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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b330c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #69527 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/69527) diff --git a/old/69527-0.txt b/old/69527-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index afaeaa9..0000000 --- a/old/69527-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,6347 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of War against Germany: Europe and -adjacent areas pictorial record, by Kenneth Hunter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: War against Germany: Europe and adjacent areas pictorial record - -Author: Kenneth Hunter - -Release Date: December 12, 2022 [eBook #69527] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by The - Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY: EUROPE -AND ADJACENT AREAS PICTORIAL RECORD *** - - - - - - _UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II_ - - Pictorial Record - - THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY: - EUROPE AND ADJACENT - AREAS - - CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY - UNITED STATES ARMY - WASHINGTON, D.C., 1989 - - - - - First Printed 1951--CMH Pub 12–3 - - For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government - Printing Office - Washington, DC 20402-0001 - - - - - UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II - - Kent Roberts Greenfield, General Editor - - - _Advisory Committee_ - - James P. Baxter - President, Williams College - - Henry S. Commager - Columbia University - - Douglas S. Freeman - Richmond News Leader - - Pendleton Herring - Social Science Research Council - - John D. Hicks - University of California - - William T. Hutchinson - University of Chicago - - S. L. A. Marshall - Detroit News - - E. Dwight Salmon - Amherst College - - Col. Thomas D. Stamps - United States Military Academy - - Charles S. Sydnor - Duke University - - Charles H. Taylor - Harvard University - - - _Office of the Chief of Military History_ - - Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, Chief - - Chief Historian Kent Roberts Greenfield - Chief, World War II Division Col. Thomas J. Sands - Editor-in-Chief Hugh Corbett - Chief, Pictorial Section Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter - - - ... to Those Who Served - - - - - Foreword - - -During World War II the photographers of the United States armed forces -created on film a pictorial record of immeasurable value. Thousands -of pictures are preserved in the photographic libraries of the armed -services but are little seen by the public. - -In the narrative volumes of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, now -being prepared by the Office of the Chief of Military History of the -United States Army, it is possible to include only a limited number -of pictures. Therefore, a subseries of pictorial volumes, of which -this is one, has been planned to supplement the other volumes of the -series. The photographs have been especially selected to show important -terrain features, types of equipment and weapons, living and weather -conditions, military operations, and matters of human interest. These -volumes will preserve and make accessible for future reference some -of the best pictures of World War II. An appreciation not only of the -terrain upon which actions were fought, but also of its influence on -the capabilities and limitations of weapons in the hands of both our -troops and those of the enemy, can be gained through a careful study of -the pictures herein presented. These factors are essential to a clear -understanding of military history. - -This book deals with the European Theater of Operations, covering the -period from the build-up in the United Kingdom through V-E Day. Its -seven sections are arranged chronologically. The photographs were -selected and the text written by Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter; the editing -was done by Miss Mary Ann Bacon. The written text has been kept to a -minimum. The appendixes give information as to the abbreviations used -and the sources of the photographs. - - Washington, D. C. ORLANDO WARD - 6 February 1951 Maj. Gen., USA - Chief of Military History - - - - - Contents - - - _Section_ _Page_ - - I. THE BUILD-UP IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE - AIR OFFENSIVE, EUROPE 1 - - II. NORMANDY CAMPAIGN 73 - - III. NORTHERN FRANCE CAMPAIGN 147 - - IV. RHINELAND CAMPAIGN: 15 SEPTEMBER 1944–15 DECEMBER - 1944 211 - - V. ARDENNES-ALSACE CAMPAIGN 261 - - VI. RHINELAND CAMPAIGN: 26 JANUARY 1945–21 MARCH - 1945 325 - - VII. CENTRAL EUROPE CAMPAIGN 379 - - APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 439 - - APPENDIX B: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 440 - - INDEX 443 - - - - - SECTION I - -The Build-up in the United Kingdom and the Air Offensive, Europe[1] - - -The build-up of the United States Army in the United Kingdom, from -January 1942 until June 1944, with the huge amounts of supplies -necessary to equip and maintain the forces and to prepare for the -invasion of northern Europe was a tremendous undertaking. It involved -the transportation of men and supplies across the Atlantic during a -time when the German submarine menace was at its peak. The United -States Navy played a vital role in transporting men and supplies and -in protecting the convoys while en route. During this period the -administrative task was enormous since facilities for quartering and -training such large forces and for storing supplies and equipment -had to be provided within the limited area of the United Kingdom. -In October 1942 some of the units stationed in the United Kingdom -were sent to the Mediterranean for the invasion of North Africa. The -build-up continued after this, well-trained units arriving from the -United States. As the time for the invasion of France approached, -battle-tested units from the Mediterranean theater were transferred -to England to prepare for their part in the assault. In spite of -the limited terrain available, large-scale maneuvers and realistic -amphibious operations were conducted. In the early spring of 1944 joint -exercises of the ground, sea, and air forces which were to make the -attack in Normandy were held along the southern coast of England. The -last of these exercises was held in early May, the units then moving to -the staging areas and embarkation points for the invasion. - -While the ground forces were being equipped and trained the Allied -air forces bombed the fortress of Europe. The Royal Air Force Bomber -Command carried out the air assault by night and the United States -Eighth Air Force by day. The first U. S. participation in the bombing -of Europe from British bases was on 4 July 1942, when American crews -flew six British bombers. During the fall of 1942 the Eighth Air Force -prepared the Twelfth Air Force for the invasion of Africa, and it was -not until the beginning of 1943 that U. S. bombers began to attack -Europe from England in large-scale raids. From that time on the attacks -on Germany continued with increasing intensity and shattering power -until, in February 1944, the German Luftwaffe attempted to sweep the -U. S. bombers from the skies over Europe. After a battle of one week’s -duration over important industrial cities of Germany, the Luftwaffe was -beaten and supremacy of the air was in Allied hands where it remained -until the end of the war. - - [Illustration: NORTHERN IRELAND - - U. S. TROOPS arriving in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The first - U. S. troops to cross the Atlantic after the declaration of war - by the United States went to Northern Ireland in January 1942. - In the same month the Special Observer Group was replaced by - Headquarters, United States Armed Forces in the British Isles. - Shortly thereafter the center of concentration was transferred - from Ireland to England and the rapid build-up of personnel - commenced. Logistical planning began in April 1942. This - build-up of men and supplies was to become one of the greatest - logistical undertakings in military history. Supplies were - shipped from the United States in ever increasing quantities - until, during the month of June 1944, approximately 1,000,000 - long tons were received in the United Kingdom.] - - [Illustration: NORTHERN IRELAND - - U. S. TROOPS marching through the streets of a town in Northern - Ireland escorted by a British sergeant. The first U. S. troops - to arrive in Ireland were 18 officers and 18 enlisted men, the - advance party for the first contingent. By 1 June 1944 there - were 1,562,000 U. S. troops in the United Kingdom. During the - early months after the United States’ entry into World War II a - large part of the equipment was similar to that of World War I. - In the succeeding months much was done to improve all types of - equipment and many of the changes may be seen in the pictures - that follow in this volume.] - - [Illustration: NORTHERN IRELAND - - TRAINING IN IRELAND, FEBRUARY 1942. Before leaving the United - States members of the U. S. armed forces normally had completed - their training, but to keep the men at the peak of their - fighting fitness programs in firing, field exercises, and - special problems were begun under varying weather and terrain - conditions. Men in their late teens or early twenties made the - finest soldiers as they had stamina and recuperative power - far beyond that of older men. This physical superiority often - determined the issue in heavy and prolonged fighting.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - INFANTRY MAN WITH WEAPONS. Soldier is holding a .45-caliber - Thompson submachine gun M 1928A 1; from left to right are: - 60-mm. mortar M 2, British antitank gun, .30-caliber U. S. rifle - M 1 with bayonet M 1 attached, .30-caliber Browning machine - gun M 1919A 4, hand grenades, .45-caliber automatic pistol M - 1911A 1, .30-caliber U. S. rifle M 1903 with grenade launcher - M 1 attached, .30-caliber Browning automatic rifle M 1913A 2, - and 81-mm. mortar M 1 (top). Infantryman has just completed an - obstacle course (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: SCOTLAND - - SOLDIERS LAND FROM AN ASSAULT BOAT during a training exercise - in Scotland, July 1942. The base of fire of a rifle platoon was - its automatic weapons. The riflemen concentrated their fire on - the impact area blocked out by the automatic weapons. The base - of fire of a U. S. rifle squad in World War II was the Browning - automatic rifle (BA R). The man in right foreground is armed - with this weapon. The two men behind the soldier with the BA R - are armed with .30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TWO TYPES OF U. S. HEAVY, FOUR-ENGINED BOMBERS. Consolidated - B-24 Liberators on a bombing mission over Europe (top); Boeing - B-17 Flying Fortresses dropping bombs on enemy installations in - Bremen, Germany, while flak bursts around them (bottom). The - first U. S. air unit to engage in combat over Europe was a light - bombardment squadron. Flying British planes, six U. S. crews - joined six RAF crews in a daylight attack against four airdromes - in the Netherlands on 4 July 1942. On 17 August twelve B-17’s, - accompanied by four RAF Spitfire fighter squadrons, attacked the - marshalling yards at Rouen, France, and successfully completed - the first U. S. attack over Europe. From these small beginnings - the number of planes taking part in the raids grew until the - average per raid in 1943 was 570 heavy bombers, a figure that - was to be almost doubled in 1944.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - THREE TYPES OF ESCORT FIGHTER PLANES over England. From top to - bottom: Lockheed P-38 Lightning, North American P-51 Mustang, - Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. P-47’s were the first to join the - British Spitfires in providing escort for heavy bombers, the - P-38 was available in small numbers in October 1943, and the - P-51 began to appear in January 1944. At first the 47’s flew top - cover, but before long they began to drop down and engage the - enemy fighter planes. As the war progressed the escort opened - out more and more until it became a huge net to envelop the - enemy.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A BRITISH POLICE SERGEANT gives road direction to a U. S. first - sergeant during a march. By the end of June 1944 there was a - total of 140,656 Negro personnel in the European Theater of - Operations assigned to both combat and service units. The M 1 - helmet worn by the sergeant was standardized on 9 June 1941, - and mass production began shortly thereafter, it replaced the - earlier M 1917A 1 helmet shown in preceding pictures.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF THE FIRST OFFICER CANDIDATE SCHOOL (OCS) in the - United Kingdom decontaminating a building that has been - subjected to mustard gas (top). Machine gun training at OCS - (bottom). Qualified enlisted men were selected from units - stationed in the British Isles and sent to this school where, - upon the successful completion of the courses of instruction, - they were commissioned second lieutenants in the Army of the - United States. The first class began in September 1942 and there - were in all seven classes, each lasting for approximately three - months. The OCS in England graduated and commissioned a total of - 472 men.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A FIGHTER PILOT, Standing beside his plane in England, wearing - an oxygen mask and helmet equipped with earphones. Over his - leather flying jacket is a life preserver. A number of young - men from the United States joined the Canadian and British - air forces before America’s entry in the war. When the U. S. - declared war these pilots were transferred to the U. S. air - force. The strength of the U. S. air force in 1940 was about - 43,000 men and 2,500 planes. In early 1944 there were 2,300,000 - men and 80,000 aircraft.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - INTERIOR OF A B-17 showing two .50-caliber Browning machine - guns. These planes were highly complex machines, well armed, - with machine guns in front, rear, sides, top, and bottom. The - man in the picture is working on the gun turret which protruded - beneath the fuselage. The tank on top of this turret was for - oxygen.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - AN ORDNANCE SPECIALIST in the repair of optical equipment cleans - a pair of field glasses, England, September 1942. Ordnance - responsibility extended to “everything that rolls, shoots, - is shot, or is dropped from the air.” Its complete catalogue - contained 35,000 separate items, ranging from watch springs and - firing pins to 20-ton howitzers and 40-ton tanks.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A REPAIRED M 3 MEDIUM TANK is given final check by Ordnance - personnel. Every tank, gun, or vehicle, damaged either by an - accident or later in combat, which could be repaired meant - one less new tank to be supplied. As the war progressed the - medium tank underwent changes as did a great deal of other U. - S. equipment. It became lower so as to present a more difficult - target, the riveted hull was replaced by a welded or cast hull, - and toward the end of the war the suspension system was changed. - These, and other mechanical changes, with the addition of better - armament and armor, made the vehicle a more formidable fighting - machine, better able to combat enemy tanks.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - PARATROOPERS having their parachutes inspected before taking - off for a practice jump, England, October 1942. These troops - were equipped with specially designed clothing and equipment - including helmets with a new type fiber liner and chin strap, - jump suits with large pockets that could be securely fastened, - and boots that laced higher up the leg and which had reinforced - toes and stronger ankle supports.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - SOLDIER BEING TRAINED in the correct method of attack when armed - with a knife. Note the difference between the uniform worn by - the infantryman here and that worn by paratroopers on opposite - page.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - AN ENGINEER COMPANY AT WORK ON AN AIRFIELD in England. By 1 - June 1944 a total of 129 airfields was available in the United - Kingdom for the Eighth and Ninth Air Forces. In addition there - were 3 base air depots, 7 combat crew and replacement centers, - 2 reconnaissance and 1 photographic reconnaissance fields, - 19 troop carrier fields, 11 advance landing grounds, and 2 - miscellaneous fields. Living quarters for more than 400,000 air - force personnel had to be furnished, plus many thousands of - square feet of space for storage.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - B-17 LANDING, after having dropped two flares to indicate that - it has wounded crew members aboard, while two medical crews - stand by to give first aid to the wounded (top). During raids - over enemy territory crew members were sometimes wounded by flak - or gunfire from enemy fighter planes. A crew member receiving - medical attention as soon as his plane lands (bottom). In this - case blood plasma is being administered. Blood plasma, which is - whole blood minus the corpuscles, was given to those who had - lost blood or were in shock. The plasma increased the volume of - blood and kept the blood stream going. When casualties arrived - at a hospital whole blood was administered to replace the blood - lost and also to relieve shock before further treatment was - begun.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - ENLISTED MEN OF THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT operating caterpillar - tractor cranes to unload a crated gun carriage (half-track) - which weighed approximately 20,000 pounds. The Ordnance - Department maintained a large depot at Tidworth, England.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - BOMBS BEING UNLOADED at a U. S. Air Corps Ordnance Depot in - England. After being stacked the bombs were covered with - camouflage nets such as those behind tractors at left center of - picture. Facilities for storing bombs in any other manner were - limited. These stacks became common sights along the country - lanes and roads in England during the war years. (1,000-pound - bombs; crawler-type revolving crane on tractor mounting with - diesel engine.)] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEDIUM M3 TANKS in an Ordnance Depot, England (top). Combat - tracked vehicles temporarily stored before being issued to the - using units (bottom). After a vehicle arrived in the United - Kingdom there was much to be done before it could be issued to - the using unit. Tanks were received from the United States with - about 500 items of accessory equipment, including small arms, - radio, tools, gun sights, and other incidentals, packed in - waterproofed containers; many were coated with a rust-preventive - compound. The job of preparing an M 4 tank took approximately - fifty working hours. Accessories were unpacked, cleaned, tested, - and installed; the motor and all mechanical components were - checked and tuned. When a vehicle left the Ordnance depot it was - completely supplied, including ammunition and rations.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A 105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M 7 on maneuvers in England, - March 1943. This was an open-top, lightly armored vehicle and - was the principal artillery weapon of an armored division.] - - [Illustration: NORTH ATLANTIC - - U. S. NAVY PLANE attacks and sinks a German submarine in the - North Atlantic, June 1943. The sinking of a British liner - without warning by a German submarine off the coast of Scotland - on 3 September 1939 opened the battle of the Atlantic, which - continued until 14 May 1945 when the last U-boats surrendered at - American Atlantic ports. Enemy submarines, traveling alone or in - wolf packs, sank many Allied ships but by the middle of 1943 the - menace had been reduced to a problem. This was accomplished by - the use of the interlocking convoy system that provided escort - protection along the important convoy routes, small escort - aircraft carriers and destroyer escorts, and planes, from which - hunter-killer groups were formed to seek out and destroy the - U-boats.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: SCOTLAND - - LIGHTERS PULL ALONGSIDE THE QUEEN ELIZABETH to unload U. S. - troops in Scotland (top). Representatives of the American Red - Cross serving refreshments to Waacs who have just arrived in - Scotland (bottom). On one trip the Queen Elizabeth carried a - record load of 15,028 troops. Between December 1941 and June - 1944 the Queen Mary and the Queen Elizabeth transported a large - portion of the total number of troops to the United Kingdom, - running alone through seas in which their great speed was their - chief protection against enemy submarines.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - BOMBS TUMBLE FROM THE BAYS OF AN OVERTURNED B-24 BOMBER. The - plane was caught in a heavy flak belt while on a mission over - Germany. During 1943 the enemy became much more aggressive - as he shifted his fighters from the Russian front and the - Mediterranean theater to western Europe. The German day fighters - continually harassed U. S. heavy bombers, sometimes following - them far out to sea on their withdrawal.] - - [Illustration: NORTH SEA - - A ROYAL AIR FORCE SEA RESCUE LAUNCH picking up the crew of a - B-17 which crashed into the North Sea while returning to its - base in England after a bombing raid over Germany. The crew - members are in rubber boats and are flying a kite to which is - attached the aerial of a short wave radio used to signal and - give their position to the rescue craft. Many bombers were shot - down over enemy territory and their crews captured, killed, or - wounded; others were badly damaged and crashed into the North - Sea on their return; while still others managed to return to - their bases even though damaged. Many crews of the planes forced - down at sea were rescued in the manner shown here.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - SOLDIERS PLACING A BANGALORE TORPEDO under barbed wire during a - training problem in England, August 1943. When fired, the charge - would explode and clear a path through the obstruction. This - method was not only faster than cutting through the wire, but - also did not expose the men unnecessarily to enemy fire.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF AN AIRBORNE DIVISION loading a ¼-ton 4x4 truck into - a British Horsa glider (top). By removing the tail section, - the glider could be unloaded in approximately seven minutes. - Airborne infantrymen in a U. S. glider (bottom). In this - picture men are armed with .30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1903A 3; - .30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1; .45-caliber Thompson submachine - gun M 1; 2.36-inch rocket launcher M 1A 1; and .30-caliber - Browning automatic rifle M 1918A 2. Machine guns, mortars, and - light artillery weapons were dropped by parachutes and brought - in by gliders along with other supplies which made the airborne - troops a compact fighting unit.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AERIAL VIEW OF SCHWEINFURT, GERMANY, October 1943. This city - was the center of the ball-bearing factories, one of the - target priorities picked for destruction by the strategic - air force. The order of these priorities was as follows: (1) - submarine construction yards and bases, (2) aircraft industry, - (3) ball-bearing industry, (4) oil industry, (5) synthetic - rubber plants, and (6) military transport vehicle industry. The - Schweinfurt raid had considerable significance at this time - because the Americans were still trying to prove the feasibility - of daylight precision bombing. This crucial raid was made by a - force of 228 heavy bombers and there ensued one of the greatest - battles in Eighth Air Force history. From the German frontier - at Aachen, where the fighter escort had to leave the bombers - because of limited gasoline capacities, to Schweinfurt and - return wave after wave of enemy fighters attacked the bombers.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - BOMBS STRIKING THE BALL-BEARING FACTORIES at Schweinfurt, - Germany, October 1943. Flak over the target was intense but good - visibility enabled the bombers to make an accurate run and more - than 450 tons of high explosives and incendiaries were dropped - in the target area. Heavy damage was inflicted on the major - plants. The cost to the attackers was also severe. Sixty-two - bombers were lost and 138 were damaged. Personnel casualties - were 599 killed and 40 wounded. Such losses could not be - sustained and deep penetrations without escort were suspended. - Schweinfurt was not attacked again for four months and the - Germans were given a chance to take countermeasures, which they - did with great energy and skill.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - HEAVY BOMBERS ON A MISSION over southwestern Germany, December - 1943. Planes at upper level are Boeing B-17’s; those at - lower level are Consolidated B-24’s. After the Schweinfurt - raid unescorted bomber raids were discontinued until 1944 - when long-range fighters equipped with wing tanks were able - to provide fighter escort for the B-17’s and B-24’s as far - as Berlin. By 1944 the Luftwaffe, although still offering - a formidable defense, basically had decayed and was very - vulnerable to Allied air power that was being concentrated - against it. By April 1944 the Allies had achieved air - superiority which permitted full-scale air attacks on Germany, - an indispensable prerequisite for the invasion of Normandy.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - B-17’s DROPPING BOMBS OVER BREMEN, December 1943. Control of - the air started with an attack on the Focke-Wulf plant at - Bremen in April 1943, but the main attacks did not get under - way until that summer. On six successive days in late July - Allied air forces attacked the German aircraft industry so - successfully that the production rate started downward. It was - not until February 1944 that the decisive air battle came, - when for a period of six days of perfect weather a continuous - assault on the widely dispersed German aircraft-frame factories - and assembly plants seriously reduced the capabilities of the - Luftwaffe. Subsequent attacks affected the entire aircraft - industry and it never fully recovered.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - BRITISH FIRE FIGHTERS combating a fire started by bombs during - a German night attack over London, February 1944. The Battle - of Britain began in August 1940 and continued on a large scale - through October. During the air blitz over England the Luftwaffe - suffered irreparable losses from which its bombardment arm never - recovered, even though smaller attacks were carried out until - late in the war. In daytime raids over England during the Battle - of Britain from August to October 1940, the Germans lost 2,375 - planes and crews, while the British lost 375 pilots.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A BRITISH SPITFIRE FIGHTER chasing a German V-bomb over England. - Only fast low-level ships, such as the British Spitfire or the - U. S. P-47 or P-51, were good at this type of pursuit since the - robot bombs averaged well over 300 miles per hour. These bombs, - launched from sites along the invasion coast of France and the - Low Countries, caused considerable damage in England and in - addition were a demoralizing factor in that one never knew when - or where they would strike. The launching sites were placed - on the list of targets for the Allied air forces, but because - these sites could be easily moved and camouflaged they were - not completely destroyed until the invasion forces took over - the areas in which they were located. The first of the V-bombs - appeared over England on 13 June 1944.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF AN ENGINEER UNIT operating multiplex machines in the - process of preparing maps from aerial mosaics. Relief and other - features were plotted from photographic diapositives, contained - in the conical shaped holders on the beam in background of lower - picture, to sheets on which control and check points have been - plotted. In these two photographs contours are being drawn on - the maps by use of the multiplex machine. Contrary to general - opinion, France was not a well-mapped country. During World - War I detailed maps showed primarily trench fortifications and - special small areas. The Engineers were responsible for making - maps, which required the services of highly trained personnel.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF AN ENGINEER TOPOGRAPHICAL BATTALION preparing maps - of Europe prior to the invasion of France. In 1944 more than - 125,000,000 maps giving more complete details than those shown - here were printed for the invasion alone. An average of 867 - tons of maps was shipped each month from the United States. In - addition, 3,695,750 salvaged enemy maps were used for reverse - side printing. Large-scale maps showing beach and underwater - obstacles on the American and British assault beaches were - produced by the U. S. Army Engineers in preparation for the - invasion.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - ANEMOMETER AND WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR being checked by an - enlisted man of a weather section. Improvements in weather - forecasting, instrument bombing technique and equipment, and - operating procedures had advanced so much that whereas in 1942 - U. S. bombers could operate on an average of only six days per - month, in the last year of the war they averaged twenty-two days.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF A FIGHTER GROUP being briefed before taking off on a - mission England, 1944] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - WACS WORKING IN THE COMMUNICATIONS SECTION of the operations - room at an air force station. No opportunity was overlooked to - replace men with personnel of the Women’s Army Corps both in the - United States and overseas, Wacs were given many technical and - specialized jobs to do, as well as administrative and office - work. The Medical Corps employed the largest number of Wacs - in technical jobs, but other technical services such as the - Transportation Corps, Signal Corps, Ordnance Department, and - Quartermaster Corps had many positions that could be performed - by women as efficiently as by men.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MAIL FOR UNITS STATIONED IN ENGLAND being sorted. The handling - of the mails through the Army Post Office (APO) was a function - of the Adjutant General’s Department. Mail normally was - delivered to the armed forces with the least possible delay as - it was an important morale factor for men stationed away from - home. During the last week of May 1944 an artificial delay of - ten days was imposed on the forwarding of all American mail to - the United States and elsewhere, and the use of transatlantic - telephone, radio, and cable facilities was denied to American - personnel. British mail was strictly censored by the military - authorities from April 1944 until the invasion on 6 June 1944. - These precautionary measures were taken to assure the secrecy - of the coming invasion. In addition, a block was also placed on - diplomatic correspondence of all countries except the United - States, Great Britain, and the USSR.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - ARTILLERY UNITS TRAINING IN ENGLAND. A liaison plane flying - over a battery of 105-mm. howitzers M 2A 1 (top). A 155-mm. gun - firing (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - 155-MM. GUNS AND 105-MM. HOWITZERS (top and bottom respectively) - stored in England, 1944. After about 2,250 rounds had been - fired, the barrel of the 155-mm. gun had to be replaced; in - howitzers the number of rounds was higher.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES, TANK CARS, AND FREIGHT CARS lined up in - England to be used on the Continent after the invasion (top). - Caterpillar tractors and bulldozers stored at an Engineer depot - to be used after the invasion of France (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - 20 GROSVENOR SQUARE, LONDON, U. S. Headquarters of the European - Theater of Operations (top). U. S. enlisted men passing Number - 10, Downing Street, residence and office of the Prime Minister - of Great Britain (bottom). During the period of the build-up - in the British Isles, activities and plans were formulated - for the large and small units scattered throughout the United - Kingdom in a group of buildings located near the American - embassy in London. This group of buildings housed the offices - of the personnel whose task it was to co-ordinate the activity - and training of units and, in addition, to handle the problems - relating to the build-up of supplies for the invasion.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A COLUMN OF HALF-TRACKS advancing along a road during the - training period in England (top). The second, third, and fourth - vehicles in the picture are 75-mm. gun motor carriages M 3. - This was the first standardized U. S. self-propelled antitank - weapon used in World War II, and provided high mobility for the - 75-mm. gun. It was replaced in March 1944 by the 76-mm. motor - gun carriage M 18, and in September 1944 was declared obsolete. - Temporarily stored half-tracks (bottom). These vehicles were - used as gun and howitzer motor carriages, antiaircraft gun - carriages and personnel carriers.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - ARMORED UNITS PARTICIPATING IN MANEUVERS in England. In the - spring of 1944 intensified training was given to all units which - were to take part in the invasion of Normandy. Light tank M 5A 1 - (top), medium tank M 4A 1 (bottom). The U. S. tank was designed - as a weapon of exploitation to be used in long-range thrusts - deep into the enemy’s rear where it could attack his supply - installations and communications. This required great endurance, - low consumption of gasoline, and ability to move long distances - without a break-down.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEN OF A SERVICE SQUADRON SALVAGING A FUEL TANK from the wing of - a P-51. These tanks helped to make the bomber escort planes into - long-range planes which gave fighter protection to the heavy - bombers. The tanks, the fuel from which was consumed first, were - dropped when empty and the plane then used gasoline from its - permanent tanks.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - P-51’S IN FORMATION. Each plane in this formation has - two wing tanks attached.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - A MEDICAL BATTALION QUARTERED IN TENTS, Cornwall, England - (top). A U. S. hospital installed in Quonset huts (bottom). The - hospital plan in the United Kingdom called for over 90,000 beds - in existing installations, conversions, and new constructions. - The program was later increased by 30,000 beds by using tents - for the hospital units.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - U. S. ARMY NURSE, wearing a helmet and fatigue uniform, - preparing an intravenous injection; a kerosene lamp provides - illumination. Hospital personnel worked under conditions - similar to those they might encounter upon their arrival on the - Continent after the invasion. Army nurses gave widely varying - types of skilled service, some of them in field hospitals and - others in the general hospitals farther behind the lines. World - War II was the first war in which nurses received full military - benefits and real instead of relative officer rank. There were - more than 17,000 Army nurses in the ETO in May 1945.] - - [Illustration: NORTHERN IRELAND - - FIRING GERMAN WEAPONS. In order to become familiar with German - weapons and to learn the capabilities of enemy arms, U. S. - infantrymen fired them during training in Northern Ireland in - the spring of 1944. The men in the top picture are firing a - German standard dual-purpose machine gun (7.92-mm. M. G. 34). - The soldier in the bottom picture is firing a German rifle - (7.92-mm. Karbiner 98K--Mauser-Kar. 98K) which was the standard - shoulder weapon of the German Army and very similar to the U. S. - rifle M1903.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEMBERS OF AN ARMORED INFANTRY REGIMENT firing U. S. weapons - during training in England. In 1941 the Ordnance Department - began its experiments with the rocket launcher, which resulted - in the invention of the 2.36-inch rocket launcher (bazooka). - This was the first weapon of its type to be used in the - war. Designed originally as an antitank weapon, it was used - effectively against machine gun nests, pillboxes, and even - fortified houses. It required only a two-man team--a gunner and - a loader--and as it weighed only a little more than a rifle it - could be carried everywhere (top). The crew of a 60-mm. mortar - M2 firing at a simulated enemy position (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - AN ENLISTED MAN ON GUARD DUTY at a rail junction in Wales where - American-made locomotives were stored. The United States shipped - 1,000 locomotives and 20,000 railroad cars to the United Kingdom - for use on the Continent after the invasion. In addition, 270 - miles of railroad were constructed in England to facilitate - movements. The Transportation Corps was responsible for the - movement of men and supplies by land and water, and for the - operation and supply of a great deal of this equipment. Since - much of the railroad equipment in Europe had been destroyed - or damaged by preinvasion bombing by the Allied airforces, - locomotives and cars had to be supplied by both the United - States and the United Kingdom for use in Europe.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - AN LST ARRIVES IN PLYMOUTH, England, carrying an LCT(6) as - deckload, after crossing the Atlantic under its own power (top). - The LCT was unloaded by sliding it over the side of the LST into - the water (bottom). A great many landing craft were needed to - mount the coming invasion. These were built in the United States - and the United Kingdom.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - OUTDOOR STORAGE OF FIELD WIRE which was to be used after - the invasion of France by the Signal Corps for telephone - communications. The large rolls contained one mile of wire - while the smaller ones had a half-mile capacity (top). The - Quartermaster Corps, after salvaging shoes, supervised the - rebuilding of them in English shoe factories and returned the - remade shoes to troops in the field. Bottom picture shows shoes - before and after being rebuilt.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEN OF A QUARTERMASTER UNIT STORING FIELD RATIONS in a warehouse - in England, March 1944 (top). The U. S. Army was unquestionably - better fed than any other in history. However, food in combat - can never be the same as that in garrison or cantonment, since - field rations must be nonperishable, compact, and easily carried - by the individual soldier. Combat rations were improved as the - war progressed and C rations were supplied in a more varied - assortment. Engineer construction supplies stored in England in - preparation for the invasion of Normandy (bottom). The large - rolls of wire netting were to be used on the invasion beaches to - make improvised roadways for vehicles.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - PARATROOPERS MAKING A MASS JUMP during their training in - England. In practice jumps prior to the drop into Normandy there - were numerous casualties. The injured were quickly cared for and - the experience showed airborne medics what they could expect - during the actual invasion.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - REPUBLIC P-47 FIGHTER PLANES (top) and Boeing B-17 heavy bombers - (bottom) lined up on an airfield in England before being issued - to the units who will fly them over the Continent against the - enemy.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTING A PONTON BRIDGE in England during the - training period (top). Members of an antiaircraft artillery unit - receiving instruction from a British officer while training with - a 40-mm. automatic antiaircraft gun M1 (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - GUN CREW OF AN ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY GROUP operating a 90-mm. - gun M1 near the coast of England, April 1944. In order to cope - with the latest developments in the fields of high-altitude - bombing, a 90-mm. antiaircraft gun with longer range, greater - muzzle velocity, and a larger effective shell-burst area was - introduced.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - EXHAUST STACKS AND AIR-INTAKE VENTS being installed on a medium - tank M4 (top). After the installation was completed, the tank - was tested off the coast of England (bottom). In addition to - stacks, the tanks were further waterproofed by sealing all - unvented openings with tape and sealing compound to render the - hull watertight. Special attachments permitted rapid jettisoning - of any waterproofing equipment which might interfere with - satisfactory operation of the vehicles when on shore. These - methods were first successfully used in the invasion of North - Africa in November 1942. All vehicles which were to be driven - ashore in Normandy under their own power, through water, and in - the face of enemy fire, were waterproofed. Ordnance inspectors - checked the vehicle in the marshalling yards a few hours before - the tanks were loaded for the invasion.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - LCT(R) FIRING ROCKETS DURING A TEST in Portsmouth Harbor, - England (top). Close-up of the rocket launchers (bottom). These - ships converted from landing craft, tank, were equipped to fire - as many as 1,000 rockets.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - LANDING MANEUVERS. During late April and early May 1944 these - were held for the invasion troops. Infantrymen landing from an - LGI(L) (top). A combination gun motor carriage M15A1 landing on - the beach from an LCT (bottom). This was a highly mobile weapon, - capable of a concentration of rapid fire, and designed for - antiaircraft defense.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - WATERPROOFED TANK RECOVERY VEHICLE M31 being loaded on an LCT - during training along the English coast (top). For camouflage - purposes, the normal appearance of the tank was retained as far - as possible. A simulated turret without cupola was used and - dummy 75-mm. and 37-mm. guns were mounted in place of the real - guns. Actual armament was limited to two .30-caliber machine - guns. A half-track 81-mm. mortar carrier M21 maneuvering on - a road in England (bottom). The mortar could be used on the - vehicle or separate from it.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - BOAT-LANDING DRILL during a training exercise, Slapton Sands - near Weymouth, Devon, England, May 1944. The infantrymen shown - here have their equipment as complete as it will be during the - actual invasion landings. They are descending ladders into an - LCVP. Standing with his back to the camera at the top of the - ladder is an officer, identified by the broad white vertical - stripe painted on the back of his helmet. Noncommissioned - officers had a similar horizontal stripe painted on their - helmets.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEN AND TRUCKS ON THE UPPER DECK OF AN LST near Slapton Sands in - May 1944. As D Day drew nearer loading exercises and amphibious - operations were practiced by the invasion troops. The greatest - advantage the United States was to have in equipment over the - Germans was the multiple-drive motor equipment, principally the - ¼-ton truck and the 2½-ton truck. Shown in the picture are: - ¼-ton 4×4 truck, ¾-ton 4×4 weapons carrier truck, 1½-ton 6 × 6 - personnel and cargo truck and 2½-ton 6×6 truck.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS CARRY SUPPLIES ASHORE from a coaster under the - protection of a smoke screen during landing maneuvers (top). - A 2½-ton amphibian truck hitting the beach during maneuvers - (bottom). These versatile trucks proved invaluable in bringing - supplies to the beaches during the early stages of landing and - during the build-up after the invasion of Normandy. During - one of the amphibious exercises, which were made as realistic - as possible, two LST’s were sunk by German E-boats. In other - respects the training was successful and valuable lessons were - learned.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - LCVP’S CIRCLING NEAR THE MOTHER SHIP while waiting for the - signal to land on the beach during landing operation training at - Slapton Sands (top). Members of an armored unit being briefed at - a marshalling area (bottom). At the conclusion of the training - exercises in May all the assault, follow-up, and build-up troops - moved from their camps to marshalling areas for final staging.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - MEN AND EQUIPMENT BEING LOADED INTO LST’S (top) and LCVP’s - (bottom) during the first days of June 1944 at one of the - “hards” (paved strips running to the water’s edge) in southern - England for the invasion of Normandy. The training given the - assault forces during the amphibious exercises was so thorough - that the final loadings for the invasion were accomplished with - a minimum of delay and confusion and resembled another exercise - more than the real thing. Two and one-half years after the first - U. S. troops sailed for the United Kingdom, the training and - preparation was completed and the large invasion force of U. S. - and Allied troops was to receive its real test in battle against - the enemy.] - - [Illustration] - - - - - NORMANDY CAMPAIGN - - - [Illustration: NORMANDY - - The American and British Invasion Beaches and the Allied Advance - during the Normandy Campaign 6 June 1944 to 24 July 1944] - - - - - SECTION II - - Normandy Campaign - - -On 6 June 1944 the Allied military forces invaded northern France. -After long study of the German strength, including coastal defenses and -the disposition of enemy troops, the Allied commanders selected the -beaches along the Bay of the Seine for the assault landings. The two -beaches to be used by troops of the First U. S. Army were given the -names of Utah and Omaha. Those on which the British and Canadians of -the British Second Army were to land were named GOLD, SWORD, and JUNO. -The assault began at 0200 on 6 June when airborne troops were dropped -behind the beaches with the mission of securing exits from the beaches. -Planes of the Allied air force bombed the coastal defenses and shortly -after sunrise the Navy began shelling the beach defenses. At 0630 the -first troops landed on the beaches of Normandy. The sea was rough and -the assault forces met varying degrees of enemy opposition, but the -beachheads were secured and the assault and follow-up troops moved on -to accomplish their missions. The U. S. forces landing on Utah Beach -moved northwest to clear the northern portion of the Cotentin Peninsula -and capture the port of Cherbourg. Those landing on Omaha Beach -advanced southward toward Saint-Lô. The troops of the British Second -Army were to advance in a southeast direction from Caen. - -The enormous build-up of men and material began immediately after the -assault. This operation was made most difficult because of the lack -of port facilities, but before the invasion plans had been made for -the construction of artificial harbors. The plans were quickly put -into effect and the harbors were almost completed when a summer gale -struck the Channel coast destroying most of the construction work. By -using amphibian trucks and Rhino ferries, and by drying out LST’s, the -build-up over open beaches progressed much faster than was anticipated -and men and supplies were poured into France in ever increasing -numbers. - -While the beachheads were expanded and the build-up continued, the -infantry and armored units fought their way through the hedgerow -country toward their objectives. The fighting was slow and costly -as enemy opposition stiffened in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent -the Allied advance. With the capture of Cherbourg and Saint-Lô the -initial missions of the U. S. forces were completed and the forces -were then assembled in preparation for the drives south and west from -the beachhead toward Avranches and the Brittany Peninsula. The British -forces were to push southward from Caen exploiting in the direction of -Paris and the Seine Basin. These attacks were scheduled to begin on 19 -July 1944 but because of bad weather the supporting aerial assault was -delayed and the breakout of Normandy did not get under way until 25 -July. - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - FULLY EQUIPPED PARATROOPER, armed with a Thompson submachine - gun M1, climbing into a transport plane to go to France as the - invasion of Normandy gets under way. At approximately 0200, - 6 June 1944, men of two U. S. airborne divisions, as well as - elements of a British airborne division, were dropped in vital - areas to the rear of German coastal defenses guarding the - Normandy beaches from Cherbourg to Caen. By dawn 1,136 heavy - bombers of the RAF Bomber Command had dropped 5,853 tons of - bombs on selected coastal batteries lining the Bay of the Seine - between Cherbourg and Le Havre.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A MARTIN B-26 MEDIUM BOMBER flying over one of the invasion - beaches, early on D-Day morning. All planes which supported the - invasion operations, with the exception of the four-motored - bombers, were painted with three white and two black stripes - for identification purposes. At dawn on D-Day the U. S. Air - Forces took up the air attacks and in the half hour before the - touchdown of the assault forces (from 0600 to 0630) 1,365 heavy - bombers dropped 2,746 tons of high explosives on the shore - defenses. This was followed by attacks by medium bombers, light - bombers, and fighter bombers. During the 24 hours of 6 June - Allied aircraft flew 13,000 sorties, and during the first 8 - hours alone dropped 10,000 tons of bombs.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - GUN CREW ALERT aboard the cruiser USS Augusta, as landing craft - approach the coast of France during the invasion, 6 June 1944. - The three landing craft nearest the Augusta are an L C T(6), an - L B V, and an L B K. While the Allied air forces were bombing - installations along the invasion beaches the Allied sea armada - drew in toward the coast, preceded by its flotillas of mine - sweepers. Bad weather conditions and high seas had driven the - enemy surface patrol craft into their harbors, and the 100-mile - movement across the English Channel was unopposed. By 0300 the - ships had anchored in the transport areas some thirteen miles - off their assigned beaches, and the loading of troops into - landing craft and the forming of the assault waves for the dash - to the beaches began. At 0550 the heavy naval support squadrons - began a 45-minute bombardment which quickly silenced the major - coast-defense batteries.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - OMAHA BEACH ON 6 JUNE 1944. From Grandcamp, cliffs extend - eastward to Arromanches-les-Bains with only two breaks, one in - the Vierville-Colleville region which was the V Corps area. - The Aure River behind Omaha Beach is a serious obstacle for a - distance of ten miles from its mouth, near Isigny. Between the - Vire and Orne Rivers the area is covered to a depth of forty - miles inland by bocage (land divided into small fields by - hedges, banks, and sunken roads). Observation was limited, and - vehicle movement was restricted to the roads. The highlands that - extend across the invasion front, with a depth up to twenty-five - miles, are broken with steep hills and narrow valleys. Although - narrow, the roads in this area are generally good. Vital initial - objectives were the towns of Carentan, Saint-Lô, Bayeux, and - Caen.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. TROOPS WADING ASHORE FROM AN L C V P at Omaha Beach during - the assault. Elements of two U. S. infantry divisions, with - engineer troops and tanks of an armored unit, made the first - landings. The beaches selected for these landings were about - 7,000 yards in length. From the beach the ground curves upward - and is backed by bluffs that merge into the cliffs at either end - of the sector. H Hour was at 0630 6 June. The mission of V Corps - was to secure a beachhead in the area between the Vire River and - Port-en-Bessin, from which troops would push southward toward - Caumont and Saint-Lô, conforming to the advance of British - Second Army to the east.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN WADING ASHORE FROM AN LCT(6) (top). Troops leaving - an LCVP to wade ashore (bottom). Half-tracks and 2½-ton - amphibian trucks can be seen on the beach, and in the background - men marching in columns start southward toward the bluffs. On - the shelf the enemy strung barbed wire and planted mines. Lanes - had to be cleared through these obstacles before the infantry - could advance. Beyond this strip containing obstacles, the enemy - laid out firing positions to cover the tidal flat and the beach - with direct fire, both plunging and grazing, from all types of - weapons. The men landing were fired upon from these positions, - which for the most part had escaped destruction during the - prelanding bombardment.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SURVIVORS OF AN LCVP which sank off Omaha Beach coming ashore in - an LCR(S). The high seas added to the difficulties in getting - ashore. Landing craft were in some instances hurled onto the - beaches by the waves and some of the smaller ones were swamped - before reaching shore. Others were flung upon and holed by the - mined underwater obstacles. Some of the assault troops were - swept off their feet while wading through the breakers. Of these - some were drowned and those who reached the beach were often - near exhaustion. Because of the rough seas many of the men were - seasick during the crossing and arrived on the beach with their - combat efficiency temporarily impaired by the experience.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ARMY MEDICS ADMINISTERING BLOOD PLASMA to a survivor of a sunken - landing craft on Omaha Beach. D-Day casualties for the V Corps - were in the neighborhood of 3,000 killed, wounded, and missing. - The two assaulting regimental combat teams lost about 1,000 men - each. The highest proportionate losses were taken by units that - landed in the first few hours, including engineers, tank troops, - and artillerymen. The D-Day casualties of V Corps were much - higher than those suffered by VII Corps, where the assaulting - seaborne division lost 197 men, including 60 lost at sea.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - WOUNDED U. S. TROOPS OF V CORPS, waiting to be evacuated, take - shelter under the cliffs near the beach in the Colleville area - (top). Some German troops and laborers rounded up on Omaha - Beach (bottom). The assault troops reached the line of the - Bayeux-Carentan road on 7 June. The following day U. S. forces - established contact with the British on the American left flank. - On 9 June U. S. divisions advanced rapidly south and west - reaching the Caumont-Forêt de Cerisy-Isigny line by 11 June.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEMBERS OF A SHORE FIRE CONTROL GROUP operating Signal Corps - radios. Man at left is operating an SCR 284, while the second - man operates the hand generator GN 45; man at right is using a - hand-held radio set, “handie-talkie” SCR 536 (top). An enlisted - man looks up a number before placing a telephone call on a field - telephone EE 8 (bottom). The function of the Signal Corps was to - furnish radio, wire, and messenger communications. Often Signal - Corps personnel went inland, sometimes ahead of the infantry, to - observe and correct the fire from the naval guns offshore.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - UTAH BEACH, 6 JUNE 1944. In the VII Corps zone the smooth and - shallow beaches in the vicinity of Saint-Martin-de-Varreville - are backed by sand dunes that extend inland 150 to 1,000 yards. - Behind the sand dunes the low ground had been inundated for a - width of one to two miles, restricting travel from the beaches - to four easily defended causeways. Farther inland the Merderet - River, running parallel to the coast, and the Douve River, from - which the ground rises northward to the hills around Cherbourg, - restrict traffic to the established roads. Sainte-Mère-Eglise, - Saint-Sauveur, and Barneville are key points on the road nets - leading to Cherbourg. Southeast of Utah Beach the Douve and - Vire Rivers flow into the shallow, muddy Carentan estuary which - marked the boundary between VII and V Corps.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ASSAULT TROOPS LANDING ON UTAH BEACH ON D-DAY (top). Men and - equipment along Utah Beach on D Day (bottom). The mission of - VII Corps was to assault Utah Beach on 6 June 1944 at H Hour, - 0630, and to capture Cherbourg with a minimum delay. The - troops, landing just west of the Vire estuary, encountered less - opposition than any other Allied forces on D Day.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN RESTING ALONG THE SEA WALL and beginning to move - inland, 6 June (top). Advancing southward through the inundated - low ground (bottom). Fortunately, the first elements landed - considerably south of the designated beaches in areas less - thickly obstructed and where enemy shore defenses were less - formidable than those opposite the intended landing beaches. - While airborne troops seized the causeways through the inundated - low ground to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the - beach, the seaborne assault troops struck northwest toward - Montebourg, on the road to Cherbourg.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN ENEMY SHELL HITS THE BEACH where U. S. troops are advancing.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - GERMAN CASEMATED FORTIFICATION inland from the beach (top); - destroyed enemy gun emplacement (bottom). During 1943 the - Germans had developed heavy frontal defenses at all the - principal harbors from Den Helder to Brest. As the invasion - threat grew, Cherbourg and Le Havre were further strengthened, - while heavy guns were installed to block the entrance of the Bay - of the Seine. Between the ports stretched a line of concrete - defense positions and coastal and flak batteries. A program of - casemating the coastal guns and strengthening the defense posts - was still in progress on 6 June. The beaches were mined and - obstacles were placed in the water offshore and on the beaches, - but there was no secondary defense line behind the coastal - defenses which the Germans thought would stop the invading - troops.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEMBERS OF THE FOLLOW-UP DIVISION aboard an LCI(L) headed for - Utah Beach on D Day. Other LCI’s in the background have barrage - balloons flying overhead. These balloons were attached by cables - to ships crossing the Channel so as to keep low-flying enemy - strafing planes away from the craft.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A MEMBER OF AN ENGINEER UNIT using a mine detector SCR 625. The - ground outlined with white tape had not been cleared of enemy - mines and enemy signs were used to mark the mined areas. Army - and Navy demolition teams, following the assault infantry, found - the beach less thickly obstructed than expected, and Utah Beach - was cleared in an hour. Engineers prepared exits from the beach - by clearing lanes through the mine fields.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - GLIDERS BEING TOWED BY C-47 TRANSPORTS over the English Channel - carrying reinforcements for the airborne divisions, 7 June - (top). A British Horsa glider wrecked while landing (bottom). - Six thousand six hundred men of one of the two U. S. airborne - divisions were scattered over an area 25 miles by 15 miles in - extent, and 60 percent of their equipment was lost. In general, - however, these men accomplished their mission successfully. - Other gliders were flown in on 6 June but suffered considerable - casualties. (CG4A WACO.)] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - GLIDERS AND TOW PLANES CIRCLING before the gliders are cut loose - for a landing, 7 June. On the ground are gliders which landed - the previous day, many which were wrecked in landing. While one - airborne division of the U. S. forces held the exits to Utah - Beach and stuck southward toward Carentan, the other airborne - division, despite heavy shelling in the Sainte-Mére-Eglise area, - also established contact with the infantry troops pushing inland - from Utah Beach early on 7 June.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN LCT(5) LOADED WITH REINFORCEMENTS moving toward the beach on - 7 June. In left center is an LCT(R); at right center is an LBV. - In the background supply ships wait to discharge their cargoes - (top). U. S. Air Force glider pilots in an LCVP on their way to - a larger ship which will take them back to England (bottom). - After landing their gliders the pilots made their way to the - beach to await shipping to return them to their bases.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS (DUKW’s) bring supplies ashore on Utah Beach, - 8 June (top). Men and supplies come ashore; on the beach are - LCT’s (bottom). Between 7 and 12 June the Allies concentrated - their efforts on joining the beachheads into one uninterrupted - lodgement area and on bringing in men and supplies.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A RAILROAD BRIDGE ACROSS THE SEINE destroyed by bombers of the - Allied air force. Even though hampered by poor flying weather - during the first week after D Day, the Allied air force bombed - bridges across the Seine and Loire Rivers. This seriously - hindered the movement of enemy troops and supplies, and trains - had to be constantly rerouted in an attempt to reinforce the - Germans trying to hold the assault forces in the area of the - beachheads.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - WRECKED TRAIN. Three trains were held up on this single track, - in the vicinity of Chartres, when fighter bombers knocked - cars off the track. With the track thus blocked the movement - of trains was stopped and much of the undamaged rolling stock - later fell into Allied hands. Within an arc extending from the - Pas-de-Calais through Paris to the Brittany Peninsula, 16,000 - tons of bombs were dropped on coastal batteries, 4,000 tons on - airfields, and 8,500 tons on railway targets between 6 and 11 - June.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TRÉVIÈRES AND THE SURROUNDING AREA showing the bocage type of - terrain. U. S. forces advancing inland from the Omaha beachhead - were checked by the enemy in the Formigny-Trévières area on - 7 June. Formigny was cleared on 8 June. On the same day the - U. S. troops held their positions north and east of Trévières - and patrolled the outskirts of the town. The town was shelled - by navy guns in the late afternoon. The approach to Trévières - from the high ground just north of the Aure River was strongly - defended and the enemy forces continued to hold out in this area - until 10 June when the attacking U. S. forces outflanked and - captured the town. The fall of Trévières marked the end of enemy - resistance north of the Forêt de Cerisy.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. GUN CREW FIRING A 3-INCH ANTITANK GUN M5 at a house in - which enemy troops are holding out (top). In the advance of the - Allies from Utah Beach toward Cherbourg the enemy was often cut - off in small groups and surrounded. The enemy groups in many - cases would refuse to surrender, even though they were cut off - from their own forces, and had to be eliminated one group at a - time. A 90-mm. gun M1 of an antiaircraft battery firing near - Vierville (bottom). Though enemy air attacks were not a serious - threat to the Allies and very little opposition was encountered, - antiaircraft batteries were always on the alert.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MULTIPLE GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M16 with its four .50-caliber - machine guns firing at the enemy in support of an infantry - advance (top). This vehicle was a weapon of an antiaircraft - artillery unit, but the lack of enemy air activity in Normandy - made possible its use in other roles. U. S. artillerymen - emplacing a 155-mm. howitzer M1 in a camouflaged position - (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - FORMATION OF DOUGLAS A-20’s over France. The infantry and - armored attacks were, when possible, preceded by concentrated - air attacks. Employing carpet bombing methods, thousands of - tons of bombs were dropped. Fragmentation bombs were used to - break enemy resistance without causing extensive cratering - which would hinder the advance of tanks. Although these attacks - were temporary in effect, the results greatly aided the initial - ground attack. Casualties to the enemy were few, but he was - stunned by the weight of the bombing and considerable confusion - ensued.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENGINEERS LAYING WIRE MATTING in the construction of a landing - strip near Sainte-Mère-Eglise (top). A Republic P-47 Thunderbolt - bursting into flames after crash landing on the strip; still - attached to underside of the wing are rockets which were not - fired (bottom). An important factor in insuring the success of - the Allied close-support operations lay in the establishment - of landing strips in Normandy, from which fighter planes could - operate. Work began as soon as a footing was obtained on shore - and by 9 June planes were operating from these strips.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A QUARRY NEAR OMAHA BEACH used by engineer units to supply rock - and stone for the construction of roads. The tremendous amount - of traffic on the roads in Normandy, as men and supplies were - brought into France over the beaches required the services of - many engineer units to keep the roads in good repair. Most of - the roads leading to the beaches were not hard surfaced but were - constructed of rock and gravel.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENLISTED MEN PREPARE TO LAUNCH A BARRAGE BALLOON over one of - the beaches in Normandy. Balloons were attached to cables and - by means of winches could be raised or lowered to the desired - altitude. These balloons were used to protect ships and beach - installations from low-flying enemy aircraft. When the balloons - were in position the enemy would not fly low over the beaches - for fear of running into the cables which kept the balloons in - place.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEDICAL CORPS MEN TREATING AN ENLISTED MAN for a wrist wound. - When casualties entered a battalion aid station within a few - hundred yards of the front, they were immediately screened and - sorted. Wounds were redressed, and perhaps morphine or other - drugs were given when available. Those whose wounds permitted - were evacuated to the rear, while those whose wounds did not - permit further evacuation were held, treated, given plasma, and - then moved farther back.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN EVACUATION HOSPITAL with a 750-bed capacity, Normandy, 24 - July (top). Army surgeons perform an operation out-of-doors - (bottom). In World War II the number of deaths per hundred - casualties was one half of that during World War I. Responsible - for this reduction was the surgical skill and painstaking care - rendered by personnel of the Medical Corps aided by better - surgery, the sulfa drugs, penicillin, plasma, and whole blood.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENEMY PRISONERS, taken during the first days of fighting, - awaiting transportation to England. During the first week - following the invasion landings the Germans lost some 10,000 - men as prisoners. The enemy forces that manned the static beach - defenses were largely Russians and other non-Germans, but were - under German officers. Of the German troops, many companies were - found to be composed of men either under 20 or over 45 years - of age. Many of these were of low medical categories and their - morale was not of the best.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A MILITARY POLICEMAN studying French aboard a transport while - waiting for the landing craft which will carry him to the - beach in Normandy. In addition to handling informational and - recreational activities of all kinds, the Special Services - Division of the Army Service Forces distributed pocket-sized - soldier guides to the customs and languages of the countries - where members of the armed forces served. The Army, recognizing - that the strain created by war must be counteracted by healthy - diversional activities, arranged motion pictures and USO shows, - and distributed books, magazines, and athletic and other - recreational equipment to members and units of the armed forces.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - CARENTAN. The approach to Carentan from the east is blocked - by the Vire-Taute Canal. U. S. forces advancing to secure the - bridge on the road from Isigny met with enemy resistance from - the houses and hedgerows on the east bank and it was not until - midnight of 10 June that the enemy was driven out and defensive - positions were established by U. S. troops. Other U. S. troops - moved along the Bassin à Flot and crossed the canal on 12 June, - moving rapidly into the center of Carentan which by then was - ringed by attacking troops. This trap was closed too late to - capture most of the German defenders, who escaped to the south - during the night of 11–12 June.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. TROOPS MOVING INTO CARENTAN, 12 June (top). A 105-mm. - howitzer M3 firing at enemy positions during the fighting at - Carentan (bottom). During the night of 11–12 June, Carentan - was set ablaze by artillery and naval gunfire, and early on - the morning of 12 June U. S. troops entered the town. Its fall - marked the effective junction of the two U. S. beachheads and - the linking up of the two corps of the First U. S. Army.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. PARATROOPERS PATROLLING THE STREETS OF CARENTAN in a - captured German Volkswagen (1. Pkw. K. 1 (typ 82)) (top). - Airborne troops in a jeep towing a British 6-pounder Mark III - antitank gun in Carentan (bottom). The enemy counterattacks - against the U. S. forces in Carentan were unsuccessful in their - attempts to recapture the city, but were persistent enough to - limit the U. S. advance to gains measured in hundreds of yards. - However, on 17 June 1944 U. S. troops reached the west coast in - the vicinity of Barneville, cutting the German forces into two - groups, one south of the Carentan-Barneville line, the other in - the Cherbourg area.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - DOUGLAS A-20’S DROPPING BOMBS on a probable flying bomb - launching site. The first flying bombs fell on England during - the night of 12–13 June 1944, and the regular attacks began - three days later. The smallness, the effective nature of - camouflage, the comparative mobility, and the ease with which - the V-1 launching sites could be repaired made effective bombing - attacks on them difficult.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - PART OF A GERMAN ROCKET INSTALLATION captured by U. S. troops. - Many of these flying bomb sites were captured by the Allies as - they advanced. Although the air force had destroyed some by - bombing, most of the sites were taken by advancing troops and - destroyed.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A PORTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL HARBOR AT OMAHA BEACH. This harbor - was in the Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer area of Omaha Beach and was - known as “Mulberry A.” Breakwaters were formed by sinking ships - and concrete caissons, and steel bridging formed causeways to - the beach. The harbor, construction on which began on 7 June - 1944, was designed to provide moorings for seven Liberty ships - and twelve coasters at one time. By 19 June it was 90 percent - completed.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENGINEERS LAYING STEEL MATTING on Omaha Beach at the exits - of the causeway which extend to the piers of the artificial - harbor (top). Vehicles moving from one of the piers over the - causeway to the shore (bottom). These floating causeways to the - beach rose and fell with the tide. The artificial harbors were - constructed to facilitate the unloading of the large numbers of - men and material.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - DAMAGE TO THE ARTIFICIAL HARBOR AND LANDING CRAFT caused by - the storm. The greatest detriment to the Allied build-up was - not the enemy, but the weather. From 19–22 June 1944 one of - the worst summer gales in Channel history hit the Bay of the - Seine. Unloading operations were virtually stopped, the floating - steel caissons broke free and sank, the concrete caissons moved - or were broken up, and the beach was strewn with hundreds of - stranded and damaged craft. The line of sunken ships remained - fairly well intact, but as a whole the artificial harbor was - destroyed and useless.