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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75168 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber’s Notes:
+
+  Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_
+    in the original text.
+  Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals.
+  Old spellings have been preserved.
+  Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.
+
+
+
+
+                           SECRET REMEDIES,
+
+                 WHAT THEY COST AND WHAT THEY CONTAIN.
+
+                    BASED ON ANALYSES MADE FOR THE
+
+                     BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
+
+
+                                LONDON:
+                     BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,
+                           429, STRAND, W.C.
+                                 1909.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+    CHAPTER                                                    PAGE
+          I.—Catarrh and Cold Cures                               1
+         II.—Cough Medicines                                      9
+        III.—Consumption Cures                                   20
+         IV.—Headache Powders                                    37
+          V.—Blood Purifiers                                     42
+         VI.—Remedies for Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia         50
+        VII.—Kidney Medicines                                    66
+       VIII.—Diabetes                                            76
+         IX.—Obesity Cures                                       83
+          X.—Skin Diseases                                      105
+         XI.—Medicines for Baldness                             114
+        XII.—Cancer Remedies                                    117
+       XIII.—Remedies for Epilepsy                              124
+        XIV.—Soothing, Teething and Cooling Powders for Infants 130
+         XV.—Remedies for Ear Disease and Deafness              134
+        XVI.—    ”        Eye Diseases                          142
+       XVII.—    ”        Piles                                 147
+      XVIII.—Preparations for Rupture                           158
+        XIX.—Cures for Inebriety                                162
+         XX.—Cure Alls                                          170
+
+           APPENDIX                                             182
+           INDEX                                                185
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+One of the reasons for the popularity of secret remedies is their
+secrecy. It is a case in which the old saying _Omne ignotum pro
+magnifico_ applies. To begin with, there is for the average man or
+woman a certain fascination in secrecy. The quack takes advantage
+of this common foible of human nature to impress his customers. But
+secrecy has other uses in his trade; it enables him to make use of
+cheap new or old-fashioned drugs, and to proclaim that his product
+possesses virtues beyond the ken of the mere doctor; his herbs have
+been culled in some remote prairie in America or among the mountains
+of Central Africa, the secret of their virtues having been confided to
+him by some venerable chief; or again he would have us believe that his
+drug has been discovered by chemical research of alchemical profundity,
+and is produced by processes so costly and elaborate that it can only
+be sold at a very high price.
+
+The British Medical Association considered, therefore, that it would
+be useful if not instructive to make analyses of some of the secret
+remedies, the virtues of which are so boldly advertised, especially
+in popular monthly magazines and weekly newspapers, and in diaries
+and almanacks pushed under the front door or dropped over the area
+railings. The results are given in the following pages; they have been
+classified under various heads, according to the particular kind of
+disorder for the cure of which the preparation is more particularly
+vaunted. The claims in some instances are so comprehensive that it has
+not always been easy to assign the nostrum its proper place, and for a
+few it has been necessary to institute a chapter on Cure Alls.
+
+An inquiry of the kind is, from the analytical point of view, tedious
+and often difficult; for though the analytical chemist can easily and
+quickly identify the nature of inorganic salts in a mixture or powder,
+and estimate their amount, most vegetable drugs which exert any
+appreciable effect on the body owe their power to the presence of an
+alkaloid or glucoside. The active principle of opium, for instance, is
+morphine; that of cinchona bark, quinine; that of belladonna, atropine,
+and so on, and the chemist can recognise any alkaloids present in a
+mixture or pill. It is otherwise, however, with vegetable extracts and
+colouring matters, for which pharmaceutical science has not yet been
+able in all cases to supply easily applicable and conclusive tests,
+because for the most part they contain no active principle and are
+used in pharmacy for their agreeable odour or bitter taste, as vanilla
+or sorrel are used in cookery. Of the accuracy of the analytical data
+published there can be no question; the investigation has been carried
+out with great care by a skilled analytical chemist, who has controlled
+his results in various ways, one being that in every doubtful case
+the formula obtained by analysis has been tested by making it up
+and comparing the appearance, taste, and physical properties of the
+imitative mixture with those of the secret preparation sold to the
+public.
+
+The articles in this volume have not been confined to a mere dry
+statement of the results of analysis. Care has been taken to reproduce
+the claims and exuberant boasts of the vendors, and the contrast
+between them and the list of banal ingredients which follow must strike
+every reader. This juxtaposition of analytical facts and advertising
+fancies is instructive and sometimes entertaining, the fancy is so free
+and the fact so simple.
+
+It must not be assumed that the concoctors of these mixtures and
+powders and ointments show any particular skill in the compounding of
+drugs. On the contrary, they appear curiously indifferent to taste and
+appearance, and perhaps count on the belief, common among the poorer
+classes at least, that the nastier a drug the more effective it is.
+There is, at any rate, the excuse for this belief that the effort to
+subdue the repugnance to the draught produces a glow of virtue which
+may perhaps have a certain stimulating effect on the mind; the patient
+having not only spent his money but suffered some discomfort, is
+anxious to justify his faith by assuming himself to be the better for
+the double sacrifice.
+
+It is not, however, only the poorer classes of the community who have
+a weakness for secret remedies and the ministration of quacks; the
+well-to-do and the highly-placed will often, when not very ill, take a
+curious pleasure in experimenting with mysterious compounds. In them it
+is perhaps to be traced to a hankering to break safely with orthodoxy;
+they scrupulously obey the law and the Church and Mrs. Grundy, but will
+have their fling against medicine. Usually, however, people of these
+classes take to some system. It used to be electricity or hypnotism or
+some eccentricity of diet; nowadays it is more often Christian Science.
+
+Judging from the relative number of secret remedies advertised for
+different complaints, it would seem that the most attractive fields
+for exploitation by the “patent” medicine man are afforded by those
+diseases which are widely prevalent, and sufficiently serious to cause
+considerable suffering and incapacity, inasmuch as such disorders lend
+themselves to sensational descriptions of the dire consequences which
+will follow if the one and only real and certain cure is not purchased.
+
+The estimates of cost given throughout the volume refer only to the
+ingredients, the prices of the various drugs being those quoted in
+an ordinary wholesale drug list, and take no account of the cost of
+bottles, boxes, wrappings and packages, very often a much more serious
+source of expenditure. The stamp duty levied by the Inland Revenue
+under an old Act of Parliament must also be taken into consideration,
+but, ostensibly at least, it is paid by the purchaser, for the full
+price of a nostrum is usually 1s. 1½d. or 2s. 9d. and so on, the extra
+1½d. or 3d. representing the value of the stamp. “Store prices” have,
+however, invaded this, like most other fields of enterprise.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+CATARRH AND COLD CURES.
+
+
+The analyses here given of some of the proprietary articles which the
+public are induced to buy for the cure of ordinary colds and catarrh
+furnish a good example of the absurdity of the barefaced pretensions
+in which nostrum mongers indulge, for minor ailments are by no means
+neglected by the makers of nostrums; if the price to be obtained is
+somewhat lower than in the case of more serious disorders the cost
+price can be reduced in an equal or greater proportion. Alarming
+accounts, too, of the evils to be expected if resort be not had to the
+advertised articles are not wanting. Thus, in the advertisement of one
+of the articles described below, it is stated that catarrh “invariably
+creates biliousness, constipation, pleurisy, asthma, bronchitis,
+catarrhal fever, and consumption”; also that “it is estimated that
+over 20,000 people died in the United Kingdom last year of consumption
+caused by catarrh.” The remedy put forward for this malignant disease
+is shown by analysis to consist of a solution of a pinch of common salt
+with a trace of carbolic acid, the actual cost of the quantity sold for
+a shilling being one-thirtieth part of a farthing. The probability that
+many people would regard a slight cold in the head as not requiring a
+resort to a “specialist in chronic disease in every form” such as the
+proprietor of this preparation, is turned to account by a disparaging
+reference to the medical profession. “Catarrh,” we are told, “in its
+chronic form (and the complaints arising from it) is a malady which has
+not, up to the present time, received that attention and research from
+the medical faculty which it deserves. Most practitioners have given
+it merely a passing thought, or poohed at it as a mere cold which
+would soon pass off, and perhaps give some light tonic to tone up the
+stomach.” Another of the “remedies” described well illustrates the way
+in which the public is deluded by such “specialists”; camphor, quinine
+and ipecacuanha are frequently employed as domestic remedies in the
+early stages of a cold in the head, and persons who believe in their
+usefulness can no doubt be induced to buy a “cold cure” which professes
+to contain them in combination with other drugs, presented in a form
+convenient and agreeable to be taken; but in the tablets which are
+represented as consisting of cascara, bromide, quinine, ipecacuanha,
+camphor and bryonia, analysis did not reveal any appreciable traces
+of cascara, bromide, quinine, ipecacuanha, or camphor. The principal
+ingredients actually present were cinchonine, an alkaloid found in
+the bark from which quinine is prepared but cheaper than quinine, and
+acetanilide, a chemical better known under the name antifebrin, both in
+very small doses.
+
+Many proprietary medicines of varied kinds are recommended for colds
+among a host of other complaints for which they are stated to possess
+curative powers. Apart, however, from such inclusive recommendations,
+a considerable number are put forward expressly and primarily for cold
+and catarrh, and it is a selection of these which is here described.
+
+
+DR. LANE’S CATARRH CURE.
+
+This is prepared and sold by a Company giving an address in London. The
+price is 1s. a bottle, containing 2½ fluid ounces.
+
+Much printed matter is supplied with this preparation, and a few
+extracts are here given:
+
+        Catarrh, in its chronic form (and the complaints
+        arising from it), is a malady which has not, up to the
+        present time, received that attention and research
+        from the medical faculty which it deserves. Most
+        practitioners have given it merely a passing thought,
+        or poohed at it as a mere cold which would soon pass
+        off, and perhaps give some light tonic to tone up the
+        stomach. And therein lies the fatal error, for Catarrh
+        is a disease that cannot be trifled with, as millions
+        can only too surely testify.
+
+        ... to let any part or organ of the system become
+        diseased breeds the seeds of a host of other
+        complaints, as all the organs of the body are in
+        sympathy with each other. The cause of this is easily
+        explained in a case of Catarrh.... It invariably
+        creates Biliousness, Constipation, Pleurisy, Asthma,
+        Bronchitis, Catarrhal Fever, and Consumption.
+
+        It is estimated that over 20,000 people died in the
+        United Kingdom last year of Consumption caused by
+        Catarrh.
+
+        The speciality of myself and Associate Physicians is
+        chronic disease in every form. Our library was selected
+        to this end, and the Herbal World explored for this
+        purpose—the successful treatment of chronic disease.
+
+        We have never seen one out of five hundred of the
+        patients whom we have cured. Most cases can be treated
+        just as well at a distance as if we saw them in person;
+        as our experience enables us to judge correctly from
+        a written description the nature and extent of the
+        disease under which the patient is labouring.
+
+The preparation is described on the wrapper as:
+
+    The _Only Reliable_ and Effective Preparation for
+    the Permanent and _Radical Cure_ of this most
+    dangerous disease.
+
+The directions on the label are:
+
+    For Catarrh.—Pour one-half teaspoonful in the palm of
+    the hand, close one nostril with the finger, and inhale
+    the liquid through the open nostril with sufficient
+    force to carry the spray down into the throat. Inhale
+    another half teaspoonful through the other nostril
+    in the same way; it is not advisable to swallow the
+    Catarrh Cure—however, it is perfectly harmless if you
+    chance to do so. Use night and morning and in extreme
+    cases three times a day.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the liquid to be:
+
+    Phenol (carbolic acid)           0·4 part.
+    Sodium chloride (common salt)    3.3 parts.
+    Water to                       100 fluid parts.
+
+The traces of impurities usually present in common salt were also found.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients in 2½ fluid ounces is
+one-thirtieth of a farthing.
+
+
+VAN VLECK’S CATARRH BALM.
+
+This balm is supplied by an American Company having an address in
+London. The price charged is 4s. 6d. for a package containing 1⅛ oz.
+
+In an accompanying circular it is stated that:
+
+    This preparation is perfectly harmless, readily
+    absorbed, and through its healing, soothing action
+    affords immediate relief and quickly cures Catarrh of
+    the Nose and Head, Catarrhal Deafness, Hay Fever, Cold
+    in the Head, La Grippe, Tonsillitis, Sore Throat and
+    all inflamed, irritated conditions of the nose and
+    throat.
+
+The “Balm” was an ointment, contained in a collapsible tube. The
+directions on the label are:
+
+    First clear your head out thoroughly by blowing your
+    nose, then squeeze out from the tube a piece of Dr.
+    Van Vleck’s Catarrh Balm about the size of a pea, on
+    the end of the finger, and rub it well up into each
+    nostril, hold the other nostril and snuff it up until
+    you can feel it all the way up through the air passages
+    in your head. For severe Catarrh in the Head and Cold
+    in the Head also rub thoroughly over the outside of
+    the nose and across the forehead and on the sides of
+    the head just below the temples. For Catarrhal Sore
+    Throat and Tonsillitis rub thoroughly on the outside of
+    the throat and swallow at bedtime a small piece about
+    the size of a pea. Do not get it into the eyes. This
+    preparation is perfectly harmless, readily absorbed,
+    and through its healing, antiseptic, soothing action
+    affords immediate relief.
+
+The substance consisted of soft paraffin containing a small quantity
+of phenol and about 2 per cent. of a mixture of volatile oils. Oils
+of eucalyptus, pumilio pine, and yellow sandal-wood were recognized,
+and the respective proportions of these were estimated by comparing
+mixtures of known composition with the original. The results obtained
+gave the following formula
+
+    Phenol                       0·6 part.
+    Sandal-wood oil              0·5   ”
+    Oil of pumilio pine          0·7   ”
+      ”    eucalyptus            1.2 parts.
+    Soft paraffin to           100
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 1⅛ oz. is ½d.
+
+
+DR. MACKENZIE’S “ONE DAY” COLD CURE.
+
+This is supplied by a Company described as of London and New York. The
+price charged for a box containing 30 tablets is 1s. 1½d.
+
+This preparation is described on the package as:
+
+               The Best Cure! For the Worst Cold!
+    A Speedy Cure in all Cases of Cold, Influenza, Headache,
+                  and all Neuralgic Affections.
+                        Nature’s Remedy.
+
+      Dose.—One tablet to be swallowed with a little water
+                 every two hours until relieved.
+
+             As a preventive, one every four hours.
+
+                        Not for Children.
+
+The tablets were coated with sugar coloured with ferric oxide
+(so-called chocolate coating); after removal of the coating they had an
+average weight of 2 grains. Analysis showed them to have the following
+composition:
+
+    Cinchonidine sulphate     0·83 grain.
+    Acetanilide               0·71   ”
+    Camphor                   0·10   ”
+    Talc                      0·21   ”
+    Water                     0·15   ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 tablets is 1¼d.
+
+
+KEENE’S “ONE NIGHT” COLD CURE.
+
+This also is supplied by a Company giving its address as New York and
+London. The price charged is 1s. 1½d. a box, containing 30 tablets.
+
+This is recommended in the circular enclosed in the box in the
+following terms:
+
+    Keene’s One Night Cold Cure will break up any cold
+    overnight; or money refunded! Influenza cured in three
+    days. Guarantee Label around every Box. If Keene’s
+    One Night Cold Cure fails to Cure your Cold, your
+    money will be cheerfully returned on presentation of
+    Guarantee Label.
+
+    Keene’s One Night Cold Cure is in Tablet form and
+    contains nothing injurious, being chiefly composed
+    of Quinine, Cascara, Camphor, and other Ingredients
+    adopted by the Leading Medical Authorities for Colds in
+    the Head, Throat, and Lungs.
+
+The “guarantee label” is worded as follows:
+
+
+                    GUARANTEE.
+
+    If Keene’s “One Night” Cold Cure fails to effectually
+    break up any ordinary cold, return this Guarantee with
+    box to your Chemist and he will refund price paid.
+
+                  Cascara—Bromide—Quinine—Ipecac—
+                      Camphor—Bryonia—tablets. 7½d. per box.
+                                                 The Keene Co.
+                                   Irving A. Keene, Treasurer.
+
+
+The tablets were coated with sugar, coloured with ferric oxide
+(so-called chocolate coating). After removal of the coating they had an
+average weight of 2·07 grains. Analysis showed that they contained no
+bromide, no quinine, except the minute trace occurring as an impurity
+in the cinchonine found, and no camphor in sufficient quantity to be
+detected; there was no evidence of any extract or other preparation
+of cascara, and if any were present, the quantity did not exceed a
+small trace; the alkaloid found did not give the slightest indication
+of ipecacuanha alkaloid; extract of bryonia may have been present,
+as it has no distinctive characters serving for identification. The
+ingredients found were:
+
+    Cinchonine sulphate             0·21 grain. (approx.).
+    Acetanilide                     0·32   ”        ”
+    Calcium carbonate               0·25   ”        ”
+    Starch                          0·34   ”        ”
+    Extractive and excipient        0·87   ”        ”
+                     In one tablet.
+
+The extractive and excipient possessed no characters indicating the
+substance from which it was derived; it contained a small proportion
+of alkali in organic combination, equivalent to 1·2 per cent. of dried
+sodium carbonate in the tablet, and the mineral constituents usually
+present in vegetable extracts. The estimated cost of the ingredients
+for 30 tablets is ¼d.
+
+
+MUNYON’S CATARRH TABLETS AND SPECIAL CATARRH CURE.
+
+These two preparations, which have been at one time or another very
+extensively advertised, are supplied by a Homœopathic Company. They are
+stated to be manufactured in U.S. of America. The price charged for the
+tablets is 1s. a package, containing 17 tablets.
+
+This preparation is recommended in the circular which accompanies it in
+the following terms:
+
+    CATARRH POSITIVELY CURED.—Are you a sufferer
+    with catarrh? Have you taken all sorts of drugs and
+    patent nostrums? Are you tired of paying big doctor
+    bills without being cured? Are you willing to spend two
+    shillings for a cure that permanently cures catarrh
+    by removing the cause of the disease? If so, ask your
+    chemist for a shilling bottle of Munyon’s Catarrh Cure
+    and a shilling bottle of Catarrh Tablets. The
+    Catarrh Cure will eradicate the disease from the system
+    and the Tablets will cleanse and heal the afflicted
+    parts and restore them to a natural and healthful
+    condition.
+
+On the package it is stated that:
+
+    When used in conjunction with the CATARRH
+    CURE, they cure discharges from the head and
+    throat, dryness, soreness and scabs in the nose,
+    pains in the head, and all symptoms of Catarrh.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    Dissolve one Tablet in 20 teaspoonfuls of warm water
+    and use this solution for thorough cleansing of the
+    nose and throat, night and morning. Inject through the
+    nostrils with Munyon’s Atomizer or by snuffing.
+
+The tablets had an average weight of 6 grains. Analysis showed the
+composition to be:
+
+    Sodium bicarbonate           1·87 grains.
+       ”   chloride              1·81   ”
+    Borax, partly dehydrated     2·20   ”
+    Phenol (carbolic acid)       trace.
+    Gum                          0·12 grain.
+
+    in one tablet. The amount of borax was equivalent to
+    2·58 grains of the fully hydrated salt.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 17 tablets is one-twentieth
+of a penny.
+
+Besides the “Catarrh Cure” referred to in the above as intended for use
+with the tablets, there is a “Special Catarrh Cure” which costs 4s. a
+package containing 460 pilules.
+
+On the package it is stated that:
+
+    It cures the most aggravated cases of hawking and
+    spitting of mucus, stuffy or oppressed feeling in
+    the head, dryness or scabs in the nose, gloomy, dull
+    spirits, difficulty of breathing, dropping of mucus
+    from the head into the throat, and liability to take
+    cold easily.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    Take four pellets every hour. Half quantity for children.
+
+The average weight of the pilules was ½ grain. On first opening the
+bottle containing them a slight smell of alcohol was noticeable, but
+the loss of weight on drying was only 0·08 per cent. No medicament of
+any kind could be detected, nor any substance but sugar; determination
+of the amount of the latter showed 100 per cent. to be present.
+
+From the odour of alcohol observed it is not unlikely that the pilules
+had been “medicated” by treatment with some dilute tincture, but if so,
+the amount of medicament so imparted was infinitesimal.
+
+The estimated cost of 460 pilules is one-tenth of a penny.
+
+
+BIRLEY’S ANTI-CATARRH.
+
+The price charged for this fluid, sold by a London Company, is 1s. 1½d.
+a bottle, containing nearly 3 fluid ounces.
+
+The bottle was accompanied by four pages of printed matter headed “The
+Birley Monthly Report,” in which the “Anti-Catarrh” was included in
+a “List and Prices of Dr. Birley’s Compounds of Free (or Unoxidised)
+Phosphorus,” and described as “Special Remedy for Catarrh and
+Influenza.” The following extracts are from the same circular, under
+the heading “The Wonders of Phosphorus.”
+
+    Free (or unoxidised) Phosphorus, whose chief seat or
+    situation is in the brain, is one of the most important
+    elements contained in our bodies. Without Free
+    Phosphorus there can be no thought, and very probably
+    no life....
+
+    One thing is proved beyond doubt, that the degree of
+    intellectual thought depends upon the amount of Free
+    Phosphorus in the brain, and just as the Phosphorus is
+    unduly wasted, so does the brain power weaken....
+
+    Free Phosphorus, it is thus shown, must be the saving
+    agent—no other means is possible. This one element
+    must be replaced.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    For an ordinary cold take one teaspoonful every two
+    hours until better, then every third and fourth hour,
+    and finally night and morning.
+
+    For severe attacks, commence by taking a dose every
+    hour until better, then gradually increase the period
+    between each dose as attack abates. For Children, give
+    half doses.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of:
+
+    Sugar (partly as “invert sugar”)   74 parts.
+    Tartaric acid                       1·15 parts.
+    Phosphoric acid                     0·07 part.
+    Alcohol                             trace.
+    Water to                          100 fluid parts.
+
+No free phosphorus could be detected, but the odour when the bottle was
+first opened suggested the presence of a trace. From the presence of
+a trace of alcohol it appears probable that an alcoholic solution of
+phosphorus had been added, and that the phosphoric acid had been formed
+by its oxidation. If the phosphorus found were in the free state each
+fluid drachm would contain about ¹/₈₀ grain. The liquid was of a light
+straw colour, probably produced by addition of a trace of colouring
+matter.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 3 fluid ounces is ½d.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+COUGH MEDICINES
+
+
+There are probably few, if any, ailments more frequently treated by
+the sufferer or his friends, without recourse to medical advice, than
+coughs and colds. The remedies employed in such domestic practice
+include preparations like “linseed tea” and others made at home,
+but these no doubt are supplemented in very many instances by some
+proprietary preparation, either one of those so largely advertised, or
+the speciality of some local compounder. It might be contended that
+here, if anywhere, is a legitimate field for the maker of nostrums, and
+it is therefore of some interest to ascertain what is being supplied
+in such nostrums. The particulars as to composition and claims made
+which are given below show that they well illustrate the evils which
+inevitably creep into the dealing in secret remedies, and the downward
+steps which lead to purely swindling nostrums. One of the articles
+now described bears on the label the unusual recommendation, “For
+serious cases seek medical aid”; this preparation is recommended as a
+“valuable aid” in various complaints, and the fact that it contains
+morphine is stated clearly on the label, but information is not given
+as to the amount of morphine present. Less modest claims are made
+for competing articles, until we eventually reach such statements as
+“all that is necessary is to take one dose of the lung tonic in warm
+water on retiring to rest, and the cold will have disappeared in the
+morning ... cure is quite certain,” and “If it fails no other medicine
+will ever succeed.” Again, while the presence of morphine in one of
+the medicines is plainly declared, as we have stated, this is not so
+in other instances. In one of those in which on analysis morphine
+was found to be present the advertisement begins with a “guarantee”
+that the medicinal remedies contained in the lozenges cannot injure
+the most delicate constitution, and includes the statement that they
+may be safely administered to very young children; in another case
+the specific declaration is made that “the cough pills do not contain
+opium,” which would certainly be regarded by most people as meaning
+that they do not contain the active principle of opium—morphine; and
+yet this was found to be present. The uncertainty as to what the
+composition of a secret medicine may be at any particular time is
+illustrated by another of the articles described, which has in past
+years been the subject of legal proceedings in the course of which the
+presence of morphine was proved, but which is now found not to contain
+any.
+
+The number of advertised proprietary medicines for the cure of coughs
+is very large, and the number of those but little advertised and having
+principally a local sale is still larger; the latter, as a rule, have a
+good deal of resemblance to the advertised preparations. A selected few
+of the most widely advertised of this class have been examined.
+
+The information which chemical analysis can give as to the composition
+of proprietary medicines is necessarily limited to the recognition
+of those ingredients which possess more or less definite chemical
+properties. The makers, of course, can make use of any one or more
+of a long series of vegetable extracts which very much resemble each
+other, and of various sweetening and flavouring materials sold for
+the purpose. In the case of many secret preparations analysis can
+afford complete and positive information as to their composition; but
+this is not so in every case, owing to many preparations commonly
+used in pharmacy being devoid of definite active principles that can
+be identified, and possessing no characters distinguishing them from
+others of the same class. Many such preparations are likely to be
+employed in cough mixtures; and, as these medicines usually contain a
+large proportion of treacle, honey, extract of liquorice, decoction of
+linseed, or some other old-fashioned complex preparations as basis,
+the identification of small proportions of many substances which are
+likely to be present becomes practically impossible. Many of the drugs
+in recognised use for coughs, such as senega, Virginian prune, etc., as
+well as domestic remedies like horehound and coltsfoot, are practically
+safe from certain identification by chemical analysis for such reasons,
+and in some of the preparations described below such substances may
+perhaps be present in addition to the ingredients named. The receipts
+given are not put forward as necessarily representing the whole of the
+ingredients in the articles in question, but they probably include all
+those which are of any importance or possess any known curative action.
+
+The chief interest in the composition of such medicines, however,
+centres in the presence or absence of more potent remedies, such as
+preparations of opium, ipecacuanha, etc.; and here the analyst is
+on surer ground. The extraction of minute quantities of alkaloids
+from complex mixtures containing large quantities of saccharine and
+“extractive” matters is, however, a matter of much difficulty, and
+their identification is complicated by the great similarity in the
+behaviour of morphine and the alkaloids of ipecacuanha towards the
+various reagents used in their recognition. In this connection it may
+be pointed out that one or two of the nostrums here dealt with have
+been the subject of fairly frequent legal proceedings in consequence
+of their having been sold without proper observance of the poisons
+regulations, and the evidence given in such cases has shown wide
+differences in the results obtained by different analysts of high
+standing, both as to the quantity of morphine present, and even as
+to the fact of its presence or absence. In making the analyses here
+recorded, great pains have been taken to obtain accurate results, and
+they have been confirmed by the employment of alternative methods,
+etc.; but the results can only be given subject to the caution just
+expressed.
+
+
+KAY’S LINSEED COMPOUND.
+
+This compound is sold by an English provincial company in bottles,
+price, 9½d., 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle; the 2s.
+9d. size contained a little over 5½ fluid ounces.
+
+This preparation is described on the label, wrapper, and in circulars,
+both as “Linseed Compound,” which is given as the registered trade
+mark, and as “Kay’s Compound Essence of Linseed, Aniseed, Senega,
+Squill, Tolu, etc.” On the label it is also stated that it
+
+    contains a preparation of chloroform and morphine, and
+    it is, therefore, labelled Poison. It is Demulcent,
+    Expectorant, Tonic, and Soothing for Colds, Coughs,
+    Asthma, Hoarseness, Difficulty of Breathing,
+    Consumption, and Simple Ailments of the Chest, Throat,
+    and Lungs.
+
+In a pamphlet enclosed in the package, this preparation is recommended
+to be taken for Cold, Influenza, Sore Throat and Quinsey, Pulmonary
+Catarrh, Bronchitis, Asthma, Consumption of the Lungs, Whooping Cough
+and Croup. In most of these, however, it is recommended as a “valuable
+aid” rather than a positive cure; other articles, such as ipecacuanha
+wine, muriate of ammonia, cod liver oil, and chemical food, as well
+as “Kay’s Linum Catharticum Pills,” are also recommended; while under
+Bronchitis we read:
+
+    In an acute attack, _i.e._, when the symptoms
+    are inflammatory with much fever, etc., _the family
+    doctor should at once be called in_.
+
+The directions on the label are as follows:
+
+    Scale of Doses { To be modified according to the
+                   {  age or debility of the Patient.
+
+    For over 21 years, a teaspoonful in water, at bedtime.
+         ”   12   ”    half a teaspoonful ”         ”
+         ”    6   ”    15 drops           ”         ”
+         ”    4   ”    10   ”             ”         ”
+         ”    2   ”     5   ”             ”         ”
+
+    Half Doses may be taken three or four times a day.
+    It is not intended for Infants.
+    For serious cases seek medical aid.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 1·07 parts of
+chloroform and 4·3 parts of alcohol, both by measure, and 67 parts of
+solids; about 48 parts of the latter consisted of sugar, partly in the
+form of invert sugar, and the remaining 19 parts consisted principally
+of the mucilage of decoction of linseed; oil of aniseed was present,
+and evidence was obtained of small quantities of preparations of tolu
+and squill. Tho ipecacuanha alkaloids extracted amounted to 0·007 per
+cent., and the morphine to 0·021 per cent. If the ipecacuanha were
+present in the form of wine of the official strength, this represents:
+
+    Ipecacuanha wine   42 minims.
+    Morphine          ¹/₇ grain.
+    Chloroform          5 minims.
+
+in each fluid ounce.
+
+
+OWBRIDGE’S LUNG TONIC.
+
+This is sold by another English provincial company, price, 1s. 1½d.,
+2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. a bottle; the 2s. 9d. size contained a
+little over 6½ fluid ounces.
+
+It is stated on the wrapper that this:
+
+    Cures Coughs, Colds, Asthma, Bronchitis, Influenza, and
+    all Affections of the Chest, Throat, and Lungs.
+
+Also,
+
+    This Preparation does not contain any Opium, Laudanum,
+    or Morphine, therefore does not require a Poison Label.
+
+A pamphlet was enclosed in the package, from which the following is an
+extract:
+
+    Having once contracted a cold, however slight, it
+    is of the first importance to have it thoroughly
+    and radically removed. To do this it is worse than
+    useless to rely upon a few lozenges, or any of the
+    simple expedients to which many have recourse. Avoid
+    linseed poultices, which are excessively weakening,
+    and highly calculated to make the patient liable to a
+    second, and, perhaps, more severe cold than the first.
+    All that is necessary is to take one dose of the lung
+    tonic in warm water on retiring to rest, and the cold
+    will have disappeared in the morning. The lungs and
+    bronchial tubes will be fortified and invigorated
+    to an extraordinary degree. Should the cough not be
+    quite removed by the first dose, continue according to
+    directions. Cure is quite certain.
+
+The directions on the label were:
+
+        Scale of Doses.
+
+        Above 14 years        one teaspoonful.
+        6 to  14 years        half a teaspoonful.
+        3  ”   6  ”           fifteen drops.
+        1  ”   3  ”           five to seven drops.
+        6 months to 1 year    three to five drops.
+
+        Not to be given to a child under Six Months old.
+
+        To be repeated 3 or 4 times a day, if necessary.
+        The doses given during the day should be mixed
+        with a little cold water, the one at bedtime in a
+        tablespoonful of warm water.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 0·3 part of
+chloroform and 2 parts of alcohol, both by measure, and 89 parts of
+solids; about 73 parts of the latter consisted of sugar, rather more
+than half of which was in the form of invert sugar; it is probable that
+this had been added in the form of honey, and that the remainder of the
+solids consisted largely of the non-saccharine portion of the honey.
+Oils of aniseed and peppermint were present, and evidence was obtained
+of a very small quantity of a preparation of capsicum. The alkaloids of
+ipecacuanha were found to the amount of 0·002 per cent.; if these were
+present in the form of wine of the official strength, this represents:
+
+    Ipecacuanha wine   15 minims.
+    Chloroform          2   ”
+
+in each fluid ounce.
+
+
+POWELL’S BALSAM OF ANISEED.
+
+This fluid, prepared by a London maker, is sold in bottles, price, 1s.
+1½d., 2s. 3d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle; the 2s. 3d. size contained
+a little over 3 fluid ounces.
