning -of Negro-Slavery in <span class="italic">America</span>. But some may desire -to know, what country it is, from which the Negroes -are brought? What sort of men, of what temper and -behaviour are they in their own country? And in what -manner they are generally procured, carried to, and -treated in <span class="italic">America</span>?</p> - -<p>1. And first, What kind of country is that from -whence they are brought? Is it so remarkably horrid, -dreary and barren, that it is a kindness to deliver them -out of it? I believe many have apprehended so: but it -is an entire mistake, if we may give credit to those -who have lived many years therein, and could have -no motive to misrepresent it.</p> - -<p>2. That part of <span class="italic">Africa</span> whence the Negroes are -brought, commonly known by the name of <span class="italic">Guinea</span>, -extends along the coast, in the whole, between three -and four thousand miles. From the river <span class="italic">Senegal</span>, -(seventeen degrees North of the line) to Cape <span class="italic">Sierra -Leona</span>, it contains seven hundred miles. Thence it -runs Eastward about fifteen hundred miles, including -the <span class="italic">Grain-coast</span>, the <span class="italic">Ivory-coast</span>, the <span class="italic">Gold-coast</span>, and the -<span class="italic">Slave-coast</span>, with the large kingdom of <span class="italic">Benin</span>. From<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span> -thence it runs Southward, about twelve hundred miles, -and contains the kingdoms of <span class="italic">Congo</span> and <span class="italic">Angola</span>.</p> - -<p>3. Concerning the first, the <span class="italic">Senegal</span> coast, Mons. -<span class="italic">Bene</span>, who lived there sixteen years, after describing -its fruitfulness near the sea, says, “The farther you go -from the sea, the more fruitful and well-improved is -the country, abounding in pulse, Indian corn, and -various fruits. Here are vast meadows, which feed -large herds of great and small cattle. And the villages -which lie thick, shew the country is well peopled.” -And again: “I was surprized, to see the land so well -cultivated; scarce a spot lay unimproved: the low -lands divided by small canals, were all sowed with -rice: the higher grounds were planted with Indian -corn, and peas of different sorts. Their beef is excellent; -poultry plenty, and very cheap, as are all the -necessaries of life.”</p> - -<p>4. As to the <span class="italic">Grain</span> and <span class="italic">Ivory-coast</span>, we learn from -eye-witnesses, that the soil is in general fertile, producing -abundance of rice and roots. Indigo and cotton -thrive without cultivation. Fish is in great plenty; the -flocks and herds are numerous, and the trees loaden -with fruit.</p> - -<p>5. The <span class="italic">Gold-coast</span> and <span class="italic">Slave-coast</span>, all who have seen it -agree, is exceeding fruitful and pleasant, producing -vast quantities of rice and other grain, plenty of fruit -and roots, palm-wine and oil, and fish in great abundance, -with much tame and wild cattle. The very same -account is given us of the soil and produce of the kingdoms -of <span class="italic">Benin</span>, <span class="italic">Congo</span> and <span class="italic">Angola</span>. From which it appears, -that <span class="italic">Guinea</span> in general, is far from a horrid, -dreary, barren country, is one of the most fruitful, as -well as the most pleasant countries in the known world. -It is said indeed to be unhealthy. And so it is to -strangers, but perfectly healthy to the native inhabitants.</p> - -<p>6. Such is the country from which the Negroes are -brought. We come next to enquire, What sort of men -they are, of what temper and behaviour, not in our -plantations, but in their native country. And here -likewise the surest way is to take our account from eye -and ear-witnesses. Now those who have lived in the -<span class="italic">Senegal</span> country observe, it is inhabited by three nations, -the <span class="italic">Jalofs</span>, <span class="italic">Fulis</span> and <span class="italic">Mandingos</span>. The king of the <span class="italic">Jalofs</span><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span> -has under him several Ministers, who assist in the exercise -of justice, the Chief Justice goes in circuit -through all his dominions, to hear complaints and determine -controversies. And the Viceroy goes with him, -to inspect the behaviour of the <span class="italic">Alkadi</span>, or Governor of -each village. The <span class="italic">Fulis</span> are governed by their chief men, -who rule with much moderation. Few of them will -drink any thing stronger than water, being strict <span class="italic">Mahometans</span>. -The government is easy, because the people -are of a quiet and good disposition; and so well instructed -in what is right, that a man who wrongs another -is the abomination of all.—They desire no more land -than they use, which they cultivate with great care and -industry: if any of them are known to be made Slaves -by the white men; they all join to redeem them. They -not only support all that are old, or blind, or lame -among themselves: but have frequently supplied the -necessities of the <span class="italic">Mandingos</span>, when they were distrest by -famine.</p> - -<p>7. The <span class="italic">Mandingos</span>, says Mons. <span class="italic">Brue</span>, are right <span class="italic">Mahometans</span>, -drinking neither wine nor brandy. They are -industrious and laborious, keeping their ground well -cultivated, and breeding a good stock of cattle. Every -town has a Governor, and he appoints the labour of -the people. The men work the ground designed for -corn; the women and girls, the rice-ground. He afterwards -divides the corn and rice, among them: and decides -all quarrels, if any arise. All the Mahometan Negroes -constantly go to public prayers thrice a day: there -being a Priest in every village, who regularly calls them -together: and it is surprising to see the modesty, attention -and reverence which they observe during their -worship—These three nations practise several trades; -they have Smiths, Sadlers, Potters and Weavers. And -they are very ingenious at their several occupations. -Their Smiths not only make all the instruments of iron, -which they have occasion to use, but likewise work -many things neatly in gold and silver. It is chiefly the -women and children who weave fine cotton cloth, -which they dye blue and black.