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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #68337 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68337)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of A caution to Great Britain and her
-colonies, by Anthony Benezet
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: A caution to Great Britain and her colonies
-
-Author: Anthony Benezet
-
-Release Date: June 17, 2022 [eBook #68337]
-
-Language: English
-
-Produced by: Robert Tonsing and The Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CAUTION TO GREAT BRITAIN
-AND HER COLONIES ***
-
-
-
-
-
-                                   A
-                                CAUTION
-                                   TO
-                            _GREAT BRITAIN_
-                                  AND
-                             HER COLONIES,
-                                  IN A
-                          SHORT REPRESENTATION
-                                 OF THE
-                        CALAMITOUS STATE of the
-                            ENSLAVED NEGROES
-                                 IN THE
-                           BRITISH DOMINIONS.
-
-                             A NEW EDITION.
-
-                            BY ANT. BENEZET.
-
-                PHILADELPHIA Printed: LONDON Reprinted
-                  and Sold by JAMES PHILLIPS, in
-                  GEORGE-YARD, LOMBARD-STREET. 1784.
-
-
-
-
-                            A CAUTION, &c.
-
-
-At a time when the general rights and liberties of mankind, and the
-preservation of those valuable privileges transmitted to us from our
-ancestors, are become so much the subjects of universal consideration;
-can it be an inquiry indifferent to any, how many of those who
-distinguish themselves as the Advocates of Liberty, remain insensible
-and inattentive to the treatment of thousands and tens of thousands of
-our fellow men, who, from motives of avarice, and the inexorable decree
-of tyrant custom, are at this very time kept in the most deplorable
-state of Slavery, in many parts of the _British_ Dominions?
-
-The intent of publishing the following sheets, is more fully to
-make known the aggravated iniquity attending the practice of the
-Slave-Trade; whereby many thousands of our fellow-creatures, as free
-as ourselves by nature, and equally with us the subjects of Christ’s
-redeeming Grace, are yearly brought into inextricable and barbarous
-bondage; and many, very many, to miserable and untimely ends.
-
-The Truth of this lamentable Complaint is so obvious to persons of
-candour, under whose notice it hath fallen, that several have lately
-published their sentiments thereon, as a matter which calls for the
-most serious consideration of all who are concerned for the civil or
-religious welfare of their Country. How an evil of so deep a dye, hath
-so long, not only passed uninterrupted by those in Power, but hath even
-had their Countenance, is indeed surprising; and charity would suppose,
-must in a great measure have arisen from this, that many persons in
-government, both of the Clergy and Laity, in whose power it hath been
-to put a stop to the Trade, have been unacquainted with the corrupt
-motives which gives life to it, and with the groans, the dying groans,
-which daily ascend to God, the common Father of mankind, from the
-broken hearts of those his deeply oppressed creatures: otherwise the
-powers of the earth would not, I think I may venture to say could not,
-have so long authorized a practice so inconsistent with every idea of
-liberty and justice, which, as the learned _James Foster_ says, _Bids
-that God, which is the God and Father of the_ Gentiles, _unconverted
-to_ Christianity, _most daring and bold defiance; and spurns at all
-the principles both of natural and revealed Religion_.
-
-Much might justly be said of the temporal evils which attend this
-practice, as it is destructive of the welfare of human society, and
-of the peace and prosperity of every country, in proportion as it
-prevails. It might be also shewn, that it destroys the bonds of natural
-affection and interest, whereby mankind in general are united; that it
-introduces idleness, discourages marriage, corrupts the youth, ruins
-and debauches morals, excites continual apprehensions of dangers, and
-frequent alarms, to which the Whites are necessarily exposed from so
-great an increase of a People, that, by their Bondage and Oppressions,
-become natural enemies, yet, at the same time, are filling the places
-and eating the bread of those who would be the Support and Security
-of the Country. But as these and many more reflections of the same
-kind, may occur to a considerate mind, I shall only endeavour to
-shew, from the nature of the Trade, the plenty which _Guinea_ affords
-to its inhabitants, the barbarous Treatment of the Negroes, and the
-Observations made thereon by Authors of note, that it is inconsistent
-with the plainest Precepts of the Gospel, the dictates of reason, and
-every common sentiment of humanity.
-
-In an Account of the _European_ Settlements in _America_, printed
-in _London_, 1757, the Author, speaking on this Subject, says: ‘The
-Negroes in our Colonies endure a Slavery more complete, and attended
-with far worse circumstances than what any people in their condition
-suffer in any other part of the world, or have suffered in any other
-period of time: Proofs of this are not wanting. The prodigious waste
-which we experience in this unhappy part of our Species, is a full
-and melancholy Evidence of this Truth. The Island of _Barbadoes_ (the
-Negroes upon which do not amount to eighty thousand) notwithstanding
-all the means which they use to encrease them by Propagation, and that
-the Climate is in every respect (except that of being more wholesome)
-exactly resembling the Climate from whence they come; notwithstanding
-all this, _Barbadoes_ lies under a necessity of an annual recruit
-of five thousand slaves, to keep up the stock at the number I have
-mentioned. This prodigious failure, which is at least in the same
-proportion in all our Islands, shews demonstratively that some uncommon
-and unsupportable Hardship lies upon the Negroes, which wears them
-down in such a surprising manner; and this, I imagine, is principally
-the excessive labour which they undergo.’ In an Account of part of
-_North-America_, published by _Thomas Jeffery_, printed 1761, speaking
-of the usage the Negroes receive in the _West-India_ Islands, he thus
-expresses himself: ‘It is impossible for a human heart to reflect
-upon the servitude of these dregs of mankind, without in some measure
-feeling for their misery, which ends but with their lives.——Nothing
-can be more wretched than the condition of this People. One would
-imagine, they were framed to be the disgrace of the human species:
-banished from their Country, and deprived of that blessing, Liberty, on
-which all other nations set the greatest value, they are in a manner
-reduced to the condition of beasts of burden. In general a few roots,
-potatoes especially, are their food; and two rags, which neither screen
-them from the heat of the day, nor the extraordinary coolness of the
-night, all their covering; their sleep very short; their labour almost
-continual; they receive no wages, but have twenty lashes for the
-smallest fault.’
-
-A considerate young person, who was lately in one of our _West-India_
-Islands, where he observed the miserable situation of the Negroes,
-makes the following remarks: ‘I meet with daily exercise, to see the
-treatment which these miserable wretches meet with from their masters,
-with but few exceptions. They whip them most unmercifully, on small
-occasions; they beat them with thick Clubs, and you will see their
-Bodies all whaled and scarred: in short, they seem to set no other
-value on their lives than as they cost them so much money; and are not
-retrained from killing them, when angry, by a worthier consideration
-than that they lose so much. They act as though they did not look upon
-them as a race of human creatures, who have reason, and remembrance
-of misfortunes; but as beasts, like oxen, who are stubborn, hardy and
-senseless, fit for burdens, and designed to bear them. They will not
-allow them to have any claim to human privileges, or scarce, indeed,
-to be regarded as the work of God. Though it was consistent with the
-justice of our Maker to pronounce the sentence on our common parent,
-and through him on all succeeding generations, _That he and they
-should eat their bread by the sweat of their brow_; yet does it not
-stand recorded by the same Eternal Truth, _That the Labourer is worthy
-of his Hire_? It cannot be allowed in natural justice, that there
-should be a servitude without condition: A cruel endless servitude. It
-cannot be reconcileable to natural justice, that whole nations, nay,
-whole continents of men, should be devoted to do the drudgery of life
-for others, be dragged away from their attachments of relations and
-societies, and made to serve the appetites and pleasures of a race of
-men, whose superiority has been obtained by an illegal force.’
-
-A particular account of the treatment these unhappy _Africans_ receive
-in the _West-Indies_ was lately published, which, even by those who,
-blinded by interest, seek excuses for the Trade, and endeavour to
-palliate the cruelty exercised upon them, is allowed to be a true,
-though rather too favourable representation of the usage they receive,
-which is as follows, _viz._ ‘The iniquity of the Slave-trade is greatly
-aggravated by the inhumanity with which the Negroes are treated in the
-Plantations, as well with respect to food and clothing, as from the
-unreasonable labour which is commonly exacted from them. To which may
-be added the cruel chastisements they frequently suffer, without any
-other bounds than the will and wrath of their hard task-masters. In
-_Barbadoes_, and some other of the Islands, six pints of _Indian_ corn
-and three herrings are reckoned a full weeks allowance for a working
-slave, and in the System of Geography it is said, _That in_ Jamaica
-_the owners of the Negroe-slaves, set aside for each a parcel of
-ground, and allow them_ Sundays _to manure it, the produce of which_,
-with sometimes a few herrings, or other salt-fish, _is all that is
-allowed for their support_. Their allowance for clothing in the Islands
-is seldom more than six yards of osenbrigs each year: And in the more
-northern Colonies, where the piercing westerly winds are long and
-sensibly felt, these poor _Africans_ suffer much for want of sufficient
-clothing, indeed some have none till they are able to pay for it by
-their labour. The time that the Negroes work in the _West-Indies_,
-is from day-break till noon; then again from two o’clock till dusk:
-(during which time they are attended by overseers, who severely scourge
-those who appear to them dilatory) and before they are suffered to
-go to their quarters, they have still something to do, as collecting
-of herbage for the horses, gathering fuel for the boilers, _etc._ so
-that it is often half past twelve before they can get home, when they
-have scarce time to grind and boil their _Indian_ corn; whereby it
-often happens that they are called again to labour before they can
-satisfy their Hunger. And here no delay or excuse will avail, for if
-they are not in the Field immediately upon the usual notice, they must
-expect to feel the Overseer’s Lash. In crop-time (which lasts many
-months) they are obliged (by turns) to work most of the night in the
-boiling-house. Thus their Owners, from a desire of making the greatest
-gain by the labour of their slaves, lay heavy Burdens on them, and yet
-feed and clothe them very sparingly, and some scarce feed or clothe
-them at all, so that the poor creatures are obliged to shift for their
-living in the best manner they can, which occasions their being often
-killed in the neighbouring lands, stealing potatoes, or other food, to
-satisfy their hunger. And if they take any thing from the plantation
-they belong to, though under such pressing want, their owners will
-correct them severely, for taking a little of what they have so hardly
-laboured for, whilst they themselves riot in the greatest luxury and
-excess.—It is a matter of astonishment, how a people, who, as a nation,
-are looked upon as generous and humane, and so much value themselves
-for their uncommon sense of the Benefit of Liberty, can live in the
-practice of such extreme oppression and inhumanity, without seeing the
-inconsistency of such conduct, and without feeling great Remorse: Nor
-is it less amazing to hear these men calmly making calculations about
-the strength and lives of their fellow-men; in _Jamaica_, if six in
-ten, of the new imported Negroes survive the seasoning, it is looked
-upon as a gaining purchase: And in most of the other plantations,
-if the Negroes live eight or nine years, their labour is reckoned a
-sufficient compensation for their cost.——If calculations of this sort
-were made upon the strength and labour of beasts of burden, it would
-not appear so strange; but even then a merciful man would certainly
-use his beast with more mercy than is usually shewn to the poor
-Negroes.—Will not the groans of this deeply afflicted and oppressed
-people reach Heaven, and when the cup of iniquity is full, must not
-the inevitable consequence be pouring forth of the judgments of God
-upon their oppressors. But, alas! is it not too manifest that this
-oppression has already long been the object of the divine displeasure;
-for what heavier judgment, what greater calamity can befall any people,
-than to become a prey to that hardness of heart, that forgetfulness of
-God, and insensibility to every religious impression; as well as that
-general depravation of manners, which so much prevails in the Colonies,
-in proportion as they have more or less enriched themselves, at the
-expence of the blood and bondage of the Negroes.’
-
-The situation of the Negroes in our Southern provinces on the
-Continent, is also feelingly set forth by _George Whitfield_, in a
-Letter from _Georgia_, to the Inhabitants of _Maryland_, _Virginia_,
-_North_ and _South-Carolina_, printed in the Year 1739, of which the
-following is an extract: ‘As I lately passed through your provinces,
-in my way hither, I was sensibly touched with a fellow-feeling of the
-miseries of the poor Negroes. Whether it be lawful for _Christians_
-to buy slaves, and thereby encourage the Nations from whom they are
-bought, to be at perpetual war with each other, I shall not take upon
-me to determine; sure I am, it is sinful, when bought, to use them as
-bad, nay worse than as though they were brutes; and whatever particular
-exception there may be, (as I would charitably hope there are some)
-I fear the generality of you, that own Negroes, are liable to such a
-charge; for your slaves, I believe, work as hard, if not harder, than
-the horses whereon you ride. These, after they have done their work,
-are fed and taken proper care of; but many Negroes, when wearied with
-labour, in your plantations, have been obliged to grind their own corn,
-after they return home. Your dogs are caressed and fondled at your
-table; but your slaves, who are frequently stiled dogs or beasts, have
-not an equal privilege; they are scarce permitted to pick up the crumbs
-which fall from their master’s table.—Not to mention what numbers have
-been given up to the inhuman usage of cruel task-masters, who, by
-their unrelenting scourges, have ploughed their backs, and made long
-furrows, and at length brought them even to death. When passing along,
-I have viewed your plantations cleared and cultivated, many spacious
-houses built, and the owners of them faring sumptuously every day, my
-blood has frequently almost run cold within me, to consider how many
-of your slaves had neither convenient food to eat, or proper raiment
-to put on, notwithstanding most of the comforts you enjoy were solely
-owing to their indefatigable labours.—The Scripture says, _Thou shalt
-not muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn_. Does God take care
-for oxen? and will he not take care of the Negroes also? undoubtedly
-he will.—Go to now ye rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that
-shall come upon you: Behold the provision of the poor Negroes, who
-have reaped down your fields, which is by you denied them, crieth; and
-the cries of them which reaped, are entered into the ears of the Lord
-of Sabbath. We have a remarkable instance of God’s taking cognizance
-of, and avenging the quarrel of poor slaves, 2 Sam. xxi. 1. _There was
-a famine in the days of_ David _three years, year after year; and_
-David _enquired of the Lord: And the Lord answered, It is for_ Saul,
-_and for his bloody house, because he slew the_ Gibeonites. Two things
-are here very remarkable: First, These _Gibeonites_ were only hewers
-of wood and drawers of water, or in other words, slaves like yours.