+
+In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated that:
+
+    This old and invaluable Medicine has the extraordinary
+    property of immediately relieving Coughs, Colds,
+    Bronchitis, Hoarseness, Difficulty of Breathing, and
+    Huskiness in the Throat. It operates by dissolving
+    the congealed Phlegm, and thus promotes free
+    expectoration....
+
+    In Asthma, Chronic Cough, Influenza, Difficulty of
+    Breathing, etc., no pen can describe the wonders
+    that have been wrought by this deservedly popular
+    preparation.
+
+The directions for use were:
+
+    For a Grown Person a teaspoonful two or three times a
+    day. For a child about 8 years old, 20 drops; and 12
+    years, 40 drops.
+
+    N.B.—Grown persons as well as children should take it
+    in a little gruel or warm water; or saturate a lump of
+    sugar with the above quantities is a pleasant way of
+    taking it.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 1·8 parts of
+benzoic acid, about 4·2 parts of extract of liquorice, and 2 parts of
+sugar, 40 parts by volume of alcohol, and enough oil of aniseed to
+give a strong aniseed flavour; a very small quantity of an aromatic
+resin, apparently benzoin, was also found, and 0·012 per cent. of
+alkaloid. This alkaloid resembled morphine in its behaviour to
+solvents, by which all the commoner alkaloids were excluded; but other
+tests showed that it was not morphine, and it is possible that it was a
+morphine derivative, such as dionine or peronine, but it was not found
+practicable to establish its exact identity owing to the smallness
+of the amount. Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed has, in the past, been the
+subject of legal proceedings on several occasions, and evidence has
+been brought in those proceedings proving that it contained morphine;
+so that it would seem that its composition has been changed since then.
+
+
+DR. KILMER’S INDIAN COUGH CURE.
+
+This preparation, stated to be made in U.S.A., is advertised from an
+address in London. The price is 1s. 1½d. a bottle, containing 3 fluid
+ounces.
+
+It was stated on the outside of the package that:
+
+    This wonderful preparation contains no opium, morphine,
+    chloral, or other hurtful drugs, and therefore does
+    not dry up a cough. Every ingredient is from Vegetable
+    products which grow within sight of almost every
+    sufferer. It will not only help but cure the most
+    Chronic and Complicated cases.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Dose: ½, 1, or 2 teaspoonfuls every ½, 1, 2, 3, or 4
+    hours as the case may require. Children—less according
+    to age.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts contained 63 parts of solids, of which
+practically the whole was sugar; there was also present about 2 per
+cent. of alcohol and about 0·5 per cent. of oil of pumilio pine, with
+rather less than 0·1 per cent. of a resinous substance agreeing well
+with the resins from compound tincture of benzoin; a small resinous
+deposit also remained adhering to the inside of the bottle. A trace of
+a bitter yellowish substance was present, which may have been the aloes
+contained in the compound tincture, but did not agree perfectly with it
+in character; the quantity was too minute for exact identification. No
+alkaloid was present.
+
+
+CROSBY’S BALSAMIC COUGH ELIXIR.
+
+This elixir, sold from a provincial English town, and wholesale through
+a company in London, costs 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., and 4s. 6d. per bottle;
+the 2s. 9d. size contained nearly 4¾ ounces.
+
+It was described on the label as:
+
+    A safe, speedy, and effectual remedy for Coughs, Colds,
+    Hoarseness, Difficulty of Breathing, Wheezing and
+    Irritation of the Throat, Hooping Cough, Asthma, and
+    Incipient Consumption.
+
+In circulars enclosed with the bottle, its use in these various
+complaints was more fully described; and it was stated further that:—
+
+    It contains no opiates, and is absolutely
+    non-poisonous, and may therefore be taken with safety
+    by the young and aged alike.
+
+The directions given on the label were:
+
+    For Children, one month to one year, 5 to 10 drops
+    in a little water. From one to five years, 10 to 20
+    drops. From five to ten years, 20 to 30 drops. From ten
+    to fifteen years, 30 drops to one teaspoonful. From
+    fifteen years and upwards, one teaspoonful, gradually
+    increased to three teaspoonfuls, in a wineglassful of
+    water.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 65 parts of solid
+matter, about 58 parts of which consisted of invert sugar, 10·6 parts
+by volume of alcohol, a trace of chloroform, 1·35 parts of sulphuric
+acid, and 0·3 part of acetic acid; a trace of an aromatic substance
+probably derived from tolu was present, and a minute trace of alkaloid
+(much less than 0·001 per cent.); the remainder appeared to consist
+of extractive and colouring matter, and may have contained the
+non-saccharine portion of honey if the invert sugar were added in that
+form. A trace of acetic ether could be detected, and it is probable
+that the acetic acid found represented acetic ether originally added,
+which had undergone hydrolysis; in that case the amount of acetic ether
+originally present would be 2¼ minims in 1 fluid ounce. The sulphuric
+acid found corresponds to 44 minims of the official dilute sulphuric
+acid in 1 fluid ounce.
+
+
+VENO’S LIGHTNING COUGH CURE.
+
+This is prepared by a company in an English manufacturing town. The
+price charged is 1s. 1½d. a bottle, containing 2¾ fluid ounces.
+
+On the label it was stated that:
+
+        If it fails no other medicine will ever succeed.
+        It should be used in all cases of Coughs, Colds,
+        Bronchitis, Pleurisy, Sore Throat, Hoarseness, Asthma,
+        Croup, Whooping Cough, Influenza, and Catarrh.
+
+        In most cases it should be used with Veno’s Lightning Fluid.
+
+        Dose.—For an Adult, one teaspoonful; for a Child under
+        ten, half teaspoonful; for an Infant, five or ten drops
+        every two or three hours, during the day only.
+
+Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 7·6 parts of
+glycerine, 1·6 parts by volume of alcohol, a trace of chloroform, 0·23
+part of a resin, 0·2 part of alkaline ash, and 1·1 parts of extractive
+and colouring matter. No alkaloid was present. The resin was not
+aromatic, and possessed no well-marked characters, but showed some
+resemblance to the resin of _Grindelia robusta_; the fluid extract of
+this drug is prepared with the aid of alkali, and the strongly alkaline
+nature of the ash found would agree with the presence of fluid extract
+of grindelia, but positive proof of the presence of the latter could
+not be obtained; the amount of resin found corresponds to about 7
+minims of the fluid extract in 1 fluid ounce.
+
+
+KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES.
+
+These lozenges are sold from an address in London in boxes, price, 1s.
+1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per box; the 1s. 1½d. size contained
+50 lozenges.
+
+A circular enclosed in the package was headed:
+
+               Notice—Guarantee.
+
+    The medicinal remedies contained in these lozenges
+    cannot injure the most delicate constitution.
+
+Another extract from the circular stated:
+
+    Very many also of the Nobility and Clergy, and of the
+    public generally use them _under the recommendation
+    of some of the most eminent of the Faculty_. Such
+    medical testimony must be convincing of their efficacy
+    as well as conveying the satisfactory assurance of
+    their freedom from any medicine in the slightest degree
+    injurious to the constitution, Medical Men being well
+    aware of the deleterious effects of many preparations,
+    which in Pulmonary Affections do but mask the symptoms
+    for a time, and afford only temporary relief, while
+    perhaps the constitutional disease is aggravated, or
+    at least unsubdued. They may be safely administered to
+    females of the most delicate frame, and to very young
+    children, for they not only allay Cough and Nervous
+    Irritation, but they sustain the constitution, by
+    promoting a healthy state of the Digestive Organs.
+    They have immediate influence over the following
+    cases:—_Asthmatic and Consumptive Complaints,
+    Coughs, Shortness of Breath, Hoarseness, etc., etc._
+
+    Directions for Use. One or two, taken at bedtime, will
+    allay the irritation in the Throat, and prevent the
+    Cough from disturbing the patient during the night,
+    _and one also eight or ten times in the day_, when
+    the Cough is troublesome, will afford great relief.
+
+The average weight of the lozenges was 16½ grains; analysis showed
+that they contained morphine, alkaloids of ipecacuanha, extract of
+liquorice, sugar (partly as invert sugar), and gum; some evidence
+was also obtained of the presence of extract of squill and tolu,
+but positive proof of the identity of these was not obtainable. The
+proportions of the various ingredients found corresponded to:
+
+    Morphine               0·007 grain.
+    Ipecacuanha            0·07    ”
+    Extract of liquorice   2·1 grains.
+    Sugars                13     ”
+
+in one lozenge.
+
+
+BEECHAM’S COUGH PILLS.
+
+These cough pills, sold from a town in Lancashire, cost 1s. 1½d. per
+box, containing 56 pills.
+
+The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the box:
+
+    Persons suffering from Cough and kindred troubles
+    should relieve their minds of the idea that nothing
+    will benefit them unless it be in the form of a
+    lozenge, or taken as liquid. Let them try _Beecham’s
+    Cough Pills_, and they will never regret it.
+
+    The _Cough Pills_ do not contain opium; they do
+    not constipate; they do not upset the stomach. On the
+    first symptoms of a Cold or Chill, a timely dose of
+    Beecham’s Cough Pills will invariably ward off all
+    dangerous features. For years many families have used
+    no other Winter Medicine. Householders and travellers
+    should avail themselves of this good, safe, and simple
+    remedy for Coughs in general, Asthma, Bronchial
+    Affections, Hoarseness, Shortness of Breath, Tightness
+    and Oppression of the Chest, Wheezing, etc.
+
+    The doses may be from three to six pills morning, noon,
+    and night.
+
+The pills had an average weight of 1·4 grains. In spite of the
+statement that they “do not contain opium,” analysis showed morphine to
+be present, together with powdered squill, powdered aniseed, extract
+of liquorice, and a resinous substance agreeing in character with the
+resin of ammoniacum. Approximate determination of the proportions
+of the ingredients is alone possible in such a mixture; the results
+obtained pointed to the following formula:
+
+    Morphine               0·0035 grain.
+    Powdered squill        0·1     ”
+    Powdered aniseed       0·3     ”
+    Ammoniacum             0·3     ”
+    Extract of liquorice   0·4     ”
+
+in one pill.
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.
+
+    Dr. F. Zernik, assistant in the Pharmaceutical
+    Institute of the University of Berlin, undertook a
+    short time ago, at the invitation of the Editor of the
+    _Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift_, to report
+    on some of the secret remedies which are thrown on the
+    market in such numbers in Germany as well as England.
+    It would appear that for the most part the remedies
+    advertised in Germany are not the same as those most
+    advertised in this country, but it is proposed in this
+    and subsequent chapters to give some abstracts from
+    the articles in which Dr. Zernik has from time to time
+    reported the results of his examinations.
+
+
+DR. LAUSER’S COUGH DROPS.
+
+    Dr. Zernik found on analysis that these Cough Drops
+    did not contain the ingredients alleged; there was
+    for instance only 3·35 per cent. of alcohol, although
+    the advertiser speaks of tinctures of 50 per cent.
+    In addition to this small proportion of alcohol the
+    mixture appeared to consist of a watery solution of
+    liquorice, an infusion of senna root, some ammoniated
+    solution of aniseed and small quantities of ammonium
+    chloride.
+
+
+REICHEL’S COUGH DROPS.
+
+    Reichel’s Cough Drops cost 1 mark for a bottle
+    containing 65 ccm., about 2¼ fluid ounces. The
+    purchaser is supposed to take 15 or 20 drops on
+    sugar or in water four or five times a day. It is
+    an alcoholic fluid, smelling and tasting of arnica,
+    pimpinella, and anise.
+
+
+TUSSOTHYM.
+
+    Tussothym, in spite of the wonderful qualities claimed
+    for it by the firm producing it, proved to be a weak
+    alcoholic distillate of thyme, diluted with water but
+    probably containing another indifferent drug. It is
+    advertised as good for all diseases of the respiratory
+    organs, and especially for whooping cough.
+
+
+DR. B. ASSMANN’S WHOOPING COUGH REMEDY.
+
+    This Whooping Cough Remedy is, according to the vendor,
+    so complicated that it is only made by himself, and
+    cannot be obtained elsewhere. The packet contains forty
+    powders, twenty of which are marked No. 1, and twenty
+    No. 2. The chemical analysis showed that each powder,
+    weighing 2 grams, consisted of milk sugar (lactose). No
+    other constituent was detected.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+CONSUMPTION CURES.
+
+
+Nostrums and quack medicines vary greatly in the extent to which
+they constitute deliberate fraud. In the case of some of them, it is
+easy to believe that the makers themselves have a certain faith in
+their preparations, and recommend them in cases for which they are
+unsuited with that bona fides which arises from ignorance, assisted,
+unconsciously perhaps, by an appreciation of the profitable nature of
+the business. Such preparations frequently contain some one or more
+of the drugs in common use for the complaints for which the nostrum
+is offered, and are even, occasionally, combinations compounded in
+the first place from a medical prescription which may have been found
+useful in certain appropriate cases. The injury to the public in such
+instances arises from the excessive nature of the claims made, the
+excessive price usually charged, and the probability of the advertised
+medicine being taken in cases for which it is quite unsuitable, when it
+may do harm positively by its effects or negatively by preventing the
+sufferer from seeking proper advice.
+
+But with other proprietary medicines it is quite clear that the
+makers cannot in the slightest degree believe in the claims they
+make; the “remedy” in these cases is some substance or mixture
+devoid of medicinal activity, or possessing some slight therapeutic
+property having no relation to the disease for which the nostrum is
+put forward as a cure. It is often, indeed, for inert preparations
+that the most extravagant and emphatic claims are made; the makers,
+and the advertisement-writers whom they employ, are untrammelled by
+any necessity of squaring their statements with the real properties
+of the thing to be recommended, and having set out consciously and
+deliberately to deceive, they are able to give their whole attention to
+telling the most effective stories in the most plausible manner, and
+reaping the maximum of payment for the minimum of expenditure. People
+who are ill or suffering are to be frightened with impressive pictures
+of the aggravated suffering and premature death that await them unless
+they take the “only cure” in question, therefore let them be frightened
+thoroughly. Careful suggestion will induce people who are not ill
+to believe that they or some of those dear to them are in the early
+stages of some disease; therefore let everything possible in the way
+of striking advertisements, personal letters, and repeated assertions
+be utilised to produce the result. It is the victim’s money that is
+wanted; therefore let the price be fixed high, and the advertisements
+be written up to it. If it should be discovered by correspondence that
+so much cannot be cajoled or frightened out of an individual sufferer,
+the price can be reduced gradually as “special concessions,” in return
+for which testimonials may be extracted.
+
+Of quack medicines the sale of which is conducted more or less on these
+fines, two examples are described in this chapter, and other examples
+will be enumerated later.
+
+One of the two now dealt with is “Tuberculozyne,” largely advertised
+in Great Britain but apparently of American origin; it affords an
+instructive example of the methods of the Transatlantic nostrum monger.
+The two liquids sold under this name consist of little more than
+coloured, flavoured water, but the modest price demanded is £2 10s. for
+a month’s, supply. No effort is spared to induce the victim to continue
+the “treatment” month by month, in spite of the evident absence of any
+benefit, which is unblushingly accounted for by the seriousness of the
+particular case, while the necessity of getting the system thoroughly
+permeated with the remedy is insisted on. The sale of another
+preparation advertised as a cure for consumption, Stevens’ Consumption
+Cure, is conducted in a very similar way, but this time the herbs
+are said to be African, and the odd names they bear certainly have
+a Kaffir flavour. The vendor considerately warns the public against
+American quacks and impostors and against the preposterous and wicked
+swindles of Polish or German Jews. Although Stevens is so engagingly
+candid about his rivals he follows the plan of sending one letter after
+another to any sufferer whose name he may have obtained, a system which
+seems to have been invented in America; it is certainly cheaper than
+bold advertisement in newspapers, and is apparently found even more
+satisfactory, as it enables the vendor to give individual attention
+to the depth of his correspondent’s pocket if not to the severity of
+his disease. But Stevens has somewhat bettered his instruction, and
+his letters and circulars have a character of their own due to the
+effrontery of his attitude toward the medical profession. Persons who
+respond to the advertisement receive a list of questions to be answered
+by the doctor who has attended them, and are advised to continue under
+the observation of their medical man in order that the latter may be
+impressed by the marvellous effects of the remedy. Not long ago a
+circular letter was sent out to medical practitioners, asking them to
+treat consumptive cases “which defy all the ordinary remedies” with
+this secret preparation. The circular continues: “The great drawback to
+my cure, so far as the medical profession is concerned, has always been
+the fact that I would not reveal its formula. This is now done away
+with; its formula is 80 grains of umckaloabo root and 13⅓ grains of
+chijitse to every ounce, prepared according to _British Pharmacopœia_
+methods.” The farce of revealing a formula by the employment of such
+fancy names as these is one of the oldest dodges of the quack medicine
+man, and no such names as “umckaloabo” and “chijitse” appear in any
+available work of reference on pharmacy. Enquiries made in various
+parts of South Africa have been negative, experts in native matters
+being unable to ascertain that the names were known. Further, the
+Native Affairs Department of Cape Colony has caused enquiries to be
+made in the Transkeian territories into the question whether the native
+tribes there resident had any knowledge of “umckaloabo” and “chijitse,”
+or of their reputed medicinal properties. The result of the inquiry
+was entirely negative. Nothing was known of any such plants, nor was it
+even possible to identify their names. Smith’s _South African Materia
+Medica_ contains no record of any such names as “umckaloabo” and
+“chijitse.”
+
+A similar system of repeated letters sent in series to the sufferer or
+his friends appears to be followed by the Weidhaas Hygienic Institute,
+Ltd., which carries on a home in the south of England but also treats
+patients by correspondence. The proprietors, who would seem to hail
+from Germany, issue a pamphlet with the title _Dum spiro spero_, which
+is made up mainly of the usual testimonials, but contains also a sort
+of outline of the physiology of various organs, taken from medical
+works. The pamphlet does not differ from the ordinary productions of
+advertising quacks; the terms are said to be very moderate, the more
+so as it is the rule to make one charge only for the whole treatment,
+the proprietors taking the risk of its being of long duration. It would
+seem, however, that this arrangement is not always followed, for in a
+“Diet Table” headed “Direction for Weidhaas Home Treatment” we find the
+following:
+
+        It is absolutely necessary that all patients, while
+        under my treatment, shall take the “Star Tonic”
+        regularly.
+
+        On Rising.—Take one cup of “Star Tonic.” (This must be
+        always taken in sips only.)
+
+        For Breakfast.—Take the delicately flavoured Nutritive
+        Salts Cocoa, boiled in milk (which, being specially
+        prepared for invalids, on account of the great
+        percentage of nutritive salts which no other cocoa
+        contains, is most suitable in your case....)
+
+        Between Breakfast and Lunch take one or two tumblers of
+        milk. If possible this should always be taken in the
+        form of Kefyr, one of the easiest digestible nourishing
+        and strengthening tonics. (Full particulars of this are
+        enclosed herewith.)...
+
+        Half an hour before mid-day meal.—(From 1 to 2
+        o’clock.) Sip one cup of Star Tonic.
+
+        For Mid-day Meal.—_Make it a strict rule to take
+        regularly green vegetables of some kind, such as
+        spinach, cabbage, lettuce, etc. A fair amount of these
+        should be taken daily._ To these may be added a
+        few potatoes, very little meat or fish, and now and
+        then, in the place of the latter, some pulses, such as
+        lentils (German are best)....
+
+        At Tea Time.—If absolutely necessary, take a cup of
+        weak ordinary tea or health coffee; better still, take
+        a cup of Star Tonic, some _cold_ toast....
+
+        For Supper.—(Let this meal be not later than
+        two-and-a-half, or, better still, three hours before
+        going to bed.) Take either Cocoa or Kefyr....
+
+        Before going to bed.—Always make a point of taking one
+        glass of Kefyr or cup of Star Tonic.
+
+        When in bed always have some cold “Star Tonic” near at
+        hand, and sip some when troubled with cough or acute
+        symptoms.
+
+At the bottom of the diet table is a notice to the following effect:
+
+    “The above specially recommended articles can be had
+    from the Sales’ Department of the Weidhaas Hygienic
+    Institute, Ltd.”
+
+In the circular, referred to above as enclosed, Kefyr ferment is
+offered for sale.
+
+In one case which was enquired into of a young man who had been induced
+to obtain the treatment, his mother wrote to the institute complaining
+that the treatment appeared to have done her son more harm than good.
+The reply, after insisting that the remedy supplied was the very best
+cure for his complaint, continued: “As to it lowering his vitality, let
+me say that it is not unusual for patients to feel apparently worse in
+the beginning, but it only shows that the treatment is disturbing the
+cause of the trouble. Now, this is just what I want it to do. I want to
+disturb it and thus drive it out of the system. I hope then you will
+allow your son to proceed under my directions. Give the treatment a
+fair trial and it will do all that is claimed for it.” The patient was
+at the time in an advanced stage of pulmonary phthisis, and died of
+hæmoptysis, of which he had had two previous attacks, seven weeks after
+the letter quoted above was written. A month after his death a letter
+was addressed to him by the director of the institute in the course of
+which it was stated that: “Many patients do not gain immediate relief,
+or even partial improvement during the early stages of the treatment,
+but Perseverance and a faithful adherence to all my instructions will
+invariably bring about the desired result.”
+
+Among the papers sent to an enquirer was a printed form which seems
+worthy of reproduction, since it illustrates a method of getting
+into touch with possible patients, which appears to be followed with
+variations by other companies that appeal to the sick:
+
+    R. B.
+
+_HAVE YOU FRIENDS WHO NEED OUR TREATMENT?_
+
+If you know of anyone whom you think might derive benefit from the use
+of our Home Treatment, you will do them and us a great favour by noting
+hereon their names, addresses, and the trouble you believe them to be
+afflicted with. Upon receipt of the names we will send them information
+concerning our method of treatment, _but will not mention your name
+unless you desire it_.
+
+    -------------------+---------------------------+-------------------
+            Name.      |          Address.         |      Ailment.
+    -------------------+---------------------------+-------------------
+                       |                           |
+                       |                           |
+                       |                           |
+                       |                           |
+                       |                           |
+    -------------------+---------------------------+-------------------
+             Please return to The Weidhaas Hygienic Institute.
+
+Some time ago a firm of pharmaceutical chemists in a provincial town
+received a postcard from a company which offered 5s. for the name of
+any patient suffering from diabetes, pointing out that “it is money
+easily earned.” The pharmaceutical chemists expressed indignation at
+the attempt to bribe them to commit a breach of confidence, but such
+a request might not be so regarded by a patient, more especially if
+the advertiser lays great stress upon his benevolent motives, and his
+anxiety to benefit as many persons as possible.
+
+But although this letter-writing system with its paraphernalia of
+biographies of the discoverer, typewritten personal letters, free
+coupons and guarantee bonds is much in vogue, there are other nostrums
+advertised in the old-fashioned way and sold at the familiar price of
+1s. 1½d. for a small bottle. Among these are some old preparations for
+coughs, for which more emphatic claims as remedies for consumption have
+been made of late years. The result of the analysis of two of these
+will first be given.
+
+
+CONGREVE’S BALSAMIC ELIXIR.
+
+This preparation, advertised from an address in London, is sold in
+bottles, price 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., 11s., and 22s. The 2s. 9d.
+bottle contained 1⅖ fluid ounces, the 4s. 6d. bottle contained 4 fluid
+ounces.
+
+On the outer package was to be read:
+
+    Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir. Has had a World-wide
+    Reputation for 80 years as the Best Remedy for
+    Consumption, also for Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis,
+    Coughs, Colds, and Whooping cough. Safe and Effective.
+    Free from any poison.
+
+The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the bottle:
+
+    In the most obstinate attacks of Asthma, which have
+    threatened speedy suffocation, when the sufferer,
+    harassed by excessive coughing, has laboured dreadfully
+    for breath, with an acuteness of agony not to be
+    described, this Balsam has restored the patient to
+    health, after the medical practitioner had abandoned
+    the usual means in despair.
+
+    In Pulmonary Consumption, the best remedy is this
+    Balsamic Elixir, as most unquestionable Testimonials
+    prove. It has been successfully prescribed in
+    Consumptive cases regarded as hopeless by the first
+    physicians.
+
+    Correspondence. Advice by letter from time to time
+    will be given to any patient whilst continuing Mr.
+    Congreve’s Treatment, provided that the 22s. or 11s.
+    bottles of Elixir are _obtained direct from_ [the
+    address given by the vendor in his advertisements]
+    during the period of correspondence.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    _For adults._—Take a teaspoonful, alone or mixed
+    with honey or lump sugar, three or four times a day, as
+    the urgency of the case requires. Children from 8 to 15
+    years may take two-thirds of a teaspoonful; from 5 to
+    8 years, half a teaspoonful; from 2 to 5 years, twenty
+    drops; at six months, ten drops; younger infants from
+    four to six drops.
+
+The “elixir” was a bright red liquid; analysis showed it to contain
+28·5 per cent. by volume of alcohol, and 2·6 per cent. of total
+solids; the latter consisted of resinous constituents (about 0·5 per
+cent.), sugar (about 1 per cent.), a little tannin, colouring matter
+(apparently cochineal), and extractive. Alkaloid was present only to
+the extent of a trace, under 0·001 per cent.; the extractive showed
+no characters by which its source could be determined; the resinous
+material was of an aromatic nature similar to the resins of benzoin,
+storax, tolu, or balsam of Peru, and appeared to be derived from a
+mixture of two or more of these. No other active ingredients were found
+to be present.
+
+
+THE BROMPTON CONSUMPTION AND COUGH SPECIFIC.
+
+The “Sole proprietor” gives an address in a part of London remote
+from Brompton, but it is perhaps hoped that the name may suggest some
+connection with the well-known Brompton Consumption Hospital. The price
+charged is 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle; the 2s. 9d.
+bottle contained 3⅔ fluid ounces.
+
+The origin of the preparation is thus described:
+
+    This Specific is prepared from the Prescription of an
+    eminent Physician, who practised nearly forty years
+    in Madeira, he was celebrated for his success in the
+    treatment of Consumption and diseases of the Chest.
+    Upon a visit to this country some years since, he gave
+    the Prescription to a late Physician, who tried it upon
+    five hundred out-patients; its effect was wonderful;
+    it acted like magic upon their Coughs, and prevented
+    that great waste of strength and flesh peculiar to
+    this disease. It will save the lives of thousands and
+    prevent Consumption, by administering it upon the first
+    symptoms of Cough, which will be immediately cured by a
+    few doses.
+
+In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated:
+
+    A Cough is the forerunner of Consumption. In England
+    alone 50,000 people die of it thus constituting
+    one-fourth of the nation’s death rate annually. It
+    has destroyed more human beings than War, Pestilence,
+    and Famine combined; it neither spares the old nor
+    young, “and there is no family in which this rapacious
+    destroyer of the human race has not had its victim.” It
+    is a well-known fact that people with diseased lungs
+    can live for years, and follow their usual avocations
+    in life, provided they are relieved of the principal
+    feature of the disease—the Cough—which shakes and
+    destroys the very elements of the blood, upon which
+    life is supported. How very valuable and important to
+    all, then, must a medicine be which will arrest and
+    cure so fearful a malady!
+
+The directions were:
+
+    _Dose._—One teaspoonful three times a day and at
+    bedtime. It may be repeated at night, or at any time
+    when the Cough is troublesome.—Children over five
+    years of age, one-third of a teaspoonful.
+
+The following appeared on the outside wrapper:
+
+    In conformity with the Sale of Poisons Act, 1868, this
+    preparation, containing a minute quantity of Laudanum
+    and Chloroform, must be labelled Poison, but its
+    composition remains unaltered.
+
+The preparation was a syrupy liquid of pleasant odour and taste,
+resembling diluted treacle. Analysis showed it to contain in 100 fluid
+parts, 61·4 parts of total solids; of this, 35·5 parts were glucose
+and 9·9 parts cane sugar, and 2·6 parts ash, consisting principally
+of calcium sulphate. Chloroform, referred to on the wrapper, was not
+present in sufficient traces to be detected; alkaloid was present
+to the extent of 0·025 part in 100 fluid parts, of which 0·015 part
+appeared to consist of the alkaloids of ipecacuanha, and approximately
+0·01 part was morphine. The difference between the sugars found and the
+total solids would be fully accounted for by the non-saccharine portion
+of treacle; extractive contained in the preparations of ipecacuanha and
+opium used would also be included in this. Small proportions of other
+drugs having no well-marked characters might possibly also be present;
+there was no evidence of any further ingredients, but in the presence
+of so large a proportion of treacle small quantities of indifferent
+substances it would not be possible to detect.
+
+About 1 per cent. by volume of alcohol was present; assuming liquid
+extract of ipecacuanha and tincture of opium to have been the
+preparations of these drugs used, the formula is approximately:
+
+    Liquid extract of ipecacuanha   0·75 part.
+    Tincture of opium               1·3 parts.
+    Treacle                        75 parts.
+    Water to                      100 fluid parts.
+
+Estimated cost of ingredients for 3⅔ fluid ounces, ¾d.
+
+
+STEVENS’ CONSUMPTION CURE.
+
+This is advertised as manufactured only by C. H. Stevens. The price is
+5s. per bottle, containing 2¼ fluid ounces.
+
+This preparation does not appear now to go under any other name than
+that of “Stevens’ Consumption Cure”; as regards its past history, the
+following extract from _Truth_ Cautionary List for 1908 is of interest:
+
+    Stevens, C. H.—The proprietor of a remedy for
+    consumption which has been put on the market in South
+    Africa and England under the name of Sacco, and later
+    in South Africa as Lungsava, the recipe for which is
+    stated to have been long in use amongst the Kaffirs and
+    Zulus. In connection with the advertising of Sacco in
+    England, an article which appeared in _Truth_ was
+    circulated in a mutilated form, omitting a condemnation
+    of its sale as an absolute remedy for consumption.
+    Stevens has acquired a number of testimonials from
+    medical men, who must now regret their precipitate
+    action. He is now in England on a new campaign.
+
+The claims made for this preparation were put forward in printed
+circulars, and in letters, apparently printed in imitation of
+typewriting, sent at intervals to an applicant for particulars of the
+cure. Extracts from these are here given:
+
+    It has been admitted the world over that there is
+    no remedy known to the Medical Fraternity to really
+    cure Consumption, so it is preposterous to claim the
+    ordinary drugs that are known to every Chemist even, to
+    cure this disease, just because they are given a fancy
+    name, and advertised by a Polish or a German Jew; it is
+    not only preposterous but a wicked swindle.
+
+    There is no other treatment, drug, or medicine
+    advertised in Great Britain to-day to cure Consumption,
+    the ingredients of which are not known to every doctor
+    and chemist in the world, and if you cannot obtain
+    relief from these under the care of your own Medical
+    Adviser, how can you be cured by using them on the
+    advice of an American Quack.
+
+    Your own doctor will bear out what I say. Most of these
+    American Impostors come to England after the U.S.A.
+    Post Office Authorities have refused to convey their
+    letters.
+
+    I do not say in my advertisements “Consumption can be
+    cured,” “Consumption is curable,” or any such evasive
+    remarks, but I say “_I will guarantee to cure you_
+    if you are consumptive, or _return your money_ in
+    full,” and that my terms are “No Cure, No Pay.”
+
+    The African herbs which my Cure is prepared from have
+    never been used by any white Doctor or Chemist before
+    I introduced same to civilization a few years ago.
+    These herbs are original and have defied our cleverest
+    Analysts to discover the active principals they
+    contain....
+
+    I only returned to England a few weeks ago to prove my
+    Cure to the satisfaction of the British Government,
+    having been absent for many years....
+
+    It does not matter whether a Doctor is attending
+    patients or not whilst they are under my treatment,
+    although I always prefer a Doctor to be in attendance
+    to see the cure being effected because I particularly
+    wish to convince the Medical fraternity of the
+    genuineness of my cure.
+
+From the first letter:
+
+    Usually two or three weeks’ treatment is quite
+    sufficient to make a substantial improvement, and a
+    three months’ course, in most cases, is sufficient to
+    effect a cure.
+
+From the second letter:
+
+    Let me send you a two weeks’ treatment, which is more
+    than sufficient to completely stop the progress of the
+    disease.