</p> - -<p>8. It was of these parts of <span class="italic">Guinea</span>, that Mons. <span class="italic">Adanson</span>, -Correspondent of the Royal Academy of Sciences at -<span class="italic">Paris</span>, from 1749, to 1753, gives the following account, -both as to the country and people, “Which way soever<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span> -I turned my eyes, I beheld a perfect image of pure nature: -an agreeable solitude, bounded on every side by -a charming landscape; the rural situation of cottages, -in the midst of trees; the ease and quietness of the -Negroes, reclined under the shade of the spreading -foliage, with the simplicity of their dress and manners: -the whole revived in my mind the idea of our first -parents, and I seemed to contemplate the world in its -primitive state. They are, generally speaking, very -good natured, sociable and obliging. I was not a little -pleased with my first reception, and it fully convinced -me, that there ought to be a considerable abatement -made, in the accounts we have of the savage character -of the <span class="italic">Africans</span>.” He adds, “It is amazing that an illiterate -people should reason so pertinently concerning -the heavenly bodies. There is no doubt, but that with -proper instruments, they would become excellent -astronomers.”</p> - -<p>9. The inhabitants of the <span class="italic">Grain</span> and <span class="italic">Ivory-coast</span> are -represented by those that deal with them, as sensible, -courteous, and the fairest traders on the coasts of <span class="italic">Guinea</span>. -They rarely drink to excess: if any do they are severely -punished by the King’s order. They are seldom -troubled with war: if a difference happen between two -nations, they commonly end the dispute amicably.</p> - -<p>10. The inhabitants of the <span class="italic">Gold</span> and <span class="italic">Slave-coast</span> likewise, -when they are not artfully incensed against each -other, live in great union and friendship, being generally -well tempered, civil, tractable, and ready to help -any that need it. In particular, the natives of the -kingdom of <span class="italic">Whidah</span>, are civil, kind, and obliging to -strangers. And they are the most gentleman-like of all -the Negroes, abounding in good manners toward -each other. The inferiors pay the utmost respect to -their superiors: so wives to their husbands, children -to their parents. And they are remarkably industrious; -all are constantly employed; the men in agriculture, -the women in spinning and weaving cotton.</p> - -<p>11. The <span class="italic">Gold</span> and <span class="italic">Slave-coasts</span> are divided into several -districts, some governed by Kings, others by the principal -men, who take care each of their own town or -village, and prevent or appease tumults. They punish -murder and adultery severely; very frequently with -death. Theft and robbery are punished by a fine proportionable<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span> -to the goods that were taken.—All the natives -of this coast, though heathens, believe there is -one God, the Author of them and all things. They -appear likewise to have a confused apprehension of a -future state. And accordingly every town and village -has a place of public worship.—It is remarkable that -they have no beggars among them; such is the care of -the chief men, in every city and village, to provide -some easy labour, even for the old and weak. Some -are employed in blowing the Smith’s bellows; others -in pressing palm-oil; others in grinding of colours. If -they are too weak even for this, they sell provisions in -the market.</p> - -<p>12. The natives of the kingdom of <span class="italic">Benin</span> are a reasonable -and good-natured people. They are sincere and -inoffensive, and do no injustice either to one another -or to strangers. They are eminently civil and courteous: -if you make them a present, they endeavour to repay -it double. And if they are trusted, till the ship returns -the next year, they are sure honestly to pay the whole -debt. Theft is punished among them, although not with -the same severity as murder. If a man and woman of -any quality, are taken in adultery, they are certain to -be put to death, and their bodies thrown on a dunghill, -and left a prey to wild beasts. They are punctually -just and honest in their dealings; and are also very -charitable: the King and the great Lords taking care to -employ all that are capable of any work. And those -that are utterly helpless they keep for God’s sake; so -that here also are no beggars. The inhabitants of <span class="italic">Congo</span> -and <span class="italic">Angola</span> are generally a quiet people. They discover -a good understanding, and behave in a friendly manner -to strangers, being of a mild temper and an affable carriage.——Upon -the whole therefore the Negroes who -inhabit the coast of <span class="italic">Africa</span>, from the river <span class="italic">Senegal</span> to the -Southern bounds of <span class="italic">Angola</span>, are so far from being the -stupid, senseless, brutish, lazy barbarians, the fierce, -cruel, perfidious Savages they have been described, -that on the contrary, they are represented by them who -have no motive to flatter them, as remarkably sensible, -considering the few advantages they have for improving -their understanding: as industrious to the highest degree, -perhaps more so than any other natives of so warm -a climate: as fair, just and honest in all their dealings,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span> -unless where white men have taught them to be otherwise: -and as far more mild, friendly and kind to -strangers, than any of our forefathers were. Our forefathers! -Where shall we find at this day, among the -fair-faced natives of <span class="italic">Europe</span>, a nation generally practising -the justice, mercy, and truth, which are found -among these poor <span class="italic">Africans</span>? Suppose the preceding -accounts are true, (which I see no reason or pretence -to doubt of,) and we may leave <span class="italic">England</span> and <span class="italic">France</span>, to -seek genuine honesty in <span class="italic">Benin</span>, <span class="italic">Congo</span>, or <span class="italic">Angola</span>.</p> - -<h2>III.</h2><p class="inline"> We have now seen what kind of country it is, -from which the Negroes are brought: and what sort -of men (even white men being the judges) they were in -their own country. Enquire we, thirdly, In what manner -are they generally procured, carried to, and treated -in <span class="italic">America</span>.</p> - -<p>1. <span class="italic">First.