-Secondly, That this plague was sent by God many years after the injury,
-the cause of the plague, was committed. And for what end were this and
-such like examples recorded in holy Scriptures? without doubt, for our
-learning.—For God is the same to-day as he was yesterday, and will
-continue the same for ever. He does not reject the prayer of the poor
-and destitute; nor disregard the cry of the meanest Negro. The blood
-of them spilt for these many years in your respective provinces will
-ascend up to heaven against you.’
-
-Some who have only seen Negroes in an abject state of slavery,
-broken-spirited and dejected, knowing nothing of their situation
-in their native country, may apprehend, that they are naturally
-insensible of the benefits of Liberty, being destitute and miserable
-in every respect, and that our suffering them to live amongst us (as
-the _Gibeonites_ of old were permitted to live with the _Israelites_)
-though even on more oppressive terms, is to them a favour; but these
-are certainly erroneous opinions, with respect to far the greatest part
-of them: Although it is highly probable that in a country which is more
-than three thousand miles in extent from north to south, and as much
-from east to west, there will be barren parts, and many inhabitants
-more uncivilized and barbarous than others; as is the case in all other
-countries: yet, from the most authentic accounts, the inhabitants of
-_Guinea_ appear, generally speaking, to be an industrious, humane,
-sociable people, whose capacities are naturally as enlarged, and as
-open to improvement, as those of the _Europeans_; and that their
-Country is fruitful, and in many places well improved, abounding in
-cattle, grain and fruits. And as the earth yields all the year round
-a fresh supply of food, and but little clothing is requisite, by
-reason of the continual warmth of the climate; the necessaries of life
-are much easier procured in most parts of _Africa_, than in our more
-northern climes. This is confirmed by many authors of note, who have
-resided there; among others, _M. Adanson_, in his account of _Goree_
-and _Senegal_, in the year 1754, says, ‘Which way soever I turned my
-eyes on this pleasant spot, I beheld a perfect image of pure nature;
-an agreeable solitude, bounded on every side by charming landscapes,
-the rural situation of cottages in the midst of trees; the ease and
-indolence of the Negroes reclined under the shade of their spreading
-foliage; the simplicity of their dress and manners; the whole revived
-in my mind the idea of our first parents, and I seemed to contemplate
-the world in its primitive state: They are, generally speaking, very
-good-natured, sociable and obliging. I was not a little pleased with
-this my first reception; it convinced me, that there ought to be a
-considerable abatement made in the accounts I had read and heard every
-where of the savage character of the _Africans_. I observed, both in
-Negroes and Moors, great humanity and sociableness, which gave me
-strong hopes, that I should be very safe amongst them, and meet with
-the success I desired, in my inquiries after the curiosities of the
-country.’
-
-_William Bosman_, a principal Factor for the _Dutch_, who resided
-sixteen years in _Guinea_, speaking of the natives of that part where
-he then was, says, ‘They are generally a good sort of people, honest
-in their dealings;’ others he describes as ‘being generally friendly
-to strangers, of a mild conversation, affable, and easy to be overcome
-with reason.’ He adds, ‘That some Negroes, who have had an agreeable
-education, have manifested a brightness of understanding equal to any
-of us.’ Speaking of the fruitfulness of the country, he says, ‘It was
-very populous, plentifully provided with corn, potatoes and fruit,
-which grew close to each other; in some places a foot-path is the only
-ground that is not covered with them; the Negroes leaving no place,
-which is thought fertile, uncultivated; and immediately after they
-have reaped, they are sure to sow again.’ Other parts he describes,
-as ‘being full of towns and villages; the soil very rich, and so well
-cultivated, as to look like an entire garden, abounding in rice, corn,
-oxen, and poultry, and the inhabitants laborious.’
-
-_William Smith_, who was sent by the _African_ Company to visit their
-settlements on the coast of _Guinea_, in the year 1726, gives much
-the same account of the country of _Delmina_ and _Cape Corse_, &c. for
-beauty and goodness, and adds, ‘The more you come downward towards
-that part, called _Slave-Coast_, the more delightful and rich the
-soil appears.’ Speaking of their disposition, he says, ‘They were a
-civil, good-natured people, industrious to the last degree. It is easy
-to perceive what happy memories they are blessed with, and how great
-progress they would make in the sciences, in case their genius was
-cultivated with study.’ He adds, from the information he received of
-one of the Factors, who had resided ten years in that country, ‘That
-the discerning natives account it their greatest unhappiness, that they
-were ever visited by the _Europeans_.—That the _Christians_ introduced
-the traffick of Slaves; and that before our coming they lived in peace.’
-
-_Andrew Brue_, a principal man in the _French_ Factory, in the account
-he gives of the great river _Senegal_, which runs many hundred miles up
-the country, tells his readers, ‘The farther you go from the Sea, the
-country on the river seems more fruitful and well improved. It abounds
-in _Guinea_ and _Indian_ corn, rice, pulse, tobacco, and indigo. Here
-are vast meadows, which feed large herds of great and small cattle;
-poultry are numerous, as well as wild fowl.’ The same Author, in his
-travels to the south of the river _Gambia_, expresses his surprize,
-‘to see the land so well cultivated; scarce a spot lay unimproved; the
-low grounds, divided by small canals, were all sowed with rice; the
-higher ground planted with _Indian_ corn, millet, and peas of different
-sorts: beef and mutton very cheap, as well as all other necessaries
-of life.’ The account this Author gives of the disposition of the
-natives, is, ‘That they are generally good-natured and civil, and may
-be brought to any thing by fair and soft means.’ _Artus_, speaking of
-the same people, says, ‘They are a sincere, inoffensive people, and do
-no injustice either to one another or strangers.’
-
-From these Accounts, both of the good Disposition of the Natives, and
-the Fruitfulness of most parts of _Guinea_, which are confirmed by
-many other Authors, it may well be concluded, that their acquaintance
-with the _Europeans_ would have been a happiness to them, had those
-last not only borne the name, but indeed been influenced by the Spirit
-of _Christianity_; but, alas! how hath the Conduct of the Whites
-contradicted the Precepts and Example of Christ? Instead of promoting
-the End of his Coming, by preaching the Gospel of Peace and Good-will
-to Man, they have, by their practices, contributed to enflame every
-noxious passion of corrupt nature in the Negroes; they have incited
-them to make war one upon another, and for this purpose have furnished
-them with prodigious quantities of ammunition and arms, whereby they
-have been hurried into confusion, bloodshed, and all the extremities
-of temporal misery, which must necessarily beget in their minds such a
-general detestation and scorn of the _Christian_ name, as may deeply
-affect, if not wholly preclude, their belief of the great Truths of
-our holy Religion. Thus an insatiable desire of gain hath become
-the principal and moving cause of the most abominable and dreadful
-scene, that was perhaps ever acted upon the face of the earth; even
-the power of their Kings hath been made subservient to answer this
-wicked purpose, instead of being Protectors of their people, these
-Rulers, allured by the tempting bait laid before them by the _European_
-Factors, _&c._ have invaded the Liberties of their unhappy subjects,
-and are become their Oppressors.
-
-Divers accounts have already appeared in print, declarative of the
-shocking wickedness with which this Trade is carried on; these may not
-have fallen into the hands of some of my readers, I shall, therefore,
-for their information, select a few of the most remarkable instances
-that I have met with, shewing the method by which the Trade is commonly
-managed all along the _African_ coast.
-
-_Francis Moor_, Factor to the _African_ Company, on the river _Gambia_,
-relates, ‘That when the King of _Barsalli_ wants goods, _&c._ he sends
-a messenger to the _English_ Governor at _James_’s Fort, to desire he
-would send up a sloop with a cargo of goods; which (says the author)
-the Governor never fails to do: Against the time the vessel arrives,
-the King plunders some of his enemies towns, selling the people for
-such goods as he wants.—If he is not at war with any neighbouring King,
-he falls upon one of his own towns, and makes bold to sell his own
-miserable subjects.’
-
-_N. Brue_, in his account of the Trade, _&c._ writes, ‘That having
-received a quantity of goods, he wrote to the King of the country, That
-if he had a sufficient number of slaves, he was ready to trade with
-him. This Prince (says that author) as well as other Negroe Monarchs,
-has always a sure way of supplying his deficiencies by selling his
-own subjects.—The King had recourse to this method, by seizing three
-hundred of his own people, and sent word to _Brue_, that he had the
-slaves ready to deliver for the goods.’
-
-The Misery and Bloodshed, consequent to the Slave-trade, is amply
-set forth by the following extracts of two voyages to the coast of
-_Guinea_ for slaves. The first in a vessel from _Liverpool_, taken
-_verbatim_ from the original manuscript of the Surgeon’s journal, _viz._
-
-‘SESTRO, _December_ the 29th, 1724. No trade to-day, though many
-Traders come on board; they inform us, that the people are gone to war
-within land, and will bring prisoners enough in two or three days: in
-hopes of which we stay.
-
-‘The 30th. No trade yet, but our Traders came on board to-day, and
-informed us, the people had burnt four towns of their enemies, so
-that to-morrow we expect slaves off. Another large ship is come in:
-Yesterday came in a large _Londoner_.
-
-‘The 31st. Fair weather, but no trade yet: We see each night towns
-burning; but we hear the _Sestro_ men are many of them killed by the
-inland Negroes, so that we fear this war will be unsuccessful.
-
-‘The 2d _January_. Last night we saw a prodigious fire break out about
-eleven o’clock, and this morning see the town of _Sestro_ burnt down
-to the ground, (it contained some hundreds of houses) so that we find
-their enemies are too hard for them at present, and consequently our
-trade spoiled here; so that about seven o’clock we weighed anchor, as
-did likewise the three other vessels, to proceed lower down.’
-
-The second relation, also taken from the original manuscript journal of
-a person of credit, who went Surgeon on the same account in a vessel
-from _New-York_ to the coast of _Guinea_, about nineteen years past, is
-as follows, _viz._
-
-‘Being on the coast at a place called _Basalia_, the Commander of the
-vessel, according to custom, sent a person on shore with a present
-to the King, acquainting him with his arrival, and letting him know,
-they wanted a cargo of slaves. The King promised to furnish them
-with slaves; and in order to do it, set out to go to war against
-his enemies, designing also to surprize some town, and take all the
-people prisoners: Some time after, the King sent them word, he had
-not yet met with the desired success, having been twice repulsed, in
-attempting to break up two towns; but that he still hoped to procure
-a number of slaves for them; and in this design he persisted till he
-met his enemies in the field, where a battle was fought, which lasted
-three days; during which time the engagement was so bloody, that four
-thousand five hundred men were slain on the spot.’ The person, that
-wrote the account, beheld the bodies as they lay on the field of
-battle. ‘Think (says he in his journal) what a pitiable sight it was,
-to see the widows weeping over their lost husbands, orphans deploring
-the loss of their fathers, _&c._ _&c._’
-
-Those who are acquainted with the Trade agree, that many Negroes
-on the sea-coast, who have been corrupted by their intercourse and
-converse with the _European_ Factors, have learnt to stick at no act
-of cruelty for gain. These make it a practice to steal abundance of
-little Blacks of both sexes, when found on the roads or in the fields,
-where their parents keep them all day to watch the corn, _&c._ Some
-authors say, the Negroe Factors go six or seven hundred miles up the
-country with goods, bought from the _Europeans_, where markets of men
-are kept in the same manner as those of beasts with us. When the poor
-slaves, whether brought from far or near, come to the sea-shore, they
-are stripped naked, and strictly examined by the _European_ Surgeons,
-both men and women, without the least distinction or modesty; those
-which are approved as good, are marked with a red-hot iron with the
-ship’s mark; after which they are put on board the vessels, the men
-being shackled with irons two and two together. Reader, bring the
-matter home, and consider whether any situation in life can be more
-completely miserable than that of those distressed captives. When we
-reflect, that each individual of this number had some tender attachment
-which was broken by this cruel separation; some parent or wife, who
-had not an opportunity of mingling tears in a parting embrace; perhaps
-some infant or aged parent whom his labour was to feed and vigilance
-protect; themselves under the dreadful apprehension of an unknown
-perpetual slavery; pent up within the narrow confines of a vessel,
-sometimes six or seven hundred together, where they lie as close as
-possible. Under these complicated distresses they are often reduced to
-a state of desperation, wherein many have leaped into the sea, and have
-kept themselves under water till they were drowned; others have starved
-themselves to death, for the prevention whereof some masters of vessels
-have cut off the legs and arms of a number of those poor desperate
-creatures, to terrify the rest. Great numbers have also frequently been
-killed, and some deliberately put to death under the greatest torture,
-when they have attempted to rise, in order to free themselves from
-their present misery, and the slavery designed them. An instance of
-the last kind appears particularly in an account given by the master
-of a vessel, who brought a cargo of slaves to _Barbadoes_; indeed
-it appears so irreconcileable to the common dictates of humanity,
-that one would doubt the truth of it, had it not been related by a
-serious person of undoubted credit, who had it from the captain’s own
-mouth. Upon an inquiry, What had been the success of his voyage? he
-answered, ‘That he had found it a difficult matter to set the negroes
-a fighting with each other, in order to procure the number he wanted;
-but that when he had obtained this end, and had got his vessel filled
-with slaves, a new difficulty arose from their refusal to take food;
-those desperate creatures chusing rather to die with hunger, than to
-be carried from their native country.’ Upon a farther inquiry, by what
-means he had prevailed upon them to forego this desperate resolution?