+
+From a later letter:
+
+    In spite of the mountains of prejudice to be overcome,
+    I intend to prove that at last something has been
+    discovered that will destroy the Tubercle Bacillus
+    without being detrimental in any way to the human
+    system; in fact, besides destroying this germ, it
+    is a strong tonic, and will invigorate a healthy
+    body as well as bring back to its normal condition a
+    Consumptive one....
+
+    Now you must know that throughout the world our
+    clever Scientists and most Prominent Specialists on
+    Consumption have for ages past spent their lives trying
+    to find something which will destroy the Tubercle
+    Bacillus without injuring the human system. They have
+    had everything at their command; the most up-to-date
+    Sanatoria, the cleverest Nurses, and the pick of
+    climates, yet they have failed, though every drug and
+    remedy known, including every ingredient contained in
+    any proprietary medicine or cough mixture ever heard of
+    has been exhaustively tested in every shape and form.
+    My treatment differs in this one great respect, that
+    none of the ingredients have ever been used before by
+    any Chemist or Doctor, and are an entirely original
+    discovery....
+
+    I will give any Doctor its formula who requests it, and
+    will supply him free of charge with all the treatment
+    he needs for experimental purposes, and you must see
+    that I can gain nothing by doing all this unless my
+    treatment positively cures Consumption, as I claim it
+    to do.
+
+On the back of the printed letter quoted above appeared the following:
+
+
+GUARANTEE BONDS.
+
+    The following are specimens of my guarantee Bonds.
+    No. 1, I give to any sufferer who is considered by
+    his Doctor to have at least six months to live in the
+    ordinary course of matters. Terms of No. 2 Bond have to
+    be mutually arranged. I do not accept any money under
+    this Bond until all the conditions are fulfilled.
+
+
+                 NO. 1 GUARANTEE BOND.
+
+    To Mr. In consideration of you having paid me £2 12s.
+    6d. for a three months’ course of my treatment for
+    consumption, I hereby guarantee that your health has,
+    at the end of the three months, considerably improved
+    to the satisfaction of yourself and also of your Doctor
+    (who must be a practitioner registered in the British
+    Isles) under a penalty of refunding the whole of the
+    amount paid, viz., £2 12s. 6d.
+                            (Signed) C. H. STEVENS.
+
+        Broadway, Wimbledon.
+
+                 NO. 2 GUARANTEE BOND.
+
+    I hereby guarantee that it will be impossible to find
+    any trace of the Tubercle Bacillus in your system and
+    that you will be completely cured of Tuberculosis
+    (consumption) to the satisfaction of your own
+    Doctor and the Government Laboratory on or before,
+    ______________ 19___.
+
+    The only condition being that the sum of £_______, is
+    paid to me when this guarantee is fulfilled.
+                          (Signed) C. H. STEVENS.
+
+        Broadway, Wimbledon.
+
+These are “specimens” of guarantee Bonds. Another document, however,
+which appeared to be the guarantee bond actually given, differed in
+containing a clause by which the patient:
+
+    hereby agrees to take same [_i.e._, Stevens’
+    Consumption Cure] according to the directions sent out
+    with the medicine, for three calendar months from date
+    hereof, and to follow as far as possible the advice
+    given regarding habits of life, diet, etc., and to fill
+    in the form on counterfoil attached, correctly.
+
+The “form on counterfoil attached” contained a number of questions
+to be answered by the patient, and also a portion “to be filled in
+by a Medical Practitioner after the above has been filled in by the
+Patient,” including such questions as:
+
+    How long have you attended to this Patient?
+
+    Do you consider this a mild, severe, or hopeless case?
+
+    Do you consider this Patient has a fair chance of
+    recovery providing Stevens’ Consumption Cure is all it
+    is claimed to be?
+
+and on the back the following appeared:
+
+    This Guarantee must not be given by a chemist or any
+    one else until it is signed by a registered Medical
+    Practitioner to the effect that he considers the
+    Patient to have at least six calendar months to live.
+
+Thus the appearance was maintained of guaranteeing benefit or cure,
+and refunding the money if the undertaking were not fulfilled; but the
+conditions to be complied with were such that it appears unlikely that
+Mr. Stevens is ever troubled with applications for return of money
+under one of his “Bonds.”
+
+A “detailed direction sheet” was supplied, from which the following is
+taken:
+
+    One teaspoonful in a wineglass of water (as hot as
+    can be conveniently taken for preference) one hour
+    before breakfast and two hours after the last meal
+    in the evening, unless the patient be in the habit
+    of waking between 12 midnight and 3 a.m., in which
+    case an extra dose may be taken then. After the first
+    week’s treatment half-an-hour before breakfast is quite
+    sufficient.
+
+It appears that the use of this wonderful substance is not limited to
+consumption cases.
+
+    Stevens’ Consumption Cure is a vegetable germicide,
+    fatal to all disease germ growths, but acts as a strong
+    tonic; is a blood purifier, stomach cleanser, and a
+    nerve stimulator; one will readily understand that
+    it must be all these to cure Consumption and build
+    up a broken-down system entirely by itself. Stevens’
+    Consumption Cure can safely be advantageously given
+    wherever a germ disease exists or is suspected.
+
+One of the most recent circulars sent out by Mr. Stevens is addressed
+to medical practitioners, asking them to use his remedy in severe cases
+of pulmonary tuberculosis which defy all the ordinary remedies, and
+professing to give the formula of the preparation as follows:
+
+    Its formula is 80 grains of Umckaloabo root and 13 and
+    one-third grains of Chijitse to every ounce, prepared
+    according to British Pharmacopœia methods.
+
+The medicine was a clear red liquid, and analysis showed it to
+contain in 100 fluid parts, 21·3 fluid parts of alcohol, 1·8 parts
+of glycerine, and 4 parts of solid substance; this solid substance
+contained about 1 part of a tannin and 0·2 part of ash, the remainder
+being extractive. No alkaloid was present and no other active substance
+could be detected. The solid substance agreed in all respects with the
+solids of decoction of krameria, or a mixture of this decoction with a
+little tincture of kino. The formula thus appears to be approximately:
+
+    Rectified spirit of wine            23·7 parts by measure.
+    Glycerine                            1·8 parts.
+    Decoction of krameria (1 in 3) to 100 parts by measure.
+
+or it may be made with tincture of krameria.
+
+Estimated cost of ingredients for 2¼ fluid ounces, 1½d.
+
+
+TUBERCULOZYNE.
+
+The Derk P. Yonkerman Company, Ltd., an American company with an agency
+in London, charges £2 10s. 0d. for a month’s treatment and supplies
+two bottles, labelled respectively No. 1 and No. 2 Tuberculozyne, and
+containing in each between 11 and 12 fluid ounces of liquid.
+
+The advertisement offered a book on “Consumption and how it may be
+quickly cured,” and a trial of the cure itself, to be sent free.
+Application for the book and sample brought bottles of “No. 1
+Tuberculozyne” and “No. 2 Tuberculozyne,” holding about ½ ounce each,
+and a book of 48 pages dealing with the remedy. A few extracts from the
+book will sufficiently indicate the nature of its contents.
+
+    There have been found cures for small-pox, and safe
+    precautions, such as vaccination, prevent the spread
+    of the disease; the horror of yellow fever has been
+    dispelled by a remedy that amounts practically to a
+    cure, and one could always flee to a northern clime and
+    escape it. The dread diphtheria also has yielded up its
+    dark secret, and now is no more a stalking spectre;
+    while yet dangerous it can be handled.
+
+    But through all these discoveries, consumption remained
+    as mysterious and deadly as ever. It invaded the homes
+    of the rich and the poor. It hunted out its victims
+    among the inhabitants of the far northland of ice and
+    snow, and it was just as persistent in the temperate
+    zone and at the equator.
+
+    Climate, temper, condition of health or purse made no
+    difference. One day the health and strength of the
+    athlete, and the next day the fever of the consumptive;
+    in a short time the frail skeleton would be laid
+    away—another victim. That was the oft-repeated story
+    of the “great white plague.”
+
+    But this horrible, awful consumption, that has gone
+    stalking through the land, should never again strike
+    the same terror to the souls of brave men and women,
+    and fill our hearts with such a helpless despair—for
+    consumption can now be cured. Tuberculozyne
+    (Yonkerman), the most wonderful and marvellous medical
+    discovery of the age, cures consumption....
+
+    After researches lasting for nearly twenty years, the
+    persistent efforts of Dr. Derk P. Yonkerman have been
+    crowned with success, for his Tuberculozyne treatment
+    has already been proved in hundreds of cases to be
+    a specific of almost miraculous curative power. Its
+    healing virtues have been demonstrated in not only the
+    early stages of consumption, but in far advanced and
+    seemingly hopeless cases as well....
+
+    Tuberculozyne (Yonkerman) was such a marvellous remedy
+    that when its discoverer first announced he could
+    cure consumption there were few ready to believe. He
+    had, however, discovered certain salts of copper of
+    remarkable therapeutic value, and his production was
+    immediately subjected to the most elaborate and rigid
+    demonstrative tests....
+
+    The consumption germs (tubercle bacilli) cannot live
+    in the presence of copper, and as the Tuberculozyne
+    treatment introduces copper into the blood, the
+    consumption germs cannot live....
+
+    Intra-Venous Injection, after thorough tests under
+    the most favourable conditions, proved absolutely
+    ineffective. Trachael (_sic_) Injection has
+    also been tried with equally unsatisfactory results.
+    Inoculation with lymph from tuberculous animals not
+    only utterly failed, but frequently hastened the
+    patient’s death. Antimony, prussic acid, emetics,
+    blisters, mercury, iron, digitalis, clover, and
+    numerous other drugs, have all proved useless, for
+    they failed to have any action upon the cause of the
+    disease, and only gave the patient temporary relief, if
+    they produced any beneficial effects at all.
+
+    In treating consumption in the past, physicians making
+    Tuberculosis a speciality have been accustomed to
+    recommend creosote and its product guaiacol, while
+    later arsenic has found a certain amount of favour.
+    These physicians have undoubtedly been honest and
+    conscientious in prescribing such treatment, for
+    they were upheld by the practice of years, and the
+    indorsement of the greatest specialists in each
+    generation for a hundred years. Yet they were wrong;
+    just as wrong and just as ignorant of the true remedy
+    for consumption as the ancients were of geography
+    before the new world was discovered.
+
+    Against the use of creosote or guaiacol, Dr. Yonkerman
+    speaks positively and emphatically, and his opinions
+    have now the support of all present-day physicians
+    making Tuberculosis their special study.
+
+A “Life History of Dr. Derk P. Yonkerman” was also given, from which it
+appeared that the home of Tuberculozyne is in Michigan, U.S.A.
+
+The book was accompanied by a long letter, and this was followed at
+intervals by others; these were all printed to appear as typewritten,
+and dealt chiefly with the terrors of consumption if neglected, the
+importance of taking Tuberculozyne at once, and, after a supply had
+been sent, with the necessity of continuing its use even if no apparent
+benefit results. A few extracts are here given:
+
+    You need not be discouraged or believe your case
+    incurable, even if you have tried all the usual
+    remedies and found no relief, for hundreds of our cured
+    patients have had the same experience; after all other
+    remedies had failed to even stop the progress of their
+    disease, they tried Tuberculozyne and were quickly
+    cured.
+
+From the third letter:
+
+    We realize that since you were taken ill your expenses
+    must have been burdensome, and if you feel that
+    at the moment the cost of a complete treatment of
+    Tuberculozyne is more than you can readily meet, we
+    will send you the full month’s supply upon receipt of
+    but 40s.; the remaining 10s. you may pay at your own
+    convenience when you are fully satisfied that your cure
+    is complete and permanent.
+
+From the fifth:
+
+    It is therefore with a genuine desire to help you that
+    we write enclosing a Special Voucher Coupon issued in
+    your name, which will help you materially if the cost
+    of our remarkable specific has been more than you could
+    really meet.... This Special Voucher Coupon which we
+    have issued to you is good for £1 Sterling when sent
+    with your order for Tuberculozyne. You have only to
+    post the coupon together with 30s., and immediately we
+    will forward to you the complete treatment and full
+    instructions for its use.
+
+From later letters:
+
+    Even if her improvement is not at once pronounced, do
+    not be discouraged; for in some cases the patients
+    at first even seemed to be losing ground, but they
+    persevered and finally were cured. It would be much
+    better to take the treatment a few weeks too long than
+    to stop too soon....
+
+    Just at this time, when the patient has been taking
+    our treatment for some weeks and it is beginning to
+    permeate her system through and through, courage is
+    needed, for great improvement may not yet be apparent
+    though her cure be assured.
+
+Every letter was accompanied with one lithographed copy, or more, of
+testimonials.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    After each meal, put thirty drops of the medicine from
+    each bottle into a tumbler of milk; stir well and drink
+    immediately.
+
+    If milk is distasteful, the medicine may be taken in
+    water which has been boiled.
+
+    For patients between the ages of seven and fifteen
+    years, give one-half of the above dose; for those under
+    seven years, give five (5) drops only, from each bottle.
+
+No. 1 was a bright red liquid; analysis showed it to contain in 100
+fluid parts, 3·4 parts of potassium bromide, 12 parts of glycerine,
+a trace of a pungent substance, sufficient oil of cinnamon (or oil
+of cassia) to give a flavour, a very small quantity of alcohol, and
+cochineal colouring matter darkened with a trace of alkali; no copper
+was present. The following formula gave an exactly similar liquid:
+
+    Potassium bromide                     3·4 parts.
+    Glycerine                            12·0  ”
+    Oil of cassia                         0·1 part.
+    Tincture of capsicum                  0·17 ”
+    Cochineal colouring                   q.s.
+    Caustic soda                          0·06 part.
+    Water to                            100 fluid parts.
+
+No. 2 was a brown liquid, one specimen being bright and another
+containing a little sediment. Analysis showed it to contain in 100
+fluid parts, 18 parts of glycerine, sufficient essential oil of almonds
+to give a flavour, and a colouring matter which appeared to be burnt
+sugar. No copper was found in the small free sample, but the larger
+bottle of No. 2 contained 0·01 per cent. of copper, and a trace of
+sulphate: this quantity of copper is equivalent to ¹/₄₈ grain of
+crystallised copper sulphate in each fluid drachm. As regards the other
+ingredients the following formula gave an exactly similar liquid:
+
+    Glycerine                    18 parts.
+    Essential oil of almond       0·1 part.
+    Burnt sugar                   q.s.
+    Water to                    100 fluid parts.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients for No. 1 and No. 2 together is 2½d.
+
+    The following notes on some German nostrums for
+    Consumption are derived from Dr. Zernik’s articles in
+    the _Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift_.
+
+
+KÖRBER’S CURE FOR CONSUMPTION.
+
+    The advertisements of this preparation are described
+    as particularly flagrant. Treatment for a fortnight
+    costs about 12s., and the medicine contains butter fat,
+    honey, catechu and tar-water.
+
+
+BACILLENTOD.
+
+    Bacillentod or “death to bacilli” also described as a
+    “family tea,” is advertised as a miraculous preparation
+    which cures all diseases of the respiratory tract.
+    In the prospectus the word “phthisis” is misspelt.
+    One packet costs 1s., and consists of 85 grams of
+    galeopsidis, the dog, flowering, or hemp nettle, a herb
+    which is now quite obsolete but was an ingredient of
+    “Lieber’s tea for consumption,” which used to have an
+    extended sale.
+
+
+HONEY COD LIVER OIL.
+
+    Pastor Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil is recommended in
+    preference to the ordinary forms of cod liver oil, on
+    account of its pleasant taste and of the absence of
+    any disturbing effect on the digestion. It is said to
+    contain “fat extracted cod liver oil,” whatever that
+    may mean, but proved on examination to be nothing more
+    than a mixture of 0·05 per cent. of cod liver oil with
+    oil of peppermint and raspberry syrup.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+HEADACHE POWDERS.
+
+
+Headache is so common a disorder that it was to be expected that secret
+remedies asserted to be certain and safe cures would be extensively
+advertised, and the sale, especially to women, of headache powders, in
+most cases as proprietary articles, is at the present day undoubtedly
+enormous. Persons who may be disposed to resort to their use should,
+however, bear two facts in mind; the first is that headache is not
+a disease but a symptom, and that the only rational treatment is to
+ascertain and remove the cause, whether it be error in diet, want of
+exercise, local irritation of some nerve as by an unhealthy tooth,
+eyestrain, or some serious chronic nervous disease. The second is that
+fatal results have been known to follow self-treatment with antifebrin
+(acetanilide), which figures largely in most of them.
+
+The powders analysed were in all cases obtained from ordinary dealers
+in unopened packages; the composition of each is given in such a way
+as to show the dose of each article in one powder of average weight.
+Since the separation of the ingredients depends largely on their
+different solubilities in various liquids, it is not possible to obtain
+quantitative results having quite the same degree of accuracy as in
+some other kinds of analytical work; but the results of analysis have
+been checked by preparing mixtures of the composition calculated and
+submitting them to the same analytical process; the possible error in
+the proportions given below does not in any instance exceed a very
+small fraction.
+
+
+DAISY POWDERS.
+
+The English Company which sells this remedy charges 7½d. for 10
+powders; the average weight of one powder was 6 grains, but the weight
+of individual powders in a packet was found to vary from 5·7 to 6·4
+grains.
+
+The medicament consisted of acetanilide alone. Being an unmixed drug
+it was not liable to stamp duty, and the package was accordingly
+unstamped. The dose was stated to be one powder, repeated in two hours
+if necessary; half a powder for children of 12 years; not adapted for
+children under 12 years.
+
+Two “certificates” were printed on each wrapper from individuals who
+are notorious for giving testimonials in the guise of certificates
+of analysis. The only fact certified was that the powders were “free
+from any injurious substance,” in which medical opinion will scarcely
+support the writers.
+
+The estimated cost of the drug (60 grains) in a packet is one-eighth of
+a penny.
+
+The same Company also supplies “Head powders prepared by Daisy, Ltd.,”
+the wrappers being printed in such a way that careful inspection was
+required to distinguish these from the powders sold as “Daisy powders.”
+The “head powders” were found to consist of phenacetin only.
+
+
+CURIC WAFERS.
+
+These so-called wafers, also put up by an English Company, are
+recommended as a “safe and certain cure for headache, toothache, and
+neuralgia”; stated to be prepared “from the Prescription of an Eminent
+West-End Physician.”
+
+The “wafers” consisted of ordinary cachets, with the name of the
+article embossed on one face. They contained the medicaments in the
+form of powder. The package contained 12 wafers for 1s. 1½d. The
+average weight of the contents of one wafer was 8·2 grains, but that of
+the contents of individual wafers in a package varied from 7·3 to 9·3
+grains. Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:
+
+    Acetanilide        3·28 grains
+    Phenacetin         3·28   ”
+    Caffeine citrate   1·64   ”
+
+Directions for taking the wafers were given, but it was not stated
+whether the dose is one or more.
+
+The estimated cost of the drugs (98·4 grains) in a packet is
+nine-tenths of a penny.
+
+
+STEARNS’S HEADACHE CURE.
+
+This remedy, advertised by an American Company with agents in London,
+is recommended as “A Speedy, Certain, and Safe Cure for Headaches of
+all Origins, whether Sick, Bilious, Nervous, or Hysterical.”
+
+Like the foregoing it was put up in cachets described as wafers. The
+package contained 12 wafers for 1s. The average weight of the powder
+contained in one wafer was 9·8 grains; but the weight of individual
+wafers in a package varied from 9·3 to 10·2 grains.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:
+
+    Acetanilide                  3·92 grains.
+    Caffeine                     0·98 grain.
+    Sugar of milk                4·90 grains.
+
+The dose was one wafer. “If relief is not obtained, repeat in an hour,
+but more than two wafers should not be taken.”
+
+The estimated cost of the drugs (118 grains) in a packet is a little
+under ½d.
+
+
+BELL’S FAIRY CURE.
+
+This Fairy Cure, which is put up by an English Company, is stated to
+give relief instantly in all cases of neuralgia, headache, etc. A
+handbill enclosed in the package made further claims, from which the
+following extracts are taken, “guaranteed to be an instant and absolute
+cure” for “neuralgia, headache, brain fag, nerve pains.” “Nothing else
+is like it. Nothing else is so good. Don’t compare it with ordinary
+‘cures’ or ‘powders.’ Fairy Cure stands absolutely alone.”
+
+Ten powders were sold for 7d. The average weight of a powder was 2·7
+grains, but individual powders in a package varied from 2·0 to 3·7
+grains.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:
+
+    Acetanilide     1·16 grains.
+    Phenacetin      1·16   ”
+    Caffeine        0·38 grain.
+
+The directions were to take one powder, “repeat in an hour if
+necessary, then every two or three hours until a cure is effected.” Yet
+it is guaranteed to be an instant cure! There was a notice that it was
+not to be given to children below 12 years of age.
+
+In this case also an “analyst’s report” was given on the wrapper; it
+stated that the powder “is composed of several organo-therapeutic
+agents well-known in medicine”; probably the “analyst” did not mean
+quite what he said in the following: “In my opinion, the preparation
+is well calculated to fulfil the purpose for which it is intended,
+namely—neurotic affections.”
+
+The estimated cost of the drugs (27 grains) in a package is ¼d.
+
+
+KAPUTINE.
+
+This preparation, put up by an English Company, is stated to cure in
+ten minutes headache, neuralgia, and all nerve pains. In view of the
+similarity in composition of these articles, the claims to uniqueness
+are amusing. In this case the wrapper bore the words “Nothing as good.
+Nothing similar,” while on the circular enclosed in the package it was
+stated that “Kaputine is composed of several approved ingredients.
+That is, unlike the white headache powders, which consist solely of
+one crude drug, and which have frequently been condemned as dangerous
+by the Medical Press—Kaputine is most carefully prepared from several
+ingredients which have the absolute confidence of the Medical
+Profession.”
+
+The price of 18 powders is 1s. 1½d. The average weight of one powder
+was 6·6 grains; the weight of individual powders in a package varied
+from 5·7 to 7·5 grains.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:
+
+    Acetanilide    6·30 grains.
+    Ferric oxide   0·05   ”
+    Sugar          0·21   ”
+
+That is, the acetanilide was tinted pink with what is practically the
+saccharated carbonate of iron of the _British Pharmacopœia_.
+
+The dose was given as one powder: “If not completely cured in two
+hours, the dose may be repeated. Half a powder for children under 12.”
+
+The estimated cost of the drugs (119 grains) in a packet is just over
+¼d.
+
+
+HOFFMAN’S HARMLESS HEADACHE POWDERS.
+
+These powders are prepared by a New York Drug Company, but the package
+also bears the name of another company, presumably the English agents.
+The powders are described as “a simple and effective cure for all
+headaches.”
+
+Ten powders were sold for 1s. 1½d. The average weight of one powder was
+10·5 grains; nine out of ten weighed from 9·3 to 10·5 grains, the tenth
+weighing 15·3 grains.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:
+
+    Acetanilide          5·02 grains.
+    Cocoa                4·02   ”
+    Sodium bicarbonate   1·01   ”
+
+The dose was given as one powder, to be repeated in half an hour if not
+relieved.
+
+Estimated cost of drugs (105 grains), one-third of a penny.
+
+
+WHOLESALE AND RETAIL SPECIALITIES.
+
+In addition to the above proprietary articles, large numbers of
+headache powders are supplied singly by retailers, and are commonly
+bought for this purpose ready packed from a wholesale house. It was,
+therefore, thought worth while to examine a sample of such powders;
+the one taken for the purpose is known as the “Good as Gold” headache
+powder; three dozen were attached to a card for exhibition, and the
+powders are retailed at 1d. each. The average weight was found to be
+2·8 grains, six individual powders ranging from 2·7 to 2·9 grains. The
+powders consisted of acetanilide only.
+
+The estimated cost of the drug for three dozen powders is ¼d.
+
+There is reason to believe that practically all the others sold in this
+way are of the same composition.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+BLOOD PURIFIERS.
+
+
+Although, as a rule, the makers of any kind of quack medicine find no
+difficulty in showing that almost any disease that can be named takes
+its rise in the organs or part of the system which their own particular
+nostrum professes to benefit, it is, of course, particularly easy to
+connect a great variety of diseases with the condition of the blood.
+The claims made for some of the following “blood purifiers” do not fail
+in comprehensiveness, for ringworm and itch, among other complaints,
+appear to be regarded as disorders of the blood.
+
+
+CLARKE’S WORLD-FAMED BLOOD MIXTURE.
+
+This is advertised and sold by an English Drug Company, price 2s. 9d. a
+bottle, containing 8¼ fluid ounces.
+
+The following passages are quoted from a pamphlet enclosed with the
+bottle:
+
+    No matter what the symptoms may be, the real cause of a
+    large proportion of all diseases is bad blood. Clarke’s
+    World-famed Blood Mixture is not recommended to cure
+    every disease; on the contrary, there are many that
+    it will not cure; but it is a guaranteed cure for all
+    blood diseases.... It never fails to cure Scrofula,
+    Scurvy, Scrofulous Sores, Glandular Swellings and
+    Sores, Cancerous Ulcers, Bad Legs, Secondary Symptoms,
+    Syphilis, Piles, Rheumatism, Gout, Dropsy, Blackheads
+    or Pimples on the Face, Sore Eyes, Eruptions of the
+    Skin and Blood, and Skin Diseases of every description.
+
+On the label it was stated:
+
+        The Mixture is pleasant to the taste, and warranted
+        free from anything injurious to the most delicate
+        constitution of either sex, which all Pills and most
+        Medicines sold for the above diseases contain.
+
+        Directions: The mixture must be taken about
+        half-an-hour after meals, in the following doses:—
+
+        _For Adult Males._—One tablespoonful four times a day.
+         ”  _Adult Females._—One tablespoonful three times a day.
+         ”  _Children under 12 years of age._—Two teaspoonfuls
+                   three times a day.
+         ”  _Under 12 years._—From half to one teaspoonful, according
+                   to age, mixed with a little water and sugar.
+
+Analysis showed the mixture to contain 1·5 per cent. of potassium
+iodide, 1·2 per cent. of sugar (partly inverted), 1·6 per cent. by
+volume of alcohol, and traces of chloroform and ammonia, a brown colour
+being given by a small quantity of what was evidently burnt sugar. The
+composition of 8 ounces is thus:
+
+    Potassium iodide            52·5 grains.
+    Spirit of sal volatile      10 minims.
+    Spirit of chloroform        67   ”
+    Simple syrup                50   ”
+    Burnt sugar                 q.s.
+    Water to                    8 fluid ounces.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients is 1⅓d.
+
+
+OLD DR. JACOB TOWNSEND’S AMERICAN SARSAPARILLA.
+
+This is sold by a Company having offices in London. A bottle, holding a
+little under 9 fluid ounces, costs 2s. 6d.
+
+On the wrapper it was stated:
+
+    This Sarsaparilla is the great purifier of the blood
+    and general juices of the system, it effects the most
+    salutary changes in disease; cures scrofula, salt
+    rheum, all scorbutic disorders, chronic sore eyes,
+    rheumatism, piles, liver complaints, erysipelas, all
+    blotches and eruptions of the skin; in short, it
+    removes every impurity of the blood, and all humours
+    and morbid collections of the body.
+
+The directions given on the label were:
+
+    Take half a wineglassful three or four times a day,
+    an hour before or after meals. Persons very weak and
+    debilitated may begin with a tablespoonful and increase
+    the dose as the patient recovers health and strength.
+    It is better to take it without the addition of water.
+
+Analysis showed 100 fluid parts of the liquid to contain 18·2 parts
+of solids, of which 5·5 parts were sugar (partly inverted) and 2·5
+ash, the remainder being of the nature of a vegetable extract. The
+mineral constituents were only those common to the ash of most drugs,
+and no metallic salts were found in medicinal doses; nothing of
+alkaloidal nature was present. The mixture contained 8·1 per cent.
+by volume of alcohol. In the case of a vegetable preparation of this
+kind, containing no definite active principle that can be identified
+chemically, it is not possible to state with certainty the various
+drugs from which it may have been prepared; a study of its general
+properties, and a series of careful comparisons, pointed to the
+present mixture being of similar nature to the compound concentrated
+solution of sarsaparilla (liquor sarsae compositus concentratus) of the
+_British Pharmacopœia_, with the omission of the liquorice, and with
+the addition of sugar: the drugs in the official preparation (besides
+liquorice) are sarsaparilla, sassafras, guaiacum wood, and mezereon. A
+liquor prepared in this manner, with the alcohol reduced to the amount
+found in the mixture under examination and the aroma slightly increased
+by adding a little additional oil of sassafras, agreed fairly well both
+in general properties and the results of chemical examination with the
+medicine under consideration.
+
+
+MUNYON’S BLOOD CURE.
+
+Munyon’s Homœopathic Home Remedy Company has an office in London,
+but the label on the bottle bears the words “Manufactured in U.S. of
+America.” On the outer package it was stated:
+
+    It eradicates all Impurities from the Blood, and
+    cures Scrofulitic Eruptions, Rash on the Scalp, Scald
+    Head, Itching and Burning, and any form of Unhealthy,
+    Blotchy, Pimply, or Scaly Skin;
+
+and similar claims were put forward on the label and in a circular
+enclosed with the bottle.
+
+The bottle cost 1s. and contained about 200 pellets or pilules, of the
+average weight of ½ grain. They consisted of sugar; careful search was
+made for small quantities of medicament, but no other ingredient could
+be detected. Quantitative determination of the sugar showed just 100
+per cent.
+
+The estimated cost of the pilules is one-thirtieth of a penny.
+
+
+HARVEY’S BLOOD PILLS.
+
+These pills are sold by a Company giving an address in Wales. A bottle,
+containing 20 pills, costs 1s. 1½d.
+
+The label and the enclosed circular bear the picture of a man’s head,
+with the words, “Harvey. Discoverer of the circulation of the blood,”
+with the possible implication that the Harvey who discovered the
+circulation of the blood also discovered or invented these blood pills.
+
+The modest claims made in the circular included the following:
+
+    Harvey’s Blood Pills for Skin Diseases. An Unfailing
+    Remedy for Scurvy Sores! Harvey’s Blood Pills for
+    Scrofulous Sores. A Certain Remedy for Ulcerated
+    Legs! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Sluggish Liver. The
+    Surest Remedy for Ringworm! Harvey’s Blood Pills for
+    Erysipelas. The Quickest Remedy for Itch! Harvey’s
+    Blood Pills for Boils. An Effective Remedy for
+    Eruptions! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Rheumatism. The
+    Safest Remedy for Piles!
+
+    Harvey’s Blood Pills are purely Vegetable, and contain
+    the best properties of Sarsaparilla, Dandelion,
+    Burdock, and Quinine. They are Warranted Free from
+    Mercury.
+
+    Harvey’s Blood Pills fortify the feeble, restore the
+    invalid to health, and do good in all cases. All
+    sufferers should immediately have recourse to these
+    celebrated Pills.
+
+    Harvey’s Blood Pills are “specially” suitable for
+    Females. They remove all impurities.
+
+Somewhat lengthy directions were given for diet, etc., as well as for
+taking the pills, in various cases; from which it appeared that the
+usual dose is:
+
+    For a male adult, one Pill three times a day; a female
+    adult, one Pill twice a day; children one Pill at
+    bedtime.
+
+The pills were coated with French chalk, coloured red externally;
+when deprived of their coating, the average weight was 2·76 grains.
+Analysis showed them to contain quinine equivalent to 17·3 per cent.
+of the crystalline sulphate, 21·7 per cent. of potassium iodide, small
+proportions of powdered rhubarb and liquorice, and vegetable extract
+or extracts. A mass prepared from the following formula agreed closely
+with the pills in general properties and in results on analysis in
+various ways:
+
+    Quinine sulphate                     17 grains.
+    Potassium iodide                     22    ”
+    Powdered rhubarb                     16    ”
+        ”    liquorice                    8    ”
+    Extract of sarsaparilla              12    ”
+        ”      burdock                   12    ”
+        ”      taraxacum                 12    ”
+                  Divided into 36 pills.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 20 pills is ¾d.
+
+
+PROFESSOR O. PHELPS BROWN’S BLOOD PURIFIER.
+
+Professor O. Phelps Brown advertises in this country from an address in
+London; the bottle sold for 2s. 9d. contained 6 fluid ounces.