</span> In what manner are they procured? Part -of them by fraud. Captains of ships from time to time, -invited Negroes to come on board, and then carried -them away. But far more have been procured by force. -The Christians landing upon their coasts, seized as many -as they found, men, women and children, and transported -them to <span class="italic">America</span>. It was about 1551, that the -<span class="italic">English</span> began trading to <span class="italic">Guinea</span>: at first, for gold and -Elephant’s teeth, but soon after, for men. In 1556, Sir -<span class="italic">John Hawkins</span> sailed with two ships to Cape <span class="italic">Verd</span>, -where he sent eighty men on shore to catch Negroes. -But the natives flying, they fell farther down, and -there set the men on shore, “to burn their towns and -take the inhabitants.” But they met with such resistance, -that they had seven men killed, and took but -ten Negroes. So they went still farther down, till having -taken enough, they proceeded to the <span class="italic">West-Indies</span> and -sold them.</p> - -<p>2. It was some time before the <span class="italic">Europeans</span> found a -more compendious way of procuring <span class="italic">African</span> Slaves, by -prevailing upon them to make war upon each other, -and to sell their prisoners. Till then they seldom had -any wars: but were in general quiet and peaceable. -But the white men first taught them drunkenness and -avarice, and then hired them to sell one another. Nay, -by this means, even their Kings are induced to sell -their own subjects. So Mr. <span class="italic">Moore</span> (Factor of the <span class="italic">African</span> -Company in 1730) informs us, “When the King of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span> -<span class="italic">Barsalli</span> wants goods or brandy, he sends to the <span class="italic">English</span> -Governor at <span class="italic">James’</span> Fort, who immediately sends a -sloop. Against the time it arrives, he plunders some of -his neighbours’ towns, selling the people for the goods -he wants. At other times he falls upon one of his own -towns, and makes bold to sell his own subjects.” So -Mons. <span class="italic">Brue</span> says, “I wrote to the King” (not the same) -“if he had a sufficient number of slaves I would treat -with him. He seized three hundred of his own people, -and sent word he was ready to deliver them for goods.” -He adds, “Some of the natives are always ready” -(when well paid) “to surprize and carry off their own -countrymen. They come at night without noise, and -if they find any lone cottage, surround it and carry off -all the people.”—<span class="italic">Barbot</span>, (another French Factor) says, -“Many of the Slaves sold by the Negroes are prisoners -of war, or taken in the incursions they make into their -enemy’s territories. Others are stolen. Abundance of -little Blacks of both sexes, are stolen away by their -neighbours, when found abroad on the road, or in the -woods, or else in the corn-fields, at the time of year -when their parents keep them there all day to scare -away the devouring birds.” That their own parents -sell them, is utterly false: Whites not Blacks, are without -natural affection!</p> - -<p>3. To set the manner wherein Negroes are procured -in a yet stronger light, it will suffice to give an extract -of two voyages to <span class="italic">Guinea</span> on this account. The first is -taken verbatim from the original manuscript of the -Surgeon’s Journal.</p> - -<p>“<span class="smcap">Sestro</span>, Dec. 29, 1724. No trade to-day, though -many traders came on board. They informed us, that -the people are gone to war within land, and will bring -prisoners enough in two or three days; in hopes of -which we stay.</p> - -<p>“The 30th. No trade yet: but our traders came on -board to-day, and informed us the people had burnt -four towns: so that to-morrow we expect slaves off.</p> - -<p>“The 31st, Fair weather; but no trading yet. We -see each night towns burning. But we hear many of the -<span class="italic">Sestro</span> men are killed by the inland Negroes: so that we -fear this war will be unsuccessful.</p> - -<p>“The second of January. Last night we saw a prodigious -fire break out about eleven o’clock, and this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span> -morning see the town of <span class="italic">Sestro</span> burnt down to the -ground.” (It contained some hundred houses.) “So -that we find their enemies are too hard for them at -present, and consequently our trade spoiled here. -Therefore about seven o’clock we weighed anchor, to -proceed lower down.”</p> - -<p>4. The second Extract taken from the Journal of a -Surgeon, who went from <span class="italic">New-York</span> on the same trade, -is as follows. “The Commander of the vessel sent to -acquaint the King, that he wanted a cargo of slaves. -The King promised to furnish him, and in order to it, -set out, designing to surprize some town, and make all -the people prisoners. Some time after, the King sent -him word, he had not yet met with the desired success: -having attempted to break up two towns, but having -been twice repulsed: but that he still hoped to procure -the number of Slaves. In this design he persisted, till -he met his enemies in the field. A battle was fought, -which lasted three days. And the engagement was so -bloody, that four thousand five hundred men were slain -upon the spot.”——Such is the manner wherein the -Negroes are procured! Thus the Christians preach the -Gospel to the Heathens!</p> - -<p>5. Thus they are <em>procured</em>. But in what numbers and -in what manner are they carried to <span class="italic">America</span>?——Mr. -<span class="italic">Anderson</span> in his history of Trade and Commerce, observes, -“<span class="italic">England</span> supplies her <span class="italic">American</span> Colonies with -Negro-slaves, amounting in number to about a hundred -thousand every year.” That is, so many are taken on -board our ships; but at least ten thousand of them die -in the voyage: about a fourth part more die at the -different Islands, in what is called the Seasoning. So -that at an average, in the passage and seasoning together, -thirty thousand die: that is, properly are murdered. -O earth, O sea, cover not thou their blood!</p> - -<p>6. When they are brought down to the shore in order -to be sold, our Surgeons thoroughly examine them, and -that quite naked, women and men, without any distinction: -those that are approved are set on one side. -In the mean time a burning iron, with the arms or name -of the Company, lies in the fire, with which they are -marked on the breast. Before they are put into the -ships, their masters strip them of all they have on their -backs: so that they come on board stark naked, women<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span> -as well as men. It is common for several hundred of -them to be put on board one vessel: where they are -stowed together in as little room as it is possible for -them to be crowded. It is easy to suppose what a condition -they must soon be in, between heat, thirst and -stench of various kinds. So that it is no wonder, so -many should die in the passage; but rather that any -survive it.