-he answered, ‘That he obliged all the negroes to come upon deck, where
-they persisted in their resolution of not taking food, he caused his
-sailors to lay hold upon one of the most obstinate, and chopt the poor
-creature into small pieces, forcing some of the others to eat a part
-of the mangled body; withal swearing to the survivors, that he would
-use them all, one after the other, in the same manner, if they did not
-consent to eat.’ This horrid execution he applauded as a good act, it
-having had the desired effect, in bringing them to take food.
-
-A similar case is mentioned in _Astley_’s Collection of Voyages, by
-_John Atkins_, Surgeon on board Admiral _Ogle_’s squadron, ‘Of one
-_Harding_, mailer of a vessel, in which several of the men-slaves,
-and a woman-slave, had attempted to rise, in order to recover their
-liberty; some of whom the master, of his own authority, sentenced to
-cruel death; making them first eat the heart and liver of one of those
-he killed. The woman he hoisted by the thumbs; whipped and slashed with
-knives before the other slaves, till she died.’
-
-As detestable and shocking as this may appear to such, whose hearts
-are not yet hardened by the practice of that cruelty, which the love
-of wealth, by degrees, introduceth into the human mind; it will not
-be strange to those who have been concerned or employed in the Trade.
-Now here arises a necessary query to those who hold the balance and
-sword of justice; and who must account to God for the use they have
-made of it. _Since our English law is so truly valuable for its
-justice, how can they overlook these barbarous deaths of the unhappy
-Africans without trial, or due proof of their being guilty, of crimes
-adequate to their punishment? Why are those masters of vessels, (who
-are often not the most tender and considerate of men) thus suffered to
-be the sovereign arbiters of the lives of the miserable Negroes, and
-allowed, with impunity, thus to destroy, may I not say, murder their
-fellow-creatures, and that by means so cruel as cannot be even related
-but with shame and horror?_
-
-When the vessels arrive at their destined port in the Colonies, the
-poor Negroes are to be disposed of to the planters; and here they are
-again exposed naked, without any distinction of sexes, to the brutal
-examination of their purchasers; and this, it may well be judged is
-to many of them another occasion of deep distress, especially to
-the females. Add to this, that near connections must now again be
-separated, to go with their several purchasers: In this melancholy
-scene Mothers are seen hanging over their Daughters, be-dewing their
-naked breasts with tears, and Daughters clinging to their Parents; not
-knowing what new stage of distress must follow their separation, or if
-ever they shall meet again: And here what sympathy, what commiseration
-are they to expect? why indeed, if they will not separate as readily
-as their owners think proper, the whipper is called for, and the lash
-exercised upon their naked bodies, till obliged to part.
-
-Can any human heart, that retains a fellow-feeling for the Sufferings
-of mankind, be unconcerned at relations of such grievous affliction,
-to which this oppressed part of our Species are subjected: God gave to
-man dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of the air,
-and over the cattle, _&c._ but imposed no involuntary subjection of one
-man to another.
-
-The Truth of this Position has of late been clearly set forth by
-persons of reputation and ability, particularly _George Wallis_, in his
-System of the Laws of _Scotland_, whose sentiments are so worthy the
-notice of all considerate persons, that I shall here repeat a part of
-what he has not long since published, concerning the _African_ Trade,
-_viz._ ‘If this Trade admits of a moral or a rational justification,
-every crime, even the most atrocious, may be justified: Government was
-instituted for the good of mankind. Kings, Princes, Governors, are not
-proprietors of those who are subjected to their authority, they have
-not a right to make them miserable. On the contrary, their authority is
-vested in them, that they may by the just exercise of it, promote the
-Happiness of their people: Of course, they have not a right to dispose
-of their Liberty, and to sell them for slaves: Besides, no man has a
-right to acquire or to purchase them; men and their Liberty, are not
-either saleable or purchaseable: One therefore has no body but himself
-to blame, in case he shall find himself deprived of a man, whom he
-thought he had, by buying for a price, made his own; for he dealt
-in a Trade which was illicit, and was prohibited by the most obvious
-dictates of humanity. For these reasons, every one of those unfortunate
-men, who are pretended to be slaves, has a right to be declared free,
-for he never lost his Liberty, he could not lose it; his Prince had no
-power to dispose of him: of course the sale was void. This right he
-carries about with him, and is entitled every where to get it declared.
-As soon, therefore, as he comes into a country, in which the Judges are
-not forgetful of their own humanity, it is their duty to remember that
-he is a man, and to declare him to be free.—This is the Law of Nature,
-which is obligatory on all men, at all times, and in all places.—Would
-not any of us, who should be snatched by Pirates from his native land,
-think himself cruelly abused, and at all times intitled to be free?
-Have not these unfortunate _Africans_, who meet with the same cruel
-fate, the same right? are not they men as well as we? and have they
-not the same sensibility? Let us not, therefore, defend or support an
-usage, which is contrary to all the Laws of Humanity.’
-
-_Francis Hutchinson_, also in his System of Moral Philosophy, speaking
-on the subject of Slavery, says, ‘He who detains another by force in
-slavery, is always bound to prove his title. The Slave sold or carried
-away into a distant country, must not be obliged to prove a negative,
-that he never forfeited his Liberty. The violent possessor must, in
-all cases, shew his title, especially where the old proprietor is well
-known. In this case each man is the original proprietor of his own
-Liberty: The proof of his losing it must be incumbent on those, who
-deprived him of it by force. Strange, (says the same author) that in
-any nation, where a sense of Liberty prevails, where the _Christian_
-religion is professed, custom and high prospect of gain can so stupify
-the consciences of men, and all sense of natural justice, that they
-can hear such computation made about the value of their fellow-men and
-their Liberty, without abhorrence and indignation.’
-
-The noted Baron _Montesquieu_ gives it, as his opinion, in his _Spirit
-of Laws_, page 348, ‘That nothing more assimilates a man to a beast
-than living amongst freemen, himself a slave; such people as these
-are the natural enemies of society, and their number must always be
-dangerous.’
-
-The Author of a pamphlet, lately printed in _London_, entituled, _An
-Essay in Vindication of the continental Colonies of_ America, writes,
-‘That the bondage we have imposed on the _Africans_, is absolutely
-repugnant to justice. That it is highly inconsistent with civil
-policy: First, as it tends to suppress all improvements in arts and
-sciences; without which it is morally impossible that any nation
-should be happy or powerful. Secondly, as it may deprave the minds of
-the freemen; steeling their hearts against the laudable feelings of
-virtue and humanity. And, lastly, as it endangers the community by the
-destructive effects of civil commotions: need I add to these (says that
-author) what every heart, which is not callous to all tender feelings,
-will readily suggest; that it is shocking to humanity, violative of
-every generous sentiment, abhorrent utterly from the _Christian_
-Religion: for, as _Montesquieu_ very justly observes, _We must suppose
-them not to be men, or a suspicion would follow that we ourselves are
-not_ Christians.——There cannot be a more dangerous maxim, than that
-necessity is a plea for injustice. For who shall fix the degree of this
-necessity? What villain so atrocious, who may not urge this excuse? or,
-as _Milton_ has happily expressed it,
-
-    ‘————————————————————————_And with necessity,
-     The tyrant’s plea, excuse his dev’lish deed._
-
-‘That our Colonies want people, is a very weak argument for so inhuman
-a violation of justice.—Shall a civilized, a _Christian_ nation
-encourage Slavery, because the barbarous, savage, lawless _African_
-hath done it? Monstrous thought! To what end do we profess a religion
-whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore have we that pattern
-of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow it? How long shall we
-continue a practice, which policy rejects, justice condemns, and piety
-dissuades? Shall the _Americans_ persist in a conduct, which cannot
-be justified; or persevere in oppression from which their hearts must
-recoil? If the barbarous _Africans_ shall continue to enslave each
-other, let the dæmon slavery remain among them, that their crime may
-include its own punishment. Let not _Christians_, by administering to
-their wickedness, confess their religion to be a useless refinement,
-their profession vain, and themselves as inhuman as the savages they
-detest.’
-
-_James Foster_, in _his Discourses on Natural Religion and Social
-Virtue_, also shews his just indignation at this wicked practice, which
-he declares to be _a criminal and outrageous violation of the natural
-right of mankind_. At page 156, 2d vol. he says, ‘Should we have read
-concerning the _Greeks_ or _Romans_ of old, that they traded, with
-view to make slaves of their own species, whom they certainly knew
-that this would involve in schemes of blood and murder, of destroying
-or enslaving each other, that they even fomented wars, and engaged
-whole nations and tribes in open hostilities, for their own private
-advantage; that they had no detestation of the violence and cruelty,
-but only feared the ill success of their inhuman enterprises; that
-they carried men like themselves, their brethren, and the offspring of
-the same common parent, to be sold like beasts of prey, or beasts of
-burden, and put them to the same reproachful trial of their soundness,
-strength and capacity for greater bodily service; that quite forgetting
-and renouncing the original dignity of human nature, communicated to
-all, they treated them with more severity and ruder discipline, than
-even the ox or the ass, who are void of understanding.—Should we not,
-if this had been the case, have naturally been led to despise all their
-pretended refinements of morality; and to have concluded, that as they
-were not nations destitute of politeness, they must have been _entire
-Strangers to Virtue and Benevolence_?
-
-‘But, notwithstanding this, we ourselves (who profess to be
-_Christians_, and boast of the peculiar advantage we enjoy, by means
-of an express revelation of our duty from Heaven) are in effect, these
-very untaught and rude _Heathen_ countries. With all our superior
-light, we instil into those, whom we call savage and barbarous, the
-most despicable opinion of human nature. We, to the utmost of our
-power, weaken and dissolve the universal tie, that binds and unites
-mankind. We practise what we should exclaim against, as the utmost
-excess of cruelty and tyranny, if nations of the world, differing in
-colour and form of government from ourselves, were so possessed of
-empire, as to be able to reduce us to a state of unmerited and brutish
-servitude. Of consequence, we sacrifice our reason, our humanity, our
-_Christianity_, to an unnatural sordid gain. We teach other nations
-to despise and trample under foot, all the obligations of social
-virtue. We take the most effectual method to prevent the propagation
-of the Gospel, by representing it as a scheme of power and barbarous
-oppression, and an enemy to the natural privileges and rights of men.
-
-‘Perhaps all that I have now offered, may be of very little weight to
-restrain this enormity, this aggravated iniquity. However, I shall
-still have the satisfaction, of having entered my private protest
-against a practice which, in my opinion, _bids that God, who is the God
-and Father of the_ Gentiles _unconverted to_ Christianity, _most daring
-and bold defiance, and spurns at all the principles both of natural and
-revealed Religion_.’
-
-How the _British_ nation first came to be concerned in a practice, by
-which the rights and liberties of mankind are so violently infringed,
-and which is so opposite to the apprehensions _Englishmen_ have always
-had of what natural justice requires, is indeed surprising. It was
-about the year 1563, in the reign of Queen _Elizabeth_, that the
-_English_ first engaged in the _Guinea_ Trade; when it appears, from
-an account in _Hill_’s Naval History, page 293, That when Captain
-_Hawkins_ returned from his first voyage to _Africa_, that generous
-spirited Princess, attentive to the interest of her subjects, sent
-for the Commander, to whom she expressed her concern lest any of the
-_African_ Negroes should be carried off without their free consent,
-_declaring it would be detestable, and call down the vengeance of
-Heaven upon the undertakers_. Captain _Hawkins_ promised to comply with
-the Queen’s injunction: nevertheless, we find in the account, given
-in the same History, of _Hawkins_’s second voyage, the author using
-these remarkable words, _Here began the horrid practice of forcing the_
-Africans _into slavery_.
-
-_Labat_, a _Roman_ Missionary, in his account of the Isles of
-_America_, at page 114, of the 4th vol. mentions, that _Lewis_ the
-13th, Father to the present _French_ King’s Grandfather, was extremely
-uneasy at a Law by which all the Negroes of his Colonies were to be
-made slaves; but it being strongly urged to him, as the readiest means
-for their Conversion to _Christianity_, he acquiesced therewith.
-
-And although we have not many accounts of the impressions which this
-piratical invasion of the rights of mankind gave to serious minded
-people, when first engaged in; yet it did not escape the notice of
-some, who might be esteemed in a peculiar manner as watchmen in their
-day to the different societies of _Christians_ whereunto they belonged.
-_Richard Baxter_, an eminent preacher amongst the _Nonconformists_,
-in the last century, well known and particularly esteemed by most of
-the serious _Presbyterians_ and _Independents_, in his _Christian_
-Directory, mostly wrote about an hundred Years ago, fully shews his
-detestation of this practice in the following words: ‘Do you not mark
-how God hath followed you with plagues? And may not conscience tell
-you, that it is for your inhumanity to the souls and bodies of men?—To
-go as pirates and catch up poor Negroes, or people of another land,
-that never forfeited Life or Liberty, and to make them Slaves and sell
-them, is one of the worst kind of Thievery in the world; and such
-persons are to be taken for the common Enemies of mankind; and they
-that buy them, and use them as beasts, for their meer commodity, and
-betray, or destroy, or neglect their souls, are fitter to be called
-devils than _Christians_. It is an heinous sin to buy them, unless it
-be in charity to deliver them.——Undoubtedly they are presently bound
-to deliver them; because by right the man is his own; therefore no man
-else can have a just title to him.’