+
+The following paragraph appeared on the label:
+
+    This medicine is a concentrated preparation of Rock
+    Rose and Stillingia, combined with other plants,
+    well-known for their specified action on the blood,
+    which makes a compound medicine, that has never been
+    equalled, and will be hard to surpass in the scientific
+    future. It is impossible to give a full account of its
+    virtues and cleansing capacities on this label, and the
+    Prof. must, therefore, be content with briefly stating
+    that it is an infallible remedy for All Diseases of
+    the Blood, be they Constitutional, Hereditary, or of
+    Recent Contraction. Nearly every ailment known to
+    the medical faculty is in a greater or lessor degree
+    dependent for its appearance and its virulence upon a
+    _Disease of the Blood_. Ulcers, Tumours, Scrofula
+    Bunches, Fistula, Piles, Painful Eruptions, indeed
+    all afflictions manifested upon the outer surface of
+    the body are the consequences of diseased blood. Many
+    terrible maladies, which take the shape of Internal
+    Inflammation, Sores, etc., and appear in the form of
+    Fevers, Aches, Swellings, Glandular Disturbances,
+    Mental Derangement, and General Debility, also proceed
+    from the same cause. It is an admitted fact that, with
+    Pure Blood and Regular Bowels, no individual ever can
+    be permanently, seriously, or dangerously ill, if ill
+    at all.
+
+    Dose.—For Adults, one tablespoonful three times a day
+    before eating. For Children, the dose must be reduced
+    to a teaspoonful.
+
+Analysis showed 100 fluid parts of the liquid to contain 19·7 parts
+of solids, of which 15·5 parts were sugar (partly inverted); a good
+deal of mucilage was present, but no alkaloid and no mineral substance
+except the small quantity of ash always present in vegetable extracts;
+alcohol was present to the extent of 23 per cent. by volume. Evidence
+was obtained of the _probable_ presence of a preparation of stillingia,
+but this drug does not contain any active principle by which it can be
+certainly identified. Rock rose (_Cistus canadensis_) has been used
+to some slight extent medicinally, but no particular virtues appear
+to have been assigned to it; it is, however, described as bitter and
+astringent. The 3 or 4 per cent. of extractive matter present in the
+mixture under consideration showed neither bitterness nor astringency,
+nor any property by which it could be identified, or which would
+indicate any medicinal properties.
+
+
+HOOD’S COMPOUND EXTRACT OF SARSAPARILLA.
+
+This is an American preparation, but the Company which makes it has
+offices in London. A bottle, costing 1s. 1½d., contains 2¼ fluid
+ounces.
+
+The following paragraph appeared on the covering of the bottle:
+
+    A trial bottle will convince the most skeptical of the
+    real merit of Hood’s Sarsaparilla, and will enable
+    everybody to test its wonderful power in restoring
+    and invigorating the whole system, in renovating and
+    enriching the blood, in giving an appetite and a tone
+    to the stomach, in eradicating and curing Scrofula,
+    Scrofulous Humors, Scald Head, Syphilitic Affections,
+    Cancerous Humors, Ringworms, Salt Rheum, Boils,
+    Pimples and Humors on the Face, Catarrh, Headache,
+    Dizziness, Faintness at the Stomach, Constipation,
+    Pains in the Back, Female Weakness, General Debility,
+    Costiveness, Biliousness, and all diseases arising
+    from an impure state or low condition of the blood.
+    Hood’s Sarsaparilla is designed to act upon the
+    blood, and through that upon all the organs and
+    tissues of the body. It has a specific action also
+    upon the _secretions_ and _excretions_, and
+    assists nature to expel from the system all humors,
+    _impure particles and effete matter_ through
+    the lungs, the liver, the kidneys, and the skin. It
+    effectually aids _weak, impaired, and debilitated
+    organs_, invigorates the _nervous system_,
+    tones and strengthens the _digestive organs_,
+    and imparts new life and energy to all the functions
+    of the body. The peculiar point of this medicine is
+    that it strengthens and builds up the system while it
+    eradicates disease.
+
+In a pamphlet enclosed with the bottle it was stated:
+
+    It is carefully prepared from Sarsaparilla, Dandelion,
+    Mandrake, Dock, Pipsissewa, Juniper Berries, and other
+    valuable vegetable remedies, in such a peculiar manner
+    as to retain the full curative value of each ingredient
+    used.
+
+The dose was given as:
+
+    Adult, ½ to 2 teaspoonfuls; usual dose 1 teaspoonful
+    three times a day; children, less, according to age.
+
+Analysis showed it to contain, in 100 parts by measure, potassium
+iodide 1·7 parts (7½ grains in 1 fluid ounce), and sugars (partly
+inverted) 9·1 parts; the total solids amounted to 12·8 parts, thus
+leaving 2·0 parts of vegetable extract per 100 fluid parts. The
+concentrated compound solution of sarsaparilla in the _British
+Pharmacopœia_ contains about 21 parts of solids in 100 fluid parts, so
+that it may be concluded that the amounts of extracts of “Sarsaparilla,
+Dandelion, Mandrake, Dock, Pipsissewa, Juniper Berries, and other
+valuable vegetable remedies” in this mixture were not large. The liquid
+had a somewhat aromatic odour and taste, in which oil of juniper could
+not be detected, nor was it recognizable on distillation; none of the
+other ingredients mentioned is capable of being identified in such a
+mixture. No alkaloid was present, and careful search for other likely
+ingredients gave only negative results. The mixture contained 19·6 per
+cent. by volume of alcohol.
+
+
+HUGHES’S BLOOD PILLS.
+
+These pills, made in Wales, are sold in boxes, price 1s. 1½d.,
+containing 30 pills.
+
+They were described on the label as “For all Blood, Skin, and Nerve
+Diseases.” In a circular enclosed with the box there was a dissertation
+on the functions and composition of the blood, from which the following
+extracts, with all their capital letters, are taken:
+
+    The Blood being therefore the Life of the living Body,
+    it stands to reason that if it is poisoned, you poison
+    the whole system, and eventually destroy the life of
+    the man. When the blood is chilled, or distempered
+    through breathing impure air, unhealthy food, etc., it
+    at once gets disturbed, and breeds disease in some form
+    or other. This is the cause of Blast, Scurvy, Piles,
+    Boils, King’s Evil, Swollen Glands, Inflammation of the
+    Eyes and Lids, Pains in the Sides, Back, and Kidneys,
+    Cough, Bronchitis, Pleurisy, Rheumatism, Wounds in the
+    Legs and Different Parts of the Body, all Scorbutic
+    Affections, Cancer, Pimples on the Face, Neck,
+    etc., and all Skin Eruptions, Chilliness, Headache,
+    Indigestion, Fullness after Meals, Dyspepsia, Vomiting,
+    Loss of Appetite, Consumption, Toothache, Neuralgia,
+    Fits, St. Vitus’s Dance, all Liver Complaints,
+    Costiveness, Yellow Jaundice, Depression of Spirits,
+    Stitches in the Sides, Fevers, Epidemics, Plagues,
+    Gout, Nerve Diseases, Lumbago, Erysipelas, all kinds of
+    Inflammation, and most Chest Diseases.
+
+    The noted Pills, “Hughes’s Blood Pills,” act directly
+    upon the Blood and Juices of all parts of the system,
+    which they Strengthen and Purify. By so doing the
+    Liver, Kidneys, Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Bowels, Brain
+    and Nerves are renewed and toned to such a degree that
+    their functions are perfectly performed, securing to
+    the man healthy days.
+
+Very lengthy directions were given for taking the pills for a variety
+of complaints, from which it appeared that the usual dose was one or
+two pills at night, or one three times a day.
+
+The pills had a thin loose coating of French chalk; after removing
+this the average weight was 2 grains. Analysis showed the presence of
+no inorganic salts, except the usual small quantities of phosphate,
+sulphate, etc., found in the ash of most vegetable drugs. The pill
+contained a trace of oil of cloves and consisted of powdered drugs
+to the extent of about half its weight; ginger and cinchona were
+identified in this portion; a trace of alkaloid was extracted,
+showing the properties of the alkaloids of cinchona. A portion of the
+tissue, which appeared to be derived chiefly from a seed, could not
+be recognized, and a lengthy series of comparisons failed to identify
+it. The remainder of the pill was separated into two substances, which
+appeared to be aloes and jalap resin, but in each a mixture as this
+pill presented, the identity of these substances cannot be established
+with complete certainty. The proportions of the ingredients, also, can
+only be ascertained approximately; the following formula was indicated:
+
+    Aloes                     0·7 grain.
+    Jalap resin               0·2   ”
+    Powdered cinchona bark    0·3   ”
+        ”    ginger           0·2   ”
+    Oil of cloves             Trace.
+               In one pill.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+REMEDIES FOR GOUT, RHEUMATISM, AND NEURALGIA.
+
+
+The medicines here described vary considerably in their nature, and
+to some extent in the complaints for which they are recommended, but
+no definite line can be drawn between them. Some are primarily for
+gout, but are recommended also for rheumatism; others are mainly for
+rheumatism, but are also recommended for gout and neuralgia; while
+others, again, are chiefly advertised for neuralgia and headache.
+
+
+BLAIR’S GOUT AND RHEUMATIC PILLS.
+
+These pills, which are a British product, are sold in boxes, price 1s.
+1½d., and containing 14 pills.
+
+They were described in a circular accompanying the box as:
+
+    The great and universal remedy for the immediate
+    relief and cure of Acute and Chronic Gout, Rheumatism,
+    Suppressed Gout, Rheumatic Gout, Gouty Skin Diseases,
+    Bronchitis and Asthma, Sciatica, Lumbago, and
+    Neuralgia, and as a preventive or prophylactic where
+    the disease has a tendency to recur, or attacking any
+    vital part, as the Stomach, Brain, or Heart.
+
+Other extracts from this circular are:
+
+        In all cases of Gout, no matter of what length of
+        standing, they not only give relief from the almost
+        intolerable pain, but where the patient has kept his
+        bed for months, _One Box will frequently carry off
+        the attack_ in two or three days—in many cases
+        of extreme torture relief has been obtained in two
+        or three hours ... in those gouty skin affections,
+        Psoriasis and Eczema, these Pills have no equal.
+
+        Blair’s Gout and Rheumatic Pills are not only
+        efficacious in curing Gout, but in all those diseases
+        allied to it.
+
+        They never fail. They always cure.
+
+                         Directions and Doses.
+
+        For Gout and Rheumatic Gout.—Take two Pills three
+        times a day, just after meals, and when it is very
+        severe, take two during the night, and they should be
+        persisted in until the swelling and stiffness have
+        disappeared.
+
+        In cases of long standing, where the tendency of the
+        disease is to recur, it is advisable to take a short
+        course of the Pills as a preventive. Dose.—Two twice a
+        day for a fortnight.
+
+        For Suppressed Gout, including Gouty Asthma,
+        Bronchitis, Dyspepsia Rheumatism, Rheumatic Headaches,
+        Lumbago, Sciatica, Tic Doloreux, Pains in the Head,
+        Face, etc., they must also be taken, two Pills three
+        times a day, just after meals, that quantity being
+        generally sufficient, but in some cases a longer
+        continuance of them is necessary, particularly in
+        Rheumatism of long standing, but that will also be
+        eradicated by perseverance in the use of these Pills.
+        _They should be taken from time to time also as a
+        preventive._
+
+        Spring and Autumn. In these treacherous Gout and
+        Rheumatic Seasons, to prevent a recurrence, sufferers
+        are earnestly advised to take a short alterative course
+        of this famous medicine.
+
+        It is requested, in case this medicine should
+        considerably open the bowels, that it may be laid
+        aside until that effect has ceased, when it may be
+        resumed, beginning with a smaller dose. Patients are
+        also informed that it is unnecessary for any aperient
+        medicine to be taken during its use, unless they have
+        been costive for some days.
+
+The pills had an average weight of 2·9 grains. Analysis showed them to
+contain powdered colchicum corm, exsiccated alum, and an excipient. The
+quantities found indicated the following formula:
+
+    Powdered colchicum corm   2·1 grains.
+    Burnt alum                0·35 grain.
+
+in one pill.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 14 pills is one-seventh of a
+penny.
+
+
+HAMM’S RHEUMATIC, GOUT, AND SCIATICA CURE.
+
+The Originator and Proprietor of this cure, who hails from the north of
+England, charges 2s. 9d. for a bottle containing 8 fluid ounces. It was
+described on the outside package as “The Greatest Remedy in the World.
+It has no equal for the cure of Rheumatism, Gout, and Sciatica.” In a
+circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated that:
+
+    It never fails to Cure those distressing and torturing
+    Complaints, and in most cases has given relief from
+    the excruciating pains by taking a few doses. This
+    Standard Remedy has time and again succeeded after all
+    other internal remedies have failed. Purify the Blood
+    by driving the Uric Acid from the system and you will
+    remove the cause of all Rheumatism, etc. Hamm’s Famous
+    Rheumatism Cure has Never Failed to do it.
+
+The dose was given on the label as “One Tablespoonful three times a
+day, after meals.”
+
+The preparation was a brown, slightly turbid liquid. Analysis showed
+it to contain potassium iodide, sodium salicylate, a little vegetable
+extractive, and a trace of alcohol. The extractive was moderately
+bitter, but possessed no characters indicating the drug from which it
+was derived; it contained no alkaloid. Quantitative determination of
+the ingredients showed the formula to be:
+
+    Potassium iodide    15 grains.
+    Sodium salicylate   66   ”
+    Extractive          28   ”
+    Alcohol             Trace.
+    Water to            8 fluid ounces.
+
+Assuming the extractive to be of the same price as extract of gentian,
+the estimated cost of the ingredients of 8 fluid ounces is ½d.
+
+
+GLORIA TREATMENT FOR RHEUMATISM.
+
+This “treatment” is advertised as follows:
+
+    Cure yourself of Rheumatism. I will tell you how and
+    send you the remedy Free. My combination treatment
+    cures, not merely relieves but actually cures, cases
+    of Rheumatism, Gout, and Sciatica.... The numerous
+    so-called remedies offered to the public, through the
+    medium of the newspapers, have absolutely killed all
+    confidence; therefore, in order to make my genuine
+    remedy more generally known, I have decided to give
+    away a large quantity so that everybody can test for
+    themselves the truth of my statements. My combination
+    treatment consists of: 1. Gloria Balm, which Instantly
+    Relieves Pain. 2. Gloria Pills which Purify the Blood
+    and Invigorate the Whole System. 3. Gloria Tonic
+    Tablets which Effect a Complete and Permanent Cure....
+    I earnestly ask every Rheumatic Sufferer to obtain a
+    free supply of this medicine at once. Simply send a
+    postcard request, and a supply will reach you in less
+    than 24 hours.
+
+Application to the address given brought sample boxes of the pills and
+tablets only, accompanied by a booklet entitled “Rheumatism and Gout,
+Causes and Cure,” and a letter of the usual type, as indicated by the
+following extracts:
+
+        I was very pleased to receive your communication this
+        morning, as having suffered from the terrible disease
+        with which you are afflicted myself it naturally
+        affords me a great deal of gratification to be able to
+        place in the hands of every sufferer a genuine remedy
+        for it—a remedy which cured me and has cured many
+        thousands of others besides....
+
+        It is, as I have often heard it described by persons
+        bubbling over with gratitude for their relief from
+        the above distressing ailments, Nature’s very own
+        cure for Rheumatism and Gout. The danger of allowing
+        the poisonous acids which cause these diseases to
+        continue their work day by day in the body cannot be
+        exaggerated....
+
+        Before closing this letter I once more beg to impress
+        upon you the danger of delay in commencing the
+        treatment, especially as applied to your particular
+        case.
+
+Since “Gloria Balsam” was apparently not thought sufficiently important
+for a sample to be sent, supplies were obtained of the tablets and
+pills only for examination.
+
+_Gloria Tonic_, price 4s. 6d. a box, containing 50 tablets, was
+described on the box as “a scientific preparation for the cure of all
+uric acid ailments, including Rheumatism and Gout, Lumbago, Sciatica,
+Scrofula, and all other diseases resulting from Impurities of the
+Blood.” This rather wide claim was somewhat at variance with statements
+made in the booklet, from which a few extracts may be given:
+
+    It was with the object of curing all rheumatism that
+    I introduced “Gloria Tonic” to the public, and I
+    believe that it is a task worthy of the cause. I do not
+    propose to make the attempt with a remedy similar to
+    the many thousands of cure-alls with which the market
+    is overloaded, but with a true and reliable rheumatism
+    specific—“Gloria Tonic.”
+
+    I am not offering you a remedy of that kind, but one
+    which is solely compounded for the cure of rheumatism,
+    one that has been tested in Hospitals and Sanatoriums,
+    one that has the endorsement of physicians and
+    University professors, and, above all, one which has
+    already enabled many hundreds of persons to abandon
+    crutch and cane. Do not wonder if this can be true. The
+    foregoing statement is an absolute fact....
+
+    I could easily get many times 4s. 6d. for a box of
+    “Gloria Tonic,” but it is my purpose not so much to
+    accumulate wealth as to benefit suffering mankind....
+
+    “Gloria Tonic” is to-day the only remedy on the market
+    that cures all forms of rheumatism effectively, and
+    without destroying the delicate tissues of the Heart,
+    Stomach, Liver, and Kidneys....
+
+    The merit of this remedy is unapproachable. I have
+    no object in telling you this aside from having your
+    interests at heart, and wish to protect you against
+    the many harmful drugs. You need not have any fear in
+    taking “Gloria Tonic” as directed, while the smallest
+    dose of other rheumatic remedies might harm you.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    For adults: From one-half to one tablet is a dose, and
+    four doses should be taken daily as follows: Half to
+    one tablet before the morning, noon, and evening meal,
+    and on retiring.... Dose for children from 10 to 15
+    years, one half-tablet. From 5 to 10 years, one-quarter
+    of a tablet. Below these years, the medicine should not
+    be given.
+
+The average weight of the tablets was 11·2 grains; among 12 weighed
+separately the weights varied from 10·5 to 12·5 grains. Analysis showed
+the presence of potassium iodide, guaiacum resin, extract of liquorice,
+powdered liquorice, starch, mineral matter—apparently a mixture of talc
+and kaolin—a resinoid substance, and a trace of alkaloid. The alkaloid
+amounted to 0·016 per cent.; it did not agree in properties with any
+of the common alkaloids, but agreed, so far as it was practicable
+to examine it, with the alkaloid of phytolacca (the American weed,
+poke-root, or pokeberry); the resinoid also agreed in its properties
+with the resinoid phytolaccin, but there are no distinctive tests by
+which its identity could be certainly established. The quantities of
+the various ingredients were estimated as accurately as possible, and
+the following formula was indicated:
+
+    Potassium iodide         1·8 grains.
+    Guaiacum resin           0·8 grain.
+    Extract of liquorice     1·0   ”
+    Resinoid (phytolaccin?)  0·9   ”
+    Powdered liquorice       1·7 grains.
+    Rice starch              2·0   ”
+    Talc and kaolin          2·1   ”
+              In one tablet.
+
+In the formula the most expensive ingredient is the phytolaccin, which
+is also the least certain, both as to identity and quantity. Taking
+the formula here given, the estimated cost of the ingredients for 50
+tablets is 8d.
+
+_Gloria Pills_, price 1s. 1½d. per box, containing 40 pills, in
+addition to being supplied as part of the “treatment” for rheumatism,
+were recommended as a general laxative. It was stated in the circular
+enclosed with them that “Gloria Laxative Pills will cure Constipation,
+Torpid Liver, Piles, Headache, Dizziness, Sour Eructation, Heartburn,
+Bloating, Flatulence, Nausea, Sleeplessness, Mental Depression,
+Palpitation of the Heart, Nervousness, Kidney Trouble, and all other
+conditions resulting from Dyspepsia and Indigestion.”
+
+The pills were coated with talc, coloured to a chocolate colour with
+oxide of iron. After removal of the coating, the average weight was
+1·1 grains. Analysis showed the constituents to be chiefly extracts
+and resins. The two samples of pills examined—namely, the gratis
+sample of eight pills first supplied, and the full box afterwards
+obtained—differed materially in composition; the former contained
+about 25 per cent. of powdered liquorice, 6 or 8 per cent. of powdered
+rhubarb, and 6 or 8 per cent. of wheat flour, while the latter
+contained neither liquorice nor rhubarb, and proportionately more of
+the soluble constituents, which appeared to consist in both cases of
+extracts of aloes and cascara sagrada with jalap resin. The various
+constituents were estimated quantitatively, but in such a mixture exact
+results are of course unattainable, and even the qualitative results
+must be given with a certain reservation. The formula indicated for the
+pills in the 1s. 1½d. box was:
+
+    Extract of cascara sagrada  0·3 grain.
+        ”      Socotrine aloes  0·5   ”
+    Jalap resin                 0·07  ”
+    Flour     }                 q.s.
+    Excipient }
+
+in one pill.
+
+Estimated cost of ingredients for 40 pills, ½d.
+
+
+BARING GOULD’S ANTI-RHEUMATIC PEARLS.
+
+This article is introduced to the public by an advertisement headed:
+
+    “Rheumatism speedily cured.” The advertisement states
+    that Mr. Baring Gould, of an address at a provincial
+    watering place, “very strongly recommends Marvellous
+    Cheap Remedy for Chronic Rheumatism, Gout, etc. Free
+    Information for addressed envelope.”
+
+Application for information with regard to the remedy brought a box of
+the “Pearls” with an intimation that the price was 5s., or 3s. 9d. for
+prompt cash. In the enclosed circulars the proprietor was described as
+“W. Baring Gould, Rheumatic Specialist and Scientist in Chemistry,” and
+the “Pearls” were referred to in the following terms:
+
+        Baring Gould’s Anti-Rheumatic “Pearls” (Patent and
+        Trade Mark Registered). The Most Wonderful and Most
+        Effectual “Anti-Rheumatic” Ever Known....
+
+        Mr. Baring Gould desires to say that from a recent
+        careful examination of his records, he finds that he
+        relieves or cures (mostly by his wonderful “Pearls”) at
+        least eighty people in every hundred who come under his
+        care.
+
+        There is nothing to approach the “Pearls” in Curative
+        value for all kinds of Rheumatism, Sciatica, and Gout.
+        They are entirely free from every kind of injurious
+        substance, and may be taken with absolute safety and
+        benefit by the most delicate bedridden sufferers.
+
+        DOSE.—Take 2 Pearls twice a day. Being
+        flexible and tasteless they are easily swallowed, or
+        the gelatine casing may be removed and the contents
+        placed in half a wineglass of water (hot or cold) and
+        taken in that way. The flavour of the medicaments is
+        agreeable to the palate and to the stomach also.
+
+The “Pearls” consisted of gelatine capsules, of the flattened form
+known commercially as “perles,” containing a white powder. The average
+weight of the contents was 5·9 grains, the contents of single capsules
+varying from 5·0 to 6·5 grains. It should be said that aspirin, a drug
+in very common use for rheumatism, is acetyl-salicylic acid. Analysis
+showed the powder to consist of:
+
+    Acetyl-salicylic acid   85 per cent.
+    Sugar of milk           15     ”
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients for 40 capsules is 1½d.
+
+
+GOWER’S GREEN PILLS.
+
+These pills, which cost 1s. 1½d. per box, containing 44 pills, were
+described in the advertisement as:
+
+    A real remedy for rheumatism, backache, muscular
+    rheumatism, sciatica, gout, lumbago, cramps, stiffness
+    of joints, kidney disorders, dropsical swellings, etc.
+    These Pills act directly on the organic and muscular
+    parts of the body, and bring instant relief to tired,
+    aching, and painful muscles and joints.
+
+In the circular enclosed with the pills it was stated that:
+
+    The ingredients ... are known only to the proprietors.
+    They are not to be found either in the _British
+    Pharmacopœia_ or in any surgery in the land. It was
+    not your doctor’s fault that he did not cure you, it
+    was his misfortune—he did not know how. He had not
+    these remedies in his possession. We offer you the
+    opportunity of using them and recovering your health.
+
+    Gower’s Green Pills, though an eminently scientific
+    pill, do not act like magic. The days of miracles have
+    gone by. They act surely, but sometimes slowly in cases
+    of Rheumatism of long standing.
+
+    In taking these pills we would like it to be thoroughly
+    known that if your disease is one of long standing you
+    cannot be completely cured with one or two boxes. A
+    rheumatic sufferer who has tried most remedies and has
+    been tortured with pain for five years cannot expect
+    to be a new man in five weeks. If it takes as many as
+    a dozen 2s. 9d. boxes to cure a case like this, the
+    sufferer cannot but consider it the best investment
+    that he ever made in his life.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    One dose to be taken three times a day, before or after
+    meals. Three Pills are one dose.
+
+The pills were coated with talc, with a small quantity of a green
+colouring matter. After removal of the coating the pills had an average
+weight of 1·2 grains. Analysis showed them to contain soap (about 36
+per cent.), an alkaline salicylate (about 37 per cent.), extractive,
+and vegetable tissue. No alkaloid was present; the extractive was dark
+in colour, without bitterness or other characteristic taste, and showed
+no properties by which its source could be identified; microscopic
+examination of the tissue showed the presence of two powders, one of
+which agreed well in its characters with powdered cimicifuga root,
+while the other bore much resemblance to jalap, but not enough to
+warrant the statement that it was jalap. The total amount of vegetable
+powder was about 20 per cent., of which about one-third appeared to be
+cimicifuga; 11 per cent. of silicious ash was also present.
+
+
+DR. COLLIE’S OINTMENT.
+
+This ointment, supplied by a Scottish Company at the price of 1s. 9d.
+for a box containing 1¾ ounces, is advertised in the following terms:
+
+    Try Dr. Collie for Rheumatism. His ointment positively
+    cures while you sleep. You don’t rub it in, but apply
+    just like a poultice. It draws out the cause of your
+    trouble, and a speedy cure ensues. Try Dr. Collie’s
+    Ointment—Instant relief for Sciatica, Lumbago, and
+    swollen joints.
+
+It appeared, however, from a booklet sent with the ointment that
+rheumatism was only one among a large number of complaints for which
+the ointment was recommended; it was described on the label as:
+
+    A certain cure for Sprains, Bruises, Cuts, Burns,
+    Chapped Hands, Eczema, Blood Poisoning, Whitlows, Sea
+    Water Boils, Abscesses, Piles, Rheumatism, Sciatica,
+    Lumbago, Pains in the Back and Loins, and all Sores and
+    Ulcers of every description.
+
+The directions for its use in rheumatism were:
+
+    First wash the part to be treated with warm water and
+    soda, then thoroughly dry—(a quantity of the ointment
+    may then be well rubbed in). Now get a piece of thick
+    cotton cloth (old sheeting answers very well) or better
+    still, chamois leather, spread the ointment thickly and
+    apply like a poultice. When the dressing begins to get
+    dry, take it off, and after scraping the cloth replace
+    it with fresh ointment. The part may, after a dressing
+    or two, begin to itch, and the skin, being stimulated,
+    may come out in a humour. If so, do not be alarmed but
+    persevere. This is a sure sign that the Ointment is
+    doing its work, drawing out the deleterious matter,
+    viz., Uric Acid Poison, from the body through the most
+    natural of all channels, the pores of the skin.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of colophony resin, petroleum jelly, a
+little beeswax, and a fatty base. The colophony was accompanied by
+a small proportion of another substance of resinous nature, which
+appeared to be the altered resin to be found in the variety of
+colophony known commercially as “black resin”; a dark substance was
+also present which appeared to consist of the natural impurities of
+crude petroleum; the fatty basis showed generally the properties of a
+mixture of lard and tallow. A similar ointment was obtained by using
+the following formula:
+
+    Black resin            12 per cent.
+    Beeswax                 2    ”
+    Crude petroleum jelly  26    ”
+    Tallow                 20    ”
+    Lard                   40    ”
+
+Estimated cost of ingredients for 1¾ ounces, 1d.
+
+
+ZOX.
+
+Zox is a powder made by a Company with an address in London and the
+price charged is 1s. for a box containing eight powders. It was
+described on the wrapper as:
+
+    The most marvellous pain reliever. Instantly cures
+    Toothache, Neuralgia, Headache, Sciatica, and all
+    Nerve Pains. Pure, Harmless, not Aperient.
+
+In a circular enclosed with the box directions were given for taking
+the powders for neuralgia, toothache, headache, sciatica, rheumatic and
+gouty pains, and influenza. For neuralgia the directions were:
+
+    Ono Powder should be taken when in pain, and should the
+    enemy return, continue the Powders every four hours,
+    for a few days. If very weak from continual pain, take
+    a few doses of Zox Tonic; this will give you speedy
+    relief.
+
+For rheumatic and gout pains:
+
+    Take one Zox Powder two or three times a day while pain
+    is acute; avoid beer and spirits of all kinds.
+
+The average weight of the powders was 4½ grains, single powders in a
+box varying in weight from 4 to 6 grains. Analysis showed the powder to
+consist of acetanilide only.
+
+The estimated cost of the drug for eight powders is one-tenth of a
+penny.
+
+
+OQUIT.
+
+The vendors, a Company with a London address, sell tubes of 20 tablets
+for 1s. 1½d.
+
+This is advertised as follows:
+
+    Neuralgia. Within 10 minutes of taking “Oquit” that
+    frightful nerve-racking pain will be cured. One dose
+    will convince you. Try it.
+
+A pamphlet was enclosed with the package, headed “Oquit for Headaches
+and Nerve Pains, Headache, Neuralgia, Gout, Sciatica, Rheumatism,
+Lumbago, Influenza, Feverish Colds, Sea Sickness.” A few extracts are
+here given:
+
+    Oquit ... is made in strict accordance with a medical
+    prescription from drugs which are daily prescribed by
+    the most eminent physicians for the relief of nerve
+    pains. There is nothing experimental about “Oquit.” The
+    drugs of which “Oquit” is composed are perfectly well
+    known, and their claim to be regarded as unrivalled for
+    the purpose has been rigidly tested and endorsed by the
+    leading exponents of modern medicine. What is really
+    unique about “Oquit” is the scientific proportion in
+    which the constituent drugs are combined. It is a
+    remarkable fact, and one which is attested by every
+    medical man, that the action of a drug may be made
+    effective or ineffective according to the manner in
+    which it is prescribed. There are certain subordinate
+    drugs which prepare the way, as it were, for the action
+    of a principal drug, and the proportion between the
+    ingredients of a prescription is of vital importance
+    in relation to the effect produced. It is to this
+    scientifically adjusted proportion that the remarkably
+    beneficial results of “Oquit” are due....
+
+    In the cure of Neuralgia, “Oquit” has proved eminently
+    successful when taken in the same way as recommended
+    for headache, with the addition that a third and
+    further doses should be repeated, if found necessary,
+    at intervals of three hours....
+
+    In Rheumatism, whether the acute or chronic forms,
+    “Oquit” is extremely beneficial, expelling from the
+    system the inflammatory agents which give rise to the
+    frequently excruciating pains in the joints and muscles
+    involved, and confers a most welcome relief....
+
+    In Gout, Sciatica, and Lumbago the eliminating power of
+    “Oquit” is of the greatest possible value. In all these
+    cases, adults should take three “Oquits” every three
+    hours at the commencement of an attack, reducing the
+    dose to two, and then to one, as the pain decreases.
+
+The average weight of the tablet was 5·1 grains. Analysis showed them
+to contain:
+
+    Acetyl-salicylic acid   66·2 per cent.
+    Starch, chiefly maize   20·0    ”
+    Talc                     4·2    ”
+    Gum                      1·5    ”
+    Extractive               3·1    ”
+    Moisture                 5·0    ”
+    Alkaloid                 a trace.
+
+As stated above aspirin is acetyl-salicylic acid, and so it may be
+added is xaxa.
+
+The alkaloid did not show well-marked characters by which it could be
+identified, but agreed fairly well in its reactions with the total
+alkaloid of gelsemium; the general nature of the extractive was
+consistent with its being a preparation of this drug.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients for 20 tablets is ¾d.
+
+
+GENOFORM TABLETS.
+
+A substance was described under the name Genoform in the
+_Pharmaceutische Post_ in 1905, as being the methylene-glycol ester of
+salicylic acid; but as the present preparation is advertised to the
+public, and supplied under a patent medicine stamp, it must be regarded
+as a secret remedy. The proprietor, it is stated, resides in Leipzig
+but there is a London agency, and the remedy is sold in tubes price 1s.