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A TRUCK ON THE BEACH (2½-ton) and one starting down the ramp of - an LST (1½-ton). After the storm wrecked the artificial harbors - emergency measures, such as using 2½-ton amphibian trucks to - bring men and supplies ashore and “drying out” landing ships - and coasters, were employed. By “drying out” the vessels (as - in picture) and unloading directly on the beaches, unloading - operations were carried out.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TRUCKS FULLY LOADED with men and supplies leaving a Rhino ferry - and being helped ashore by a bulldozer (top). A ¾-ton weapons - carrier rolling through the surf toward the beach under its - own power (bottom). All the vehicles which made these landings - through the surf had been waterproofed before leaving England. - Since they were able to travel only a short distance on land - under their own power when waterproofed, the waterproofing - material was removed soon after the vehicles landed.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TRUCKS AND AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS (each is a 2½-ton truck) on a beach - in Normandy. In spite of the damage caused by the storm, by 26 - June Omaha Beach was discharging 122 percent of its planned - cargo capacity. By this time 268,718 men, 40,191 vehicles, - and 125,812 tons of cargo had been discharged over Omaha - Beach alone. By 1 July the Allied commanders were not as much - worried about a German counterattack that would threaten the - beachhead as about the possibility that the enemy might bring in - sufficient reserves to create a stalemate in Normandy. More room - was needed by the Allies to bring in men and supplies to support - a sustained drive toward the Seine.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - UNIT ADVANCING TOWARD CHERBOURG stops to inspect a German - multipurpose gun (8.8-cm. Flak). When the enemy retreated from - the vicinity of Montebourg he destroyed the gun by splaying the - barrel. This multipurpose weapon emerged as the most publicized - artillery piece of the German Army during the North African - campaign. It was primarily an antiaircraft gun adaptable to - antitank and general artillery use. In its role as an antitank - gun it was fitted with a shield. In its mobile form it was towed - on four wheels, usually with an 8-ton half-tracked tractor.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - RESULTS OF ARTILLERY FIRE AND BOMBINGS in Montebourg (top). - A 155-mm. howitzer M 1 firing on the defenses of the city of - Cherbourg (bottom). On 19 June Montebourg fell to the U. S. - forces and Valognes was taken the following day. The advance on - Cherbourg was continued by three U. S. infantry divisions. An - attack on Cherbourg was launched on the afternoon of 22 June, - after an 80-minute air and artillery bombardment of the outer - defenses, but the enemy at first fought back with determination.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - HILL 171 AREA BOIS DU MONT DU ROC - - THE BOIS DU MONT DU ROC AREA. On 22–23 June the U. S. troops - launched an attack from the valley to seize Hill 171. The - critical enemy defense areas at Flottemanville-Hague and Hill - 171 were closely pressed and before dark on 23 June the area of - Hill 171 was reached and 400 enemy prisoners were taken. The - Flottemanville-Hague defenses were bombed by Allied planes and - the defenses were taken by the ground forces shortly thereafter. - The enemy’s fortified line protecting Cherbourg was then broken - and the U. S. troops were ready for the final drive to the city.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - FORTIFICATIONS AROUND CHERBOURG DAMAGED by Allied shelling and - bombardment. The German defenders refused to surrender the city - to the attacking U. S. forces, and on 22 June a co-ordinated - attack was launched by the attackers, supported by aircraft of - the tactical air forces and heavy artillery fire. However, no - real break-through was achieved by this bombardment and the U. - S. troops resorted to the methodical reduction of the strong - points. It was not until 24 June that the main defenses cracked, - and the next day the three attacking infantry divisions, - supported by heavy naval bombardment, reached the outskirts of - the city.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TWO U. S. INFANTRYMEN ROUTING A SNIPER during street fighting in - Cherbourg (top). German prisoners taken in Cherbourg (bottom). - By 25 June U. S. forces were fighting in the streets of the - city while the Germans demolished the port facilities. At 1500 - on 26 June the German commanders surrendered. The Arsenal - held out until the following morning and fanatical groups had - to be eliminated one by one. A certain number of the enemy - still remained to be rounded up in the northwest corner of the - Cotentin Peninsula, but on 1 July all resistance in the northern - Cotentin came to an end.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A MEMBER OF AN ENGINEER UNIT, operating a bulldozer, clears a - street in Cherbourg (top). Members of an Engineer unit stationed - in Cherbourg take time out to prepare a meal in the doorway - of a house (bottom). C and K rations were generally issued to - troops in combat. Where there was more time for the preparation - of food, troops were given the “10 in 1” ration which contained - more variety than the C and K rations. When units were more - permanently settled regular messes were set up, but during - the early days on the Continent just after the invasion, and - while the supply situation was still critical, troops resorted - to eating rations that could be more easily transported and - prepared.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - FORT DU ROULE ARSENAL AREA - - A PORTION OF CHERBOURG showing the inner harbor and docks. Fort - du Roule, built high and secure into a steep rock promontory - which stands immediately back of the city, dominated the entire - harbor area. It was primarily a coastal fortress but was also - defended against a ground attack. The P-47’s which bombed the - fort did little damage to the subterranean tunnels housing the - big guns. The fort was finally taken by infantry troops armed - with machine guns, mortars, grenades, pole charges, and rifles. - The fort surrendered in sections and it was not until late on - 25 June that the complete surrender was accomplished. After the - rest of the city had been taken the Arsenal still held out. - This structure, partially protected by a moat, was high-walled - and well-armed. On 27 June the Arsenal surrendered bringing to - an end all organized resistance in the city. With the fall of - the city every effort was made to clear the harbor and repair - docking facilities as quickly as possible.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - THE FIRST SHIP-TO-SHORE GASOLINE LINE, put in operation at - Cherbourg. During the assault phase the Allied forces relied on - canned gasoline, but by 3 July bulk supply was being introduced - by ship-to-shore pipeline which brought in part of the large - quantities of gasoline necessary to the Allied forces.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ORDNANCE MEN CUTTING ANGLE-IRON with acetylene torches (top). An - M5 light tank equipped with a hedgerow cutter (bottom). During - the fighting in Normandy armored vehicles found the hedgerows a - serious obstacle which they could neither cross over nor break - through. An enlisted man of an Ordnance unit in Normandy devised - the method of attaching to the front of tanks rake-like cutters - improvised from heavy angle-iron salvaged from the underwater - beach obstacles which the Germans had placed to wreck landing - craft. During a period of 48 hours maintenance companies of - the Ordnance Department turned out 300 of these cutters, which - enabled the tanks to open passageways through the hedgerows of - Normandy, and play an important part in the advance leading to - the break-through at Saint-Lô.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - .30-CALIBER BROWNING MACHINE GUN M1919A4 being fired through an - opening in a hedgerow by an infantryman. The July offensive, - one of the most difficult and bloody phases of the Normandy - Campaign and known as the Battle of the Hedgerows, was conducted - from 7 to 20 July 1944. Four U. S. Army corps, ultimately - employing twelve divisions, were involved in the effort. German - reinforcements stiffened, particularly in the hills protecting - Saint-Lô, and the U. S. forces in the Cotentin Peninsula fought - their way southward, alongside the U. S. troops east of the Vire - River, to win ground for mounting the attack which was to break - through the German defenses at the end of the month of July.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A 3-INCH GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M10 moving along a road near - Saint-Fromond. While the British Second Army battled furiously - against enemy armored strength to the east, the First U. S. Army - struggled forward on both sides of the Vire River in their drive - on Saint-Lô. The advance was laborious because of the nature of - the terrain and the poor weather conditions. The enemy rallied - to prevent any break-through to Saint-Lô, and the British - redoubled their efforts in the Caen area where the Germans had - most of their 900 tanks.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TWO GERMAN PANTHERS, heavy tanks (Pz. Kpfw.-7.5-cm. Kw. K. - 42-L/70), knocked out on a road near Le Désert (top). A - damaged German self-propelled assault gun (Stu. G. IV with - Stu. K. 40-L/48) near Périers (bottom). During the fighting in - the Saint-Lô area the German forces included two corps with - elements of no less than twelve divisions, including two armored - divisions. The losses sustained by the enemy armored units - removed the possibility of a further large-scale counterattack - west of the Vire River.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - GERMAN PANTHER (top). U. S. medium tanks M4A1 pass German medium - tanks (Pz. Kpfw. IV) which were knocked out in the July fighting - near Saint-Lô (bottom). In hedgerow fighting tanks were expected - to give great assistance, by their fire power, in dealing with - hedgerow strong points but there was always the problem of - getting them through the embankments fast enough to maintain - their support to the infantry.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ARMY MEDICAL AID MEN preparing to evacuate wounded (top). U. - S. troops along a sunken road during the advance to Saint-Lô - (bottom). The U. S. losses during this campaign totaled nearly - 11,000 killed, wounded, and missing. The Germans, as a result of - the action, were prevented from regrouping and wore down their - last immediate reserves for use against a break-through.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN INFANTRY PATROL picking its way through the blasted ruins of - Saint-Lô (top). Allied and German shelling and Allied aerial - bombing reduced Saint-Lô to ruins (bottom). The original - objectives of the July offensive were not attained except for - the capture of Saint-Lô on 18 July 1944 and the high ground - suitable for launching the break-through attempt. The ground won - was sufficient to give the troops more room and better jump-off - positions which they needed to break out of Normandy.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SAINT-LÔ IN RUINS after the capture of the city by the U. S. - forces. It was shelled both by the attacking Allied forces who - needed the area to stage troops who were to break out of the - hedgerow country of Normandy, and by the enemy forces who were - trying to prevent the U. S. troops from taking the city.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN RESTING IN THEIR FOXHOLE. Rain, which continued for - 6 days, delayed the air bombardment and in turn the advance - of the First Army which had scheduled an attack for 19 July - 1944. During this period the men were compelled to huddle in - their foxholes under the dripping hedgerows in conditions of - extreme discomfort, while the enemy, also entrenched behind the - natural defenses of the country, was alert to every movement. - The low-lying country became a sea of mud, stopping further tank - operations during this period.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - JEEP SPLASHING THROUGH A FLOODED ROAD IN NORMANDY. The rains, - which held up the advance, flooded the dirt roads which by - this time were in a bad state of repair from the heavy traffic - and shelling. On the front of the jeep is an iron bar used - to cut thin strands of wire that the enemy strung across the - roads level with the heads of the occupants of vehicles, which - traveled with tops and windshields down.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN FIRING FROM A HEDGEROW. The man in the foreground - is shown about to fire a fragmentation grenade using a U. S. - rifle .30-calibre M1 with a grenade launcher M7 (top). Grenade - has just been fired (bottom). The terrain through which the - Allied troops fought was favorable to the defense. In the close - bocage countryside, dotted with woods and orchards and with - fields divided by tree-topped embankments where armor could not - well be employed, the infantry had to wage a grim struggle from - hedgerow to hedgerow and from bank to bank, harassed by snipers - and machine gun posts. On 24 July the troops of the U. S. First - Army were waiting for the weather to clear sufficiently for an - air attack before they attempted to break out of Normandy in the - area of the Périers-Lessay-Saint-Lô road.] - - [Illustration] - - - - - NORTHERN FRANCE CAMPAIGN - - - [Illustration: NORTHERN FRANCE - - The Allied Advance during the Northern France Campaign 25 July - 1944 to 14 September 1944] - - - - - SECTION III - - Northern France Campaign[2] - - -On 25 July 1944 the Allied forces fighting in Normandy were able to -begin the offensive to break out of Normandy and carry to the German -frontier. Preceding the ground attack planes of the Allied air forces -dropped more than 3,390 tons of bombs on enemy positions on a narrow -front in the vicinity of Saint-Lô. The air attack’s crushing power and -its paralyzing effect on the German forces opened the way for a rapid -and powerful drive by Allied armored and infantry units. Cities were -captured in quick succession and the enemy troops were forced to flee -in a disorderly retreat. - -The armored spearheads led the way out the Brittany Peninsula which -was quickly occupied, with the exception of the fortresses of the port -cities which were to continue to fight until after the German borders -had been reached. While part of the U. S. forces were overrunning the -Brittany Peninsula, the major portion turned toward the east in the -direction of Paris, and British and Canadian troops moved southward -from Caen along the road to Falaise. The battle of the Falaise-Argentan -pocket was a disastrous defeat for the German forces who were trying to -prevent the Allies from moving eastward. During the fighting in this -area elements of two German armies were so disorganized and destroyed -that their effectiveness was greatly impaired. - -Paris surrendered on 25 August and by the 27th all enemy resistance -ceased there. The advance continued toward the eastern borders of -France, where the Allies stopped their rapid drive, and though a few -further advances were made, 14 September 1944 found them consolidating -their positions along the Moselle River and northward in Belgium and -Holland. The major port cities of Le Havre and Antwerp, which were -badly needed by the Allies as ports of entry for men and materials, -were captured. - - - INTRODUCTION - -During the Northern France Campaign the expanding Allied forces -reorganized. The Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, -moved to the Continent of Europe. The 21 Army Group was made up of the -British Second and the Canadian First Armies. The 12th Army Group, -composed of the First and Third U. S. Armies, became operational. In -August 1944 Allied forces invaded southern France and moved northward -to join those in northern France. This force, made up of the U. S. -Seventh and French First Armies, made a junction with the northern -group on 11 September. Also during this period the U. S. Ninth Army -became operational and took over the reduction of the Brittany -fortresses. - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEDIUM TANK M4A1, equipped with a hedgerow cutter, breaking - through a hedgerow. The build-up was continuing generally as - anticipated and the destruction of the enemy forces progressed. - On 23 July 1944 the Canadian First Army became operational - on the left flank of the Allied line. The Third U. S. Army - had begun moving to the Cotentin Peninsula on 5 July and was - proceeding on the right flank of the Allied line.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 75-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGES M8, partially concealed by a - hedgerow, preparing to fire on enemy positions near Marigny - (top). M5 light tanks pass through the streets of Coutances - (bottom). The first attack was launched on a narrow front across - the Périers road west of Saint-Lô. This attack was supported - by heavy artillery and aerial bombardment. While the spearhead - units advanced in the direction of Coutances, the rest of the - First U. S. Army was to exert strong pressure and harass any - attempted enemy withdrawal. Marigny was taken on 26 July and, - though the enemy resisted stubbornly while trying to keep a - corridor open for the withdrawing German forces, Coutances fell - on 28 July.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENGINEERS WEARING CAMOUFLAGE SUITS clean out a street in Canisy - (top). Infantry troops set up a 57-mm. antitank gun M1 (bottom). - Advances south from Saint-Lô reached Tessy-sur-Vire on 28 July, - while another attack farther east met with severe resistance in - the vicinity of Forêt de Cerisy. In the British-Canadian sector - the advance had been halted by a strong enemy belt of antitank - guns, dug-in tanks, and mortars.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MAIL CALL AT THE FRONT (top). The receiving of mail was always - an important morale factor and every effort was made to get it - to the men as quickly as possible. Infantrymen reading German - propaganda leaflets during a rest period (bottom). German planes - dropped propaganda leaflets in an attempt to discourage the - Allies in their advances. These had little effect on the troops - and the advances continued with all possible speed.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - PRISONERS TAKEN BY THE ALLIES during the early part of August. - Many of the men of the enemy forces were non-Germanic, some - were Russians or members of Russian units who had been captured - by the Germans on the eastern front and sent to Normandy as - part of the enemy defense units. As the enemy retreat began to - degenerate into a disorderly rout many prisoners were taken, and - on 28 July 4,500 were captured.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - FRENCH WOMAN, returning to her home after the German withdrawal, - passes a knocked out self-propelled antitank gun (Pz. Jaeg. 38 - with 7.5-cm. Pak. 40/3). Many of the civilians left their homes - and towns during the fighting and returned afterwards, often - to find that they had lost their homes during the artillery - shelling and aerial bombing. However, in some cases the civilian - population stayed in the towns during the fighting.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MOTOR COLUMN ADVANCING ALONG A ROAD near Coutances. On 29 July - U. S. armored divisions trapped an enemy column about seven - miles southeast of Coutances. Fighter bombers came in and - attacked the closely jammed columns of vehicles destroying 137 - tanks and over 500 other vehicles.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN ARMORED COLUMN led by a light armored car M8 stops for a few - minutes during its advance to Avranches (top). An M4 medium tank - moving through a street in Avranches (bottom). On 30 July an - armored division closely followed by an infantry division closed - in on Cranville. Another armored division entered Avranches and - secured two bridges across the Sée River. The break-through was - completed by 31 July, the area between Granville and Avranches - was cleared of enemy pockets of resistance, and the U. S. forces - struck southward in the direction of Villedieu.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ARMORED VEHICLES FIRING ON ENEMY TROOPS during the advance - southward (top). Tanks and trucks of a French armored division - in the assembly area after landing and before starting south to - join the U. S. forces (bottom). On 1 August 1944, as the U. S. - forces poured around the crumpled German flank at Avranches, a - major revision was effected in the organization of the Allied - forces. The Third U. S. Army became operational and at the same - time the 12th Army Group headquarters also became operational - and assumed command of the First and Third U. S. Armies. The 21 - Army Group was at this time made up of the British Second and - the Canadian First Armies.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SÉE RIVER - - AVRANCHES AND THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY. After the fall of the - city the Allied drive gained momentum and the advancing troops - swept out of Normandy. Turning toward the east and the west in - two attacks, the Allies drove to the German frontier and the tip - of the Brittany Peninsula.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AMMUNITION BEING UNLOADED at an Ordnance dump after it had - been brought inland from the beach (top). During the advance - of the Allies south following the breakout from Normandy a - maximum effort was required to keep all the using units supplied - with ammunition. Tankers of an armored unit reloading their - .30-caliber ammunition belts during the drive southward (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A BULLDOZER (tractor, earth moving crawler, diesel) pulling - a jeep from a crater (top). Engineers using a truck-mounted - revolving crane swing a section of a treadway bridge into place - over the Vire River near Pontfarcy (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN TAKING A BREAK, their M1’s leaning against the wall - of a destroyed building. The Third U. S. Army drove southward - from Avranches on 1 August with the mission of clearing the - Brittany Peninsula and securing the ports. The attacks were - spearheaded by armored divisions against only scattered - opposition and by 3 August Loudéac was reached, infantrymen were - closing in on the fortress of Saint-Malo, armored units were - striking toward Vannes and Nantes, and Rennes had been captured. - The 21st Army Group and First U. S. Army met dogged enemy - resistance, but Mortain was occupied by the latter.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN INFANTRYMAN USING HIS HELMET AS A BASIN while washing at - a town pump. The weather during this period was hot and dry; - inland from the coast there was little fog. The advancing men - took every opportunity during the rapid advances to stop for a - quick wash.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN M4A1 MEDIUM TANK rolls through a battered French village. - After the rapid advances through the Brittany Peninsula, U. S. - forces were left in front of the main port cities to contain the - enemy. The Third U. S. Army turned eastward driving with strong - armored forces on the general axis of Laval-Le Mans-Chartres. - The terrain that would be encountered in a drive to the Seine - would be favorable for the use of armor, and the weather was - expected to be good. On 4 August Mayenne was captured and - contact with First U. S. Army units was established. During the - next five days the drive to the east continued for a distance of - 85 miles and the cities of Angers and Le Mans were taken.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN FIGHTING IN HEDGEROWS near Mortain. Shortly after - midnight on 7 August a German counterattack struck the U. S. - infantry division in the area of Mortain. By morning, when the - enemy had penetrated the First Army line some three or four - miles, Allied aircraft equipped with rockets attacked the enemy. - Three U. S. divisions were quickly shifted to the area and for - the next three days a fierce battle raged as the Germans tried - to cut the corridor through which the Third Army was advancing - onto the plains of western France. On 11 August, Mortain was - re-entered by the First Army.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. ARTILLERY OBSERVATION POST near Barenton, between Mortain - and Domfront. After the failure of the German counterattack in - the vicinity of Mortain the only alternative for the enemy was - to retreat, and a gradual withdrawal was made toward the Seine - River. During this period two simultaneous battles were fought: - one by First Army troops and those of 21 Army Group around the - Falaise-Argentan pocket, the other by the Third Army which was - driving hard to the Seine River.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN OF THE FIRST ARMY advancing in the vicinity of - Sourdeval against the withdrawing enemy forces. The Canadian - First Army advancing southward along the Caen-Falaise road - was to join forces with the U. S. troops advancing eastward. - The Germans put up a strong defense against the Allied troops - advancing to encircle them.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN M 4 MEDIUM TANK, rolling into Dreux, passes a German - antitank gun (7.5-cm. Pak. 40). On 14 August the Third Army was - ordered to leave sufficient forces to hold Argentan and to take - advantage of the enemy’s disorganization by continuing the main - advance to the east. Advances were made against Dreux, Chartres, - and Orléans. On 15 August Dreux was captured and on 17 August - the First Army took over at Argentan. On 18 August the Third - Army forces swung north to seize crossings of the Seine River - below Paris and to begin the deep encirclement of the German - troops south of the river.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TWO TYPES OF U. S. TRACKED VEHICLES, each mounting a 105-mm. - howitzer. 105-mm. howitzer motor carriage M7 (top); medium tank - M4A3 with 105-mm. howitzer (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - CONVOY CARRYING GASOLINE ALONG RED BALL HIGHWAY. These are - 4–5-ton trucks (tractors) towing 2,000-gallon semitrailers - (top). A 12-ton truck towing a 45-ton trailer loaded with - ammunition, stops along Red Ball Highway (bottom). With the - resistance offered by the retreating enemy at a minimum during - this period, fuel was a more vital requisite than ammunition. - Approximately a million gallons of gasoline were needed at the - front every day to enable the armored columns to maintain their - headlong rate of advance.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MILITARY POLICEMAN DIRECTS TRAFFIC ON RED BALL HIGHWAY. The - three essential supplies were food, ammunition, and gasoline, - and to get these to the armored spearheads as quickly as - possible a system known as the Red Ball Express was instituted. - By this, a circular one-way traffic route was established across - France from the beachheads to the fighting zone and back again. - All civilian and local military traffic was prohibited the use - of the Red Ball Highway, and along it the convoys swept at high - speed day and night.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - RAILROAD EQUIPMENT BEING UNLOADED FROM A SEATRAIN at Cherbourg. - Motor convoys could not handle the vast quantities of supplies - needed to maintain the Allied fighting forces and it was - necessary to supplement these convoys with rail transportation. - The first scheduled run was made between Cherbourg and Carentan - on 11 July 1944, using mostly salvaged French equipment. As soon - as the Cherbourg port facilities were sufficiently restored, - equipment was brought over from England and put into service.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - DESTROYED RAILROAD EQUIPMENT. So greatly had the French - railroads suffered that over 900 locomotives and a third of - the rolling stock used had to be supplied from Allied sources - in England. In addition to replacing locomotives and cars, - bridges had to be constructed, wrecked trains had to be cleared, - and tracks had to be replaced. Damage by Allied bombings at - every major junction and marshalling yard had to be repaired. - These tasks fell to men of the Corps of Engineers and the - Transportation Corps.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN INFANTRYMAN ARMED WITH AN M 1 RIFLE looks at two - German rocket launchers left behind by the enemy (8.8-cm. - Racketenpanzerbuchse). The German weapon was of larger caliber - and was heavier than the U. S. rocket launcher but similar in - appearance and operation.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SIGNAL CORPS MAN OPERATING A SWITCHBOARD BD71. This small - switchboard weighed approximately fifty pounds, had six - lines, and was used with headset HS30, ear plugs, and chest - set microphone. The set was generally used by regiments and - smaller units. When the break-through came at the end of July - 1944 the speed of the advances imposed a heavy strain on the - communications personnel. Spearhead units relied mostly on radio - communications, but a line net of great complexity was required - in the rear areas to cope with the amount of traffic involved. - Civilian communications were of limited value because of the - lack of maintenance during the years of war destruction, and - within four months of D Day the Allies laid over 100,000 circuit - miles of telephone line.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A PORTION OF THE CITY OF FALAISE which was occupied on 17 - August by Canadian First Army troops who had pushed down the - Caen-Falaise road. This city on the northeast corner of the - Falaise pocket was on the north corner of the encirclement in - which the German troops were trapped.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A PORTION OF THE CITY OF ARGENTAN, the southeast corner of the - Falaise pocket. On 12 August the Third Army armored divisions - were at Argentan and Ecouché with infantry divisions in support. - The enemy struggled to escape from the pocket through the gap - between Falaise and Argentan and concentrated on removing his - armored units, leaving the infantry to hold off the Allies. - A considerable part of eight armored divisions managed to - escape from the closing Allied pincers but left behind a great - proportion of their equipment. On 20 August the trap was closed - on more than seven infantry divisions and parts of two armored - divisions. By 22 August the enemy in the pocket had been - eliminated.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH DEBRIS and rubble - in Domfront in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. When the - Falaise-Argentan pocket was closed, Allied divisions inside the - pocket pressed in on the remnants of the German divisions.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN FIRING ON THE ENEMY during the house-to-house - fighting in Saint-Malo (top). Infantrymen prepare to fire on - enemy positions in Saint-Malo with their .30-caliber Browning - machine gun M1917A1 (bottom). During the rapid advances to the - east, the fighting on the Brittany Peninsula was still going on. - On 17 August the last Germans in the citadel of Saint-Malo had - been captured, and the U. S. division taking the city was moved - to the southeast to cover the Loire flank west of Tours.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - THE HARBOR AT SAINT-MALO. In the strongly defended forts in and - around the harbor stubborn groups of Germans held out against - the U. S. attacking forces.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SWABBING OUT THE BARREL OF AN 81-MM. MORTAR M 1 before firing. - During the battle of the Falaise-Argentan pocket U. S. artillery - poured shells of all calibers into the pocket, and Allied - aircraft hammered the Germans relentlessly.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - PREPARING TO FIRE A 60-MM. MORTAR M2. The intense artillery - fire and aerial bombing littered the countryside with all types - of German vehicles and equipment. German commanders were able - to control only small groups of their troops, so great was the - confusion.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN, ARMED WITH CARBINES M1 AND RIFLE M1, discuss the - action in which they have taken part (top). Engineers of an - armored division relax in a French town during the advance of - the U. S. troops (bottom). In the battle of the Falaise-Argentan - pocket the Allies did not accomplish the utter destruction of - the German forces in Normandy, but the enemy troops were broken - as an effective fighting force and the way across France was - open. During this period enemy losses included 70,000 killed and - captured.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEN AND VEHICLES ADVANCING TOWARD PARIS (3-inch gun motor - carriage M10). Mopping-up the Falaise-Argentan pocket was - assigned to troops of the 21 Army Group, while the First Army - forces moved eastward. The Third Army was again moving eastward, - and by the evening of 25 August the Allies held most of the - Seine River west of Paris. On 15 August the Seventh U. S. Army - invaded southern France and moved northward to join forces with - the Allies in northern France.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 240-MM. HOWITZER M1 FIRING on one of the Brittany fortresses - (top). Cannoneers sight their 105-mm. howitzer M3, from a - camouflaged position, during the seige of Brest (bottom). By - 25 August only the three fortresses of Brest, Lorient, and - Saint-Nazaire still offered resistance. A co-ordinated attack - was launched on Brest by three infantry divisions supported by - artillery of all calibers.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN AND AID MEN ADVANCE ON BREST. In this area the - Germans blew up pillboxes to avoid their capture and some of the - U. S. attackers were killed or wounded in the blasts.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A PORTION OF THE HARBOR AT BREST. This city on the Atlantic - Ocean, with its good docks and harbors, was desirable as a - supply port of entry. The enemy forces held out here until 18 - September 1944, at which time the Allies had moved so far to - the east that the distance from Brest to the front lines was - too great to make Brest an important landing point. Also the - port was so badly damaged during the fighting that it became - practically useless.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEMBERS OF THE FRENCH RESISTANCE FIGHTING in the streets of - Paris. The Allies had originally intended to bypass Paris so - as to avoid its destruction in an assault. On 19 August 1944 - fighting between the Germans and the French Forces of the - Interior broke out in the city. The French were soon in need of - relief, because of the shortage of ammunition, and Allied forces - were shifted to take the city. Meeting with little resistance, - a French armored division and a U. S. infantry division entered - the city and by noon on 25 August the German commander formally - surrendered.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - PARISIANS SCATTER as a German sniper fires at them during the - celebration of the Allied entry into Paris (top). U. S. troops - march down the Champs Elysées during a victory parade in Paris - (bottom). The last German resistance ceased in Paris on 27 - August, and the next day the city was turned over to a French - general who was to be the military governor.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN 8-INCH GUN M1 BEING TOWED INTO POSITION by a high-speed - 18-ton M4 tractor (top). The crew of an 8-inch howitzer fires - on the enemy across the Seine River (bottom). The Canadian - First Army cleaned up the enemy pockets west of the Seine by 31 - August, and the U. S. forces regrouped to pursue the enemy east - of the river and begin their drive toward Germany.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TOWED 155-MM. GUNS M 1 CROSS A BAILEY BRIDGE over the Seine. U. - S. troops advanced northeast from the Seine River bridgeheads to - take Reims and Châlons-sur-Marne.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 3-INCH GUN AND .50-CALIBER MACHINE GUN of an M10 tank destroyer - fire on enemy troops trying to destroy a Marne River bridge. - On 26 August Château-Thierry was captured. On 28 August - Châlons-sur-Marne was taken and the following day Reims fell.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN M4A1 TANK passes a burning German vehicle. By 30 August - Saint-Dizier was reached and on 31 August the ground east of the - Meuse River near Commercy was seized while Verdun was captured - and the Meuse River crossed in that area. At the end of August - the drives of the First and Third U. S. Armies were slowed down - by lack of fuel.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENGINEERS LAYING A GASOLINE PIPELINE in France. In an effort to - transport fuel to the front-line units of the Allies, three fuel - pipelines were laid across France. This also relieved the road - traffic which became more and more congested as the number of - Allied troops in France increased.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEDICAL AID MEN MOVE UP UNDER FIRE to give first aid to a - wounded infantryman (top). A wounded German is given medical aid - by U. S. soldiers (bottom), by 3 September first army troops had - cleared most of the army’s zone south of the Belgian border. - On that day the remnants of twenty disorganized divisions were - trapped before they could reach the Belgian border and 25,000 - men were quickly liquidated. The British entered Brussels on 3 - September and were also closing in on Le Havre, one of the major - port cities on the coast.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A LIGHT ARMORED CAR M8 ENTERING BELGIUM. On 1 September 1944, - Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), was - established at Versailles and assumed the active direction of - the 12th and 21 Army Groups. During this period the main problem - was that of supplying the racing armored columns since the only - points of entry were the beaches and Cherbourg, a distance too - far removed from the Allied forces advancing to the German - frontier. By early September supply trucks were traveling 600 to - 900 miles in round trips to carry fuel, ammunition, and rations - to the combat units.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - 75-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGES M8 in Belgium (top). 155-mm. gun - motor carriage M12 firing in Belgium (bottom). In spite of the - shortage of supplies the pursuit of the enemy continued between - 4 and 14 September 1944, with the greatest Allied gains being - made on the northern front. On 4 September the British forces - captured the port city of Antwerp, one of the greatest prizes - of the war. On 12 September the city of Le Havre surrendered. - These two cities were of extreme importance because of their - port facilities and their nearness to the battle front. In both - harbors the enemy had carried out measures to render the ports - useless, but they were not too badly damaged to prevent repair.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - LIGHT ARMORED CAR M8 of a reconnaissance unit stops during its - drive through Belgium toward the border of the Netherlands - (top). Advancing infantrymen ride on a 3-inch gun motor carriage - M10 (bottom). By 14 September 1944 the sustained drive of the - First Army had stopped and the Germans were fighting on their - own soil for the first time in many years.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN MOVING AN ASSAULT BOAT down to the banks of the - Moselle River at Dornot (top); crossing the Moselle (bottom). - Efforts to obtain enough gasoline were generally unavailing and - most of the units of the Third Army were halted at the Moselle. - On 5 September a crossing was made north of Nancy while on 8 - September another was made below Metz. The Germans made numerous - counterattacks and occupied the forts around Metz, determined to - hold the line in this area.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - BOEING B-17 FLYING THROUGH HEAVY FLAK over Germany en route to a - target (top). The Heinkel aircraft factory during an air attack - (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MARTIN B-26’S RETURNING FROM A MISSION along the German border - in support of the Third Army’s ground attack. The medium bomber - in the upper foreground of the above picture had operated in the - ETO for some time, as is shown by the dark-painted fuselage. The - plane in the lower foreground has an unpainted fuselage which - enabled it to attain higher speeds.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRY MEN CROSS THE MOSELLE as a ¼-ton truck carries wounded - men to the rear (top). M4A1 medium tank fording a canal - (bottom). On 10 September an attack was launched to secure - bridgeheads over the Moselle below Epinal, which was reached on - 14 September. The city of Nancy fell on 15 September.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN ADVANCING in the outskirts of Brest. While the Third - Army was battling a determined enemy on the Moselle, U. S. - forces were still trying to reduce the fortress of Brest. On 5 - September the Ninth U. S. Army became operational in France and - assumed the task of eliminating the remaining fortresses on the - Brittany Peninsula.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN 8-INCH GUN M1 FIRING ON GERMAN INSTALLATIONS in Brest. - Artillery units attacking Brest were reinforced, mostly with - medium and heavy caliber guns and, after sufficient ammunition - had been accumulated, a strong attack was launched on 8 - September by three infantry divisions.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 90-MM. GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M36 firing at an enemy pillbox in - Brest (top). 76-mm. gun motor carriage M18 guarding a street - intersection in Brest (bottom). On 14 September the fortress of - Brest was still for the most part in German hands, despite all - efforts to reduce the strongly fortified positions.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - NEWLY CONSTRUCTED TREADWAY PONTOON BRIDGE over the Moselle River. -] - - - - - RHINELAND CAMPAIGN - - 15 September 1944–15 December 1944 - - - [Illustration: RHINELAND - - The Allied Advance during the Rhineland Campaign 15 September - 1944 to 21 March 1945] - - - - - SECTION IV - - Rhineland Campaign - - 15 September-15 December 1944[3] - - -On 15 September 1944 the Allied forces that had invaded southern France -came under control of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary -Force. This added the 6th Army Group to the forces opposing the enemy -along the German frontier, making a total of forty-eight Allied -divisions in the European Theater of Operations. In a little over three -months, 6 June-15 September 1944, the Western Allies had carried their -offensives from the Normandy beaches to the western borders of Germany. -During the next three months little, if any, progress was made. Several -factors contributed to this general slowdown. As fall and winter -approached, rain, mud, and snow greatly hindered operations and made -living conditions extremely trying. The terrain became more difficult -since many rivers and streams had to be crossed and rough, wooded, and -hilly country was encountered. Enemy resistance stiffened as the Allies -reached the German border. But more important than any other single -factor was the problem of supplying the large forces which had advanced -so rapidly that they had outrun their supplies. - -During this period, as the Allies came to the West Wall and the Rhine, -severe fighting took place all along the front. Some of the most -difficult operations of the war in western Europe occurred during the -Rhineland Campaign as battles were fought in the Arnhem area, the -Schelde estuary, the Huertgen Forest, the Aachen sector, the Metz and -Saar regions, and the Belfort and Saverne Gaps. On 15 December the -efforts of the Allies in the Rhineland were interrupted when the enemy -broke through the lines in the Ardennes, causing a shift of troops to -the Ardennes to reinforce the lines there. - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENLISTED MAN WALKING THROUGH MUD in his bivouac area. The - Allied advance was halted at the German border by poor weather - conditions, difficult terrain, stiffening German resistance, - and, most of all, by lack of supplies. At this time the decision - was made to employ the greatest strength in the north to attain - flanking bridgeheads across the lower Rhine River beyond the - main fortifications of the West Wall. This area was chosen - for the drive since the terrain to the south was considered - unsuitable for a rapid advance because of the mountainous and - forested country.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - PLANES TOWING GLIDERS take off for the invasion of the - Netherlands, 17 September 1944. The First Allied Airborne Army - launched its attack to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine in - the Arnhem area. Complete surprise was achieved and the drops - and glider landings were effective and in most cases were - made in the prescribed areas. During the following ten days - the fighting was severe with repeated German counterattacks. - However, the railroad bridge across the Waal River in the - Nijmegen area was captured on 20 September and remained in - Allied hands. By the end of September the corridor was widened - somewhat and the operation was considered a success even though - the Allies were forced to evacuate most of the attacking troops - after numerous casualties were suffered.] - - [Illustration: THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY - - PARATROOPERS ADVANCING UNDER ENEMY FIRE in the Arnhem - area (top). A captured German self-propelled assault gun - (Sturmgeschuetz 7.5-cm. Stu. K. 40) (bottom). During the entire - operation in the Netherlands which lasted for thirty days, from - 17 September to 16 October 1944, over 5,500 planes and 2,500 - gliders transported 34,000 men, and over 1,900 vehicles, 500 - artillery pieces, and 5,000 tons of supplies. The airborne army - suffered more than 13,000 casualties in killed, wounded, or - missing.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN FOLLOWING A TANK during the advance north of Aachen - (top). Infantrymen riding on an M4 medium tank-dozer through the - West Wall, while others follow on foot (bottom). The last two - weeks in September were spent by the First Army in probing the - enemy’s defenses along the frontier. On 2 October an attack was - launched across the German border about eight miles north of - Aachen. Progress during the next two weeks was slow as troops - fought their way through six miles of West Wall, or “Siegfried - Line,” fortifications.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A 57-MM. ANTITANK GUN M1 being unlimbered from a half-track - during the street fighting in Aachen (top). A Browning - .30-caliber machine gun M1919A4 being fired at the enemy in - Aachen (bottom). The German troops in Aachen refused a surrender - ultimatum on 11 October 1944, and during the next three days the - city was subjected to intense aerial bombardment and artillery - fire. Infantrymen entered the city on 13 October and after - fierce house-to-house fighting almost completely occupied Aachen - by 20 October. The following day the garrison surrendered, - making Aachen the first German city to fall to the Allies. The - First U. S. Army then began preparations for a drive to the - Rhine as soon as supplies and reinforcements should become - available.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - WEST RAILROAD YARDS LOUSBERG - - A PORTION OF THE CITY OF AACHEN. During the bitter fighting the - Allies found it necessary to use all types of artillery weapons, - from the 155-mm. gun to the smaller guns of tank destroyers, - at point blank range to reduce the heavily fortified buildings - occupied by enemy troops.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - BRIDGEHEAD ACROSS THE MOSELLE south of Metz near Arnaville. - While the U. S. First Army was driving toward the Rhine in the - vicinity of Bonn and Cologne, the Third Army was holding its - positions pending the improvement of the supply situation. The - Ninth Army moved up from Brittany and took its position between - the First and Third Armies in the Ardennes sector. The battle - of Brest ended on 18 September 1944, and except for enemy - resistance in the Atlantic coast port cities of Lorient and - Saint-Nazaire, the Brittany Peninsula was completely in Allied - hands.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - M4 MEDIUM TANKS on a street in Lunéville (top). U. S. troops - firing a captured German 88-mm. gun in the vicinity of Metz - (bottom). The period from 25 September to 7 November 1944 was - the most unproductive phase of the U. S. Third Army’s operations - on the Continent. Troops closed in on the Moselle north of - Thionville and consolidated their positions east of Nancy. On 18 - September the Germans launched a counterattack near Lunéville - but were stopped in their tracks. Two other attacks on 22 and 24 - September were also stopped and the Germans began to retreat on - the night of 1–2 October.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - FIVE-GALLON WATER CANS loaded in a quarter-ton trailer - being filled at an Engineer water point. The Engineers were - responsible for the purification of drinking water and set up - water points from which all units located in the area drew their - daily supply.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - BREAD BEING PLACED ON COOLING RACKS in a Quartermaster bakery - after being removed from the ovens.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRY MEN FIRING a .30-caliber Browning machine gun M1917A1 - on the outskirts of Metz (top). Infantry patrol entering Metz - (bottom). For two months the U. S. Third Army was stalled in - the vicinity of Metz, the fortress which would have to be - captured before any substantial advance eastward could be - made. Metz dominated three invasion routes into Germany from - France: the valley of the Moselle through Trier and Coblenz; the - Kaiserslautern Pass through Saarbruecken to Mainz and Worms; and - the route through the Saverne Gap from Sarrebourg to Strasbourg - and the Rhine. Only once in modern times had the fortress of - Metz fallen to an attacking army--in 1871 the defending French - troops surrendered to the Prussians.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 90-MM. GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M36 in Metz. The capture of Metz was - hindered by rain and floods which canceled the heavy air support - and made the advance difficult for the ground forces. The attack - started on 8 November with only artillery support and it was - not until 22 November that the city was finally clear of all - enemy pockets of resistance. The last of the forts which ringed - the city was taken on 13 December. The Third Army was then - confronted by one of the strongest sections of the West Wall, - and since its reduction would require a vast amount of artillery - support, the attacks were suspended until the necessary - ammunition could be brought up.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MOSELLE RIVER CANAL FORT ST. JULIEN ROUNDHOUSES FORT DE QUEULEU - - THE CITY OF METZ showing the location of two of the forts which - ringed the city. These and other forts presented problems to the - assaulting troops.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND FRANCE - - THANKSGIVING DINNER AT THE FRONT. During October and November - 1944 the cold, rain, fog, and floods made living conditions of - the front-line troops miserable. The battle against the weather - was as difficult as that against the enemy.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ENGINEERS HAULING BRIDGING EQUIPMENT in flooded areas of the - Moselle River. The flooded rivers and smaller streams made the - task of bridging extremely difficult during this period of the - fighting along the German frontier since, in addition to the - wider than normal spans necessary to cross the rivers, the - weather was cold and rainy, adding to the hardships of those - employed in the task.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TRACK EXTENSIONS being put on the track of a medium tank. The - maneuverability of tanks and other tracked vehicles was greatly - hampered by mud along the front lines. Confronted by a problem - more serious than anticipated, Ordnance personnel quickly - designed and started production of track extensions at the rate - of 156 separate pieces for each tank. Civilian manufacturing - facilities were utilized in France and Belgium and before the - program was completed 1,500,000 extensions had been made and - welded to the tank tracks.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN M4A3 MEDIUM TANK fitted with track extensions maneuvering - through soupy ground. Track extensions were so devised as to - give better flotation and traction through the November mud.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 105-MM. HOWITZER M3 shelling enemy positions. After the capture - of Aachen the First and Ninth Armies prepared for a new - offensive. The initial objectives were to capture bridgeheads - over the Roer River in the vicinity of Dueren and make advances - toward Juelich. At the same time the defensive positions in the - Ardennes area were held. After a four-day delay the weather - cleared and planes of the Allied air forces began the attack. - Several towns including Dueren and Juelich were reduced to - rubble.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEDIUM TANKS FIRING during the assault toward the Roer River - (top). 155-mm. gun motor carriage M12 firing on enemy held - positions (bottom). In spite of the elaborate preparations made - for the attack and the great concentration of combat power, - progress was extremely slow. Each of the towns was woven into a - network in which each house had to be reduced, and each foot of - the muddy ground was defended to the last by the enemy troops. - The attack plowed on determinedly in the mud and cold and on 3 - December 1944 the Ninth Army came to the Roer. The First Army - also attacked until the river was reached. (Note the newer type - track with cleats on the treads to give better traction.)] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 3-INCH GUN MOTOR CARRIAGES M10 move up in the Huertgen Forest - area. Troops of the First and Ninth Armies had been fighting - their way toward Schmidt since September in one of the most - bitterly contested actions of the war. One of the major - obstacles in the advance was the Huertgen Forest which covered - roughly the triangle of Aachen-Dueren-Monschau. In the vicinity - of Schmidt were dams which controlled the level of the Roer - River, and while these were still in enemy hands water could - be released flooding the valley of the Roer. It was therefore - considered necessary to take this area and the dams before the - river was crossed by the attacking U. S. forces.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN pushing through the Huertgen Forest near Vossenack, - Germany (top). Vehicles moving up a muddy road through the - forest (bottom). The Germans had strengthened this natural - barrier by the clever use of wire, pillboxes, and mines, and - the U. S. infantrymen, restricted by the rough wooded terrain, - were forced to fight for the most part without the aid of - artillery or air support. On 13 December the attack on the dams - was renewed but the going was still slow. Casualties to the two - armies advancing in this area were high.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - KALL RIVER OUTSKIRTS OF VOSSENACK KALL RIVER - - KOMMERSCHEIDT AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. The terrain of the - Schmidt and Vossenack areas, like that of the Huertgen Forest, - was hilly and wooded. The Roer River dams in this area were - important objectives for the Allies during this part of the - campaign.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TIRED, DIRTY, HUNGRY INFANTRYMEN eat their first hot meal after - fifteen days of siege of the town of Huertgen.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - BATTLE-WEARY GERMANS who were among the last to surrender after - the battle of the Huertgen Forest which lasted for several weeks.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MINE EXPLODER T1E3 attached to a medium tank. This model was an - improvement over the earlier one because of its chain-driven - exploder disks. On the first models the exploder disks rolled - freely and were not power driven. The new model also had a - higher degree of indestructibility and greater maneuverability - and could be driven in mud eighteen inches deep and across - broken terrain. The T1E3 could be driven across a Class 70 - military bridge.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - FIRING ROCKETS during the fighting in the Huertgen Forest area. - In the above pictures 4.5-inch multiple rocket launchers T27 are - mounted on 2½-ton trucks and consist of eight tubes in a single - bank. Two banks are mounted on each of the trucks with the - rockets being fired at half-second intervals.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE AND GERMANY - - FOG OIL being used to produce a smoke screen to limit - observation during river crossings. This function of the - Chemical Warfare companies was utilized in covering the - activities of troops at ports, airfields, docks, and harbors - in addition to concealing vital points from direct enemy air - observation during advances and river crossings. When the danger - of aerial attack was practically eliminated it was still used - against ground observation. By means of a generator the fog - oil was converted into a white fog which was used effectively - whenever the wind conditions were not strong enough to disperse - the screen too rapidly.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - 90-MM. ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN M 1 being fired at a German flying bomb - passing over Belgium. Liege was subjected to an attack by these - robot bombs and suffered considerable damage. Because of the - great speed of these weapons it was difficult to combat them, - but later with the utilization of the newly developed proximity - fuse, the seriousness of the threat of the flying bombs - diminished.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SEVENTH ARMY VEHICLES CROSSING THE MOSELLE. During the - later half of September the 6th Army Group’s positions were - consolidated, boundaries were adjusted, divisions were shifted - into their proper zones, and plans were made for the advance to - the Rhine.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - 4.2-INCH CHEMICAL MORTAR being fired during the advance of the - Seventh Army, October 1944.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - THREE INFANTRYMEN of the Seventh Army looking down on a village - in France from a hilltop which has been under heavy mortar and - artillery fire.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN CLIMB UPON AN M 5 LIGHT TANK in preparation for an - advance. In November 1944 the Seventh Army was to make the main - effort of the 6th Army Group in an advance toward Sarrebourg - and Strasbourg. In the south the French First Army was to drive - through the Belfort Gap.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - ARTILLERY LIAISON PLANES grounded in the Seventh Army area. - In the Vosges mountains snow drifted over the roads, the - temperature dropped below freezing, and streams overflowed their - banks.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRYMEN OF THE SEVENTH ARMY advance through snow and - sleet. The attack of 6th Army Group was to breach the Vosges - mountains whereupon the two armies would join in the Rhine plain - to isolate the enemy’s Vosges positions. Short of artillery - ammunition, the troops slugged it out with the enemy over - difficult terrain and in increasingly bad weather, with the - infantry carrying most of the burden.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SEVENTH ARMY ARTILLERYMEN loading a 105-mm. howitzer M 2A 1. The - attack was launched, after an all-night artillery preparation, - in a snow storm on the morning of 13 November 1944. At noon on - 14 November the French First Army jumped off in its attack. On - 16 November the French broke through the Belfort defenses and - on 20 November reached the Rhine. Mulhouse fell on 22 November - despite a quickly established enemy defensive line.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A 105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M 7 being fired on German - positions in the Rhine Valley (top). Infantrymen wait in a - shallow zig-zag trench before advancing (bottom). On 20 November - Sarrebourg was captured and on 22 November Saverne fell. By - 27 November Strasbourg and its ring of defending forts had - been taken. After the collapse of the enemy positions in the - Vosges, the Seventh Army attacked northward and by the middle - of December had crossed the German frontier on a 22-mile front - and penetrated the West Wall defenses northeast of Wissembourg. - In the meantime the German forces which had been driven from - the Vosges maintained their bridgehead in the Colmar area, - which became known as the Colmar pocket before it was finally - liquidated.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND BELGIUM - - REWARDS FOR STANDING IN LINE: men receiving typhus booster shots - (top); men exchanging their French and Belgium francs for German - marks (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM AND GERMANY - - WOUNDED SOLDIERS BEING EVACUATED in tracked vehicles during the - winter months. Cargo carrier M 29 (top); half-track personnel - carrier M 3 (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - OPENING THE VALVE ON A GASOLINE PIPELINE. The critical fuel - situation of September, which had stalled the armored divisions - at the West Wall, was materially improved by December. At - that time three main pipelines were constructed or under - construction: one for the northern armies, one for the central - armies, and another for the southern armies.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - FIVE-GALLON CANS BEING FILLED WITH GASOLINE at a distribution - point. On 15 December 1944 the armies had from a five-to - nine-day supply of gasoline on hand while the Ninth Air Force - had over 600,000 gallons of aviation gasoline and oil stored in - the Namur area.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - ARMY SUPPLIES BEING UNLOADED at Antwerp. The greatest single - factor in the improved supply situation was the port of Antwerp - which became operational on 27 November. Despite heavy attacks - from the German “V” weapons the port discharged cargo which was - badly needed by the forces fighting along the German frontier. - Utah and Omaha Beaches ceased operations in November and then - only the larger port cities were used as supply ports of entry.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS LOADING SUPPLIES into railroad cars after - bringing them ashore from ships in the harbor of Le Havre (top). - In addition to Antwerp, the major Allied ports were Le Havre, - Ghent (opened in January 1945), Rouen, Cherbourg, and Marseille. - An enlisted man reading a directive, signed by the theater - commander, concerning the conservation of tires, an effort made - to curtail the wasteful use of equipment and supplies (bottom). - While in general the supply situation was much improved over - that in September there were still critical shortages in a wide - variety of items including antifreeze, tires, post exchange - rations, miscellaneous signal equipment, and some winter - clothing.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - 2½-TON TRUCKS PICK UP RATIONS at a Belgian railhead (top). - 10-ton semitrailers loaded with rations at Antwerp, ready to - be hauled to the forward depots (bottom). The multiple-drive - motor transport vehicles were continuously on the move and made - possible the supplying of troops during the rapid advances.] - - [Illustration] - - - - - ARDENNES-ALSACE CAMPAIGN - - - - - SECTION V - - Ardennes-Alsace Campaign - - -In mid-December 1944 the Allies stopped along the German border, -but continued to attack in the Saar and Roer regions, while they -concentrated the majority of their strength for an attack in the north. -The Germans, taking advantage of their continuous front along the -West Wall, planned a counterattack to strike the Allies in one of the -weakest portions of the line--the Ardennes sector. The ultimate goals -of this German operation were to capture the port city of Antwerp, -sever the major Allied supply lines emanating from that port, and -destroy the Allied forces north of the Antwerp-Brussels-Bastogne line. - -Early on the morning of 16 December the German armies struck the -Allied troops located in Belgium and Luxembourg. The Allies holding -this portion of the line were too thinly dispersed to offer any great -resistance against the powerful enemy attack and were forced to fall -back. While the defenders fought the Germans, Allied armies shifted -their drives and troops were rushed to the Ardennes to reinforce the -hard hit units along the front from Monschau to Echternach. After -severe fighting during late December 1944 and early January 1945 the -Germans were defeated and by 25 January the Allies were once more -ready to move toward Germany through the West Wall defenses. During -the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign winter set in and the cold weather and -snow-covered terrain made operations and living conditions extremely -difficult. - -During this period the British forces in the north eliminated the -Germans in the Roermond triangle and captured the enemy bridgehead west -of the Roer River. The U. S. and French troops of the 6th Army Group -fought a determined enemy in Lorraine and Alsace and by 25 January had -driven the attacking Germans back across the Moder River. - -The Ardennes-Alsace Campaign, which delayed the Rhineland Campaign -for six weeks, secured no major terrain objectives for either side. -The Germans, who had employed some of their best remaining units, -lost nearly 250,000 men, 600 tanks and assault guns, and about 1,600 -airplanes. The Allies suffered 72,000 casualties. - -On 6 January 1945 the Fifteenth U. S. Army became operational on the -Continent and was assigned to the 12th Army Group, taking over many of -that army group’s responsibilities in the rear areas. - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - GERMAN SOLDIER WITH AMMUNITION BELTS moves forward during the - enemy counterattack in the Ardennes. German morale was higher - than at any time since the Allies had landed, partly because the - individual soldier had been propagandized into believing that - this was the opportunity to destroy the Allied troops in the - west. At 0530 on 16 December 1944 three German armies attacked - on a 50-mile front in eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. - This battle was popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - ENEMY TROOPS PASS BURNING U. S. EQUIPMENT. The initial German - attacks, following a heavy artillery preparation, were launched - all along the front, roughly from Monschau to Echternach. The - first objective was to secure the high ground of the Hohe Venn - but the drive by the enemy met with stiff resistance and he was - forced to commit his armor before noon on 16 December. Further - attacks in the northern sector were no more successful and by - night the Germans were still fighting at the approaches to the - Elsenborn Ridge.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A GERMAN SOLDIER waving members of his unit forward. Spurred - on by expressions of the German commanders such as “Forward to - and over the Meuse” and “We gamble everything now--we cannot - fail,” enemy troops drove forward in a determined effort to - defeat the Allies. South of the Elsenborn Ridge in the vicinity - of the Losheim Gap U. S. troops were overwhelmed and forced to - withdraw. By evening the enemy, though blocked in the north, had - broken through the thinly held American line and drove toward - Stavelot and Huy, the first objective on the Meuse River. Still - further to the south in the Echternach area, the U. S. forces - stopped the enemy after he had made limited gains. The Allied - situation along the front was extremely grave.] - - [Illustration: - - TYPICAL ARDENNES TERRAIN. The rough, wooded tableland of the - Ardennes in eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg is broken by - many small streams which become serious obstacles during periods - of heavy rain or thaw. The Ardennes contains a fair primary but - poor secondary road system. Because of the rough terrain the - main centers of the road net assumed great importance during the - Battle of the Bulge. Heavy snow made infantry maneuver difficult - and seriously limited tank movement.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - GERMAN “KING TIGER” OR “TIGER ROYAL” heavy tank passing a line - of captured U. S. soldiers being marched to the rear (top). - U. S. prisoners of the enemy taken during the early fighting - in the Battle of the Bulge (bottom). Two U. S. regiments near - Saint-Vith were surrounded and most of the men were taken - prisoner before U. S. reinforcements could arrive on the scene. - The enemy attacks on Elsenborn Ridge were stopped by these U. S. - reinforcements on 17 December, but this help came too late to - save from capture the men shown above and those of an artillery - battery who were caught by an enemy armored column south of - Malmédy.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - AN INFANTRYMAN PAUSING IN HIS ADVANCE through the forest. During - the first ten days of the battle confusion reigned as hastily - shifted troops arrived to reinforce the efforts of the isolated - units attempting to halt the enemy attack.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A BATTERY OF 155-MM. HOWITZERS M1 being emplaced (top). Members - of an airborne division moving up through the forest (bottom). - On 18 December German patrols passed through a gap between - Malmédy and Saint-Vith and continued as far west as Werbomont. - Other enemy troops tried to push north through Stavelot but - were stopped by a blown bridge over the Ambleve River and by - an improvised task force consisting of U. S. infantrymen, - engineers, and tank destroyers. Engineer demolitions and - effective use for the first time of the new proximity fuze - by artillery strengthened the north shoulder of the growing - salient. During the first week of the Battle of the Bulge most - planes were grounded because of extremely poor flying weather.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - BATTLE-WEARY TROOPS being relieved of front-line duty as - reinforcements arrive to take over (top). Infantrymen batter - down the door of a house where German snipers are holding out - in the town of Stavelot (bottom). On 19 December the north and - south flanks continued to hold, and road centers of Saint-Vith - and Bastogne were still occupied by U. S. troops though almost - surrounded by the enemy. The enemy captured Stoumont but the U. - S. forces strengthened the line between Malmédy and Stavelot and - with additional reinforcements began to attack the enemy east - of Stoumont. To the south the enemy took up blocking positions - south of the Sauer River with some troops as far west as the - Arlon-Bastogne highway.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CREW OF A MULTIPLE GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M16 waiting to fire on - an enemy plane as vapor trails fill the sky. On 20 December - control of the First and Ninth U. S. Armies passed to the 21 - Army Group, while the Third U. S. Army and a corps of the First - Army remained under 12th Army Group control. On 23 December - the weather cleared sufficiently for planes of the Eighth - and Ninth U. S. Air Forces and the British Bomber Command to - begin a large-scale aerial assault on German positions and - installations. The German planes which were sent up in greater - strength than at any other time since the invasion were no - match for the Allies. On Christmas Day the First U. S. Army - launched an attack and made contact with the British forces in - the northern section of the front. For the first time since 16 - December a continuous Allied front was established.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - PART OF AN ARMORED DIVISION of the Third Army moving into the - Ardennes. At the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge Third Army - was regrouping for an attack on the West Wall in the Saar area. - On 18 December an armored division was turned north toward the - Ardennes sector and was followed by an infantry division the - next day. The 6th Army Group was turned north to take over the - area held by Third Army, which during a period of six days broke - off its general attack in the Saar region, turned left, moved - more than a 100 miles over unknown winter roads, and mounted an - attack with six divisions.