</p> - -<p>7. When the vessels arrive at their destined port, the -Negroes are again exposed naked, to the eyes of all -that flock together, and the examination of their purchasers; -then they are separated to the plantations of -their several masters, to see each other no more. Here -you may see mothers hanging over their daughters, bedewing -their naked breasts with tears, and daughters -clinging to their parents, till the whipper soon obliges -them to part. And what can be more wretched than -the condition they then enter upon? Banished from -their country, from their friends and relations for ever, -from every comfort of life, they are reduced to a state -scarce any way preferable to that of beasts of burden. -In general a few roots, not of the nicest kind, usually -yams or potatoes, are their food, and two rags, that -neither screen them from the heat of the day, nor the -cold of the night their covering. Their sleep is very -short, their labour continual, and frequently above their -strength; so that death sets many of them at liberty, -before they have lived out half their days. The time -they work in the <span class="italic">West-Indies</span>, is from day-break to -noon, and from two o’clock till dark: during which -time they are attended by overseers, who, if they think -them dilatory, or think any thing not so well done as it -should be, whip them most unmercifully, so that you -may see their bodies long after whealed and scarred -usually from the shoulders to the waist. And before -they are suffered to go to their quarters, they have commonly -something to do, as collecting herbage for the -horses, or gathering fewel for the boilers. So that it is -often past twelve before they can get home. Hence if -their food is not prepared, they are some times called -to labour again, before they can satisfy their hunger. -And no excuse will avail. If they are not in the field -immediately, they must expect to feel the lash. Did the -Creator intend that the noblest creatures in the visible -world, should live such a life as this!<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span> -“Are <em>these</em> thy glorious works, Parent of Good?”</p> - -<p>8. As to the punishment inflicted on them, says Sir -<span class="italic">Hans Sloan</span>, “they frequently geld them, or chop off -half a foot: after they are whipped till they are raw -all over. Some put pepper and salt upon them: some -drop melted wax upon their skin. Others cut off their -ears, and constrain them to broil and eat them. For -Rebellion,” (that is, asserting their native Liberty, -which they have as much right to as to the air they -breathe) “they fasten them down to the ground with -crooked sticks on every limb, and then applying fire -by degrees, to the feet and hands, they burn them gradually -upward to the head.”</p> - -<p>9. But will not the laws made in the plantations, -prevent or redress all cruelty and oppression? We -will take but a few of those laws for a specimen, and -then let any man judge.</p> - -<p>In order to rivet the chain of slavery, the law of -<span class="italic">Virginia</span> ordains, “That no slave shall be set free, upon -any pretence whatever, except for some meritorious -services, to be adjudged and allowed by the <span class="italic">Governor -and Council</span>: and that where any slave shall be set free -by his owner, otherwise than is herein directed, the -Church-wardens of the parish wherein such negro -shall reside for the space of one month are hereby authorized -and required, to <em>take up and sell</em> the said -negro, by <em>public outcry</em>.”</p> - -<p>10. Will not these Law-givers take effectual care, to -prevent cruelty and oppression?</p> - -<p>The law of <span class="italic">Jamaica</span> ordains, “Every slave that shall -run away, and continue absent from his master twelve -months, shall be <em>deemed rebellious</em>:” And by another -law, fifty pounds are allowed, to those who kill or -bring in alive a <em>rebellious</em> slave. So their law treats -these poor men with as little ceremony and consideration, -as if they were merely brute beasts! But the innocent -blood which is shed in consequence of such a -detestable law, must call for vengeance on the murderous -abetters and actors of such deliberate wickedness.</p> - -<p>11. But the law of <span class="italic">Barbadoes</span> exceeds even this, “If -any negro under punishment, by his master, or his -order, for running away, or any other crime or misdemeanor,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span> -shall suffer <em>in life or member, no person whatsoever -shall be liable to any fine therefore</em>. But if any man, -of wantonness, or only of bloody-mindedness or cruel -intention, <em>wilfully kill</em> a negro of his own” (Now observe -the severe punishment!) “He shall pay into the -public treasury fifteen pounds sterling! And not be -liable to any other punishment or forfeiture for the -same!”</p> - -<p>Nearly allied to this is that law of <span class="italic">Virginia</span>: “After -proclamation is issued against slaves that run away, it -is lawful for any person whatsoever to kill and destroy -such slaves, by such ways and means as he shall think -fit.”</p> - -<p>We have seen already some of the ways and means -which have been <em>thought fit</em> on such occasions. And -many more might be mentioned. One Gentleman, -when I was abroad, <em>thought fit</em> to roast his slave alive! -But if the most natural act of “running away” from -intolerable tyranny, deserves such relentless severity, -what punishment have these <em>Law-makers</em> to expect -hereafter, on account of their own enormous -offences?</p> - -<h2>IV.</h2><p class="inline"> 1. This is the plain, unaggravated matter of -fact. Such is the manner wherein our <span class="italic">African</span> slaves -are procured: such the manner wherein they are removed -from their native land, and wherein they are -treated in our plantations. I would now enquire, -whether these things can be defended, on the principles -of even heathen honesty? Whether they can be -reconciled (setting the Bible out of the question) with -any degree of either justice or mercy?