+1½d., containing 10 tablets.
+
+An advertisement of this preparation was headed: “Gout, Rheumatism,
+Sciatica, and Neuralgia Cured. A Miracle in Rheumatism.” Then followed
+a testimonial describing the “miracle.” On the package of the tablets
+it was stated that:
+
+    Genoform cures gout, rheumatism, sciatica, neuralgia,
+    etc. Genoform gives instant relief and effects a
+    permanent cure.
+
+A circular enclosed in the package stated:
+
+    Genoform is a certain cure, and you need not suffer
+    another day. No matter where the pain is, or how severe
+    it is, or how long you have had it, Genoform Tablets
+    will rid you of it. They give relief in many cases
+    immediately, and produce a permanent cure.
+
+    Take them to-day and feel well. Genoform eases pain
+    with a rapidity which is remarkable, at the same time
+    doing away with the cause. Remember that.
+
+    It is no mere relief. It stamps out the cause of Gout,
+    Rheumatism, Sciatica, and Neuralgia. It is absolutely
+    harmless. No remedy equals it in its quick and certain
+    effects.
+
+    Patients afflicted for years and unable to walk or use
+    their limbs have been made sound and free from pain in
+    a very little time....
+
+    Absolutely crippled rheumatic persons, unable to dress
+    or undress themselves, have entirely recovered with
+    only a few doses of this preparation.
+
+The directions were as follows:
+
+    The Tablets must never be taken on an empty stomach,
+    but either during or after meals (from 3 to 9 tablets
+    daily). Taking the Tablet is facilitated by letting it
+    soak first in a spoonful of water and drinking a little
+    water afterwards. Any oppression of the stomach is soon
+    relieved by 5 or 6 drops of dilute Hydrochloric acid
+    taken in half a glassful of water.
+
+    As Genoform contains Salicylic Acid and that well-known
+    drug for Rheumatism sometimes causes a little buzzing
+    in the ears, if such buzzing ever occurs it is well to
+    discontinue Genoform for 24 hours and afterwards take
+    only a small dose for a day or so. It must be clearly
+    understood that there is no possible harm or danger
+    in such buzzing and few persons are so affected, but
+    we think it wise to advise you lest you should think
+    Genoform does not agree with you and discontinue its
+    use.
+
+The tablets had an average weight of 7·7 grains. They contained no
+free salicylic acid, but on hydrolysis with alkali they yielded 91·0
+per cent. of that substance. Starch was present to the extent of
+4·1 per cent., so that the material other than starch yielded 94·9
+per cent. of its weight of salicylic acid. Salicyl-methylene-glycol
+ester CH₂(C₇H₅O₃)₂ would yield 95·6 per cent.; investigation of the
+other products of hydrolysis showed that this ester was the substance
+present; no other ingredient was found. On examination the substance
+proved to be hydrolyzed at once by alkali in the cold, but not by cold
+dilute acid; hot water caused slight decomposition, and on boiling it
+in water it readily yielded salicylic acid. The formula of the tablets
+is thus:
+
+    Salicyl-methylene-glycol ester   95 per cent.
+    Starch (and moisture)             5    ”
+
+
+POST’S C. B. Q. TABLETS FOR RHEUMATISM.
+
+Two specimens of the proprietary article sold under the name of C.
+B. Q. have been examined at an interval of nine years. The earlier
+analysis showed that the tablets contained potassium iodide, quinine
+and colchicine in small quantities, a salicylate and extract of
+liquorice, used no doubt to bind the powder together. The analysis
+made in 1908 showed that of the tablets then examined each contained
+about 1½ grains of potassium iodide, a small quantity of salicylate,
+a vegetable extract, and magnesia. The extract was hygroscopic and
+the magnesia was no doubt employed to bring the mixture into a form
+suitable for tablet making. The extract was slightly bitter and the
+tablets contained a small amount of alkaloid, which was not certainly
+identified.
+
+
+GOUT VARALETTES.
+
+Analysis of Bishop’s Gout Varalettes showed the presence of lithium
+citrate and a small quantity of what appeared to be piperazine,
+together with the usual effervescing basis consisting of sodium
+bicarbonate and tartaric acid.
+
+
+PISTOIA GOUT POWDERS.
+
+There was a powder for gout known to an earlier generation under the
+name of the “Portland Gout Powder;” according to the prescription given
+by Jourdan in the _Pharmacopée Universelle_ (1828); it consisted of:
+Gentian root, round birthwort root (_Aristolochia rotunda_), ground
+pine root (_Teucrium chamaepitys_), the tops of germander (_Teucrium
+chamaedrys_), and of the lesser centaury (_Erithroea centaurium_), of
+each equal parts to be ground separately to a fine powder and mixed;
+dose, half a teaspoonful. He gives of this three variants, in one of
+which the gentian is replaced by guaiacum.
+
+For some years past a good deal has been heard about the Pistoia
+gout powders. A pamphlet entitled _The antigouty powders of the R.R.
+Benedictine Mothers of Pistoia for the treatment of a gouty source_
+(Rome, 1904) presents a curious resemblance to the advertising
+pamphlets issued by ordinary nostrum dealers. There is a short
+disquisition on gout written in very odd English, this is followed by
+a translation of a large number of testimonials to the virtues of the
+powder, and this again by the following “Warning to our Customers”:
+
+    Having known that in some towns of Italy, and even in
+    Pistoia, some antigouty drug circulates under the name
+    of “Vegetal Antigouty Powders of the Cloister” or under
+    other names alike, making every body trust that they
+    come from our Monastery, we think ourselves, in duty
+    bound, to remember to our Customers that no deposit of
+    our Antigouty Powders is to be found neither in Pistoia
+    nor in other towns or places in Italy or abroad,
+    and that we have accorded to nobody the faculty of
+    preparing or selling them.
+
+    Consequently every antigouty remedy which in any way
+    should be made known as coming from this Monastery,
+    must be considered as a product of vulgar falsification
+    and adulteration.
+
+The label on some boxes of the powder states that it is based on
+gentian, and on Indian wood, which is one of the synonyms of guaiacum.
+The pamphlet, which has already been quoted, states that the powders
+do not contain colchicum, belladonna, or any other poisonous
+substance, but
+
+    are a composition of medicinal grasses, none of which
+    can ever have a pernicious effect upon the health,
+    whatever may be the state of the person who uses it.
+
+It is asserted that “often many miraculous cures are obtained,” but it
+appears that the treatment must be a prolonged one, for the pamphlet
+further states that:
+
+    When it is question of a first affection or of a light
+    gouty attack, the treatment of a whole year without
+    interruption can in general be sufficient; because it
+    is necessary for the blood to stay under the action
+    essentially depurative of the drug during four seasons.
+
+    But when the illness is old, a year of treatment
+    cannot of course be enough to extirpate entirely the
+    distemper, and the use of the drug must be protracted
+    till necessary.
+
+The sample of Pistoia gout powder examined was of a greenish ginger
+colour and had a bitter taste. MM. Guignard, Collin, Chastaing, and
+Barillot give the following formula for the Pistoia gout powder:
+
+    Colchicum corm                                              10 parts
+    Bryony root                                                 10   ”
+    Betony (root, stem, and leaves)                             50   ”
+    Gentian root                                                10   ”
+    Camomile (chiefly stem, leaves, a little root, and flowers) 10   ”
+
+M. Collin is one of the leading authorities on the microscopic
+characters of powdered vegetable drugs, and a microscopical examination
+of the specimen revealed characters consistent with this formula; such
+small differences as were observed were only such as might be expected
+between specimens grown under different conditions of soil, climate,
+etc.
+
+Another formula which has been published for the powders is as follows,
+but the sample examined agreed more nearly with No. 1:
+
+                II.
+
+    Colchicum corm   20 parts.
+    Bryony root      10   ”
+    Betony root      40   ”
+    Gentian root     10   ”
+    Camomile         10   ”
+
+
+LAVILLE’S ANTIGOUT REMEDIES.
+
+According to Zernik, the chief constituents of the Liqueur du Dr.
+Laville, an antigout remedy, very popular in France, in spite of its
+high price and secret composition, are colchicin (about 0·08 per cent.)
+and quinine in alcoholic solution. The pilules du Dr. Laville are
+sold as preventive remedies against gout. They were found to contain
+extract of winter cherry, Physalis alkekengi, one of the Solanaceae
+(? capsicum), guaiacum resin, powdered leaves and root of the marsh
+mallow, and sodium silicate. Each bottle contains 75 grams, about 2½
+fluid ounces, and costs 8s.
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.
+
+The following notes upon a few German remedies are quoted from Dr.
+Zernik’s reports in the _Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift_.
+
+
+URICEDIN.
+
+    This is a Berlin product vaunted as a remedy for the
+    gouty diathesis, but its composition is very simple;
+    it contains 2½ per cent. sodium chlorate, and 66·5 per
+    cent. dry sodium sulphate, the remainder being sodium
+    citrate and sodium tartrate.
+
+
+RHEUMACID.
+
+    The prospectus asserts that this material, the result
+    of years of careful and earnest study, revolutionizes
+    all medical knowledge, and cures rheumatism, colds,
+    neuralgia, sciatica, gout, bladder, kidney, and skin
+    affections, etc. The price demanded for 50 grams
+    (about 1½ ounces) is 17s. 6d., while a sample costs
+    1s. The sample is supposed to contain ten doses of
+    1 gram each, but was actually found to contain only
+    half that quantity. There appeared to be three sorts
+    of rheumacid, marked A, B, and C respectively, but
+    the analysis revealed that the constituents were
+    practically the same and included aspirin, salol, and
+    at times salpyrin, with a little citric acid. This
+    seems rather like making a revolution with rosewater.
+
+
+ANTIGOUT SOAP.
+
+    Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic Soap is prepared in Dresden.
+    It is a piece of medium-quality sodium soap, containing
+    a very small quantity of an ethereal oil. The cake
+    weighs 70 grams (about 2 oz.), and costs 1 mark.
+
+
+PINE PREPARATIONS.
+
+        Electricum, described as “aethereal Tyrolese fir and
+        pine wood oil,” and recommended by the vendors as an
+        external remedy for rheumatism, gout, pains in the
+        limbs, paralysis, sciatica, lumbago, and backache,
+        neuralgia, tumours, etc., seems to consist merely of
+        pine oil.
+
+        Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout Spirit which it is stated
+        relieves the pain within a few hours and cures after
+        a short time, consists of 55 parts of turpentine oil,
+        55 parts of spirits of camphor, and 5 grams of Venice
+        soap. A bottle containing 115 grams, less than 4
+        ounces, costs 2s. 6d.
+
+
+RHEUMA TABAKOLIN.
+
+    This is a Berlin preparation; a box containing about
+    100 grams (about 3½ oz.) costs 5s., but the quantity
+    for neglected and obstinate cases cost 15s. It is
+    asserted to be a newly discovered remedy for rheumatism
+    and gout obtained from tobacco. The directions are to
+    extract the material with about 24 ounces of 50 per
+    cent. alcohol, and to use this extract as a liquid
+    application to the painful areas. Analysis showed that
+    the substance consisted of waste and powdered tobacco
+    perfumed with lemon oil. In Germany waste broken
+    tobacco can be bought at about 5d. or 6d. a pound.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+KIDNEY MEDICINES.
+
+
+This group of nostrums consists of those which are put forward for the
+cure of kidney troubles, or conditions of ill-health commonly, but
+as a rule erroneously, attributed by the public to kidney disease.
+Several of these are in the form of pills, while others are liquids.
+The two principal drugs employed are oil of juniper and potassium
+nitrate (nitre or saltpetre), separately or together; in some cases
+aperients are added. Altogether extravagant claims are made for some
+of the articles, as is usual, of course, with proprietary medicines;
+this point is dealt with more fully in the descriptions of individual
+preparations.
+
+In analysing complex mixtures, such as some of these nostrums are,
+it is, of course, not possible to attain the same precision as when
+dealing with medicines which consist chiefly of inorganic salts, as in
+the case of nostrums for epilepsy, dealt with in another chapter. A
+vegetable extract containing no definite active principle, such as, for
+instance, extract of taraxacum (dandelion), cannot be identified by any
+direct test; if such an extract is mixed with another, with a powdered
+drug, or an essential oil, its identification with perfect certainty
+may become almost impossible. The large variations, again, which may
+occur in the proportion of solid matter in a tincture or infusion, as
+well as the variations in the relative proportion of the different
+constituents of drugs, prevent the results of analysis being translated
+with certainty into the formula from which the mixture was compounded.
+These considerations apply to several of the articles described in
+this chapter. While the principal ingredient or ingredients in each
+case can be ascertained with little or no possibility of error, the
+subsidiary ingredients in some cases cannot be determined with the
+same confidence; we have endeavoured to indicate in each case the
+possibility of such minor errors. Full use has been made of check
+methods, by compounding mixtures according to the formulæ obtained by
+analysis and comparing them with the originals.
+
+
+DOAN’S BACKACHE KIDNEY PILLS.
+
+These pills, of American origin, which have been very extensively
+advertised for some years, are sold in boxes price 2s. 9d., containing
+40 “kidney pills” and 4 “dinner pills.”
+
+They were described on the wrapper of the package as a
+
+    Specific for kidney complaints and all diseases
+    arising from disorder of the kidneys and bladder. Cure
+    Backache, Weak Back, Rheumatism, Diabetes, Congestion
+    of the Kidneys, Inflammation of the bladder, Gravel,
+    Bright’s Disease, Scalding Urine, and all Urinary
+    troubles.
+
+A circular was enclosed with the box, in which a dissertation on
+“Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder” was given, together with
+directions for taking the pills for various complaints. The following
+extracts are taken from the circular:
+
+    Doan’s Backache Kidney Pills are composed of rare and
+    valuable medicinal agents in a combination best adapted
+    to the speedy relief and cure of Kidney Disease,
+    urinary and bladder affections, and all diseases
+    resulting therefrom. They are purely vegetable,
+    containing no ingredients of a deleterious nature, and
+    may be taken by the most delicate person, with every
+    confidence of their giving quick and permanent relief,
+    without any after ill effects ... they are the only
+    medicine known that quickly relieves and permanently
+    cures.
+
+    This medicine has restored to health thousands of
+    women. As a means of healing the kidneys, and as a
+    tonic to the whole female constitution it is unequalled.
+
+The last sentence of the next extract shows some ingenuity:
+
+    Chronic cases of long standing. These frequently come
+    under our notice and we hear that the patient, after
+    trying every known remedy and failed (_sic_) has
+    despaired of ever getting relief. Now in all stages of
+    Kidney Disease this is where Doan’s Backache Kidney
+    Pills are the most needed, and, indeed, are the only
+    remedy possible to give permanent relief. But it takes
+    time. One cannot expect to be cured in a few weeks....
+    In some cases three or four boxes of Doan’s Backache
+    Kidney Pills are sufficient; but in these cases of
+    long standing, 8, 10, and even 20 or 30, are required
+    to effect a cure. But they will cure in the end if the
+    patient perseveres. We are emphatic on this point,
+    because in kidney disease patients are so easily
+    discouraged. It is one of the symptoms of the disease.
+
+The directions were to take from two to four of the dinner pills at
+night before commencing to take the kidney pills; then to begin with
+one kidney pill after each meal and one at bedtime, increasing the dose
+to two or three, after a short time. For children under 8, the dose was
+given as half a pill after each meal and at bedtime.
+
+The “kidney pills” were ovoid in shape, and of a brown-grey colour
+externally, with sugar-coating beneath the thin, coloured layer; after
+removing the coating, the average weight of the pills was about 2
+grains. Analysis showed them to contain oil of juniper and (in spite
+of their “purely vegetable” nature) potassium nitrate, together with
+a considerable proportion of a resinous substance, and of powdered
+fenugreek seeds and wheat and maize starches. Examination of the resin
+showed it to be derived from a coniferous source, and on comparison
+with various coniferous resins it agreed in characters with that of
+_Abies canadensis_ (_Pinus canadensis_), known as hemlock pitch. The
+proportions of the different ingredients were determined by analysis;
+but oil of juniper, in such small quantity, can only be approximately
+determined, and the amount found was confirmed by comparison of a pill
+containing this quantity with the pill under examination. The following
+formula gives a similar pill:
+
+    Oil of juniper                 1 drop.
+    Hemlock pitch                 10 grains.
+    Potassium nitrate              5   ”
+    Powdered fenugreek            17   ”
+    Wheat flour                    4   ”
+    Maize starch                   2   ”
+                 In twenty pills.
+
+The estimated cost of the materials of the 40 kidney pills and 4 dinner
+pills, ½d.
+
+The dinner pills, of which four were included in the box of kidney
+pills, are also supplied separately in boxes of 50 for 1s. 1½d. The
+label stated that:
+
+    Doan’s Dinner Pills Cure Constipation, Sick Headache,
+    Biliousness, Dizziness, and all deranged conditions of
+    Stomach, Liver, and Bowels.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    For adults, 1 to 3 Pills; for children, ½ to 1 Pill.
+
+These statements and directions were amplified in a handbill enclosed
+in the package.
+
+The pills were ovoid and enclosed in white sugar-coating; the average
+weight of one, without coating, was about ¾ gr. Analysis showed the
+presence of podophyllin, aloin, oil of peppermint, a resin that
+appeared to be jalap resin, cayenne, liquorice, gum, maize starch, and
+a small quantity of an extract that resembled extract of henbane; as
+the extract last named had no sufficiently well-marked characters to
+enable a small quantity of it to be distinguished perfectly when mixed
+with larger quantities of the other drugs named, the identity of this
+ingredient could not be completely established. The following formula
+gives a similar pill:
+
+    Oil of peppermint        1 drop.
+    Podophyllin              3·8 grains.
+    Aloin                    6·9   ”
+    Jalap resin              0·8 grain.
+    Powdered capsicum        0·5   ”
+       ”     liquorice       0·6   ”
+    Maize starch             0·5   ”
+    Acacia gum               1·5 grains.
+    Extract of henbane       1·5   ”
+            In twenty pills.
+
+Estimated cost of materials of 50 pills, 1d.
+
+
+DODD’S KIDNEY PILLS.
+
+These pills, made by an American Company advertising from a London
+address, are sold in boxes containing 35, price 2s. 9d.
+
+The label round the box stated:
+
+    A positive cure for all kidney diseases: cures
+    rheumatism, Bright’s disease, diabetes, backache;
+    cures female weakness, purifies the blood, cleanses the
+    system.
+
+The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the pills:
+
+        Experience has proved that Dodd’s Kidney Pills are the
+        only cure for kidney diseases.
+
+        Dodd’s Kidney Pills is the only remedy that has cured
+        Bright’s Disease.
+
+        Diabetes—Dodd’s Kidney Pills will cure this disease.
+
+        Dropsy—The first object in treating dropsy is to
+        restore the kidneys to their normal condition. This is
+        what Dodd’s Kidney Pills do and hence their peculiar
+        efficacy for this disease.
+
+        Dodd’s Kidney Pills will cure any form of heart disease.
+
+        What is known as the “change of life,” is a period of
+        great importance to woman. At such a time, no remedy
+        could be more effective than Dodd’s Kidney Pills.
+
+        These pills ... consist of the active principles of
+        vegetable substances, which have been carefully studied
+        by the discoverer of the remedy, both as to their
+        nature and effect, and finally given to the world
+        in the form of a sugar-coated pill, which to-day is
+        universally acknowledged to be the best kidney remedy
+        obtainable.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    Take one to three pills morning, noon, and night,
+    before or after meals. In the majority of cases one
+    pill is a dose.
+
+The pills were ovoid in shape, coated and coloured red on the outside.
+The colouring matter formed a strongly fluorescent yellow solution,
+showing it to be fluorescein or an allied substance; the coating was of
+sugar on the outside, with an inner layer consisting of chalk. In spite
+of the statement quoted above, that the pills consist of the active
+principles of vegetable substances, it was no surprise to find that the
+principal ingredient was potassium nitrate, of which each contained
+about 1 gr.; the other constituents were sodium bicarbonate, soap,
+hard paraffin, wheat flour, powdered turmeric, two resins respectively
+soluble and insoluble in ether, a small quantity of a bitter substance,
+and a little extractive. Examination of the resins showed that they
+agreed in their characters with the two constituents of jalap resin;
+the bitter substance was not alkaloidal, and after careful comparison
+with a large number of bitter principles was found to agree with that
+of cascarilla. The following formula gives a pill which is practically
+identical with the one under examination:
+
+    Extract of cascarilla (alcoholic)  0·15 grain.
+    Jalap resin                        0·3    ”
+    Hard soap                          1·0    ”
+    Potassium nitrate                  1·0    ”
+    Sodium bicarbonate                 0·85   ”
+    Hard paraffin                      0·5    ”
+    Turmeric                           0·3    ”
+    Wheat flour                        0·8    ”
+                     In one pill.
+
+The estimated cost of the materials of 35 pills is 1d.
+
+
+DR. VAR’S AMERICAN KIDNEY PILLS.
+
+On the outside of the package these pills, which are advertised from
+an address in a town in the south of England, and sold in boxes of 14
+costing 1s. 1½d., are stated to “correct the stomach and stimulate
+the liver and kidneys.” In a circular enclosed with the box they are
+referred to as “Certain Corrective! Positive Cure!” while the obscurity
+of the following is perhaps intended to make the warning conveyed more
+effective:
+
+    Do not let slight or severe Kidney Disorders develop
+    into Cancerous Decay, Twin Complaints—Kidney Liver
+    Diseases. Cure them! Put both in strong active order.
+    There is not a safer, surer, speedier remedy in
+    existence. Myriads of people thank Providence for Dr.
+    Var’s Kidney Pills. _Should be taken for Natural Weak
+    Kidneys._
+
+The directions are:
+
+    One to be taken three times a day after meals.
+
+The “pills” were in reality flexible capsules, each containing about 5½
+grains of a soft mass in which oils of juniper and peppermint could be
+recognized in small quantity; examination also showed the presence of
+potassium nitrate, of small quantities of iron and magnesium compounds,
+and of lycopodium,[1] together with powdered squill, wheat starch, and
+a “green” extract, containing a trace of alkaloid, which appeared from
+its characters to be a mixture of extracts of henbane and taraxacum.
+The iron was perhaps an accidental impurity, and the magnesia and
+lycopodium were probably added to assist in making up the mass and not
+for therapeutic effect. The following formula gives a similar mass:
+
+    Oil of peppermint         1 drop.
+      ”    juniper            8 drops.
+    Potassium nitrate         8 grains.
+    Powdered squill           3   ”
+    Wheat flour               6   ”
+    Extract of henbane        7   ”
+        ”      taraxacum     21   ”
+            In 10 capsules.
+
+The estimated cost of the materials of 14 capsules is under ¾d.
+
+[1] Lycopodium is a fine powder consisting of plant-spores sometimes
+used by pharmacists for enveloping pills which easily take up moisture.
+
+
+FITCH’S KIDNEY AND LIVER COOLER.
+
+A bottle of this preparation containing rather less than 4 fluid ounces
+is sold for 2s. The directions are:
+
+    Take two teaspoonfuls mixed in water every morning.
+
+The label and package appear to have been devised for the purpose of
+suggesting, without explicitly stating, that it is a cure for the
+complaints named. On one side appears the following (divided into
+sections by use of different type):
+
+    Oh my back, how it aches! Why? Fitch’s Kidney and
+    Liver Cooler. Trade Mark. Sluggish liver. Inactive
+    kidneys. Over-heated blood. Bad urine. Acts chemically
+    by absorption.
+
+and on the other:
+
+    Oh my back, how it aches! Why? Because your Kidneys and
+    Liver are Sluggish, and a deposit has formed in the
+    urine which will contaminate the whole system unless
+    dissolved chemically. Try this; you won’t regret. It’s
+    a grand conception.
+
+Analysis showed the liquid to consist simply of a solution of potassium
+nitrate in water, the strength being 56 grains in a fluid ounce—that
+is, 14 grains in a dose.
+
+The estimated cost of the contents of the bottle is one-eighth of a
+penny.
+
+
+WARNER’S “SAFE” CURE.
+
+Warner’s Safe Cure is a liquid sold in a bottle holding about 8 fluid
+ounces at the price of 2s. 9d.
+
+The label bore the words, “For Kidney and Liver and Bright’s disease
+and jaundice, gravel, stone”—and a long list of other complaints. “Dose
+for adults, one tablespoonful 5 or 6 times a day.”
+
+A “medical pamphlet” of 34 pages accompanied the bottle, from which the
+following extracts are taken:
+
+    Warner’s “Safe” Cure is a purely vegetable compound,
+    and contains no narcotic or harmful drugs; it is free
+    from sediment and is pleasant to take; it is a most
+    valuable and effective tonic; it stimulates digestion,
+    awakens the torpid liver, and puts the entire system in
+    the very best receptive state for the work of restoring
+    the kidneys. It does its work with absolute method,
+    preparing the tissues, soothing and stimulating the
+    enfeebled organs, healing at the same time. It builds
+    up the body, gives it strength, and restores the
+    energy which is or has been wasting under the baneful
+    suffering of kidney disease. Warner’s “Safe” Cure was
+    discovered about thirty years ago by one of the most
+    eminent specialists in diseases of the kidneys, who had
+    made a life-study of kidney and kindred diseases.
+
+    How to test your kidneys. Put some morning urine in a
+    glass or bottle; let it stand for twenty-four hours; if
+    there is a reddish sediment in the bottom of the glass,
+    or if the urine is cloudy or milky, or if you see
+    particles or germs floating about in it, your kidneys
+    are diseased and you should lose no time but get a
+    bottle of Warner’s “Safe” Cure, as it is dangerous
+    to neglect your kidneys for even one day. Bright’s
+    disease, gravel, liver complaint, pains in the back,
+    rheumatism, rheumatic gout, inflammation of bladder,
+    stone in the bladder, uric acid poison, dropsy, eczema,
+    scrofula, blood disease, offensive odour from sweating,
+    so-called ‘female weakness,’ painful periods, too
+    frequent desire to urinate, and painful passing of
+    urine are all caused by diseased kidneys, and can be
+    speedily cured by Warner’s “Safe” Cure, which has been
+    prescribed for twenty-five years.”
+
+Of Bright’s disease it is remarked:
+
+    It is one of the harassing complaints which physicians
+    in family practice seldom have the patience to
+    investigate and manage with sufficient care.
+
+The assumed predilection of the public for vegetable remedies is
+no doubt answerable for potassium nitrate being classed as “purely
+vegetable” in so many of these medicines. In the present case analysis
+showed the presence of potassium nitrate, alcohol, glycerine, a trace
+of oil of wintergreen, and vegetable extractive; there was no alkaloid
+or similar active principle, and the extract had little distinctive
+taste or character; all its properties pointed to its consisting
+largely of extract of taraxacum, with some other extract containing a
+small quantity of tannin; a careful series of comparisons with all the
+drugs in ordinary use which were not excluded by various tests did not
+identify it with any of them, and it is probable that it is obtained
+from some non-medicinal plant.
+
+The following formula gives an almost identical mixture:
+
+    Potassium nitrate              50 grains.
+    Oil of gaultheria               ⅓ minim.
+    Rectified spirit                5 fluid drams.
+    Liquid extract of taraxacum    10     ”
+    Glycerine                       4     ”
+    Water to                        8 fluid ounces.
+
+This contains about 10 per cent. of pure alcohol, which is the
+proportion found in Warner’s Cure; in a mixture of which a
+tablespoonful was to be taken five or six—or, according to the handbill
+with it, six to eight—times a day, this proportion of alcohol is by no
+means negligible.
+
+In such a mixture there is no means of determining exactly the amount
+of liquid extract of taraxacum, especially as it is liable to vary
+considerably in colour and in amount of solid residue; this is by far
+the most expensive ingredient in the above formula, and it is probable
+that the amount is here over-estimated. Taking the quantity here given,
+the estimated cost of the drugs for one bottle of the mixture is 5¼d.
+
+
+VENO’S SEAWEED TONIC.
+
+The Company in Manchester which advertises Veno’s Seaweed Tonic sells
+it at the price of 1s. 1½d. a bottle, holding 2¾ to 3 fluid ounces.
+
+The label states:
+
+    Contains in a pleasant and agreeable form the active
+    principles of seaweed. First introduced into the
+    medical world by Mr. Veno, and now admitted to be a
+    most efficient and valuable medicine. Veno’s seaweed
+    tonic is prepared on an entirely new principle, and
+    is free from poisonous or mineral drugs. It cures
+    all ailments arising from a diseased condition of
+    the Stomach, Liver, Kidneys, and Blood, which, when
+    diseased, cause nearly all sickness. Dose.—For an
+    adult, one teaspoonful twice or three times daily.
+
+The following extracts are taken from a pamphlet enclosed with the
+bottle:
+
+    Veno’s Seaweed Tonic is a specific remedy; money cannot
+    make it better. If it fails, no other medicine will
+    ever succeed; but sufferers must have patience.
+
+    Kidney Diseases, Weak Back, Backache or Lumbago,
+    Incipient Bright’s Disease. If you suffer from a weak
+    back, with pain, soreness, or stiffness; if there is
+    a dragging weakness in the limbs and lack of muscular
+    energy; or if your urine is very clear or high
+    coloured, showing a sediment of white flakes through
+    it, it indicates a weakness or disease of the kidneys.
+    Veno’s Seaweed Tonic should be taken for at least two
+    or three months, in teaspoonful doses twice or three
+    times daily, after meals.
+
+The mixture contained a small proportion of undissolved sediment,
+which, when collected and examined, agreed in all respects with the
+insoluble portion of leptandrin. Glycerine, a little phosphate,
+alcohol, and a trace of chloroform were present, and vegetable
+extractive. Careful examination of the latter gave evidence of the
+presence of the constituents of cascara sagrada, senna, and rhubarb.
+Such a mixture as this could not, of course, be quantitatively resolved
+into its components, and the proportions given below were arrived at
+by comparisons of the properties of various trial mixtures with the
+properties of the original; no indication was obtained of any substance
+derived from seaweed. The following formula gives a practically
+identical mixture:
+
+    Leptandrin                                10 grains.
+    Sodium phosphate, crystals                33   ”
+    Liquid extract of cascara sagrada         45 minims.
+    Concentrated infusion of rhubarb (1-7)     1 fluid dram.
+         ”          ”          senna (1-7)    2½ fluid drams.
+    Glycerine                                  2          ”
+    Chloroform water                           1 fluid ounce.
+    Water to                                   3 fluid ounces.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients is 1½d.
+
+
+MUNYON’S KIDNEY CURE.
+
+This is sold by Munyon’s Homœopathic Home Remedy Company from an
+address in London, but is stated to be “Manufactured in U.S. of
+America.” The price is 1s. a bottle, containing 132 pilules.
+
+The directions are: “Four pellets every hour,” which must at least keep
+the patient amused.
+
+The label bears the words:
+
+    Cures Bright’s disease, gravel, all urinary troubles,
+    and pain in the back or groins from kidney diseases.
+
+The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the bottle:
+
+    Munyon’s Improved Homœopathic Remedies are radically
+    different from those used by the regular school of
+    homœopathy or any other system of medicine. We have the
+    true cure for the most obstinate as well as the most
+    intricate of diseases. The whole secret of Munyon’s
+    Remedies is the science of combining and harmonizing
+    all drugs that are known to cure certain diseases, so
+    that by our special combinations we cover every phase
+    of the case, no matter what the complaint. There is no
+    experimenting, no guesswork, but an absolutely fixed
+    law of cure.
+
+    Munyon’s Kidney Cure has no equal. It cures pain in the
+    back, loins, or groins, from kidney disease, puffy and
+    flabby face, dropsy of the feet and limbs, frequent
+    desire to pass water, scanty urine, dark-coloured and
+    turbid urine sediment in the urine, gravel in the
+    bladder, and too-great a flow of urine.
+
+The pilules were found to vary much in size, the average weight being
+0·6 grain. Analysis showed them to consist of ordinary white sugar; no
+trace could be detected of any alkaloid or other active principle, or
+of any medication. The sugar was determined quantitatively, and found
+to be just 100·0 per cent. of the weight of the pilules.