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - C-47’s CARRYING SUPPLIES to surrounded U. S. troops in Bastogne - (top). Infantrymen in Bastogne (bottom). While Third Army - was advancing to relieve the armored and airborne troops in - Bastogne, the battle for the city was being waged. The enemy - surrounding the city numbered 45,000 while within Bastogne there - were about 18,000 U. S. troops. The commander of the troops in - the city refused to surrender to the Germans and continued to - hold out against all attacks. The defenders, cut off from their - sources, were supplied by airdrops during this period. On 24 - December over 100 tons of supplies were dropped.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - INFANTRYMEN FIRE AT GERMAN TROOPS in the advance to relieve the - surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne. In foreground a platoon - leader indicates the target to a rifleman by actually firing - on the target. In Bastogne the defenders were badly in need of - relief, they were attacked nightly by German aircraft, supplies - were critically low in spite of the airdrops, and the wounded - could not be given proper attention because of the shortage of - medical supplies. After an advance which had been slow, U. S. - relief troops entered Bastogne at 1645 on 26 December 1944.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - INFANTRYMEN ADVANCE ON BASTOGNE (top). Prisoners taken during - the advance on Bastogne being evacuated (bottom). With the - arrival of U. S. relief troops were forty truckloads of - supplies which were delivered during the night of 26 December. - 625 wounded men were evacuated from the area and the battle - continued since the enemy had shifted a large portion of his - attacking troops in this area. On the night of 26 December when - the German advance was halted the Third Army, consisting of - eight divisions and parts of two other battered divisions, faced - elements of eleven German divisions between the Meuse and the - Moselle.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - 105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M7 of an armored unit on the - alert near Bastogne. By 27 December more than thirty-five corps - artillery battalions were firing approximately 19,000 rounds of - ammunition daily in support of the Third Army. By the end of - the year that army was supported by over 1,000 guns of 105-mm. - caliber or larger. Christmas night the Third Army’s artillery - began using the new proximity fuze, which proved particularly - effective in interdicting road junctions and harassing enemy - positions.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - ENGINEERS UNLOADING BARBED WIRE which was used in defensive - measures against counterattacks.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - ENGINEER PLANTING AN ANTITANK MINE on the shoulder of a road as - a defensive measure during the fighting in the Ardennes.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - BASTOGNE CREEK RAILROAD - - BASTOGNE AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. Although the corridor which - had been opened to Bastogne remained in U. S. hands it was far - from secure as it was less than 300 yards wide in some places. - The Germans were passing to the defensive in other sectors and - concentrating on their attacks in the Bastogne area. The mission - of the Third Army was to widen the corridor, push attacks on - Saint-Vith, and at the same time reinforce its attacking units. - During this period of the fighting in Europe adverse weather - conditions added greatly to the problems, and the snow-and - sleet-covered roads hampered the movement of troops.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - SOLDIER TAKES TIME OUT TO WASH HIS FEET and put on dry socks. - The cold weather combined with the snow and dampness caused many - cases of trench foot during this period. It was difficult when - wearing the regular leather shoes to keep one’s feet dry and - warm, but frequent washing and changing of socks helped.] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - AN ENLISTED MAN PUTS ON A NEW PAIR OF SHOEPACS. The shoepac, - which was supplied to as many of the troops as possible at - this time, helped to overcome the heavy incidence of trench - foot among the U. S. troops fighting in cold and extremely wet - climates. This shoe was rubber-bottomed with a leather top and - was worn with a heavy ski sock and felt innersole.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - INFANTRYMEN WEARING SNOW CAPES over their normal clothing. - Snow caught the U. S. troops without adequate camouflage, and - strenuous efforts were made to improvise white suits out of - mattress covers and linen collected from the civilians.] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - CAMOUFLAGED LIGHT ARMORED CAR M 8 and one that has not been - painted white, showing the effectiveness of snow camouflaging - (top). A crew member of a 90-mm. gun motor carriage M 36 - throwing paint on the bogie wheels after painting the vehicle - (bottom). Tanks, vehicles, and guns were camouflaged with white - paint.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - KNOCKED-OUT U. S. MEDIUM TANKS. During the last few days - of December 1944 the main effort in Third Army zone was - concentrated in the vicinity of Bastogne, while the situation - in the rest of the army area remained static. Armored and - infantry attacks achieved small gains during which many German - counterattacks were made. Echternach was re-entered on 29 - December and all enemy forces south of the Sauer River were - cleared. The armored divisions continued to advance. One, in - repulsing several counterattacks, suffered heavy casualties. On - 3 January 1945 the last German attack was made on Bastogne. It - was unsuccessful.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEN OF AN INFANTRY DIVISION climbing into box cars to move - from the Brittany Peninsula to the U. S. Third Army zone. On 9 - January 1945 a new attack was started after fresh troops had - been brought into the battle area. The Germans offered fierce - resistance in order to keep open their escape route to the east. - On 16 January elements of an armored division of Third Army - contacted those from First Army, closing the German salient just - one month after the enemy had launched his counteroffensive in - the Ardennes.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - INFANTRYMEN BIVOUACKING IN THE WOODS (top); field mess (bottom). - Living conditions during the best of times were not too pleasant - for the combat soldier, but during the winter the hardships were - greatly increased.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - U. S. LIGHT TANKS which were captured by the enemy during the - Battle of the Bulge. Some of the more serious U. S. losses - during this period were 1,284 machine guns, 542 mortars, 1,344 - jeeps, and 237 tanks. Not all of these losses were the result - of units being overrun--there was some evidence of unnecessary - abandonment of equipment, particularly among inexperienced - troops.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - MEMBERS OF AN ARMORED UNIT STAND GUARD beside their dug-in - medium tank near Manhay, Belgium. From 27 December 1944 to 2 - January 1945 the First U. S. Army was reorganizing and preparing - to attack the Hotton-Houffalize axis. Heavy fighting continued - all along the First Army front and by 30 December the important - traffic centers of Marche, Hotton, and Manhay were secured.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - AIRBORNE INFANTRY MEN on the alert man their .30-caliber machine - gun (top). A member of a cavalry reconnaissance squadron checks - his .30-caliber machine gun (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - AIRBORNE TROOPS LOADING A SHELL into a 75-mm. pack howitzer M8. - Between 16 December and 27 December First army artillery units - fired more ammunition than at any other time during the war - except during the Normandy Campaign. An average of 800 weapons - fired over 750,000 shells.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND BELGIUM - - LOADING A 105-M M. SHELL into the howitzer of a Priest (top); - snow on the camouflage net over a 155-mm. howitzer M1 helps - conceal its position (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - AN ARTILLERY PLANE with newly attached skis taking off (top); - observation planes grounded during the bad weather (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEN STRINGING BARBED WIRE DURING A BLIZZARD (top); tank crews - keeping warm as they eat their rations (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - MANHAY, BELGIUM. On 3 January 1945 an attack was launched west - of Manhay in the First Army zone. Visibility was reduced to - 200 yards and the temperature was near zero. The few roads - were coated with ice and the snow off the roads was waist deep - making it extremely difficult to maneuver. During the first day - advances of almost 4,000 yards were made before a heavy snowfall - halted the assault. On 5 January the attack was resumed and the - La Roche-Vielsalm road was cut. La Roche was captured by the - British on 10 January. The British troops were then withdrawn - to regroup for the Rhineland Campaign. The Germans began to - withdraw from the tip of the salient after becoming convinced - that they had lost in their attempt to halt the Allies.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST AND THIRD ARMIES made contact at - Houffalize on 16 January. While the U. S. units were still - understrength, replacements to the theater had increased. - Despite heavy fighting and poor living conditions, morale was - high.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - 155-MM. GUN M1A1, with its barrel camouflaged by white cloth, - firing in the Ardennes. The junction of First and Third Armies - at Houffalize marked the achievement of tactical victory in the - Ardennes. On 17 January the First Army reverted to 12th Army - Group, but the Ninth U. S. Army remained under 21 Army Group. - With the enemy withdrawing from the Ardennes the Allies resumed - their advance toward the Rhine.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - TWO GERMAN PRISONERS BEING BROUGHT IN (top). Papers of a U. S. - vehicle driver being checked by a guard at a road intersection - (bottom). During the fighting in the Ardennes some German - paratroopers were dropped behind the U. S. lines. Others dressed - in U. S. uniforms and driving U. S. vehicles were operating - behind the American lines.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - “KING TIGER” OR “ROYAL TIGER” (Pz. Kpfw. VI (B) “Tiger” with - 8.8-cm. Kw. K. 43) (top). This tank, weighing 75 tons and - designed for defensive warfare or for penetrating strong lines - of defense, made its appearance in combat in 1944. It had - heavy frontal armor and an 88-mm. gun which could traverse 360 - degrees. Germany heavy tank, the Panther (Pz. Kpfw. with 7.5-cm. - Kw. K, 42-L/70) (bottom). This tank, introduced in 1942, weighed - 47 tons and had sloping frontal armor and a 75-mm. high-velocity - gun.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - BARBED WIRE BEING STRUNG as a defensive measure in the event of - another enemy counterattack. In mid-January the enemy was still - able to maintain a cohesive line, but the critical situation on - the Russian front made necessary the shifting of troops to the - eastern front while withdrawing to the security of the West Wall - all committed troops facing the western Allies.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A SIGNAL CORPS LINEMAN repairing damaged telephone lines.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANE swinging the barrel of an 8-inch gun - from its transport wagon (top), and placing it on its carriage - (bottom). The gun and cradle were transported on one vehicle and - the carriage on another.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - A CAMOUFLAGED 8-INCH GUN M1 located in the southern portion of - the Third Army zone. This gun was capable of firing a 240-pound - projectile a distance of 20 miles. The troops left in this area - were placed on the defensive during the fighting in the Ardennes - sector. Heavy artillery in the area fired on enemy installations - in the triangle of the Moselle and Saar Rivers and West Wall - fortifications.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A MEMBER OF A GLIDER REGIMENT, armed with a rifle and a rocket - launcher, returning from a three-hour tour of guard duty.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A TANKER SEWS HIS CLOTHING on an old sewing machine in front of - his M4A3 medium tank.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - SUPPLIES MOVING THROUGH BASTOGNE, 22 January 1945, on their way - to the front-line troops. By the first of the year material - losses in the Battle of the Bulge had been replaced and the - combat units were again prepared to move forward.] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - MEDICAL AID MEN dragging a boatload of medical supplies down a - snow and ice covered road to the banks of a stream they are to - cross. From 17 to 24 January the Third Army continued to attack - through Houffalize and reached the northern tip of Luxembourg - on 24 January. In an advance to the east bridgeheads north of - Clervaux on the Clerf River were secured on 23 January. During - this period most of the area between the Sauer and the Our - Rivers was cleared of enemy resistance. In a hurried effort to - withdraw as many vehicles as possible the enemy lost over 1,700 - vehicles to planes of the U. S. XIX Tactical Air Command.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A MEMBER OF AN 81-MM. MORTAR CREW listening to firing orders - from a battalion command post.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - INFANTRYMEN ADVANCING UNDER ENEMY SHELL FIRE. On 15 January - 1945, on the left of the First Army zone, an attack was begun - from the Butgenbach-Malmédy positions. By 19 January First Army - had secured the defiles southwest of Butgenbach. The attack - launched toward Saint-Vith continued to gain ground, and on 23 - January Saint-Vith was recaptured.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - FIRST ARMY TROOPS, wearing snow camouflage capes, advance.] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - MEN OF AN AIRBORNE UNIT preparing to board trucks which will - take them to a rest area after being relieved at the front. On - 24 January the First and Third Armies’ boundary was shifted - north in the general line Saint-Vith-Losheim-Ahr River and - attacks were to be renewed on the Saint-Vith-Bonn axis. First - Army was to breach the West Wall and secure the high ground in - the vicinity of Blankenheim, while Third Army was to attack with - its left wing to cover the First Army.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AN M5 LIGHT TANK guarding a road in the U. S. Ninth Army area, - 22 January. With the collapse of the German salient in the - Ardennes, preparations were made for the offensive to the - Rhine by 21 Army Group. The Germans held the triangle south of - Roermond between the Meuse and Roer Rivers. This was a serious - threat to the left flank of the Ninth Army and had to be - eliminated before the army could advance across the Roer to the - Rhine plain. The task of eliminating this salient was assigned - to the British Second Army and by 26 January was completed.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS entering a fortress of the Maginot Line, - near Bitche, France, which had been taken in the December - fighting. Reduction of the strongly defended forts of the - Maginot Line was halted when the Ardennes fighting began. The - new Seventh Army front included the three following areas: the - Saare Valley in Lorraine; the low Vosges mountains; and the - northern Alsace plain between the mountains and the Rhine.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEMBERS OF A SEVENTH ARMY ARTILLERY UNIT unloading powder - charges for their 240-mm. howitzer (top); 3-inch gun motor - carriage firing on enemy positions at night (bottom). On 20 - December 1944 the 6th Army Group abandoned its offensive and - relieved the Third Army in the region westward to Saarlautern - to defend against any enemy penetration in Alsace-Lorraine. The - offensive was stopped even though many pillboxes in the West - Wall had been taken, and during the last ten days of December - the Seventh Army regrouped its forces and deployed its troops.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - CONVOY MOVING UP in the Seventh Army area during the fighting in - Alsace (top); vehicles moving over snow-covered roads through - the Vosges mountains (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - BITCHE, FRANCE. The Seventh Army prepared an alternate - main line of resistance along the old Maginot Line - (Sarreguemines-Bitche-Lembach-Hatten-Sessenheim) and a final - defensive position along the eastern slope of the Vosges. On 1 - January 1945 the Germans attacked in the area between Sarre and - Rohrbach and drove ten miles into the U. S. lines, where the - appearance of powerful armored reserves of the U. S. forces and - Allied counterattacks caused the enemy to curtail its operation. - Another New Year’s Day attack by the Germans in the Bitche area - was a more serious threat. After stubborn fighting on the part - of the Allied troops the attack spent itself on 7 January. In - the Bitche salient the fighting continued until 20 January - before becoming stabilized.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TANKS OF AN ARMORED UNIT moving along a slippery road during a - heavy snowstorm. In other 6th Army Group areas there was action - along the front. As U. S. troops withdrew to the Maginot Line so - that French troops could take over this portion of the front, - the Germans followed closely. French troops in the Strasbourg - area contained an enemy attack from the Colmar pocket. There was - heavy activity in the U. S. zone near Hatten where the enemy, - after suffering heavy losses, failed to break through the U. S. - troops.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - CAMOUFLAGED TANKS and infantrymen, wearing snow camouflage - capes, moving over a snow-covered field. Toward the end of - January a heavy snowfall slowed operations and on 25 January the - enemy struck his final blow near Haguenau, France. On 26 January - the Germans were driven back across the Moder River.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEMBERS OF A CANNON COMPANY near Haguenau keep warm as best they - can.] - - - - - RHINELAND CAMPAIGN - - 26 January 1945–21 March 1945 - - - [Illustration: RHINELAND - - The Allied Advance during the Rhineland Campaign 15 September - 1944 to 21 March 1945] - - - - - SECTION VI - - Rhineland Campaign - - 26 January-21 March 1945 - - -At the successful conclusion of the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign the Allies -again turned their attention to the Rhineland. Between 26 January and -21 March a major objective was achieved: the German troops which tried -to halt the advance were cut off and destroyed, thus eliminating future -enemy action west of the Rhine. - -When the Rhineland Campaign ended the Allied Expeditionary Force -numbered over 4,000,000 men organized into a well-balanced military -machine, with combat elements ready to strike the final blow against -the disintegrating enemy forces. On 21 March 1945 the First U. S. Army -held a bridgehead across the Rhine about twenty miles wide and eight -miles deep and had six divisions on the eastern bank of the river, -while the remaining Allied troops were prepared to cross in their -respective zones. - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - DEEP SNOW SLOWED MILITARY TRAFFIC. With the completion of the - Ardennes-Alsace Campaign the Allies again began their advance to - the Rhine after having been delayed for six weeks.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND FRANCE - - RIFLEMEN moving through snow-covered, wooded terrain (top). A - 105-mm. howitzer M3 firing in support of the infantry advance - (bottom). On 24 January the First U. S. Army was to begin an - attack to breach the West Wall and secure the high ground in the - vicinity of Blankenheim, while part of the Third Army was to - attack with its left wing to cover the First Army. The rest of - the Third Army front was to begin an aggressive defense.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM AND GERMANY - - ADVANCING THROUGH THE SNOW, men wearing camouflage suits blend - in with the snow-covered ground, while those without white - suits stand out plainly (top). Infantrymen waiting in their - snow-covered foxhole for an artillery barrage which will start - an offensive (bottom). On 7 February 1945 the attack was halted - with both the First and Third Armies deep in the enemy’s - fortified zone.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - FRONT OF AN M24 LIGHT TANK showing its 75-mm. gun, newer type - track, and torsion bar suspension. When the offensive halted - attention was given to attacking the Roer dams. The enemy took - advantage of the wooded country, deep valleys, many streams, - poor roads, and the fortifications of the West Wall in an - effort to halt the advance. Bitter fighting developed but by 2 - February the U. S. forces had reached a point within two miles - of Schleiden. On 8 February the Canadian First Army struck - the German forces west of the Rhine, the first of a series of - attacks that were to destroy the enemy.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SARREBOURG SARRE RIVER NIEDERLEUKEN BEURIG - - SAAREBOURG AND THE SARRE RIVER AREA. This picture is typical of - the rolling, wooded country, broken by river and deep valleys, - through which Allied troops advanced during the fighting along - the German frontier. The area was important during the Lorraine - campaign since the enemy forces might join the German troops - striking northwest from the Colmar pocket, or at least threaten - the rear of the U. S. Seventh Army.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - AN M4 MEDIUM TANK-DOZER cleaning a street in Colmar (top). - German pillboxes along a road leading to the Colmar plain - (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - THE TOWN OF BREISACH, Germany, during a heavy artillery - shelling.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - VAUBAN CANAL WIDENSOHLEN CANAL RHONE-RHINE CANAL - - NEUF BRISACH, FRANCE. On 20 January 1945 U. S. and French - troops of the 6th Army Group began an offensive converging in - the direction of Breisach, Germany, on the eastern bank of the - Rhine. This operation was aimed at the total reduction of the - Colmar pocket west of the Rhine. On 1 February the U. S. forces - had advanced to within three miles of Neuf Brisach while on the - same day the French troops closed up to the Rhine. By 9 February - the Colmar pocket had been eliminated.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CITADEL ROER RIVER - - THE ROER RIVER AT JUELICH, GERMANY. The U. S. Ninth Army’s - assault northeast from Juelich was to be the first of a series - of U. S. drives to the Rhine. This attack was to begin on 10 - February 1945. On 9 February the Germans blew open the discharge - valves of the dams in the Schmidt area and although the area - was cleared of enemy troops by the evening of 10 February, it - was too late to stop the flooding of the area. The Roer River - attained a width of 400-1,200 yards, a high water condition - which was to last for two weeks, and prevented the scheduled U. - S. attack.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - LOADING .50-CALIBER AMMUNITION into the wing of a P-47 - Thunderbolt fighter plane. On 22 February one of the greatest - aerial operations of the war was carried out by nearly 9,000 - aircraft taking off from bases in England, France, the - Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy. The targets, the German - transportation facilities, covered an area of over a quarter of - a million square miles.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - DESTROYED RAILYARD AT RHEINE, Germany, on the main line leading - from Berlin and Hannover into the Netherlands. One of the most - important targets of this attack was the German railway system. - The enemy’s attempts at defense were completely ineffective - as the bombs hit control points, railroad yards, roundhouses, - and bridges. The attack so seriously crippled traffic that the - railroad system did not recover during the war.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - ROER RIVER TREADWAY PONTON BRIDGES. Early on the morning of - 23 February the Ninth Army jumped off after a heavy artillery - preparation. Covering the right flank was a corps of the First - Army. Because the enemy was surprised by this attack only - moderate opposition was encountered and by the end of the first - day bridgeheads two to four miles deep were held, infantry - troops were east of the Roer River, and seven bridges were being - completed under a heavy screen of smoke.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A PORTION OF MUENCHEN-GLADBACH. After crossing the Roer the U. - S. units advanced to within seven miles of the Rhine and closed - in on Muenchen-Gladbach by 28 February. On 1 March one infantry - regiment cleared the city which had a population of 170,000 and - was the largest German city captured up to that time. Located - twelve miles from the Rhine, it was one of the approaches to - the Ruhr. On 3 March contact was made with the British and by 5 - March the U. S. Ninth Army had closed up along the Rhine on its - entire front.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEDIUM TANK M26 WITH A 90-MM. GUN equipped with a muzzle brake, - introduced in combat early in 1945 (top). Both the light tank - M24 and the medium tank M26 used a torsion bar type suspension - which replaced the volute spring suspension of earlier models. - Troops of the U. S. First Army approaching the Rhine (bottom). - In the First Army area an attack was launched on 23 February - simultaneously with that of the Ninth Army in the north. By 5 - March First Army troops had secured all their initial objectives - west of the Rhine.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE AND GERMANY - - A GERMAN ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN on medium tank chassis (Pz. Kpfw. - IV with 2-cm. Flakvierling 38) (top). German 380-mm. rocket - projector on Tiger E chassis (Sturmmorser) (bottom). The German - insistence on holding west of the Rhine cost two enemy armies - large quantities of material and heavy losses in manpower.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 155-MM. MOTOR GUN CARRIAGE M12 firing on enemy installations - (top). Infantrymen searching for snipers in Pruem, Germany - (bottom). In the Third Army area probing attacks toward the West - Wall were resumed on 7 February 1945. Self-propelled 155-mm. - guns proved particularly effective in knocking out pillboxes, - and by 12 February Pruem was cleared.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND BELGIUM - - C-47’s DROPPING SUPPLIES TO INFANTRY TROOPS (top). 2?-ton truck - bogged down in the mud (bottom). Weather and terrain placed - a heavy burden on engineer troops maintaining the roads. As - the ground began to thaw one of the main supply lines became - impassable for a time. Over 190 plane loads of rations, - gasoline, and ammunition were dropped to one division to - maintain its attack.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: LUXEMBOURG - - INFANTRYMEN MOVING PRISONERS to the rear across a river near - Echternach (top). Assault troops crossing the Our River - (bottom). Bridgeheads were secured over the Our and Vianden was - cleared by 20 February. Between Vianden and Echternach troops - pushed into the West Wall.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - FRIED EGGS BEING SERVED FOR BREAKFAST, a special treat for the - men stationed near the West Wall (top). Troops moving through - dragon’s teeth of the West Wall fortifications (bottom). By - 23 February two corps of the Third Army had fought their way - through the West Wall to the Pruem River.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE TROOPS passing a German 75-mm. antitank - gun in the outskirts of Saarburg, Germany (top). Firing a - .30-caliber machine gun M1917A1 (bottom). On 21 February - Saarburg was cleared by one task force of the Third Army, while - a part of an armored division drove north and cleared the tip of - the Saar-Moselle triangle the next day.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: BELGIUM - - A SIGNAL CORPS MOTION PICTURE CAMERAMAN wading through the - mud of the February thaws while photographing the activities - of a military unit. By the end of February the Third Army was - advancing toward Trier and Bitburg. By 5 March 1945 Trier was - captured and preparations were being made for the final drive to - the Rhine.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TROOPS OF THIRD ARMY waiting for the order which would start a - drive to the Rhine. The two armored vehicles are German armored - personnel carriers (top). Tanks and infantry entering Andernach - (bottom). The Rhine city of Andernach was captured on 9 March - and contact was made with U. S. First Army units the next day.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A MEDIUM TANK of an armored division of the U. S. First Army - knocked out by enemy artillery fire. During the first week of - March the First Army advanced toward the Rhine with parts of its - forces while others launched a strong attack from Euskirchen to - converge on the Third Army area in the vicinity of Ahrweiler.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - HANDIE-TALKIE. An infantryman, armed with a carbine equipped - with a grenade launcher M8, using a handie-talkie radio SCR 536.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AN ARTILLERYMAN DIRECTS FIRE, using an azimuth instrument M1 for - spotting and observing.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - THE CITY OF COLOGNE on the banks of the Rhine. U. S. First - Army forces took Cologne on 7 March. The enemy had withdrawn - most of the veteran troops who had defended the city and left - its Volkssturm troops to be battered by the advancing U. S. - soldiers. By 9 March the First Army zone was cleared of enemy - troops west of the Rhine.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - FIRST ARMY MEN AND EQUIPMENT crossing the Ludendorf railroad - bridge which became known as the Remagen Bridge. This was - the only bridge across the Rhine which was left intact. The - attention of the First Army was focused at Remagen during the - critical days of securing a bridgehead over the Rhine. The - capture of this bridge was an unexpected windfall, because the - retreating enemy troops had placed charges and were to blow the - bridge at 1600 on 7 March. The first U. S. troops reached the - bridge at 1550 and as the first charges began to explode army - engineers cut the wires to the others. Thus the bridge, while - damaged, was still intact and enabled the U. S. forces to cross - the river.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - THE LUDENDORF BRIDGE four hours before it collapsed (top). The - bridge after it fell into the Rhine (bottom). After capturing - the bridge troops were rushed across in pursuit of the - retreating Germans while the engineers set to work to repair the - damage. Enemy planes made repeated attacks on the bridge and it - was shelled by long-range artillery. At 1430 on 17 March the - bridge buckled and fell into the river only a few hours before - the repairs would have been completed.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - PONTON BOATS AND FLOATS being moved to the Rhine in the Remagen - area (top). Treadway bridge across the Rhine near Remagen - (bottom). During the period 11–16 March the bridgehead was - expanded north and south and all attacks gained ground despite - the arrival of enemy reinforcements. Treadway and heavy pontoon - bridges were built across the river. As the Rhineland Campaign - came to an end, six divisions were east of the Rhine and six - more were ready to cross in the First Army zone.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - HONNEF ASBERB HILL 441 BRODERKONSBERG - - ROLLING, WOODED AREA EAST OF THE RHINE, typical of that - encountered by the Allied troops in their advance into Germany. - A small portion of Honnef, between Bonn and Remagen, may be seen - in the extreme upper left portion of picture.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEDICAL AID MAN dressing the wounds of an infantryman.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - WOUNDED SOLDIERS being evacuated by air to hospitals in Paris - and London.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SARREBOURG BEURIG - - AN ENLISTED MAN looking across the Saar River valley between - Serrig and Saarburg. The village of Serrig is in the foreground. - In this area the forward edge of the West Wall, over two miles - deep, followed the eastern bank of the Saar River. An antitank - ditch skirting the southwestern side of the village of Serrig - and a communication trench in the lower right hand corner are - visible. U. S. vehicles may also be seen dispersed through the - area.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SPRING CLEAN-UP. An artilleryman takes time out for a bath - during a warm spring afternoon while other members of the - 105-mm. howitzer crew remain near their piece.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A MEDIUM TANK being ferried across the Moselle River (top). - Artillery shelling Bingen (bottom). From 11 to 13 March the - Third Army cleaned out the Germans who remained north of the - Moselle. The Third Army next regrouped its forces and started an - attack toward Bingen and Bad Kreuznach to prevent the enemy from - retreating across the Rhine. The attack was then to continue - southeast to secure a crossing site somewhere between Mainz and - Worms. At the same time a drive to Kaiserslautern was to begin - and Coblenz was to be reduced.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - ENEMY EQUIPMENT destroyed during the U. S. advance (top). - Infantrymen moving on the double past a fire started by enemy - shelling (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A THREE-MAN ARTILLERY CREW preparing to fire a multipurpose - 88-mm. gun captured in Germany.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE AND GERMANY - - LIGHT TANK M24 firing (top); medium tank M26 crossing a muddy - field (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SOLDIERS WATCHING VAPOR TRAILS left by bombers on their way to - bomb Germany.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - INFANTRY MEN USING FOOTBRIDGES to cross a river while engineers - complete a Bailey bridge. On 15 March three corps of the Seventh - Army began attacks, one in the heart of the important Saar - industrial area around Saarbruecken, the second driving toward - Zweibruecken and Bitche, and the third from the Moder River.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 75-MM. HOWITZER motor carriage M8 firing on enemy positions.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TUBE AND RECOIL MECHANISM OF AN 8-INCH GUN M 1 on the way to the - front.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS ENTERING BITCHE (top). Infantrymen marching - cross-country on their way to Germany (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - DRAGON’S TEETH, part of the West Wall defenses (top). - Infantrymen climbing over obstacles as they advanced through the - West Wall into Germany (bottom). The advance of the Seventh Army - through the dense mine fields and fortification of the West Wall - was necessarily slow.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 155-MM. MOTOR GUN CARRIAGE M12 FIRING.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE AND GERMANY - - TWO TYPES OF MINE DETECTORS. At left, AN/PRS-1 type; at right, - SCR 625 (top). Mine detectors were developed by the Signal Corps - primarily for use by Engineer troops. Signal Corps repairmen - splicing wires of an underground cable which was damaged by - artillery fire (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY AND FRANCE - - INFANTRY PLATOON BEING BRIEFED before making an assault (top). - Soldiers taking a ten-minute break during a march to the front - lines (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - - - - CENTRAL EUROPE CAMPAIGN - - - [Illustration: CENTRAL EUROPE - - The Allied Advance during the Central Europe Campaign 22 March - 1945 to 11 May 1945] - - - - - SECTION VII - - Central Europe Campaign - - -The Central Europe Campaign began on 22 March 1945 with units of the -First U. S. Army across the Rhine in the Remagen area. On the night -of 22–23 March elements of the Third U. S. Army crossed the river -at Oppenheim. As the First and Third Armies crossed the Rhine the -Fifteenth U. S. Army took over the area west of the river from Bonn -to Neuss. On 26 March the Seventh U. S. Army crossed the Rhine north -and south of Worms and, after meeting stiff resistance on the river -bank, broke through the enemy and quickly expanded the bridgehead. The -Ninth U. S. Army crossed the river south of Wesel while the British -Second Army crossed north of the city. Elements of the First Allied -Airborne Army dropped east of the Rhine and linked up with the ground -troops east of the river. In many respects this was the most successful -airborne operation that had been carried out up to this time. - -After the Allies were firmly established east of the Rhine the great -German industrial area of the Ruhr was encircled and the defending -troops captured. The advance through Germany was rapid and met with -little opposition except in scattered areas. The Russians drove into -Germany from the east and enemy troops in trying to escape capture -by the Russians surrendered by the thousands to the western Allies. -As the U. S., British, and Canadian troops in the north reached the -line where it was expected they would meet the Russian forces, they -halted. The Third and Seventh U. S. Armies continued their drives into -Czechoslovakia and Austria where a junction was also made with the -Russians. - -On 2 May 1945 the German forces in Italy surrendered. Two days later -elements of the Seventh U. S. Army met those of the Fifth U. S. Army, -coming from Italy, at the Brenner Pass. On 9 May 1945 the surrender of -all the German forces became effective, marking the end of the war in -Europe. - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TROOPS LOADING INTO AN LCVP to cross the Rhine (top). Engineers - constructing a pontoon treadway bridge over the Rhine (bottom). - A steel treadway bridge was completed by 1800 on 23 March 1945, - and the following day a heavy pontoon bridge was completed. - By noon on 25 March a second treadway bridge was completed. - The crossing of the Rhine in the Third Army area gained - complete tactical surprise and the enemy offered only scattered - resistance. By the evening of 24 March three divisions held a - bridgehead ten miles wide and nine miles deep. These divisions - were closely followed by two more, making a total of five on the - east bank of the Rhine.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN BOARDING AN LCVP to cross the Rhine (top). An - assault boat raft ferrying a 90-mm. gun motor carriage M36 - across the Rhine (bottom). Troops of the Third U. S. Army - first crossed the Rhine at Oppenheim on the night of 22–23 - March. Utilizing assault rafts and attacking without artillery - or aerial preparation, six battalions were across the river - before daybreak with a loss of only twenty-eight men killed and - wounded. Following the assault boats were landing craft and - DUKW’s. The LCVP’s were manned by naval personnel who arrived at - the river an hour after the assault began.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - JEEPS AND TANKS CROSSING THE RHINE at Boppard, Germany. On 24 - March 1945 a crossing in the rugged Rhine gorge north of Boppard - was made and by 25 March a bridgehead eight miles wide and - three miles deep was held. A treadway bridge was constructed at - Boppard.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AN INFANTRYMAN COVERS A GERMAN as he surrenders. In the First - Army area an attack from the Remagen bridgehead was carried out, - and preparations were made to advance to the Kassel area.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - ARMORED TROOPS MOVING TO THE FRONT as prisoners are marched - along the autobahn to the rear (top). Infantrymen entering - Frankfurt (bottom). The bridgeheads along the Rhine were - expanded and on 26 March Third Army troops entered Frankfurt. - The advance moved northward toward Kassel. The Fifteenth Army - was instructed to take over the west bank of the Rhine from Bonn - to Neuss by 1 April, to assume command of the division which - was guarding the Brittany ports, and to be prepared to occupy, - organize, and govern the Rhine provinces as the 12th Army Group - attacks progressed eastward.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN RIVER, showing the Frankfurt cathedral. - By 28 March Frankfurt had been half cleared of enemy troops and - Hanau completely cleared. Part of a large enemy pocket west of - Wiesbaden had been mopped up and contact was made between the - First and Third U. S. Army troops.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CAPTURED FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD BOYS who were members of the “Air - Guard.” On 28 March First Army troops were closing up along - the upper Lahn River. Infantry divisions quickly followed the - armored spearheads to mop up enemy pockets of bypassed troops - and to clear the areas which had been taken in the rapid - advances. In six days the shallow Remagen foothold had been - expanded to a lodgement area sixty-five miles deep. The advance - to Kassel continued.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CROSSING THE RHINE NEAR WORMS, GERMANY. U. S. Seventh Army - troops crossed the Rhine near Worms at 0230 on 26 March. These - forces met small arms and scattered mortar fire while crossing - and, after landing on the east bank of the river, met stiff - enemy resistance north of Worms. South of Worms the troops - reached the far shore with little opposition but as they moved - eastward the resistance increased. Two panzer counterattacks - were turned back during that morning. By evening of 26 March the - bridgehead had been expanded to an area of fifteen miles wide - and seven miles deep.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A DUPLEX-DRIVE TANK (DD tank), with its flotation device raised, - entering the water (top); flotation device after being lowered - (bottom). The canvas flotation device made the tank vulnerable - to mines and objects floating in the water.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - GERMAN PRISONERS being marched westward across the Rhine as - troops of the Ninth Army move eastward into Germany (top). - Enlisted men at their .50-caliber Browning machine gun HB M2, - alert for enemy aircraft (bottom). The Ninth Army was to attack - south of Wesel with its main bridging area at Rheinberg.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - TOW ROPE BEING ATTACHED TO A GLIDER as the First Allied Airborne - Army prepares to take off for landings east of the Rhine in - the 21 Army Group area. The mission of this army was to break - up the enemy defenses north of Wesel and deepen the bridgehead - to facilitate the link-up with the ground forces. The airborne - troops took off from bases in England and France and converged - near Brussels. The troops began landing on 24 March 1945 at - 1000 and during the next three hours some 14,000 troops were - transported to the battle area by over 1,700 aircraft and 1,300 - gliders.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - PLANES AND GLIDERS loaded and waiting to take off for the - landings east of the Rhine (top). Aerial view of planes and - gliders before the take-off (bottom). Losses were comparatively - light for an operation of this size. Under 4 percent of the - gliders were destroyed and fifty-five aircraft were lost.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - LIBERATORS OVER THE RHINE shortly before they dropped supplies - to the airborne troops which landed east of the Rhine. - Immediately after the glider landings, a resupply mission was - flown in very low by 250 Liberators of the Eighth U. S. Air - Force. It met heavy flak and fourteen planes were shot down, but - 85 percent of the supplies were accurately dropped.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEMBERS OF FIRST ALLIED AIRBORNE ARMY after landing near Wesel. - On the ground the airborne forces met with varying resistance. - Bridges over the Issel were seized and 3,500 prisoners were - taken. This airborne operation was the most successful carried - out to this time. The attack had achieved surprise and the - airborne troops reorganized quickly after landing. Ninth Army - troops held a bridgehead nine miles wide and three miles deep by - the end of the day (24 March).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A NINTH ARMY CONVOY on the highway leading to Muenster, Germany.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SIGNALMEN ROLL A REEL ASHORE on the east bank of the Rhine after - laying a submarine cable on the bottom of the river from a DUKW - (top). Destroyed equipment left behind by the retreating enemy - (bottom). On 25 March the First Army broke out of their Remagen - bridgehead, the Third Army reached the Main River, and contact - was made between the British Second Army and the Canadian First - Army.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - WHITE FLAGS OF SURRENDER hang from buildings in a deserted - street of a German town (top). As infantry troops march through - a town, an old woman looks at a demolished building (bottom). - During the advance into Germany many towns surrendered to the - Allied troops and the buildings remained undamaged. However, - in some towns enemy troops offered resistance and fighting and - shelling ensued. In one week five Allied armies were on the east - bank of the Rhine and twenty-four bridges had been constructed - to replace those which were knocked out. During this period the - Allied casualties were much lighter than had been expected. The - last German line of defense had been shattered.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TWO KNOCKED-OUT GERMAN SELF-PROPELLED GUNS (Pz. Jaeg. Tiger - with 12.8-cm. PJK 44). This vehicle, called a Jaegdtiger, was - the most formidable self-propelled antitank gun used by the - Germans during the war. It consisted of a 12.8-cm. PJK 44 (L/55) - (less muzzle brake) mounted on a Tiger B chassis. The gun could - penetrate 6 to 8 inches of armor at 1,000 yards. Weight of the - vehicle was 77 tons.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEDIUM TANKS M26 moving through Wesel on the way to the front.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - P-47 FORCED DOWN OVER GERMANY (top). B-24 which crash-landed in - Germany (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - GERMAN V-BOMB found by the U. S. troops as they overran Germany - (top). An enemy jetpropelled fighter plane (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CIVILIANS WATCHING U. S. TROOPS as they advance through - Duesseldorf (top). A transportation corps train moving over - a bridge which was constructed across the Rhine at Wesel by - the engineers (bottom). With all three Allied army groups - established on the east bank of the Rhine plans were made to - encircle the Ruhr. By 1 April 1945 a trap was closed which - formed a 4,000-mile square pocket and included the Ruhr - industrial area.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS ADVANCING after capturing the town of - Mergentheim (top). Engineers operating an assault ferry across - the Neckar River in Heilbronn (bottom). On 28 March the - Seventh Army launched its attack out of the Worms bridgehead. - The assault was halted on 4 April when strong resistance was - encountered at Heilbronn. On 31 March the French First Army - crossed the Rhine at Speyer and Germersheim and on 4 April - captured Karlsruhe.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - 4.5-INCH MULTIPLE ROCKET LAUNCHER T34 mounted on a medium tank. - The Germans stubbornly defended the industrial area of the Ruhr - even though an army group was caught in the trap with little - hope of escape. On the Allied flanks, advances were made as the - enemy began to disintegrate.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - C-47 TRANSPORT, carrying gasoline, lands on an airstrip in - Germany (top). Ten-ton semitrailers in Germany with four - 750-gallon skid tanks loaded with gasoline (bottom). The - versatility of these tanks made it possible to use them on a - number of different types of vehicles. During the last months - of the war the rapid advances of all the Allied troops made - fuel supply a difficult problem. Fuel was transported by every - available means to assure the troops an adequate supply.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - LINEMAN of a Signal Corps construction battalion fastening - wire to an insulator on the top of a telephone pole at Bingen - on the Rhine (top). Liberated slave laborers help themselves - to food and supplies in a store in Hannover (bottom). With - the liberation of the slave laborers who had worked in German - factories many problems arose, and Allied Military Government - offices were established as quickly as possible to cope with - them.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN AND TANKERS take time out for a short rest during - their rapid advance. On 4 April the Ninth Army was to start an - attack southward and the First U. S. Army was to drive to the - north. While these two armies were eliminating the Ruhr pocket, - the Fifteenth Army was to hold the line on the Rhine.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MACHINE GUNNERS of a First Army division covering a road - intersection (top). Infantryman passes burning U. S. vehicles - that were ambushed by enemy troops (bottom). During the first - fighting in the Ruhr the enemy showed spirit. On 4 April - ten counterattacks were launched in an attempt to break out - of the pocket. Heavy fighting continued in many towns with - the civilians fighting alongside German soldiers. Dug-in - self-propelled guns supported the German infantry. The line was - drawn tighter by the Allies and on 10 April Essen, home of the - great Krupp armament works, was cleared by the U. S. assaulting - troops. By 13 April the mopping-up stage had been reached.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - PRISONER OF WAR ENCLOSURE. On 14 April the Ruhr pocket was split - in two, and prisoners arrived in such large numbers that Allied - facilities were taxed to the limit. On 16 April the eastern half - of the pocket collapsed and two days later the pocket ceased - to exist. There were 325,000 prisoners, including 30 generals, - counted as they were taken. This represented twenty-one - divisions as well as many nondivisional units.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN PASS A DEAD GERMAN as they cross a stream (top). - Third Army troops climbing a steep hill in the mountainous - region (bottom). On 10 April the Ninth, First, and Third Armies - resumed the attack to the east with twenty-two divisions. Only - in the Harz Mountains was any serious organized resistance - encountered. The Germans had hurriedly assembled about 10,000 - men to form an army which was initially to break through into - the Ruhr pocket. When that failed it was to break through to the - Thuringian pocket. This also failed and the small army which - represented the last of the German manpower was encircled by the - U. S. forces.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - VEHICLES OF AN ARMORED DIVISION passing through a burning - German town. On 18 April the three armies were along the Elbe - River-Mulde River-Chemnitz-Plauen-Bayreuth line which was a - restraining line established because of the probability of - contact with the Russian troops advancing from the east. In the - north the 21 Army Group was advancing on Bremen and the Elbe - between Wittenberge and Hamburg.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - ENGINEERS, building a bridge across the Saale River, pull a tank - across on one of the pontoon sections (top). Magdeburg, showing - the results of bombing (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TANK DESTROYERS moving through the destroyed town of Magdeburg. - Scenes such as this were found in many German cities by the - advancing Allied forces. Most of the buildings were reduced - to rubble by aerial attacks and artillery shelling, and many - streets had to be cleared before the troops and vehicles could - pass.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - TRAFFIC MOVING ACROSS THE MAIN RIVER at Wuerzburg (top). A - medium tank climbing the bank of a small stream after breaking - through the light wooden bridge (bottom). There was little - activity in the 6th Army Group between 4 and 18 April except on - the northern portion of the army area where the Third Army right - flank was covered. On 5 April Wuerzburg was cleared after three - days of heavy fighting.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AN ARMORED COMBAT COMMAND moving toward Nuernberg (top). A - German civilian, waving a white flag in surrender, comes toward - a half-track which is about to enter Geisselhardt after shelling - buildings in that town (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN MOVING DOWN A STREET in Waldenburg during the - Seventh Army advance. The French First Army cleared Baden-Baden - and Pforzheim and by 15 April Kehl was cleared and preparations - for crossing the Rhine at Strasbourg were made.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - INFANTRYMEN CLIMBING OVER RUBBLE as they clear snipers out of - Nuernberg. By 18 April part of the Seventh Army was in the - battle for Nuernberg. Other troops of that army were halted for - nine days around Heilbronn and along the Neckar and Jagst Rivers.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - ENGINEERS MOVING PONTOONS TO THE DANUBE to start bridging - operations (top). Infantrymen crossing the Danube over a - footbridge (bottom). The Third Army advanced down the Danube - while the First and Ninth Armies held in place, having reached - the line where the meeting with the Russians was to take place.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - U. S. OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN MEET RUSSIAN TROOPS in Germany. - On 30 April a division of the Ninth U. S. Army made contact with - the Russians at Apollensdorf. Troops of the First U. S. Army had - met Russian troops earlier.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEN OF AN ARMORED DIVISION running through the smoke-filled - streets of a German town (top). Firing on an Austrian town - across the German border (bottom). Most of Czechoslovakia and a - large portion of Austria was left for the Russians to occupy, - but the advancing troops of the Third U. S. Army entered both - these countries during the last days of the war.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - GERMAN SOLDIERS. The First and Ninth Armies, during the latter - part of April and early May 1945, handled thousands of German - soldiers and civilians who were trying to escape the advancing - Russians by crossing the Elbe River into the American zone.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CAPTURED U-BOATS in a submarine construction and repair yard in - Bremen harbor. Over forty submarines were found by the Allies in - this yard.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - SUBMARINE PENS AT SAINT-NAZAIRE, on the Brittany peninsula. No - attempt was made to capture these U-boat pens as the Allies - advanced through France and Germany, but they were surrounded - and contained until the end of the war.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: AUSTRIA - - TANKS AND TRUCKS of a Third Army armored division fording a - stream during their advance into Austria. In the foreground is - a medium tank M 4A 3 (76-mm. long-barrel gun with muzzle brake) - with horizontal volute spring suspension and an improved, wider - track measuring twenty-three inches.] - - [Illustration: AUSTRIA - - MOVING INTO AUSTRIA.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - GERMAN PRISONERS being marched to the prisoner of war enclosure - by Third Army military police. During the period from 22 April - to 7 May the Third Army took more than 200,000 prisoners while - suffering less than 2,400 casualties.] - - [Illustration: AUSTRIA - - A GERMAN HORSE-DRAWN CONVOY moves along a winding mountain road - in Austria to surrender. From 1 April 1945 until the end of the - war the three armies of the U. S. 12th Army Group took over - 1,800,000 prisoners.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - SOLDIERS CROSSING THE DANUBE (Seventh Army). The two armies of - 6th Army Group launched a drive into southern Germany, the area - where the remaining German forces supposedly were to make a - determined stand.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - AN ASSAULT BOAT crossing the Danube. Seventh Army men met no - opposition here. In the Black Forest and the Schwaebische Alps - troops of the Seventh Army met some opposition and there was - some fighting as two German armies were trapped and destroyed.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - CAPTURING GUARDS AT DACHAU, ten miles northwest of Munich - (top). A few of the guards of the concentration camp remain - standing with their arms raised while the majority lie on the - ground, waiting to be taken prisoner. An enlisted man gives his - cigarettes to inmates at Dachau (bottom). On 29 April troops of - the U. S. Seventh Army captured Dachau and released over 30,000 - prisoners of many nationalities.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: AUSTRIA - - TROOPS TAKING COVER as members of a German officer candidate - school fire on them. These enemy troops offered the Seventh Army - considerable resistance before they were taken. In this area - snow remained on the ground until late spring.] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: AUSTRIA - - SEVENTH AND FIFTH ARMY TROOPS MEET at Nauders, Austria. On 4 - May, Seventh U. S. Army troops captured the town of Brenner in - the Brenner Pass, and a few hours later contact was made with - elements of the Fifth U. S. Army which had fought its way up the - Italian peninsula. On the same day Berchtesgaden was entered.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - A GERMAN CIVILIAN reading of the surrender of the German forces - in a division newspaper. On 7 May 1945 the Germans signed the - surrender terms which were to become effective at 0001, 9 May - 1945; 8 May, however, was designated as V-E Day (Victory in - Europe). In some remote areas fighting continued until 11 May.] - - [Illustration: GERMANY - - MEMBERS OF THE STARS AND STRIPES STAFF grab copies of the extra - edition as they come off the press, proclaiming V-E Day (top). - U. S. sailor and soldier celebrate V-E Day in London (bottom).] - - [Illustration] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - MEN MARCHING TO THE DOCKS AT LE HAVRE to board a ship that will - take them home to be discharged under the new point system. Men - with the highest numbers of points were sent home first for - discharge. These numbers were determined by the total number of - months of service, total number of months overseas, number of - awards and decorations, and the number of dependents.] - - [Illustration: FRANCE - - U. S. LIBERATED PRISONERS OF WAR leave a plane at Reims on the - first lap of their journey back to the United States.] - - [Illustration: ENGLAND - - FLOODLIGHTS ILLUMINATE BIG BEN on the Houses of Parliament - as the lights go on again in London on V-E night after being - blacked out during the war years. Early in May 1945 there were - approximately 4,500,000 troops under the command of the supreme - commander in Europe. Casualties for the western Allies numbered - over 800,000. At the end of the war there were nine Allied - armies, totaling ninety-three divisions, on the Continent.] - - - - - Appendix A - - List of Abbreviations - - - BAR Browning automatic rifle - cm. Centimeter - DD Duplex drive - DUKW 2½-ton 6 × 6 amphibian truck - E-boat Small torpedo boat (German) - Flak Fliegerabwehrkanone (antiaircraft artillery gun) - Jaeg. Jaegdtiger (tank-destroyer) - K. Kanone (gun) - Kar. Karabiner (carbine) - Kw. Kraftwagen (motor vehicle) - Kw. K. Kampfwagenkanone (tank gun) - LBK Landing barge, kitchen - LBV Landing barge, vehicle - LCI Landing craft, infantry - LCR(S) Landing craft, rubber (small) - LCT Landing craft, tank - LCT(R) Landing craft, tank (rocket) - LCVP Landing craft, vehicle-personnel - LST Landing ship, tank - M. G. Maschinengewehr (machine gun) - mm. Millimeter - OCS Officer Candidate School - Pak. Panzer abwehrkanone (antitank gun) - Pz. Panzer - Pz. Kpfw. Panzerkampfwagen (tank) - SCR Signal Corps Radio - SHAEL Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force - Stu. G. Sturmgeschuetz (self-propelled assault gun) - Stu. K. Sturmkanone (self-propelled assault gun) - U-boat Submarine - WAAC Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps - WAC Women’s Army Corps - - - - - Appendix B - - Acknowledgments - - -Acknowledgment is made to the Keystone Press Agency, Ltd., London, -England, for the first photograph in this volume. All other photographs -came from the Department of Defense and were taken from the U. S. Army -files, except for those accredited below to the U. S. Navy, U. S. Air -Force, and U. S. Coast Guard. (At the time these photographs were -taken, the Coast Guard was operating as a part of the Navy.) - - U. S. Navy: pp. 24, 77, 94b, 96, 110b, 122 - - U. S. Air Force: pp. 8, 9, 12, 18, 19, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, - 38, 39, 48, 49, 76, 78–79, 86–87, 94a, 95, 98, 99, 100–101, 104, - 112–13, 116, 118, 126, 129a, 130–31, 140–41, 155, 158–59, 176, - 177, 180–81, 188–89, 202, 203, 218–19, 226–27, 236–37, 266–67, - 280–81, 296–97, 318–19, 330–31, 334–35, 336–37, 339, 341, 358–59 - - U. S. Coast Guard: pp. 80, 88a, 92 - - - - - UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II - - - The following volumes have been published: - - -The War Department - - Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations - Washington Command Post: The Operations Division - Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941–1942 - Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1943–1944 - Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940–1943 - Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943–1945 - The Army and Economic Mobilization - The Army and Industrial Manpower - - -The Army Ground Forces - - The Organization of Ground Combat Troops - The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops - - -The Army Service Forces - - The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces - - -The Western Hemisphere - - The Framework of Hemisphere Defense - Guarding the United States and Its Outposts - - -The War in the Pacific - - The Fall of the Philippines - Guadalcanal: The First Offensive - Victory in Papua - CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul - Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls - Campaign in the Marianas - The Approach to the Philippines - Leyte: The Return to the Philippines - Triumph in the Philippines - Okinawa: The Last Battle - Strategy and Command: The First Two Years - - -The Mediterranean Theater of Operations - - Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West - Sicily and the Surrender of Italy - Salerno to Cassino - Cassino to the Alps - - -The European Theater of Operations - - Cross-Channel Attack - Breakout and Pursuit - The Lorraine Campaign - The Siegfried Line Campaign - The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge - The Last Offensive - The Supreme Command - Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume I - Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume II - - -The Middle East Theater - - The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia - - -The China-Burma-India Theater - - Stilwell’s Mission to China - Stilwell’s Command Problems - Time Runs Out in CBI - - -The Technical Services - - The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War - The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field - The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat - The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment - The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan - The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany - The Corps of Engineers: Military Construction in the United States - The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation; Zone of - Interior - The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and - Minor Theaters - The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War - The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply - The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront - The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume I - The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume II - The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Japan - The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Germany - The Signal Corps: The Emergency - The Signal Corps: The Test - The Signal Corps: The Outcome - The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and - Operations - The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, and Supply - The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas - - -Special Studies - - Chronology: 1941–1945 - Military Relations Between the United States and Canada: 1939–1945 - Rearming the French - Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt - The Women’s Army Corps - Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors - Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Army Air Forces - The Employment of Negro Troops - Manhattan: The U. S. Army and the Atomic Bomb - - -Pictorial Record - - The War Against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas - The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas - The War Against Japan - - - - - Index - - - Aachen, Germany, 217, 218–19 - - Aerial bombardment. _See_ Bombardment, aerial. - - Air attacks - Allied, 8, 24, 26, 33 - briefing for, 39 - German, 34 - - Air bases. _See_ Airfields. - - Aircraft, Allied, 35 - bombers, heavy, 8, 13, 19, 26, 32, 33, 59, 202, 399 - bombers, light, 104, 116 - bombers, medium, 76, 203 - burning, 26 - damaged, 399 - fighters, 9, 48, 49, 59, 105, 338, 399 - gliders, 29, 94, 95, 214, 390, 391, 393 - identification of, 76, 95 - liaison planes, 42, 248, 294 - naval, 24 - on fire, 105 - transport planes, 94, 214, 345, 404, 435 - wrecked, 393 - - Aircraft, German, 400 - - Airfields - construction of, 18, 105 - France, 391 - Germany, 404 - - “Alligators,” 22. - _See also_ Landing craft. - - Ambulances, 317 - converted jeep, 204 - - American Red Cross, 25 - - Ammunition - .30-caliber, 160 - .50-caliber, 338 - 240-mm. howitzer shells, 316 - German, 263 - mortar shells, 182, 245, 310 - - Ammunition dump, 160 - - Amphibian trucks, DUKW’s, 68, 257 - - Amphibious landings. _See_ Landing operations. - - Andernach, Germany, 350 - - Antiaircraft guns - 40-mm., 60 - 90-mm., 61, 102, 243 - German, 343, 366 - - Antitank guns - 3-inch, 102 - 57-mm., 151, 217 - British, 6, 115 - damaged, 154 - German, 154, 168, 348, 397 - - Ardennes Forest, 269, 270, 284 - - Argentan, France, 177 - - Armored vehicles, 198, 200. - _See also_ Vehicles. - German, 350 - - Army Post Office, England, 41 - - Artificial harbor, OMAHA Beach, 118 - - Artillery - 8-inch guns, 192, 206, 371 - 8-inch howitzer, 192 - 75-mm. howitzer (pack), 292 - 105-mm. howitzers, 23, 42, 43, 114, 186, 232, 250, 327, 363 - 155-mm. guns, 42, 43, 193, 299 - 155-mm. howitzers, 103, 125, 270, 293 - 240-mm. howitzer, 186 - German, 366 - mortars. _See_ Mortars. - observation planes, 42, 248, 294 - - Artillery barrage, 364 - - Assault boats, 7, 428. - _See also_ Landing craft. - - Assault guns, German, 215, 397 - - Autobahn, 384 - - Avranches, France, 156, 158–59 - - Azimuth instrument, 353 - - - Bailey bridges, 193, 369 - - Ball-bearing factory, on fire, 31 - - Bangalore torpedo, 28 - - Barbed wire, 28, 110, 191, 207, 278, 302 - - Barrage balloons, 77, 92, 97, 107, 123 - - Bastogne, Belgium, 280–81, 308 - - “Bazookas,” 53, 185. - _See also_ Rocket launchers. - - Beaches - British sector, 76 - OMAHA, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 106, 118, 119 - UTAH, 86–87, 88, 89, 97 - - Belfast, Northern Ireland, 3, 4 - - Beurig, Germany, 330–31 - - Big Ben, V-E night, 436 - - Bingen, Germany, 364 - - Bitche, France, 372, 318–19 - - Bivouac area, 288 - - Bois du Mont du Roc, France, 126 - - Bomb, robot, 35 - - Bomb damage, 139, 151, 154, 156, 217, 344. - _See also_ War damage. - fortifications, 127 - France, 125, 178 - Germany, 339, 340, 354 - railroad bridge, 98 - - Bomb strike, Schweinfurt, Germany, 30 - - Bombardment. _See also_ Air attacks. - aerial, 8, 31, 33, 116, 202 - artillery, 333 - - Bombers - heavy, B-17, 8, 13, 19, 32, 33, 59, 202 - heavy, B-24, 8, 26, 32, 399 - light, A-20, 104, 116 - medium, B-26, 76, 203 - - Bombs, 1,000-pound, 21 - - Boppard, Germany, 382 - - Breisach, Germany, 333 - - Bremen, Germany, 33 - - Bremen harbor, Germany, 421 - - Brest, France, 188–89, 207 - - Bridges - Bailey, 193, 369 - damaged, 98, 355, 356, 402 - footbridges, 369, 417 - ponton, construction of, 60 - ponton, heavy, 387 - railroad, 401 - treadway, 161, 208, 240, 340, 357, 382 - - British troops, 4 - - Broderkons Berg, Germany, 358–59 - - Bulldozers, 129, 161. - _See also_ Tractors. - - - Cameras - moving picture, 349 - still picture, 349 - - Camouflage, 103, 125, 314 - 8-inch gun, 305 - antiaircraft gun, 61 - armored car, 285 - German, 91, 117, 124 - gun motor carriage, 285 - helmet, 108 - howitzer, 277 - suits, 151 - tanks, 150, 204 - - Canals - Rhône-Rhine, France, 334–35 - Vauban, France, 334–35 - Vire-Taute, France, 112–13 - Widensohlen, France, 334–35 - - Carbine M1, 184. - _See also_ Small arms. - - Carentan, France, 112–13, 114, 115 - - Cargo planes. _See_ Transport planes. - - Casualties, 83, 84, 108 - evacuation of, 138, 204, 253 - German, 409 - - Causeway, floating, 119 - damaged, 120 - - Celebration, V-E Day, 433 - - Champs Elysées, 191 - - Cherbourg, France, 128, 129, 130–31 - enemy fortifications, 127 - - Civilians - French, 191 - German, 396, 401, 405, 414, 432 - - Clothing - camouflaged, 151, 265, 284 - decontamination suits, 11 - German, 265 - paratroop, 16 - pilot, 12 - repair of, 307 - shoepacs, 283 - winter, 11, 284, 292 - - Colmar, France, 332 - - Cologne, Germany, 354 - - Communications, 40, 166 - equipment, 56 - hand generator GN 45, 85 - repair of, 375, 405 - SCR 284, 85 - SCR 536, 85, 352 - short wave aerial kite, 27 - switchboard BD71, 175 - telephone lines, repair of, 303 - - Construction - airfields, 18, 105 - bridges, 369, 381 - pipeline, 196 - ponton bridge, 60 - - Convoy, motor, 155, 170, 308, 317, 357, 394, 424 - - Crane, truck-mounted, 161 - - Cub plane, 42 - - - Dachau, Germany, 429 - - Danube River, 417 - - Debarkation of troops, Northern Ireland, 3 - - Depot - Engineer, 44 - Ordnance, 20, 22, 43 - - Distribution point, gasoline, 255 - - Domfront, France, 178 - - Dreux, France, 168 - - Duesseldorf, Germany, 401 - - DUKW’s, 68, 97 - - - Enclosure, prisoner of war, 408 - - Evacuation - of casualties, 138, 204, 361 - of pilots, 96 - - Exercise fabius, 66, 67. - _See also_ Training. - - - Falaise, France, 176 - - Ferry, Rhino, 122 - - Fighter planes - P-38, 9 - P-47, 9, 59, 338 - P-47, damaged, 399 - P-47, on fire, 105 - P-51, 9, 48, 49 - British, 35 - German, 400 - - Fire fighters, British, 34 - - First aid. _See_ Medical operations. - - Flak, 8, 202 - - Flooded area, 229, 248 - - Footbridges, 369, 417 - - Fort de Queuleu, France, 226–27 - - Fort du Roule, France, 130–31 - - Fort Saint Julien, France, 226–27 - - Fort Sebastian, France, 318–19 - - Fortifications, 216, 347 - dragon’s teeth, 373 - German, 91, 315, 332 - German, damaged, 127 - - Foxholes, 142, 228, 328 - - Frankfurt, Germany, 384, 385 - - French Forces of the Interior, 190 - - Fuel tank, 48 - - - Gas masks, wearing of, 4, 11 - - Glider pilots, evacuation of, 96 - - Gliders, 29, 94, 95, 214, 390, 391 - British, 29, 94 - wrecked, 94, 393 - - Gun crews - antiaircraft, 102 - naval, 77 - - Gun motor carriages, 200, 225, 233, 234, 285, 344, 374 - - Guns - 8-inch, 192, 206, 304, 305, 371 - 155-mm., 193, 299 - antiaircraft, 90-mm., 102 - antitank, 3-inch, 102 - antitank, British, 115 - German, 91, 124, 221 - - - Half-tracks, 65, 217, 253, 414 - on fire, 264 - - Hand grenades, 6, 142, 274 - - Harbors - artificial, 118, 120 - Antwerp, 256 - Bremen, 421 - Brest, 188–89 - Cherbourg, 130–31, 132, 172 - damaged, 120 - Saint-Malo, 180–81 - Saint-Nazaire, 422 - - Headquarters, ETO, London, 45 - - Hedgerow cutter, 133 - - Hedgerows, 134, 144, 149, 150, 165 - - Helmets, 163 - camouflaged, 108 - World War I, 4, 6 - World War II, 16 - - Hill, - Germany, 358–59 - - Hospitals - England, 50 - evacuation, 109 - - Howitzers. _See also_ Artillery. - 105-mm., 114, 232, 250, 327, 363 - 155-mm., 103, 125, 270, 293 - - Howitzer motor carriages, 23, 251, 277, 370 - - Huertgen Forest, Germany, 234, 235, 241 - - - Infantrymen, 128, 129, 144, 152, 162, 163, 165, 179, 182, 187, - 201, 205, 228, 238, 269, 274, 282, 376 - aboard ship, 92 - column of, 81, 89, 97, 167, 216, 249, 312, 372 - German, 197, 263, 264, 265 - in glider, 29 - wounded, 197 - - Invasion. _See_ Landing operations. - - Invasion beaches. _See_ Beaches. - - Invasion operations, 96 - - Invasion preparations, 70, 75. - _See also_ Training. - - - Jeeps, 29, 244, 326 - with wire cutter, 143 - - Juelich, Germany, 336–37 - - - Kommerscheidt, Germany, 236–37 - - - Landing craft - assault boat, 7, 428 - converted to rocket launcher, 63 - LBK, 77 - LBV, 77 - LCI, 64, 92 - LCR, 82 - LCT, 55, 64, 65, 77, 81, 96 - LGVP, 66, 69, 70, 80, 81, 380, 381 - LST, 55, 70, 121 - LST, deck loaded, 67 - LVT, 22 - - Landing operations, 76, 78–79, 80, 81, 86–87, 88. - _See also_ Beaches. - - Liaison plane, 42 - equipped with skis, 294 - - Life preservers, 7, 12, 82 - - Life raft, 27 - - Living conditions, 228, 288, 322, 363 - - London, 34, 45 - - Lousberg, Germany, 218–19 - - Ludendorf Bridge, 355, 356 - - Lunéville, France, 221 - - - Machine guns - .30-caliber Browning, 11, 134, 179, 217 - .45-caliber, 6 - .50-caliber Browning, 389 - .50-caliber Browning, aircraft, 13 - German, 52 - - Magdeburg, Germany, 411, 412 - - Mail call, 152 - - Main River, Germany, 30, 385 - - Maneuvers, 29, 47, 64. - _See also_ Training. - - Manhay, Belgium, 296–97 - - Map making equipment, 36, 37 - - Maps - Central Europe, 378 - Normandy, 72 - Northern France, 146 - Rhineland, 210, 324 - - Marshalling area, England, 69 - - Masks - gas, 11 - oxygen, 12 - - Medical aid, administering of, 19, 83, 108 - - Medical aid men, 19, 83, 108, 138, 197, 204, 253, 309, 360 - - Medical operations, 309, 360 - immunization, 252 - surgery, 109 - - Mess, 129, 238, 288, 295, 347 - - Metz, France, 224, 226–27 - - Military police, 171, 357 - - Mine detectors, 88, 93, 375 - - Mine exploder, 240 - - Mine field, German, 93 - - Mines - antipersonnel, 93 - antitank, 279 - - Montebourg, France, 125 - - Mortars - 60-mm., 6, 53, 183 - 81-mm., 6, 65, 182, 310 - chemical, 4.2-inch, 245 - - Moselle River, 201, 204, 208, 220, 226–27, 244, 364 - - Motor carriages - gun, 46, 64, 103, 135, 185, 194, 199, 207, 233, 234, 285, 344, - 374, 412 - howitzer, 150, 169, 199, 251, 277, 370 - - Mud, 213, 222, 231, 234, 345 - - Muenchen-Gladbach, Germany, 341 - - - Neckar River, 402 - - Negro troops, 10, 103, 107 - - Neuf Brisach, France, 334–35 - - Niederleuken, Germany, 330–31 - - Night firing, 316 - - Nuernberg, Germany, 416 - - - Observation posts, 166, 353, 362 - - Obstacle, tank, 216, 373 - - Officer Candidates School, 11 - - OMAHA Beach, 78–79, 118 - - Optical equipment, repair of, 14 - - Our River, 346 - - Oxygen mask, 12 - - Oxygen tank, 13 - - - Pack howitzer, 292. - _See also_ Artillery. - - Parachute jump suit, 16, 75 - - Parachutes, 58 - - Parade, Paris, 191 - - Paratroopers, 58, 306 - - Paris, 190 - - Pillbox, German, 332 - - Pipeline, gasoline, 132, 196, 254 - - Pistol, automatic, .45-caliber, 6 - - Plasma, administrating of, 19, 83 - - “Priest,” 23 - - Prisoners of war - Allied, 268, 435 - German, 84, 110, 128, 153, 239, 276, 300, 346, 383, 384, 386, - 389, 408, 425, 429 - - Propaganda leaflets, German, 152 - - Pruem, Germany, 344 - - - Queen Elizabeth, 25 - - Quonset huts, 50 - - - Railroad - bridge, 98, 401 - destroyed, 173 - equipment, 44, 54, 172, 173 - French, 173 - yards, 218–19, 405 - - Railroads - Belgium, 256, 258 - damaged, 339 - France, 99, 112–13, 226–27 - Germany, 339 - Recreation, 184 - - Red Ball Highway, 170, 171. - _See also_ Roads. - - Remagen Bridge, Germany, 355, 356 - - Repair shop, Ordnance, 14 - - Rescue launch, British, 27 - - Rescue operations, 82 - - Rheine, Germany, 339 - - Rhine River, 354, 356, 357, 380, 381, 382, 387 - - Rhino ferry, 122 - - Rhône-Rhine Canal, 334–35 - - Rifles. _See also_ Small arms. - .30-caliber M1, 6, 7, 29, 144, 162 - .30-caliber M1903, 6 - .30-caliber M1903A3, 29 - .30-caliber M1918A2, 6, 29 - .30-caliber M1919A4, 6 - M1 with rifle grenade, 271 - German, 52 - - River crossings, 201, 244, 346, 364, 369, 380, 381, 387, 402, 409, - 427 - - Rivers - France, 98, 140–41, 161, 201, 204, 208, 220, 226–27, 244 - Germany, 30, 330–31, 336–37, 340, 354, 356, 357, 364, 380, 381, - 382, 385, 387, 402, 411, 417 - Luxembourg, 346 - - Road signs, 286, 424 - - Roads - Ardennes, 266–67, 271 - Austria, 424, 426, 427 - Belgium, 198, 280–81, 296–97, 312 - France, 78–79, 86–87, 126, 136, 138, 150, 155, 157, 158–59, 167, - 170, 185, 195, 226–27, 229, 247, 320 - Germany, 216, 234, 235, 236–37, 264, 394, 398, 425 - - Rocket launcher site, German, 117 - - Rocket launchers. _See also_ Small arms. - 2.36-inch, 29, 53, 185, 306 - 4.5-inch, 241, 403 - German, 174 - - Rocket projector, German, 343 - - Roer River, 336–37, 340 - - - Saale River, 411 - - Saare River, 330–31 - - Saarrbourg, Germany, 330–31 - - Saint-Lô, France, 139, 140–41 - - Saint-Malo, France, 179, 180–81 - - Saint-Nazaire harbor, France, 422 - - Schweinfurt, Germany, 30, 31 - - Seatrain, 172 - - Seine River, 98 - - Serrig, Germany, 362 - - Shell fire, German, 90 - - Small arms, 6, 29 - carbine, 184 - German, 52 - machine guns, 134, 179, 217, 291 - rifles, 162, 271 - rocket launcher, 2.36-inch, 53 - Thompson submachine gun, 75 - - Smoke screens, 68, 242 - - Street fighting, 205, 217, 224, 407 - Cherbourg, 128 - - Submachine guns, .45-caliber, 29, 75. - _See also_ Small arms. - - Submarine pens, German, 422 - - Submarines, German, 421 - bombing of, 24 - - Supply operations, 122, 132, 170, 171, 256, 257, 258, 308, 404 - aerial, 95, 345 - German, 99 - Normandy, 123 - UTAH Beach, 97 - - - Tank destroyer, 412 - - Tanks - damaged, 136, 137 - French, 157 - German, 136, 137, 268, 301 - light, 47, 133, 150, 247, 289, 314, 367 - medium, 15, 22, 47, 62, 137, 149, 156, 160, 164, 168, 195, 204, - 221, 230, 231, 233, 244, 307, 332, 342, 351, 367, 388, 398, - 403, 414, 419, 423 - on fire, 351 - waterproofed, 62, 388 - with hedgerow cutter, 133, 149 - with rocket launcher, 403 - with track extensions, 230, 231 - - Tanks, containers - fuel, 48 - oxygen, 13 - water, 50 - - 10 Downing Street, London, 45 - - Tents, 50, 109 - - Terrain - Ardennes, 266–67 - Austria, 426, 430, 431 - Belgium, 280–81, 296–97 - England, 35 - flooded, 229 - France, 78–79, 86–87, 95, 98, 100–101, 126, 140–41, 158–59, 176, - 177, 220, 226–27, 318–19, 330–31, 334–35 - Germany, 236–37, 336–37, 358–59, 362, 373, 409 - - Thanksgiving Day dinner, 228 - - _The Stars and Stripes_, V-E edition, 433 - - Tractors - diesel, 161 - high-speed, 18-ton M4, 192 - - Train, German, wrecked, 99 - - Training - England, 6, 23, 28, 29, 42, 46, 53, 58, 60, 65, 66, 68, 69 - Northern Ireland, 5, 17, 52 - Officer Candidate School, 11 - Scotland, 7 - - Transport planes, C-47, 94, 345, 404, 435 - - Transport ship, British, 25 - - Treadway bridges, 208, 240, 340, 357, 382 - construction of, 161 - - Trench, 251 - - Trévières, France, 100–101 - - Troops. _See also_ Infantrymen. - German, 420 - Russian, 418 - - 20 Grosvenor Square, London, 45 - - - UTAH Beach, 86–87, 88 - - - Vauban Canal, France, 334–35 - - V-bomb, German, 400 - - Vehicles - ambulances, 19, 109, 317, 326 - amphibian trucks, 68, 97, 123 - armored car, 156, 157, 198, 200, 285 - bulldozers, 44, 129, 161 - burning, 407 - cargo carrier, 253 - damaged, 395 - French, 190 - German, 115, 195, 420, 426 - gun motor carriages, 46, 103, 135, 185, 200, 207, 225 - half-tracks, 46, 65, 217, 414 - horse-drawn, 420, 426 - howitzer motor carriages, 150, 169, 199 - jeeps, 29, 326 - on fire, 195 - semitrailer, 258, 404 - tank recovery, 65, 216 - tractor, 20, 21, 44, 192 - trailer, 170 - trucks, 18, 121, 123, 170 - weapons carrier, 122 - - Vire River, France, 161 - - Vire-Taute Canal, France, 112–13 - - - Waldenburg, Germany, 415 - - War damage, 129, 155, 364, 385, 389, 411, 412, 415, 416 - - Water tanks, 50 - - “Weasel,” 253 - - Weather conditions, 5, 228, 229, 249, 250, 253, 255, 266–67, 288, - 295, 320, 326, 430 - - Weather forecasting equipment, 38 - - Widensohlen Canal, France, 334–35 - - Women - American Red Cross, 25 - Army Auxiliary Corps, 25 - Army Corps, 40 - Army nurse, 51 - - Wuerzburg, Germany, 413 - - - ✋ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988 203-040/80010 - - PIN: 039019-000 - - -FOOTNOTES: - -[1] See Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, Washington, D. C., -1951. - -[2] See Martin Blumenson, Break-Out and Pursuit. - -[3] See H. M. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, Washington, D. C., 1950; and -Gordon A. Harrison and Forest C. Pogue, Jr., The Rhineland and Central -Germany, now in preparation for the series U. S. ARMY IN WORLD WAR II. - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - -Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected -silently. - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY: EUROPE AND -ADJACENT AREAS PICTORIAL RECORD *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: War against Germany: Europe and adjacent areas pictorial record</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Kenneth Hunter</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: December 12, 2022 [eBook #69527]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Brian Coe, Karin Spence and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY: EUROPE AND ADJACENT AREAS PICTORIAL RECORD ***</div> - - -<p class="center lg"><i>UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II</i></p> - -<p class="center p2 xl"><b>Pictorial Record</b></p> - -<h1 class="p4"><b>THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY:<br /> -EUROPE AND ADJACENT<br /> -AREAS</b></h1> - -<p class="center p6">CENTER OF MILITARY HISTORY<br /> -UNITED STATES ARMY<br /> -WASHINGTON, D.C., 1989</p> - - - -<p class="center p6">First Printed 1951—CMH Pub 12–3</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center">For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government -Printing Office -Washington, DC 20402-0001</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="small">UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II</h2> -</div> - -<p class="center">Kent Roberts Greenfield, General Editor</p> - - -<p class="center p2"><i>Advisory Committee</i></p> - - -<p class="center">James P. Baxter<br /> -President, Williams College</p> - -<p class="center">Henry S. Commager<br /> -Columbia University</p> - -<p class="center">Douglas S. Freeman<br /> -Richmond News Leader</p> - -<p class="center">Pendleton Herring<br /> -Social Science Research Council</p> - -<p class="center">John D. Hicks<br /> -University of California</p> - -<p class="center">William T. Hutchinson<br /> -University of Chicago</p> - -<p class="center">S. L. A. Marshall<br /> -Detroit News</p> - -<p class="center">E. Dwight Salmon<br /> -Amherst College</p> - -<p class="center">Col. Thomas D. Stamps<br /> -United States Military Academy</p> - -<p class="center">Charles S. Sydnor<br /> -Duke University</p> - -<p class="center">Charles H. Taylor<br /> -Harvard University</p> - - - -<p class="center p2"><i>Office of the Chief of Military History</i></p> - -<p class="center">Maj. Gen. Orlando Ward, Chief</p> - -<table summary="history"> - <tr> - <td>Chief Historian</td> - <td>Kent Roberts Greenfield</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Chief, World War II Division</td> - <td>Col. Thomas J. Sands</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Editor-in-Chief</td> - <td>Hugh Corbett</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Chief, Pictorial Section</td> - <td>Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter</td> - </tr> -</table> - - -<p class="center xl p6"><b>... to Those Who Served</b></p> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[vii]</span></p> - -<h2>Foreword</h2> -</div> - - -<p>During World War II the photographers of the United States armed forces -created on film a pictorial record of immeasurable value. Thousands -of pictures are preserved in the photographic libraries of the armed -services but are little seen by the public.</p> - -<p>In the narrative volumes of UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II, now -being prepared by the Office of the Chief of Military History of the -United States Army, it is possible to include only a limited number -of pictures. Therefore, a subseries of pictorial volumes, of which -this is one, has been planned to supplement the other volumes of the -series. The photographs have been especially selected to show important -terrain features, types of equipment and weapons, living and weather -conditions, military operations, and matters of human interest. These -volumes will preserve and make accessible for future reference some -of the best pictures of World War II. An appreciation not only of the -terrain upon which actions were fought, but also of its influence on -the capabilities and limitations of weapons in the hands of both our -troops and those of the enemy, can be gained through a careful study of -the pictures herein presented. These factors are essential to a clear -understanding of military history.</p> - -<p>This book deals with the European Theater of Operations, covering the -period from the build-up in the United Kingdom through V-E Day. Its -seven sections are arranged chronologically. The photographs were -selected and the text written by Capt. Kenneth E. Hunter; the editing -was done by Miss Mary Ann Bacon. The written text has been kept to a -minimum. The appendixes give information as to the abbreviations used -and the sources of the photographs.</p> - -<table summary="letterend"> - <tr> - <td>Washington, D. C.</td> - <td class="cht1">ORLANDO WARD</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>6 February 1951</td> - <td class="cht1">Maj. Gen., USA</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td></td> - <td class="cht1">Chief of Military History</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span></p> -<h2>Contents</h2> -</div> - -<table summary="pictures" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <th class="chap"><i>Section</i></th> - <th></th> - <th class="pag"><i>Page</i></th> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">I.</td> - <td class="cht">THE BUILD-UP IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE AIR OFFENSIVE, EUROPE</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">II.</td> - <td class="cht">NORMANDY CAMPAIGN</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">III.</td> - <td class="cht">NORTHERN FRANCE CAMPAIGN</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">IV.</td> - <td class="cht">RHINELAND CAMPAIGN: 15 SEPTEMBER 1944–15 DECEMBER 1944</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_211">211</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">V.</td> - <td class="cht">ARDENNES-ALSACE CAMPAIGN</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">VI.</td> - <td class="cht">RHINELAND CAMPAIGN: 26 JANUARY 1945–21 MARCH 1945</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn">VII.</td> - <td class="cht">CENTRAL EUROPE CAMPAIGN</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_379">379</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn"></td> - <td class="cht">APPENDIX A: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_439">439</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn"></td> - <td class="cht">APPENDIX B: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_440">440</a></td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td class="chn"></td> - <td class="cht">INDEX</td> - <td class="pag"><a href="#Page_443">443</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION I<br /> -<span class="subhed">The Build-up in the United Kingdom and the Air Offensive, Europe<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></h2></div> - -<p>The build-up of the United States Army in the United Kingdom, from -January 1942 until June 1944, with the huge amounts of supplies -necessary to equip and maintain the forces and to prepare for the -invasion of northern Europe was a tremendous undertaking. It involved -the transportation of men and supplies across the Atlantic during a -time when the German submarine menace was at its peak. The United -States Navy played a vital role in transporting men and supplies and -in protecting the convoys while en route. During this period the -administrative task was enormous since facilities for quartering and -training such large forces and for storing supplies and equipment -had to be provided within the limited area of the United Kingdom. -In October 1942 some of the units stationed in the United Kingdom -were sent to the Mediterranean for the invasion of North Africa. The -build-up continued after this, well-trained units arriving from the -United States. As the time for the invasion of France approached, -battle-tested units from the Mediterranean theater were transferred -to England to prepare for their part in the assault. In spite of -the limited terrain available, large-scale maneuvers and realistic -amphibious operations were conducted. In the early spring of 1944 joint -exercises of the ground, sea, and air forces which were to make the -attack in Normandy were held along the southern coast of England. The -last of these exercises was held in early May, the units then moving to -the staging areas and embarkation points for the invasion.</p> - -<p>While the ground forces were being equipped and trained the Allied -air forces bombed the fortress of Europe. The Royal Air Force<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> Bomber -Command carried out the air assault by night and the United States -Eighth Air Force by day. The first U. S. participation in the bombing -of Europe from British bases was on 4 July 1942, when American crews -flew six British bombers. During the fall of 1942 the Eighth Air Force -prepared the Twelfth Air Force for the invasion of Africa, and it was -not until the beginning of 1943 that U. S. bombers began to attack -Europe from England in large-scale raids. From that time on the attacks -on Germany continued with increasing intensity and shattering power -until, in February 1944, the German Luftwaffe attempted to sweep the -U. S. bombers from the skies over Europe. After a battle of one week’s -duration over important industrial cities of Germany, the Luftwaffe was -beaten and supremacy of the air was in Allied hands where it remained -until the end of the war.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_003" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTHERN IRELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_003.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. TROOPS arriving in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The first -U. S. troops to cross the Atlantic after the declaration of war -by the United States went to Northern Ireland in January 1942. -In the same month the Special Observer Group was replaced by -Headquarters, United States Armed Forces in the British Isles. -Shortly thereafter the center of concentration was transferred -from Ireland to England and the rapid build-up of personnel -commenced. Logistical planning began in April 1942. This -build-up of men and supplies was to become one of the greatest -logistical undertakings in military history. Supplies were -shipped from the United States in ever increasing quantities -until, during the month of June 1944, approximately 1,000,000 -long tons were received in the United Kingdom.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_004" style="width: 713px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTHERN IRELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_004.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. TROOPS marching through the streets of a town in Northern -Ireland escorted by a British sergeant. The first U. S. troops -to arrive in Ireland were 18 officers and 18 enlisted men, the -advance party for the first contingent. By 1 June 1944 there -were 1,562,000 U. S. troops in the United Kingdom. During the -early months after the United States’ entry into World War II a -large part of the equipment was similar to that of World War I. -In the succeeding months much was done to improve all types of -equipment and many of the changes may be seen in the pictures -that follow in this volume.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_005a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTHERN IRELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_005a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRAINING IN IRELAND, FEBRUARY 1942. Before leaving the United -States members of the U. S. armed forces normally had completed -their training, but to keep the men at the peak of their -fighting fitness programs in firing, field exercises, and -special problems were begun under varying weather and terrain -conditions. Men in their late teens or early twenties made the -finest soldiers as they had stamina and recuperative power -far beyond that of older men. This physical superiority often -determined the issue in heavy and prolonged fighting.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_005b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_005b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_006a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_006a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRY MAN WITH WEAPONS. Soldier is holding a .45-caliber -Thompson submachine gun M 1928A 1; from left to right are: -60-mm. mortar M 2, British antitank gun, .30-caliber U. S. rifle -M 1 with bayonet M 1 attached, .30-caliber Browning machine -gun M 1919A 4, hand grenades, .45-caliber automatic pistol M -1911A 1, .30-caliber U. S. rifle M 1903 with grenade launcher -M 1 attached, .30-caliber Browning automatic rifle M 1913A 2, -and 81-mm. mortar M 1 (top). Infantryman has just completed an -obstacle course (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_006b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_006b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_007" style="width: 690px"> - <p class="p2 right">SCOTLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_007.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIERS LAND FROM AN ASSAULT BOAT during a training exercise -in Scotland, July 1942. The base of fire of a rifle platoon was -its automatic weapons. The riflemen concentrated their fire on -the impact area blocked out by the automatic weapons. The base -of fire of a U. S. rifle squad in World War II was the Browning -automatic rifle (BA R). The man in right foreground is armed -with this weapon. The two men behind the soldier with the BA R -are armed with .30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_008a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_008a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO TYPES OF U. S. HEAVY, FOUR-ENGINED BOMBERS. Consolidated -B-24 Liberators on a bombing mission over Europe (top); Boeing -B-17 Flying Fortresses dropping bombs on enemy installations in -Bremen, Germany, while flak bursts around them (bottom). The -first U. S. air unit to engage in combat over Europe was a light -bombardment squadron. Flying British planes, six U. S. crews -joined six RAF crews in a daylight attack against four airdromes -in the Netherlands on 4 July 1942. On 17 August twelve B-17’s, -accompanied by four RAF Spitfire fighter squadrons, attacked the -marshalling yards at Rouen, France, and successfully completed -the first U. S. attack over Europe. From these small beginnings -the number of planes taking part in the raids grew until the -average per raid in 1943 was 570 heavy bombers, a figure that -was to be almost doubled in 1944.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_008b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_008b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_009" style="width: 708px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_009.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THREE TYPES OF ESCORT FIGHTER PLANES over England. From top to -bottom: Lockheed P-38 Lightning, North American P-51 Mustang, -Republic P-47 Thunderbolt. P-47’s were the first to join the -British Spitfires in providing escort for heavy bombers, the -P-38 was available in small numbers in October 1943, and the -P-51 began to appear in January 1944. At first the 47’s flew top -cover, but before long they began to drop down and engage the -enemy fighter planes. As the war progressed the escort opened -out more and more until it became a huge net to envelop the -enemy.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_010" style="width: 683px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_010.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A BRITISH POLICE SERGEANT gives road direction to a U. S. first -sergeant during a march. By the end of June 1944 there was a -total of 140,656 Negro personnel in the European Theater of -Operations assigned to both combat and service units. The M 1 -helmet worn by the sergeant was standardized on 9 June 1941, -and mass production began shortly thereafter, it replaced the -earlier M 1917A 1 helmet shown in preceding pictures.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_011a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_011a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF THE FIRST OFFICER CANDIDATE SCHOOL (OCS) in the -United Kingdom decontaminating a building that has been -subjected to mustard gas (top). Machine gun training at OCS -(bottom). Qualified enlisted men were selected from units -stationed in the British Isles and sent to this school where, -upon the successful completion of the courses of instruction, -they were commissioned second lieutenants in the Army of the -United States. The first class began in September 1942 and there -were in all seven classes, each lasting for approximately three -months. The OCS in England graduated and commissioned a total of -472 men.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_011b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_011b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_012" style="width: 697px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_012.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A FIGHTER PILOT, Standing beside his plane in England, wearing -an oxygen mask and helmet equipped with earphones. Over his -leather flying jacket is a life preserver. A number of young -men from the United States joined the Canadian and British -air forces before America’s entry in the war. When the U. S. -declared war these pilots were transferred to the U. S. air -force. The strength of the U. S. air force in 1940 was about -43,000 men and 2,500 planes. In early 1944 there were 2,300,000 -men and 80,000 aircraft.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_013" style="width: 656px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_013.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INTERIOR OF A B-17 showing two .50-caliber Browning machine -guns. These planes were highly complex machines, well armed, -with machine guns in front, rear, sides, top, and bottom. The -man in the picture is working on the gun turret which protruded -beneath the fuselage. The tank on top of this turret was for -oxygen.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_014" style="width: 663px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_014.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ORDNANCE SPECIALIST in the repair of optical equipment cleans -a pair of field glasses, England, September 1942. Ordnance -responsibility extended to “everything that rolls, shoots, -is shot, or is dropped from the air.” Its complete catalogue -contained 35,000 separate items, ranging from watch springs and -firing pins to 20-ton howitzers and 40-ton tanks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_015" style="width: 728px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_015.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A REPAIRED M 3 MEDIUM TANK is given final check by Ordnance -personnel. Every tank, gun, or vehicle, damaged either by an -accident or later in combat, which could be repaired meant -one less new tank to be supplied. As the war progressed the -medium tank underwent changes as did a great deal of other U. -S. equipment. It became lower so as to present a more difficult -target, the riveted hull was replaced by a welded or cast hull, -and toward the end of the war the suspension system was changed. -These, and other mechanical changes, with the addition of better -armament and armor, made the vehicle a more formidable fighting -machine, better able to combat enemy tanks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_016" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_016.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PARATROOPERS having their parachutes inspected before taking -off for a practice jump, England, October 1942. These troops -were equipped with specially designed clothing and equipment -including helmets with a new type fiber liner and chin strap, -jump suits with large pockets that could be securely fastened, -and boots that laced higher up the leg and which had reinforced -toes and stronger ankle supports.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_017" style="width: 642px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_017.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIER BEING TRAINED in the correct method of attack when armed -with a knife. Note the difference between the uniform worn by -the infantryman here and that worn by paratroopers on opposite -page.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_018a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_018a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ENGINEER COMPANY AT WORK ON AN AIRFIELD in England. By 1 -June 1944 a total of 129 airfields was available in the United -Kingdom for the Eighth and Ninth Air Forces. In addition there -were 3 base air depots, 7 combat crew and replacement centers, -2 reconnaissance and 1 photographic reconnaissance fields, -19 troop carrier fields, 11 advance landing grounds, and 2 -miscellaneous fields. Living quarters for more than 400,000 air -force personnel had to be furnished, plus many thousands of -square feet of space for storage.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_018b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_018b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_019a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_019a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">B-17 LANDING, after having dropped two flares to indicate that -it has wounded crew members aboard, while two medical crews -stand by to give first aid to the wounded (top). During raids -over enemy territory crew members were sometimes wounded by flak -or gunfire from enemy fighter planes. A crew member receiving -medical attention as soon as his plane lands (bottom). In this -case blood plasma is being administered. Blood plasma, which is -whole blood minus the corpuscles, was given to those who had -lost blood or were in shock. The plasma increased the volume of -blood and kept the blood stream going. When casualties arrived -at a hospital whole blood was administered to replace the blood -lost and also to relieve shock before further treatment was -begun.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_019b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_019b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_020" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_020.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENLISTED MEN OF THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT operating caterpillar -tractor cranes to unload a crated gun carriage (half-track) -which weighed approximately 20,000 pounds. The Ordnance -Department maintained a large depot at Tidworth, England.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_021" style="width: 685px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_021.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BOMBS BEING UNLOADED at a U. S. Air Corps Ordnance Depot in -England. After being stacked the bombs were covered with -camouflage nets such as those behind tractors at left center of -picture. Facilities for storing bombs in any other manner were -limited. These stacks became common sights along the country -lanes and roads in England during the war years. (1,000-pound -bombs; crawler-type revolving crane on tractor mounting with -diesel engine.)</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_022a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_022a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDIUM M3 TANKS in an Ordnance Depot, England (top). Combat -tracked vehicles temporarily stored before being issued to the -using units (bottom). After a vehicle arrived in the United -Kingdom there was much to be done before it could be issued to -the using unit. Tanks were received from the United States with -about 500 items of accessory equipment, including small arms, -radio, tools, gun sights, and other incidentals, packed in -waterproofed containers; many were coated with a rust-preventive -compound. The job of preparing an M 4 tank took approximately -fifty working hours. Accessories were unpacked, cleaned, tested, -and installed; the motor and all mechanical components were -checked and tuned. When a vehicle left the Ordnance depot it was -completely supplied, including ammunition and rations.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_022b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_022b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_023" style="width: 624px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_023.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A 105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M 7 on maneuvers in England, -March 1943. This was an open-top, lightly armored vehicle and -was the principal artillery weapon of an armored division.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_024a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTH ATLANTIC</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_024a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. NAVY PLANE attacks and sinks a German submarine in the -North Atlantic, June 1943. The sinking of a British liner -without warning by a German submarine off the coast of Scotland -on 3 September 1939 opened the battle of the Atlantic, which -continued until 14 May 1945 when the last U-boats surrendered at -American Atlantic ports. Enemy submarines, traveling alone or in -wolf packs, sank many Allied ships but by the middle of 1943 the -menace had been reduced to a problem. This was accomplished by -the use of the interlocking convoy system that provided escort -protection along the important convoy routes, small escort -aircraft carriers and destroyer escorts, and planes, from which -hunter-killer groups were formed to seek out and destroy the -U-boats.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_024b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_024b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_025a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">SCOTLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_025a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LIGHTERS PULL ALONGSIDE THE QUEEN ELIZABETH to unload U. S. -troops in Scotland (top). Representatives of the American Red -Cross serving refreshments to Waacs who have just arrived in -Scotland (bottom). On one trip the Queen Elizabeth carried a -record load of 15,028 troops. Between December 1941 and June -1944 the Queen Mary and the Queen Elizabeth transported a large -portion of the total number of troops to the United Kingdom, -running alone through seas in which their great speed was their -chief protection against enemy submarines.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_025b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_025b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_026" style="width: 685px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_026.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BOMBS TUMBLE FROM THE BAYS OF AN OVERTURNED B-24 BOMBER. The -plane was caught in a heavy flak belt while on a mission over -Germany. During 1943 the enemy became much more aggressive -as he shifted his fighters from the Russian front and the -Mediterranean theater to western Europe. The German day fighters -continually harassed U. S. heavy bombers, sometimes following -them far out to sea on their withdrawal.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_027" style="width: 725px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTH SEA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_027.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A ROYAL AIR FORCE SEA RESCUE LAUNCH picking up the crew of a -B-17 which crashed into the North Sea while returning to its -base in England after a bombing raid over Germany. The crew -members are in rubber boats and are flying a kite to which is -attached the aerial of a short wave radio used to signal and -give their position to the rescue craft. Many bombers were shot -down over enemy territory and their crews captured, killed, or -wounded; others were badly damaged and crashed into the North -Sea on their return; while still others managed to return to -their bases even though damaged. Many crews of the planes forced -down at sea were rescued in the manner shown here.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_028" style="width: 652px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_028.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIERS PLACING A BANGALORE TORPEDO under barbed wire during a -training problem in England, August 1943. When fired, the charge -would explode and clear a path through the obstruction. This -method was not only faster than cutting through the wire, but -also did not expose the men unnecessarily to enemy fire.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_029a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_029a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF AN AIRBORNE DIVISION loading a ¼-ton 4x4 truck into -a British Horsa glider (top). By removing the tail section, -the glider could be unloaded in approximately seven minutes. -Airborne infantrymen in a U. S. glider (bottom). In this -picture men are armed with .30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1903A 3; -.30-caliber U. S. rifles M 1; .45-caliber Thompson submachine -gun M 1; 2.36-inch rocket launcher M 1A 1; and .30-caliber -Browning automatic rifle M 1918A 2. Machine guns, mortars, and -light artillery weapons were dropped by parachutes and brought -in by gliders along with other supplies which made the airborne -troops a compact fighting unit.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_029b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_029b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_030" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_030.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AERIAL VIEW OF SCHWEINFURT, GERMANY, October 1943. This city -was the center of the ball-bearing factories, one of the -target priorities picked for destruction by the strategic -air force. The order of these priorities was as follows: (1) -submarine construction yards and bases, (2) aircraft industry, -(3) ball-bearing industry, (4) oil industry, (5) synthetic -rubber plants, and (6) military transport vehicle industry. The -Schweinfurt raid had considerable significance at this time -because the Americans were still trying to prove the feasibility -of daylight precision bombing. This crucial raid was made by a -force of 228 heavy bombers and there ensued one of the greatest -battles in Eighth Air Force history. From the German frontier -at Aachen, where the fighter escort had to leave the bombers -because of limited gasoline capacities, to Schweinfurt and -return wave after wave of enemy fighters attacked the bombers.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_031" style="width: 727px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_031.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BOMBS STRIKING THE BALL-BEARING FACTORIES at Schweinfurt, -Germany, October 1943. Flak over the target was intense but good -visibility enabled the bombers to make an accurate run and more -than 450 tons of high explosives and incendiaries were dropped -in the target area. Heavy damage was inflicted on the major -plants. The cost to the attackers was also severe. Sixty-two -bombers were lost and 138 were damaged. Personnel casualties -were 599 killed and 40 wounded. Such losses could not be -sustained and deep penetrations without escort were suspended. -Schweinfurt was not attacked again for four months and the -Germans were given a chance to take countermeasures, which they -did with great energy and skill.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_032" style="width: 740px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_032.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">HEAVY BOMBERS ON A MISSION over southwestern Germany, December -1943. Planes at upper level are Boeing B-17’s; those at -lower level are Consolidated B-24’s. After the Schweinfurt -raid unescorted bomber raids were discontinued until 1944 -when long-range fighters equipped with wing tanks were able -to provide fighter escort for the B-17’s and B-24’s as far -as Berlin. By 1944 the Luftwaffe, although still offering -a formidable defense, basically had decayed and was very -vulnerable to Allied air power that was being concentrated -against it. By April 1944 the Allies had achieved air -superiority which permitted full-scale air attacks on Germany, -an indispensable prerequisite for the invasion of Normandy.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_033" style="width: 734px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_033.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">B-17’s DROPPING BOMBS OVER BREMEN, December 1943. Control of -the air started with an attack on the Focke-Wulf plant at -Bremen in April 1943, but the main attacks did not get under -way until that summer. On six successive days in late July -Allied air forces attacked the German aircraft industry so -successfully that the production rate started downward. It was -not until February 1944 that the decisive air battle came, -when for a period of six days of perfect weather a continuous -assault on the widely dispersed German aircraft-frame factories -and assembly plants seriously reduced the capabilities of the -Luftwaffe. Subsequent attacks affected the entire aircraft -industry and it never fully recovered.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_034" style="width: 699px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_034.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BRITISH FIRE FIGHTERS combating a fire started by bombs during -a German night attack over London, February 1944. The Battle -of Britain began in August 1940 and continued on a large scale -through October. During the air blitz over England the Luftwaffe -suffered irreparable losses from which its bombardment arm never -recovered, even though smaller attacks were carried out until -late in the war. In daytime raids over England during the Battle -of Britain from August to October 1940, the Germans lost 2,375 -planes and crews, while the British lost 375 pilots.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_035" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_035.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A BRITISH SPITFIRE FIGHTER chasing a German V-bomb over England. -Only fast low-level ships, such as the British Spitfire or the -U. S. P-47 or P-51, were good at this type of pursuit since the -robot bombs averaged well over 300 miles per hour. These bombs, -launched from sites along the invasion coast of France and the -Low Countries, caused considerable damage in England and in -addition were a demoralizing factor in that one never knew when -or where they would strike. The launching sites were placed -on the list of targets for the Allied air forces, but because -these sites could be easily moved and camouflaged they were -not completely destroyed until the invasion forces took over -the areas in which they were located. The first of the V-bombs -appeared over England on 13 June 1944.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_036a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_036a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF AN ENGINEER UNIT operating multiplex machines in the -process of preparing maps from aerial mosaics. Relief and other -features were plotted from photographic diapositives, contained -in the conical shaped holders on the beam in background of lower -picture, to sheets on which control and check points have been -plotted. In these two photographs contours are being drawn on -the maps by use of the multiplex machine. Contrary to general -opinion, France was not a well-mapped country. During World -War I detailed maps showed primarily trench fortifications and -special small areas. The Engineers were responsible for making -maps, which required the services of highly trained personnel.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_036b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_036b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_037a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_037a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF AN ENGINEER TOPOGRAPHICAL BATTALION preparing maps -of Europe prior to the invasion of France. In 1944 more than -125,000,000 maps giving more complete details than those shown -here were printed for the invasion alone. An average of 867 -tons of maps was shipped each month from the United States. In -addition, 3,695,750 salvaged enemy maps were used for reverse -side printing. Large-scale maps showing beach and underwater -obstacles on the American and British assault beaches were -produced by the U. S. Army Engineers in preparation for the -invasion.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_037b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_037b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_038" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_038.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ANEMOMETER AND WIND DIRECTION INDICATOR being checked by an -enlisted man of a weather section. Improvements in weather -forecasting, instrument bombing technique and equipment, and -operating procedures had advanced so much that whereas in 1942 -U. S. bombers could operate on an average of only six days per -month, in the last year of the war they averaged twenty-two days.</p> - </div> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_039" style="width: 627px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_039.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF A FIGHTER GROUP being briefed before taking off on a -mission England, 1944</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_040" style="width: 704px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_040.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WACS WORKING IN THE COMMUNICATIONS SECTION of the operations -room at an air force station. No opportunity was overlooked to -replace men with personnel of the Women’s Army Corps both in the -United States and overseas, Wacs were given many technical and -specialized jobs to do, as well as administrative and office -work. The Medical Corps employed the largest number of Wacs -in technical jobs, but other technical services such as the -Transportation Corps, Signal Corps, Ordnance Department, and -Quartermaster Corps had many positions that could be performed -by women as efficiently as by men.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_041" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_041.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MAIL FOR UNITS STATIONED IN ENGLAND being sorted. The handling -of the mails through the Army Post Office (APO) was a function -of the Adjutant General’s Department. Mail normally was -delivered to the armed forces with the least possible delay as -it was an important morale factor for men stationed away from -home. During the last week of May 1944 an artificial delay of -ten days was imposed on the forwarding of all American mail to -the United States and elsewhere, and the use of transatlantic -telephone, radio, and cable facilities was denied to American -personnel. British mail was strictly censored by the military -authorities from April 1944 until the invasion on 6 June 1944. -These precautionary measures were taken to assure the secrecy -of the coming invasion. In addition, a block was also placed on -diplomatic correspondence of all countries except the United -States, Great Britain, and the USSR.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_042a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_042a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARTILLERY UNITS TRAINING IN ENGLAND. A liaison plane flying -over a battery of 105-mm. howitzers M 2A 1 (top). A 155-mm. gun -firing (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_042b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_042b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_043a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_043a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">155-MM. GUNS AND 105-MM. HOWITZERS (top and bottom respectively) -stored in England, 1944. After about 2,250 rounds had been -fired, the barrel of the 155-mm. gun had to be replaced; in -howitzers the number of rounds was higher.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_043b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_043b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_044a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_044a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES, TANK CARS, AND FREIGHT CARS lined up in -England to be used on the Continent after the invasion (top). -Caterpillar tractors and bulldozers stored at an Engineer depot -to be used after the invasion of France (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_044b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_044b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_045a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_045a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">20 GROSVENOR SQUARE, LONDON, U. S. Headquarters of the European -Theater of Operations (top). U. S. enlisted men passing Number -10, Downing Street, residence and office of the Prime Minister -of Great Britain (bottom). During the period of the build-up -in the British Isles, activities and plans were formulated -for the large and small units scattered throughout the United -Kingdom in a group of buildings located near the American -embassy in London. This group of buildings housed the offices -of the personnel whose task it was to co-ordinate the activity -and training of units and, in addition, to handle the problems -relating to the build-up of supplies for the invasion.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_045b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_045b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_046a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_046a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A COLUMN OF HALF-TRACKS advancing along a road during the -training period in England (top). The second, third, and fourth -vehicles in the picture are 75-mm. gun motor carriages M 3. -This was the first standardized U. S. self-propelled antitank -weapon used in World War II, and provided high mobility for the -75-mm. gun. It was replaced in March 1944 by the 76-mm. motor -gun carriage M 18, and in September 1944 was declared obsolete. -Temporarily stored half-tracks (bottom). These vehicles were -used as gun and howitzer motor carriages, antiaircraft gun -carriages and personnel carriers.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_046b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_046b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_047a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_047a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMORED UNITS PARTICIPATING IN MANEUVERS in England. In the -spring of 1944 intensified training was given to all units which -were to take part in the invasion of Normandy. Light tank M 5A 1 -(top), medium tank M 4A 1 (bottom). The U. S. tank was designed -as a weapon of exploitation to be used in long-range thrusts -deep into the enemy’s rear where it could attack his supply -installations and communications. This required great endurance, -low consumption of gasoline, and ability to move long distances -without a break-down.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_047b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_047b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_048" style="width: 664px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_048.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN OF A SERVICE SQUADRON SALVAGING A FUEL TANK from the wing of -a P-51. These tanks helped to make the bomber escort planes into -long-range planes which gave fighter protection to the heavy -bombers. The tanks, the fuel from which was consumed first, were -dropped when empty and the plane then used gasoline from its -permanent tanks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_049" style="width: 607px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_049.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">P-51’S IN FORMATION. Each plane in this formation has -two wing tanks attached.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_050a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_050a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEDICAL BATTALION QUARTERED IN TENTS, Cornwall, England -(top). A U. S. hospital installed in Quonset huts (bottom). The -hospital plan in the United Kingdom called for over 90,000 beds -in existing installations, conversions, and new constructions. -The program was later increased by 30,000 beds by using tents -for the hospital units.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_050b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_050b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_051" style="width: 714px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_051.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. ARMY NURSE, wearing a helmet and fatigue uniform, -preparing an intravenous injection; a kerosene lamp provides -illumination. Hospital personnel worked under conditions -similar to those they might encounter upon their arrival on the -Continent after the invasion. Army nurses gave widely varying -types of skilled service, some of them in field hospitals and -others in the general hospitals farther behind the lines. World -War II was the first war in which nurses received full military -benefits and real instead of relative officer rank. There were -more than 17,000 Army nurses in the ETO in May 1945.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_052a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTHERN IRELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_052a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIRING GERMAN WEAPONS. In order to become familiar with German -weapons and to learn the capabilities of enemy arms, U. S. -infantrymen fired them during training in Northern Ireland in -the spring of 1944. The men in the top picture are firing a -German standard dual-purpose machine gun (7.92-mm. M. G. 34). -The soldier in the bottom picture is firing a German rifle -(7.92-mm. Karbiner 98K—Mauser-Kar. 98K) which was the standard -shoulder weapon of the German Army and very similar to the U. S. -rifle M1903.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_052b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_052b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_053a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_053a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF AN ARMORED INFANTRY REGIMENT firing U. S. weapons -during training in England. In 1941 the Ordnance Department -began its experiments with the rocket launcher, which resulted -in the invention of the 2.36-inch rocket launcher (bazooka). -This was the first weapon of its type to be used in the -war. Designed originally as an antitank weapon, it was used -effectively against machine gun nests, pillboxes, and even -fortified houses. It required only a two-man team—a gunner and -a loader—and as it weighed only a little more than a rifle it -could be carried everywhere (top). The crew of a 60-mm. mortar -M2 firing at a simulated enemy position (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_053b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_053b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_054" style="width: 748px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_054.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ENLISTED MAN ON GUARD DUTY at a rail junction in Wales where -American-made locomotives were stored. The United States shipped -1,000 locomotives and 20,000 railroad cars to the United Kingdom -for use on the Continent after the invasion. In addition, 270 -miles of railroad were constructed in England to facilitate -movements. The Transportation Corps was responsible for the -movement of men and supplies by land and water, and for the -operation and supply of a great deal of this equipment. Since -much of the railroad equipment in Europe had been destroyed -or damaged by preinvasion bombing by the Allied airforces, -locomotives and cars had to be supplied by both the United -States and the United Kingdom for use in Europe.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_055a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_055a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN LST ARRIVES IN PLYMOUTH, England, carrying an LCT(6) as -deckload, after crossing the Atlantic under its own power (top). -The LCT was unloaded by sliding it over the side of the LST into -the water (bottom). A great many landing craft were needed to -mount the coming invasion. These were built in the United States -and the United Kingdom.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_055b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_055b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_056a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_056a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">OUTDOOR STORAGE OF FIELD WIRE which was to be used after -the invasion of France by the Signal Corps for telephone -communications. The large rolls contained one mile of wire -while the smaller ones had a half-mile capacity (top). The -Quartermaster Corps, after salvaging shoes, supervised the -rebuilding of them in English shoe factories and returned the -remade shoes to troops in the field. Bottom picture shows shoes -before and after being rebuilt.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_056b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_056b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_057a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_057a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN OF A QUARTERMASTER UNIT STORING FIELD RATIONS in a warehouse -in England, March 1944 (top). The U. S. Army was unquestionably -better fed than any other in history. However, food in combat -can never be the same as that in garrison or cantonment, since -field rations must be nonperishable, compact, and easily carried -by the individual soldier. Combat rations were improved as the -war progressed and C rations were supplied in a more varied -assortment. Engineer construction supplies stored in England in -preparation for the invasion of Normandy (bottom). The large -rolls of wire netting were to be used on the invasion beaches to -make improvised roadways for vehicles.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_057b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_057b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_058" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_058.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PARATROOPERS MAKING A MASS JUMP during their training in -England. In practice jumps prior to the drop into Normandy there -were numerous casualties. The injured were quickly cared for and -the experience showed airborne medics what they could expect -during the actual invasion.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_059a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_059a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">REPUBLIC P-47 FIGHTER PLANES (top) and Boeing B-17 heavy bombers -(bottom) lined up on an airfield in England before being issued -to the units who will fly them over the Continent against the -enemy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_059b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_059b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_060a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_060a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS CONSTRUCTING A PONTON BRIDGE in England during the -training period (top). Members of an antiaircraft artillery unit -receiving instruction from a British officer while training with -a 40-mm. automatic antiaircraft gun M1 (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_060b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_060b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_061" style="width: 724px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_061.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GUN CREW OF AN ANTIAIRCRAFT ARTILLERY GROUP operating a 90-mm. -gun M1 near the coast of England, April 1944. In order to cope -with the latest developments in the fields of high-altitude -bombing, a 90-mm. antiaircraft gun with longer range, greater -muzzle velocity, and a larger effective shell-burst area was -introduced.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_062a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_062a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">EXHAUST STACKS AND AIR-INTAKE VENTS being installed on a medium -tank M4 (top). After the installation was completed, the tank -was tested off the coast of England (bottom). In addition to -stacks, the tanks were further waterproofed by sealing all -unvented openings with tape and sealing compound to render the -hull watertight. Special attachments permitted rapid jettisoning -of any waterproofing equipment which might interfere with -satisfactory operation of the vehicles when on shore. These -methods were first successfully used in the invasion of North -Africa in November 1942. All vehicles which were to be driven -ashore in Normandy under their own power, through water, and in -the face of enemy fire, were waterproofed. Ordnance inspectors -checked the vehicle in the marshalling yards a few hours before -the tanks were loaded for the invasion.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_062b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_062b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_063a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_063a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LCT(R) FIRING ROCKETS DURING A TEST in Portsmouth Harbor, -England (top). Close-up of the rocket launchers (bottom). These -ships converted from landing craft, tank, were equipped to fire -as many as 1,000 rockets.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_063b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_063b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_064a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_064a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LANDING MANEUVERS. During late April and early May 1944 these -were held for the invasion troops. Infantrymen landing from an -LGI(L) (top). A combination gun motor carriage M15A1 landing on -the beach from an LCT (bottom). This was a highly mobile weapon, -capable of a concentration of rapid fire, and designed for -antiaircraft defense.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_064b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_064b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_065a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_065a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WATERPROOFED TANK RECOVERY VEHICLE M31 being loaded on an LCT -during training along the English coast (top). For camouflage -purposes, the normal appearance of the tank was retained as far -as possible. A simulated turret without cupola was used and -dummy 75-mm. and 37-mm. guns were mounted in place of the real -guns. Actual armament was limited to two .30-caliber machine -guns. A half-track 81-mm. mortar carrier M21 maneuvering on -a road in England (bottom). The mortar could be used on the -vehicle or separate from it.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_065b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_065b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_066" style="width: 699px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_066.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BOAT-LANDING DRILL during a training exercise, Slapton Sands -near Weymouth, Devon, England, May 1944. The infantrymen shown -here have their equipment as complete as it will be during the -actual invasion landings. They are descending ladders into an -LCVP. Standing with his back to the camera at the top of the -ladder is an officer, identified by the broad white vertical -stripe painted on the back of his helmet. Noncommissioned -officers had a similar horizontal stripe painted on their -helmets.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_067" style="width: 701px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_067.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN AND TRUCKS ON THE UPPER DECK OF AN LST near Slapton Sands in -May 1944. As D Day drew nearer loading exercises and amphibious -operations were practiced by the invasion troops. The greatest -advantage the United States was to have in equipment over the -Germans was the multiple-drive motor equipment, principally the -¼-ton truck and the 2½-ton truck. Shown in the picture are: -¼-ton 4×4 truck, ¾-ton 4×4 weapons carrier truck, 1½-ton 6 × 6 -personnel and cargo truck and 2½-ton 6×6 truck.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_068a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_068a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS CARRY SUPPLIES ASHORE from a coaster under the -protection of a smoke screen during landing maneuvers (top). -A 2½-ton amphibian truck hitting the beach during maneuvers -(bottom). These versatile trucks proved invaluable in bringing -supplies to the beaches during the early stages of landing and -during the build-up after the invasion of Normandy. During -one of the amphibious exercises, which were made as realistic -as possible, two LST’s were sunk by German E-boats. In other -respects the training was successful and valuable lessons were -learned.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_068b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_068b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_069a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_069a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LCVP’S CIRCLING NEAR THE MOTHER SHIP while waiting for the -signal to land on the beach during landing operation training at -Slapton Sands (top). Members of an armored unit being briefed at -a marshalling area (bottom). At the conclusion of the training -exercises in May all the assault, follow-up, and build-up troops -moved from their camps to marshalling areas for final staging.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_069b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_069b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_070a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_070a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN AND EQUIPMENT BEING LOADED INTO LST’S (top) and LCVP’s -(bottom) during the first days of June 1944 at one of the -“hards” (paved strips running to the water’s edge) in southern -England for the invasion of Normandy. The training given the -assault forces during the amphibious exercises was so thorough -that the final loadings for the invasion were accomplished with -a minimum of delay and confusion and resembled another exercise -more than the real thing. Two and one-half years after the first -U. S. troops sailed for the United Kingdom, the training and -preparation was completed and the large invasion force of U. S. -and Allied troops was to receive its real test in battle against -the enemy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_070b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_070b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> - -<p class="center p4 xxl">NORMANDY CAMPAIGN</p></div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_072" style="width: 588px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORMANDY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_072.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">The American and British Invasion Beaches and the Allied -Advance during the Normandy Campaign 6 June 1944 to 24 July 1944</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION II<br /> -<span class="subhed">Normandy Campaign</span></h2></div> - -<p>On 6 June 1944 the Allied military forces invaded northern France. -After long study of the German strength, including coastal defenses -and the disposition of enemy troops, the Allied commanders selected -the beaches along the Bay of the Seine for the assault landings. The -two beaches to be used by troops of the First U. S. Army were given -the names of Utah and Omaha. Those on which the British and Canadians -of the British Second Army were to land were named <span class="smcap">Gold</span>, -<span class="smcap">Sword</span>, and <span class="smcap">Juno</span>. The assault began at 0200 on 6 -June when airborne troops were dropped behind the beaches with the -mission of securing exits from the beaches. Planes of the Allied air -force bombed the coastal defenses and shortly after sunrise the Navy -began shelling the beach defenses. At 0630 the first troops landed on -the beaches of Normandy. The sea was rough and the assault forces met -varying degrees of enemy opposition, but the beachheads were secured -and the assault and follow-up troops moved on to accomplish their -missions. The U. S. forces landing on Utah Beach moved northwest to -clear the northern portion of the Cotentin Peninsula and capture the -port of Cherbourg. Those landing on Omaha Beach advanced southward -toward Saint-Lô. The troops of the British Second Army were to advance -in a southeast direction from Caen.</p> - -<p>The enormous build-up of men and material began immediately after the -assault. This operation was made most difficult because of the lack -of port facilities, but before the invasion plans had been made for -the construction of artificial harbors. The plans were quickly put -into effect and the harbors were almost completed when a summer gale -struck the Channel coast destroying most of the construction work. By -using amphibian trucks and Rhino ferries, and by drying out LST’s, the -build-up over open beaches progressed much faster than was anticipated -and men and supplies were poured into France in ever increasing -numbers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> - -<p>While the beachheads were expanded and the build-up continued, the -infantry and armored units fought their way through the hedgerow -country toward their objectives. The fighting was slow and costly -as enemy opposition stiffened in an unsuccessful attempt to prevent -the Allied advance. With the capture of Cherbourg and Saint-Lô the -initial missions of the U. S. forces were completed and the forces -were then assembled in preparation for the drives south and west from -the beachhead toward Avranches and the Brittany Peninsula. The British -forces were to push southward from Caen exploiting in the direction of -Paris and the Seine Basin. These attacks were scheduled to begin on 19 -July 1944 but because of bad weather the supporting aerial assault was -delayed and the breakout of Normandy did not get under way until 25 -July.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_075" style="width: 701px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_075.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FULLY EQUIPPED PARATROOPER, armed with a Thompson submachine -gun M1, climbing into a transport plane to go to France as the -invasion of Normandy gets under way. At approximately 0200, -6 June 1944, men of two U. S. airborne divisions, as well as -elements of a British airborne division, were dropped in vital -areas to the rear of German coastal defenses guarding the -Normandy beaches from Cherbourg to Caen. By dawn 1,136 heavy -bombers of the RAF Bomber Command had dropped 5,853 tons of -bombs on selected coastal batteries lining the Bay of the Seine -between Cherbourg and Le Havre.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_076" style="width: 725px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_076.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MARTIN B-26 MEDIUM BOMBER flying over one of the invasion -beaches, early on D-Day morning. All planes which supported the -invasion operations, with the exception of the four-motored -bombers, were painted with three white and two black stripes -for identification purposes. At dawn on D-Day the U. S. Air -Forces took up the air attacks and in the half hour before the -touchdown of the assault forces (from 0600 to 0630) 1,365 heavy -bombers dropped 2,746 tons of high explosives on the shore -defenses. This was followed by attacks by medium bombers, light -bombers, and fighter bombers. During the 24 hours of 6 June -Allied aircraft flew 13,000 sorties, and during the first 8 -hours alone dropped 10,000 tons of bombs.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_077" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_077.