-
-We also find _George Fox_, a man of exemplary piety, who was the
-principal instrument in gathering the religious society of people
-called _Quakers_, expressing his concern and fellow-feeling for the
-bondage of the Negroes: In a discourse taken from his mouth, in
-_Barbadoes_, in the Year 1671, says, ‘Consider with yourselves, if
-you were in the same condition as the Blacks are,—who came strangers
-to you, and were sold to you as slaves. I say, if this should be the
-condition of you or yours, you would think it hard measure: Yea, and
-very great bondage and cruelty. And, therefore, consider seriously of
-this, and do you for and to them, as you would willingly have them,
-or any other to do unto you, were you in the like slavish condition;
-and bring them to know the Lord Christ.’ And in his journal, page 431,
-speaking of the Advice he gave his friends at _Barbadoes_, he says, ‘I
-desired also, that they would cause their Overseers to deal mildly and
-gently with their Negroes, and not to use cruelty towards them, as the
-manner of some had been; and that after certain years of servitude they
-should make them free.’
-
-In a book printed in _Leverpool_, called _The Leverpool
-Memorandum-book_, which contains, among other things, an account of
-the Trade of that port, there is an exact list of the vessels employed
-in the _Guinea_ Trade, and of the number of Slaves imported in each
-vessel, by which it appears, that in the year 1753, the number imported
-to _America_, by vessels belonging to that port, amounted to upwards
-of Thirty Thousand; and from the number of Vessels employed by the
-_African_ Company in _London_ and _Bristol_, we may, with some degree
-of certainty conclude, there is, at least, One Hundred Thousand Negroes
-purchased and brought on board our ships yearly from the coast of
-_Africa_, on their account. This is confirmed in _Anderson_’s History
-of Trade and Commerce, printed in 1764, where it is said, at page 68
-of the Appendix, ‘That _England_ supplies her _American_ Colonies with
-Negro-slaves, amounting in number to above One Hundred Thousand every
-year.’ When the vessels are full freighted with slaves, they set out
-for our plantations in _America_, and may be two or three months on the
-voyage, during which time, from the filth and stench that is among
-them, distempers frequently break out, which carry off a great many,
-a fifth, a fourth, yea, sometimes a third of them; so that taking all
-the slaves together that are brought on board our ships yearly, one
-may reasonably suppose, that at least ten thousand of them die on the
-voyage. And in a printed account of the State of the Negroes in our
-plantations, it is supposed that a fourth part, more or less, die at
-the different Islands, in what is called the seasoning. Hence it may
-be presumed, that, at a moderate computation of the slaves, who are
-purchased by our _African_ merchants in a year, near thirty thousand
-die upon the voyage and in the seasoning. Add to this, the prodigious
-number who are killed in the incursions and intestine wars, by which
-the Negroes procure the number of slaves wanted to load the vessels.
-How dreadful then is this Slave-Trade, whereby so many thousands of
-our fellow-creatures, free by nature, endued with the same rational
-faculties, and called to be heirs of the same salvation with us, lose
-their lives, and are truly, and properly speaking, murdered every year!
-For it is not necessary, in order to convict a man of murder, to make
-it appear, that he had an intention to commit murder. Whoever does, by
-unjust force or violence, deprive another of his Liberty; and, while
-he has him in his power, reduces him, by cruel treatment, to such a
-condition as evidently endangers his life, and the event occasions his
-death, is actually guilty of murder. It is no less shocking to read the
-accounts given by Sir _Hans Sloane_, and others, of the inhuman and
-unmerciful treatment those Blacks meet with, who survive the seasoning
-in the Islands, often for transgressions, to which the punishment they
-receive bears no proportion. ‘And the horrid executions, which are
-frequently made there upon discovery of the plots laid by the Blacks,
-for the recovery of their liberty; of some they break the bones, whilst
-alive, on a wheel; others they burn or rather roast to death; others
-they starve to death, with a loaf hanging before their mouths.’ Thus
-they are brought to expire, with frightful agonies, in the most horrid
-tortures. For negligence only they are unmercifully whipped, till their
-backs are raw, and then pepper and salt is scattered on the wounds to
-heighten the pain, and prevent mortification. Is it not a cause of
-much sorrow and lamentation, that so many poor creatures should be
-thus racked with excruciating tortures, for crimes which often their
-tormentors have occasioned? Must not even the common feelings of human
-nature have suffered some grievous change in those men, to be capable
-of such horrid cruelty towards their fellow-men? If they deserve death,
-ought not their judges, in the death decreed them, always to remember
-that these their hapless fellow-creatures are men, and themselves
-professing _Christians_? The _Mosaic_ law teaches us our duty in
-these cases, in the merciful provision it made in the punishment of
-transgressors, _Deuter._ xxv. 2. _And it shall be, if the wicked man
-be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down,
-and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain
-number; Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed._ And the reason
-rendered is out of respect to human nature, _viz. Lest if he should
-exceed, and beat him above these, with many stripes, then thy Brother
-should seem vile unto thee. Britons_ boast themselves to be a generous,
-humane people, who have a true sense of the importance of Liberty; but
-is this a true character, whilst that barbarous, savage Slave-Trade,
-with all its attendant horrors, receives countenance and protection
-from the Legislature, whereby so many Thousand lives are yearly
-sacrificed? Do we indeed believe the truths declared in the Gospel? Are
-we persuaded that the threatenings, as well as the promises therein
-contained, will have their accomplishment? If indeed we do, must we not
-tremble to think what a load of guilt lies upon our Nation generally,
-and individually so far as we in any degree abet or countenance this
-aggravated iniquity?
-
-We have a memorable Instance in history, which may be fruitful of
-Instruction, if timely and properly applied; it is a quotation made by
-Sir _John Temple_, in his history of the _Irish_ rebellion, being an
-observation out of _Giraldus Cambrensis_, a noted author, who lived
-about six hundred years ago, concerning the causes of the prosperity
-of the _English_ undertakings in _Ireland_, when they conquered that
-Island, he saith, ‘That a synod, or council of the Clergy, being then
-assembled at _Armagh_, and that point fully debated, it was unanimously
-agreed, that the sins of the people were the occasion of that heavy
-judgment then falling upon their nation; and that especially their
-buying of _Englishmen_ from merchants and pirates, and detaining them
-under a most miserable hard bondage, had caused the Lord, by way of
-just retaliation, to leave them to be reduced, by the _English_, to
-the same state of slavery. Whereupon they made a publick act in that
-council, that all the _English_ held in captivity throughout the whole
-land, should be presently restored to their former Liberty.’
-
-I shall now conclude with an extract from an address of a late author
-to the merchants, and others, who are concerned in carrying on the
-_Guinea_ Trade; which also, in a great measure, is applicable to
-others, who, for the love of gain, are in any way concerned in
-promoting or maintaining the captivity of the Negroes.
-
-‘As the business, you are publickly carrying on before the world, has
-a bad aspect, and you are sensible most men make objection against
-it, you ought to justify it to the world, upon principles of reason,
-equity, and humanity; to make it appear, that it is no unjust invasion
-of the persons, or encroachments on the rights of men; or for ever to
-lay it aside.—But laying aside the resentment of men, which is but of
-little or no moment, in comparison with that of the Almighty, think
-of a future reckoning: consider how you shall come off in the great
-and awful Day of account. You now heap up riches and live in pleasure;
-but, oh! what will you do in the end thereof? and that is not far off:
-what, if death should seize upon you, and hurry you out of this world,
-under all that load of blood-guiltiness that now lies upon your fouls?
-The gospel expresly declares, that thieves and murderers shall not
-inherit the kingdom of God. Consider, that at the same time, and by
-the same means, you now treasure up worldly riches, you are treasuring
-up to yourselves wrath, against the day of wrath, and vengeance that
-shall come upon the workers of iniquity, unless prevented by a timely
-repentance.
-
-‘And what greater iniquity, what crime that is more heinous, that
-carries in it more complicated guilt, can you name than that, in the
-habitual, deliberate practice of which you now live? How can you lift
-up your guilty eyes to heaven? How can you pray for mercy to him that
-made you, or hope for any favour from him that formed you, while you go
-on thus grosly and openly to dishonour him, in debasing and destroying
-the noblest workmanship of his hands in this lower world? He is the
-Father of men; and do you think he will not resent such treatment of
-his offspring, whom he hath so loved, as to give his only begotten Son,
-that whosoever believeth in him, might not perish, but have everlasting
-life? This love of God to man, revealed in the gospel, is a great
-aggravation of your guilt; for if God so loved us, we ought also to
-love one another. _You remember the fate of the Servant, who took hold
-of his fellow-servant, who was in his debt, by the throat, and cast him
-into prison_: Think then, and tremble to think, what will be your fate,
-who take your fellow-servants by the throat, that owe you not a penny,
-and make them prisoners for life.
-
-‘Give yourselves leave to reflect impartially upon, and consider the
-nature of, this Man-Trade, which, if you do, your hearts must needs
-relent, if you have not lost all sense of humanity, all pity and
-companion towards those of your own kind, to think what calamities,
-what havock and destruction among them, you have been the authors of
-for filthy lucre’s sake. God grant you may be sensible of your guilt,
-and repent in time!’
-
-                                FINIS.
-
-
-                 BOOKS Printed and Sold by J. PHILLIPS,
-                      George-Yard, Lombard-Street.
-
-ESSAY on the TREATMENT and CONVERSION of AFRICAN SLAVES in the BRITISH
-Sugar Colonies. By J. RAMSAY, Vicar of Teston in Kent, who resided many
-Years in the West-Indies. In One Volume, Octavo. Price 5s. bound, or
-4s. in Boards.
-
-HISTORICAL ACCOUNT of GUINEA, its Situation, Produce, and the general
-Disposition of its Inhabitants. With an Inquiry into the RISE and
-PROGRESS of the SLAVE TRADE, its Nature and lamentable Effects. Also
-a Republication of the Sentiments of several Authors of Note on this
-interesting Subject: Particularly an Extract of a Treatise written by
-GRANVILLE SHARPE. By ANTHONY BENEZET. In One Volume Octavo. Price 2s.
-6d. stitched.
-
-THOUGHTS on the SLAVERY of the NEGROES. Price 4d.
-
-
-                         Transcriber’s Notes:
-
- - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
- - Blank pages have been removed.
- - A few obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected,
-   otherwise archaic and inconsistent spellings have been left alone.