+
+Estimated cost of contents of bottle, one thirty-fifth of a penny.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+DIABETES.
+
+
+Diabetes, being a disease which runs on the whole a steady course
+unaffected by anything but diet, does not afford a promising field for
+the use of drugs; but as drowning men catch at straws, patients who
+have been told that they are incurable are naturally disposed to try
+any remedy that holds out a prospect of cure or relief. Although there
+are a good many proprietary remedies for diabetes, few seem to have a
+large sale, but such as exist are pushed by the usual pretensions set
+forth in advertisements and circulars. Every one must admit that few
+things can be more cruel than to trade upon the hopes and fears of sick
+people or to sell them worthless remedies with the positive assurance
+of cure. Yet this is what is done by the sellers of quack remedies, and
+the Inland Revenue pockets the patent medicine duty without a blush.
+Some account is here given of two much advertised preparations—Vin
+Urané Pesqui and Dill’s Diabetic Mixture. It may be objected that
+Pesqui’s Uranium Wine is not a secret remedy because it is said to
+contain uranium nitrate, pepsin, and “other appropriate elements”
+added to “old Bordeaux wine”; but uranium nitrate is a drug well-known
+to the medical profession, and whatever may be its properties it is
+not a cure for diabetes. There is no trustworthy evidence that it has
+ever cured a single case, and the most that can be honestly said of
+it is that patients have improved in general health while taking it,
+although it has not influenced the amount of sugar. Yet we are told
+in this advertisement that Pesqui’s Uranium Wine “positively cures
+sugared diabetes provided it is resorted to at an early stage and used
+during a sufficient length of time.” Dill’s Diabetic Mixture appears
+to consist mainly of extract of hydrastis, a well-known drug, which
+amongst the many virtues claimed for it has never been shown to possess
+any influence over diabetes; yet the advertisement says that Dill’s
+Diabetic Mixture is the “only known remedy for this deadly disease”!
+There is another triple nostrum for diabetes which, on examination,
+was found to consist of tablets of aspirin, unsweetened lime-juice,
+and a pink powder composed of sodium sulphate flavoured with oil of
+peppermint and tinted with phenolphthalein. These simple remedies were
+solemnly vouched for by the vendors in the following words: “We have
+satisfied ourselves that the treatment is an absolute and permanent
+cure”! Apparently the law cannot reach those who publish deliberately
+untruthful statements with the object of selling their goods. The words
+of the judgment of the Lord Justice Clerk in a case with reference
+to Bile Beans, heard on appeal in the Court of Session at Edinburgh,
+should have aroused the Government to a sense of its duty to provide
+protection to the public. The Lord Justice Clerk exposed in plain
+language the procedure by which the vendors of this nostrum had worked
+up their business and palmed off their medicine on the public, yet the
+number of their advertisements does not appear to have diminished.
+
+
+VIN URANÉ PESQUI.
+
+This medicated wine is made in Bordeaux but is sold in this country
+from a depôt in London. The price charged for a bottle holding 24 fluid
+ounces is 8s.
+
+A small booklet, entitled _Diabetes and its Cure by the Vin Urané
+Pesqui_, was enclosed with the bottle; a few extracts from this are
+here given:
+
+    It has been shown by medical statistics that there are
+    in France every year 10,000 deaths or more, due to
+    diabetes through a deficient treatment, whilst they
+    could have been cured by taking the Vin Urané Pesqui....
+
+    Organic sugar enters the blood together with the
+    alimentary sugar, the former being destroyed by the
+    molecular changes that it undergoes for the nutrition
+    of the different organs. If not sufficiently destroyed,
+    it is productive of glycohemia, and as it passes into
+    the urine it brings forth glycosuria; this pathological
+    state determines, in course of time, particularly among
+    persons suffering from obesity, some of the following
+    diseases: polydipsy (excessive thirst), oedema in the
+    legs, the enfeeblement of the physical and intellectual
+    faculties, visionary troubles, amblyopia, cataract or
+    gutta-opaca, headaches and anaemia, followed by dryness
+    of the skin, successive furuncles, gatherings or boils,
+    eczemas, itching on the skin provoking an irresistible
+    desire to scratch one self, anthrax, urinary gravel,
+    lumbago, sciatica, albuminuria, polyuria (insipid
+    diabetes, without sugar, excessive emission of urine),
+    rheumatism, dropsy, bulimia (insatiable appetite)
+    or polyphagia, azoturia (large quantity of urine
+    with a heavy percentage of uric acid), then fearful
+    complications; pneumonia, prurience, either vulvar or
+    prepucial; diabetic phimosis, gangrene in different
+    parts of the body, particularly in the toes, the nails
+    of which become black; consumption, etc. Great mental
+    worries are also productive of glycosuria....
+
+    Pesqui’s Urané Wine positively cures sugared diabetes,
+    provided it is resorted to at an early stage and used
+    during a sufficient length of time.
+
+    As soon as the patient has made use of this wine, his
+    thirst is allayed almost instantaneously; his strength
+    reappears; all his functions are gradually restored;
+    his breathing, which the absence of feculents had
+    rendered difficult, becomes easier; he is no longer
+    put out of breath, nor does he feel any lassitude; he
+    can now walk about without undergoing any fatigue; his
+    look improves and his temper assumes a more pleasant
+    character....
+
+    The Vin Urané (Uranated Wine) prepared by Mr. Pesqui,
+    of Bordeaux, has been qualitatively analysed at the
+    Barral chemistry laboratory. The result of this
+    analysis points to this medicine being a compound of
+    old Bordeaux wine, in accordance with Bouchardat’s
+    prescriptions, to which the following elements have
+    been added: azotate of uranium, pepsine, and other
+    appropriate elements.
+
+The dose was given on the label as:
+
+    Three small sherry-glassfuls per day, with or without
+    water, 5 minutes before, or immediately after meals,
+    and at night before bedtime.
+
+Analysis of the wine showed it to contain, in 100 parts by measure
+
+    Alcohol                                               8·75 parts.
+    Glycerine                                             3·55   ”
+    Total solids                                          2·92   ”
+    Fixed acid, reckoned as tartaric                      0·43 part.
+    Volatile acid, reckoned as acetic                     0·21   ”
+    Reducing sugar                                        0·28   ”
+    Cane sugar                                          doubtful trace.
+    Ash                                                   0·30 part.
+    Uranium, equivalent to crystalline uranium nitrate    0·02   ”
+
+No digestive power whatever on egg-albumen could be detected,
+indicating the absence of unchanged pepsin. The amount of uranium found
+corresponds to one-twelfth of a grain of the nitrate in 1 fluid ounce,
+or half a grain in the daily dose, a sherry glass usually holding about
+2 ounces.
+
+The cost of the preparation depends, of course, on the cost of the
+original wine, and is scarcely affected by the added ingredients.
+
+
+DILL’S DIABETIC MIXTURE.
+
+This mixture is sold by a firm in Manchester at the price of 8s. 3d.
+for three bottles (not supplied singly), holding 2 fluid ounces each.
+
+It was advertised in the following terms:
+
+                     DIABETES.
+
+    Dill’s Diabetic Mixture is the only known remedy for
+    this deadly disease. No dieting necessary. It also
+    cures Yellow Jaundice, Gall Stones, Hepatic Asthma, and
+    all Liver Complaints. It is also the very best remedy
+    we know for Kidney Diseases.
+
+In a leaflet enclosed in the package it is stated:
+
+    In Diabetes the Government returns of health show
+    that 100 per cent. die of the disease—that is, all
+    of them—66 out of every 100 die of Coma, and 34 of
+    Pneumonia, so that in ordinary medicine there is no
+    cure. But after 15 years’ experiment I discovered this
+    remedy, by means of which hundreds have been restored
+    to health and strength, the world and their families.
+    It is the only known remedy for this deadly disease....
+
+    ... all Liver complaints and Kidney complaints are
+    cured by this remedy. And it is natural that it should
+    be so, for when we know that the Liver is the workshop
+    of the body; that it makes the Blood, and the Bile,
+    and the Urine, and the Sugar which the kidneys only
+    filter out, I say, when we know this, we may be quite
+    sure that any remedy that cures the liver benefits the
+    whole body. The nerves, the flesh, the skin, the blood,
+    and tissues; even the special senses such as sight,
+    hearing, and smell, with the sense of touch are all
+    improved and benefited by it.
+
+    The Remedy, it is needless to say, will have to be
+    persevered with. These are deadly diseases and must
+    have time.
+
+The dose was given on the label as:
+
+    One teaspoonful every four hours in a tablespoonful of
+    water.
+
+The mixture contained a considerable amount of sediment, partly of
+a heavy nature and partly very light; this caused some difficulty
+in dividing the contents of a bottle without altering the relative
+proportions of the ingredients, and increased the possible error in
+the quantitative results. Alcohol was present to the extent of 35 per
+cent.; the heavier sediment consisted of sodium bicarbonate, which is
+very little soluble in such a liquid; this constituent formed 7·4 per
+cent. of the mixture. Two alkaloids were present in approximately equal
+proportions, the total amounting to 0·25 per cent.; these proved to be
+hydrastine and berberine, and the general nature of the extractive,
+etc., present showed that they had been added in the form of extract,
+fluid extract, or tincture of hydrastis; there is no official standard
+for the alkaloidal strength of these, but, taking the usual proportion,
+the alkaloid found would represent 1·5 per cent. of extract of
+hydrastis. This left a portion of the total solids to be accounted
+for; a small amount of a resin was found which resembled scammony
+resin in its properties, and a larger proportion of a resinoid having
+general resemblance to caulophyllin (obtained from the blue cohosh or
+squaw-root), but the identity of the resin and resinoid could not be
+established owing to the absence of characteristic properties. The
+formula was thus found to be:
+
+    Sodium bicarbonate                        7·4 parts.
+    Extract of hydrastis                      1·5   ”
+    Resin, resinoid, and other extractive     2·2   ”
+    Alcohol                                  35     ”
+    Water to                                100     ”
+
+On the rather liberal assumption that the whole of the unidentified
+portion costs as much as caulophyllin, the estimated cost of the
+ingredients for 6 fluid ounces is 11d.
+
+
+LANCASHIRE NOSTRUM
+
+A treatment for diabetes was, and perhaps is still advertised by a firm
+of manufacturing chemists in Manchester. In a letter addressed to an
+enquirer the manufacturers wrote:
+
+    The treatment was recently discovered by a Lancashire
+    doctor who had himself suffered from diabetes for a
+    great number of years, and used all the recognized
+    medical treatments without effect. His own discovery
+    cured him entirely. The formulas have been entrusted
+    to us, and we are manufacturing and offering the
+    preparation to the suffering public. We have satisfied
+    ourselves that the treatment is an absolute and
+    permanent cure.... We have, therefore, every confidence
+    in recommending it to you.
+
+These statements are supported by a batch of testimonials which are
+not so strong as is usual in such cases. For example, one is headed in
+black type, “Completely cured a gentleman and his two friends,” and
+runs as follows:
+
+    Dear Sir,—I received the treatment yesterday. A friend
+    of mine, a London gentleman, has told me your treatment
+    and the Gluten Bread has (_sic_) completely cured
+    him and two friends of his of sugar diabetes.
+
+The medicines supplied consisted of (1) tablets, of which four were
+to be taken each morning, and (2) a mixture. A month’s supply was
+forwarded for 10s. 6d., from two to four months’ treatment being
+said to be sufficient. A booklet was also sent giving the usual
+directions for a diet free from carbohydrates, and enjoining the use
+of warm clothing, with occasional hot or Turkish baths. The tablets
+(1) contained 5 grains of aspirin; the mixture (2) was composed
+of unsweetened lime-juice containing 6 per cent. of free citric
+acid. A pink powder, described as an aperient, consisted of dried
+sodium sulphate, flavoured with oil of peppermint, and tinted with
+phenolphthalein. These remedies are not new, nor has their use been
+attended with any particular success in the treatment of diabetes. It
+is difficult to see why they should give better results when supplied
+as a nostrum than when ordered in the usual way by medical men, unless
+we attribute something to the suggestive power of bold assertions and
+public advertisement.
+
+
+NOTE ON DIABETIC FOODS.
+
+In the treatment of diabetes it is the rule, in order to diminish the
+amount of sugar passed, to decrease or altogether exclude starchy foods
+from the dietary, and to replace them by various substitutes, of which
+the most important are gluten bread and biscuits. Some of the so-called
+gluten flour and special foods sold as suitable for diabetic patients
+are impositions, inasmuch as they are found to contain either as much
+or nearly as much starch as ordinary flour. In one instance brought
+to notice at the end of 1905, a so-called gluten flour and special
+diabetic foods obtained from Messrs. H. H. Warner and Co., Ltd., who
+are also the vendors of Warner’s Safe Cure, but who in this instance
+acted as agents, it was found that the flour was practically ordinary
+wheaten flour. This is indicated in the following table, in which the
+result of the analysis of the special articles is placed side by side
+with the figures of the official analysis of wheaten flour published by
+the United States Department of Agriculture:
+
+    --------------------------+-------------------+--------------------
+                              |   Department of   |    The Special
+                              |Agriculture, U.S.A.|     Materials.
+                              +---------+---------+---------+----------
+                              | Spring  |  Winter |  Gluten |  Special
+                              | Wheat.  |  Wheat. |  Flour. |  Diabetic
+                              |         |         |         |    Food.
+                              +---------+---------+---------+----------
+    Water                     |  10·4   |    10·5 |  12·65  |  11·06
+    Proteid                   |  12·5   |    11·8 |  10·60  |  12·40
+    Fat                       |   2·2   |     2·1 |    —    |   3·00
+    Convertible carbohydrates |  71·2   |    72·0 |  70·30  |  71·06
+    Mineral matter            |   1·9   |     1·8 |   0·44  |   1·52
+    Fibre                     |   1·8   |     1·8 |    —    |    —
+    --------------------------+---------+---------+---------+----------
+
+It will be seen that the amount of starch and other convertible
+carbohydrates in spring wheat is 71·2, and in the so-called gluten
+flour 70·30.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+OBESITY CURES.
+
+
+The claims made for nostrums advertised for the reduction of corpulence
+are, as a rule, rather less extravagant than usual. A reason for this
+is not far to seek; it is important that the consumer of the medicine
+shall be encouraged to persist in its use for a considerable time, and
+statements as to rapid cure might very soon be found to be at variance
+with the facts and would probably only lead to discontinuance of the
+medicine, and therefore defeat the maker’s object. Nevertheless, the
+emphatic and confident statements, backed by testimonials, so important
+a weapon of the nostrum vendor, are by no means abandoned, as some
+of the quotations below will show. The prices named for the various
+articles described refer, as a rule, to the smallest size of package;
+in most cases larger packages, containing sufficient for several weeks’
+or months’ consumption, are supplied at proportionally lower rates, and
+purchasers are urged to obtain these larger packages.
+
+While certain of these preparations present no particular difficulty
+to the analyst, the majority not only contain vegetable preparations
+devoid of well-marked characters, but since the most important of
+these, extract and fluid extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_, are not
+prepared according to any official formula, and are naturally therefore
+liable to great variation, it is not possible to arrive with perfect
+certainty at the precise composition of such articles by analysis;
+and when, as in the case of any nostrum, the maker can draw on all
+unofficial and even non-medicinal substances for his ingredients, it
+is inevitable that some shall remain not certainly identified. It may
+fairly be assumed, however, that such unknown substances, possessing no
+well-defined chemical characters, will not be likely to have much, if
+any, therapeutic importance.
+
+The belief that sucking lemons will make one thin is widespread, and
+gave origin a few years ago to a passing fashion, so that it was
+impossible to go anywhere, in private house or club, without meeting
+some gouty man or too stout lady who asserted that a sure cure and
+preventive for either condition was some drink made with a fresh lemon.
+It was not surprising, therefore, to find that the chief ingredient in
+two of the secret remedies first analysed was citric acid.
+
+Bladderwrack (_Fucus vesiculosus_) is a common seaweed which has
+earned, it is not quite easy to understand on what grounds, a
+reputation for reducing corpulency. It contains sodium salts in rather
+large quantities, and a small proportion of iodine, much less than many
+other sea-weeds. In Ireland it was once thought to be good for pigs,
+making them fat, and if it has an opposite effect on human beings, that
+effect must be very slight and uncertain.
+
+Still, if people like to pay an absurdly high price for citric acid
+or extract of bladderwrack under other names, it would, perhaps,
+be churlish to object, but the case is rather different with the
+extract or other preparation of the thyroid gland found to be present
+in two of the nostrums most recently analysed. Medical men are not
+infrequently asked by patients for information or for their opinion
+with regard to some substance that has been praised in a family
+newspaper or other easily inspired or corrupted medium to which some
+authority is ascribed, and the detection of thyroid gland in two of the
+preparations analysed justifies a note of warning. The administration
+of thyroid requires to be carefully regulated, and its employment
+in self-medication cannot be regarded as a safe proceeding. Under
+these circumstances it can hardly be necessary to say that postal
+communication with the vendors of the medicines in question, even
+when accompanied by the patient’s answers to printed questions and
+description of his symptoms, is not only of no value, but may be a
+source of danger by giving a false sense of security.
+
+It is curious indeed to note that one of these secret preparations,
+Marmola, does not appear to be advertised to the public as a
+proprietary article at all, but is named as one ingredient among others
+in a prescription which is recommended in a paragraph apparently
+dictated solely by pity for suffering fat people; the chemist to whom
+the prescription will be taken to be compounded, however, is the
+recipient of advertising matter urging him to lay in a stock of the
+article to be in readiness for the demand. It is to be hoped that no
+chemist would dispense such a “prescription” without making it clear
+to his customer that what is supplied is a proprietary article, about
+the usefulness or innocuousness of which he knows nothing; otherwise
+the customer, who finds it named along with preparations bearing the
+letters “B.P.,” is likely to suppose that it is a known substance,
+and that the dispensing of the prescription by a chemist indicates
+that the mixture is a proper and safe one to take. Two of the other
+preparations described are evidently usually or always supplied to the
+public without the agency of any retailer, the vendor thus securing the
+whole profit, which, it will be seen, is considerable. In both these
+cases the attempt is clearly made to get the customer to pay at once
+for as large a quantity as possible, presumably because he will be less
+likely to do so after giving the medicines a trial. The most alluring
+prospects are, of course, held out in the advertisements, but when the
+customer has been drawn into correspondence, and especially after he
+has begun to send his money, a process of “hedging” begins, as will be
+seen from the extracts quoted from letters sent by the vendors.
+
+Phenolphthalein—a chemical body sold sometimes under the trade names
+purgen, laxoin, laxatol, laxen, etc.—appears as an ingredient in two of
+the nostrums, and formamine (hexamethylene-tetramine)—which goes also
+by many names, urotropine, cystamin, cystogen, metramine, and vesalvine
+among others—in one, the preparation containing the latter is said to
+have been devised as the result of an accident in the laboratory, in
+which a piece of fat became changed into oil without the rupture of the
+fat cells, a statement which suggests that the advertiser thinks that
+fat in the human body is solid like tallow or lard.
+
+
+ANTIPON.
+
+This preparation is sold by a Company with offices in London. The
+bottle in which it is sent out holds a little over 6½ fluid ounces and
+costs 2s. 6d. It bears no label, but has the word “Antipon” blown in
+the glass. A circular enclosed with the bottle gives a number of rules
+on the subject of dietary, together with statements as to the merits of
+the article, from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+    As a really permanent cure for corpulence, combining
+    remarkable fat-reducing properties with tonic
+    principles of the highest quality, “Antipon” is justly
+    regarded by the most competent authorities as one of
+    the most valuable discoveries in modern therapeutics,
+    solving once and for all the vexed question of the
+    radical cure of obesity without harmful after-effects.
+    “Antipon” absolutely and definitely replaces all the
+    weakening and frequently dangerous processes, systems
+    and medicines which have hitherto done duty as remedies
+    for the disease of obesity. It provides the medical
+    practitioner and the public with a powerful and
+    entirely harmless specific not hitherto within their
+    reach.
+
+    Within a day and a night of taking the first dose
+    there will be a reduction of weight varying from 8 oz.
+    to 3lb., in extreme cases even more. The subsequent
+    daily decrease will be persistent until normal weight
+    and dimensions are attained, when the doses may be
+    discontinued.
+
+    Directions for Use.—Take two dessertspoonfuls in half
+    a wineglassful of water, immediately after meals.
+    N.B.—After taking dose, cork the bottle securely.
+
+Analysis showed the liquid to be a solution of citric acid in water,
+of the strength of 39·3 grains in a fluid ounce; a red colouring
+substance was also present, and O·4 per cent. of alcohol, the latter
+being doubtless introduced with the colouring. The red colour could be
+perfectly matched with cochineal, but the behaviour towards alkalies
+and other reagents showed differences; cochineal, with the addition
+of a little methyl orange, however, showed in most respects a similar
+behaviour.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients for 6½ fluid ounces is 1⅓d.
+
+
+RUSSELL’S ANTI-CORPULENT PREPARATION.
+
+This preparation is sold from an address in London and like the
+previous one, was in a bottle bearing no label; the letters “F.C.R.”
+were blown in the glass, and the bottle, which held 12½ fluid ounces
+and cost 6s., was enclosed in a perfectly plain case, with no printed
+matter accompanying it. A pamphlet on the subject of the medicine was
+posted separately to the person ordering it; in this it was explained
+that:
+
+    Acting upon the many suggestions received, principally
+    from ladies, the bottles are packed quite plainly,
+    and without the ordinary trade labels usually found
+    upon medicines, etc. The box is quite devoid of
+    advertisements or anything whatever likely to denote
+    its contents. The servants and others attached to the
+    household may therefore be safely entrusted to open the
+    box; inquisitiveness, if present, will not be rewarded.
+
+In this pamphlet very detailed directions were also given for taking
+the medicine, and for diet and exercise. It was stated that:
+
+    In a very short space of time, say twenty-four hours,
+    a considerable quantity of the most unhealthy fat will
+    have been removed from that part of the system most in
+    need of relief from the adipose matter oppressing it
+    (the quantity varies from 8 oz. to 2 lb., or even more).
+
+    The dose is one tablespoonful in a half-wineglassful of
+    water, within, say, ten minutes after each meal.
+
+Analysis showed the liquid to consist of a solution of citric acid in
+water, containing 37 grains in a fluid ounce. The orange colour was
+found to be due to iron, which was present to the extent of 0·012 per
+cent.; and 0·4 per cent. of alcohol was also found. Addition of this
+proportion of iron in the form of the ammonio-citrate was found to give
+a practically identical colour, and the formula is approximately:
+
+    Citric acid                       37 grains.
+    Iron and ammonium citrate          ¼ grain.
+    Rectified spirit                   2 minims.
+    Water                              To 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 12½ fluid ounces is 2·1d.
+
+
+ABSORBIT REDUCING PASTE AND J. Z. OBESITY TABLETS.
+
+These two preparations are sold by a “Hygienic Skin Specialist.” The
+paste, or, perhaps, both preparations, appear to be also known under
+the name of “Zobeide,” as the paste was supplied in response to an
+order for “Zobeida,” and the jar bore a label giving a so-called
+“analysis” (which it is needless to say was no analysis) beginning,
+“We have carefully examined the Zobeide Tissue Absorbers and Paste.”
+The price of the paste was 3s. 6d., and the jar contained just over 2
+ounces. The directions on the label were:
+
+    Rub in a circular direction, at night, where needed,
+    for five minutes or more; firm, even movements, and
+    only use as much as the skin will absorb.
+
+The paste was a pink ointment, containing 93 per cent. of a fatty
+basis, 4·8 per cent. of a substance which agreed in its characters with
+dried bile, and was evidently ordinary “purified ox-bile,” and a little
+carmine, the remainder being moisture. Further examination of the fatty
+basis showed a considerable proportion of beeswax, and the analytical
+results obtained agreed with a mixture of:
+
+    Beeswax                23 parts.
+    Lard                   46   ”
+    Rapeseed (colza) oil   31   ”
+
+It is not possible, however, to assign an exact formula to a mixture
+of fatty substances like this. The composition of the paste was
+approximately:
+
+    Purified ox-bile        5 per cent.
+    Beeswax                22    ”
+    Lard                   44    ”
+    Oil                    29    ”
+    Carmine                q.s.
+    A trace of perfume was also present.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients (2 ounces) is 3d.
+
+The tablets are sold in boxes, containing 25, price, 2s.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Two at night dissolved in the mouth as an ordinary
+    lozenge.
+
+The tablets were flat oval lozenges weighing 19 grains each. Analysis
+showed their composition to be as follows:—
+
+    Sulphur           24 per cent.
+    Ginger, about      4    ”
+    Sugar             61    ”
+    Acacia gum         8    ”
+    Moisture           3    ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 25 lozenges is ½d.
+
+
+XL REDUCING PILLS AND REDUCING LOTION.
+
+Hughes & Hughes’s XL Reducing Pills and Ointment are advertised from
+an address in a seaside town. The pills are sold in boxes containing
+28, price 2s. 9d. a box. The preparation was described, in a circular
+enclosed with the box, as:
+
+    A remedy at once safe, speedy, and efficacious, and
+    of marked value from the health point of view, as it
+    combats the special ills to which the corpulent have
+    a liability. It is very easy to take, the pills being
+    tasteless, and does not necessarily oblige any special
+    course of diet.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    2 pills, twice a day, after principal meals.
+
+The pills were coated with French chalk, and coloured pink on the
+outside. After removal of the coating they had an average weight of 3
+grains. Analysis showed them to contain a vegetable extract, powdered
+ginger, powdered liquorice, iron, potassium, phosphate, and iodide; in
+addition to the mineral constituents just named, the ash showed all
+the constituents of the ash of extract of bladderwrack; various other
+tests applied to the pills indicated this extract to be present, and
+failed to show any other ingredients. The quantities of the respective
+substances were determined as accurately as possible, and the formula
+found to be approximately:
+
+    Potassium iodide                  0·15 grain.
+    Iron phosphate                    0·35   ”
+    Powdered ginger                   0·2    ”
+       ”     liquorice                0·1    ”
+    Extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_    2·2 grains.
+                  In one pill.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 28 pills is 1¼d.
+
+The Reducing Lotion for external use only with the XL reducing Pills is
+sold at 4s. 6d. a bottle, containing 2¼ fluid ounces.
+
+    Directions for Use.—To a little of the lotion add
+    three or four times the amount of water (to a spoonful,
+    three or four spoonfuls of water). The lotion is in
+    a highly concentrated form, and equals a bottle four
+    times the size. The lotion should be applied night and
+    morning, gently, without rubbing, by means of the hand,
+    or a piece of rag, to the part desired. Any part that
+    is abnormally enlarged can be so treated, except the
+    face, to which it should not be applied. The XL lotion
+    will not irritate the most delicate skin, but it should
+    not be used when there is any scratch or abrasion.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of chloride, bromide, and iodide of
+potassium, glycerine, and a small quantity of a resinous substance in
+combination with alkali. The amount of the last constituent was very
+small, the resinous substance only amounting to 0·08 per cent.; it
+was somewhat bitter, with little colour, and showed no characteristic
+reactions or properties by which it could be identified. The
+proportions of the other ingredients were found to be:
+
+    Potassium iodide           9·7 grains.
+        ”     bromide         13·5   ”
+        ”     chloride         6·9   ”
+    Glycerine                105 minims.
+    Water                    To 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients (2¼ fluid ounces) is about ¾d.
+
+
+TRILENE TABLETS.
+
+These tablets are advertised from an address in London, in boxes price
+2s. 6d., containing 66 tablets.
+
+Enclosed with the package was a little book containing testimonials,
+directions, etc., and also a small circular giving instructions as to
+diet, with the addition:
+
+    We desire to say that such precautions are not
+    indispensable by any means, but we formulate the above
+    for the guidance of those in whom any peculiarity of
+    Constitution may render such care salutary, and to
+    promote rapidity of cure.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Three of the tablets three times a day 10 minutes
+    before meals, either dissolved on the tongue or taken
+    as pills. (_No change of diet being essential._)
+
+It was also added:
+
+    The present supply lasts one week, in which time
+    the weight begins to lessen, but a marked change in
+    appearance naturally occupies _several weeks_ to
+    effect.
+
+Two separate packages of the tablets were obtained for analysis at an
+interval of several weeks; in the first supply the tablets were of a
+dirty white colour and contained no dye, but in the second they were
+bright yellow, and contained a yellow dye, which appeared to be one
+of the coal-tar colours; the other ingredients were the same as those
+found on the first occasion. The average weight of one tablet was 0·9
+grain, and they were found to contain 87 per cent. of sugar, 2·4 per
+cent. of moisture, and O·5 per cent. of ash; about three-quarters
+of the remainder was starch, principally potato starch, but with a
+little maize. The residual 2 or 3 per cent. was a gelatinous substance
+which showed no marked reactions or characters, and exhibited only
+traces of cell tissue when examined microscopically. Analysis of the
+ash showed it to contain sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium
+chloride, sulphate, and phosphate; these are the constant constituents
+of the ash of extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_; an aqueous extract of the
+tablets contained a small quantity of mucilage similar to that yielded
+by the same drug. By taking some _Fucus vesiculosus_ in the wet state,
+pounding it to a pulp and boiling it, a material was obtained agreeing
+with the gelatinous substance from the tablets, and there appeared no
+ground for doubting the identity of the two. Careful search was made
+for alkaloids and other substances in small quantity, but without any
+being found. The formula thus became:
+
+    _Fucus vesiculosus_, in pulp     3 per cent. (dry weight).
+    Starch                           7    ”
+    Sugar                           87    ”
+    Water                            3    ”
+    Yellow dye                       q.s.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients (66 tablets) is one-fortieth of a
+penny.
+
+
+HARGREAVE’S REDUCING WAFERS.
+
+This preparation is supplied from an address in London in boxes price
+1s. 1½d., containing 21.
+
+The following extracts are taken from a circular enclosed with the box;
+the circular contained also a number of testimonials, with directions,
+etc.
+
+    Purely vegetable. Contain nothing harmful. Can be
+    taken at any time with perfect safety. Dose: Three
+    wafers daily. One after Breakfast, Dinner and Supper.
+    If Supper is not taken, one after Tea instead. May be
+    dissolved on the tongue or taken as pills. No change in
+    diet necessary.
+
+    The supply sent herewith lasts one week, in which time
+    the Fat commences to get less. In most cases, however,
+    to complete a cure takes about seven weeks, therefore
+    clients should now send for the further six weeks’
+    treatment.
+
+The “wafers” were really compressed tablets of the ordinary shape,
+coated with French chalk, and coloured pink externally with eosin.
+After removing the coating the average weight of the tablets was
+2·4 grains; they consisted of substances of “extract” nature, with
+about 10 per cent. of powdered liquorice. Analysis of the ash showed
+all the constituents of the ash of extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_
+(bladderwrack), and other tests indicated that this extract formed
+about one-half of the tablet; the other constituent (or constituents)
+also of “extract” nature, showed no reactions or properties by which it
+could be identified, and it was probably present merely as excipient.
+
+
+ALLAN’S ANTI-FAT.
+
+This substance is supplied by an American “Botanic Medicine Company”
+from a London office, in bottles containing 6½ fluid ounces, price 6s.
+6d.
+
+On the wrapper appeared the words:
+
+    Purely vegetable. Perfectly harmless. Always
+    efficacious.
+
+    We call special attention to the efficacy of
+    our Anti-Fat in the cure of that distressing
+    complaint—indigestion or dyspepsia. It acts solely
+    upon the food in the stomach, regulating and putting
+    the liver and discharging organs in good working order.
+
+A circular was enclosed with the bottle, entitled, “How to get lean
+without starvation,” from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+    A very extensive observation has convinced us, since
+    our first circular treatise was issued, that in the
+    majority of cases the Anti-Fat must be taken for
+    from two to three, and, in rare cases, even four
+    weeks before the patient will begin to notice much
+    reduction of flesh, after which the loss goes on
+    rapidly—generally from three to five pounds a week. In
+    some cases the diminution in weight commences from the
+    first two or three days’ use of it.
+
+    The treatment of obesity has hitherto rested on no sure
+    basis.
+
+    Through the study of physiological chemistry, a
+    _specific_ has at length been discovered, which,
+    from the name of the discoverer, has been called
+    Allan’s Anti-Fat.