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GUN CREW ALERT aboard the cruiser USS Augusta, as landing craft -approach the coast of France during the invasion, 6 June 1944. -The three landing craft nearest the Augusta are an L C T(6), an -L B V, and an L B K. While the Allied air forces were bombing -installations along the invasion beaches the Allied sea armada -drew in toward the coast, preceded by its flotillas of mine -sweepers. Bad weather conditions and high seas had driven the -enemy surface patrol craft into their harbors, and the 100-mile -movement across the English Channel was unopposed. By 0300 the -ships had anchored in the transport areas some thirteen miles -off their assigned beaches, and the loading of troops into -landing craft and the forming of the assault waves for the dash -to the beaches began. At 0550 the heavy naval support squadrons -began a 45-minute bombardment which quickly silenced the major -coast-defense batteries.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_078" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_078.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">OMAHA BEACH ON 6 JUNE 1944. From Grandcamp, cliffs extend -eastward to Arromanches-les-Bains with only two breaks, one in -the Vierville-Colleville region which was the V Corps area. -The Aure River behind Omaha Beach is a serious obstacle for a -distance of ten miles from its mouth, near Isigny. Between the -Vire and Orne Rivers the area is covered to a depth of forty -miles inland by bocage (land divided into small fields by -hedges, banks, and sunken roads). Observation was limited, and -vehicle movement was restricted to the roads. The highlands that -extend across the invasion front, with a depth up to twenty-five -miles, are broken with steep hills and narrow valleys. Although -narrow, the roads in this area are generally good. Vital initial -objectives were the towns of Carentan, Saint-Lô, Bayeux, and -Caen.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_080" style="width: 711px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_080.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. TROOPS WADING ASHORE FROM AN L C V P at Omaha Beach during -the assault. Elements of two U. S. infantry divisions, with -engineer troops and tanks of an armored unit, made the first -landings. The beaches selected for these landings were about -7,000 yards in length. From the beach the ground curves upward -and is backed by bluffs that merge into the cliffs at either end -of the sector. H Hour was at 0630 6 June. The mission of V Corps -was to secure a beachhead in the area between the Vire River and -Port-en-Bessin, from which troops would push southward toward -Caumont and Saint-Lô, conforming to the advance of British -Second Army to the east.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_081a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_081a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN WADING ASHORE FROM AN LCT(6) (top). Troops leaving -an LCVP to wade ashore (bottom). Half-tracks and 2½-ton -amphibian trucks can be seen on the beach, and in the background -men marching in columns start southward toward the bluffs. On -the shelf the enemy strung barbed wire and planted mines. Lanes -had to be cleared through these obstacles before the infantry -could advance. Beyond this strip containing obstacles, the enemy -laid out firing positions to cover the tidal flat and the beach -with direct fire, both plunging and grazing, from all types of -weapons. The men landing were fired upon from these positions, -which for the most part had escaped destruction during the -prelanding bombardment.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_081b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_081b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_082a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_082a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SURVIVORS OF AN LCVP which sank off Omaha Beach coming ashore in -an LCR(S). The high seas added to the difficulties in getting -ashore. Landing craft were in some instances hurled onto the -beaches by the waves and some of the smaller ones were swamped -before reaching shore. Others were flung upon and holed by the -mined underwater obstacles. Some of the assault troops were -swept off their feet while wading through the breakers. Of these -some were drowned and those who reached the beach were often -near exhaustion. Because of the rough seas many of the men were -seasick during the crossing and arrived on the beach with their -combat efficiency temporarily impaired by the experience.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_082b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_082b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_083" style="width: 699px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_083.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMY MEDICS ADMINISTERING BLOOD PLASMA to a survivor of a sunken -landing craft on Omaha Beach. D-Day casualties for the V Corps -were in the neighborhood of 3,000 killed, wounded, and missing. -The two assaulting regimental combat teams lost about 1,000 men -each. The highest proportionate losses were taken by units that -landed in the first few hours, including engineers, tank troops, -and artillerymen. The D-Day casualties of V Corps were much -higher than those suffered by VII Corps, where the assaulting -seaborne division lost 197 men, including 60 lost at sea.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_084a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_084a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WOUNDED U. S. TROOPS OF V CORPS, waiting to be evacuated, take -shelter under the cliffs near the beach in the Colleville area -(top). Some German troops and laborers rounded up on Omaha -Beach (bottom). The assault troops reached the line of the -Bayeux-Carentan road on 7 June. The following day U. S. forces -established contact with the British on the American left flank. -On 9 June U. S. divisions advanced rapidly south and west -reaching the Caumont-Forêt de Cerisy-Isigny line by 11 June.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_084b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_084b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_085a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_085a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF A SHORE FIRE CONTROL GROUP operating Signal Corps -radios. Man at left is operating an SCR 284, while the second -man operates the hand generator GN 45; man at right is using a -hand-held radio set, “handie-talkie” SCR 536 (top). An enlisted -man looks up a number before placing a telephone call on a field -telephone EE 8 (bottom). The function of the Signal Corps was to -furnish radio, wire, and messenger communications. Often Signal -Corps personnel went inland, sometimes ahead of the infantry, to -observe and correct the fire from the naval guns offshore.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_085b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_085b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_086" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_086.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">UTAH BEACH, 6 JUNE 1944. In the VII Corps zone the smooth and -shallow beaches in the vicinity of Saint-Martin-de-Varreville -are backed by sand dunes that extend inland 150 to 1,000 yards. -Behind the sand dunes the low ground had been inundated for a -width of one to two miles, restricting travel from the beaches -to four easily defended causeways. Farther inland the Merderet -River, running parallel to the coast, and the Douve River, from -which the ground rises northward to the hills around Cherbourg, -restrict traffic to the established roads. Sainte-Mère-Eglise, -Saint-Sauveur, and Barneville are key points on the road nets -leading to Cherbourg. Southeast of Utah Beach the Douve and -Vire Rivers flow into the shallow, muddy Carentan estuary which -marked the boundary between VII and V Corps.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_088a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_088a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ASSAULT TROOPS LANDING ON UTAH BEACH ON D-DAY (top). Men and -equipment along Utah Beach on D Day (bottom). The mission of -VII Corps was to assault Utah Beach on 6 June 1944 at H Hour, -0630, and to capture Cherbourg with a minimum delay. The -troops, landing just west of the Vire estuary, encountered less -opposition than any other Allied forces on D Day.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_088b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_088b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_089a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_089a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN RESTING ALONG THE SEA WALL and beginning to move -inland, 6 June (top). Advancing southward through the inundated -low ground (bottom). Fortunately, the first elements landed -considerably south of the designated beaches in areas less -thickly obstructed and where enemy shore defenses were less -formidable than those opposite the intended landing beaches. -While airborne troops seized the causeways through the inundated -low ground to prevent enemy reinforcements from reaching the -beach, the seaborne assault troops struck northwest toward -Montebourg, on the road to Cherbourg.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_089b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_089b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_090" style="width: 612px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_090.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ENEMY SHELL HITS THE BEACH where U. S. troops are -advancing.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_091a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_091a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN CASEMATED FORTIFICATION inland from the beach (top); -destroyed enemy gun emplacement (bottom). During 1943 the -Germans had developed heavy frontal defenses at all the -principal harbors from Den Helder to Brest. As the invasion -threat grew, Cherbourg and Le Havre were further strengthened, -while heavy guns were installed to block the entrance of the Bay -of the Seine. Between the ports stretched a line of concrete -defense positions and coastal and flak batteries. A program of -casemating the coastal guns and strengthening the defense posts -was still in progress on 6 June. The beaches were mined and -obstacles were placed in the water offshore and on the beaches, -but there was no secondary defense line behind the coastal -defenses which the Germans thought would stop the invading -troops.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_091b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_091b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_092" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_092.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF THE FOLLOW-UP DIVISION aboard an LCI(L) headed for -Utah Beach on D Day. Other LCI’s in the background have barrage -balloons flying overhead. These balloons were attached by cables -to ships crossing the Channel so as to keep low-flying enemy -strafing planes away from the craft.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_093" style="width: 674px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_093.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEMBER OF AN ENGINEER UNIT using a mine detector SCR 625. The -ground outlined with white tape had not been cleared of enemy -mines and enemy signs were used to mark the mined areas. Army -and Navy demolition teams, following the assault infantry, found -the beach less thickly obstructed than expected, and Utah Beach -was cleared in an hour. Engineers prepared exits from the beach -by clearing lanes through the mine fields.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_094a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_094a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GLIDERS BEING TOWED BY C-47 TRANSPORTS over the English Channel -carrying reinforcements for the airborne divisions, 7 June -(top). A British Horsa glider wrecked while landing (bottom). -Six thousand six hundred men of one of the two U. S. airborne -divisions were scattered over an area 25 miles by 15 miles in -extent, and 60 percent of their equipment was lost. In general, -however, these men accomplished their mission successfully. -Other gliders were flown in on 6 June but suffered considerable -casualties. (CG4A WACO.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_094b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_094b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[95]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_095" style="width: 678px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_095.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GLIDERS AND TOW PLANES CIRCLING before the gliders are cut loose -for a landing, 7 June. On the ground are gliders which landed -the previous day, many which were wrecked in landing. While one -airborne division of the U. S. forces held the exits to Utah -Beach and stuck southward toward Carentan, the other airborne -division, despite heavy shelling in the Sainte-Mére-Eglise area, -also established contact with the infantry troops pushing inland -from Utah Beach early on 7 June.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[96]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_096a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_096a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN LCT(5) LOADED WITH REINFORCEMENTS moving toward the beach on -7 June. In left center is an LCT(R); at right center is an LBV. -In the background supply ships wait to discharge their cargoes -(top). U. S. Air Force glider pilots in an LCVP on their way to -a larger ship which will take them back to England (bottom). -After landing their gliders the pilots made their way to the -beach to await shipping to return them to their bases.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_096b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_096b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[97]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_097a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_097a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS (DUKW’s) bring supplies ashore on Utah Beach, -8 June (top). Men and supplies come ashore; on the beach are -LCT’s (bottom). Between 7 and 12 June the Allies concentrated -their efforts on joining the beachheads into one uninterrupted -lodgement area and on bringing in men and supplies.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_097b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_097b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[98]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_098" style="width: 727px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_098.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A RAILROAD BRIDGE ACROSS THE SEINE destroyed by bombers of the -Allied air force. Even though hampered by poor flying weather -during the first week after D Day, the Allied air force bombed -bridges across the Seine and Loire Rivers. This seriously -hindered the movement of enemy troops and supplies, and trains -had to be constantly rerouted in an attempt to reinforce the -Germans trying to hold the assault forces in the area of the -beachheads.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[99]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_099" style="width: 695px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_099.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WRECKED TRAIN. Three trains were held up on this single track, -in the vicinity of Chartres, when fighter bombers knocked -cars off the track. With the track thus blocked the movement -of trains was stopped and much of the undamaged rolling stock -later fell into Allied hands. Within an arc extending from the -Pas-de-Calais through Paris to the Brittany Peninsula, 16,000 -tons of bombs were dropped on coastal batteries, 4,000 tons on -airfields, and 8,500 tons on railway targets between 6 and 11 -June.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[100]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_100" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_100.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRÉVIÈRES AND THE SURROUNDING AREA showing the bocage type of -terrain. U. S. forces advancing inland from the Omaha beachhead -were checked by the enemy in the Formigny-Trévières area on -7 June. Formigny was cleared on 8 June. On the same day the -U. S. troops held their positions north and east of Trévières -and patrolled the outskirts of the town. The town was shelled -by navy guns in the late afternoon. The approach to Trévières -from the high ground just north of the Aure River was strongly -defended and the enemy forces continued to hold out in this area -until 10 June when the attacking U. S. forces outflanked and -captured the town. The fall of Trévières marked the end of enemy -resistance north of the Forêt de Cerisy.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[102]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_102a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_102a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. GUN CREW FIRING A 3-INCH ANTITANK GUN M5 at a house in -which enemy troops are holding out (top). In the advance of the -Allies from Utah Beach toward Cherbourg the enemy was often cut -off in small groups and surrounded. The enemy groups in many -cases would refuse to surrender, even though they were cut off -from their own forces, and had to be eliminated one group at a -time. A 90-mm. gun M1 of an antiaircraft battery firing near -Vierville (bottom). Though enemy air attacks were not a serious -threat to the Allies and very little opposition was encountered, -antiaircraft batteries were always on the alert.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_102b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_102b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[103]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_103a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_103a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MULTIPLE GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M16 with its four .50-caliber -machine guns firing at the enemy in support of an infantry -advance (top). This vehicle was a weapon of an antiaircraft -artillery unit, but the lack of enemy air activity in Normandy -made possible its use in other roles. U. S. artillerymen -emplacing a 155-mm. howitzer M1 in a camouflaged position -(bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_103b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_103b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[104]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_104" style="width: 697px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_104.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FORMATION OF DOUGLAS A-20’s over France. The infantry and -armored attacks were, when possible, preceded by concentrated -air attacks. Employing carpet bombing methods, thousands of -tons of bombs were dropped. Fragmentation bombs were used to -break enemy resistance without causing extensive cratering -which would hinder the advance of tanks. Although these attacks -were temporary in effect, the results greatly aided the initial -ground attack. Casualties to the enemy were few, but he was -stunned by the weight of the bombing and considerable confusion -ensued.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[105]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_105a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_105a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS LAYING WIRE MATTING in the construction of a landing -strip near Sainte-Mère-Eglise (top). A Republic P-47 Thunderbolt -bursting into flames after crash landing on the strip; still -attached to underside of the wing are rockets which were not -fired (bottom). An important factor in insuring the success of -the Allied close-support operations lay in the establishment -of landing strips in Normandy, from which fighter planes could -operate. Work began as soon as a footing was obtained on shore -and by 9 June planes were operating from these strips.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_105b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_105b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[106]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_106" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_106.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A QUARRY NEAR OMAHA BEACH used by engineer units to supply rock -and stone for the construction of roads. The tremendous amount -of traffic on the roads in Normandy, as men and supplies were -brought into France over the beaches required the services of -many engineer units to keep the roads in good repair. Most of -the roads leading to the beaches were not hard surfaced but were -constructed of rock and gravel.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[107]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_107" style="width: 684px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_107.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENLISTED MEN PREPARE TO LAUNCH A BARRAGE BALLOON over one of -the beaches in Normandy. Balloons were attached to cables and -by means of winches could be raised or lowered to the desired -altitude. These balloons were used to protect ships and beach -installations from low-flying enemy aircraft. When the balloons -were in position the enemy would not fly low over the beaches -for fear of running into the cables which kept the balloons in -place.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[108]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_108" style="width: 672px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_108.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDICAL CORPS MEN TREATING AN ENLISTED MAN for a wrist wound. -When casualties entered a battalion aid station within a few -hundred yards of the front, they were immediately screened and -sorted. Wounds were redressed, and perhaps morphine or other -drugs were given when available. Those whose wounds permitted -were evacuated to the rear, while those whose wounds did not -permit further evacuation were held, treated, given plasma, and -then moved farther back.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[109]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_109a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_109a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN EVACUATION HOSPITAL with a 750-bed capacity, Normandy, 24 -July (top). Army surgeons perform an operation out-of-doors -(bottom). In World War II the number of deaths per hundred -casualties was one half of that during World War I. Responsible -for this reduction was the surgical skill and painstaking care -rendered by personnel of the Medical Corps aided by better -surgery, the sulfa drugs, penicillin, plasma, and whole blood.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_109b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_109b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[110]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_110a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_110a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENEMY PRISONERS, taken during the first days of fighting, -awaiting transportation to England. During the first week -following the invasion landings the Germans lost some 10,000 -men as prisoners. The enemy forces that manned the static beach -defenses were largely Russians and other non-Germans, but were -under German officers. Of the German troops, many companies were -found to be composed of men either under 20 or over 45 years -of age. Many of these were of low medical categories and their -morale was not of the best.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_110b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_110b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[111]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_111" style="width: 730px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_111.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MILITARY POLICEMAN studying French aboard a transport while -waiting for the landing craft which will carry him to the -beach in Normandy. In addition to handling informational and -recreational activities of all kinds, the Special Services -Division of the Army Service Forces distributed pocket-sized -soldier guides to the customs and languages of the countries -where members of the armed forces served. The Army, recognizing -that the strain created by war must be counteracted by healthy -diversional activities, arranged motion pictures and USO shows, -and distributed books, magazines, and athletic and other -recreational equipment to members and units of the armed forces.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[112]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_112" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_112.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CARENTAN. The approach to Carentan from the east is blocked -by the Vire-Taute Canal. U. S. forces advancing to secure the -bridge on the road from Isigny met with enemy resistance from -the houses and hedgerows on the east bank and it was not until -midnight of 10 June that the enemy was driven out and defensive -positions were established by U. S. troops. Other U. S. troops -moved along the Bassin à Flot and crossed the canal on 12 June, -moving rapidly into the center of Carentan which by then was -ringed by attacking troops. This trap was closed too late to -capture most of the German defenders, who escaped to the south -during the night of 11–12 June.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[114]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_114a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_114a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. TROOPS MOVING INTO CARENTAN, 12 June (top). A 105-mm. -howitzer M3 firing at enemy positions during the fighting at -Carentan (bottom). During the night of 11–12 June, Carentan -was set ablaze by artillery and naval gunfire, and early on -the morning of 12 June U. S. troops entered the town. Its fall -marked the effective junction of the two U. S. beachheads and -the linking up of the two corps of the First U. S. Army.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_114b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_114b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[115]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_115a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_115a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. PARATROOPERS PATROLLING THE STREETS OF CARENTAN in a -captured German Volkswagen (1. Pkw. K. 1 (typ 82)) (top). -Airborne troops in a jeep towing a British 6-pounder Mark III -antitank gun in Carentan (bottom). The enemy counterattacks -against the U. S. forces in Carentan were unsuccessful in their -attempts to recapture the city, but were persistent enough to -limit the U. S. advance to gains measured in hundreds of yards. -However, on 17 June 1944 U. S. troops reached the west coast in -the vicinity of Barneville, cutting the German forces into two -groups, one south of the Carentan-Barneville line, the other in -the Cherbourg area.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_b115"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_115b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[116]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_116" style="width: 659px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_116.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DOUGLAS A-20’S DROPPING BOMBS on a probable flying bomb -launching site. The first flying bombs fell on England during -the night of 12–13 June 1944, and the regular attacks began -three days later. The smallness, the effective nature of -camouflage, the comparative mobility, and the ease with which -the V-1 launching sites could be repaired made effective bombing -attacks on them difficult.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[117]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_117" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_117.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PART OF A GERMAN ROCKET INSTALLATION captured by U. S. troops. -Many of these flying bomb sites were captured by the Allies as -they advanced. Although the air force had destroyed some by -bombing, most of the sites were taken by advancing troops and -destroyed.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[118]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_118" style="width: 684px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_118.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF THE ARTIFICIAL HARBOR AT OMAHA BEACH. This harbor -was in the Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer area of Omaha Beach and was -known as “Mulberry A.” Breakwaters were formed by sinking ships -and concrete caissons, and steel bridging formed causeways to -the beach. The harbor, construction on which began on 7 June -1944, was designed to provide moorings for seven Liberty ships -and twelve coasters at one time. By 19 June it was 90 percent -completed.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[119]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_119a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_119a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS LAYING STEEL MATTING on Omaha Beach at the exits -of the causeway which extend to the piers of the artificial -harbor (top). Vehicles moving from one of the piers over the -causeway to the shore (bottom). These floating causeways to the -beach rose and fell with the tide. The artificial harbors were -constructed to facilitate the unloading of the large numbers of -men and material.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_119b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_119b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[120]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_120a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_120a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DAMAGE TO THE ARTIFICIAL HARBOR AND LANDING CRAFT caused by -the storm. The greatest detriment to the Allied build-up was -not the enemy, but the weather. From 19–22 June 1944 one of -the worst summer gales in Channel history hit the Bay of the -Seine. Unloading operations were virtually stopped, the floating -steel caissons broke free and sank, the concrete caissons moved -or were broken up, and the beach was strewn with hundreds of -stranded and damaged craft. The line of sunken ships remained -fairly well intact, but as a whole the artificial harbor was -destroyed and useless.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_120b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_120b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[121]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_121" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_121.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A TRUCK ON THE BEACH (2½-ton) and one starting down the ramp of -an LST (1½-ton). After the storm wrecked the artificial harbors -emergency measures, such as using 2½-ton amphibian trucks to -bring men and supplies ashore and “drying out” landing ships -and coasters, were employed. By “drying out” the vessels (as -in picture) and unloading directly on the beaches, unloading -operations were carried out.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[122]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_122a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_122a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRUCKS FULLY LOADED with men and supplies leaving a Rhino ferry -and being helped ashore by a bulldozer (top). A ¾-ton weapons -carrier rolling through the surf toward the beach under its -own power (bottom). All the vehicles which made these landings -through the surf had been waterproofed before leaving England. -Since they were able to travel only a short distance on land -under their own power when waterproofed, the waterproofing -material was removed soon after the vehicles landed.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_122b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_122b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[123]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_123a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_123a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRUCKS AND AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS (each is a 2½-ton truck) on a beach -in Normandy. In spite of the damage caused by the storm, by 26 -June Omaha Beach was discharging 122 percent of its planned -cargo capacity. By this time 268,718 men, 40,191 vehicles, -and 125,812 tons of cargo had been discharged over Omaha -Beach alone. By 1 July the Allied commanders were not as much -worried about a German counterattack that would threaten the -beachhead as about the possibility that the enemy might bring in -sufficient reserves to create a stalemate in Normandy. More room -was needed by the Allies to bring in men and supplies to support -a sustained drive toward the Seine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_123b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_123b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[124]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_124" style="width: 689px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_124.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">UNIT ADVANCING TOWARD CHERBOURG stops to inspect a German -multipurpose gun (8.8-cm. Flak). When the enemy retreated from -the vicinity of Montebourg he destroyed the gun by splaying the -barrel. This multipurpose weapon emerged as the most publicized -artillery piece of the German Army during the North African -campaign. It was primarily an antiaircraft gun adaptable to -antitank and general artillery use. In its role as an antitank -gun it was fitted with a shield. In its mobile form it was towed -on four wheels, usually with an 8-ton half-tracked tractor.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[125]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_125a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_125a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">RESULTS OF ARTILLERY FIRE AND BOMBINGS in Montebourg (top). -A 155-mm. howitzer M 1 firing on the defenses of the city of -Cherbourg (bottom). On 19 June Montebourg fell to the U. S. -forces and Valognes was taken the following day. The advance on -Cherbourg was continued by three U. S. infantry divisions. An -attack on Cherbourg was launched on the afternoon of 22 June, -after an 80-minute air and artillery bombardment of the outer -defenses, but the enemy at first fought back with determination.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_125b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_125b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[126]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_126" style="width: 678px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_126.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE BOIS DU MONT DU ROC AREA. On 22–23 June the U. S. troops -launched an attack from the valley to seize Hill 171. The -critical enemy defense areas at Flottemanville-Hague and Hill -171 were closely pressed and before dark on 23 June the area of -Hill 171 was reached and 400 enemy prisoners were taken. The -Flottemanville-Hague defenses were bombed by Allied planes and -the defenses were taken by the ground forces shortly thereafter. -The enemy’s fortified line protecting Cherbourg was then broken -and the U. S. troops were ready for the final drive to the city.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[127]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_127" style="width: 719px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_127.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FORTIFICATIONS AROUND CHERBOURG DAMAGED by Allied shelling and -bombardment. The German defenders refused to surrender the city -to the attacking U. S. forces, and on 22 June a co-ordinated -attack was launched by the attackers, supported by aircraft of -the tactical air forces and heavy artillery fire. However, no -real break-through was achieved by this bombardment and the U. -S. troops resorted to the methodical reduction of the strong -points. It was not until 24 June that the main defenses cracked, -and the next day the three attacking infantry divisions, -supported by heavy naval bombardment, reached the outskirts of -the city.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[128]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_128a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_128a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO U. S. INFANTRYMEN ROUTING A SNIPER during street fighting in -Cherbourg (top). German prisoners taken in Cherbourg (bottom). -By 25 June U. S. forces were fighting in the streets of the -city while the Germans demolished the port facilities. At 1500 -on 26 June the German commanders surrendered. The Arsenal -held out until the following morning and fanatical groups had -to be eliminated one by one. A certain number of the enemy -still remained to be rounded up in the northwest corner of the -Cotentin Peninsula, but on 1 July all resistance in the northern -Cotentin came to an end.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_128b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_128b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[129]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_129a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_129a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEMBER OF AN ENGINEER UNIT, operating a bulldozer, clears a -street in Cherbourg (top). Members of an Engineer unit stationed -in Cherbourg take time out to prepare a meal in the doorway -of a house (bottom). C and K rations were generally issued to -troops in combat. Where there was more time for the preparation -of food, troops were given the “10 in 1” ration which contained -more variety than the C and K rations. When units were more -permanently settled regular messes were set up, but during -the early days on the Continent just after the invasion, and -while the supply situation was still critical, troops resorted -to eating rations that could be more easily transported and -prepared.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_129b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_129b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[130]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_130" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_130.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF CHERBOURG showing the inner harbor and docks. Fort -du Roule, built high and secure into a steep rock promontory -which stands immediately back of the city, dominated the entire -harbor area. It was primarily a coastal fortress but was also -defended against a ground attack. The P-47’s which bombed the -fort did little damage to the subterranean tunnels housing the -big guns. The fort was finally taken by infantry troops armed -with machine guns, mortars, grenades, pole charges, and rifles. -The fort surrendered in sections and it was not until late on -25 June that the complete surrender was accomplished. After the -rest of the city had been taken the Arsenal still held out. -This structure, partially protected by a moat, was high-walled -and well-armed. On 27 June the Arsenal surrendered bringing to -an end all organized resistance in the city. With the fall of -the city every effort was made to clear the harbor and repair -docking facilities as quickly as possible.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[132]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_132" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_132.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE FIRST SHIP-TO-SHORE GASOLINE LINE, put in operation at -Cherbourg. During the assault phase the Allied forces relied on -canned gasoline, but by 3 July bulk supply was being introduced -by ship-to-shore pipeline which brought in part of the large -quantities of gasoline necessary to the Allied forces.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[133]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_133a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_133a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ORDNANCE MEN CUTTING ANGLE-IRON with acetylene torches (top). An -M5 light tank equipped with a hedgerow cutter (bottom). During -the fighting in Normandy armored vehicles found the hedgerows a -serious obstacle which they could neither cross over nor break -through. An enlisted man of an Ordnance unit in Normandy devised -the method of attaching to the front of tanks rake-like cutters -improvised from heavy angle-iron salvaged from the underwater -beach obstacles which the Germans had placed to wreck landing -craft. During a period of 48 hours maintenance companies of -the Ordnance Department turned out 300 of these cutters, which -enabled the tanks to open passageways through the hedgerows of -Normandy, and play an important part in the advance leading to -the break-through at Saint-Lô.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_133b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_133b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[134]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_134" style="width: 726px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_134.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">.30-CALIBER BROWNING MACHINE GUN M1919A4 being fired through an -opening in a hedgerow by an infantryman. The July offensive, -one of the most difficult and bloody phases of the Normandy -Campaign and known as the Battle of the Hedgerows, was conducted -from 7 to 20 July 1944. Four U. S. Army corps, ultimately -employing twelve divisions, were involved in the effort. German -reinforcements stiffened, particularly in the hills protecting -Saint-Lô, and the U. S. forces in the Cotentin Peninsula fought -their way southward, alongside the U. S. troops east of the Vire -River, to win ground for mounting the attack which was to break -through the German defenses at the end of the month of July.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[135]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_135" style="width: 693px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_135.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A 3-INCH GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M10 moving along a road near -Saint-Fromond. While the British Second Army battled furiously -against enemy armored strength to the east, the First U. S. Army -struggled forward on both sides of the Vire River in their drive -on Saint-Lô. The advance was laborious because of the nature of -the terrain and the poor weather conditions. The enemy rallied -to prevent any break-through to Saint-Lô, and the British -redoubled their efforts in the Caen area where the Germans had -most of their 900 tanks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[136]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_136a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_136a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO GERMAN PANTHERS, heavy tanks (Pz. Kpfw.-7.5-cm. Kw. K. -42-L/70), knocked out on a road near Le Désert (top). A -damaged German self-propelled assault gun (Stu. G. IV with -Stu. K. 40-L/48) near Périers (bottom). During the fighting in -the Saint-Lô area the German forces included two corps with -elements of no less than twelve divisions, including two armored -divisions. The losses sustained by the enemy armored units -removed the possibility of a further large-scale counterattack -west of the Vire River.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_136b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_136b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[137]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_137a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_137a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN PANTHER (top). U. S. medium tanks M4A1 pass German medium -tanks (Pz. Kpfw. IV) which were knocked out in the July fighting -near Saint-Lô (bottom). In hedgerow fighting tanks were expected -to give great assistance, by their fire power, in dealing with -hedgerow strong points but there was always the problem of -getting them through the embankments fast enough to maintain -their support to the infantry.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_137b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_137b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[138]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_138a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_138a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMY MEDICAL AID MEN preparing to evacuate wounded (top). U. -S. troops along a sunken road during the advance to Saint-Lô -(bottom). The U. S. losses during this campaign totaled nearly -11,000 killed, wounded, and missing. The Germans, as a result of -the action, were prevented from regrouping and wore down their -last immediate reserves for use against a break-through.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_138b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_138b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[139]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_139a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_139a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN INFANTRY PATROL picking its way through the blasted ruins of -Saint-Lô (top). Allied and German shelling and Allied aerial -bombing reduced Saint-Lô to ruins (bottom). The original -objectives of the July offensive were not attained except for -the capture of Saint-Lô on 18 July 1944 and the high ground -suitable for launching the break-through attempt. The ground won -was sufficient to give the troops more room and better jump-off -positions which they needed to break out of Normandy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_139b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_139b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[140]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_140" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_140.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SAINT-LÔ IN RUINS after the capture of the city by the U. S. -forces. It was shelled both by the attacking Allied forces who -needed the area to stage troops who were to break out of the -hedgerow country of Normandy, and by the enemy forces who were -trying to prevent the U. S. troops from taking the city.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[142]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_142" style="width: 695px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_142.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN RESTING IN THEIR FOXHOLE. Rain, which continued for -6 days, delayed the air bombardment and in turn the advance -of the First Army which had scheduled an attack for 19 July -1944. During this period the men were compelled to huddle in -their foxholes under the dripping hedgerows in conditions of -extreme discomfort, while the enemy, also entrenched behind the -natural defenses of the country, was alert to every movement. -The low-lying country became a sea of mud, stopping further tank -operations during this period.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[143]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_143" style="width: 675px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_143.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">JEEP SPLASHING THROUGH A FLOODED ROAD IN NORMANDY. The rains, -which held up the advance, flooded the dirt roads which by -this time were in a bad state of repair from the heavy traffic -and shelling. On the front of the jeep is an iron bar used -to cut thin strands of wire that the enemy strung across the -roads level with the heads of the occupants of vehicles, which -traveled with tops and windshields down.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[144]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_144a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_144a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN FIRING FROM A HEDGEROW. The man in the foreground -is shown about to fire a fragmentation grenade using a U. S. -rifle .30-calibre M1 with a grenade launcher M7 (top). Grenade -has just been fired (bottom). The terrain through which the -Allied troops fought was favorable to the defense. In the close -bocage countryside, dotted with woods and orchards and with -fields divided by tree-topped embankments where armor could not -well be employed, the infantry had to wage a grim struggle from -hedgerow to hedgerow and from bank to bank, harassed by snipers -and machine gun posts. On 24 July the troops of the U. S. First -Army were waiting for the weather to clear sufficiently for an -air attack before they attempted to break out of Normandy in the -area of the Périers-Lessay-Saint-Lô road.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_144b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_144b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[145]</span></p> - -<p class="center xxl">NORTHERN FRANCE CAMPAIGN</p> -</div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[146]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_146" style="width: 587px"> - <p class="p2 right">NORTHERN FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_146.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">The Allied Advance during the Northern France Campaign -25 July 1944 to 14 September 1944</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[147]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION III<br /> -<span class="subhed">Northern France Campaign<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></h2></div> - -<p>On 25 July 1944 the Allied forces fighting in Normandy were able to -begin the offensive to break out of Normandy and carry to the German -frontier. Preceding the ground attack planes of the Allied air forces -dropped more than 3,390 tons of bombs on enemy positions on a narrow -front in the vicinity of Saint-Lô. The air attack’s crushing power and -its paralyzing effect on the German forces opened the way for a rapid -and powerful drive by Allied armored and infantry units. Cities were -captured in quick succession and the enemy troops were forced to flee -in a disorderly retreat.</p> - -<p>The armored spearheads led the way out the Brittany Peninsula which -was quickly occupied, with the exception of the fortresses of the port -cities which were to continue to fight until after the German borders -had been reached. While part of the U. S. forces were overrunning the -Brittany Peninsula, the major portion turned toward the east in the -direction of Paris, and British and Canadian troops moved southward -from Caen along the road to Falaise. The battle of the Falaise-Argentan -pocket was a disastrous defeat for the German forces who were trying to -prevent the Allies from moving eastward. During the fighting in this -area elements of two German armies were so disorganized and destroyed -that their effectiveness was greatly impaired.</p> - -<p>Paris surrendered on 25 August and by the 27th all enemy resistance -ceased there. The advance continued toward the eastern borders of -France, where the Allies stopped their rapid drive, and though a few -further advances were made, 14 September 1944 found them consolidating -their positions along the Moselle River and northward in Belgium and -Holland. The major port cities of Le Havre and Antwerp, which were -badly needed by the Allies as ports of entry for men and materials, -were captured.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[148]</span></p> - - -<p class="center p2">INTRODUCTION</p> - -<p>During the Northern France Campaign the expanding Allied forces -reorganized. The Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force, -moved to the Continent of Europe. The 21 Army Group was made up of the -British Second and the Canadian First Armies. The 12th Army Group, -composed of the First and Third U. S. Armies, became operational. In -August 1944 Allied forces invaded southern France and moved northward -to join those in northern France. This force, made up of the U. S. -Seventh and French First Armies, made a junction with the northern -group on 11 September. Also during this period the U. S. Ninth Army -became operational and took over the reduction of the Brittany -fortresses.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[149]</span></p> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_149" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_149.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDIUM TANK M4A1, equipped with a hedgerow cutter, breaking -through a hedgerow. The build-up was continuing generally as -anticipated and the destruction of the enemy forces progressed. -On 23 July 1944 the Canadian First Army became operational -on the left flank of the Allied line. The Third U. S. Army -had begun moving to the Cotentin Peninsula on 5 July and was -proceeding on the right flank of the Allied line.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[150]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_150a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_150a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">75-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGES M8, partially concealed by a -hedgerow, preparing to fire on enemy positions near Marigny -(top). M5 light tanks pass through the streets of Coutances -(bottom). The first attack was launched on a narrow front across -the Périers road west of Saint-Lô. This attack was supported -by heavy artillery and aerial bombardment. While the spearhead -units advanced in the direction of Coutances, the rest of the -First U. S. Army was to exert strong pressure and harass any -attempted enemy withdrawal. Marigny was taken on 26 July and, -though the enemy resisted stubbornly while trying to keep a -corridor open for the withdrawing German forces, Coutances fell -on 28 July.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_150b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_150b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[151]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_151a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_151a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS WEARING CAMOUFLAGE SUITS clean out a street in Canisy -(top). Infantry troops set up a 57-mm. antitank gun M1 (bottom). -Advances south from Saint-Lô reached Tessy-sur-Vire on 28 July, -while another attack farther east met with severe resistance in -the vicinity of Forêt de Cerisy. In the British-Canadian sector -the advance had been halted by a strong enemy belt of antitank -guns, dug-in tanks, and mortars.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_151b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_151b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[152]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_152a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_152a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MAIL CALL AT THE FRONT (top). The receiving of mail was always -an important morale factor and every effort was made to get it -to the men as quickly as possible. Infantrymen reading German -propaganda leaflets during a rest period (bottom). German planes -dropped propaganda leaflets in an attempt to discourage the -Allies in their advances. These had little effect on the troops -and the advances continued with all possible speed.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_152b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_152b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[153]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_153a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_153a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PRISONERS TAKEN BY THE ALLIES during the early part of August. -Many of the men of the enemy forces were non-Germanic, some -were Russians or members of Russian units who had been captured -by the Germans on the eastern front and sent to Normandy as -part of the enemy defense units. As the enemy retreat began to -degenerate into a disorderly rout many prisoners were taken, and -on 28 July 4,500 were captured.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_153b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_153b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[154]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_154" style="width: 684px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_154.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FRENCH WOMAN, returning to her home after the German withdrawal, -passes a knocked out self-propelled antitank gun (Pz. Jaeg. 38 -with 7.5-cm. Pak. 40/3). Many of the civilians left their homes -and towns during the fighting and returned afterwards, often -to find that they had lost their homes during the artillery -shelling and aerial bombing. However, in some cases the civilian -population stayed in the towns during the fighting.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[155]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_155" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_155.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MOTOR COLUMN ADVANCING ALONG A ROAD near Coutances. On 29 July -U. S. armored divisions trapped an enemy column about seven -miles southeast of Coutances. Fighter bombers came in and -attacked the closely jammed columns of vehicles destroying 137 -tanks and over 500 other vehicles.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[156]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_156a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_156a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ARMORED COLUMN led by a light armored car M8 stops for a few -minutes during its advance to Avranches (top). An M4 medium tank -moving through a street in Avranches (bottom). On 30 July an -armored division closely followed by an infantry division closed -in on Cranville. Another armored division entered Avranches and -secured two bridges across the Sée River. The break-through was -completed by 31 July, the area between Granville and Avranches -was cleared of enemy pockets of resistance, and the U. S. forces -struck southward in the direction of Villedieu.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_156b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_156b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[157]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_157a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_157a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMORED VEHICLES FIRING ON ENEMY TROOPS during the advance -southward (top). Tanks and trucks of a French armored division -in the assembly area after landing and before starting south to -join the U. S. forces (bottom). On 1 August 1944, as the U. S. -forces poured around the crumpled German flank at Avranches, a -major revision was effected in the organization of the Allied -forces. The Third U. S. Army became operational and at the same -time the 12th Army Group headquarters also became operational -and assumed command of the First and Third U. S. Armies. The 21 -Army Group was at this time made up of the British Second and -the Canadian First Armies.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_157b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_157b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[158]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_158" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_158.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AVRANCHES AND THE SURROUNDING COUNTRY. After the fall of the -city the Allied drive gained momentum and the advancing troops -swept out of Normandy. Turning toward the east and the west in -two attacks, the Allies drove to the German frontier and the tip -of the Brittany Peninsula.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[160]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_160a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_160a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AMMUNITION BEING UNLOADED at an Ordnance dump after it had -been brought inland from the beach (top). During the advance -of the Allies south following the breakout from Normandy a -maximum effort was required to keep all the using units supplied -with ammunition. Tankers of an armored unit reloading their -.30-caliber ammunition belts during the drive southward (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_160b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_160b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[161]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_161a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_161a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A BULLDOZER (tractor, earth moving crawler, diesel) pulling -a jeep from a crater (top). Engineers using a truck-mounted -revolving crane swing a section of a treadway bridge into place -over the Vire River near Pontfarcy (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_161b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_161b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[162]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_162" style="width: 715px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_162.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN TAKING A BREAK, their M1’s leaning against the wall -of a destroyed building. The Third U. S. Army drove southward -from Avranches on 1 August with the mission of clearing the -Brittany Peninsula and securing the ports. The attacks were -spearheaded by armored divisions against only scattered -opposition and by 3 August Loudéac was reached, infantrymen were -closing in on the fortress of Saint-Malo, armored units were -striking toward Vannes and Nantes, and Rennes had been captured. -The 21st Army Group and First U. S. Army met dogged enemy -resistance, but Mortain was occupied by the latter.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[163]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_163" style="width: 643px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_163.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN INFANTRYMAN USING HIS HELMET AS A BASIN while washing at -a town pump. The weather during this period was hot and dry; -inland from the coast there was little fog. The advancing men -took every opportunity during the rapid advances to stop for a -quick wash.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[164]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_164" style="width: 727px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_164.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M4A1 MEDIUM TANK rolls through a battered French village. -After the rapid advances through the Brittany Peninsula, U. S. -forces were left in front of the main port cities to contain the -enemy. The Third U. S. Army turned eastward driving with strong -armored forces on the general axis of Laval-Le Mans-Chartres. -The terrain that would be encountered in a drive to the Seine -would be favorable for the use of armor, and the weather was -expected to be good. On 4 August Mayenne was captured and -contact with First U. S. Army units was established. During the -next five days the drive to the east continued for a distance of -85 miles and the cities of Angers and Le Mans were taken.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[165]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_165" style="width: 709px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_165.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN FIGHTING IN HEDGEROWS near Mortain. Shortly after -midnight on 7 August a German counterattack struck the U. S. -infantry division in the area of Mortain. By morning, when the -enemy had penetrated the First Army line some three or four -miles, Allied aircraft equipped with rockets attacked the enemy. -Three U. S. divisions were quickly shifted to the area and for -the next three days a fierce battle raged as the Germans tried -to cut the corridor through which the Third Army was advancing -onto the plains of western France. On 11 August, Mortain was -re-entered by the First Army.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[166]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_166" style="width: 680px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_166.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. ARTILLERY OBSERVATION POST near Barenton, between Mortain -and Domfront. After the failure of the German counterattack in -the vicinity of Mortain the only alternative for the enemy was -to retreat, and a gradual withdrawal was made toward the Seine -River. During this period two simultaneous battles were fought: -one by First Army troops and those of 21 Army Group around the -Falaise-Argentan pocket, the other by the Third Army which was -driving hard to the Seine River.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[167]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_167" style="width: 658px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_167.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN OF THE FIRST ARMY advancing in the vicinity of -Sourdeval against the withdrawing enemy forces. The Canadian -First Army advancing southward along the Caen-Falaise road -was to join forces with the U. S. troops advancing eastward. -The Germans put up a strong defense against the Allied troops -advancing to encircle them.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[168]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_168" style="width: 719px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_168.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M 4 MEDIUM TANK, rolling into Dreux, passes a German -antitank gun (7.5-cm. Pak. 40). On 14 August the Third Army was -ordered to leave sufficient forces to hold Argentan and to take -advantage of the enemy’s disorganization by continuing the main -advance to the east. Advances were made against Dreux, Chartres, -and Orléans. On 15 August Dreux was captured and on 17 August -the First Army took over at Argentan. On 18 August the Third -Army forces swung north to seize crossings of the Seine River -below Paris and to begin the deep encirclement of the German -troops south of the river.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[169]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_169a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_169a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO TYPES OF U. S. TRACKED VEHICLES, each mounting a 105-mm. -howitzer. 105-mm. howitzer motor carriage M7 (top); medium tank -M4A3 with 105-mm. howitzer (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_169b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_169b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[170]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_170a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_170a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CONVOY CARRYING GASOLINE ALONG RED BALL HIGHWAY. These are -4–5-ton trucks (tractors) towing 2,000-gallon semitrailers -(top). A 12-ton truck towing a 45-ton trailer loaded with -ammunition, stops along Red Ball Highway (bottom). With the -resistance offered by the retreating enemy at a minimum during -this period, fuel was a more vital requisite than ammunition. -Approximately a million gallons of gasoline were needed at the -front every day to enable the armored columns to maintain their -headlong rate of advance.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_170b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_170b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[171]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_171" style="width: 691px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_171.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MILITARY POLICEMAN DIRECTS TRAFFIC ON RED BALL HIGHWAY. The -three essential supplies were food, ammunition, and gasoline, -and to get these to the armored spearheads as quickly as -possible a system known as the Red Ball Express was instituted. -By this, a circular one-way traffic route was established across -France from the beachheads to the fighting zone and back again. -All civilian and local military traffic was prohibited the use -of the Red Ball Highway, and along it the convoys swept at high -speed day and night.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[172]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_172" style="width: 693px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_172.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">RAILROAD EQUIPMENT BEING UNLOADED FROM A SEATRAIN at Cherbourg. -Motor convoys could not handle the vast quantities of supplies -needed to maintain the Allied fighting forces and it was -necessary to supplement these convoys with rail transportation. -The first scheduled run was made between Cherbourg and Carentan -on 11 July 1944, using mostly salvaged French equipment. As soon -as the Cherbourg port facilities were sufficiently restored, -equipment was brought over from England and put into service.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[173]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_173a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_173a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DESTROYED RAILROAD EQUIPMENT. So greatly had the French -railroads suffered that over 900 locomotives and a third of -the rolling stock used had to be supplied from Allied sources -in England. In addition to replacing locomotives and cars, -bridges had to be constructed, wrecked trains had to be cleared, -and tracks had to be replaced. Damage by Allied bombings at -every major junction and marshalling yard had to be repaired. -These tasks fell to men of the Corps of Engineers and the -Transportation Corps.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_173b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_173b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[174]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_174" style="width: 653px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_174.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN INFANTRYMAN ARMED WITH AN M 1 RIFLE looks at two -German rocket launchers left behind by the enemy (8.8-cm. -Racketenpanzerbuchse). The German weapon was of larger caliber -and was heavier than the U. S. rocket launcher but similar in -appearance and operation.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[175]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_175" style="width: 748px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_175.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SIGNAL CORPS MAN OPERATING A SWITCHBOARD BD71. This small -switchboard weighed approximately fifty pounds, had six -lines, and was used with headset HS30, ear plugs, and chest -set microphone. The set was generally used by regiments and -smaller units. When the break-through came at the end of July -1944 the speed of the advances imposed a heavy strain on the -communications personnel. Spearhead units relied mostly on radio -communications, but a line net of great complexity was required -in the rear areas to cope with the amount of traffic involved. -Civilian communications were of limited value because of the -lack of maintenance during the years of war destruction, and -within four months of D Day the Allies laid over 100,000 circuit -miles of telephone line.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[176]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_176" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right"></p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_176.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF THE CITY OF FALAISE which was occupied on 17 -August by Canadian First Army troops who had pushed down the -Caen-Falaise road. This city on the northeast corner of the -Falaise pocket was on the north corner of the encirclement in -which the German troops were trapped.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[177]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_177" style="width: 730px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_177.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF THE CITY OF ARGENTAN, the southeast corner of the -Falaise pocket. On 12 August the Third Army armored divisions -were at Argentan and Ecouché with infantry divisions in support. -The enemy struggled to escape from the pocket through the gap -between Falaise and Argentan and concentrated on removing his -armored units, leaving the infantry to hold off the Allies. -A considerable part of eight armored divisions managed to -escape from the closing Allied pincers but left behind a great -proportion of their equipment. On 20 August the trap was closed -on more than seven infantry divisions and parts of two armored -divisions. By 22 August the enemy in the pocket had been -eliminated.