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CAUTION TO GREAT BRITAIN AND
-HER COLONIES ***
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-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: A caution to Great Britain and her colonies</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anthony Benezet</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 17, 2022 [eBook #68337]</p>
-<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p>
-  <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Robert Tonsing and The Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p>
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A CAUTION TO GREAT BRITAIN AND HER COLONIES ***</div>
-  <div class="titlepage">
-    <h1>
-      <span class="medium">A</span><br />
-      <span class="gesperrt8">CAUTION</span><br />
-      <span class="small gesperrt4">TO</span><br />
-      <span class="gesperrt2"><i>GREAT BRITAIN</i></span><br />
-      <span class="small gesperrt4">AND</span><br />
-      <span class="xlarge"><span class="gesperrt4">HER COLONIES</span>,</span><br />
-      <span class="small gesperrt2">IN A</span><br />
-      <span class="large">SHORT REPRESENTATION</span><br />
-      <span class="small gesperrt2">OF THE</span><br />
-      <span class="medium">CALAMITOUS STATE of the</span><br />
-      <span class="xlarge gesperrt2">ENSLAVED NEGROES</span><br />
-      <span class="small gesperrt2">IN THE</span><br />
-      <span class="large"><span class="gesperrt2">BRITISH DOMINIONS</span>.</span>
-    </h1>
-
-    <div class="small"><b><span class="gesperrt2">A NEW EDITION</span>.</b></div>
-
-    <img class="illowp30 mt3" src="images/bar.png" alt="" />
-
-    <div class="bold mt3"><span class="smcap">By</span>&#160; &#160; <span class="gesperrt2">ANT</span>.&#160; &#160; <span class="gesperrt2">BENEZET</span>.</div>
-
-    <img class="illowp30 mt3" src="images/bar.png" alt="" />
-
-    <div class="center-container">
-      <div class="hang bold mt3 inline" style="width: 20em;">PHILADELPHIA Printed: LONDON Reprinted and Sold by <span class="gesperrt2">JAMES PHILLIPS</span>, in
-        <span class="smcap">George-Yard, Lombard-Street</span>.&#160; &#160; 1784.</div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-
-  <hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-  <div class="chapter">
-    <h2 class="nobreak lh2" id="A_CAUTION_c"><span class="large">A</span><br /><span class="gesperrt6">CAUTION</span>,&#160; &#160; &amp;c.</h2>
-  </div>
-
-  <p class="drop-cap">AT a time when the general rights and liberties of mankind, and the
-    preservation of those valuable privileges transmitted to us from our
-    ancestors, are become so much the subjects of universal consideration;
-    can it be an inquiry indifferent to any, how many of those who
-    distinguish themselves as the Advocates of Liberty, remain insensible
-    and inattentive to the treatment of thousands and tens of thousands of
-    our fellow men, who, from motives of avarice, and the inexorable decree
-    of tyrant custom, are at this very time kept in the most deplorable
-    state of Slavery, in many parts of the <i>British</i> Dominions?</p>
-
-  <p>The intent of publishing the following sheets, is more fully to
-    make known the aggravated iniquity attending the practice of the
-    Slave-Trade; whereby many thousands of our fellow-creatures, as free
-    as ourselves by nature, and equally with us the subjects of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">4</span> Christ’s
-    redeeming Grace, are yearly brought into inextricable and barbarous
-    bondage; and many, very many, to miserable and untimely ends.</p>
-
-  <p>The Truth of this lamentable Complaint is so obvious to persons of
-    candour, under whose notice it hath fallen, that several have lately
-    published their sentiments thereon, as a matter which calls for the
-    most serious consideration of all who are concerned for the civil or
-    religious welfare of their Country. How an evil of so deep a dye, hath
-    so long, not only passed uninterrupted by those in Power, but hath
-    even had their Countenance, is indeed surprising; and charity would
-    suppose, must in a great measure have arisen from this, that many
-    persons in government, both of the Clergy and Laity, in whose power it
-    hath been to put a stop to the Trade, have been unacquainted with the
-    corrupt motives which gives life to it, and with the groans, the dying
-    groans, which daily ascend to God, the common Father of mankind, from
-    the broken hearts of those his deeply oppressed creatures: otherwise
-    the powers of the earth would not, I think I may venture to say could
-    not, have so long authorized a practice so inconsistent with every
-    idea of liberty and justice, which, as the learned <i>James Foster</i>
-    says, <i>Bids that God, which is the God and Father of the</i>
-    Gentiles, <i>unconverted to</i> Christianity, <i>most daring<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">5</span> and bold
-    defiance; and spurns at all the principles both of natural and revealed
-    Religion</i>.</p>
-
-  <p>Much might justly be said of the temporal evils which attend this
-    practice, as it is destructive of the welfare of human society, and
-    of the peace and prosperity of every country, in proportion as it
-    prevails. It might be also shewn, that it destroys the bonds of natural
-    affection and interest, whereby mankind in general are united; that it
-    introduces idleness, discourages marriage, corrupts the youth, ruins
-    and debauches morals, excites continual apprehensions of dangers, and
-    frequent alarms, to which the Whites are necessarily exposed from so
-    great an increase of a People, that, by their Bondage and Oppressions,
-    become natural enemies, yet, at the same time, are filling the places
-    and eating the bread of those who would be the Support and Security
-    of the Country. But as these and many more reflections of the same
-    kind, may occur to a considerate mind, I shall only endeavour to shew,
-    from the nature of the Trade, the plenty which <i>Guinea</i> affords
-    to its inhabitants, the barbarous Treatment of the Negroes, and the
-    Observations made thereon by Authors of note, that it is inconsistent
-    with the plainest Precepts of the Gospel, the dictates of reason, and
-    every common sentiment of humanity.</p>
-
-  <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">6</span></p>
-
-  <p>In an Account of the <i>European</i> Settlements in <i>America</i>,
-    printed in <i>London</i>, 1757, the Author, speaking on this Subject,
-    says: ‘The Negroes in our Colonies endure a Slavery more complete, and
-    attended with far worse circumstances than what any people in their
-    condition suffer in any other part of the world, or have suffered
-    in any other period of time: Proofs of this are not wanting. The
-    prodigious waste which we experience in this unhappy part of our
-    Species, is a full and melancholy Evidence of this Truth. The Island
-    of <i>Barbadoes</i> (the Negroes upon which do not amount to eighty
-    thousand) notwithstanding all the means which they use to encrease them
-    by Propagation, and that the Climate is in every respect (except that
-    of being more wholesome) exactly resembling the Climate from whence
-    they come; notwithstanding all this, <i>Barbadoes</i> lies under a
-    necessity of an annual recruit of five thousand slaves, to keep up
-    the stock at the number I have mentioned. This prodigious failure,
-    which is at least in the same proportion in all our Islands, shews
-    demonstratively that some uncommon and unsupportable Hardship lies
-    upon the Negroes, which wears them down in such a surprising manner;
-    and this, I imagine, is principally the excessive labour which they
-    undergo.’ In an Account of part of <i>North-America</i>, published by
-    <i>Thomas Jeffery</i>, printed 1761,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">7</span> speaking of the usage the Negroes
-    receive in the <i>West-India</i> Islands, he thus expresses himself:
-    ‘It is impossible for a human heart to reflect upon the servitude of
-    these dregs of mankind, without in some measure feeling for their
-    misery, which ends but with their lives.——Nothing can be more wretched
-    than the condition of this People. One would imagine, they were framed
-    to be the disgrace of the human species: banished from their Country,
-    and deprived of that blessing, Liberty, on which all other nations
-    set the greatest value, they are in a manner reduced to the condition
-    of beasts of burden. In general a few roots, potatoes especially, are
-    their food; and two rags, which neither screen them from the heat
-    of the day, nor the extraordinary coolness of the night, all their
-    covering; their sleep very short; their labour almost continual; they
-    receive no wages, but have twenty lashes for the smallest fault.’</p>
-
-  <p>A considerate young person, who was lately in one of our
-    <i>West-India</i> Islands, where he observed the miserable situation
-    of the Negroes, makes the following remarks: ‘I meet with daily
-    exercise, to see the treatment which these miserable wretches meet
-    with from their masters, with but few exceptions. They whip them most
-    unmercifully, on small occasions; they beat them with thick<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">8</span> Clubs,
-    and you will see their Bodies all whaled and scarred: in short, they
-    seem to set no other value on their lives than as they cost them so
-    much money; and are not retrained from killing them, when angry, by
-    a worthier consideration than that they lose so much. They act as
-    though they did not look upon them as a race of human creatures, who
-    have reason, and remembrance of misfortunes; but as beasts, like oxen,
-    who are stubborn, hardy and senseless, fit for burdens, and designed
-    to bear them. They will not allow them to have any claim to human
-    privileges, or scarce, indeed, to be regarded as the work of God.
-    Though it was consistent with the justice of our Maker to pronounce
-    the sentence on our common parent, and through him on all succeeding
-    generations, <i>That he and they should eat their bread by the sweat
-      of their brow</i>; yet does it not stand recorded by the same Eternal
-    Truth, <i>That the Labourer is worthy of his Hire</i>? It cannot be
-    allowed in natural justice, that there should be a servitude without
-    condition: A cruel endless servitude. It cannot be reconcileable to
-    natural justice, that whole nations, nay, whole continents of men,
-    should be devoted to do the drudgery of life for others, be dragged
-    away from their attachments of relations and societies, and made to
-    serve the appetites and pleasures of a race of men, whose<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span> superiority
-    has been obtained by an illegal force.’</p>
-
-  <p>A particular account of the treatment these unhappy <i>Africans</i>
-    receive in the <i>West-Indies</i> was lately published, which, even
-    by those who, blinded by interest, seek excuses for the Trade, and
-    endeavour to palliate the cruelty exercised upon them, is allowed to
-    be a true, though rather too favourable representation of the usage
-    they receive, which is as follows, <i>viz.</i> ‘The iniquity of the
-    Slave-trade is greatly aggravated by the inhumanity with which the
-    Negroes are treated in the Plantations, as well with respect to food
-    and clothing, as from the unreasonable labour which is commonly
-    exacted from them. To which may be added the cruel chastisements
-    they frequently suffer, without any other bounds than the will and
-    wrath of their hard task-masters. In <i>Barbadoes</i>, and some other
-    of the Islands, six pints of <i>Indian</i> corn and three herrings
-    are reckoned a full weeks allowance for a working slave, and in the
-    System of Geography it is said, <i>That in</i> Jamaica <i>the owners
-    of the Negroe-slaves, set aside for each a parcel of ground, and
-    allow them</i> Sundays <i>to manure it, the produce of which</i>,
-    with sometimes a few herrings, or other salt-fish, <i>is all that is
-    allowed for their support</i>. Their allowance for clothing in the
-    Islands is seldom more than six yards of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> osenbrigs each year: And
-    in the more northern Colonies, where the piercing westerly winds are
-    long and sensibly felt, these poor <i>Africans</i> suffer much for
-    want of sufficient clothing, indeed some have none till they are able
-    to pay for it by their labour. The time that the Negroes work in the
-    <i>West-Indies</i>, is from day-break till noon; then again from two
-    o’clock till dusk: (during which time they are attended by overseers,
-    who severely scourge those who appear to them dilatory) and before
-    they are suffered to go to their quarters, they have still something
-    to do, as collecting of herbage for the horses, gathering fuel for
-    the boilers, <i>etc.</i> so that it is often half past twelve before
-    they can get home, when they have scarce time to grind and boil their
-    <i>Indian</i> corn; whereby it often happens that they are called again
-    to labour before they can satisfy their Hunger. And here no delay or
-    excuse will avail, for if they are not in the Field immediately upon
-    the usual notice, they must expect to feel the Overseer’s Lash. In
-    crop-time (which lasts many months) they are obliged (by turns) to
-    work most of the night in the boiling-house. Thus their Owners, from a
-    desire of making the greatest gain by the labour of their slaves, lay
-    heavy Burdens on them, and yet feed and clothe them very sparingly, and
-    some scarce feed or clothe them at all, so that the poor creatures<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> are
-    obliged to shift for their living in the best manner they can, which
-    occasions their being often killed in the neighbouring lands, stealing
-    potatoes, or other food, to satisfy their hunger. And if they take any
-    thing from the plantation they belong to, though under such pressing
-    want, their owners will correct them severely, for taking a little of
-    what they have so hardly laboured for, whilst they themselves riot in
-    the greatest luxury and excess.—It is a matter of astonishment, how
-    a people, who, as a nation, are looked upon as generous and humane,
-    and so much value themselves for their uncommon sense of the Benefit
-    of Liberty, can live in the practice of such extreme oppression and
-    inhumanity, without seeing the inconsistency of such conduct, and
-    without feeling great Remorse: Nor is it less amazing to hear these
-    men calmly making calculations about the strength and lives of their
-    fellow-men; in <i>Jamaica</i>, if six in ten, of the new imported
-    Negroes survive the seasoning, it is looked upon as a gaining purchase:
-    And in most of the other plantations, if the Negroes live eight or
-    nine years, their labour is reckoned a sufficient compensation for
-    their cost.——If calculations of this sort were made upon the strength
-    and labour of beasts of burden, it would not appear so strange; but
-    even then a merciful man would certainly use his beast with more mercy
-    than<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> is usually shewn to the poor Negroes.—Will not the groans of this
-    deeply afflicted and oppressed people reach Heaven, and when the cup of
-    iniquity is full, must not the inevitable consequence be pouring forth
-    of the judgments of God upon their oppressors. But, alas! is it not too
-    manifest that this oppression has already long been the object of the
-    divine displeasure; for what heavier judgment, what greater calamity
-    can befall any people, than to become a prey to that hardness of
-    heart, that forgetfulness of God, and insensibility to every religious
-    impression; as well as that general depravation of manners, which so
-    much prevails in the Colonies, in proportion as they have more or less
-    enriched themselves, at the expence of the blood and bondage of the
-    Negroes.’</p>
-
-  <p>The situation of the Negroes in our Southern provinces on the
-    Continent, is also feelingly set forth by <i>George Whitfield</i>, in
-    a Letter from <i>Georgia</i>, to the Inhabitants of <i>Maryland</i>,
-    <i>Virginia</i>, <i>North</i> and <i>South-Carolina</i>, printed in the
-    Year 1739, of which the following is an extract: ‘As I lately passed
-    through your provinces, in my way hither, I was sensibly touched with
-    a fellow-feeling of the miseries of the poor Negroes. Whether it be
-    lawful for <i>Christians</i> to buy slaves, and thereby encourage the
-    Nations from whom they are bought, to be at perpetual<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> war with each
-    other, I shall not take upon me to determine; sure I am, it is sinful,
-    when bought, to use them as bad, nay worse than as though they were
-    brutes; and whatever particular exception there may be, (as I would
-    charitably hope there are some) I fear the generality of you, that
-    own Negroes, are liable to such a charge; for your slaves, I believe,
-    work as hard, if not harder, than the horses whereon you ride. These,
-    after they have done their work, are fed and taken proper care of;
-    but many Negroes, when wearied with labour, in your plantations, have
-    been obliged to grind their own corn, after they return home. Your
-    dogs are caressed and fondled at your table; but your slaves, who are
-    frequently stiled dogs or beasts, have not an equal privilege; they are
-    scarce permitted to pick up the crumbs which fall from their master’s
-    table.—Not to mention what numbers have been given up to the inhuman
-    usage of cruel task-masters, who, by their unrelenting scourges, have
-    ploughed their backs, and made long furrows, and at length brought
-    them even to death. When passing along, I have viewed your plantations
-    cleared and cultivated, many spacious houses built, and the owners
-    of them faring sumptuously every day, my blood has frequently almost
-    run cold within me, to consider how many of your slaves had neither
-    convenient food to eat, or proper<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> raiment to put on, notwithstanding
-    most of the comforts you enjoy were solely owing to their indefatigable
-    labours.—The Scripture says, <i>Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that
-    treadeth out the corn</i>. Does God take care for oxen? and will he
-    not take care of the Negroes also? undoubtedly he will.—Go to now ye
-    rich men, weep and howl for your miseries that shall come upon you:
-    Behold the provision of the poor Negroes, who have reaped down your
-    fields, which is by you denied them, crieth; and the cries of them
-    which reaped, are entered into the ears of the Lord of Sabbath. We
-    have a remarkable instance of God’s taking cognizance of, and avenging
-    the quarrel of poor slaves, 2 Sam. xxi. 1. <i>There was a famine in
-    the days of</i> David <i>three years, year after year; and</i> David
-    <i>enquired of the Lord: And the Lord answered, It is for</i> Saul,
-    <i>and for his bloody house, because he slew the</i> Gibeonites. Two
-    things are here very remarkable: First, These <i>Gibeonites</i> were
-    only hewers of wood and drawers of water, or in other words, slaves
-    like yours. Secondly, That this plague was sent by God many years
-    after the injury, the cause of the plague, was committed. And for what
-    end were this and such like examples recorded in holy Scriptures?