</p> - -<p>2. The grand plea is, “They are authorized by law.” -But can law, Human Law, change the nature of things? -Can it turn darkness into light, or evil into good? -By no means. Notwithstanding ten thousand laws, -right is right, and wrong is wrong still. There must -still remain an essential difference between justice and -injustice, cruelty and mercy. So that I still ask, who -can reconcile this treatment of the negroes, first and -last, with either mercy or justice?</p> - -<p>Where is the justice of inflicting the severest evils, -on those that have done us no wrong? Of depriving -those that never injured us in word or deed, of every -comfort of life? Of tearing them from their native<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span> -country, and depriving them of liberty itself? To -which an <span class="italic">Angolan</span>, has the same natural right as an -<span class="italic">Englishman</span>, and on which he sets as high a value? -Yea, where is the justice of taking away the lives of -innocent, inoffensive men? Murdering thousands of -them in their own land, by the hands of their own -countrymen: many thousands, year after year, on -shipboard, and then casting them like dung into the sea! -And tens of thousands in that cruel slavery, to which -they are so unjustly reduced?</p> - -<p>3. But waving, for the present, all other considerations, -I strike at the root of this complicated villany. -I absolutely deny all slave-holding to be consistent with -any degree of natural justice.</p> - -<p>I cannot place this in a clearer light, than that -great ornament of his profession, Judge <span class="italic">Blackstone</span> -has already done. Part of his words are as follows:</p> - -<p>“The three origins of the right of slavery assigned by -<span class="italic">Justinian</span>, are all built upon false foundations. 1. Slavery -is said to arise from captivity in war. The conqueror -having a right to the life of his captive, if he -spares that, has then a right to deal with them as he -speaks. But this is untrue, if taken generally, That -by the laws of nations, a man has a right to kill his -enemy. He has only a right to kill him in particular -cases, in cases of absolute necessity for self-defence. -And it is plain, this absolute necessity did not subsist, -since he did not kill him, but made him prisoner. War -itself is justifiable only on principles of self-preservation. -Therefore it gives us no right over prisoners, but to -hinder their hurting us by confining them. Much less -can it give a right to torture, or kill, or even enslave -an enemy when the war is over. Since therefore the -right of making our prisoners slaves, depends on a -supposed right of slaughter, that foundation failing, -the consequence which is drawn from it must fail likewise.”</p> - -<p>“It is said secondly, Slavery may begin, by one -man’s selling himself to another. And it is true, a -man may sell himself to work for another; but he can -not sell himself to be a slave, as above defined. Every -sale implies an equivalent given to the seller, in lieu -of what he transfers to the buyer. But what equivalent -can be given for life or liberty? His property likewise,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span> -with the very price which he seems to receive, -devolves <i lang="la" xml:lang="la">ipso facto</i> to his master, the instant he becomes -his slave: in this case therefore the buyer gives nothing. -Of what validity then can a sale be, which destroys -the very principle upon which all sales are founded?”</p> - -<p>“We are told, Thirdly, that men may be <em>born slaves</em>, -by being the children of slaves. But this being built -upon the two former rights must fall together with -them, if neither captivity, nor contract can by the -plain law of nature and reason, reduce the parent -to a state of slavery, much less can they reduce the offspring.” -It clearly follows, that all slavery is as irreconcileable -to justice as to mercy.</p> - -<p>4. That slave-holding is utterly inconsistent with -mercy, is almost too plain to need a proof. Indeed -it is said, “That these negroes being prisoners of war, -our captains and factors buy them, merely to save them -from being put to death. And is not this mercy?” -I answer, 1. Did Sir <span class="italic">John Hawkins</span>, and many others, -seize upon men, women and children, who were at -peace in their own fields and houses, merely to save -them from death? 2. Was it to save them from death, -that they knock’d out the brains of those they could -not bring away? 3. Who occasioned and fomented -those wars, wherein these poor creatures were taken -prisoners? Who excited them by money, by drink, -by every possible means, to fall upon one another? -Was it not themselves? They know in their own conscience -it was, if they have any conscience left. But -4. To bring the matter to a short issue. Can they say -before God, That they ever took a single voyage, or -bought a single negro from this motive? They cannot, -they well know, to get money, not to save lives, -was the whole and sole spring of their motions.</p> - -<p>5. But if this manner of procuring and tearing negroes -is not consistent either with mercy or justice, yet -there is a plea for it which every man of business will -acknowledge to be quite sufficient. Fifty years ago, -one meeting an eminent statesman in the lobby of the -House of Commons, said, “You have been long -talking about justice and equity, Pray which is this -bill? Equity or justice?” He answered, very short, -and plain, “D—n justice: it is necessity.” Here also<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span> -the slave-holder fixes his foot: here he rests the strength -of his cause. “If it is not quite right, yet it <em>must</em> be -so: there is an absolute <em>necessity for it</em>. It is necessary -we should procure slaves: and when we have procured -them, it is necessary to use them with severity, considering -their stupidity, stubbornness and wickedness.”</p> - -<p>I answer, You stumble at the threshold: I deny -that villany is ever necessary. It is impossible that it -should ever be necessary, for any reasonable creature -to violate all the laws of justice, mercy, and truth. -No circumstances can make it necessary for a man to -burst in sunder all the ties of humanity. It can -never be necessary for a rational being to sink himself -below a brute. A man can be under no necessity, of -degrading himself into a wolf. The absurdity of the -supposition is so glaring, that one would wonder any -one could help seeing it.