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[178]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_178" style="width: 656px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_178.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN PICKING THEIR WAY THROUGH DEBRIS and rubble -in Domfront in pursuit of the fleeing enemy. When the -Falaise-Argentan pocket was closed, Allied divisions inside the -pocket pressed in on the remnants of the German divisions.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[179]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_179a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_179a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN FIRING ON THE ENEMY during the house-to-house -fighting in Saint-Malo (top). Infantrymen prepare to fire on -enemy positions in Saint-Malo with their .30-caliber Browning -machine gun M1917A1 (bottom). During the rapid advances to the -east, the fighting on the Brittany Peninsula was still going on. -On 17 August the last Germans in the citadel of Saint-Malo had -been captured, and the U. S. division taking the city was moved -to the southeast to cover the Loire flank west of Tours.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_179b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_179b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[180]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_180" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_180.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE HARBOR AT SAINT-MALO. In the strongly defended forts in and -around the harbor stubborn groups of Germans held out against -the U. S. attacking forces.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[182]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_182" style="width: 641px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_182.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SWABBING OUT THE BARREL OF AN 81-MM. MORTAR M 1 before firing. -During the battle of the Falaise-Argentan pocket U. S. artillery -poured shells of all calibers into the pocket, and Allied -aircraft hammered the Germans relentlessly.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[183]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_183" style="width: 654px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_183.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PREPARING TO FIRE A 60-MM. MORTAR M2. The intense artillery -fire and aerial bombing littered the countryside with all types -of German vehicles and equipment. German commanders were able -to control only small groups of their troops, so great was the -confusion.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[184]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_184a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_184a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN, ARMED WITH CARBINES M1 AND RIFLE M1, discuss the -action in which they have taken part (top). Engineers of an -armored division relax in a French town during the advance of -the U. S. troops (bottom). In the battle of the Falaise-Argentan -pocket the Allies did not accomplish the utter destruction of -the German forces in Normandy, but the enemy troops were broken -as an effective fighting force and the way across France was -open. During this period enemy losses included 70,000 killed and -captured.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_184b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_184b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[185]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_185a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_185a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN AND VEHICLES ADVANCING TOWARD PARIS (3-inch gun motor -carriage M10). Mopping-up the Falaise-Argentan pocket was -assigned to troops of the 21 Army Group, while the First Army -forces moved eastward. The Third Army was again moving eastward, -and by the evening of 25 August the Allies held most of the -Seine River west of Paris. On 15 August the Seventh U. S. Army -invaded southern France and moved northward to join forces with -the Allies in northern France.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_185b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_185b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[186]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_186a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_186a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">240-MM. HOWITZER M1 FIRING on one of the Brittany fortresses -(top). Cannoneers sight their 105-mm. howitzer M3, from a -camouflaged position, during the seige of Brest (bottom). By -25 August only the three fortresses of Brest, Lorient, and -Saint-Nazaire still offered resistance. A co-ordinated attack -was launched on Brest by three infantry divisions supported by -artillery of all calibers.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_186b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_186b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_187">[187]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_187" style="width: 639px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_187.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN AND AID MEN ADVANCE ON BREST. In this area the -Germans blew up pillboxes to avoid their capture and some of the -U. S. attackers were killed or wounded in the blasts.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[188]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_188" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_188.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF THE HARBOR AT BREST. This city on the Atlantic -Ocean, with its good docks and harbors, was desirable as a -supply port of entry. The enemy forces held out here until 18 -September 1944, at which time the Allies had moved so far to -the east that the distance from Brest to the front lines was -too great to make Brest an important landing point. Also the -port was so badly damaged during the fighting that it became -practically useless.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[190]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_190a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_190a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF THE FRENCH RESISTANCE FIGHTING in the streets of -Paris. The Allies had originally intended to bypass Paris so -as to avoid its destruction in an assault. On 19 August 1944 -fighting between the Germans and the French Forces of the -Interior broke out in the city. The French were soon in need of -relief, because of the shortage of ammunition, and Allied forces -were shifted to take the city. Meeting with little resistance, -a French armored division and a U. S. infantry division entered -the city and by noon on 25 August the German commander formally -surrendered.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_190b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_190b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[191]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_191a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_191a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PARISIANS SCATTER as a German sniper fires at them during the -celebration of the Allied entry into Paris (top). U. S. troops -march down the Champs Elysées during a victory parade in Paris -(bottom). The last German resistance ceased in Paris on 27 -August, and the next day the city was turned over to a French -general who was to be the military governor.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_191b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_191b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[192]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_192a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_192a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN 8-INCH GUN M1 BEING TOWED INTO POSITION by a high-speed -18-ton M4 tractor (top). The crew of an 8-inch howitzer fires -on the enemy across the Seine River (bottom). The Canadian -First Army cleaned up the enemy pockets west of the Seine by 31 -August, and the U. S. forces regrouped to pursue the enemy east -of the river and begin their drive toward Germany.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_192b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_192b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[193]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_193" style="width: 632px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_193.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TOWED 155-MM. GUNS M 1 CROSS A BAILEY BRIDGE over the Seine. U. -S. troops advanced northeast from the Seine River bridgeheads to -take Reims and Châlons-sur-Marne.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[194]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_194" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_194.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">3-INCH GUN AND .50-CALIBER MACHINE GUN of an M10 tank destroyer -fire on enemy troops trying to destroy a Marne River bridge. -On 26 August Château-Thierry was captured. On 28 August -Châlons-sur-Marne was taken and the following day Reims fell.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[195]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_195" style="width: 669px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_195.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M4A1 TANK passes a burning German vehicle. By 30 August -Saint-Dizier was reached and on 31 August the ground east of the -Meuse River near Commercy was seized while Verdun was captured -and the Meuse River crossed in that area. At the end of August -the drives of the First and Third U. S. Armies were slowed down -by lack of fuel.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[196]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_196a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_196a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS LAYING A GASOLINE PIPELINE in France. In an effort to -transport fuel to the front-line units of the Allies, three fuel -pipelines were laid across France. This also relieved the road -traffic which became more and more congested as the number of -Allied troops in France increased.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_196b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_196b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[197]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_197a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_197a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDICAL AID MEN MOVE UP UNDER FIRE to give first aid to a -wounded infantryman (top). A wounded German is given medical aid -by U. S. soldiers (bottom), by 3 September first army troops had -cleared most of the army’s zone south of the Belgian border. -On that day the remnants of twenty disorganized divisions were -trapped before they could reach the Belgian border and 25,000 -men were quickly liquidated. The British entered Brussels on 3 -September and were also closing in on Le Havre, one of the major -port cities on the coast.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_197b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_197b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[198]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_198" style="width: 715px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_198.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A LIGHT ARMORED CAR M8 ENTERING BELGIUM. On 1 September 1944, -Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF), was -established at Versailles and assumed the active direction of -the 12th and 21 Army Groups. During this period the main problem -was that of supplying the racing armored columns since the only -points of entry were the beaches and Cherbourg, a distance too -far removed from the Allied forces advancing to the German -frontier. By early September supply trucks were traveling 600 to -900 miles in round trips to carry fuel, ammunition, and rations -to the combat units.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[199]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_199a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_199a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">75-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGES M8 in Belgium (top). 155-mm. gun -motor carriage M12 firing in Belgium (bottom). In spite of the -shortage of supplies the pursuit of the enemy continued between -4 and 14 September 1944, with the greatest Allied gains being -made on the northern front. On 4 September the British forces -captured the port city of Antwerp, one of the greatest prizes -of the war. On 12 September the city of Le Havre surrendered. -These two cities were of extreme importance because of their -port facilities and their nearness to the battle front. In both -harbors the enemy had carried out measures to render the ports -useless, but they were not too badly damaged to prevent repair.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_199b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_199b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_200">[200]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_200a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_200a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LIGHT ARMORED CAR M8 of a reconnaissance unit stops during its -drive through Belgium toward the border of the Netherlands -(top). Advancing infantrymen ride on a 3-inch gun motor carriage -M10 (bottom). By 14 September 1944 the sustained drive of the -First Army had stopped and the Germans were fighting on their -own soil for the first time in many years.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_200b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_200b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[201]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_201a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_201a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN MOVING AN ASSAULT BOAT down to the banks of the -Moselle River at Dornot (top); crossing the Moselle (bottom). -Efforts to obtain enough gasoline were generally unavailing and -most of the units of the Third Army were halted at the Moselle. -On 5 September a crossing was made north of Nancy while on 8 -September another was made below Metz. The Germans made numerous -counterattacks and occupied the forts around Metz, determined to -hold the line in this area.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_201b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_201b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[202]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_202a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_202a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BOEING B-17 FLYING THROUGH HEAVY FLAK over Germany en route to a -target (top). The Heinkel aircraft factory during an air attack -(bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_202b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_202b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[203]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_203" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_203.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MARTIN B-26’S RETURNING FROM A MISSION along the German border -in support of the Third Army’s ground attack. The medium bomber -in the upper foreground of the above picture had operated in the -ETO for some time, as is shown by the dark-painted fuselage. The -plane in the lower foreground has an unpainted fuselage which -enabled it to attain higher speeds.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[204]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_204a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_204a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRY MEN CROSS THE MOSELLE as a ¼-ton truck carries wounded -men to the rear (top). M4A1 medium tank fording a canal -(bottom). On 10 September an attack was launched to secure -bridgeheads over the Moselle below Epinal, which was reached on -14 September. The city of Nancy fell on 15 September.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_204b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_204b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[205]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_205" style="width: 663px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_205.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN ADVANCING in the outskirts of Brest. While the Third -Army was battling a determined enemy on the Moselle, U. S. -forces were still trying to reduce the fortress of Brest. On 5 -September the Ninth U. S. Army became operational in France and -assumed the task of eliminating the remaining fortresses on the -Brittany Peninsula.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[206]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_206" style="width: 653px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_206.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN 8-INCH GUN M1 FIRING ON GERMAN INSTALLATIONS in Brest. -Artillery units attacking Brest were reinforced, mostly with -medium and heavy caliber guns and, after sufficient ammunition -had been accumulated, a strong attack was launched on 8 -September by three infantry divisions.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[207]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_207a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_207a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">90-MM. GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M36 firing at an enemy pillbox in -Brest (top). 76-mm. gun motor carriage M18 guarding a street -intersection in Brest (bottom). On 14 September the fortress of -Brest was still for the most part in German hands, despite all -efforts to reduce the strongly fortified positions.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_207b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_207b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[208]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_208" style="width: 618px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_208.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">NEWLY CONSTRUCTED TREADWAY PONTON BRIDGE over the Moselle River.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[209]</span></p></div> - -<p class="center p4 xxl">RHINELAND CAMPAIGN<br /> -15 September 1944–15 December 1944</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_210">[210]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_210" style="width: 594px"> - <p class="p2 right">RHINELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_210.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">The Allied Advance during the Rhineland Campaign 15 -September 1944 to 21 March 1945</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[211]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION IV<br /> -<span class="subhed">Rhineland Campaign<br /> -15 September–15 December 1944<a id="FNanchor_3" href="#Footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span> -</h2></div> - -<p>On 15 September 1944 the Allied forces that had invaded southern France -came under control of the Supreme Commander, Allied Expeditionary -Force. This added the 6th Army Group to the forces opposing the enemy -along the German frontier, making a total of forty-eight Allied -divisions in the European Theater of Operations. In a little over three -months, 6 June-15 September 1944, the Western Allies had carried their -offensives from the Normandy beaches to the western borders of Germany. -During the next three months little, if any, progress was made. Several -factors contributed to this general slowdown. As fall and winter -approached, rain, mud, and snow greatly hindered operations and made -living conditions extremely trying. The terrain became more difficult -since many rivers and streams had to be crossed and rough, wooded, and -hilly country was encountered. Enemy resistance stiffened as the Allies -reached the German border. But more important than any other single -factor was the problem of supplying the large forces which had advanced -so rapidly that they had outrun their supplies.</p> - -<p>During this period, as the Allies came to the West Wall and the Rhine, -severe fighting took place all along the front. Some of the most -difficult operations of the war in western Europe occurred during the -Rhineland Campaign as battles were fought in the Arnhem area, the -Schelde estuary, the Huertgen Forest, the Aachen sector, the Metz and -Saar regions, and the Belfort and Saverne Gaps. On 15 December the -efforts of the Allies in the Rhineland were interrupted when the enemy -broke through the lines in the Ardennes, causing a shift of troops to -the Ardennes to reinforce the lines there.</p> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[213]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_213" style="width: 699px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_213.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENLISTED MAN WALKING THROUGH MUD in his bivouac area. The -Allied advance was halted at the German border by poor weather -conditions, difficult terrain, stiffening German resistance, -and, most of all, by lack of supplies. At this time the decision -was made to employ the greatest strength in the north to attain -flanking bridgeheads across the lower Rhine River beyond the -main fortifications of the West Wall. This area was chosen -for the drive since the terrain to the south was considered -unsuitable for a rapid advance because of the mountainous and -forested country.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[214]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_214" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_214.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PLANES TOWING GLIDERS take off for the invasion of the -Netherlands, 17 September 1944. The First Allied Airborne Army -launched its attack to secure a bridgehead across the Rhine in -the Arnhem area. Complete surprise was achieved and the drops -and glider landings were effective and in most cases were -made in the prescribed areas. During the following ten days -the fighting was severe with repeated German counterattacks. -However, the railroad bridge across the Waal River in the -Nijmegen area was captured on 20 September and remained in -Allied hands. By the end of September the corridor was widened -somewhat and the operation was considered a success even though -the Allies were forced to evacuate most of the attacking troops -after numerous casualties were suffered.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[215]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_215a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">THE NETHERLANDS AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_215a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PARATROOPERS ADVANCING UNDER ENEMY FIRE in the Arnhem -area (top). A captured German self-propelled assault gun -(Sturmgeschuetz 7.5-cm. Stu. K. 40) (bottom). During the entire -operation in the Netherlands which lasted for thirty days, from -17 September to 16 October 1944, over 5,500 planes and 2,500 -gliders transported 34,000 men, and over 1,900 vehicles, 500 -artillery pieces, and 5,000 tons of supplies. The airborne army -suffered more than 13,000 casualties in killed, wounded, or -missing.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_215b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_215b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[216]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_216a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_216a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN FOLLOWING A TANK during the advance north of Aachen -(top). Infantrymen riding on an M4 medium tank-dozer through the -West Wall, while others follow on foot (bottom). The last two -weeks in September were spent by the First Army in probing the -enemy’s defenses along the frontier. On 2 October an attack was -launched across the German border about eight miles north of -Aachen. Progress during the next two weeks was slow as troops -fought their way through six miles of West Wall, or “Siegfried -Line,” fortifications.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_216b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_216b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[217]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_217a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_217a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A 57-MM. ANTITANK GUN M1 being unlimbered from a half-track -during the street fighting in Aachen (top). A Browning -.30-caliber machine gun M1919A4 being fired at the enemy in -Aachen (bottom). The German troops in Aachen refused a surrender -ultimatum on 11 October 1944, and during the next three days the -city was subjected to intense aerial bombardment and artillery -fire. Infantrymen entered the city on 13 October and after -fierce house-to-house fighting almost completely occupied Aachen -by 20 October. The following day the garrison surrendered, -making Aachen the first German city to fall to the Allies. The -First U. S. Army then began preparations for a drive to the -Rhine as soon as supplies and reinforcements should become -available.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_217b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_217b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[218]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_218" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_218.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF THE CITY OF AACHEN. During the bitter fighting the -Allies found it necessary to use all types of artillery weapons, -from the 155-mm. gun to the smaller guns of tank destroyers, -at point blank range to reduce the heavily fortified buildings -occupied by enemy troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[220]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_220" style="width: 721px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_220.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BRIDGEHEAD ACROSS THE MOSELLE south of Metz near Arnaville. -While the U. S. First Army was driving toward the Rhine in the -vicinity of Bonn and Cologne, the Third Army was holding its -positions pending the improvement of the supply situation. The -Ninth Army moved up from Brittany and took its position between -the First and Third Armies in the Ardennes sector. The battle -of Brest ended on 18 September 1944, and except for enemy -resistance in the Atlantic coast port cities of Lorient and -Saint-Nazaire, the Brittany Peninsula was completely in Allied -hands.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[221]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_221a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_221a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">M4 MEDIUM TANKS on a street in Lunéville (top). U. S. troops -firing a captured German 88-mm. gun in the vicinity of Metz -(bottom). The period from 25 September to 7 November 1944 was -the most unproductive phase of the U. S. Third Army’s operations -on the Continent. Troops closed in on the Moselle north of -Thionville and consolidated their positions east of Nancy. On 18 -September the Germans launched a counterattack near Lunéville -but were stopped in their tracks. Two other attacks on 22 and 24 -September were also stopped and the Germans began to retreat on -the night of 1–2 October.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_221b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_221b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[222]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_222" style="width: 647px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_222.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIVE-GALLON WATER CANS loaded in a quarter-ton trailer -being filled at an Engineer water point. The Engineers were -responsible for the purification of drinking water and set up -water points from which all units located in the area drew their -daily supply.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[223]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_223" style="width: 623px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_223.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BREAD BEING PLACED ON COOLING RACKS in a Quartermaster bakery -after being removed from the ovens.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[224]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_224a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_224a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRY MEN FIRING a .30-caliber Browning machine gun M1917A1 -on the outskirts of Metz (top). Infantry patrol entering Metz -(bottom). For two months the U. S. Third Army was stalled in -the vicinity of Metz, the fortress which would have to be -captured before any substantial advance eastward could be -made. Metz dominated three invasion routes into Germany from -France: the valley of the Moselle through Trier and Coblenz; the -Kaiserslautern Pass through Saarbruecken to Mainz and Worms; and -the route through the Saverne Gap from Sarrebourg to Strasbourg -and the Rhine. Only once in modern times had the fortress of -Metz fallen to an attacking army—in 1871 the defending French -troops surrendered to the Prussians.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_224b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_224b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[225]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_225" style="width: 739px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_225.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">90-MM. GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M36 in Metz. The capture of Metz was -hindered by rain and floods which canceled the heavy air support -and made the advance difficult for the ground forces. The attack -started on 8 November with only artillery support and it was -not until 22 November that the city was finally clear of all -enemy pockets of resistance. The last of the forts which ringed -the city was taken on 13 December. The Third Army was then -confronted by one of the strongest sections of the West Wall, -and since its reduction would require a vast amount of artillery -support, the attacks were suspended until the necessary -ammunition could be brought up.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[226]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_226" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_226.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE CITY OF METZ showing the location of two of the forts which -ringed the city. These and other forts presented problems to the -assaulting troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_228">[228]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_228a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_228a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THANKSGIVING DINNER AT THE FRONT. During October and November -1944 the cold, rain, fog, and floods made living conditions of -the front-line troops miserable. The battle against the weather -was as difficult as that against the enemy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_228b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_228b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[229]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_229a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_229a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS HAULING BRIDGING EQUIPMENT in flooded areas of the -Moselle River. The flooded rivers and smaller streams made the -task of bridging extremely difficult during this period of the -fighting along the German frontier since, in addition to the -wider than normal spans necessary to cross the rivers, the -weather was cold and rainy, adding to the hardships of those -employed in the task.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_229b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_229b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[230]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_230" style="width: 693px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_230.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRACK EXTENSIONS being put on the track of a medium tank. The -maneuverability of tanks and other tracked vehicles was greatly -hampered by mud along the front lines. Confronted by a problem -more serious than anticipated, Ordnance personnel quickly -designed and started production of track extensions at the rate -of 156 separate pieces for each tank. Civilian manufacturing -facilities were utilized in France and Belgium and before the -program was completed 1,500,000 extensions had been made and -welded to the tank tracks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_231">[231]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_231" style="width: 634px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_231.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M4A3 MEDIUM TANK fitted with track extensions maneuvering -through soupy ground. Track extensions were so devised as to -give better flotation and traction through the November mud.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[232]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_232" style="width: 693px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_232.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">105-MM. HOWITZER M3 shelling enemy positions. After the capture -of Aachen the First and Ninth Armies prepared for a new -offensive. The initial objectives were to capture bridgeheads -over the Roer River in the vicinity of Dueren and make advances -toward Juelich. At the same time the defensive positions in the -Ardennes area were held. After a four-day delay the weather -cleared and planes of the Allied air forces began the attack. -Several towns including Dueren and Juelich were reduced to -rubble.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_233">[233]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_233a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_233a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDIUM TANKS FIRING during the assault toward the Roer River -(top). 155-mm. gun motor carriage M12 firing on enemy held -positions (bottom). In spite of the elaborate preparations made -for the attack and the great concentration of combat power, -progress was extremely slow. Each of the towns was woven into a -network in which each house had to be reduced, and each foot of -the muddy ground was defended to the last by the enemy troops. -The attack plowed on determinedly in the mud and cold and on 3 -December 1944 the Ninth Army came to the Roer. The First Army -also attacked until the river was reached. (Note the newer type -track with cleats on the treads to give better traction.)</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_233b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_233b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[234]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_234" style="width: 734px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_234.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">3-INCH GUN MOTOR CARRIAGES M10 move up in the Huertgen Forest -area. Troops of the First and Ninth Armies had been fighting -their way toward Schmidt since September in one of the most -bitterly contested actions of the war. One of the major -obstacles in the advance was the Huertgen Forest which covered -roughly the triangle of Aachen-Dueren-Monschau. In the vicinity -of Schmidt were dams which controlled the level of the Roer -River, and while these were still in enemy hands water could -be released flooding the valley of the Roer. It was therefore -considered necessary to take this area and the dams before the -river was crossed by the attacking U. S. forces.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[235]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_235a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_235a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN pushing through the Huertgen Forest near Vossenack, -Germany (top). Vehicles moving up a muddy road through the -forest (bottom). The Germans had strengthened this natural -barrier by the clever use of wire, pillboxes, and mines, and -the U. S. infantrymen, restricted by the rough wooded terrain, -were forced to fight for the most part without the aid of -artillery or air support. On 13 December the attack on the dams -was renewed but the going was still slow. Casualties to the two -armies advancing in this area were high.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_235b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_235b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[236]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_236" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_236.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">KOMMERSCHEIDT AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. The terrain of the -Schmidt and Vossenack areas, like that of the Huertgen Forest, -was hilly and wooded. The Roer River dams in this area were -important objectives for the Allies during this part of the -campaign.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[238]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_238" style="width: 620px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_238.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TIRED, DIRTY, HUNGRY INFANTRYMEN eat their first hot meal after -fifteen days of siege of the town of Huertgen.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[239]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_239" style="width: 623px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_239.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BATTLE-WEARY GERMANS who were among the last to surrender after -the battle of the Huertgen Forest which lasted for several weeks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[240]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_240a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_240a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MINE EXPLODER T1E3 attached to a medium tank. This model was an -improvement over the earlier one because of its chain-driven -exploder disks. On the first models the exploder disks rolled -freely and were not power driven. The new model also had a -higher degree of indestructibility and greater maneuverability -and could be driven in mud eighteen inches deep and across -broken terrain. The T1E3 could be driven across a Class 70 -military bridge.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_240b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_240b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[241]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_241a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_241a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIRING ROCKETS during the fighting in the Huertgen Forest area. -In the above pictures 4.5-inch multiple rocket launchers T27 are -mounted on 2½-ton trucks and consist of eight tubes in a single -bank. Two banks are mounted on each of the trucks with the -rockets being fired at half-second intervals.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_241b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_241b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[242]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_242a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_242a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FOG OIL being used to produce a smoke screen to limit -observation during river crossings. This function of the -Chemical Warfare companies was utilized in covering the -activities of troops at ports, airfields, docks, and harbors -in addition to concealing vital points from direct enemy air -observation during advances and river crossings. When the danger -of aerial attack was practically eliminated it was still used -against ground observation. By means of a generator the fog -oil was converted into a white fog which was used effectively -whenever the wind conditions were not strong enough to disperse -the screen too rapidly.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_242b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_242b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[243]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_243" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right"></p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_243.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">90-MM. ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN M 1 being fired at a German flying bomb -passing over Belgium. Liege was subjected to an attack by these -robot bombs and suffered considerable damage. Because of the -great speed of these weapons it was difficult to combat them, -but later with the utilization of the newly developed proximity -fuse, the seriousness of the threat of the flying bombs -diminished.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[244]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_244a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_244a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH ARMY VEHICLES CROSSING THE MOSELLE. During the -later half of September the 6th Army Group’s positions were -consolidated, boundaries were adjusted, divisions were shifted -into their proper zones, and plans were made for the advance to -the Rhine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_244b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_244b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[245]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_245" style="width: 623px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_245.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">4.2-INCH CHEMICAL MORTAR being fired during the advance of the -Seventh Army, October 1944.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[246]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_246" style="width: 624px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_246.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THREE INFANTRYMEN of the Seventh Army looking down on a village -in France from a hilltop which has been under heavy mortar and -artillery fire.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[247]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_247" style="width: 654px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_247.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN CLIMB UPON AN M 5 LIGHT TANK in preparation for an -advance. In November 1944 the Seventh Army was to make the main -effort of the 6th Army Group in an advance toward Sarrebourg -and Strasbourg. In the south the French First Army was to drive -through the Belfort Gap.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[248]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_248" style="width: 639px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_248.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARTILLERY LIAISON PLANES grounded in the Seventh Army area. -In the Vosges mountains snow drifted over the roads, the -temperature dropped below freezing, and streams overflowed their -banks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[249]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_249" style="width: 668px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_249.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN OF THE SEVENTH ARMY advance through snow and -sleet. The attack of 6th Army Group was to breach the Vosges -mountains whereupon the two armies would join in the Rhine plain -to isolate the enemy’s Vosges positions. Short of artillery -ammunition, the troops slugged it out with the enemy over -difficult terrain and in increasingly bad weather, with the -infantry carrying most of the burden.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[250]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_250" style="width: 682px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_250.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH ARMY ARTILLERYMEN loading a 105-mm. howitzer M 2A 1. The -attack was launched, after an all-night artillery preparation, -in a snow storm on the morning of 13 November 1944. At noon on -14 November the French First Army jumped off in its attack. On -16 November the French broke through the Belfort defenses and -on 20 November reached the Rhine. Mulhouse fell on 22 November -despite a quickly established enemy defensive line.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[251]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_251a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_251a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A 105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M 7 being fired on German -positions in the Rhine Valley (top). Infantrymen wait in a -shallow zig-zag trench before advancing (bottom). On 20 November -Sarrebourg was captured and on 22 November Saverne fell. By -27 November Strasbourg and its ring of defending forts had -been taken. After the collapse of the enemy positions in the -Vosges, the Seventh Army attacked northward and by the middle -of December had crossed the German frontier on a 22-mile front -and penetrated the West Wall defenses northeast of Wissembourg. -In the meantime the German forces which had been driven from -the Vosges maintained their bridgehead in the Colmar area, -which became known as the Colmar pocket before it was finally -liquidated.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_251b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_251b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[252]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_252a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_252a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">REWARDS FOR STANDING IN LINE: men receiving typhus booster shots -(top); men exchanging their French and Belgium francs for German -marks (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_252b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_252b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[253]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_253a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_253a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WOUNDED SOLDIERS BEING EVACUATED in tracked vehicles during the -winter months. Cargo carrier M 29 (top); half-track personnel -carrier M 3 (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_253b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_253b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[254]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_254" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_254.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">OPENING THE VALVE ON A GASOLINE PIPELINE. The critical fuel -situation of September, which had stalled the armored divisions -at the West Wall, was materially improved by December. At -that time three main pipelines were constructed or under -construction: one for the northern armies, one for the central -armies, and another for the southern armies.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[255]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_255" style="width: 652px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_255.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIVE-GALLON CANS BEING FILLED WITH GASOLINE at a distribution -point. On 15 December 1944 the armies had from a five-to -nine-day supply of gasoline on hand while the Ninth Air Force -had over 600,000 gallons of aviation gasoline and oil stored in -the Namur area.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[256]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_256" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_256.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMY SUPPLIES BEING UNLOADED at Antwerp. The greatest single -factor in the improved supply situation was the port of Antwerp -which became operational on 27 November. Despite heavy attacks -from the German “V” weapons the port discharged cargo which was -badly needed by the forces fighting along the German frontier. -Utah and Omaha Beaches ceased operations in November and then -only the larger port cities were used as supply ports of entry.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[257]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_257a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_257a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AMPHIBIAN TRUCKS LOADING SUPPLIES into railroad cars after -bringing them ashore from ships in the harbor of Le Havre (top). -In addition to Antwerp, the major Allied ports were Le Havre, -Ghent (opened in January 1945), Rouen, Cherbourg, and Marseille. -An enlisted man reading a directive, signed by the theater -commander, concerning the conservation of tires, an effort made -to curtail the wasteful use of equipment and supplies (bottom). -While in general the supply situation was much improved over -that in September there were still critical shortages in a wide -variety of items including antifreeze, tires, post exchange -rations, miscellaneous signal equipment, and some winter -clothing.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_257b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_257b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[258]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_258a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_258a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">2½-TON TRUCKS PICK UP RATIONS at a Belgian railhead (top). -10-ton semitrailers loaded with rations at Antwerp, ready to -be hauled to the forward depots (bottom). The multiple-drive -motor transport vehicles were continuously on the move and made -possible the supplying of troops during the rapid advances.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_258b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_258b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[259]</span></p></div> - -<p class="center p4 xxl">ARDENNES-ALSACE CAMPAIGN</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[261]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION V<br /> -<span class="subhed">Ardennes-Alsace Campaign</span></h2></div> - -<p>In mid-December 1944 the Allies stopped along the German border, -but continued to attack in the Saar and Roer regions, while they -concentrated the majority of their strength for an attack in the north. -The Germans, taking advantage of their continuous front along the -West Wall, planned a counterattack to strike the Allies in one of the -weakest portions of the line—the Ardennes sector. The ultimate goals -of this German operation were to capture the port city of Antwerp, -sever the major Allied supply lines emanating from that port, and -destroy the Allied forces north of the Antwerp-Brussels-Bastogne line.</p> - -<p>Early on the morning of 16 December the German armies struck the -Allied troops located in Belgium and Luxembourg. The Allies holding -this portion of the line were too thinly dispersed to offer any great -resistance against the powerful enemy attack and were forced to fall -back. While the defenders fought the Germans, Allied armies shifted -their drives and troops were rushed to the Ardennes to reinforce the -hard hit units along the front from Monschau to Echternach. After -severe fighting during late December 1944 and early January 1945 the -Germans were defeated and by 25 January the Allies were once more -ready to move toward Germany through the West Wall defenses. During -the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign winter set in and the cold weather and -snow-covered terrain made operations and living conditions extremely -difficult.</p> - -<p>During this period the British forces in the north eliminated the -Germans in the Roermond triangle and captured the enemy bridgehead west -of the Roer River. The U. S. and French troops of the 6th Army Group -fought a determined enemy in Lorraine and Alsace and by 25 January had -driven the attacking Germans back across the Moder River.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[262]</span></p> - -<p>The Ardennes-Alsace Campaign, which delayed the Rhineland Campaign -for six weeks, secured no major terrain objectives for either side. -The Germans, who had employed some of their best remaining units, -lost nearly 250,000 men, 600 tanks and assault guns, and about 1,600 -airplanes. The Allies suffered 72,000 casualties.</p> - -<p>On 6 January 1945 the Fifteenth U. S. Army became operational on the -Continent and was assigned to the 12th Army Group, taking over many of -that army group’s responsibilities in the rear areas.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[263]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_263" style="width: 701px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_263.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN SOLDIER WITH AMMUNITION BELTS moves forward during the -enemy counterattack in the Ardennes. German morale was higher -than at any time since the Allies had landed, partly because the -individual soldier had been propagandized into believing that -this was the opportunity to destroy the Allied troops in the -west. At 0530 on 16 December 1944 three German armies attacked -on a 50-mile front in eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg. -This battle was popularly known as the Battle of the Bulge.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[264]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_264a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_264a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENEMY TROOPS PASS BURNING U. S. EQUIPMENT. The initial German -attacks, following a heavy artillery preparation, were launched -all along the front, roughly from Monschau to Echternach. The -first objective was to secure the high ground of the Hohe Venn -but the drive by the enemy met with stiff resistance and he was -forced to commit his armor before noon on 16 December. Further -attacks in the northern sector were no more successful and by -night the Germans were still fighting at the approaches to the -Elsenborn Ridge.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_264b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_264b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[265]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_265" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_265.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A GERMAN SOLDIER waving members of his unit forward. Spurred -on by expressions of the German commanders such as “Forward to -and over the Meuse” and “We gamble everything now—we cannot -fail,” enemy troops drove forward in a determined effort to -defeat the Allies. South of the Elsenborn Ridge in the vicinity -of the Losheim Gap U. S. troops were overwhelmed and forced to -withdraw. By evening the enemy, though blocked in the north, had -broken through the thinly held American line and drove toward -Stavelot and Huy, the first objective on the Meuse River. Still -further to the south in the Echternach area, the U. S. forces -stopped the enemy after he had made limited gains. The Allied -situation along the front was extremely grave.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[266]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_266" style="width: 900px"> - <img - class="p2" - src="images/i_b_266.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TYPICAL ARDENNES TERRAIN. The rough, wooded tableland of the -Ardennes in eastern Belgium and northern Luxembourg is broken by -many small streams which become serious obstacles during periods -of heavy rain or thaw. The Ardennes contains a fair primary but -poor secondary road system. Because of the rough terrain the -main centers of the road net assumed great importance during the -Battle of the Bulge. Heavy snow made infantry maneuver difficult -and seriously limited tank movement.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_268">[268]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_268a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_268a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN “KING TIGER” OR “TIGER ROYAL” heavy tank passing a line -of captured U. S. soldiers being marched to the rear (top). -U. S. prisoners of the enemy taken during the early fighting -in the Battle of the Bulge (bottom). Two U. S. regiments near -Saint-Vith were surrounded and most of the men were taken -prisoner before U. S. reinforcements could arrive on the scene. -The enemy attacks on Elsenborn Ridge were stopped by these U. S. -reinforcements on 17 December, but this help came too late to -save from capture the men shown above and those of an artillery -battery who were caught by an enemy armored column south of -Malmédy.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_268b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_268b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[269]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_269" style="width: 636px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_269.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN INFANTRYMAN PAUSING IN HIS ADVANCE through the forest. During -the first ten days of the battle confusion reigned as hastily -shifted troops arrived to reinforce the efforts of the isolated -units attempting to halt the enemy attack.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[270]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_270a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_270a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A BATTERY OF 155-MM. HOWITZERS M1 being emplaced (top). Members -of an airborne division moving up through the forest (bottom). -On 18 December German patrols passed through a gap between -Malmédy and Saint-Vith and continued as far west as Werbomont. -Other enemy troops tried to push north through Stavelot but -were stopped by a blown bridge over the Ambleve River and by -an improvised task force consisting of U. S. infantrymen, -engineers, and tank destroyers. Engineer demolitions and -effective use for the first time of the new proximity fuze -by artillery strengthened the north shoulder of the growing -salient. During the first week of the Battle of the Bulge most -planes were grounded because of extremely poor flying weather.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_270b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_270b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[271]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_271a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_271a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BATTLE-WEARY TROOPS being relieved of front-line duty as -reinforcements arrive to take over (top). Infantrymen batter -down the door of a house where German snipers are holding out -in the town of Stavelot (bottom). On 19 December the north and -south flanks continued to hold, and road centers of Saint-Vith -and Bastogne were still occupied by U. S. troops though almost -surrounded by the enemy. The enemy captured Stoumont but the U. -S. forces strengthened the line between Malmédy and Stavelot and -with additional reinforcements began to attack the enemy east -of Stoumont. To the south the enemy took up blocking positions -south of the Sauer River with some troops as far west as the -Arlon-Bastogne highway.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_271b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_271b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[272]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_272" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_272.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CREW OF A MULTIPLE GUN MOTOR CARRIAGE M16 waiting to fire on -an enemy plane as vapor trails fill the sky. On 20 December -control of the First and Ninth U. S. Armies passed to the 21 -Army Group, while the Third U. S. Army and a corps of the First -Army remained under 12th Army Group control. On 23 December -the weather cleared sufficiently for planes of the Eighth -and Ninth U. S. Air Forces and the British Bomber Command to -begin a large-scale aerial assault on German positions and -installations. The German planes which were sent up in greater -strength than at any other time since the invasion were no -match for the Allies. On Christmas Day the First U. S. Army -launched an attack and made contact with the British forces in -the northern section of the front. For the first time since 16 -December a continuous Allied front was established.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_273">[273]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_273" style="width: 719px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_273.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PART OF AN ARMORED DIVISION of the Third Army moving into the -Ardennes. At the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge Third Army -was regrouping for an attack on the West Wall in the Saar area. -On 18 December an armored division was turned north toward the -Ardennes sector and was followed by an infantry division the -next day. The 6th Army Group was turned north to take over the -area held by Third Army, which during a period of six days broke -off its general attack in the Saar region, turned left, moved -more than a 100 miles over unknown winter roads, and mounted an -attack with six divisions.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[274]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_274a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_274a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">C-47’s CARRYING SUPPLIES to surrounded U. S. troops in Bastogne -(top). Infantrymen in Bastogne (bottom). While Third Army -was advancing to relieve the armored and airborne troops in -Bastogne, the battle for the city was being waged. The enemy -surrounding the city numbered 45,000 while within Bastogne there -were about 18,000 U. S. troops. The commander of the troops in -the city refused to surrender to the Germans and continued to -hold out against all attacks. The defenders, cut off from their -sources, were supplied by airdrops during this period. On 24 -December over 100 tons of supplies were dropped.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_274b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_274b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[275]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_275" style="width: 697px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_275.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN FIRE AT GERMAN TROOPS in the advance to relieve the -surrounded paratroopers in Bastogne. In foreground a platoon -leader indicates the target to a rifleman by actually firing -on the target. In Bastogne the defenders were badly in need of -relief, they were attacked nightly by German aircraft, supplies -were critically low in spite of the airdrops, and the wounded -could not be given proper attention because of the shortage of -medical supplies. After an advance which had been slow, U. S. -relief troops entered Bastogne at 1645 on 26 December 1944.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[276]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_276a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_276a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN ADVANCE ON BASTOGNE (top). Prisoners taken during -the advance on Bastogne being evacuated (bottom). With the -arrival of U. S. relief troops were forty truckloads of -supplies which were delivered during the night of 26 December. -625 wounded men were evacuated from the area and the battle -continued since the enemy had shifted a large portion of his -attacking troops in this area. On the night of 26 December when -the German advance was halted the Third Army, consisting of -eight divisions and parts of two other battered divisions, faced -elements of eleven German divisions between the Meuse and the -Moselle.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_276b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_276b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[277]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_277" style="width: 692px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_277.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">105-MM. HOWITZER MOTOR CARRIAGE M7 of an armored unit on the -alert near Bastogne. By 27 December more than thirty-five corps -artillery battalions were firing approximately 19,000 rounds of -ammunition daily in support of the Third Army. By the end of -the year that army was supported by over 1,000 guns of 105-mm. -caliber or larger. Christmas night the Third Army’s artillery -began using the new proximity fuze, which proved particularly -effective in interdicting road junctions and harassing enemy -positions.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[278]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_278" style="width: 621px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_278.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS UNLOADING BARBED WIRE which was used in defensive -measures against counterattacks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[279]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_279" style="width: 629px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_279.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEER PLANTING AN ANTITANK MINE on the shoulder of a road as -a defensive measure during the fighting in the Ardennes.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[280]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_280" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_280.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BASTOGNE AND THE SURROUNDING AREA. Although the corridor which -had been opened to Bastogne remained in U. S. hands it was far -from secure as it was less than 300 yards wide in some places. -The Germans were passing to the defensive in other sectors and -concentrating on their attacks in the Bastogne area. The mission -of the Third Army was to widen the corridor, push attacks on -Saint-Vith, and at the same time reinforce its attacking units. -During this period of the fighting in Europe adverse weather -conditions added greatly to the problems, and the snow-and -sleet-covered roads hampered the movement of troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[282]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_282" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_282.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIER TAKES TIME OUT TO WASH HIS FEET and put on dry socks. -The cold weather combined with the snow and dampness caused many -cases of trench foot during this period. It was difficult when -wearing the regular leather shoes to keep one’s feet dry and -warm, but frequent washing and changing of socks helped.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_283">[283]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_283" style="width: 657px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_283.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ENLISTED MAN PUTS ON A NEW PAIR OF SHOEPACS. The shoepac, -which was supplied to as many of the troops as possible at -this time, helped to overcome the heavy incidence of trench -foot among the U. S. troops fighting in cold and extremely wet -climates. This shoe was rubber-bottomed with a leather top and -was worn with a heavy ski sock and felt innersole.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[284]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_284" style="width: 653px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_284.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN WEARING SNOW CAPES over their normal clothing. -Snow caught the U. S. troops without adequate camouflage, and -strenuous efforts were made to improvise white suits out of -mattress covers and linen collected from the civilians.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_285">[285]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_285a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_285a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAMOUFLAGED LIGHT ARMORED CAR M 8 and one that has not been -painted white, showing the effectiveness of snow camouflaging -(top). A crew member of a 90-mm. gun motor carriage M 36 -throwing paint on the bogie wheels after painting the vehicle -(bottom). Tanks, vehicles, and guns were camouflaged with white -paint.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_285b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_285b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[286]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_286" style="width: 716px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_286.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">KNOCKED-OUT U. S. MEDIUM TANKS. During the last few days -of December 1944 the main effort in Third Army zone was -concentrated in the vicinity of Bastogne, while the situation -in the rest of the army area remained static. Armored and -infantry attacks achieved small gains during which many German -counterattacks were made. Echternach was re-entered on 29 -December and all enemy forces south of the Sauer River were -cleared. The armored divisions continued to advance. One, in -repulsing several counterattacks, suffered heavy casualties. On -3 January 1945 the last German attack was made on Bastogne. It -was unsuccessful.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_287">[287]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_287" style="width: 705px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_287.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN OF AN INFANTRY DIVISION climbing into box cars to move -from the Brittany Peninsula to the U. S. Third Army zone. On 9 -January 1945 a new attack was started after fresh troops had -been brought into the battle area. The Germans offered fierce -resistance in order to keep open their escape route to the east. -On 16 January elements of an armored division of Third Army -contacted those from First Army, closing the German salient just -one month after the enemy had launched his counteroffensive in -the Ardennes.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[288]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_288a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_288a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN BIVOUACKING IN THE WOODS (top); field mess (bottom). -Living conditions during the best of times were not too pleasant -for the combat soldier, but during the winter the hardships were -greatly increased.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_288b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_288b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[289]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_289" style="width: 667px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_289.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. LIGHT TANKS which were captured by the enemy during the -Battle of the Bulge. Some of the more serious U. S. losses -during this period were 1,284 machine guns, 542 mortars, 1,344 -jeeps, and 237 tanks. Not all of these losses were the result -of units being overrun—there was some evidence of unnecessary -abandonment of equipment, particularly among inexperienced -troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[290]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_290" style="width: 674px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_290.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF AN ARMORED UNIT STAND GUARD beside their dug-in -medium tank near Manhay, Belgium. From 27 December 1944 to 2 -January 1945 the First U. S. Army was reorganizing and preparing -to attack the Hotton-Houffalize axis. Heavy fighting continued -all along the First Army front and by 30 December the important -traffic centers of Marche, Hotton, and Manhay were secured.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[291]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_291a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_291a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AIRBORNE INFANTRY MEN on the alert man their .30-caliber machine -gun (top). A member of a cavalry reconnaissance squadron checks -his .30-caliber machine gun (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_291b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_291b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[292]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_292" style="width: 658px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_292.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AIRBORNE TROOPS LOADING A SHELL into a 75-mm. pack howitzer M8. -Between 16 December and 27 December First army artillery units -fired more ammunition than at any other time during the war -except during the Normandy Campaign. An average of 800 weapons -fired over 750,000 shells.