-    without doubt, for our learning.—For God is the same to-day as he was
-    yesterday, and will continue the same for ever. He does not<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> reject the
-    prayer of the poor and destitute; nor disregard the cry of the meanest
-    Negro. The blood of them spilt for these many years in your respective
-    provinces will ascend up to heaven against you.’</p>
-
-  <p>Some who have only seen Negroes in an abject state of slavery,
-    broken-spirited and dejected, knowing nothing of their situation
-    in their native country, may apprehend, that they are naturally
-    insensible of the benefits of Liberty, being destitute and miserable
-    in every respect, and that our suffering them to live amongst us
-    (as the <i>Gibeonites</i> of old were permitted to live with the
-    <i>Israelites</i>) though even on more oppressive terms, is to them a
-    favour; but these are certainly erroneous opinions, with respect to
-    far the greatest part of them: Although it is highly probable that
-    in a country which is more than three thousand miles in extent from
-    north to south, and as much from east to west, there will be barren
-    parts, and many inhabitants more uncivilized and barbarous than others;
-    as is the case in all other countries: yet, from the most authentic
-    accounts, the inhabitants of <i>Guinea</i> appear, generally speaking,
-    to be an industrious, humane, sociable people, whose capacities are
-    naturally as enlarged, and as open to improvement, as those of the
-    <i>Europeans</i>; and that their Country is fruitful, and in many
-    places well improved, abounding in cattle, grain and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> fruits. And as
-    the earth yields all the year round a fresh supply of food, and but
-    little clothing is requisite, by reason of the continual warmth of the
-    climate; the necessaries of life are much easier procured in most parts
-    of <i>Africa</i>, than in our more northern climes. This is confirmed
-    by many authors of note, who have resided there; among others, <i>M.
-    Adanson</i>, in his account of <i>Goree</i> and <i>Senegal</i>, in the
-    year 1754, says, ‘Which way soever I turned my eyes on this pleasant
-    spot, I beheld a perfect image of pure nature; an agreeable solitude,
-    bounded on every side by charming landscapes, the rural situation of
-    cottages in the midst of trees; the ease and indolence of the Negroes
-    reclined under the shade of their spreading foliage; the simplicity of
-    their dress and manners; the whole revived in my mind the idea of our
-    first parents, and I seemed to contemplate the world in its primitive
-    state: They are, generally speaking, very good-natured, sociable and
-    obliging. I was not a little pleased with this my first reception; it
-    convinced me, that there ought to be a considerable abatement made in
-    the accounts I had read and heard every where of the savage character
-    of the <i>Africans</i>. I observed, both in Negroes and Moors, great
-    humanity and sociableness, which gave me strong hopes, that I should
-    be very safe amongst them, and meet with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span> the success I desired, in my
-    inquiries after the curiosities of the country.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>William Bosman</i>, a principal Factor for the <i>Dutch</i>, who
-    resided sixteen years in <i>Guinea</i>, speaking of the natives of
-    that part where he then was, says, ‘They are generally a good sort
-    of people, honest in their dealings;’ others he describes as ‘being
-    generally friendly to strangers, of a mild conversation, affable,
-    and easy to be overcome with reason.’ He adds, ‘That some Negroes,
-    who have had an agreeable education, have manifested a brightness of
-    understanding equal to any of us.’ Speaking of the fruitfulness of the
-    country, he says, ‘It was very populous, plentifully provided with
-    corn, potatoes and fruit, which grew close to each other; in some
-    places a foot-path is the only ground that is not covered with them;
-    the Negroes leaving no place, which is thought fertile, uncultivated;
-    and immediately after they have reaped, they are sure to sow again.’
-    Other parts he describes, as ‘being full of towns and villages; the
-    soil very rich, and so well cultivated, as to look like an entire
-    garden, abounding in rice, corn, oxen, and poultry, and the inhabitants
-    laborious.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>William Smith</i>, who was sent by the <i>African</i> Company to
-    visit their settlements on the coast of <i>Guinea</i>, in the year
-    1726, gives much<span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span> the same account of the country of <i>Delmina</i>
-    and <i>Cape Corse</i>, &amp;c. for beauty and goodness, and adds, ‘The
-    more you come downward towards that part, called <i>Slave-Coast</i>,
-    the more delightful and rich the soil appears.’ Speaking of their
-    disposition, he says, ‘They were a civil, good-natured people,
-    industrious to the last degree. It is easy to perceive what happy
-    memories they are blessed with, and how great progress they would make
-    in the sciences, in case their genius was cultivated with study.’ He
-    adds, from the information he received of one of the Factors, who had
-    resided ten years in that country, ‘That the discerning natives account
-    it their greatest unhappiness, that they were ever visited by the
-    <i>Europeans</i>.—That the <i>Christians</i> introduced the traffick of
-    Slaves; and that before our coming they lived in peace.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>Andrew Brue</i>, a principal man in the <i>French</i> Factory, in
-    the account he gives of the great river <i>Senegal</i>, which runs
-    many hundred miles up the country, tells his readers, ‘The farther
-    you go from the Sea, the country on the river seems more fruitful and
-    well improved. It abounds in <i>Guinea</i> and <i>Indian</i> corn,
-    rice, pulse, tobacco, and indigo. Here are vast meadows, which feed
-    large herds of great and small cattle; poultry are numerous, as well
-    as wild fowl.’ The same Author, in his travels to the south of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span>
-    river <i>Gambia</i>, expresses his surprize, ‘to see the land so well
-    cultivated; scarce a spot lay unimproved; the low grounds, divided
-    by small canals, were all sowed with rice; the higher ground planted
-    with <i>Indian</i> corn, millet, and peas of different sorts: beef
-    and mutton very cheap, as well as all other necessaries of life.’
-    The account this Author gives of the disposition of the natives, is,
-    ‘That they are generally good-natured and civil, and may be brought
-    to any thing by fair and soft means.’ <i>Artus</i>, speaking of the
-    same people, says, ‘They are a sincere, inoffensive people, and do no
-    injustice either to one another or strangers.’</p>
-
-  <p>From these Accounts, both of the good Disposition of the Natives, and
-    the Fruitfulness of most parts of <i>Guinea</i>, which are confirmed by
-    many other Authors, it may well be concluded, that their acquaintance
-    with the <i>Europeans</i> would have been a happiness to them, had
-    those last not only borne the name, but indeed been influenced by the
-    Spirit of <i>Christianity</i>; but, alas! how hath the Conduct of
-    the Whites contradicted the Precepts and Example of Christ? Instead
-    of promoting the End of his Coming, by preaching the Gospel of Peace
-    and Good-will to Man, they have, by their practices, contributed to
-    enflame every noxious passion of corrupt nature in the Negroes; they
-    have incited<span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span> them to make war one upon another, and for this purpose
-    have furnished them with prodigious quantities of ammunition and arms,
-    whereby they have been hurried into confusion, bloodshed, and all the
-    extremities of temporal misery, which must necessarily beget in their
-    minds such a general detestation and scorn of the <i>Christian</i>
-    name, as may deeply affect, if not wholly preclude, their belief of the
-    great Truths of our holy Religion. Thus an insatiable desire of gain
-    hath become the principal and moving cause of the most abominable and
-    dreadful scene, that was perhaps ever acted upon the face of the earth;
-    even the power of their Kings hath been made subservient to answer
-    this wicked purpose, instead of being Protectors of their people,
-    these Rulers, allured by the tempting bait laid before them by the
-    <i>European</i> Factors, <i>&amp;c.</i> have invaded the Liberties of their
-    unhappy subjects, and are become their Oppressors.</p>
-
-  <p>Divers accounts have already appeared in print, declarative of the
-    shocking wickedness with which this Trade is carried on; these may not
-    have fallen into the hands of some of my readers, I shall, therefore,
-    for their information, select a few of the most remarkable instances
-    that I have met with, shewing the method by which the Trade is commonly
-    managed all along the <i>African</i> coast.</p>
-
-  <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span></p>
-
-  <p><i>Francis Moor</i>, Factor to the <i>African</i> Company, on the river
-    <i>Gambia</i>, relates, ‘That when the King of <i>Barsalli</i> wants
-    goods, <i>&amp;c.</i> he sends a messenger to the <i>English</i> Governor
-    at <i>James</i>’s Fort, to desire he would send up a sloop with a
-    cargo of goods; which (says the author) the Governor never fails to
-    do: Against the time the vessel arrives, the King plunders some of his
-    enemies towns, selling the people for such goods as he wants.—If he is
-    not at war with any neighbouring King, he falls upon one of his own
-    towns, and makes bold to sell his own miserable subjects.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>N. Brue</i>, in his account of the Trade, <i>&amp;c.</i> writes, ‘That
-    having received a quantity of goods, he wrote to the King of the
-    country, That if he had a sufficient number of slaves, he was ready
-    to trade with him. This Prince (says that author) as well as other
-    Negroe Monarchs, has always a sure way of supplying his deficiencies
-    by selling his own subjects.—The King had recourse to this method, by
-    seizing three hundred of his own people, and sent word to <i>Brue</i>,
-    that he had the slaves ready to deliver for the goods.’</p>
-
-  <p>The Misery and Bloodshed, consequent to the Slave-trade, is amply
-    set forth by the following extracts of two voyages to the coast<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> of
-    <i>Guinea</i> for slaves. The first in a vessel from <i>Liverpool</i>,
-    taken <i>verbatim</i> from the original manuscript of the Surgeon’s
-    journal, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-  <p>‘<span class="smcap">Sestro</span>, <i>December</i> the 29th, 1724. No trade to-day,
-    though many Traders come on board; they inform us, that the people are
-    gone to war within land, and will bring prisoners enough in two or
-    three days: in hopes of which we stay.</p>
-
-  <p>‘The 30th. No trade yet, but our Traders came on board to-day, and
-    informed us, the people had burnt four towns of their enemies, so
-    that to-morrow we expect slaves off. Another large ship is come in:
-    Yesterday came in a large <i>Londoner</i>.</p>
-
-  <p>‘The 31st. Fair weather, but no trade yet: We see each night towns
-    burning; but we hear the <i>Sestro</i> men are many of them killed by
-    the inland Negroes, so that we fear this war will be unsuccessful.</p>
-
-  <p>‘The 2d <i>January</i>. Last night we saw a prodigious fire break out
-    about eleven o’clock, and this morning see the town of <i>Sestro</i>
-    burnt down to the ground, (it contained some hundreds of houses) so
-    that we find their enemies are too hard for them at present, and
-    consequently our trade spoiled here; so that about seven o’clock we<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span>
-    weighed anchor, as did likewise the three other vessels, to proceed
-    lower down.’</p>
-
-  <p>The second relation, also taken from the original manuscript journal of
-    a person of credit, who went Surgeon on the same account in a vessel
-    from <i>New-York</i> to the coast of <i>Guinea</i>, about nineteen
-    years past, is as follows, <i>viz.</i></p>
-
-  <p>‘Being on the coast at a place called <i>Basalia</i>, the Commander
-    of the vessel, according to custom, sent a person on shore with a
-    present to the King, acquainting him with his arrival, and letting
-    him know, they wanted a cargo of slaves. The King promised to furnish
-    them with slaves; and in order to do it, set out to go to war against
-    his enemies, designing also to surprize some town, and take all the
-    people prisoners: Some time after, the King sent them word, he had
-    not yet met with the desired success, having been twice repulsed, in
-    attempting to break up two towns; but that he still hoped to procure
-    a number of slaves for them; and in this design he persisted till he
-    met his enemies in the field, where a battle was fought, which lasted
-    three days; during which time the engagement was so bloody, that four
-    thousand five hundred men were slain on the spot.’ The person, that
-    wrote the account, beheld the bodies as<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> they lay on the field of
-    battle. ‘Think (says he in his journal) what a pitiable sight it was,
-    to see the widows weeping over their lost husbands, orphans deploring
-    the loss of their fathers, <i>&amp;c.</i> <i>&amp;c.</i>’</p>
-
-  <p>Those who are acquainted with the Trade agree, that many Negroes on the
-    sea-coast, who have been corrupted by their intercourse and converse
-    with the <i>European</i> Factors, have learnt to stick at no act of
-    cruelty for gain. These make it a practice to steal abundance of little
-    Blacks of both sexes, when found on the roads or in the fields, where
-    their parents keep them all day to watch the corn, <i>&amp;c.</i> Some
-    authors say, the Negroe Factors go six or seven hundred miles up the
-    country with goods, bought from the <i>Europeans</i>, where markets of
-    men are kept in the same manner as those of beasts with us. When the
-    poor slaves, whether brought from far or near, come to the sea-shore,
-    they are stripped naked, and strictly examined by the <i>European</i>
-    Surgeons, both men and women, without the least distinction or modesty;
-    those which are approved as good, are marked with a red-hot iron with
-    the ship’s mark; after which they are put on board the vessels, the
-    men being shackled with irons two and two together. Reader, bring the
-    matter home, and consider whether any situation in life can be more
-    completely miserable than that of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> those distressed captives. When we
-    reflect, that each individual of this number had some tender attachment
-    which was broken by this cruel separation; some parent or wife, who
-    had not an opportunity of mingling tears in a parting embrace; perhaps
-    some infant or aged parent whom his labour was to feed and vigilance
-    protect; themselves under the dreadful apprehension of an unknown
-    perpetual slavery; pent up within the narrow confines of a vessel,
-    sometimes six or seven hundred together, where they lie as close as
-    possible. Under these complicated distresses they are often reduced to
-    a state of desperation, wherein many have leaped into the sea, and have
-    kept themselves under water till they were drowned; others have starved
-    themselves to death, for the prevention whereof some masters of vessels
-    have cut off the legs and arms of a number of those poor desperate
-    creatures, to terrify the rest. Great numbers have also frequently been
-    killed, and some deliberately put to death under the greatest torture,
-    when they have attempted to rise, in order to free themselves from
-    their present misery, and the slavery designed them. An instance of
-    the last kind appears particularly in an account given by the master
-    of a vessel, who brought a cargo of slaves to <i>Barbadoes</i>; indeed
-    it appears so irreconcileable to the common dictates of humanity,
-    that one would doubt the truth<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span> of it, had it not been related by a
-    serious person of undoubted credit, who had it from the captain’s own
-    mouth. Upon an inquiry, What had been the success of his voyage? he
-    answered, ‘That he had found it a difficult matter to set the negroes
-    a fighting with each other, in order to procure the number he wanted;
-    but that when he had obtained this end, and had got his vessel filled
-    with slaves, a new difficulty arose from their refusal to take food;
-    those desperate creatures chusing rather to die with hunger, than to
-    be carried from their native country.’ Upon a farther inquiry, by what
-    means he had prevailed upon them to forego this desperate resolution?