</p> - -<p>6. This in general. But to be more particular, I -ask, 1. What is necessary? And secondly, To what -end? It may be answered, “The whole method now -used by the original purchasers of negroes, is necessary -to the furnishing our colonies yearly with a hundred -thousand slaves.” I grant this is necessary to that end. -But how is that end necessary? How will you prove -it necessary that one hundred, that <em>one</em> of those slaves -should be procured? “Why, it is necessary to my -gaining an hundred thousand pounds.” Perhaps so: -but how is <em>this</em> necessary? It is very possible you -might be both a better and a happier man, if you had -not a quarter of it. I deny that your gaining one -thousand is necessary, either to your present or eternal -happiness. “But however you must allow, these -slaves are necessary for the cultivation of our Islands: -inasmuch as white men are not able to labour in hot -climates.” I answer, 1. It were better that all those -Islands should remain uncultivated for ever, yea, it -were more desirable that they were altogether sunk in -the depth of the sea, than that they should be cultivated -at so high a price, as the violation of justice, -mercy and truth. But, secondly, the supposition on -which you ground your argument is false. For white -men, even <span class="italic">English</span> men, are well able to labour in hot -climates: provided they are temperate both in meat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span> -and drink, and that they inure themselves to it by degrees. -I speak no more than I know by experience. -It appears from the thermometer, that the summer -heat in <span class="italic">Georgia</span>, is frequently equal to that in <span class="italic">Barbadoes</span>, -yea to that under the line. And yet I and my -family (eight in number) did employ all our spare time -there, in felling of trees and clearing of ground, as -hard labour as any negro need be employed in. The -<span class="italic">German</span> family likewise, forty in number, were employed -in all manner of labour. And this was so far -from impairing our health, that we all continued perfectly -well, while the idle ones round about us, were -swept away as with a pestilence. It is not true therefore -that white men are not able to labour, even in hot -climates, full as well as black. But if they were not, -it would be better that none should labour there, -that the work should be left undone, than that -myriads of innocent men should be murdered, and myriads -more dragged into the basest slavery.</p> - -<p>7. “But the furnishing us with slaves is necessary, -for the trade, and wealth, and glory of our nation:” -here are several mistakes. For 1. Wealth is not -necessary to the glory of any nation; but wisdom, virtue, -justice, mercy, generosity, public spirit, love of -our country. These are necessary to the real glory of -a nation; but abundance of wealth is not. Men of -understanding allow, that the glory of <span class="italic">England</span> was -full as high, in Queen <span class="italic">Elizabeth’s</span> time as it is now: -although our riches and trade were then as much -smaller, as our virtue was greater. But, secondly, it -is not clear, that we should have either less money or -trade, (only less of that detestable trade of man-stealing) -if there was not a negro in all our Islands, or in all -<span class="italic">English America</span>. It is demonstrable, white men, inured -to it by degrees <em>can</em> work as well as them: and they -<em>would</em> do it, were negroes out of the way, and proper -encouragement given them. However, thirdly, I come -back to the same point: better no trade, than trade -procured by villany. It is far better to have no wealth, -than to gain wealth at the expence of virtue. Better -is honest poverty, than all the riches bought by -the tears, and sweat and blood of our fellow-creatures.</p> - -<p>8. “However this be; it is necessary when we have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span> -slaves, to use them with severity.” What, to whip -them for every petty offence, till they are all in gore -blood? To take that opportunity, of rubbing pepper -and salt into their raw flesh? To drop burning sealing-wax -upon their skin? To castrate them? To cut off -half their foot with an axe? To hang them on gibbets, -that they may die by inches, with heat, and hunger, -and thirst? To pin them down to the ground, and -then burn them by degrees, from the feet, to the -head? To roast them alive?—When did a Turk or -a Heathen find it necessary to use a fellow-creature -thus?</p> - -<p>I pray, to what end is this usage necessary? “Why, -to prevent their running away: and to keep them constantly -to their labour, that they may not idle away -their time. So miserably stupid is this race of men, -yea, so stubborn and so wicked.” Allowing them to -be as stupid as you say, to whom is that stupidity -owing? Without question it lies altogether at the -door of their inhuman masters: who give them no -means, no opportunity of improving their understanding: -and indeed leave them no motive, either from -hope or fear, to attempt any such thing. They were -no way remarkable for stupidity, while they remained -in their own country: the inhabitants of <span class="italic">Africa</span> where -they have equal motives and equal means of improvement, -are not inferior to the inhabitants of <span class="italic">Europe</span>: to -some of them they are greatly superior. Impartially -survey in their own country, the natives of <span class="italic">Benin</span>, and -the natives of <span class="italic">Lapland</span>. Compare, (setting prejudice -aside) the <span class="italic">Samoeids</span> and the <span class="italic">Angolans</span>. And on which -side does the advantage lie, in point of understanding? -Certainly the <span class="italic">African</span> is in no respect inferior to the -<span class="italic">European</span>. Their stupidity therefore in our plantations -is not natural; otherwise than it is the natural effect of -their condition. Consequently it is not their fault, -but <em>your’s</em>: you must answer for it, before God and -man.</p> - -<p>9. “But their stupidity is not the only reason of our -treating them with severity. For it is hard to say, -which is the greatest, this or their stubbornness and -wickedness.”——It may be so: But do not these as -well as the other, lie at <em>your</em> door; are not stubbornness, -cunning, pilfering, and divers other vices, the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span> -natural, necessary fruits of slavery? Is not this an observation -which has been made, in every age and nation?