+
+    Directions: Take two teaspoonfuls of the Anti-Fat in a
+    wineglass full of water or sweet milk before each meal.
+
+A small slip was also enclosed headed “CAUTION!!” which stated:
+
+    The color, as well as the flavor, of the Anti-Fat,
+    varies somewhat with age and exposure to light,
+    but neither in the least impairs its virtues. The
+    temperature of the weather at the time of the
+    manufacture of this remedy has also much to do with its
+    clearness, or transparency, but does not affect its
+    properties.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of alcohol, glycerine, potassium iodide,
+salicylic acid, and a vegetable extract which from its properties and
+the analysis of the ash was evidently a purified extract of _Fucus
+vesiculosus_. The proportion of the latter drug represented could not,
+of course, be determined with certainty for the reasons already given,
+but the amounts of the other ingredients were ascertained by analysis,
+and the formula was approximately as follows:
+
+    Potassium iodide                           0·3 grain.
+    Salicylic acid                             1·0   ”
+    Glycerine                                 40 minims.
+    Fluid extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_      70   ”
+    Water                                      To 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients (6½ fluid ounces) is 3d.
+
+
+MARMOLA.
+
+This preparation is supplied by another American Company, which also
+has a depôt in London. It is sold in packages, containing ½ ounce,
+price 2s. 6d.
+
+This preparation, which has been largely advertised in daily and
+weekly newspapers, is not represented as a proprietary article, but
+is mentioned as one ingredient of a prescription to be made up at a
+chemist’s. The following advertisement is a sample:
+
+                 Is Fatness a Social Offence?
+
+    “The female form, being capable of expressing a supreme
+    degree of grace, should be an inspiration in our daily
+    lives and lead up to higher ideals of beauty,” said
+    an art lecturer lately. Therefore the fat woman is an
+    enemy to the artistic uplift, for she is entirely too
+    heavy for any wings of fancy to raise.
+
+    Why should any woman remain fat when it is so easy
+    to reduce one’s flesh? A woman may take but little
+    exercise and enjoy the best of food, and still
+    preserve a beautiful figure. She has at hand a simple
+    fat-reducer that takes the place of starving and
+    gymnastics. It consists of a dessertspoonful after
+    meals and at bedtime of this simple mixture: One
+    half-ounce of Marmola, one ounce of fluid extract of
+    Glycyrrhiza B.P., one ounce of pure Glycerine B.P.,
+    and Peppermint Water to make six ounces in all. Every
+    over-fat person should try it. It’s quite harmless, and
+    will take off as much as a pound of fat a day. With a
+    chemist’s handy, anyone can have a good figure at a
+    reasonable cost.
+
+A dessertspoonful of the mixture prescribed would contain about 9 or 10
+grains of Marmola. The prescription and directions were reproduced on
+the label of the package, and it was added:
+
+    If faithfully taken as directed for 60 or 90 days,
+    satisfactory results should be obtained.
+
+which is a decidedly milder statement than that in the advertisement
+that it “will take off as much as a pound of fat a day.”
+
+The box contained a light brown powder, and analysis showed the
+presence of (1) a large proportion of a powdered seaweed, agreeing well
+in characters with the powder of _Fucus vesiculosus_, its identity
+being further indicated by the composition of the ash; (2) a substance
+of proteid nature, agreeing well in characters with the powder of
+dried thyroid gland, its identity being further indicated by the
+presence of iodine in organic combination; (3) phenolphthalein; (4)
+sodium chloride (common salt); and (5) extractive. The last showed no
+well-marked characters by which it could be identified, and differed
+both in quantity and some minor properties from the extracts obtained
+from a specimen of powdered fucus which was used for comparison. This
+difference might quite well be due to differences in the drug or in
+the treatment it had received, or the extract may represent some other
+ingredient possessed of no distinctive characters; a trace of oil of
+peppermint was also present.
+
+Although it was easy to ascertain the nature of the ingredients the
+determination of the proportions in which they were present in such a
+mixture offered no little difficulty. It is not necessary to detail
+here the methods employed, but it will suffice to say that while every
+care was taken to make the results as accurate as possible, they cannot
+in the nature of the case be more than approximate. The formula arrived
+at was:
+
+                                                            In one Dose.
+    Dried thyroid gland                      14 per cent.    1·4 grain.
+    Phenolphthalein                           4    ”         0·4   ”
+    Sodium chloride                           7    ”         0·7   ”
+    Powdered _Fucus vesiculosus_        50    ”         5·0 grains.
+      Extractive                             25    ”         2·5   ”
+    Oil of peppermint                        trace           trace.
+
+Taking the “extractive” at the price of some of the commoner medicinal
+extracts, the estimated cost of the ingredients for half an ounce is
+about 4d.
+
+
+FIGUROIDS.
+
+The tablets sold under the name of Figuroids are or were recently
+supplied by a London Company, price 2s. 9d. per bottle, containing 12
+large and 12 small tablets.
+
+They were described in a pamphlet enclosed in the package as
+
+    A Scientific Obesity Cure discovered through an
+    accident while making Scientific Investigations in the
+    Laboratory.
+
+Other extracts from the pamphlet are as follows:
+
+    In looking through quantities of anti-fat literature
+    one finds all kinds of crude, ignorant explanations,
+    such as, for example, that the remedy absorbs the fat.
+    Now, a sponge absorbs water, or any dry thing will
+    absorb a liquid, but common sense will tell you that
+    a liquid taken into the body will not absorb fat; you
+    can clearly understand that point without further
+    explanation. Another remedy, it is claimed, simply
+    destroys the fat. This explanation is, as you can see,
+    equally preposterous. In Nature nothing is destroyed.
+    When a piece of coal is burned it is not destroyed, it
+    is only changed into gases and smoke, and fat is not
+    destroyed by any remedy.
+
+    Now here is the true and scientific explanation. When
+    Figuroids are taken, and the fat passes out of those
+    cells into the circulation, it is oxidized. This
+    produces chiefly water and carbonic acid gas. This
+    oxidation takes place while it is being carried along
+    in the circulating blood. This carbonic acid gas and
+    water vapour are eliminated from the system as already
+    explained.
+
+    When you take Figuroids, therefore, your extra fat
+    simply passes from the adipose cells through their
+    unbroken walls into the blood, and is there changed to
+    water and Carbon Dioxide, and thus leaves the body.
+
+    This is the scientific, simple, natural explanation,
+    and Figuroids is the only remedy which has the
+    effect....
+
+    If then you are exceedingly stout and suffering from
+    all the unpleasant symptoms resulting from that
+    condition, if you find your weight excessive, if you
+    suffer from heart palpitation, if you have redness
+    of the face with annoying perspiration and shiny
+    appearance of the nose and face, if the throat and
+    bosom are altogether too stout, and if the lines of the
+    figure have been lost, or if the abdomen has become
+    too prominent, if Gout and Rheumatism make themselves
+    manifest occasionally, and all the disagreeable and
+    often dangerous symptoms of Obesity are apparent, you
+    will know that in Figuroids you have a perfectly safe
+    remedy, while if you suffer but slightly from Obesity
+    and all the symptoms are less marked, you will also
+    know that Figuroids furnish you with an effective,
+    agreeable, and perfectly Safe cure....
+
+    When taking Figuroids it is not necessary to unduly
+    restrict yourself in the matter of diet. You may eat
+    and drink what you desire in reason. It would of
+    course, be foolish to drink or eat excessively of fat
+    or fattening foods.
+
+In another enclosed circular the Company stated that:
+
+    They have decided to originate a No Cure No Payment
+    system, and will refund the purchase money to any
+    patient whose weight is not reduced by from two to six
+    pounds per month whilst taking Figuroids.... This offer
+    to refund purchase money is made on the understanding
+    that the Figuroid Company’s instructions are faithfully
+    observed and the conditions of their offer complied
+    with.
+
+The directions on the label were as follows:
+
+        Each bottle contains an equal number of full doses
+        (large tablet) and half doses (small tablet).
+
+        Take regularly one full dose (large tablet) dissolved
+        in plain or soda water within 30 minutes after each of
+        the first three meals on the first day. Next day take
+        one half dose (small tablet) dissolved in plain or
+        soda water within 30 minutes after each of the three
+        meals. Third day take full doses again; and so continue
+        alternating.
+
+Although it is here clearly conveyed, without directly making the
+statement, that the large and small tablets only differ in being full
+doses and half doses respectively, examination showed their composition
+to be different, and it was necessary to analyse them separately.
+
+_Large Tablets._
+
+The large tablets had an average weight of 58 grains; analysis showed
+them to contain an effervescing mixture of sodium bicarbonate and
+tartaric acid, in which the former was in excess, so that the resulting
+product was alkaline, together with sodium chloride (common salt),
+phenolphthalein, formamine (hexamethylene-tetramine), talc, and gum.
+The quantity of each of the ingredients was determined as accurately
+as possible, with the results given below; it will be noted that these
+quantities add up to 101·4 instead of 100, the reason being that the
+whole of the soda is for convenience represented as bicarbonate,
+whereas a portion of it had become converted to carbonate by loss of
+carbon dioxide.
+
+                                            In One Tablet.
+    Sodium bicarbonate     62·0 per cent.    38·9 grains.
+    Tartaric acid          22·6   ”          13·1   ”
+    Sodium chloride         6·5   ”           3·8   ”
+    Phenolphthalein         2·0   ”           1·2   ”
+    Formamine               3·5   ”           2·0   ”
+    Talc                    2·8   ”
+    Gum about               2·0   ”
+
+Hexamethylene-tetramine or formamine, is perhaps better known by its
+trade names—urotropine, cystamin, urisol, etc.; it does not appear to
+have been described as of value for obesity.
+
+_Small Tablets._
+
+The small tablets had an average weight of 34·3 grains. Analysis showed
+them to contain sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid, but in this case
+the latter was in excess and the product acid; the other ingredients
+were sodium chloride, phenolphthalein, and talc. The results of
+quantitative determinations indicated the following formula (more
+carbon dioxide had been lost in this case; the figures add up to 108·5,
+the reason being that given above):
+
+                                             In One Tablet.
+    Sodium bicarbonate     34·8 per cent.     11·9 grains.
+    Tartaric acid          46·3    ”          15·9   ”
+    Sodium chloride        22·8    ”           7·6   ”
+    Phenolphthalein         1·6    ”           0·5 grain.
+    Talc                    3·0    ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of the contents of a 2s. 9d.
+bottle is 1¾d.
+
+
+FELL REDUCING TREATMENT.
+
+In pushing this “treatment,” advertised by an Association giving an
+address in London, the system of letters in series is resorted to, but
+a small package, containing 112 tablets, can be purchased for 6s. 6d.
+
+An advertisement ran as follows:
+
+         FAT PEOPLE GIVEN FREE TREATMENT.
+
+    We have such marvellous records of reductions effected
+    in hundreds of cases with the Fell Reducing Treatment,
+    that we have decided, for a limited period only, to
+    give free trial treatments.
+
+    7 LB. PER WEEK REDUCTION IS GUARANTEED,
+    without dieting. Perfectly harmless, pleasant; easy and
+    quick results. Send no money. Simply address the Fell
+    Formula Association, 340, Century House, 205, Regent
+    Street, London, W., enclosing stamp to pay postage,
+    when a free supply in plain wrapper will be immediately
+    forwarded.
+
+A free supply was sent on application, accompanied by a letter and
+sundry circulars; other letters followed at intervals, and extracts
+from some of these will be given. They were printed in imitation of
+typewriting, with the name and address typed in, so as to give the
+appearance of being personal letters. It will be noted that when a
+customer has been attracted by the advertisement that “7 lb. per week
+reduction is guaranteed, without dieting,” very much smaller claims are
+gradually substituted.
+
+        Esteemed Friend,
+
+        Your favour of recent date has received our careful
+        attention, and we take pleasure in sending you a three
+        days’ trial of the Fell Reducing Treatment. Before
+        taking it, weigh yourself, and then again in three
+        days, on the same scales and in the same clothes, you
+        will find you have lost some 3 lb. in weight.
+
+        An abnormal condition like corpulency requires that the
+        antidote directly reaches the seat of the complaint,
+        and by these Reducers the blood will be purified, and
+        all the organs of the body restored to natural healthy
+        action, while the germs of the disease will be entirely
+        eradicated from the system, so that the superfluous
+        fat, which will be removed will not return....
+
+        At the present stage of the disease in your case, we
+        can positively assure you that under our treatment a
+        marked improvement will begin at once, and continue
+        steadily until a complete reduction in weight, with all
+        the benefits to general health, is effected. Unlike
+        most other methods of treatment, the action begins
+        immediately and the sufferer feels better almost from
+        the beginning, and it is with confidence that we advise
+        you to begin a course of treatment with our Reducing
+        Preparation at once.
+
+        Our regular terms and prices are 26s. for a case
+        containing three 11s. boxes, whereby a saving of 7s. is
+        effected.
+
+        If you take up the treatment in this manner you can be
+        sure of having sufficient of the Tablets to take you
+        through to a quick reduction. Single boxes of Tablets,
+        however, are supplied at 11s. and smaller sizes at 6s.
+        6d. The 6s. 6d. box covers a ten days’ treatment, while
+        the 11s. boxes contain three times the quantity of the
+        6s. 6d.
+
+This letter was not answered, but before long another was received
+which contained the following passages:
+
+    In sending you the sample of the “Fell” Preparation,
+    we did so more to show the thorough nature of our
+    treatment than from the expectation that material
+    benefit would be realized from same. As you require to
+    bring about a certain reduction you must necessarily
+    undergo a certain course of treatment. A pound a day
+    reduction results in many cases, and there is every
+    reason to expect that such reduction can be effected in
+    yours. A serious affliction such as obesity is not to
+    be removed by any temporary remedy or with a few days’
+    treatment....
+
+    Remember, a 26s. case contains sufficient treatment to
+    reduce materially the most stubborn and long standing
+    case, while an 11s. box contains three times the
+    quantity of the 6s. 6d. box....
+
+A supply was sent for and was accompanied by the following letter:
+
+    Dear Sir,
+
+    I have despatched to you the Tablets together with
+    directions and instructions. I ask you to carefully
+    observe same, and am confident if you do so, you will
+    very soon see most beneficial results....
+
+    I am confident that you will be highly delighted with
+    the splendid effects of the Tablets at the end of a few
+    weeks if you follow carefully my instructions and are
+    prompt and regular in taking the Tablets. I am sending
+    you herewith printed instructions and rules for diet.
+    You will note that our suggestion as to what you should
+    eat, if strictly followed, will not work any hardship,
+    and that you will never go hungry....
+
+This letter, signed “________ ‘Adviser, Fell Formula Association,’”
+was accompanied by a printed circular giving rules as to diet, etc.,
+and by a “symptom blank,” to be filled up by the patient in order to
+obtain particulars of “the Fell System of Simple Muscular Movements
+for Reducing the Weight and Increasing the Strength, in combination
+with the ‘Fell’ Reducing Treatment”; it appears from the latter that
+particulars of these exercises are only supplied when the 26s. case is
+sent for.
+
+A fourth letter dealt with generalities and recommended taking the
+reducing treatment in increased quantities, but after an interval a
+fifth was received, enclosing a booklet advocating the use of “the
+Century Thermal Bath Cabinet,” from which the following are extracts:
+
+    ... We have strongly recommended the Home Turkish Bath
+    that it may be used at least once a week as an adjunct
+    to the Reducing Treatment; hence our affiliation to
+    the “Century Thermal” Bath Cabinet, Ltd., whose home
+    cabinet is built on such lines as to render it the best
+    device extant for taking Hot Air or Vapour Baths.
+
+    ... in any event, it were better to spend the required
+    amount, for were the cost as much as £10 in all (it has
+    but rarely exceeded that) the expense is out of all
+    proportion to the ultimate benefit.
+
+    ... with the Fell treatment no case of obesity, in
+    either sex, can fail to be reduced if assisted with the
+    regular use of the Hot Air Bath.
+
+Booklets entitled _Corpulence or Obesity. Its causes, results, and
+successful treatment: The Treatment of Obesity by the “Fell” Reducing
+Treatment_: and _Make Muscle of your Fat_, were also sent at different
+times. The following extracts from two of these scarcely appear
+consistent:
+
+                   A Guarantee to Reduce Weight.
+
+    It is not our purpose to indulge in empty talk only, or
+    in unconsequential boasts. We are prepared to, and do,
+    give a positive guarantee that the Fell Treatment, used
+    in conjunction with the Muscular System, will reduce
+    the fat of any person—provided our instructions are
+    adhered to—in the space of a very few weeks.
+
+                        Do We Guarantee?
+
+    We are frequently asked this question personally and by
+    letter, and reply emphatically—No, we do not. To say
+    Yes—would be illogical and certainly demoralising.
+
+    A guarantee that any medical remedy or curative
+    will absolutely effect its stated purpose is
+    misleading, deceptive, delusive, and is a trap to
+    ensnare, not intelligent individuals, but the unwary,
+    the unsophisticated, and those utterly unable to
+    discriminate as to the merits or demerits of any
+    so-called specific.
+
+The dose was stated to be:
+
+    Nine tablets daily. Three taken three times a day
+    before meals. They may be taken as pills or dissolved
+    on the tongue.
+
+The tablets had an average weight of 1 grain. Analysis showed them to
+contain 90·8 per cent. of milk sugar, 2·4 per cent. of greasy matter,
+which appeared to be a mixture of stearic acid and paraffin, evidently
+employed as a lubricant in making the tablets, and 6·8 per cent. of
+an extract which agreed well in its characters with extract of _Fucus
+vesiculosus_; its identity was further indicated by analysis of the
+ash. Each tablet would thus contain:
+
+    Extract of bladderwrack     0·07 grain.
+    Milk sugar                  0·91   ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 112 tablets is ¼d.
+
+
+NELSON LLOYD SAFE REDUCING TREATMENT.
+
+In this instance the bait of free trial for a fortnight is held out in
+the advertisements issued from an address in London; the following are
+extracts from one advertisement:
+
+    I myself am a member of a family many of whom died
+    prematurely after much mental and physical suffering,
+    arising from corpulence. While studying medicine for
+    my degree, I saw the signs of the family complaint
+    in myself. I naturally sought to avert what I for
+    some time feared as being my hereditary fate. It was
+    when I had almost given up hope that I discovered a
+    cure for my condition, which all the time grew worse,
+    in spite of my hopeful trials of all advertised and
+    unadvertised remedies for stoutness. I at last gave up
+    expecting a cure from other people. I experimented with
+    my own thought-out remedies, and, happily, at last my
+    perseverance—or, rather, my desperation—succeeded....
+
+    The result of several years’ study and experience
+    has only served to make my treatment more and more
+    successful....
+
+    I specially invite those who have tried other remedies
+    for reducing weight without success to write me for:
+
+    I. A copy of my book, “The Scientific Treatment of
+    Obesity” (just published, price 6d.), thoroughly deals
+    with the subject in a popular, readable style....
+
+    II. Two photos of the lady referred to above, with her
+    letter giving full particulars of her cure.
+
+    III. Everything required for a complete fourteen days’
+    free trial treatment.
+
+    I make no charge for all the above, but ask you to
+    enclose sixpence (by postal order), just to cover the
+    expenses of carriage, packing, and dispatch of parcel.
+
+Application for the “Treatment” brought a box containing 42 tablets,
+a copy of the booklet mentioned above, and a letter and form for
+particulars. A few extracts will suffice to show what was claimed and
+the methods adopted.
+
+From the booklet:
+
+    Different cases vary so much that the same treatment is
+    never exactly suited to any two cases. Moreover, the
+    treatment has to be modified as the patient progresses,
+    the condition of the individual being periodically
+    allowed for.... I wish to make it perfectly clear that
+    not only do I offer every client the full benefit
+    of practically a life-study of the whole subject of
+    corpulence, but that I _guarantee_ to effect a
+    cure of every case I take up.
+
+    There are no “ifs” and “buts” about my promises to my
+    patients. I undertake to reduce corpulence by rational
+    individual treatment in each and every case entrusted
+    to me, and I undertake to promise (_sic_) that my
+    treatment is in no way weakening, that it is permanent,
+    and also that it has absolutely no ill effects.
+
+From the first letter:
+
+    One of the Tablets should be taken after each of the
+    three chief meals of the day for the next fortnight. I
+    suggest that if convenient you weigh yourself before
+    beginning the course, and again in fourteen days’ time,
+    with the same scales and in the same clothes. You will
+    find you have lost weight, while improving in your
+    general condition.... My course of Treatment lasts a
+    month except in unusual cases. The tablets I have sent
+    you for the first fortnight will at once put a stop
+    to the fat-forming habit of the body; these tablets
+    are taken during the first fortnight in all cases,
+    and while excellent results follow even in this brief
+    period, they need to be followed up from the fifteenth
+    day by additional and different remedies, adapted to
+    each individual case.
+
+    In order to prepare this part of your Treatment I
+    shall need to have before me full particulars of your
+    case, which you can easily give me by filling up the
+    Consultation Form enclosed herewith....
+
+    My fee for a month’s course of Treatment is one guinea,
+    but you will see that I have given you credit for the
+    first fortnight’s Treatment sent you herewith, because
+    this is free in accordance with my offer through the
+    Press. This means that by sending at once you can
+    have one month’s complete treatment for half cost. To
+    secure this concession you must, however, send me the
+    Consultation Form filled up, and remittance for 10s.
+    6d. in time to continue your Treatment on the fifteenth
+    day, and I must have at least three clear days in
+    which to consider your case and prepare and post your
+    Treatment to reach you in time.
+
+The “Consultation Form” contained questions as to age, height, weight,
+chest and abdomen measurements, details of bodily condition, habits,
+and diet; this was filled up so as to represent an ordinary case of
+moderate obesity, and returned with 10s. 6d. In the next letter it was
+stated:
+
+    I am preparing your second fortnight’s treatment, and
+    it will be forwarded in due course, but I feel I should
+    like to take this opportunity of pointing out to you that
+    there are special features about your case which, while
+    not preventing the accomplishment of the improvement
+    you desire, will, however, entail a little longer
+    course of treatment than one month.
+
+    In my opinion your case requires a two months’ course
+    of my treatment, at the end of which time the results
+    will be all that you can desire. I thought it only
+    right you should know this, and I would like you to
+    tell me if you will take the full course my experience
+    leads me to advise you.
+
+    My fee for the two months’ course is two guineas, but
+    you have already standing to your credit the sum of
+    one guinea, being one half-guinea allowed for first
+    fortnight’s free trial, and the other half-guinea you
+    have just sent me.
+
+    I should like you to take the full course my experience
+    tells me is necessary for you, and if you now send me
+    the one guinea balance, I will at once arrange for the
+    supply of all the necessary remedies to you at the
+    proper intervals.
+
+The second fortnight’s treatment consisted of “special tablets” and a
+liquid; these were accompanied by a further letter, a diet table, and a
+report form, to be filled in and returned after 10 days.
+
+The three kinds of medicine were examined with results as follows:
+
+_The preliminary tablets._—There were 42 in the box, and the directions
+were to take one three times a day after meals.
+
+They were sugar-coated and coloured red externally; after removal of
+the coating, they had an average weight of 4·7 grains. Analysis showed
+them to consist principally of substances of extract nature, together
+with an amount of liquorice fibre representing about 20 per cent. of
+powdered liquorice; iodine was present in organic combination, and
+a nitrogenous substance; the amount of nitrogen was 0·51 per cent.,
+representing 3·2 per cent. of proteid; no tissue of thyroid gland
+was present, and the nitrogenous material was probably contained in
+an extract of this substance. The remainder possessed the general
+characters of extract of _Fucus vesiculosus_, and its identity was also
+indicated by analysis of the ash; some gum was also present, and some
+indication was obtained of another substance also, which, however,
+possessed no important characters, and was probably also of the nature
+of excipient. The formula indicated by the results was thus:
+
+    Extract of bladderwrack        2·5 grains.
+    Proteid of thyroid gland       0·15 grain.
+    Powdered liquorice             0·9    ”
+    Excipient and moisture, etc.   q.s.
+                In one tablet.
+
+_The “special” tablets._—There were 33 of these in a box; the
+directions were to take one after the mid-day and one after the evening
+meal. They were sugar-coated but not coloured. After removal of the
+coating, they had an average weight of 4·6 grains. Analysis showed
+their composition to agree qualitatively with that of the preliminary
+tablets, but the nitrogenous material and the liquorice were present
+in somewhat larger amounts. The following formula was indicated by the
+results:
+
+    Extract of bladderwrack         2·5 grains.
+    Proteid of thyroid gland        0·19 grain.
+    Powdered liquorice              1·4    ”
+    Excipient and moisture, etc.    q.s.
+                    In one tablet.
+
+_The liquid._—Two fluid ounces were supplied, the directions being to
+take 30 drops in a wineglassful of cold water the last thing at night
+before retiring and on rising in the morning. Analysis showed this to
+contain alcohol, glycerine, nitrogenous matter, a little iodine in
+organic combination, and substances of extract nature; the character of
+the extract and the composition of the ash again pointed to its being
+derived from _Fucus vesiculosus_; the amount of nitrogen was determined
+and the equivalent amount of proteid matter calculated; the alcohol and
+glycerine were also determined quantitatively: the amount of extract
+of bladderwrack could only be arrived at by difference, supported by
+the probability that the alcohol was all, or nearly all, added in the
+form of the fluid extract of this drug, and the figure can therefore
+only be given with reservation; there were also indications of some
+small amount of flavouring and colouring matter having been added. The
+approximate formula appeared to be:
+
+    Proteid of thyroid gland          0·3 part.
+    Liquid extract of bladderwrack   32 fluid parts.
+    Glycerine                        12      ”
+                   In 100 fluid parts.
+
+The amount of thyroid actually represented by the nitrogenous matter
+found in these three preparations was too uncertain for an estimate of
+the cost price to be of value.
+
+
+CORPULIN, AND DALLOFF’S TEA “CONTRE L’OBESITÉ” GRAZIANA ZEHRKUR.
+
+    Of the German preparations examined by Dr. Zernik two
+    contain bladderwrack. One called Corpulin contains also
+    tamarind and cascara sagrada. The other, Dalloff’s Tea
+    “Contre l’Obesité,” as to which the advertisers assert
+    that “regular use leads to the removal of superfluous
+    adipose tissue and the person becomes healthy and
+    attains old age” was found to consist of a mixture
+    of the leaves of senna, bearberry (_Uvœ ursi_)
+    and lavender, and anthylla flowers. Any action it may
+    have depends probably on the senna leaves. It is sold
+    in boxes costing 7s. 6d. or 4s. 6d.; the smaller box
+    contains 80 grammes, or nearly 3 ounces of the powder.
+
+    Graziana Reducing Treatment (Zehrkur) is sent out
+    in parcels costing 3s. Each contains a packet of a
+    greyish-brown powder, a box of 40 starch capsules,
+    each containing 0·2 gramme of a light brown
+    finely-divided powder, and a box of 86 pills, each
+    weighing 0·22 gramme. The chief ingredient of each of
+    the preparations is powdered _Fucus_. The pills
+    contain some substance yielding emodin, the purgative
+    principle, or one of the purgative principles, of
+    aloes, rhubarb, buckthorn, and senna, and also some
+    sulphates and chlorides.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+SKIN DISEASES.
+
+
+Proprietary articles for the cure of eczema and other skin affections
+include several which are as widely advertised as any nostrums of
+any kind. Some of them are at first offered at the comparatively low
+price of 1s. 1½d.; but in almost every case the further information
+supplied on application shows that what is really recommended is a
+“treatment,” including an ointment or other application, a special
+soap, and a medicine to be taken internally, and often also a dusting
+powder, and occasionally other articles. The importance of persisting
+in the treatment is strongly emphasised, with the result that anyone
+who once lays out 1s. 1½d. is likely to be drawn into spending quite a
+considerable sum. Only a few out of the long list which might be made
+of these articles have been analysed, but the results throw sufficient
+light on the general nature of the whole class. The most striking point
+about them is perhaps the extremely commonplace nature of the drugs
+selected, although the vendors in some instances would have the buyer
+believe that the preparation sold is the result of years of patient
+experiment.
+
+
+ANTEXEMA.
+
+A Company with an address in London advertises for sale a bottle, price
+1s. 1½d., containing a little less than 1½ ounces, but the “Antexema
+Treatment” includes Antexema, Antexema Soap, and Antexema Granules (to
+be taken internally). On a handbill enclosed with the bottle it was
+stated that:
+
+    In most cases “Antexema” will by itself effect a cure,
+    but the permanence of this is assured by the continued
+    use of a suitable soap, and the cleansing and purifying
+    action of “Antexema Granules” on the blood.
+
+A booklet on “Skin Troubles” was also enclosed, containing some
+“before” and “after” illustrations, but they could hardly be expected
+to convince anyone; directions were given in this for the course to be
+pursued in a variety of disorders, including such “skin troubles” as
+in-growing toenails, lupus, piles, ulcers, etc. Incidentally, twelve
+other preparations made by the same Company, in addition to the three
+named above, were recommended.
+
+On the outer package it was stated that:
+
+    “Antexema” is the most efficacious remedy known for
+    the relief of all inflamed conditions of the skin. Its
+    beneficial effects are not confined to the curing of
+    Eczema, Psoriasis, Nettlerash, Erysipelas, Boils, and
+    other serious troubles, but it is also by far the best
+    remedy for Cuts, Burns, Sores, Bruises, Chilblains,
+    Blisters, Insect bites, and every variety of trouble to
+    which the skin is liable.
+
+Only “Antexema” itself was analysed. It consisted of an emulsion, with
+more or less of a watery layer below it. The directions for use were:
+
+    Shake the bottle well, and, if necessary, stir up
+    the contents until a milky substance is formed. Then
+    gently rub “Antexema” into the parts affected until
+    dry, and if the case is a severe one it should be
+    applied as often as possible. “Antexema” is odourless,
+    non-poisonous, and invisible when rubbed on the skin,
+    and it instantly allays irritation. Do not wash any
+    weeping or inflamed surface until healed, and, if
+    possible, avoid dressings and coverings.
+
+Analysis showed it to consist of:
+
+    Soft paraffin  35·4 per cent.
+    Boric acid      1·5    ”
+    Gummy matter   12·4    ”
+    Water          50·7    ”
+
+The gum resembled in some respects a mixture of acacia and tragacanth,
+but could not be exactly identified.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of 1½ ounces is two-thirds of a
+penny.
+
+
+PACIDERMA PREPARATIONS.
+
+These preparations are advertised as follows from an address in London:
+
+    New Cure for Eczema.—A victim who was cured after
+    5 years’ intense suffering will gladly send to all
+    readers of the _Christian Herald_ full particulars
+    (free) of an inexpensive guaranteed cure for Eczema,
+    Bad Legs, Sore Hands and all Skin Eruptions, on receipt
+    of stamped addressed envelope.—Write to A. Paciderma.
+
+An application to the address given brought a typed letter apparently
+produced on a multiple copy machine, from “Paciderma. Manageress, Mrs.
+E. Avice,” from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+    “Paciderma” ... consists of three preparations (in one
+    package), one for internal use and two for external
+    use. Both internal and external Remedies are absolutely
+    necessary to eradicate the disease.... The price is
+    most moderate, namely 6s. and postage 3d. for the
+    package containing the three preparations for thirty
+    days’ full treatment. In conclusion I would point out
+    to you that these Remedies have met with a world-wide
+    success, even in the worst forms of these terrible
+    complaints, and are in fact so wonderfully successful
+    that they are
+
+             GUARANTEED EFFICACIOUS IN EVERY CASE
+
+    no matter what has previously been tried and failed....
+    Be sure to fill up the Order Form which I am enclosing
+    you as carefully and accurately as you can so that I
+    may be able to give your case my fullest attention and
+    consideration.
+
+This letter was accompanied by a booklet entitled “Eczema and how to
+Cure it,” and by an order form with spaces for name, address, date, and
+the following further particulars:
+
+    Age; sex; occupation; how long been suffering? where
+    the complaint is located; are the spots or wounds
+    dry? is there any sticky discharge? are your bowels
+    constipated? do you suffer from piles? do you suffer
+    from indigestion? do you suffer from rheumatism or
+    gout? Do you suffer from any other complaint?