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[293]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_293a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_293a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LOADING A 105-M M. SHELL into the howitzer of a Priest (top); -snow on the camouflage net over a 155-mm. howitzer M1 helps -conceal its position (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_293b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_293b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[294]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_294a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_294a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ARTILLERY PLANE with newly attached skis taking off (top); -observation planes grounded during the bad weather (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_294b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_294b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[295]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_295a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_295a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN STRINGING BARBED WIRE DURING A BLIZZARD (top); tank crews -keeping warm as they eat their rations (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_295b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_295b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[296]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_296" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_296.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MANHAY, BELGIUM. On 3 January 1945 an attack was launched west -of Manhay in the First Army zone. Visibility was reduced to -200 yards and the temperature was near zero. The few roads -were coated with ice and the snow off the roads was waist deep -making it extremely difficult to maneuver. During the first day -advances of almost 4,000 yards were made before a heavy snowfall -halted the assault. On 5 January the attack was resumed and the -La Roche-Vielsalm road was cut. La Roche was captured by the -British on 10 January. The British troops were then withdrawn -to regroup for the Rhineland Campaign. The Germans began to -withdraw from the tip of the salient after becoming convinced -that they had lost in their attempt to halt the Allies.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[298]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_298" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_298.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ELEMENTS OF THE FIRST AND THIRD ARMIES made contact at -Houffalize on 16 January. While the U. S. units were still -understrength, replacements to the theater had increased. -Despite heavy fighting and poor living conditions, morale was -high.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[299]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_299" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_299.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">155-MM. GUN M1A1, with its barrel camouflaged by white cloth, -firing in the Ardennes. The junction of First and Third Armies -at Houffalize marked the achievement of tactical victory in the -Ardennes. On 17 January the First Army reverted to 12th Army -Group, but the Ninth U. S. Army remained under 21 Army Group. -With the enemy withdrawing from the Ardennes the Allies resumed -their advance toward the Rhine.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[300]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_300a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_300a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO GERMAN PRISONERS BEING BROUGHT IN (top). Papers of a U. S. -vehicle driver being checked by a guard at a road intersection -(bottom). During the fighting in the Ardennes some German -paratroopers were dropped behind the U. S. lines. Others dressed -in U. S. uniforms and driving U. S. vehicles were operating -behind the American lines.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_300b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_300b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[301]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_301a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_301a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">“KING TIGER” OR “ROYAL TIGER” (Pz. Kpfw. VI (B) “Tiger” with -8.8-cm. Kw. K. 43) (top). This tank, weighing 75 tons and -designed for defensive warfare or for penetrating strong lines -of defense, made its appearance in combat in 1944. It had -heavy frontal armor and an 88-mm. gun which could traverse 360 -degrees. Germany heavy tank, the Panther (Pz. Kpfw. with 7.5-cm. -Kw. K, 42-L/70) (bottom). This tank, introduced in 1942, weighed -47 tons and had sloping frontal armor and a 75-mm. high-velocity -gun.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_301b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_301b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[302]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_302" style="width: 668px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_302.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BARBED WIRE BEING STRUNG as a defensive measure in the event of -another enemy counterattack. In mid-January the enemy was still -able to maintain a cohesive line, but the critical situation on -the Russian front made necessary the shifting of troops to the -eastern front while withdrawing to the security of the West Wall -all committed troops facing the western Allies.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[303]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_303" style="width: 605px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_303.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A SIGNAL CORPS LINEMAN repairing damaged telephone lines.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[304]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_304a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_304a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A TRUCK-MOUNTED CRANE swinging the barrel of an 8-inch gun -from its transport wagon (top), and placing it on its carriage -(bottom). The gun and cradle were transported on one vehicle and -the carriage on another.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_304b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_304b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_305">[305]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_305" style="width: 671px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_305.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A CAMOUFLAGED 8-INCH GUN M1 located in the southern portion of -the Third Army zone. This gun was capable of firing a 240-pound -projectile a distance of 20 miles. The troops left in this area -were placed on the defensive during the fighting in the Ardennes -sector. Heavy artillery in the area fired on enemy installations -in the triangle of the Moselle and Saar Rivers and West Wall -fortifications.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[306]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_306" style="width: 627px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_306.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEMBER OF A GLIDER REGIMENT, armed with a rifle and a rocket -launcher, returning from a three-hour tour of guard duty.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[307]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_307" style="width: 629px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_307.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A TANKER SEWS HIS CLOTHING on an old sewing machine in front of -his M4A3 medium tank.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_308">[308]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_308" style="width: 637px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_308.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SUPPLIES MOVING THROUGH BASTOGNE, 22 January 1945, on their way -to the front-line troops. By the first of the year material -losses in the Battle of the Bulge had been replaced and the -combat units were again prepared to move forward.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[309]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_309" style="width: 720px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_309.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDICAL AID MEN dragging a boatload of medical supplies down a -snow and ice covered road to the banks of a stream they are to -cross. From 17 to 24 January the Third Army continued to attack -through Houffalize and reached the northern tip of Luxembourg -on 24 January. In an advance to the east bridgeheads north of -Clervaux on the Clerf River were secured on 23 January. During -this period most of the area between the Sauer and the Our -Rivers was cleared of enemy resistance. In a hurried effort to -withdraw as many vehicles as possible the enemy lost over 1,700 -vehicles to planes of the U. S. XIX Tactical Air Command.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[310]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_310" style="width: 636px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_310.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEMBER OF AN 81-MM. MORTAR CREW listening to firing orders -from a battalion command post.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[311]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_311" style="width: 670px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_311.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN ADVANCING UNDER ENEMY SHELL FIRE. On 15 January 1945, -on the left of the First Army zone, an attack was begun from the -Butgenbach-Malmédy positions. By 19 January First Army had secured the -defiles southwest of Butgenbach. The attack launched toward Saint-Vith -continued to gain ground, and on 23 January Saint-Vith was recaptured.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[312]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_312" style="width: 616px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_312.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIRST ARMY TROOPS, wearing snow camouflage capes, advance.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[313]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_313" style="width: 685px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_313.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN OF AN AIRBORNE UNIT preparing to board trucks which will -take them to a rest area after being relieved at the front. On -24 January the First and Third Armies’ boundary was shifted -north in the general line Saint-Vith-Losheim-Ahr River and -attacks were to be renewed on the Saint-Vith-Bonn axis. First -Army was to breach the West Wall and secure the high ground in -the vicinity of Blankenheim, while Third Army was to attack with -its left wing to cover the First Army.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[314]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_314" style="width: 697px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_314.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M5 LIGHT TANK guarding a road in the U. S. Ninth Army area, -22 January. With the collapse of the German salient in the -Ardennes, preparations were made for the offensive to the -Rhine by 21 Army Group. The Germans held the triangle south of -Roermond between the Meuse and Roer Rivers. This was a serious -threat to the left flank of the Ninth Army and had to be -eliminated before the army could advance across the Roer to the -Rhine plain. The task of eliminating this salient was assigned -to the British Second Army and by 26 January was completed.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[315]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_315" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_315.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS entering a fortress of the Maginot Line, -near Bitche, France, which had been taken in the December -fighting. Reduction of the strongly defended forts of the -Maginot Line was halted when the Ardennes fighting began. The -new Seventh Army front included the three following areas: the -Saare Valley in Lorraine; the low Vosges mountains; and the -northern Alsace plain between the mountains and the Rhine.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[316]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_316a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_316a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF A SEVENTH ARMY ARTILLERY UNIT unloading powder -charges for their 240-mm. howitzer (top); 3-inch gun motor -carriage firing on enemy positions at night (bottom). On 20 -December 1944 the 6th Army Group abandoned its offensive and -relieved the Third Army in the region westward to Saarlautern -to defend against any enemy penetration in Alsace-Lorraine. The -offensive was stopped even though many pillboxes in the West -Wall had been taken, and during the last ten days of December -the Seventh Army regrouped its forces and deployed its troops.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_316b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_316b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[317]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_317a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_317a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CONVOY MOVING UP in the Seventh Army area during the fighting in -Alsace (top); vehicles moving over snow-covered roads through -the Vosges mountains (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_317b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_317b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[318]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_318" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_318.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">BITCHE, FRANCE. The Seventh Army prepared an alternate -main line of resistance along the old Maginot Line -(Sarreguemines-Bitche-Lembach-Hatten-Sessenheim) and a final -defensive position along the eastern slope of the Vosges. On 1 -January 1945 the Germans attacked in the area between Sarre and -Rohrbach and drove ten miles into the U. S. lines, where the -appearance of powerful armored reserves of the U. S. forces and -Allied counterattacks caused the enemy to curtail its operation. -Another New Year’s Day attack by the Germans in the Bitche area -was a more serious threat. After stubborn fighting on the part -of the Allied troops the attack spent itself on 7 January. In -the Bitche salient the fighting continued until 20 January -before becoming stabilized.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_320">[320]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_320" style="width: 699px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_320.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TANKS OF AN ARMORED UNIT moving along a slippery road during a -heavy snowstorm. In other 6th Army Group areas there was action -along the front. As U. S. troops withdrew to the Maginot Line so -that French troops could take over this portion of the front, -the Germans followed closely. French troops in the Strasbourg -area contained an enemy attack from the Colmar pocket. There was -heavy activity in the U. S. zone near Hatten where the enemy, -after suffering heavy losses, failed to break through the U. S. -troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[321]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_321" style="width: 647px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_321.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAMOUFLAGED TANKS and infantrymen, wearing snow camouflage -capes, moving over a snow-covered field. Toward the end of -January a heavy snowfall slowed operations and on 25 January the -enemy struck his final blow near Haguenau, France. On 26 January -the Germans were driven back across the Moder River.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[322]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_322" style="width: 625px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_322.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF A CANNON COMPANY near Haguenau keep warm as best they can.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[323]</span></p></div> - -<p class="center p4 xxl">RHINELAND CAMPAIGN<br /> -26 January 1945–21 March 1945</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[324]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_324" style="width: 592px"> - <p class="p2 right">RHINELAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_324.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">The Allied Advance during the Rhineland Campaign 15 -September 1944 to 21 March 1945</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[325]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION VI<br /> -<span class="subhed">Rhineland Campaign</span><br /> -26 January–21 March 1945</h2></div> - -<p>At the successful conclusion of the Ardennes-Alsace Campaign the Allies -again turned their attention to the Rhineland. Between 26 January and -21 March a major objective was achieved: the German troops which tried -to halt the advance were cut off and destroyed, thus eliminating future -enemy action west of the Rhine.</p> - -<p>When the Rhineland Campaign ended the Allied Expeditionary Force -numbered over 4,000,000 men organized into a well-balanced military -machine, with combat elements ready to strike the final blow against -the disintegrating enemy forces. On 21 March 1945 the First U. S. Army -held a bridgehead across the Rhine about twenty miles wide and eight -miles deep and had six divisions on the eastern bank of the river, -while the remaining Allied troops were prepared to cross in their -respective zones.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[326]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_326" style="width: 636px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_326.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DEEP SNOW SLOWED MILITARY TRAFFIC. With the completion of the -Ardennes-Alsace Campaign the Allies again began their advance to -the Rhine after having been delayed for six weeks.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[327]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_327a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_327a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">RIFLEMEN moving through snow-covered, wooded terrain (top). A -105-mm. howitzer M3 firing in support of the infantry advance -(bottom). On 24 January the First U. S. Army was to begin an -attack to breach the West Wall and secure the high ground in the -vicinity of Blankenheim, while part of the Third Army was to -attack with its left wing to cover the First Army. The rest of -the Third Army front was to begin an aggressive defense.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_327b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_327b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[328]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_328a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_328a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ADVANCING THROUGH THE SNOW, men wearing camouflage suits blend -in with the snow-covered ground, while those without white -suits stand out plainly (top). Infantrymen waiting in their -snow-covered foxhole for an artillery barrage which will start -an offensive (bottom). On 7 February 1945 the attack was halted -with both the First and Third Armies deep in the enemy’s -fortified zone.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_328b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_328b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[329]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_329" style="width: 710px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_329.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FRONT OF AN M24 LIGHT TANK showing its 75-mm. gun, newer type -track, and torsion bar suspension. When the offensive halted -attention was given to attacking the Roer dams. The enemy took -advantage of the wooded country, deep valleys, many streams, -poor roads, and the fortifications of the West Wall in an -effort to halt the advance. Bitter fighting developed but by 2 -February the U. S. forces had reached a point within two miles -of Schleiden. On 8 February the Canadian First Army struck -the German forces west of the Rhine, the first of a series of -attacks that were to destroy the enemy.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_330">[330]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_330" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_330.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SAAREBOURG AND THE SARRE RIVER AREA. This picture is typical of -the rolling, wooded country, broken by river and deep valleys, -through which Allied troops advanced during the fighting along -the German frontier. The area was important during the Lorraine -campaign since the enemy forces might join the German troops -striking northwest from the Colmar pocket, or at least threaten -the rear of the U. S. Seventh Army.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[332]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_332a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_332a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN M4 MEDIUM TANK-DOZER cleaning a street in Colmar (top). -German pillboxes along a road leading to the Colmar plain -(bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_332b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_332b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[333]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_333" style="width: 611px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_333.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE TOWN OF BREISACH, Germany, during a heavy artillery shelling.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_334">[334]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_334" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_334.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">NEUF BRISACH, FRANCE. On 20 January 1945 U. S. and French -troops of the 6th Army Group began an offensive converging in -the direction of Breisach, Germany, on the eastern bank of the -Rhine. This operation was aimed at the total reduction of the -Colmar pocket west of the Rhine. On 1 February the U. S. forces -had advanced to within three miles of Neuf Brisach while on the -same day the French troops closed up to the Rhine. By 9 February -the Colmar pocket had been eliminated.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_336">[336]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_336" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_336.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE ROER RIVER AT JUELICH, GERMANY. The U. S. Ninth Army’s -assault northeast from Juelich was to be the first of a series -of U. S. drives to the Rhine. This attack was to begin on 10 -February 1945. On 9 February the Germans blew open the discharge -valves of the dams in the Schmidt area and although the area -was cleared of enemy troops by the evening of 10 February, it -was too late to stop the flooding of the area. The Roer River -attained a width of 400-1,200 yards, a high water condition -which was to last for two weeks, and prevented the scheduled U. -S. attack.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[338]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_338" style="width: 664px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_338.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LOADING .50-CALIBER AMMUNITION into the wing of a P-47 -Thunderbolt fighter plane. On 22 February one of the greatest -aerial operations of the war was carried out by nearly 9,000 -aircraft taking off from bases in England, France, the -Netherlands, Belgium, and Italy. The targets, the German -transportation facilities, covered an area of over a quarter of -a million square miles.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_339">[339]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_339" style="width: 676px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_339.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DESTROYED RAILYARD AT RHEINE, Germany, on the main line leading -from Berlin and Hannover into the Netherlands. One of the most -important targets of this attack was the German railway system. -The enemy’s attempts at defense were completely ineffective -as the bombs hit control points, railroad yards, roundhouses, -and bridges. The attack so seriously crippled traffic that the -railroad system did not recover during the war.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[340]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_340a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_340a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ROER RIVER TREADWAY PONTON BRIDGES. Early on the morning of -23 February the Ninth Army jumped off after a heavy artillery -preparation. Covering the right flank was a corps of the First -Army. Because the enemy was surprised by this attack only -moderate opposition was encountered and by the end of the first -day bridgeheads two to four miles deep were held, infantry -troops were east of the Roer River, and seven bridges were being -completed under a heavy screen of smoke.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_340b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_340b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[341]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_341" style="width: 689px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_341.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A PORTION OF MUENCHEN-GLADBACH. After crossing the Roer the U. -S. units advanced to within seven miles of the Rhine and closed -in on Muenchen-Gladbach by 28 February. On 1 March one infantry -regiment cleared the city which had a population of 170,000 and -was the largest German city captured up to that time. Located -twelve miles from the Rhine, it was one of the approaches to -the Ruhr. On 3 March contact was made with the British and by 5 -March the U. S. Ninth Army had closed up along the Rhine on its -entire front.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[342]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_342a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_342a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDIUM TANK M26 WITH A 90-MM. GUN equipped with a muzzle brake, -introduced in combat early in 1945 (top). Both the light tank -M24 and the medium tank M26 used a torsion bar type suspension -which replaced the volute spring suspension of earlier models. -Troops of the U. S. First Army approaching the Rhine (bottom). -In the First Army area an attack was launched on 23 February -simultaneously with that of the Ninth Army in the north. By 5 -March First Army troops had secured all their initial objectives -west of the Rhine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_342b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_342b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[343]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_343a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_343a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A GERMAN ANTIAIRCRAFT GUN on medium tank chassis (Pz. Kpfw. -IV with 2-cm. Flakvierling 38) (top). German 380-mm. rocket -projector on Tiger E chassis (Sturmmorser) (bottom). The German -insistence on holding west of the Rhine cost two enemy armies -large quantities of material and heavy losses in manpower.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_343b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_343b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[344]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_344a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_344a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">155-MM. MOTOR GUN CARRIAGE M12 firing on enemy installations -(top). Infantrymen searching for snipers in Pruem, Germany -(bottom). In the Third Army area probing attacks toward the West -Wall were resumed on 7 February 1945. Self-propelled 155-mm. -guns proved particularly effective in knocking out pillboxes, -and by 12 February Pruem was cleared.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_344b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_344b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[345]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_345a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_345a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">C-47’s DROPPING SUPPLIES TO INFANTRY TROOPS (top). 2?-ton truck -bogged down in the mud (bottom). Weather and terrain placed -a heavy burden on engineer troops maintaining the roads. As -the ground began to thaw one of the main supply lines became -impassable for a time. Over 190 plane loads of rations, -gasoline, and ammunition were dropped to one division to -maintain its attack.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_345b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_345b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_346">[346]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_346a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">LUXEMBOURG</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_346a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN MOVING PRISONERS to the rear across a river near -Echternach (top). Assault troops crossing the Our River -(bottom). Bridgeheads were secured over the Our and Vianden was -cleared by 20 February. Between Vianden and Echternach troops -pushed into the West Wall.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_346b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_346b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[347]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_347a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_347a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FRIED EGGS BEING SERVED FOR BREAKFAST, a special treat for the -men stationed near the West Wall (top). Troops moving through -dragon’s teeth of the West Wall fortifications (bottom). By -23 February two corps of the Third Army had fought their way -through the West Wall to the Pruem River.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_347b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_347b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[348]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_348a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_348a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAVALRY RECONNAISSANCE TROOPS passing a German 75-mm. antitank -gun in the outskirts of Saarburg, Germany (top). Firing a -.30-caliber machine gun M1917A1 (bottom). On 21 February -Saarburg was cleared by one task force of the Third Army, while -a part of an armored division drove north and cleared the tip of -the Saar-Moselle triangle the next day.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_348b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_348b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_349">[349]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_349" style="width: 665px"> - <p class="p2 right">BELGIUM</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_349.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A SIGNAL CORPS MOTION PICTURE CAMERAMAN wading through the -mud of the February thaws while photographing the activities -of a military unit. By the end of February the Third Army was -advancing toward Trier and Bitburg. By 5 March 1945 Trier was -captured and preparations were being made for the final drive to -the Rhine.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[350]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_350a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_350a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TROOPS OF THIRD ARMY waiting for the order which would start a -drive to the Rhine. The two armored vehicles are German armored -personnel carriers (top). Tanks and infantry entering Andernach -(bottom). The Rhine city of Andernach was captured on 9 March -and contact was made with U. S. First Army units the next day.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_350b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_350b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[351]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_351" style="width: 643px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_351.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEDIUM TANK of an armored division of the U. S. First Army -knocked out by enemy artillery fire. During the first week of -March the First Army advanced toward the Rhine with parts of its -forces while others launched a strong attack from Euskirchen to -converge on the Third Army area in the vicinity of Ahrweiler.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[352]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_352" style="width: 619px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_352.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">HANDIE-TALKIE. An infantryman, armed with a carbine equipped -with a grenade launcher M8, using a handie-talkie radio SCR 536.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[353]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_353" style="width: 627px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_353.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ARTILLERYMAN DIRECTS FIRE, using an azimuth instrument M1 for -spotting and observing.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[354]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_354a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_354a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE CITY OF COLOGNE on the banks of the Rhine. U. S. First -Army forces took Cologne on 7 March. The enemy had withdrawn -most of the veteran troops who had defended the city and left -its Volkssturm troops to be battered by the advancing U. S. -soldiers. By 9 March the First Army zone was cleared of enemy -troops west of the Rhine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_354b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_354b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"><p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[355]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_355" style="width: 739px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_355.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FIRST ARMY MEN AND EQUIPMENT crossing the Ludendorf railroad -bridge which became known as the Remagen Bridge. This was -the only bridge across the Rhine which was left intact. The -attention of the First Army was focused at Remagen during the -critical days of securing a bridgehead over the Rhine. The -capture of this bridge was an unexpected windfall, because the -retreating enemy troops had placed charges and were to blow the -bridge at 1600 on 7 March. The first U. S. troops reached the -bridge at 1550 and as the first charges began to explode army -engineers cut the wires to the others. Thus the bridge, while -damaged, was still intact and enabled the U. S. forces to cross -the river.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[356]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_356a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_356a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">THE LUDENDORF BRIDGE four hours before it collapsed (top). The -bridge after it fell into the Rhine (bottom). After capturing -the bridge troops were rushed across in pursuit of the -retreating Germans while the engineers set to work to repair the -damage. Enemy planes made repeated attacks on the bridge and it -was shelled by long-range artillery. At 1430 on 17 March the -bridge buckled and fell into the river only a few hours before -the repairs would have been completed.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_356b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_356b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[357]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_357a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_357a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PONTON BOATS AND FLOATS being moved to the Rhine in the Remagen -area (top). Treadway bridge across the Rhine near Remagen -(bottom). During the period 11–16 March the bridgehead was -expanded north and south and all attacks gained ground despite -the arrival of enemy reinforcements. Treadway and heavy ponton -bridges were built across the river. As the Rhineland Campaign -came to an end, six divisions were east of the Rhine and six -more were ready to cross in the First Army zone.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_357b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_357b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[358]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_358" style="width: 900px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_358.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ROLLING, WOODED AREA EAST OF THE RHINE, typical of that -encountered by the Allied troops in their advance into Germany. -A small portion of Honnef, between Bonn and Remagen, may be seen -in the extreme upper left portion of picture.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[360]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_360" style="width: 612px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_360.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEDICAL AID MAN dressing the wounds of an infantryman.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_361">[361]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_361" style="width: 617px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_361.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WOUNDED SOLDIERS being evacuated by air to hospitals in -Paris and London.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[362]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_362" style="width: 664px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_362.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ENLISTED MAN looking across the Saar River valley between -Serrig and Saarburg. The village of Serrig is in the foreground. -In this area the forward edge of the West Wall, over two miles -deep, followed the eastern bank of the Saar River. An antitank -ditch skirting the southwestern side of the village of Serrig -and a communication trench in the lower right hand corner are -visible. U. S. vehicles may also be seen dispersed through the -area.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[363]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_363" style="width: 632px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_363.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SPRING CLEAN-UP. An artilleryman takes time out for a bath -during a warm spring afternoon while other members of the -105-mm. howitzer crew remain near their piece.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_364">[364]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_364a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_364a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A MEDIUM TANK being ferried across the Moselle River (top). -Artillery shelling Bingen (bottom). From 11 to 13 March the -Third Army cleaned out the Germans who remained north of the -Moselle. The Third Army next regrouped its forces and started an -attack toward Bingen and Bad Kreuznach to prevent the enemy from -retreating across the Rhine. The attack was then to continue -southeast to secure a crossing site somewhere between Mainz and -Worms. At the same time a drive to Kaiserslautern was to begin -and Coblenz was to be reduced.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_364b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_364b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[365]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_365a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_365a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENEMY EQUIPMENT destroyed during the U. S. advance (top). -Infantrymen moving on the double past a fire started by enemy -shelling (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_365b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_365b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[366]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_366" style="width: 626px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_366.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A THREE-MAN ARTILLERY CREW preparing to fire a multipurpose -88-mm. gun captured in Germany.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_367">[367]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_367a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_367a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LIGHT TANK M24 firing (top); medium tank M26 crossing a -muddy field (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_367b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_367b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[368]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_368" style="width: 620px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_368.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIERS WATCHING VAPOR TRAILS left by bombers on their way to -bomb Germany.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[369]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_369" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_369.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRY MEN USING FOOTBRIDGES to cross a river while engineers -complete a Bailey bridge. On 15 March three corps of the Seventh -Army began attacks, one in the heart of the important Saar -industrial area around Saarbruecken, the second driving toward -Zweibruecken and Bitche, and the third from the Moder River.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_370">[370]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_370" style="width: 613px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_370.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">75-MM. HOWITZER motor carriage M8 firing on enemy -positions.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[371]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_371" style="width: 624px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_371.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TUBE AND RECOIL MECHANISM OF AN 8-INCH GUN M 1 on the way to the front.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[372]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_372a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_372a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS ENTERING BITCHE (top). Infantrymen marching -cross-country on their way to Germany (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_372b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_372b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[373]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_373a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_373a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">DRAGON’S TEETH, part of the West Wall defenses (top). -Infantrymen climbing over obstacles as they advanced through the -West Wall into Germany (bottom). The advance of the Seventh Army -through the dense mine fields and fortification of the West Wall -was necessarily slow.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_373b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_373b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[374]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_374" style="width: 612px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_374.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">155-MM. MOTOR GUN CARRIAGE M12 FIRING.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[375]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_375a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE AND GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_375a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO TYPES OF MINE DETECTORS. At left, AN/PRS-1 type; at right, -SCR 625 (top). Mine detectors were developed by the Signal Corps -primarily for use by Engineer troops. Signal Corps repairmen -splicing wires of an underground cable which was damaged by -artillery fire (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_375b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_375b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_376">[376]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_376a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY AND FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_376a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRY PLATOON BEING BRIEFED before making an assault (top). -Soldiers taking a ten-minute break during a march to the front -lines (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_376b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_376b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[377]</span></p></div> - -<p class="center p4 xxl">CENTRAL EUROPE CAMPAIGN</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[378]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_378" style="width: 579px"> - <p class="p2 right">CENTRAL EUROPE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_378.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">The Allied Advance during the Central Europe Campaign 22 -March 1945 to 11 May 1945</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[379]</span></p> - -<h2 class="small p2">SECTION VII<br /> -<span class="subhed">Central Europe Campaign</span></h2></div> - -<p>The Central Europe Campaign began on 22 March 1945 with units of the -First U. S. Army across the Rhine in the Remagen area. On the night -of 22–23 March elements of the Third U. S. Army crossed the river -at Oppenheim. As the First and Third Armies crossed the Rhine the -Fifteenth U. S. Army took over the area west of the river from Bonn -to Neuss. On 26 March the Seventh U. S. Army crossed the Rhine north -and south of Worms and, after meeting stiff resistance on the river -bank, broke through the enemy and quickly expanded the bridgehead. The -Ninth U. S. Army crossed the river south of Wesel while the British -Second Army crossed north of the city. Elements of the First Allied -Airborne Army dropped east of the Rhine and linked up with the ground -troops east of the river. In many respects this was the most successful -airborne operation that had been carried out up to this time.</p> - -<p>After the Allies were firmly established east of the Rhine the great -German industrial area of the Ruhr was encircled and the defending -troops captured. The advance through Germany was rapid and met with -little opposition except in scattered areas. The Russians drove into -Germany from the east and enemy troops in trying to escape capture -by the Russians surrendered by the thousands to the western Allies. -As the U. S., British, and Canadian troops in the north reached the -line where it was expected they would meet the Russian forces, they -halted. The Third and Seventh U. S. Armies continued their drives into -Czechoslovakia and Austria where a junction was also made with the -Russians.</p> - -<p>On 2 May 1945 the German forces in Italy surrendered. Two days later -elements of the Seventh U. S. Army met those of the Fifth U. S. Army, -coming from Italy, at the Brenner Pass. On 9 May 1945 the surrender of -all the German forces became effective, marking the end of the war in -Europe.</p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[380]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_380a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_380a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TROOPS LOADING INTO AN LCVP to cross the Rhine (top). Engineers -constructing a ponton treadway bridge over the Rhine (bottom). -A steel treadway bridge was completed by 1800 on 23 March 1945, -and the following day a heavy ponton bridge was completed. -By noon on 25 March a second treadway bridge was completed. -The crossing of the Rhine in the Third Army area gained -complete tactical surprise and the enemy offered only scattered -resistance. By the evening of 24 March three divisions held a -bridgehead ten miles wide and nine miles deep. These divisions -were closely followed by two more, making a total of five on the -east bank of the Rhine.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_380b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_380b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[381]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_381a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_381a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN BOARDING AN LCVP to cross the Rhine (top). An -assault boat raft ferrying a 90-mm. gun motor carriage M36 -across the Rhine (bottom). Troops of the Third U. S. Army -first crossed the Rhine at Oppenheim on the night of 22–23 -March. Utilizing assault rafts and attacking without artillery -or aerial preparation, six battalions were across the river -before daybreak with a loss of only twenty-eight men killed and -wounded. Following the assault boats were landing craft and -DUKW’s. The LCVP’s were manned by naval personnel who arrived at -the river an hour after the assault began.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_381b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_381b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[382]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_382" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_382.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">JEEPS AND TANKS CROSSING THE RHINE at Boppard, Germany. On 24 -March 1945 a crossing in the rugged Rhine gorge north of Boppard -was made and by 25 March a bridgehead eight miles wide and -three miles deep was held. A treadway bridge was constructed at -Boppard.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[383]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_383" style="width: 636px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_383.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN INFANTRYMAN COVERS A GERMAN as he surrenders. In the First -Army area an attack from the Remagen bridgehead was carried out, -and preparations were made to advance to the Kassel area.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[384]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_384a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_384a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ARMORED TROOPS MOVING TO THE FRONT as prisoners are marched -along the autobahn to the rear (top). Infantrymen entering -Frankfurt (bottom). The bridgeheads along the Rhine were -expanded and on 26 March Third Army troops entered Frankfurt. -The advance moved northward toward Kassel. The Fifteenth Army -was instructed to take over the west bank of the Rhine from Bonn -to Neuss by 1 April, to assume command of the division which -was guarding the Brittany ports, and to be prepared to occupy, -organize, and govern the Rhine provinces as the 12th Army Group -attacks progressed eastward.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_384b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_384b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[385]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_385" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_385.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FRANKFURT ON THE MAIN RIVER, showing the Frankfurt cathedral. -By 28 March Frankfurt had been half cleared of enemy troops and -Hanau completely cleared. Part of a large enemy pocket west of -Wiesbaden had been mopped up and contact was made between the -First and Third U. S. Army troops.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_386">[386]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_386" style="width: 687px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_386.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAPTURED FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD BOYS who were members of the “Air -Guard.” On 28 March First Army troops were closing up along -the upper Lahn River. Infantry divisions quickly followed the -armored spearheads to mop up enemy pockets of bypassed troops -and to clear the areas which had been taken in the rapid -advances. In six days the shallow Remagen foothold had been -expanded to a lodgement area sixty-five miles deep. The advance -to Kassel continued.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[387]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_387a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_387a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CROSSING THE RHINE NEAR WORMS, GERMANY. U. S. Seventh Army -troops crossed the Rhine near Worms at 0230 on 26 March. These -forces met small arms and scattered mortar fire while crossing -and, after landing on the east bank of the river, met stiff -enemy resistance north of Worms. South of Worms the troops -reached the far shore with little opposition but as they moved -eastward the resistance increased. Two panzer counterattacks -were turned back during that morning. By evening of 26 March the -bridgehead had been expanded to an area of fifteen miles wide -and seven miles deep.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_387b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_387b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[388]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_388a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_388a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A DUPLEX-DRIVE TANK (DD tank), with its flotation device raised, -entering the water (top); flotation device after being lowered -(bottom). The canvas flotation device made the tank vulnerable -to mines and objects floating in the water.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_388b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_388b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[389]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_389a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_389a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN PRISONERS being marched westward across the Rhine as -troops of the Ninth Army move eastward into Germany (top). -Enlisted men at their .50-caliber Browning machine gun HB M2, -alert for enemy aircraft (bottom). The Ninth Army was to attack -south of Wesel with its main bridging area at Rheinberg.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_389b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_389b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[390]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_390" style="width: 713px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_390.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TOW ROPE BEING ATTACHED TO A GLIDER as the First Allied Airborne -Army prepares to take off for landings east of the Rhine in -the 21 Army Group area. The mission of this army was to break -up the enemy defenses north of Wesel and deepen the bridgehead -to facilitate the link-up with the ground forces. The airborne -troops took off from bases in England and France and converged -near Brussels. The troops began landing on 24 March 1945 at -1000 and during the next three hours some 14,000 troops were -transported to the battle area by over 1,700 aircraft and 1,300 -gliders.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_391">[391]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_391a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_391a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PLANES AND GLIDERS loaded and waiting to take off for the -landings east of the Rhine (top). Aerial view of planes and -gliders before the take-off (bottom). Losses were comparatively -light for an operation of this size. Under 4 percent of the -gliders were destroyed and fifty-five aircraft were lost.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_391b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_391b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[392]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_392" style="width: 660px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_392.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LIBERATORS OVER THE RHINE shortly before they dropped supplies -to the airborne troops which landed east of the Rhine. -Immediately after the glider landings, a resupply mission was -flown in very low by 250 Liberators of the Eighth U. S. Air -Force. It met heavy flak and fourteen planes were shot down, but -85 percent of the supplies were accurately dropped.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[393]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_393a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_393a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF FIRST ALLIED AIRBORNE ARMY after landing near Wesel. -On the ground the airborne forces met with varying resistance. -Bridges over the Issel were seized and 3,500 prisoners were -taken. This airborne operation was the most successful carried -out to this time. The attack had achieved surprise and the -airborne troops reorganized quickly after landing. Ninth Army -troops held a bridgehead nine miles wide and three miles deep by -the end of the day (24 March).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_393b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_393b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[394]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_394" style="width: 612px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_394.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A NINTH ARMY CONVOY on the highway leading to Muenster, -Germany.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[395]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_395a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_395a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SIGNALMEN ROLL A REEL ASHORE on the east bank of the Rhine after -laying a submarine cable on the bottom of the river from a DUKW -(top). Destroyed equipment left behind by the retreating enemy -(bottom). On 25 March the First Army broke out of their Remagen -bridgehead, the Third Army reached the Main River, and contact -was made between the British Second Army and the Canadian First -Army.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_395b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_395b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[396]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_396a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_396a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">WHITE FLAGS OF SURRENDER hang from buildings in a deserted -street of a German town (top). As infantry troops march through -a town, an old woman looks at a demolished building (bottom). -During the advance into Germany many towns surrendered to the -Allied troops and the buildings remained undamaged. However, -in some towns enemy troops offered resistance and fighting and -shelling ensued. In one week five Allied armies were on the east -bank of the Rhine and twenty-four bridges had been constructed -to replace those which were knocked out. During this period the -Allied casualties were much lighter than had been expected. The -last German line of defense had been shattered.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_396b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_396b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[397]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_397" style="width: 681px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_397.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TWO KNOCKED-OUT GERMAN SELF-PROPELLED GUNS (Pz. Jaeg. Tiger -with 12.8-cm. PJK 44). This vehicle, called a Jaegdtiger, was -the most formidable self-propelled antitank gun used by the -Germans during the war. It consisted of a 12.8-cm. PJK 44 (L/55) -(less muzzle brake) mounted on a Tiger B chassis. The gun could -penetrate 6 to 8 inches of armor at 1,000 yards. Weight of the -vehicle was 77 tons.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[398]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_398" style="width: 617px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_398.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller"> MEDIUM TANKS M26 moving through Wesel on the way to the -front.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[399]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_399a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_399a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">P-47 FORCED DOWN OVER GERMANY (top). B-24 which crash-landed in -Germany (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_399b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_399b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[400]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_400a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_400a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN V-BOMB found by the U. S. troops as they overran Germany -(top). An enemy jetpropelled fighter plane (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_400b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_400b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[401]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_401a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_401a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CIVILIANS WATCHING U. S. TROOPS as they advance through -Duesseldorf (top). A transportation corps train moving over -a bridge which was constructed across the Rhine at Wesel by -the engineers (bottom). With all three Allied army groups -established on the east bank of the Rhine plans were made to -encircle the Ruhr. By 1 April 1945 a trap was closed which -formed a 4,000-mile square pocket and included the Ruhr -industrial area.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_401b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_401b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[402]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_402a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_402a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH ARMY TROOPS ADVANCING after capturing the town of -Mergentheim (top). Engineers operating an assault ferry across -the Neckar River in Heilbronn (bottom). On 28 March the -Seventh Army launched its attack out of the Worms bridgehead. -The assault was halted on 4 April when strong resistance was -encountered at Heilbronn. On 31 March the French First Army -crossed the Rhine at Speyer and Germersheim and on 4 April -captured Karlsruhe.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_402b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_402b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_403">[403]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_403" style="width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_403.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">4.5-INCH MULTIPLE ROCKET LAUNCHER T34 mounted on a medium tank. -The Germans stubbornly defended the industrial area of the Ruhr -even though an army group was caught in the trap with little -hope of escape. On the Allied flanks, advances were made as the -enemy began to disintegrate.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_404">[404]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_404a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_404a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">C-47 TRANSPORT, carrying gasoline, lands on an airstrip in -Germany (top). Ten-ton semitrailers in Germany with four -750-gallon skid tanks loaded with gasoline (bottom). The -versatility of these tanks made it possible to use them on a -number of different types of vehicles. During the last months -of the war the rapid advances of all the Allied troops made -fuel supply a difficult problem. Fuel was transported by every -available means to assure the troops an adequate supply.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_404b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_404b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_405">[405]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_405a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_405a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">LINEMAN of a Signal Corps construction battalion fastening -wire to an insulator on the top of a telephone pole at Bingen -on the Rhine (top). Liberated slave laborers help themselves -to food and supplies in a store in Hannover (bottom). With -the liberation of the slave laborers who had worked in German -factories many problems arose, and Allied Military Government -offices were established as quickly as possible to cope with -them.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_405b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_405b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_406">[406]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_406" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_406.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN AND TANKERS take time out for a short rest during -their rapid advance. On 4 April the Ninth Army was to start an -attack southward and the First U. S. Army was to drive to the -north. While these two armies were eliminating the Ruhr pocket, -the Fifteenth Army was to hold the line on the Rhine.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_407">[407]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_407a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_407a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MACHINE GUNNERS of a First Army division covering a road -intersection (top). Infantryman passes burning U. S. vehicles -that were ambushed by enemy troops (bottom). During the first -fighting in the Ruhr the enemy showed spirit. On 4 April -ten counterattacks were launched in an attempt to break out -of the pocket. Heavy fighting continued in many towns with -the civilians fighting alongside German soldiers. Dug-in -self-propelled guns supported the German infantry. The line was -drawn tighter by the Allies and on 10 April Essen, home of the -great Krupp armament works, was cleared by the U. S. assaulting -troops. By 13 April the mopping-up stage had been reached.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_407b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_407b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_408">[408]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_408" style="width: 678px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_408.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">PRISONER OF WAR ENCLOSURE. On 14 April the Ruhr pocket was split -in two, and prisoners arrived in such large numbers that Allied -facilities were taxed to the limit. On 16 April the eastern half -of the pocket collapsed and two days later the pocket ceased -to exist. There were 325,000 prisoners, including 30 generals, -counted as they were taken. This represented twenty-one -divisions as well as many nondivisional units.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_409">[409]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_409a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_409a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN PASS A DEAD GERMAN as they cross a stream (top). -Third Army troops climbing a steep hill in the mountainous -region (bottom). On 10 April the Ninth, First, and Third Armies -resumed the attack to the east with twenty-two divisions. Only -in the Harz Mountains was any serious organized resistance -encountered. The Germans had hurriedly assembled about 10,000 -men to form an army which was initially to break through into -the Ruhr pocket. When that failed it was to break through to the -Thuringian pocket. This also failed and the small army which -represented the last of the German manpower was encircled by the -U. S. forces.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_409b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_409b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_410">[410]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_410" style="width: 677px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_410.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">VEHICLES OF AN ARMORED DIVISION passing through a burning -German town. On 18 April the three armies were along the Elbe -River-Mulde River-Chemnitz-Plauen-Bayreuth line which was a -restraining line established because of the probability of -contact with the Russian troops advancing from the east. In the -north the 21 Army Group was advancing on Bremen and the Elbe -between Wittenberge and Hamburg.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_411">[411]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_411a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_411a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS, building a bridge across the Saale River, pull a tank -across on one of the ponton sections (top). Magdeburg, showing -the results of bombing (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_411b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_411b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_412">[412]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_412" style="width: 651px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_412.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TANK DESTROYERS moving through the destroyed town of Magdeburg. -Scenes such as this were found in many German cities by the -advancing Allied forces. Most of the buildings were reduced -to rubble by aerial attacks and artillery shelling, and many -streets had to be cleared before the troops and vehicles could -pass.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_413">[413]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_413a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_413a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TRAFFIC MOVING ACROSS THE MAIN RIVER at Wuerzburg (top). A -medium tank climbing the bank of a small stream after breaking -through the light wooden bridge (bottom). There was little -activity in the 6th Army Group between 4 and 18 April except on -the northern portion of the army area where the Third Army right -flank was covered. On 5 April Wuerzburg was cleared after three -days of heavy fighting.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_413b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_413b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_414">[414]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_414a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_414a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ARMORED COMBAT COMMAND moving toward Nuernberg (top). A -German civilian, waving a white flag in surrender, comes toward -a half-track which is about to enter Geisselhardt after shelling -buildings in that town (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_414b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_414b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_415">[415]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_415" style="width: 661px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_415.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN MOVING DOWN A STREET in Waldenburg during the -Seventh Army advance. The French First Army cleared Baden-Baden -and Pforzheim and by 15 April Kehl was cleared and preparations -for crossing the Rhine at Strasbourg were made.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_416">[416]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_416" style="width: 649px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_416.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">INFANTRYMEN CLIMBING OVER RUBBLE as they clear snipers out of -Nuernberg. By 18 April part of the Seventh Army was in the -battle for Nuernberg. Other troops of that army were halted for -nine days around Heilbronn and along the Neckar and Jagst Rivers.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_417">[417]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_417a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_417a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">ENGINEERS MOVING PONTONS TO THE DANUBE to start bridging -operations (top). Infantrymen crossing the Danube over a -footbridge (bottom). The Third Army advanced down the Danube -while the First and Ninth Armies held in place, having reached -the line where the meeting with the Russians was to take place.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_417b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_417b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_418">[418]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_418a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_418a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. OFFICERS AND ENLISTED MEN MEET RUSSIAN TROOPS in Germany. -On 30 April a division of the Ninth U. S. Army made contact with -the Russians at Apollensdorf. Troops of the First U. S. Army had -met Russian troops earlier.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_418b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_418b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_419">[419]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_419a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_419a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN OF AN ARMORED DIVISION running through the smoke-filled -streets of a German town (top). Firing on an Austrian town -across the German border (bottom). Most of Czechoslovakia and a -large portion of Austria was left for the Russians to occupy, -but the advancing troops of the Third U. S. Army entered both -these countries during the last days of the war.