——And -what means have you used to remove -this stubbornness? Have you tried what mildness and -gentleness would do? I knew one that did: that had -prudence and patience to make the experiment: Mr. -<span class="italic">Hugh Bryan</span>, who then lived on the borders of <span class="italic">South-Carolina</span>. -And what was the effect? Why, that all -his negroes (and he had no small number of them) -loved and reverenced him as a father, and chearfully -obeyed him out of love. Yea, they were more afraid -of a frown from <em>him</em>, than of many blows from an overseer. -And what pains have <em>you</em> taken, what method -have <em>you</em> used, to reclaim them from their wickedness? -Have you carefully taught them,</p> - -<p>“That there is a God, a wise, powerful, merciful -being, the Creator and Governor of heaven and earth? -That he has appointed a day wherein he will judge the -world, will take an account of all our thoughts, words -and actions? That in that day he will reward every -child of man according to his works: that “then the -righteous shall inherit the kingdom prepared for them -from the foundation of the world: and the wicked -shall be cast into everlasting fire, prepared for the devil -and his angels.” If you have not done this, if you -have taken no pains or thought about the matter, can -you wonder at their wickedness? What wonder, if -they should cut your throat? And if they did, whom -could you thank for it but yourself? You first acted -the villain in making them slaves, (whether you stole -them or bought them.) You kept them stupid and -wicked, by cutting them off from all opportunities of -improving either in knowledge or virtue: and now -you assign their want of wisdom and goodness as -the reason for using them worse than brute beasts!</p> - -<h2>V.</h2><p class="inline"> 1. It remains only to make a little application -of the preceding observations.—But to whom should -that application be made? That may bear a question. -Should we address ourselves to the public at large? -What effect can this have? It may inflame the world -against the guilty, but is not likely to remove that guilt. -Should we appeal to the <span class="italic">English</span> nation in general? -This also is striking wide; and is never likely to procure -any redress for the sore evil we complain of.—As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span> -little would it in all probability avail, to apply to the -Parliament. So many things, which <em>seem</em> of greater -importance lie before them that they are not likely -to attend to this. I therefore add a few words -to those who are more immediately concerned, whether -captains, merchants or planters.</p> - -<p>2. And, first, to the captains employed in this trade. -Most of <em>you</em> know, the country of <span class="italic">Guinea</span>: several -parts of it at least, between the river <span class="italic">Senegal</span> and the -kingdom of <span class="italic">Angola</span>. Perhaps now, by <em>your</em> means, -part of it is become a dreary uncultivated wilderness, -the inhabitants being all murdered or carried away, so -that there are none left to till the ground. But you -well know, how populous, how fruitful, how pleasant -it was a few years ago. You know the people were -not stupid, not wanting in sense, considering the few -means of improvement they enjoyed. Neither did you -find them savage, fierce, cruel, treacherous, or unkind -to strangers. On the contrary, they were in most -parts, a sensible and ingenious people. They were -kind and friendly, courteous and obliging, and remarkably -fair and just in their dealings. Such are the men -whom you hire their own countrymen, to tear away -from this lovely country; part by stealth, part by -force, part made captive in those wars, which you -raise or foment on purpose. You have seen them torn -away, children from their parents, parents from their -children: husbands from their wives, wives from their -beloved husbands, brethren and sisters from each other. -You have dragged them who had never done you any -wrong, perhaps in chains, from their native shore. -You have forced them into your ships like an herd of -swine, them who had souls immortal as your own: -(only some of them, leaped into the sea, and resolutely -stayed under water, till they could suffer no more -from you.) You have stowed them together as close as -ever they could lie, without any regard either to decency -or convenience. And when many of them had -been poisoned by foul air, or had sunk under various -hardships, you have seen their remains delivered to the -deep, till the sea should give up its dead. You have -carried the survivors into the vilest slavery, never to -end but with life: such slavery as is not found among<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span> -the Turks at <span class="italic">Algiers</span>, no nor among the Heathens in -<span class="italic">America</span>.</p> - -<p>3. May I speak plainly to you? I must. Love constrains -me: love to <em>you</em>, as well as to those you are concerned -with.</p> - -<p>Is there a God? You know there is. Is he a just -God? Then there must be a state of retribution: a -state wherein the just God will reward every man according -to his works. Then what reward will he render -to <em>you</em>? O think betimes! Before you drop into -eternity! Think now, <em>He shall have judgment without -mercy that hath shewed no mercy</em>. Are you a <em>man</em>? Then -you should have a <em>human</em> heart. But have you indeed? -What is your heart made of? Is there no such -principle as compassion there? Do you never <em>feel</em> -another’s pain? Have you no sympathy? No sense of -human woe? No pity for the miserable? When you -saw the flourishing eyes, the heaving breasts, or the -bleeding sides and tortured limbs of your fellow-creatures, -was you a stone, or a brute? Did you look -upon them with the eyes of a tiger? When you -squeezed the agonizing creatures down in the ship, or -when you threw their poor mangled remains into the -sea, had you no relenting? Did not one tear drop from -your eye, one sigh escape from your breast? Do you -feel no relenting <em>now</em>? If you do not, you must go on, -till the measure of your iniquities is full. Then will -the great God deal with <em>you</em>, as you have dealt with -<em>them</em>, and require all their blood at your hands. And -at that day it shall be more tolerable for Sodom and -Gomorrah than for <em>you</em>! But if your heart does relent, -though in a small degree, know it is a call from the -God of love. And to-day, if you will hear his voice, -harden not your heart. To-day resolve, God being -your helper, to escape for your life. Regard not money! -All that a man hath will he give for his life! Whatever -you lose, lose not your soul: nothing can countervail -that loss. Immediately quit the horrid trade: at -all events, be an honest man.