-    he answered, ‘That he obliged all the negroes to come upon deck, where
-    they persisted in their resolution of not taking food, he caused his
-    sailors to lay hold upon one of the most obstinate, and chopt the poor
-    creature into small pieces, forcing some of the others to eat a part
-    of the mangled body; withal swearing to the survivors, that he would
-    use them all, one after the other, in the same manner, if they did not
-    consent to eat.’ This horrid execution he applauded as a good act, it
-    having had the desired effect, in bringing them to take food.</p>
-
-  <p>A similar case is mentioned in <i>Astley</i>’s Collection of Voyages,
-    by <i>John Atkins</i>, Surgeon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> on board Admiral <i>Ogle</i>’s
-    squadron, ‘Of one <i>Harding</i>, mailer of a vessel, in which several
-    of the men-slaves, and a woman-slave, had attempted to rise, in
-    order to recover their liberty; some of whom the master, of his own
-    authority, sentenced to cruel death; making them first eat the heart
-    and liver of one of those he killed. The woman he hoisted by the
-    thumbs; whipped and slashed with knives before the other slaves, till
-    she died.’</p>
-
-  <p>As detestable and shocking as this may appear to such, whose hearts
-    are not yet hardened by the practice of that cruelty, which the love
-    of wealth, by degrees, introduceth into the human mind; it will not
-    be strange to those who have been concerned or employed in the Trade.
-    Now here arises a necessary query to those who hold the balance and
-    sword of justice; and who must account to God for the use they have
-    made of it. <i>Since our English law is so truly valuable for its
-    justice, how can they overlook these barbarous deaths of the unhappy
-    Africans without trial, or due proof of their being guilty, of crimes
-    adequate to their punishment? Why are those masters of vessels, (who
-    are often not the most tender and considerate of men) thus suffered to
-    be the sovereign arbiters of the lives of the miserable Negroes, and
-    allowed, with impunity, thus to destroy, may I not say, murder<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> their
-    fellow-creatures, and that by means so cruel as cannot be even related
-    but with shame and horror?</i></p>
-
-  <p>When the vessels arrive at their destined port in the Colonies, the
-    poor Negroes are to be disposed of to the planters; and here they are
-    again exposed naked, without any distinction of sexes, to the brutal
-    examination of their purchasers; and this, it may well be judged is
-    to many of them another occasion of deep distress, especially to
-    the females. Add to this, that near connections must now again be
-    separated, to go with their several purchasers: In this melancholy
-    scene Mothers are seen hanging over their Daughters, be-dewing their
-    naked breasts with tears, and Daughters clinging to their Parents; not
-    knowing what new stage of distress must follow their separation, or if
-    ever they shall meet again: And here what sympathy, what commiseration
-    are they to expect? why indeed, if they will not separate as readily
-    as their owners think proper, the whipper is called for, and the lash
-    exercised upon their naked bodies, till obliged to part.</p>
-
-  <p>Can any human heart, that retains a fellow-feeling for the Sufferings
-    of mankind, be unconcerned at relations of such grievous affliction,
-    to which this oppressed part of our Species are subjected: God gave to
-    man<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span> dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowls of the air,
-    and over the cattle, <i>&amp;c.</i> but imposed no involuntary subjection
-    of one man to another.</p>
-
-  <p>The Truth of this Position has of late been clearly set forth by
-    persons of reputation and ability, particularly <i>George Wallis</i>,
-    in his System of the Laws of <i>Scotland</i>, whose sentiments are
-    so worthy the notice of all considerate persons, that I shall here
-    repeat a part of what he has not long since published, concerning the
-    <i>African</i> Trade, <i>viz.</i> ‘If this Trade admits of a moral or
-    a rational justification, every crime, even the most atrocious, may be
-    justified: Government was instituted for the good of mankind. Kings,
-    Princes, Governors, are not proprietors of those who are subjected
-    to their authority, they have not a right to make them miserable. On
-    the contrary, their authority is vested in them, that they may by the
-    just exercise of it, promote the Happiness of their people: Of course,
-    they have not a right to dispose of their Liberty, and to sell them
-    for slaves: Besides, no man has a right to acquire or to purchase
-    them; men and their Liberty, are not either saleable or purchaseable:
-    One therefore has no body but himself to blame, in case he shall find
-    himself deprived of a man, whom he thought he had, by buying for a
-    price,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> made his own; for he dealt in a Trade which was illicit, and
-    was prohibited by the most obvious dictates of humanity. For these
-    reasons, every one of those unfortunate men, who are pretended to be
-    slaves, has a right to be declared free, for he never lost his Liberty,
-    he could not lose it; his Prince had no power to dispose of him: of
-    course the sale was void. This right he carries about with him, and
-    is entitled every where to get it declared. As soon, therefore, as he
-    comes into a country, in which the Judges are not forgetful of their
-    own humanity, it is their duty to remember that he is a man, and to
-    declare him to be free.—This is the Law of Nature, which is obligatory
-    on all men, at all times, and in all places.—Would not any of us, who
-    should be snatched by Pirates from his native land, think himself
-    cruelly abused, and at all times intitled to be free? Have not these
-    unfortunate <i>Africans</i>, who meet with the same cruel fate, the
-    same right? are not they men as well as we? and have they not the same
-    sensibility? Let us not, therefore, defend or support an usage, which
-    is contrary to all the Laws of Humanity.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>Francis Hutchinson</i>, also in his System of Moral Philosophy,
-    speaking on the subject of Slavery, says, ‘He who detains another by
-    force in slavery, is always bound to prove<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span> his title. The Slave sold
-    or carried away into a distant country, must not be obliged to prove a
-    negative, that he never forfeited his Liberty. The violent possessor
-    must, in all cases, shew his title, especially where the old proprietor
-    is well known. In this case each man is the original proprietor of his
-    own Liberty: The proof of his losing it must be incumbent on those,
-    who deprived him of it by force. Strange, (says the same author)
-    that in any nation, where a sense of Liberty prevails, where the
-    <i>Christian</i> religion is professed, custom and high prospect of
-    gain can so stupify the consciences of men, and all sense of natural
-    justice, that they can hear such computation made about the value of
-    their fellow-men and their Liberty, without abhorrence and indignation.’</p>
-
-  <p>The noted Baron <i>Montesquieu</i> gives it, as his opinion, in his
-    <i>Spirit of Laws</i>, page 348, ‘That nothing more assimilates a man
-    to a beast than living amongst freemen, himself a slave; such people as
-    these are the natural enemies of society, and their number must always
-    be dangerous.’</p>
-
-  <p>The Author of a pamphlet, lately printed in <i>London</i>, entituled,
-    <i>An Essay in Vindication of the continental Colonies of</i> America,
-    writes, ‘That the bondage we have imposed on the <i>Africans</i>, is
-    absolutely repugnant to justice.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span> That it is highly inconsistent with
-    civil policy: First, as it tends to suppress all improvements in arts
-    and sciences; without which it is morally impossible that any nation
-    should be happy or powerful. Secondly, as it may deprave the minds of
-    the freemen; steeling their hearts against the laudable feelings of
-    virtue and humanity. And, lastly, as it endangers the community by the
-    destructive effects of civil commotions: need I add to these (says that
-    author) what every heart, which is not callous to all tender feelings,
-    will readily suggest; that it is shocking to humanity, violative of
-    every generous sentiment, abhorrent utterly from the <i>Christian</i>
-    Religion: for, as <i>Montesquieu</i> very justly observes, <i>We
-    must suppose them not to be men, or a suspicion would follow that we
-    ourselves are not</i> Christians.——There cannot be a more dangerous
-    maxim, than that necessity is a plea for injustice. For who shall fix
-    the degree of this necessity? What villain so atrocious, who may not
-    urge this excuse? or, as <i>Milton</i> has happily expressed it,
-  </p>
-
-  <div class="center-container">
-    <div class="poetry">
-      <div class="stanza">
-        <div class="i0">‘—————————<i>And with necessity,</i></div>
-        <div class="i1"><i>The tyrant’s plea, excuse his dev’lish deed.</i></div>
-      </div>
-    </div>
-  </div>
-
-  <p>‘That our Colonies want people, is a very weak argument for so
-    inhuman a violation of justice.—Shall a civilized, a <i>Christian</i>
-    nation encourage Slavery, because the barbarous,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> savage, lawless
-    <i>African</i> hath done it? Monstrous thought! To what end do we
-    profess a religion whose dictates we so flagrantly violate? Wherefore
-    have we that pattern of goodness and humanity, if we refuse to follow
-    it? How long shall we continue a practice, which policy rejects,
-    justice condemns, and piety dissuades? Shall the <i>Americans</i>
-    persist in a conduct, which cannot be justified; or persevere in
-    oppression from which their hearts must recoil? If the barbarous
-    <i>Africans</i> shall continue to enslave each other, let the dæmon
-    slavery remain among them, that their crime may include its own
-    punishment. Let not <i>Christians</i>, by administering to their
-    wickedness, confess their religion to be a useless refinement, their
-    profession vain, and themselves as inhuman as the savages they detest.’</p>
-
-  <p><i>James Foster</i>, in <i>his Discourses on Natural Religion and
-    Social Virtue</i>, also shews his just indignation at this wicked
-    practice, which he declares to be <i>a criminal and outrageous
-    violation of the natural right of mankind</i>. At page 156, 2d
-    vol. he says, ‘Should we have read concerning the <i>Greeks</i> or
-    <i>Romans</i> of old, that they traded, with view to make slaves of
-    their own species, whom they certainly knew that this would involve
-    in schemes of blood and murder, of destroying or enslaving each
-    other, that they even<span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span> fomented wars, and engaged whole nations and
-    tribes in open hostilities, for their own private advantage; that
-    they had no detestation of the violence and cruelty, but only feared
-    the ill success of their inhuman enterprises; that they carried men
-    like themselves, their brethren, and the offspring of the same common
-    parent, to be sold like beasts of prey, or beasts of burden, and
-    put them to the same reproachful trial of their soundness, strength
-    and capacity for greater bodily service; that quite forgetting and
-    renouncing the original dignity of human nature, communicated to all,
-    they treated them with more severity and ruder discipline, than even
-    the ox or the ass, who are void of understanding.—Should we not, if
-    this had been the case, have naturally been led to despise all their
-    pretended refinements of morality; and to have concluded, that as they
-    were not nations destitute of politeness, they must have been <i>entire
-    Strangers to Virtue and Benevolence</i>?</p>
-
-  <p>‘But, notwithstanding this, we ourselves (who profess to be
-    <i>Christians</i>, and boast of the peculiar advantage we enjoy,
-    by means of an express revelation of our duty from Heaven) are in
-    effect, these very untaught and rude <i>Heathen</i> countries. With
-    all our superior light, we instil into those, whom we call savage
-    and barbarous, the most<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span> despicable opinion of human nature. We,
-    to the utmost of our power, weaken and dissolve the universal tie,
-    that binds and unites mankind. We practise what we should exclaim
-    against, as the utmost excess of cruelty and tyranny, if nations of
-    the world, differing in colour and form of government from ourselves,
-    were so possessed of empire, as to be able to reduce us to a state
-    of unmerited and brutish servitude. Of consequence, we sacrifice our
-    reason, our humanity, our <i>Christianity</i>, to an unnatural sordid
-    gain. We teach other nations to despise and trample under foot, all
-    the obligations of social virtue. We take the most effectual method
-    to prevent the propagation of the Gospel, by representing it as a
-    scheme of power and barbarous oppression, and an enemy to the natural
-    privileges and rights of men.</p>
-
-  <p>‘Perhaps all that I have now offered, may be of very little weight to
-    restrain this enormity, this aggravated iniquity. However, I shall
-    still have the satisfaction, of having entered my private protest
-    against a practice which, in my opinion, <i>bids that God, who is the
-    God and Father of the</i> Gentiles <i>unconverted to</i> Christianity,
-    <i>most daring and bold defiance, and spurns at all the principles both
-    of natural and revealed Religion</i>.’</p>
-
-  <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span></p>
-
-  <p>How the <i>British</i> nation first came to be concerned in a
-    practice, by which the rights and liberties of mankind are so
-    violently infringed, and which is so opposite to the apprehensions
-    <i>Englishmen</i> have always had of what natural justice requires,
-    is indeed surprising. It was about the year 1563, in the reign of
-    Queen <i>Elizabeth</i>, that the <i>English</i> first engaged in the
-    <i>Guinea</i> Trade; when it appears, from an account in <i>Hill</i>’s
-    Naval History, page 293, That when Captain <i>Hawkins</i> returned from
-    his first voyage to <i>Africa</i>, that generous spirited Princess,
-    attentive to the interest of her subjects, sent for the Commander, to
-    whom she expressed her concern lest any of the <i>African</i> Negroes
-    should be carried off without their free consent, <i>declaring it
-    would be detestable, and call down the vengeance of Heaven upon the
-    undertakers</i>. Captain <i>Hawkins</i> promised to comply with the
-    Queen’s injunction: nevertheless, we find in the account, given in the
-    same History, of <i>Hawkins</i>’s second voyage, the author using these
-    remarkable words, <i>Here began the horrid practice of forcing the</i>
-    Africans <i>into slavery</i>.</p>
-
-  <p><i>Labat</i>, a <i>Roman</i> Missionary, in his account of the Isles
-    of <i>America</i>, at page 114, of the 4th vol. mentions, that
-    <i>Lewis</i> the 13th, Father to the present <i>French</i> King’s
-    Grandfather, was extremely uneasy at a Law by which all the Negroes of
-    his Colonies were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> to be made slaves; but it being strongly urged to
-    him, as the readiest means for their Conversion to <i>Christianity</i>,
-    he acquiesced therewith.</p>
-
-  <p>And although we have not many accounts of the impressions which this
-    piratical invasion of the rights of mankind gave to serious minded
-    people, when first engaged in; yet it did not escape the notice of
-    some, who might be esteemed in a peculiar manner as watchmen in
-    their day to the different societies of <i>Christians</i> whereunto
-    they belonged. <i>Richard Baxter</i>, an eminent preacher amongst
-    the <i>Nonconformists</i>, in the last century, well known and
-    particularly esteemed by most of the serious <i>Presbyterians</i>
-    and <i>Independents</i>, in his <i>Christian</i> Directory, mostly
-    wrote about an hundred Years ago, fully shews his detestation of this
-    practice in the following words: ‘Do you not mark how God hath followed
-    you with plagues? And may not conscience tell you, that it is for your
-    inhumanity to the souls and bodies of men?—To go as pirates and catch
-    up poor Negroes, or people of another land, that never forfeited Life
-    or Liberty, and to make them Slaves and sell them, is one of the worst
-    kind of Thievery in the world; and such persons are to be taken for
-    the common Enemies of mankind; and they that buy them, and use them as
-    beasts, for their meer commodity,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span> and betray, or destroy, or neglect
-    their souls, are fitter to be called devils than <i>Christians</i>.