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_419b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_419b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_420">[420]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_420" style="width: 663px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_420.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN SOLDIERS. The First and Ninth Armies, during the latter -part of April and early May 1945, handled thousands of German -soldiers and civilians who were trying to escape the advancing -Russians by crossing the Elbe River into the American zone.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_421">[421]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_421" style="width: 612px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_421.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAPTURED U-BOATS in a submarine construction and repair yard in -Bremen harbor. Over forty submarines were found by the Allies in -this yard.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_422">[422]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_422a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_422a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SUBMARINE PENS AT SAINT-NAZAIRE, on the Brittany peninsula. No -attempt was made to capture these U-boat pens as the Allies -advanced through France and Germany, but they were surrounded -and contained until the end of the war.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_422b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_422b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_423">[423]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_423" style="width: 653px"> - <p class="p2 right">AUSTRIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_423.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TANKS AND TRUCKS of a Third Army armored division fording a -stream during their advance into Austria. In the foreground is -a medium tank M 4A 3 (76-mm. long-barrel gun with muzzle brake) -with horizontal volute spring suspension and an improved, wider -track measuring twenty-three inches.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_424">[424]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_424a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">AUSTRIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_424a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MOVING INTO AUSTRIA.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_424b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_424b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_425">[425]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_425" style="width: 634px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_425.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">GERMAN PRISONERS being marched to the prisoner of war enclosure -by Third Army military police. During the period from 22 April -to 7 May the Third Army took more than 200,000 prisoners while -suffering less than 2,400 casualties.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_426">[426]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_426" style="width: 637px"> - <p class="p2 right">AUSTRIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_426.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A GERMAN HORSE-DRAWN CONVOY moves along a winding mountain road -in Austria to surrender. From 1 April 1945 until the end of the -war the three armies of the U. S. 12th Army Group took over -1,800,000 prisoners.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_427">[427]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_427" style="width: 646px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_427.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SOLDIERS CROSSING THE DANUBE (Seventh Army). The two armies of -6th Army Group launched a drive into southern Germany, the area -where the remaining German forces supposedly were to make a -determined stand.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_428">[428]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_428" style="width: 650px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_428.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">AN ASSAULT BOAT crossing the Danube. Seventh Army men met no -opposition here. In the Black Forest and the Schwaebische Alps -troops of the Seventh Army met some opposition and there was -some fighting as two German armies were trapped and destroyed.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_429">[429]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_429a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_429a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">CAPTURING GUARDS AT DACHAU, ten miles northwest of Munich -(top). A few of the guards of the concentration camp remain -standing with their arms raised while the majority lie on the -ground, waiting to be taken prisoner. An enlisted man gives his -cigarettes to inmates at Dachau (bottom). On 29 April troops of -the U. S. Seventh Army captured Dachau and released over 30,000 -prisoners of many nationalities.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_429b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_429b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_430">[430]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_430a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">AUSTRIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_430a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">TROOPS TAKING COVER as members of a German officer candidate -school fire on them. These enemy troops offered the Seventh Army -considerable resistance before they were taken. In this area -snow remained on the ground until late spring.</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_430b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_430b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_431">[431]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_431" style="width: 654px"> - <p class="p2 right">AUSTRIA</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_431.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">SEVENTH AND FIFTH ARMY TROOPS MEET at Nauders, Austria. On 4 -May, Seventh U. S. Army troops captured the town of Brenner in -the Brenner Pass, and a few hours later contact was made with -elements of the Fifth U. S. Army which had fought its way up the -Italian peninsula. On the same day Berchtesgaden was entered.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_432">[432]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_432" style="width: 653px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_432.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">A GERMAN CIVILIAN reading of the surrender of the German forces -in a division newspaper. On 7 May 1945 the Germans signed the -surrender terms which were to become effective at 0001, 9 May -1945; 8 May, however, was designated as V-E Day (Victory in -Europe). In some remote areas fighting continued until 11 May.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_433">[433]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_433a" style="width: 750px"> - <p class="p2 right">GERMANY</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_433a.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEMBERS OF THE STARS AND STRIPES STAFF grab copies of the extra -edition as they come off the press, proclaiming V-E Day (top). -U. S. sailor and soldier celebrate V-E Day in London (bottom).</p> - </div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_433b"> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_433b.jpg" - alt="" /> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_434">[434]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_434" style="width: 668px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_434.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">MEN MARCHING TO THE DOCKS AT LE HAVRE to board a ship that will -take them home to be discharged under the new point system. Men -with the highest numbers of points were sent home first for -discharge. These numbers were determined by the total number of -months of service, total number of months overseas, number of -awards and decorations, and the number of dependents.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_435">[435]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_435" style="width: 640px"> - <p class="p2 right">FRANCE</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_435.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">U. S. LIBERATED PRISONERS OF WAR leave a plane at Reims on the -first lap of their journey back to the United States.</p> - </div> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_436">[436]</span></p></div> - - <div class="figcenter" id="i_b_436" style="width: 685px"> - <p class="p2 right">ENGLAND</p> - <img - class="p0" - src="images/i_b_436.jpg" - alt="" /> - <p class="p0 smaller">FLOODLIGHTS ILLUMINATE BIG BEN on the Houses of Parliament -as the lights go on again in London on V-E night after being -blacked out during the war years. Early in May 1945 there were -approximately 4,500,000 troops under the command of the supreme -commander in Europe. Casualties for the western Allies numbered -over 800,000. At the end of the war there were nine Allied -armies, totaling ninety-three divisions, on the Continent.</p> - </div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_439">[439]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<h2>Appendix A<br /> -<span class="subhed1">List of Abbreviations</span></h2></div> - -<table summary="pictures" class="smaller"> - <tr> - <td>BAR</td> - <td>Browning automatic rifle</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>cm.</td> - <td>Centimeter</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>DD</td> - <td>Duplex drive</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>DUKW</td> - <td>2½-ton 6 × 6 amphibian truck</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>E-boat</td> - <td>Small torpedo boat (German)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Flak</td> - <td>Fliegerabwehrkanone (antiaircraft artillery gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Jaeg.</td> - <td>Jaegdtiger (tank-destroyer)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>K.</td> - <td>Kanone (gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Kar.</td> - <td>Karabiner (carbine)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Kw.</td> - <td>Kraftwagen (motor vehicle)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Kw. K.</td> - <td>Kampfwagenkanone (tank gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LBK</td> - <td>Landing barge, kitchen</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LBV</td> - <td>Landing barge, vehicle</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LCI</td> - <td>Landing craft, infantry</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LCR(S)</td> - <td>Landing craft, rubber (small)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LCT</td> - <td>Landing craft, tank</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LCT(R)</td> - <td>Landing craft, tank (rocket)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LCVP</td> - <td>Landing craft, vehicle-personnel</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>LST</td> - <td>Landing ship, tank</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>M. G.</td> - <td>Maschinengewehr (machine gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>mm.</td> - <td>Millimeter</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>OCS</td> - <td>Officer Candidate School</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Pak.</td> - <td>Panzer abwehrkanone (antitank gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Pz.</td> - <td>Panzer</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Pz. Kpfw.</td> - <td>Panzerkampfwagen (tank)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>SCR</td> - <td>Signal Corps Radio</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>SHAEL</td> - <td>Supreme Headquarters, Allied Expeditionary Force</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Stu. G.</td> - <td>Sturmgeschuetz (self-propelled assault gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>Stu. K.</td> - <td>Sturmkanone (self-propelled assault gun)</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>U-boat</td> - <td>Submarine</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>WAAC</td> - <td>Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps</td> - </tr> - - <tr> - <td>WAC</td> - <td>Women’s Army Corps</td> - </tr> - -</table> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_440">[440]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> - - -<h2>Appendix B<br /> -<span class="subhed1">Acknowledgments</span></h2> -</div> - -<p>Acknowledgment is made to the Keystone Press Agency, Ltd., London, -England, for the first photograph in this volume. All other photographs -came from the Department of Defense and were taken from the U. S. Army -files, except for those accredited below to the U. S. Navy, U. S. Air -Force, and U. S. Coast Guard. (At the time these photographs were -taken, the Coast Guard was operating as a part of the Navy.)</p> - -<div class="blockquot"> - -<p>U. S. Navy: pp. 24, 77, 94b, 96, 110b, 122</p> - -<p>U. S. Air Force: pp. 8, 9, 12, 18, 19, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, -38, 39, 48, 49, 76, 78–79, 86–87, 94a, 95, 98, 99, 100–101, 104, -112–13, 116, 118, 126, 129a, 130–31, 140–41, 155, 158–59, 176, -177, 180–81, 188–89, 202, 203, 218–19, 226–27, 236–37, 266–67, -280–81, 296–97, 318–19, 330–31, 334–35, 336–37, 339, 341, 358–59</p> - -<p>U. S. Coast Guard: pp. 80, 88a, 92</p> -</div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2 class="small">UNITED STATES ARMY IN WORLD WAR II</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="center">The following volumes have been published:</p> - - -<p class="p-left">The War Department</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations</li> - <li>Washington Command Post: The Operations Division</li> - <li>Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1941–1942</li> - <li>Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare: 1943–1944</li> - <li>Global Logistics and Strategy: 1940–1943</li> - <li>Global Logistics and Strategy: 1943–1945</li> - <li>The Army and Economic Mobilization</li> - <li>The Army and Industrial Manpower</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The Army Ground Forces</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Organization of Ground Combat Troops</li> - <li>The Procurement and Training of Ground Combat Troops</li> -</ul> - -<p>The Army Service Forces</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Organization and Role of the Army Service Forces</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The Western Hemisphere</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Framework of Hemisphere Defense</li> - <li>Guarding the United States and Its Outposts</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The War in the Pacific</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Fall of the Philippines</li> - <li>Guadalcanal: The First Offensive</li> - <li>Victory in Papua</li> - <li>CARTWHEEL: The Reduction of Rabaul</li> - <li>Seizure of the Gilberts and Marshalls</li> - <li>Campaign in the Marianas</li> - <li>The Approach to the Philippines</li> - <li>Leyte: The Return to the Philippines</li> - <li>Triumph in the Philippines</li> - <li>Okinawa: The Last Battle</li> - <li>Strategy and Command: The First Two Years</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The Mediterranean Theater of Operations</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West</li> - <li>Sicily and the Surrender of Italy</li> - <li>Salerno to Cassino</li> - <li>Cassino to the Alps</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The European Theater of Operations</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>Cross-Channel Attack</li> - <li>Breakout and Pursuit</li> - <li>The Lorraine Campaign</li> - <li>The Siegfried Line Campaign</li> - <li>The Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge</li> - <li>The Last Offensive</li> - <li>The Supreme Command</li> - <li>Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume I</li> - <li>Logistical Support of the Armies, Volume II</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The Middle East Theater</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Persian Corridor and Aid to Russia</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The China-Burma-India Theater</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>Stilwell’s Mission to China</li> - <li>Stilwell’s Command Problems</li> - <li>Time Runs Out in CBI</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">The Technical Services</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field</li> - <li>The Chemical Warfare Service: Chemicals in Combat</li> - <li>The Corps of Engineers: Troops and Equipment</li> - <li>The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Japan</li> - <li>The Corps of Engineers: The War Against Germany</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Corps of Engineers: Military Construction in the United States</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Medical Department: Hospitalization and Evacuation; Zone of Interior</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Medical Department: Medical Service in the Mediterranean and Minor Theaters</li> - <li>The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War</li> - <li>The Ordnance Department: Procurement and Supply</li> - <li>The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead and Battlefront</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume I</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Volume II</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Japan</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Quartermaster Corps: Operations in the War Against Germany</li> - <li>The Signal Corps: The Emergency</li> - <li>The Signal Corps: The Test</li> - <li>The Signal Corps: The Outcome</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations</li> - <li class="hangingindent">The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, and Supply</li> - <li>The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">Special Studies</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li>Chronology: 1941–1945</li> - <li class="hangingindent">Military Relations Between the United States and Canada: 1939–1945</li> - <li>Rearming the French</li> - <li>Three Battles: Arnaville, Altuzzo, and Schmidt</li> - <li>The Women’s Army Corps</li> - <li>Civil Affairs: Soldiers Become Governors</li> - <li class="hangingindent">Buying Aircraft: Materiel Procurement for the Army Air Forces</li> - <li>The Employment of Negro Troops</li> - <li>Manhattan: The U. S. Army and the Atomic Bomb</li> -</ul> - -<p class="p-left">Pictorial Record</p> - -<ul class="smaller"> - <li class="hangingindent">The War Against Germany and Italy: Mediterranean and Adjacent Areas</li> - <li>The War Against Germany: Europe and Adjacent Areas</li> - <li>The War Against Japan</li> -</ul> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_443">[443]</span></p> - -<div class="chapter"> -<h2>Index</h2> -</div> - -<ul> - <li>Aachen, Germany, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_218">218–19</a></li> - - <li>Aerial bombardment. <i>See</i> <a href="#Bombardment_aerial">Bombardment, aerial</a>.</li> - - <li id="Air_attacks">Air attacks</li> - <li class="i1">Allied, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - <li class="i1">briefing for, - <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>Air bases. <i>See</i> <a href="#Airfields">Airfields</a>.</li> - - <li>Aircraft, Allied, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">bombers, heavy, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> - <li class="i1">bombers, light, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li class="i1">bombers, medium, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - <li class="i1">burning, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> - <li class="i1">fighters, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, - <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> - <li class="i1">gliders, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, - <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - <li class="i1">identification of, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li> - <li class="i1">liaison planes, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - <li class="i1">naval, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - <li class="i1">on fire, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li class="i1">transport planes, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, - <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li> - <li class="i1">wrecked, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - - <li>Aircraft, German, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - - <li id="Airfields">Airfields</li> - <li class="i1">construction of, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li class="i1">France, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> - - <li>“Alligators,” - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Landing_craft">Landing craft</a>.</li> - - <li>Ambulances, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a></li> - <li class="i1">converted jeep, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>American Red Cross, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Ammunition</li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - <li class="i1">.50-caliber, - <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> - <li class="i1">240-mm. howitzer shells, - <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a></li> - <li class="i1">mortar shells, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a>, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - - <li>Ammunition dump, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li> - - <li>Amphibian trucks, DUKW’s, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a></li> - - <li>Amphibious landings. <i>See</i> <a href="#Landing_operations">Landing operations</a>.</li> - - <li>Andernach, Germany, - <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> - - <li>Antiaircraft guns</li> - <li class="i1">40-mm., - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li class="i1">90-mm., - <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, - <a href="#Page_243">243</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, - <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li> - - <li>Antitank guns</li> - <li class="i1">3-inch, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li class="i1">57-mm., - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li class="i1">British, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, - <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li> - - <li>Ardennes Forest, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, - <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - - <li>Argentan, France, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li> - - <li>Armored vehicles, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Vehicles">Vehicles</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_350">350</a></li> - - <li>Army Post Office, England, - <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li> - - <li>Artificial harbor, <span class="smcap">Omaha</span> Beach, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li id="Artillery">Artillery</li> - <li class="i1">8-inch guns, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li class="i1">8-inch howitzer, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - <li class="i1">75-mm. howitzer (pack), - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">105-mm. howitzers, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, - <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li> - <li class="i1">155-mm. guns, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li class="i1">155-mm. howitzers, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, - <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - <li class="i1">240-mm. howitzer, - <a href="#Page_186">186</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_366">366</a></li> - <li class="i1">mortars. <i>See</i> <a href="#Mortars">Mortars</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">observation planes, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - - <li>Artillery barrage, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> - - <li>Assault boats, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, - <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Landing_craft">Landing craft</a>.</li> - - <li>Assault guns, German, - <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, - <a href="#Page_397">397</a></li> - - <li>Autobahn, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a></li> - - <li>Avranches, France, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, - <a href="#Page_158">158–59</a></li> - - <li>Azimuth instrument, - <a href="#Page_353">353</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Bailey bridges, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> - - <li>Ball-bearing factory, on fire, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Bangalore torpedo, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li> - - <li>Barbed wire, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, - <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, - <a href="#Page_302">302</a></li> - - <li>Barrage balloons, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - - <li>Bastogne, Belgium, - <a href="#Page_280">280–81</a>, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a></li> - - <li>“Bazookas,” - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Rocket_launchers">Rocket launchers</a>.</li> - - <li id="Beaches">Beaches</li> - <li class="i1">British sector, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1"><span class="smcap">Omaha</span>, - <a href="#Page_78">78–79</a>, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, - <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - <li class="i1"><span class="smcap">Utah</span>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> - - <li>Belfast, Northern Ireland, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li>Beurig, Germany, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a></li> - - <li>Big Ben, V-E night, - <a href="#Page_436">436</a></li> - - <li>Bingen, Germany, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> - - <li>Bitche, France, - <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, - <a href="#Page_318">318–19</a></li> - - <li>Bivouac area, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a></li> - - <li>Bois du Mont du Roc, France, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li> - - <li>Bomb, robot, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - - <li>Bomb damage, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, - <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#War_damage">War damage</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">fortifications, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - <li class="i1">France, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, - <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - <li class="i1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> - <li class="i1">railroad bridge, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Bomb strike, Schweinfurt, Germany, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li> - - <li>Bombardment. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Air_attacks">Air attacks</a>.</li> - <li class="i1" id="Bombardment_aerial">aerial, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - <li class="i1">artillery, - <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> - - <li>Bombers</li> - <li class="i1">heavy, B-17, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - <li class="i1">heavy, B-24, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, - <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> - <li class="i1">light, A-20, - <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, - <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li> - <li class="i1">medium, B-26, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_203">203</a></li> - - <li>Bombs, 1,000-pound, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a></li> - - <li>Boppard, Germany, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> - - <li>Breisach, Germany, - <a href="#Page_333">333</a></li> - - <li>Bremen, Germany, - <a href="#Page_33">33</a></li> - - <li>Bremen harbor, Germany, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - - <li>Brest, France, - <a href="#Page_188">188–89</a>, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a></li> - - <li>Bridges</li> - <li class="i1">Bailey, - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, - <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> - <li class="i1">footbridges, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> - <li class="i1">ponton, construction of, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - <li class="i1">ponton, heavy, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> - <li class="i1">railroad, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li> - <li class="i1">treadway, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> - - <li>British troops, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li> - - <li>Broderkons Berg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_358">358–59</a></li> - - <li>Bulldozers, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Tractors">Tractors</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Cameras</li> - <li class="i1">moving picture, - <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li> - <li class="i1">still picture, - <a href="#Page_349">349</a></li> - - <li>Camouflage, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a></li> - <li class="i1">8-inch gun, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a></li> - <li class="i1">antiaircraft gun, - <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li> - <li class="i1">armored car, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li> - <li class="i1">gun motor carriage, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">helmet, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li class="i1">howitzer, - <a href="#Page_277">277</a></li> - <li class="i1">suits, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li> - <li class="i1">tanks, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a></li> - - <li>Canals</li> - <li class="i1">Rhône-Rhine, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vauban, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - <li class="i1">Vire-Taute, France, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a></li> - <li class="i1">Widensohlen, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - - <li>Carbine M1, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - - <li>Carentan, France, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a>, - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - - <li>Cargo planes. <i>See</i> <a href="#Transport_planes">Transport planes</a>.</li> - - <li>Casualties, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li class="i1">evacuation of, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li> - - <li>Causeway, floating, - <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - - <li>Celebration, V-E Day, - <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li> - - <li>Champs Elysées, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - - <li>Cherbourg, France, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_130">130–31</a></li> - <li class="i1">enemy fortifications, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - - <li>Civilians</li> - <li class="i1">French, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a>, - <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, - <a href="#Page_432">432</a></li> - - <li>Clothing</li> - <li class="i1">camouflaged, - <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a></li> - <li class="i1">decontamination suits, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li class="i1">paratroop, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - <li class="i1">pilot, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - <li class="i1">repair of, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a></li> - <li class="i1">shoepacs, - <a href="#Page_283">283</a></li> - <li class="i1">winter, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a></li> - - <li>Colmar, France, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> - - <li>Cologne, Germany, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a></li> - - <li>Communications, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li> - <li class="i1">equipment, - <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li> - <li class="i1">hand generator GN 45, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - <li class="i1">repair of, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a>, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> - <li class="i1">SCR 284, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a></li> - <li class="i1">SCR 536, - <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, - <a href="#Page_352">352</a></li> - <li class="i1">short wave aerial kite, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - <li class="i1">switchboard BD71, - <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li> - <li class="i1">telephone lines, repair of, - <a href="#Page_303">303</a></li> - - <li>Construction</li> - <li class="i1">airfields, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li class="i1">bridges, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li class="i1">pipeline, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a></li> - <li class="i1">ponton bridge, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li> - - <li>Convoy, motor, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, - <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, - <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li> - - <li>Crane, truck-mounted, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Cub plane, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Dachau, Germany, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li> - - <li>Danube River, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> - - <li>Debarkation of troops, Northern Ireland, - <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li> - - <li>Depot</li> - <li class="i1">Engineer, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li> - <li class="i1">Ordnance, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, - <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li> - - <li>Distribution point, gasoline, - <a href="#Page_255">255</a></li> - - <li>Domfront, France, - <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li> - - <li>Dreux, France, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li> - - <li>Duesseldorf, Germany, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li> - - <li>DUKW’s, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Enclosure, prisoner of war, - <a href="#Page_408">408</a></li> - - <li>Evacuation</li> - <li class="i1">of casualties, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_361">361</a></li> - <li class="i1">of pilots, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li>Exercise fabius, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Training">Training</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Falaise, France, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li> - - <li>Ferry, Rhino, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Fighter planes</li> - <li class="i1">P-38, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li> - <li class="i1">P-47, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, - <a href="#Page_338">338</a></li> - <li class="i1">P-47, damaged, - <a href="#Page_399">399</a></li> - <li class="i1">P-47, on fire, - <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li> - <li class="i1">P-51, - <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, - <a href="#Page_49">49</a></li> - <li class="i1">British, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - - <li>Fire fighters, British, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a></li> - - <li>First aid. <i>See</i> <a href="#Medical_operations">Medical operations</a>.</li> - - <li>Flak, - <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, - <a href="#Page_202">202</a></li> - - <li>Flooded area, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, - <a href="#Page_248">248</a></li> - - <li>Footbridges, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> - - <li>Fort de Queuleu, France, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a></li> - - <li>Fort du Roule, France, - <a href="#Page_130">130–31</a></li> - - <li>Fort Saint Julien, France, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a></li> - - <li>Fort Sebastian, France, - <a href="#Page_318">318–19</a></li> - - <li>Fortifications, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, - <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li> - <li class="i1">dragon’s teeth, - <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_315">315</a>, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, damaged, - <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li> - - <li>Foxholes, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, - <a href="#Page_328">328</a></li> - - <li>Frankfurt, Germany, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> - - <li>French Forces of the Interior, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li>Fuel tank, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Gas masks, wearing of, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li>Glider pilots, evacuation of, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li>Gliders, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, - <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, - <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, - <a href="#Page_391">391</a></li> - <li class="i1">British, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li> - <li class="i1">wrecked, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_393">393</a></li> - - <li>Gun crews</li> - <li class="i1">antiaircraft, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li class="i1">naval, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Gun motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a></li> - - <li>Guns</li> - <li class="i1">8-inch, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, - <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, - <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, - <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, - <a href="#Page_371">371</a></li> - <li class="i1">155-mm., - <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, - <a href="#Page_299">299</a></li> - <li class="i1">antiaircraft, 90-mm., - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li class="i1">antitank, 3-inch, - <a href="#Page_102">102</a></li> - <li class="i1">antitank, British, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, - <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Half-tracks, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, - <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li class="i1">on fire, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a></li> - - <li>Hand grenades, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, - <a href="#Page_274">274</a></li> - - <li>Harbors</li> - <li class="i1">artificial, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li class="i1">Antwerp, - <a href="#Page_256">256</a></li> - <li class="i1">Bremen, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li class="i1">Brest, - <a href="#Page_188">188–89</a></li> - <li class="i1">Cherbourg, - <a href="#Page_130">130–31</a>, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saint-Malo, - <a href="#Page_180">180–81</a></li> - <li class="i1">Saint-Nazaire, - <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> - - <li>Headquarters, ETO, London, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Hedgerow cutter, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li> - - <li>Hedgerows, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li> - - <li>Helmets, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li> - <li class="i1">camouflaged, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - <li class="i1">World War I, - <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">World War II, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li> - - <li>Hill,</li> - <li class="i1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_358">358–59</a></li> - - <li>Hospitals</li> - <li class="i1">England, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - <li class="i1">evacuation, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Howitzers. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Artillery">Artillery</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">105-mm., - <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, - <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, - <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li> - <li class="i1">155-mm., - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, - <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, - <a href="#Page_293">293</a></li> - - <li>Howitzer motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, - <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, - <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> - - <li>Huertgen Forest, Germany, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li class="hangingindent" id="Infantrymen">Infantrymen, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, - <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, - <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, - <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, - <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, - <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, - <a href="#Page_376">376</a></li> - <li class="i1">aboard ship, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li class="i1">column of, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, - <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, - <a href="#Page_372">372</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, - <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, - <a href="#Page_265">265</a></li> - <li class="i1">in glider, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li class="i1">wounded, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a></li> - - <li>Invasion. <i>See</i> <a href="#Landing_operations">Landing operations</a>.</li> - - <li>Invasion beaches. <i>See</i> <a href="#Beaches">Beaches</a>.</li> - - <li>Invasion operations, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - - <li>Invasion preparations, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Training">Training</a>.</li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Jeeps, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li class="i1">with wire cutter, - <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li> - - <li>Juelich, Germany, - <a href="#Page_336">336–37</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Kommerscheidt, Germany, - <a href="#Page_236">236–37</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li id="Landing_craft">Landing craft</li> - <li class="i1">assault boat, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, - <a href="#Page_428">428</a></li> - <li class="i1">converted to rocket launcher, - <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li> - <li class="i1">LBK, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li class="i1">LBV, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li> - <li class="i1">LCI, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, - <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li> - <li class="i1">LCR, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - <li class="i1">LCT, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li> - <li class="i1">LGVP, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a></li> - <li class="i1">LST, - <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, - <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li> - <li class="i1">LST, deck loaded, - <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li> - <li class="i1">LVT, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a></li> - - <li id="Landing_operations">Landing operations, - <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, - <a href="#Page_78">78–79</a>, - <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, - <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Beaches">Beaches</a>.</li> - - <li>Liaison plane, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li> - <li class="i1">equipped with skis, - <a href="#Page_294">294</a></li> - - <li>Life preservers, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Life raft, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Living conditions, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, - <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, - <a href="#Page_363">363</a></li> - - <li>London, - <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Lousberg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_218">218–19</a></li> - - <li>Ludendorf Bridge, - <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> - - <li>Lunéville, France, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Machine guns</li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber Browning, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a></li> - <li class="i1">.45-caliber, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">.50-caliber Browning, - <a href="#Page_389">389</a></li> - <li class="i1">.50-caliber Browning, aircraft, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - - <li>Magdeburg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> - - <li>Mail call, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Main River, Germany, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a></li> - - <li>Maneuvers, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Training">Training</a>.</li> - - <li>Manhay, Belgium, - <a href="#Page_296">296–97</a></li> - - <li>Map making equipment, - <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, - <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li> - - <li>Maps</li> - <li class="i1">Central Europe, - <a href="#Page_378">378</a></li> - <li class="i1">Normandy, - <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li> - <li class="i1">Northern France, - <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li> - <li class="i1">Rhineland, - <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, - <a href="#Page_324">324</a></li> - - <li>Marshalling area, England, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - - <li>Masks</li> - <li class="i1">gas, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li class="i1">oxygen, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Medical aid, administering of, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Medical aid men, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, - <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, - <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, - <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> - - <li id="Medical_operations">Medical operations, - <a href="#Page_309">309</a>, - <a href="#Page_360">360</a></li> - <li class="i1">immunization, - <a href="#Page_252">252</a></li> - <li class="i1">surgery, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Mess, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, - <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, - <a href="#Page_347">347</a></li> - - <li>Metz, France, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a></li> - - <li>Military police, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a></li> - - <li>Mine detectors, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, - <a href="#Page_375">375</a></li> - - <li>Mine exploder, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a></li> - - <li>Mine field, German, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - - <li>Mines</li> - <li class="i1">antipersonnel, - <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li> - <li class="i1">antitank, - <a href="#Page_279">279</a></li> - - <li>Montebourg, France, - <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li> - - <li id="Mortars">Mortars</li> - <li class="i1">60-mm., - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_183">183</a></li> - <li class="i1">81-mm., - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, - <a href="#Page_310">310</a></li> - <li class="i1">chemical, 4.2-inch, - <a href="#Page_245">245</a></li> - - <li>Moselle River, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a></li> - - <li>Motor carriages</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">gun, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, - <a href="#Page_194">194</a>, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, - <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> - <li class="i1">howitzer, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, - <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, - <a href="#Page_370">370</a></li> - - <li>Mud, - <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, - <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li> - - <li>Muenchen-Gladbach, Germany, - <a href="#Page_341">341</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Neckar River, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a></li> - - <li>Negro troops, - <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_107">107</a></li> - - <li>Neuf Brisach, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - - <li>Niederleuken, Germany, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a></li> - - <li>Night firing, - <a href="#Page_316">316</a></li> - - <li>Nuernberg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Observation posts, - <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, - <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> - - <li>Obstacle, tank, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, - <a href="#Page_373">373</a></li> - - <li>Officer Candidates School, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - - <li><span class="smcap">Omaha</span> Beach, - <a href="#Page_78">78–79</a>, - <a href="#Page_118">118</a></li> - - <li>Optical equipment, repair of, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Our River, - <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> - - <li>Oxygen mask, - <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li> - - <li>Oxygen tank, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Pack howitzer, - <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Artillery">Artillery</a>.</li> - - <li>Parachute jump suit, - <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li>Parachutes, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li> - - <li>Parade, Paris, - <a href="#Page_191">191</a></li> - - <li>Paratroopers, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> - - <li>Paris, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - - <li>Pillbox, German, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a></li> - - <li>Pipeline, gasoline, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, - <a href="#Page_254">254</a></li> - - <li>Pistol, automatic, .45-caliber, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - - <li>Plasma, administrating of, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li> - - <li>“Priest,” - <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li> - - <li>Prisoners of war</li> - <li class="i1">Allied, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, - <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">German, - <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, - <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, - <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, - <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, - <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, - <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, - <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, - <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, - <a href="#Page_384">384</a>, - <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, - <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, - <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, - <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, - <a href="#Page_429">429</a></li> - - <li>Propaganda leaflets, German, - <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li> - - <li>Pruem, Germany, - <a href="#Page_344">344</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Queen Elizabeth, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Quonset huts, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Railroad</li> - <li class="i1">bridge, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, - <a href="#Page_401">401</a></li> - <li class="i1">destroyed, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">equipment, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">French, - <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li> - <li class="i1">yards, - <a href="#Page_218">218–19</a>, - <a href="#Page_405">405</a></li> - - <li>Railroads</li> - <li class="i1">Belgium, - <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">France, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a></li> - <li class="i1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - <li class="i1">Recreation, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - - <li>Red Ball Highway, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Roads">Roads</a>.</li> - - <li>Remagen Bridge, Germany, - <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a></li> - - <li>Repair shop, Ordnance, - <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li> - - <li>Rescue launch, British, - <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li> - - <li>Rescue operations, - <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li> - - <li>Rheine, Germany, - <a href="#Page_339">339</a></li> - - <li>Rhine River, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, - <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a></li> - - <li>Rhino ferry, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Rhône-Rhine Canal, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - - <li>Rifles. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber M1, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber M1903, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber M1903A3, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber M1918A2, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li class="i1">.30-caliber M1919A4, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li> - <li class="i1">M1 with rifle grenade, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">River crossings, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, - <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, - <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, - <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li> - - <li>Rivers</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">France, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a>, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, - <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, - <a href="#Page_354">354</a>, - <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_380">380</a>, - <a href="#Page_381">381</a>, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, - <a href="#Page_387">387</a>, - <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, - <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, - <a href="#Page_417">417</a></li> - <li class="i1">Luxembourg, - <a href="#Page_346">346</a></li> - - <li>Road signs, - <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, - <a href="#Page_424">424</a></li> - - <li id="Roads">Roads</li> - <li class="i1">Ardennes, - <a href="#Page_266">266–67</a>, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li class="i1">Austria, - <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, - <a href="#Page_427">427</a></li> - <li class="i1">Belgium, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, - <a href="#Page_280">280–81</a>, - <a href="#Page_296">296–97</a>, - <a href="#Page_312">312</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">France, - <a href="#Page_78">78–79</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_158">158–59</a>, - <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a>, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="#Page_320">320</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, - <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, - <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, - <a href="#Page_236">236–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, - <a href="#Page_394">394</a>, - <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, - <a href="#Page_425">425</a></li> - - <li>Rocket launcher site, German, - <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li> - - <li id="Rocket_launchers">Rocket launchers. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">2.36-inch, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, - <a href="#Page_306">306</a></li> - <li class="i1">4.5-inch, - <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, - <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li> - - <li>Rocket projector, German, - <a href="#Page_343">343</a></li> - - <li>Roer River, - <a href="#Page_336">336–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Saale River, - <a href="#Page_411">411</a></li> - - <li>Saare River, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a></li> - - <li>Saarrbourg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a></li> - - <li>Saint-Lô, France, - <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a></li> - - <li>Saint-Malo, France, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_180">180–81</a></li> - - <li>Saint-Nazaire harbor, France, - <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> - - <li>Schweinfurt, Germany, - <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, - <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li> - - <li>Seatrain, - <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li> - - <li>Seine River, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a></li> - - <li>Serrig, Germany, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a></li> - - <li>Shell fire, German, - <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li> - - <li id="Small_arms">Small arms, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a></li> - <li class="i1">carbine, - <a href="#Page_184">184</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li class="i1">machine guns, - <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, - <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_291">291</a></li> - <li class="i1">rifles, - <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, - <a href="#Page_271">271</a></li> - <li class="i1">rocket launcher, 2.36-inch, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li> - <li class="i1">Thompson submachine gun, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li> - - <li>Smoke screens, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_242">242</a></li> - - <li>Street fighting, - <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, - <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li class="i1">Cherbourg, - <a href="#Page_128">128</a></li> - - <li>Submachine guns, .45-caliber, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li> - <li class="i1"><i>See also</i> <a href="#Small_arms">Small arms</a>.</li> - - <li>Submarine pens, German, - <a href="#Page_422">422</a></li> - - <li>Submarines, German, - <a href="#Page_421">421</a></li> - <li class="i1">bombing of, - <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Supply operations, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, - <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, - <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, - <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, - <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, - <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li class="i1">aerial, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - <li class="i1">Normandy, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - <li class="i1"><span class="smcap">Utah</span> Beach, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Tank destroyer, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a></li> - - <li>Tanks</li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a></li> - <li class="i1">French, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, - <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, - <a href="#Page_301">301</a></li> - <li class="i1">light, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, - <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, - <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, - <a href="#Page_367">367</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">medium, - <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, - <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, - <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, - <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, - <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, - <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, - <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, - <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, - <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, - <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, - <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, - <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, - <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, - <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, - <a href="#Page_388">388</a>, - <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, - <a href="#Page_403">403</a>, - <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, - <a href="#Page_419">419</a>, - <a href="#Page_423">423</a></li> - <li class="i1">on fire, - <a href="#Page_351">351</a></li> - <li class="i1">waterproofed, - <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, - <a href="#Page_388">388</a></li> - <li class="i1">with hedgerow cutter, - <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, - <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li> - <li class="i1">with rocket launcher, - <a href="#Page_403">403</a></li> - <li class="i1">with track extensions, - <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, - <a href="#Page_231">231</a></li> - - <li>Tanks, containers</li> - <li class="i1">fuel, - <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li> - <li class="i1">oxygen, - <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li> - <li class="i1">water, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>10 Downing Street, London, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> - - <li>Tents, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li> - - <li>Terrain</li> - <li class="i1">Ardennes, - <a href="#Page_266">266–67</a></li> - <li class="i1">Austria, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, - <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, - <a href="#Page_431">431</a></li> - <li class="i1">Belgium, - <a href="#Page_280">280–81</a>, - <a href="#Page_296">296–97</a></li> - <li class="i1">England, - <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li> - <li class="i1">flooded, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">France, - <a href="#Page_78">78–79</a>, - <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, - <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, - <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, - <a href="#Page_100">100–101</a>, - <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, - <a href="#Page_140">140–41</a>, - <a href="#Page_158">158–59</a>, - <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, - <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, - <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, - <a href="#Page_226">226–27</a>, - <a href="#Page_318">318–19</a>, - <a href="#Page_330">330–31</a>, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - <li class="i1">Germany, - <a href="#Page_236">236–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_336">336–37</a>, - <a href="#Page_358">358–59</a>, - <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, - <a href="#Page_373">373</a>, - <a href="#Page_409">409</a></li> - - <li>Thanksgiving Day dinner, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a></li> - - <li><i>The Stars and Stripes</i>, V-E edition, - <a href="#Page_433">433</a></li> - - <li id="Tractors">Tractors</li> - <li class="i1">diesel, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li class="i1">high-speed, 18-ton M4, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - - <li>Train, German, wrecked, - <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li> - - <li id="Training">Training</li> - <li class="hangingindent1">England, - <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, - <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, - <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, - <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, - <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li> - <li class="i1">Northern Ireland, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, - <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li> - <li class="i1">Officer Candidate School, - <a href="#Page_11">11</a></li> - <li class="i1">Scotland, - <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li> - - <li id="Transport_planes">Transport planes, C-47, - <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, - <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, - <a href="#Page_435">435</a></li> - - <li>Transport ship, British, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - - <li>Treadway bridges, - <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, - <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, - <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, - <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, - <a href="#Page_382">382</a></li> - <li class="i1">construction of, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Trench, - <a href="#Page_251">251</a></li> - - <li>Trévières, France, - <a href="#Page_100">100–101</a></li> - - <li>Troops. <i>See also</i> <a href="#Infantrymen">Infantrymen</a>.</li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a></li> - <li class="i1">Russian, - <a href="#Page_418">418</a></li> - - <li>20 Grosvenor Square, London, - <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li><span class="smcap">Utah</span> Beach, - <a href="#Page_86">86–87</a>, - <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Vauban Canal, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - - <li>V-bomb, German, - <a href="#Page_400">400</a></li> - - <li id="Vehicles">Vehicles</li> - <li class="i1">ambulances, - <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, - <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, - <a href="#Page_317">317</a>, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li class="i1">amphibian trucks, - <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, - <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a></li> - <li class="i1">armored car, - <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, - <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, - <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_285">285</a></li> - <li class="i1">bulldozers, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - <li class="i1">burning, - <a href="#Page_407">407</a></li> - <li class="i1">cargo carrier, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - <li class="i1">damaged, - <a href="#Page_395">395</a></li> - <li class="i1">French, - <a href="#Page_190">190</a></li> - <li class="i1">German, - <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li class="hangingindent1">gun motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, - <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, - <a href="#Page_185">185</a>, - <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, - <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, - <a href="#Page_225">225</a></li> - <li class="i1">half-tracks, - <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, - <a href="#Page_414">414</a></li> - <li class="i1">horse-drawn, - <a href="#Page_420">420</a>, - <a href="#Page_426">426</a></li> - <li class="i1">howitzer motor carriages, - <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, - <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, - <a href="#Page_199">199</a></li> - <li class="i1">jeeps, - <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a></li> - <li class="i1">on fire, - <a href="#Page_195">195</a></li> - <li class="i1">semitrailer, - <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, - <a href="#Page_404">404</a></li> - <li class="i1">tank recovery, - <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, - <a href="#Page_216">216</a></li> - <li class="i1">tractor, - <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, - <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, - <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, - <a href="#Page_192">192</a></li> - <li class="i1">trailer, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li class="i1">trucks, - <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, - <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, - <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, - <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li> - <li class="i1">weapons carrier, - <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li> - - <li>Vire River, France, - <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li> - - <li>Vire-Taute Canal, France, - <a href="#Page_112">112–13</a></li> -</ul> - -<ul> - <li>Waldenburg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent" id="War_damage">War damage, - <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, - <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, - <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, - <a href="#Page_385">385</a>, - <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, - <a href="#Page_411">411</a>, - <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, - <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, - <a href="#Page_416">416</a></li> - - <li>Water tanks, - <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li> - - <li>“Weasel,” - <a href="#Page_253">253</a></li> - - <li class="hangingindent">Weather conditions, - <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, - <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, - <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, - <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, - <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, - <a href="#Page_253">253</a>, - <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, - <a href="#Page_266">266–67</a>, - <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, - <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, - <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, - <a href="#Page_326">326</a>, - <a href="#Page_430">430</a></li> - - <li>Weather forecasting equipment, - <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li> - - <li>Widensohlen Canal, France, - <a href="#Page_334">334–35</a></li> - - <li>Women</li> - <li class="i1">American Red Cross, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li class="i1">Army Auxiliary Corps, - <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li> - <li class="i1">Army Corps, - <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li> - <li class="i1">Army nurse, - <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li> - - <li>Wuerzburg, Germany, - <a href="#Page_413">413</a></li> -</ul> - -<p class="right p2">✋ U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1988 203-040/80010</p> - -<p class="right p2">PIN: 039019-000</p> - - -<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> See Gordon A. Harrison, Cross-Channel Attack, Washington, -D. C., 1951.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a> See Martin Blumenson, Break-Out and Pursuit.</p> - -</div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a id="Footnote_3" href="#FNanchor_3" class="label">[3]</a> See H. M. Cole, The Lorraine Campaign, Washington, D. C., -1950; and Gordon A. Harrison and Forest C. Pogue, Jr., The Rhineland -and Central Germany, now in preparation for the series U. S. ARMY IN -WORLD WAR II.</p> - -</div> -</div> - - -<p class="transnote">Transcriber’s Notes:<br /> - -Obvious printers’, punctuation and spelling errors have been corrected -silently.</p> - - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WAR AGAINST GERMANY: EUROPE AND ADJACENT AREAS PICTORIAL RECORD ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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