</p> - -<p>4. This equally concerns every Merchant, who is -engaged in the Slave-trade. It is <em>you</em> that induce the -<span class="italic">African</span> villain to sell his countrymen; and in order -thereto, to steal, rob, murder men, women and children -without number: by enabling the <span class="italic">English</span> villain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span> -to pay him for so doing; whom you over pay for his -execrable labour. It is <em>your</em> money, that is the spring -of all, that impowers him to go on: so that whatever -he or the <span class="italic">African</span> does in this matter, is all <em>your</em> act and -deed. And is your conscience quite reconciled to this? -Does it never reproach you at all? Has gold entirely -blinded your eyes, and stupified your heart? Can you -see, can you <em>feel</em> no harm therein? Is it doing as you -would be done to? Make the case your own. “Master,” -said a Slave at <span class="italic">Liverpool</span> (to the Merchant that owned -him) “what if some of my countrymen were to come -here, and take away my mistress, and master <span class="italic">Tommy</span> -and master <span class="italic">Billy</span> and carry them into our country, and -make them slaves, how would you like it?” His answer -was worthy of a man: “I will never buy a slave -more while I live.” O let his resolution be your’s! -Have no more any part in this detestable business. Instantly -leave it to those unfeeling wretches, “Who -laugh at human nature and compassion!” Be <em>you</em> a man! -Not a wolf, a devourer of the human species! Be merciful, -that you may obtain mercy!</p> - -<p>5. And this equally concerns every gentleman that -has an estate in our <span class="italic">American</span> plantations: yea all Slave-holders -of whatever rank and degree: seeing <em>men-buyers</em> -are exactly on a level with <em>men-stealers</em>. Indeed -you say, “I pay honestly for my goods: and I am not -concerned to know how they are come by”: nay but you -are: you are deeply concerned to know they are -honestly come by. Otherwise you are partaker with a -thief, and are not a jot honester than him. But you -know, they are not honestly come by: you know they -are procured by means, nothing near so innocent as -picking pockets, house-breaking, or robbery upon the -high-way. You know they are procured by a deliberate -series of more complicated villany, (of fraud, robbery -and murder) than was ever practised either by Mahometans -or Pagans: in particular by murders of all kinds; -by the blood of the innocent poured upon the ground -like water. Now it is <em>your</em> money that pays the Merchant, -and through him the Captain, and the <span class="italic">African</span> -butchers. <em>You</em> therefore are guilty, yea principally -guilty, of all these frauds, robberies and murders. You -are the spring that puts all the rest in motion: they -would not stir a step without <em>you</em>: therefore the blood<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span> -of all these wretches, who die before their time, whether in the country -or elsewhere, lies upon your head. <em>The blood of thy brother</em>, (for, whether -thou wilt believe it or no, such he is in the sight of Him that made him) -<em>crieth against thee from the earth</em>, from the ship, and from the waters. O, -whatever it costs, put a stop to its cry before it be too late: instantly, at -any price, were it the half of your goods, deliver thyself from blood-guiltiness! -Thy hands, thy bed, thy furniture, thy house, thy lands are -at present stained with blood. Surely it is enough; accumulate no more -guilt: spill no more the blood of the innocent! Do not hire another to -shed blood: do not pay him for doing it! Whether you are a Christian -or no, shew yourself a man! Be not more savage than a lion or a bear!</p> - -<p>6. Perhaps you will say, “I do not <em>buy</em> any Negroes: I only <em>use</em> those -left by my father.” So far is well: but is it enough to satisfy your own -conscience? Had your father, have <em>you</em>, has any man living, a right to -use another as a slave? It cannot be, even setting revelation aside. It cannot -be that either war, or contract, can give any man such a property in -another as he has in his sheep and oxen. Much less is it possible, that -any child of man, should ever be <em>born a slave</em>. Liberty is the right of -every human creature, as soon as he breathes the vital air. And no human -law can deprive him of that right, which he derives from the law of -nature.</p> - -<p>If therefore you have any regard to justice, (to say nothing of mercy, -nor the revealed law of God) render unto all their due. Give liberty to -whom liberty is due, that is to every child of man, to every partaker of -human nature. Let none serve you but by his own act and deed, by his -own voluntary choice. Away with all whips, all chains, all compulsion! -Be gentle toward all men, and see that you invariably do unto every one, -as you would he should do unto <em>you</em>.</p> - -<p>7. O thou God of love, thou who art loving to every man, and whose -mercy is over all thy works; thou who art the Father of the spirits of all -flesh, and who art rich in mercy unto all; thou who has mingled of one -blood, all the nations upon the earth; have compassion upon these outcasts -of men, who are trodden down as dung upon the earth! Arise and -help these that have no helper, whose blood is spilt upon the ground like -water! Are not these also the work of thine own hands, the purchase of -thy Son’s blood? Stir them up to cry unto thee in the land of their captivity; -and let their complaint come up before thee; let it enter into thy -ears! Make even those that lead them away captive to pity them, and -turn their captivity as the rivers in the South. O burst thou all their -chains in sunder; more especially the chains of their sins: Thou, Saviour -of all, make them free, that they may be free indeed!</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> - <div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse indent0">The servile progeny of <span class="italic">Ham</span></div> - <div class="verse indent2">Seize as the purchase of thy blood!</div> - <div class="verse indent0">Let all the Heathens know thy name,</div> - <div class="verse indent2">From Idols to the living God;</div> - <div class="verse indent0">The dark <span class="italic">Americans</span> convert,</div> - <div class="verse indent0">And shine in every Pagan heart.</div> - </div> -</div> -</div> - - -<p class="center p120 gesperrt p2 mb2"><b>FINIS</b></p> - - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="center"><b>Transcriber’s Note</b></p> - -<p>Clear printer’s errors have been corrected by the transcriber; as far as -possible, however, original spelling and punctuation have been preserved.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THOUGHTS UPON SLAVERY ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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