-    It is an heinous sin to buy them, unless it be in charity to deliver
-    them.——Undoubtedly they are presently bound to deliver them; because by
-    right the man is his own; therefore no man else can have a just title
-    to him.’</p>
-
-  <p>We also find <i>George Fox</i>, a man of exemplary piety, who was the
-    principal instrument in gathering the religious society of people
-    called <i>Quakers</i>, expressing his concern and fellow-feeling for
-    the bondage of the Negroes: In a discourse taken from his mouth, in
-    <i>Barbadoes</i>, in the Year 1671, says, ‘Consider with yourselves, if
-    you were in the same condition as the Blacks are,—who came strangers
-    to you, and were sold to you as slaves. I say, if this should be the
-    condition of you or yours, you would think it hard measure: Yea, and
-    very great bondage and cruelty. And, therefore, consider seriously of
-    this, and do you for and to them, as you would willingly have them,
-    or any other to do unto you, were you in the like slavish condition;
-    and bring them to know the Lord Christ.’ And in his journal, page 431,
-    speaking of the Advice he gave his friends at <i>Barbadoes</i>, he
-    says, ‘I desired also, that they would cause their Overseers to deal
-    mildly and gently with their Negroes, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> not to use cruelty towards
-    them, as the manner of some had been; and that after certain years of
-    servitude they should make them free.’</p>
-
-  <p>In a book printed in <i>Leverpool</i>, called <i>The Leverpool
-    Memorandum-book</i>, which contains, among other things, an account
-    of the Trade of that port, there is an exact list of the vessels
-    employed in the <i>Guinea</i> Trade, and of the number of Slaves
-    imported in each vessel, by which it appears, that in the year 1753,
-    the number imported to <i>America</i>, by vessels belonging to that
-    port, amounted to upwards of Thirty Thousand; and from the number of
-    Vessels employed by the <i>African</i> Company in <i>London</i> and
-    <i>Bristol</i>, we may, with some degree of certainty conclude, there
-    is, at least, One Hundred Thousand Negroes purchased and brought on
-    board our ships yearly from the coast of <i>Africa</i>, on their
-    account. This is confirmed in <i>Anderson</i>’s History of Trade
-    and Commerce, printed in 1764, where it is said, at page 68 of the
-    Appendix, ‘That <i>England</i> supplies her <i>American</i> Colonies
-    with Negro-slaves, amounting in number to above One Hundred Thousand
-    every year.’ When the vessels are full freighted with slaves, they set
-    out for our plantations in <i>America</i>, and may be two or three
-    months on the voyage, during which time, from the filth and stench
-    that is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span> among them, distempers frequently break out, which carry
-    off a great many, a fifth, a fourth, yea, sometimes a third of them;
-    so that taking all the slaves together that are brought on board our
-    ships yearly, one may reasonably suppose, that at least ten thousand
-    of them die on the voyage. And in a printed account of the State of
-    the Negroes in our plantations, it is supposed that a fourth part,
-    more or less, die at the different Islands, in what is called the
-    seasoning. Hence it may be presumed, that, at a moderate computation
-    of the slaves, who are purchased by our <i>African</i> merchants in a
-    year, near thirty thousand die upon the voyage and in the seasoning.
-    Add to this, the prodigious number who are killed in the incursions
-    and intestine wars, by which the Negroes procure the number of slaves
-    wanted to load the vessels. How dreadful then is this Slave-Trade,
-    whereby so many thousands of our fellow-creatures, free by nature,
-    endued with the same rational faculties, and called to be heirs of the
-    same salvation with us, lose their lives, and are truly, and properly
-    speaking, murdered every year! For it is not necessary, in order to
-    convict a man of murder, to make it appear, that he had an intention
-    to commit murder. Whoever does, by unjust force or violence, deprive
-    another of his Liberty; and, while he has him in his power, reduces
-    him, by cruel treatment, to such a condition as evidently endangers
-    his<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> life, and the event occasions his death, is actually guilty of
-    murder. It is no less shocking to read the accounts given by Sir
-    <i>Hans Sloane</i>, and others, of the inhuman and unmerciful treatment
-    those Blacks meet with, who survive the seasoning in the Islands,
-    often for transgressions, to which the punishment they receive bears
-    no proportion. ‘And the horrid executions, which are frequently made
-    there upon discovery of the plots laid by the Blacks, for the recovery
-    of their liberty; of some they break the bones, whilst alive, on a
-    wheel; others they burn or rather roast to death; others they starve to
-    death, with a loaf hanging before their mouths.’ Thus they are brought
-    to expire, with frightful agonies, in the most horrid tortures. For
-    negligence only they are unmercifully whipped, till their backs are
-    raw, and then pepper and salt is scattered on the wounds to heighten
-    the pain, and prevent mortification. Is it not a cause of much sorrow
-    and lamentation, that so many poor creatures should be thus racked
-    with excruciating tortures, for crimes which often their tormentors
-    have occasioned? Must not even the common feelings of human nature
-    have suffered some grievous change in those men, to be capable of
-    such horrid cruelty towards their fellow-men? If they deserve death,
-    ought not their judges, in the death decreed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span> them, always to remember
-    that these their hapless fellow-creatures are men, and themselves
-    professing <i>Christians</i>? The <i>Mosaic</i> law teaches us our duty
-    in these cases, in the merciful provision it made in the punishment of
-    transgressors, <i>Deuter.</i> xxv. 2. <i>And it shall be, if the wicked
-    man be worthy to be beaten, that the judge shall cause him to lie down,
-    and to be beaten before his face, according to his fault, by a certain
-    number; Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.</i> And the
-    reason rendered is out of respect to human nature, <i>viz. Lest if he
-    should exceed, and beat him above these, with many stripes, then thy
-    Brother should seem vile unto thee. Britons</i> boast themselves to be
-    a generous, humane people, who have a true sense of the importance of
-    Liberty; but is this a true character, whilst that barbarous, savage
-    Slave-Trade, with all its attendant horrors, receives countenance
-    and protection from the Legislature, whereby so many Thousand lives
-    are yearly sacrificed? Do we indeed believe the truths declared in
-    the Gospel? Are we persuaded that the threatenings, as well as the
-    promises therein contained, will have their accomplishment? If indeed
-    we do, must we not tremble to think what a load of guilt lies upon our
-    Nation generally, and individually so far as we in any degree abet or
-    countenance this aggravated iniquity?</p>
-
-  <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span></p>
-
-  <p>We have a memorable Instance in history, which may be fruitful of
-    Instruction, if timely and properly applied; it is a quotation made by
-    Sir <i>John Temple</i>, in his history of the <i>Irish</i> rebellion,
-    being an observation out of <i>Giraldus Cambrensis</i>, a noted author,
-    who lived about six hundred years ago, concerning the causes of the
-    prosperity of the <i>English</i> undertakings in <i>Ireland</i>, when
-    they conquered that Island, he saith, ‘That a synod, or council of the
-    Clergy, being then assembled at <i>Armagh</i>, and that point fully
-    debated, it was unanimously agreed, that the sins of the people were
-    the occasion of that heavy judgment then falling upon their nation;
-    and that especially their buying of <i>Englishmen</i> from merchants
-    and pirates, and detaining them under a most miserable hard bondage,
-    had caused the Lord, by way of just retaliation, to leave them to be
-    reduced, by the <i>English</i>, to the same state of slavery. Whereupon
-    they made a publick act in that council, that all the <i>English</i>
-    held in captivity throughout the whole land, should be presently
-    restored to their former Liberty.’</p>
-
-  <p>I shall now conclude with an extract from an address of a late author
-    to the merchants, and others, who are concerned in carrying on the
-    <i>Guinea</i> Trade; which also, in a great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> measure, is applicable
-    to others, who, for the love of gain, are in any way concerned in
-    promoting or maintaining the captivity of the Negroes.</p>
-
-  <p>‘As the business, you are publickly carrying on before the world, has
-    a bad aspect, and you are sensible most men make objection against
-    it, you ought to justify it to the world, upon principles of reason,
-    equity, and humanity; to make it appear, that it is no unjust invasion
-    of the persons, or encroachments on the rights of men; or for ever to
-    lay it aside.—But laying aside the resentment of men, which is but of
-    little or no moment, in comparison with that of the Almighty, think
-    of a future reckoning: consider how you shall come off in the great
-    and awful Day of account. You now heap up riches and live in pleasure;
-    but, oh! what will you do in the end thereof? and that is not far off:
-    what, if death should seize upon you, and hurry you out of this world,
-    under all that load of blood-guiltiness that now lies upon your fouls?
-    The gospel expresly declares, that thieves and murderers shall not
-    inherit the kingdom of God. Consider, that at the same time, and by
-    the same means, you now treasure up worldly riches, you are treasuring
-    up to yourselves wrath, against<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span> the day of wrath, and vengeance that
-    shall come upon the workers of iniquity, unless prevented by a timely
-    repentance.</p>
-
-  <p>‘And what greater iniquity, what crime that is more heinous, that
-    carries in it more complicated guilt, can you name than that, in the
-    habitual, deliberate practice of which you now live? How can you lift
-    up your guilty eyes to heaven? How can you pray for mercy to him that
-    made you, or hope for any favour from him that formed you, while you go
-    on thus grosly and openly to dishonour him, in debasing and destroying
-    the noblest workmanship of his hands in this lower world? He is the
-    Father of men; and do you think he will not resent such treatment of
-    his offspring, whom he hath so loved, as to give his only begotten Son,
-    that whosoever believeth in him, might not perish, but have everlasting
-    life? This love of God to man, revealed in the gospel, is a great
-    aggravation of your guilt; for if God so loved us, we ought also to
-    love one another. <i>You remember the fate of the Servant, who took
-    hold of his fellow-servant, who was in his debt, by the throat, and
-    cast him into prison</i>: Think then, and tremble to think, what will
-    be your fate, who take your fellow-servants by the throat, that owe you
-    not a penny, and make them prisoners for life.</p>
-
-  <p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span></p>
-
-  <p>‘Give yourselves leave to reflect impartially upon, and consider the
-    nature of, this Man-Trade, which, if you do, your hearts must needs
-    relent, if you have not lost all sense of humanity, all pity and
-    companion towards those of your own kind, to think what calamities,
-    what havock and destruction among them, you have been the authors of
-    for filthy lucre’s sake. God grant you may be sensible of your guilt,
-    and repent in time!’</p>
-
-  <div class="center bold mt5"><span class="gesperrt8">FINIS</span>.</div>
-
-  <div class="center mt10">
-    BOOKS Printed and Sold by <span class="smcap">J. Phillips</span>,<br />
-    George-Yard, Lombard-Street.</div>
-
-  <p>ESSAY on the <span class="smcap">Treatment</span> and <span class="smcap">Conversion</span> of AFRICAN
-    SLAVES in the <span class="smcap">British</span> Sugar Colonies. By <span class="smcap">J. Ramsay</span>,
-    Vicar of Teston in Kent, who resided many Years in the West-Indies. In
-    One Volume, Octavo. Price 5s. bound, or 4s. in Boards.</p>
-
-  <p><span class="smcap">Historical Account</span> of <span class="gesperrt1">GUINEA</span>, its Situation, Produce, and
-    the general Disposition of its Inhabitants. With an Inquiry into
-    the <span class="smcap gesperrt2">Rise</span> and <span class="smcap gesperrt2">Progress</span>
-    of the SLAVE TRADE, its Nature and lamentable Effects. Also a Republication of the
-    Sentiments of several Authors of Note on this interesting Subject:
-    Particularly an Extract of a Treatise written by <span class="smcap gesperrt1">Granville
-    Sharpe</span>. By <span class="smcap gesperrt1">Anthony Benezet</span>. In One Volume Octavo. Price
-    2s. 6d. stitched.</p>
-
-  <p>THOUGHTS on the <span class="smcap">Slavery</span> of the NEGROES. Price 4d.</p>
-
-  <div class="transnote mt5">
-    <div class="large center"><b>Transcriber’s Notes:</b></div>
-    <ul class="spaced small">
-      <li>Blank pages have been removed.</li>
-      <li>A few obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected,
-        otherwise archaic and inconsistent spellings have been left alone.</li>
-    </ul>
-  </div>
-
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