+
+This form, filled up with the details of an imaginary case, was sent
+with a postal order for the requisite amount. A case of “Paciderma”
+preparations was at once received, and needless to say there was no
+evidence of their having been modified in any way in consequence of
+the “fullest attention and consideration” given to the particulars
+supplied. The preparations were accompanied by a further letter, typed
+like the first, from which the following is extracted:
+
+    One case of the remedies is generally sufficient to
+    effect a cure, and I trust that it may be so in your
+    case, but if the disease has been in the system for
+    years it has got a firm hold, and naturally takes
+    longer to eradicate; therefore, if this case of
+    remedies should not cure you, you must lose no time
+    in writing for a further supply so that no time may
+    be lost between. You must avoid anything likely to
+    irritate the skin, and be especially careful as to the
+    soap you use, as many soaps are most injurious, being
+    quite sufficient in themselves to cause an eruption. I
+    should recommend you to use “Paciderma Skin Soap” to
+    wash yourself with, as it is absolutely pure, and will
+    keep your skin smooth and healthy.
+
+After an interval a further letter was received, which ran as follows:
+
+    Dear Sir,—I have been expecting to hear from you as to
+    how the treatment I sent you some time ago has affected
+    you. I sincerely trust that you have derived benefit
+    from it. As I think I told you before, some cases are
+    naturally much more difficult to cure than others, and
+    take longer time, as in most cases the disease has
+    been for years getting a firm hold on the system, and
+    cannot, therefore, be eradicated in a few days.
+
+    I assure you I should be the last to induce you to
+    spend money, unless I honestly thought and believed
+    that the treatment would benefit you. I have been a
+    fellow sufferer myself, and know what it did for me
+    by persevering after everything else had failed. If,
+    therefore, you are not yet cured, I think it is only
+    my duty to strongly urge you to persevere with the
+    treatment, and if you hesitate to do so owing to the
+    money being a consideration to you, I am willing to
+    meet you as far as I possibly can, and will send you
+    the complete 6s. 3d. case for 4s. 6d. post free, which
+    is just cost price, or I will send you the Blood Wafers
+    for 2s. 2d. per box post free instead of 2s. 10d., or
+    the Crème for 2s. 2d. post free instead of 2s. 10d., or
+    the Powder for 7d. instead of 9d. post free.
+
+    I am offering you this very great reduction in price
+    as I am most anxious that you should be cured, as I
+    am quite certain that you will be if you persevere
+    steadily.
+
+    Do not be afraid of troubling me by writing me fully as
+    to how the treatment has affected you, as I can assure
+    you that I am quite as anxious to cure you as you
+    yourself are to be cured, and I take a special interest
+    in your case.
+
+    Trusting soon to hear from you.
+
+                                Yours truly,
+                                            E. AVICE.
+
+The booklet already referred to contained a sworn statement by Mrs.
+Avice detailing her own sufferings and cure, the latter being due to
+“a dear old friend, an M.D.” Further paragraphs, not in the sworn
+statement, were as follows:
+
+    It remained for my old friend, the Doctor, to whose
+    discoveries I owe my cure, to find the only certain
+    remedy for this dread complaint. For years he studied
+    and searched to find a cure for that curse of hot
+    climates, the “prickly heat,” a very distressing
+    form of Eczema which is very prevalent in warm
+    countries, and which few Europeans escape. At last his
+    perseverance was rewarded, and the long sought for
+    Remedy found and used with the greatest success both
+    abroad and after his return to England. Since his death
+    I have still further improved on and perfected his
+    ideas, and have evolved my now well-known “Paciderma,”
+    which has met with the most startling success in every
+    case in which it has been tried....
+
+    Paciderma cures all skin troubles without exception,
+    all pimples, blotches, sores and eruptions of every
+    kind, in sufferers of every age, from the infant at
+    the breast to the old and infirm man or woman who has
+    reached or passed the allotted span of three score
+    years and ten.
+
+    It is absolutely the only cure for Eczema.
+
+The following are the results of the examination of the remedies
+evolved after so much study and research and perfected and improved:
+
+_Paciderma Crème._—Price 2s. 9d. per box, holding nearly 4 ounces.
+Directions for use:
+
+    Apply the Crème to the parts affected with the finger,
+    or spread on lint or soft linen, and bandage.
+
+The Crème consisted of a fairly stiff ointment, which on analysis gave
+results corresponding to the following formula:
+
+    Zinc oxide          25·6 per cent.
+    Calcium carbonate    2·7    ”
+       ”    sulphate    15·8    ”
+    Boric acid          15·9    ”
+    Basis               58·7    ”
+
+The basis consisted of soft paraffin, apparently with a small
+proportion of a saponifiable oil, such as olive oil.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 4 ounces is 1½d.
+
+_Paciderma Powder._—Price 9d. per box, containing about 3 ounces. The
+directions ran:
+
+    Allays all itching and irritation, and should be
+    applied freely and frequently to the affected parts, in
+    fact whenever they itch or irritate.
+
+Analysis showed the composition to be:
+
+    Maize starch              54 per cent.
+    Boric acid                14    ”
+    Insoluble mineral matter  19    ”
+    Moisture                  13    ”
+
+The insoluble mineral matter contained alumina, magnesia, and silica,
+corresponding to a mixture of talc and kaolin; this composition also
+agreed with all its other properties.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients for 3 ounces is ¾d.
+
+_Paciderma Blood Wafers._—Price 2s. 9d. per box of thirty.
+
+    Directions. One to be taken every night at bedtime.
+
+The “wafers” consisted of cachets, each containing about 8½ grains of a
+powder, the composition of which was indicated by analysis to be:
+
+    Sodium bicarbonate     59 per cent.
+    Precipitated sulphur   37    ”
+    Powdered ginger         3    ”
+    Aloin                   1    ”
+
+The ginger and aloin could only be estimated approximately.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 wafers is one-fifth of a
+penny.
+
+
+CUTICURA REMEDIES.
+
+The remedies are stated to be prepared by a Drug and Chemical
+Corporation in the U.S.A.
+
+The “system,” which has been very widely advertised, consists of
+Cuticura (Ointment), Cuticura Soap, and Cuticura Resolvent (liquid or
+pills); the ointment and the resolvent liquid were taken for analysis.
+
+A booklet was enclosed in each package, containing, with other matter,
+directions for the use of the remedies in fourteen languages; from it
+the following extracts are taken:
+
+    In the treatment of torturing, disfiguring, itching,
+    scaly, crusted, pimply, blotchy, and scrofulous
+    humours of the skin, scalp, and blood, with loss of
+    hair, the Cuticura Remedies have been wonderfully
+    successful. Even the most obstinate of constitutional
+    humours, such as bad blood, scrofula, inherited and
+    contagious humours, with loss of hair, glandular
+    swellings, ulcerous patches in the throat and mouth,
+    sore eyes, copper-coloured blotches, as well as boils,
+    carbuncles, sties, ulcers, scrofulous rheumatism, and
+    most humours arising from an impure or impoverished
+    condition of the blood, yield to the CUTICURA
+    SYSTEM OF TREATMENT in the majority of cases, when
+    the usual remedies fail.... Parents are assured that
+    these Remedies are composed of the purest and sweetest
+    ingredients known to modern pharmacy, and may be used
+    on the youngest infants with complete satisfaction.
+
+_Cuticura Ointment._—Price 2s. 6d. per box, containing 1¾ ounces.
+
+    Directions.... Cuticura Ointment may be applied to any
+    part of the surface of the body by direct application
+    with the finger, the palm of the hand, or spread on
+    cotton, linen, or absorbent cotton, and covered with
+    a light bandage, or by any means by which a remedy of
+    this consistence would be used.
+
+    ... in rare instances of individual tendency to acute
+    eczema, acne, acne rosacea, erysipelas, and other
+    highly inflammatory conditions, especially those
+    affecting the face, it may act as an irritant, and
+    hence those using it must observe what has been said
+    in the foregoing directions in order that they may
+    exercise judgment as to whether to continue it or not,
+    should any unfavourable symptom present itself.
+
+Examination of the ointment showed the absence of all metallic
+compounds, also of alkaloids or other active principles, and of
+saponifiable fat. It consisted of a mixture of hard and soft paraffins,
+slightly perfumed with rose, and coloured green. The chief green
+colouring matter present appeared to be an aniline dye, and a mixture
+of paraffins, coloured with a trace of malachite green and a little
+chlorophyll, agreed very closely with it in its properties. No other
+ingredient could be discovered.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of 1¾ ounces is ¾d.
+
+_Cuticura Resolvent._—Price 2s. 6d. per bottle, containing 6½ fluid
+ounces.
+
+In the pamphlet quoted above it is stated:
+
+    Cuticura Resolvent is alterative, antiseptic, tonic,
+    digestive, and aperient, and is confidently believed
+    to be superior to other preparations for purifying the
+    system of humours of the skin, scalp, and blood, with
+    loss of hair. CUTICURA RESOLVENT is prepared
+    in accordance with the most advanced pharmaceutical
+    and therapeutical knowledge from medicinal agents
+    of ascertained purity and potency, and while in the
+    highest degree effective, commends itself to delicate,
+    sensitive, and refined people, especially women,
+    because of its pure, sweet, and gentle action....
+    It is believed to be one of the most successful of
+    blood-purifying and strengthening medicines for
+    children in all conditions which point to inherited
+    impurities and weaknesses, and may be taken on the
+    first appearance of glandular swellings, ulcers, sores,
+    especially on the neck, pallor, weakness, and delicate,
+    frail conditions, with every hope of success.
+
+    DIRECTIONS.—Adult dose, two teaspoonfuls
+    three times a day; for children over ten years of
+    age and delicate females, one teaspoonful; for
+    children from five to ten years of age, one half of a
+    teaspoonful; for children two to five years of age, 15
+    drops; from one to two years, 10 drops. To be taken
+    three times a day, immediately after each meal.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the mixture to be:
+
+    Potassium iodide     17 grains.
+    Sugar and glucose   486   ”
+    Extractive            8   ”
+    Alcohol              10 fluid drachms.
+    Water to             6½ fluid ounces.
+
+No alkaloidal substance was present; the extractive gave a slight
+indication of the presence of a preparation of rhubarb; all other drugs
+with well-marked characters were absent.
+
+
+ZAM-BUK.
+
+This ointment is sold by a London Company in a box, containing
+three-fifths of an ounce, price 1s. 1½d.; a Zam-Buk soap is also
+recommended for use as part of the treatment. In a circular enclosed in
+the package it was related how:
+
+    Certain medicinal plants were taken, and from them
+    were extracted gums and juices possessing considerable
+    healing and curative power. Costly experiments at last
+    secured the right blending of these juices; and to
+    the final product, a preparation virtually capable of
+    growing new and healthy skin, the name of Zam-Buk was
+    given....
+
+    Zam-Buk practically contains those substances which
+    Nature has intended for the use of man ever since she
+    bequeathed to him the instinct to rub a place that
+    hurts....
+
+    Zam-Buk has proved itself to be unequalled for Cuts,
+    Bruises, Burns, Scalds, Abrasions, Festering Sores,
+    Poisoned Wounds, Lacerated Wounds, Old Wounds, Sprains,
+    Strains, Swellings, Dog Bites, Cat Scratches, Obstinate
+    Sores, Chafings, Itch (Scabies), Stings from Hornets,
+    Bees, Wasps, Centipedes, and Spiders; Running Sores,
+    Ulcers, Ringworm, Eczema (acute or chronic form),
+    Psoriasis (tetter), Pimples, Acne, Abscesses, Boils,
+    Carbuncles, Scrofula, Cramp, Barber’s Itch, Heat
+    Rashes, Sunburn, Freckles, Blotches, Blackheads, Scalp
+    Irritations Scurf or Dandruff, and other Scalp Sores;
+    Colds, Chills, Raw Chapped Hands, Sore Lips, Raw
+    Chin after Shaving; Inflamed Patches, Sore Nipples,
+    Glandular Swellings, Swollen Knees, Bad Legs, Blind
+    and Bleeding Piles, Cold-Sores, Sore Backs, Diseased
+    or Weak Ankles, Sore and Aching Feet, Perspiring Feet,
+    Chilblains, Soft Corns, Saltwater Sores. Rubbed well
+    into the part affected, Zam-Buk gives great relief from
+    Rheumatism, Lumbago, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Toothache,
+    and allays all kinds of Inflammation, Itching, and
+    Irritation.
+
+The directions on the box were:
+
+    For Bruises, Cuts, Sores, Sprains, Open Wounds, Sore
+    Breasts, Inflamed Patches, Ulcers, Eczema and Piles;
+    first cleanse the parts with pure water and then apply
+    Zam-Buk direct or on a piece of clean lint. For Burns,
+    Scalds, etc., rub Zam-Buk lightly over the injured
+    part and cover same as soon as possible in order to
+    exclude the air. To use Zam-Buk as an Embrocation rub
+    it in well, both into the muscles and tendons, when the
+    healing, stimulating and strengthening ingredients in
+    Zam-Buk will be absorbed into the system.
+
+Analysis showed its composition to be:
+
+    Oil of eucalyptus        14 per cent. (approximately).
+    Pale resin (colophony)   20    ”            ”
+    Soft paraffin            55    ”            ”
+    Hard paraffin            11    ”            ”
+    Green colouring matter   a trace.
+
+An ointment prepared in accordance with this formula and tinted with
+chlorophyll agreed in all respects with the original.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for three-fifths of an ounce is
+¼d.
+
+
+ZIP OINTMENT.
+
+This is supplied by a Company giving an address in a London suburb in
+box containing rather less than an ounce (0·85 ounce) at the price of
+1s. 1½d.
+
+On a circular enclosed with the box this ointment was described as a
+“cure for Eczema, Ringworm, Psoriasis.” It was also stated that:
+
+    Zip is the product of many years’ experience and
+    trials, and will be found the best and most reliable
+    remedy for the above troublesome complaints.
+
+The directions given on the box were:
+
+    Wash well the parts with the Zip Skin Soap, and apply
+    Zip night and morning.
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the ointment to be:
+
+    Calomel                2·1 parts.
+    Lead acetate           1·0 part.
+     ”   oleate            2·5 parts.
+    Oil (probably olive)   2     ”
+    Glycerine              5     ”
+    Creosote               A trace.
+    Oil of lemon grass     Sufficient to perfume.
+    Paraffin ointment      To 100 parts.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 0·85 ounce is ½d.
+
+The following are quoted from Dr. Zernik’s notes on some of the skin
+remedies most advertised in Germany.
+
+
+CRÈME EKZEMIN.
+
+    Crème Ekzemin, advertised as a cure for almost all
+    diseases of the skin, including psoriasis, is a mixture
+    of precipitated sulphur and a semi-fluid fatty mass,
+    coloured red. The tube contains 75 grammes, and costs
+    5s. 2½d.
+
+
+PHEUN SKIN PASTE.
+
+    Pheun Skin Paste, according to the vendors, possesses
+    marvellous properties, and when applied to the skin
+    it not only removes all the dirt but kills all the
+    bacteria, even when situated in the deeper layers,
+    and it is recommended as a cure for all forms of skin
+    diseases. Zernik, on analysis, found it to contain 31
+    per cent. of soft paraffin, 5 per cent. of water, 2
+    per cent. of soap, and 10 per cent. of a dry substance
+    yielding slimy material.
+
+
+JUNIPER BEAUTY CREAM AND JUNIPER BEAUTY SOAP.
+
+    It may be worth while to add that Zernik says of a
+    certain “Juniper Beauty Cream,” sold in Berlin, that it
+    is a water-containing ointment, perfumed with oil of
+    bergamot, containing 5 per cent. of white precipitate
+    (ammoniated mercury) and 11 per cent. of salicylic
+    acid. It seems to be intended for the face, but looking
+    to the large proportion of salicylic acid it contains,
+    it might, perhaps, be more appropriate for use as a
+    corn plaster.
+
+
+RINO CURATIVE OINTMENT.
+
+    Rino Curative Ointment, advertised as containing
+    naphthalan, Peru balsam, chrysarobin, etc., was found
+    by Zernik to consist of turpentine, oil of cade, 1 per
+    cent. of boric acid, 6 or 7 per cent. of yolk of egg
+    and an indifferent vehicle,
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+MEDICINES FOR BALDNESS.
+
+
+During recent years the number of preparations put forward for the cure
+of baldness has been increased by a new class, those, namely, which are
+not applied locally but taken internally. The principal ingredient in
+all seems to be the dried colouring matter of the blood of warm-blooded
+animals—haemoglobin. The most widely advertised of them is sold under
+the name of “Capsuloids.”
+
+
+CAPSULOIDS.
+
+The price was 2s. 3d. for a box containing 36 capsuloids.
+
+On the outer package it was stated that:
+
+    Our special process used in making Capsuloids is never
+    used and never has been used outside our Laboratory. It
+    is known only to the Capsuloid Company, Ltd., and has
+    never at any time been communicated to any other person
+    or firm. This material is then enclosed in little
+    pear-shaped gelatine capsules which are made of the
+    finest and purest gelatine. As a result of our special
+    process, Capsuloids have that particular and remarkable
+    effect upon the hair through the medium of the blood
+    which is so well and widely known. There is no other
+    preparation which possesses anything like the same
+    effect.
+
+    Capsuloids not only cause the death of those harmful
+    germs which we have proved to be the cause of falling
+    out and prematurely grey hair, but they also restore
+    the injured growing cells of the hair roots, and
+    nourish them, and cause them to multiply so that
+    the roots become firm and grow rapidly, producing
+    thick and luxuriant hair, and where there has been
+    premature greyness, it is also cured. Recent scientific
+    investigation has definitely proved this, and has
+    demonstrated that hair cannot be made to grow by using
+    external preparations.
+
+    Directions. To stop falling out of the hair and to
+    restore the colour to prematurely grey hair, adults
+    should take two, or in very severe cases three,
+    capsuloids before eating or with the first part of each
+    meal, three times daily. The doses for younger persons
+    is one or two with each meal. Capsuloids never cause
+    constipation or indigestion, nor do they in any way
+    upset the stomach, or any part of the system.
+
+A booklet of 20 pages was enclosed in the package, in which the above
+statements were repeated and further elaborated with the aid of a
+diagram of the root of a hair, with blood-vessels, oil gland, “growing
+cells containing harmful germs,” etc.
+
+The capsuloids were elongated gelatine capsules containing a dark
+material, the average contents of one weighing 3·4 grains. The material
+yielded 32 per cent. to a solvent suitable for extracting fats, and
+this portion proved to be a mixture of about equal parts of a neutral
+oil and a fatty acid, agreeing in their characters with olive oil and
+oleic acid, respectively. Extraction of the residue with alcohol then
+removed 10 per cent. of an aromatic balsamic substance, generally
+resembling Peruvian balsam, but lighter in colour; a mixture of
+equal parts of Peruvian balsam and purified storax gave a substance
+practically identical. The residue, insoluble in both solvents, was
+a red-brown powder, which was found by its characters to be dried
+haemoglobin. Careful search was made for arsenic, alkaloids, and other
+ingredients, but nothing else was detected. The results indicated the
+following formula for the contents of the capsules:
+
+    Haemoglobin                    1·97 grain.
+    Olive oil       }
+    Oleic acid      } of each       0·54   ”
+
+    Balsam of Peru  }
+    Purified storax } of each       0·17   ”
+               In one capsule.
+
+The estimated cost of materials for the contents of 36 capsules is 1d.
+
+Other dealers have paid the company the sincere compliment of
+imitation, and various similar articles appear to be largely sold. The
+following particulars are taken from price lists and advertisements
+intended for retail chemists; as haemoglobin is referred to as the
+principal constituent in each case, they were not submitted to analysis.
+
+
+CAPSULATED HAEMOGLOBIN OVALS FOR THE HAIR.
+
+    “Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals for the Hair. Contain 2½
+    grains of Pure Haemoglobin.”
+
+They were supplied by a firm in a south country seaside town, labelled
+with name and address of the retailer. The wholesale price quoted was
+for tubes of 25, 4s. per dozen.
+
+
+HAEMOGLOBIN HAIR CAPSULES.
+
+    “Capsules for the Hair. When falling out or turning
+    prematurely grey, these capsules by enriching the blood
+    make the hair glossy, luxuriant, and full of vitality.”
+
+These were not described on the package as containing haemoglobin, but
+were quoted in the price list as “Haemoglobin Hair Capsules.” They
+were supplied by a company in a seaside town. “Store price, 1s. 6d.”
+Wholesale price, 7s. per dozen packages.
+
+
+SOLUBLE CAPSULES OF HAEMOGLOBIN.
+
+    “Soluble Capsules of Haemoglobin. A natural hair food.
+    Produces Healthy, Strong, and Luxuriant Hair.”
+
+The wholesale price of these, supplied by a London firm, was for boxes
+of 36, 5s. 9d. per dozen.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+CANCER REMEDIES.
+
+
+A very slight acquaintance with the advertisements of quack medicines
+is enough to show that a knowledge of the causes of the disease for
+which a cure is promised is in no wise necessary for the composition of
+either the medicine or the advertisement, in fact, it is impossible to
+believe that the extravagant claims and absurd statements made could be
+put forward by persons having any knowledge of disease. It is no matter
+for surprise, therefore, that in the case of the least understood and
+least successfully combated of diseases many proprietary “remedies” are
+put forward. A considerable number of these articles have been received
+and the alleged claims tested at the laboratories of the Imperial
+Cancer Research Fund; specimens of a few of these were obtained and
+submitted to analysis, and some notes on their composition cannot
+fail to be of interest to members of the medical profession, who will
+probably from time to time have to treat sufferers from cancer who have
+been induced to buy one or other of these preparations.
+
+As was to be expected, the articles examined have little or nothing
+in common. In the case of diseases for which the ordinary treatment
+involves the use of certain specific drugs, proprietary medicines
+are usually merely varying compounds of those drugs; thus, of the
+advertised cures for epilepsy, analyses of which are given in the
+next chapter, the essential ingredient in all but one is an alkaline
+bromide. But in cancer the would-be maker of a proprietary “cure” has
+no such accepted treatment to guide him, or to restrict the free range
+of his fancy in selection of ingredients; it is probable that some of
+the “remedies” here described were inspired by the fact that some
+apparent improvement followed their fortuitous use in some cases,
+_post hoc_ having been assumed to mean _propter hoc_; the first to be
+described, however, can hardly rest even on this basis.
+
+It is a colourless liquid, containing a trace of sediment; the
+odour is that of alcohol, though very slightly vinous. Fractional
+distillation showed the presence of about 40 per cent. of alcohol;
+on complete evaporation, a trace (0·02 per cent.) of dry residue was
+left. This residue was free from any alkaloid, and its behaviour with
+reagents gave no indication of any other active principle; it agreed
+in character with the “extractive” found in spirit that has been kept
+in a wine-cask. After removing the alcohol, the liquid was perfectly
+tasteless. This “remedy” is thus very simple in nature, consisting
+merely of diluted and slightly impure alcohol. Its composition brings
+to mind the analysis published some years ago of a so-called electric
+fluid, or “electricity,” for the cure of cancer, which was taken up by
+a certain well-known journalist and boomed by him in the pages of the
+review which he edited; many marvellous cures were ascribed to it, but
+examination showed that although it was sold at several shillings per
+fluid ounce, it consisted of plain water. Notwithstanding the exposure,
+the article is at present quoted in wholesale lists, and is therefore
+presumably still in demand. The cost of the “medicine” we are now
+dealing with is of course considerably greater than the cost of plain
+water, but this fact will be but small consolation to the victim who
+derives as little benefit from the one as from the other.
+
+The next article analysed was a blue fluid containing a considerable
+blue sediment, and smelling fairly strongly of terebene. The chief
+ingredient was found to be a blue dye stuff of the oxazine or thiazine
+group, much resembling methylene blue (which is the only member of
+these groups ordinarily used in medicine), but differing from it in
+solubility and in its behaviour with certain reagents. This constituted
+the greater part of the sediment, and a portion of the dye was also in
+solution. The liquid further contained a dissolved gum and a trace
+of terebene; these, with a little magnesium carbonate, were all the
+ingredients present. No trace of any alkaloid was found, and the
+solvent was water. The gum showed no difference from ordinary acacia
+gum, and was probably added to suspend the undissolved dye stuff. Water
+dissolves very little terebene, and no more of the latter was present
+than could be dissolved by the water; it was probably employed to give
+an aromatic taste and smell, and the magnesia was doubtless used to
+subdivide the terebene in the manner commonly followed by pharmacists
+when dissolving essential oils in water. It thus appears that the
+essential ingredient of this medicine is the blue dye stuff; it is
+possible that this has been used as methylene blue, since the articles
+sent out under the same name by different dye manufacturers often
+differ in composition; but, as already stated, it is not identical with
+the methylene blue usually met with. The total solids in the mixture,
+after shaking up the sediment, amounted to 13·2 per cent., of which the
+dye stuff constituted something like one-half.
+
+A third preparation was a brown liquid of syrupy consistence found
+to consist of wood tar. It was a much purer product than ordinary
+Stockholm tar, and its peculiar odour indicated that it was derived,
+at least in great part, from the birch; no other ingredient could
+be found. This article came from Sphakia, Crete; the label bore no
+directions for its use, leaving it uncertain whether it was intended
+for internal or external use, but the latter appears the more probable.
+
+The remaining articles are clearly intended for external application;
+the first of these consisted of a plaster mass, in the half-pound
+sticks in which such masses are usually supplied. Analysis showed the
+principal ingredient to be lead oleate, with a little stearate, and
+small quantities of resin and soap. These are the ingredients of the
+resin and the soap plasters of the _British Pharmacopœia_, and the
+proportion of soap present showed the specimen under examination to be
+emplastrum resinae.
+
+The next preparation was an ointment of Dutch origin. It contained
+large quantities of ammonium alum and zinc sulphate, with a little
+sodium sulphate, made up into a stiff ointment with a basis consisting
+of beeswax, soft paraffin, oil, and resin. The quantities of the salts
+were approximately:
+
+    Alum             27 per cent.
+    Zinc sulphate    37    ”
+    Sodium sulphate   8    ”
+
+The presence of so large a proportion of mineral salts, of course,
+leaves very little tenacity in the ointment; particles of the white
+salts were easily visible to the eye, and the effect of applying the
+preparation must be practically the same as if the dry salts were
+rubbed on the skin except that the basis would, of course, act as a
+lubricant in the rubbing.
+
+The last of these preparations was another ointment; the mineral
+ingredients in this case, however, were in organic combination. This
+ointment contained copper oleate and aluminium oleate with a basis of
+lard and a little resin. The proportions of the active ingredients were
+approximately:
+
+    Copper oleate      15 per cent.
+    Aluminium oleate   35    ”
+
+No alkaloid or other active principle was found.
+
+A bottle of lotion for cancer and other affections, obtained in the
+ordinary way through a dealer, was examined. The label commences with
+the statement that the lotion “cures cancerous or malignant sores”;
+then follows a list of other diseases, with the addition, “even cases
+that have been under the treatment of doctors and at infirmaries
+for years.” Analysis showed the composition of the lotion to be
+substantially as follows:—
+
+    Zinc sulphate                                 92 grains
+    Carbolic acid (pure phenol)                  1·2 oz.
+    Glycerine                                    1·8 fl. oz.
+    Cochineal solution sufficient to give a
+              deep red colour.
+    Water to 3·3 fl. oz.
+
+This quantity is contained in a bottle costing 4s. 6d.; the directions
+are to add the whole contents to 1½ pints of water, which is to be
+applied to the diseased parts for about five minutes two or three times
+a day.
+
+Another pretended “cure” for this disease was supplied from an address
+in Croydon, by a person who described himself as a retired Government
+analytical chemist. The bottle did not bear an Inland Revenue stamp.
+The vendor seems to prefer to see and examine the patients. In one
+such case he was paid 3 guineas, and asked for more, as it was, he
+said, a complicated case. The directions given were “two tablespoonfuls
+should be taken three times a day.” Analysis of this liquid showed
+the presence of ferric chloride, and traces of hydrochloric acid and
+alcohol, and nothing else except water; the alcohol indicates that the
+tincture of perchloride of iron, and not the liquor, was employed;
+determination of the amounts of iron and chlorine present showed that 6
+fluid ounces of the mixture contained 5·7 fluid drachms of the tincture.
+
+A few years ago a good deal was heard of the wonderful cures said to
+be achieved by two persons who resided at Cardigan. A great deal of
+secrecy was observed, but it was known that a fluid was applied to the
+surface of the cancerous tumour. The treatment, it was stated, began
+with prayer, and exhortations to the patient to trust in the Almighty;
+the lotion or oil, which was said to be made entirely from herbs and to
+contain no mineral caustic, was then painted on with a brush. Unlike
+other empirics who profess to remove the “roots” which the knife leaves
+behind, these Welsh practitioners asserted that their remedy made
+the “roots” shrink into the original growth which then fell off like
+a ripe apple from a tree. The practice seemed to be to require the
+patient to attend daily to have the local application made for periods
+extending over several months. Eventually, in some cases, a mass of
+dried, heaped-up crusts formed, and when this became detached it was
+put into a bottle and given to the patient who was told that it was
+the cancer extracted by the treatment. In one case which was enquired
+into, this bottle cancer was submitted to microscopical examination;
+it was found to consist of crusts formed of sloughing parts of the
+skin and inflammatory exudation, the whole being such a mass as might
+be produced by the use of an escharotic. The crusts when submitted to
+chemical analysis were found to contain zinc chloride in considerable
+amount, together with a very appreciable quantity of an insoluble
+compound of lead. A healing oil was also supplied to help the cancer
+falling off, and this when chemically examined was found to contain 27
+per cent. of oil of turpentine, the remainder consisting principally
+of an ordinary saponifiable oil, probably cotton-seed or olive oil. In
+addition there was a considerable amount of deposit which proved to
+consist almost wholly of barium sulphate, a very insoluble salt, used,
+under the name of permanent white, by watercolour artists. It would
+seem, therefore, that the statement that the applications contained no
+mineral caustic was inaccurate. In other patients the effect of this
+Cardigan treatment was more destructive. In the case of one woman who
+had been informed that the cancer had been cured and that she only
+required some tonic medicine to complete the cure, the surgeon who was
+called to her when she was _in extremis_ has said that he never beheld
+anything like it in his life; the whole breast was a necrosing mass,
+black and stinking, the ulcers extending up to the collar-bone and down
+to the margin of the ribs and across the middle line; the hand could
+have been inserted under the margin of the dead part all round. Some
+unfortunate patients persevered with the treatment although suffering
+pain described as excruciating.
+
+Caustics are, in fact, the weapon of the quack, and although they may
+have a legitimate sphere in surgery, it is very limited; zinc chloride,
+for instance, has occasionally been used in a strong solution or paste
+as a caustic under special circumstances. Although portions of a tumour
+may be removed by caustic application, it is impossible to eradicate
+the whole in this way, as the cancerous process is extending into
+adjacent parts. The formula of the quack—“cancer treated without the
+knife”—appeals with great force to the public who do not know the
+terrible long-drawn-out agony which those treated with caustics have
+to undergo. Of this a vivid description was given by a well-known
+naturalist, the father of a distinguished man of letters, in a little
+book in which he related the suffering of his own wife; she was treated
+by an American cancer-curer by caustics. The process of “cure” lasted
+several months, and the result may be summed up in the statement that
+“suffering never ceased from the beginning of the operation till her
+spirit was freed from the worn-out body.”
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+REMEDIES FOR EPILEPSY.
+
+
+The nostrums which appear to be most advertised at the present time
+for the treatment of epilepsy afford a good example of the fact which
+has been previously pointed out that in some instances the vendors of
+secret preparations make use of drugs in common use by the medical
+profession for the treatment of some particular disorder; this is, of
+course, only possible when the symptoms are well-marked and easily
+recognised. As will be seen from the analyses given below of a number
+of nostrums advertised as remedies for epilepsy it was found that all,
+with one exception, contained bromide salts, that is to say, a drug
+the effect of which is described and discussed in every medical work
+dealing with the disease; nevertheless, the advertisers endeavour to
+lead the purchaser to believe that the preparations possess peculiar
+virtues unknown to the medical profession. The exceptional preparation
+contains vervain (_Verbena officinalis_) which held a place in the
+old pharmacopœias and herbals, chiefly as an astringent application
+to wounds or as a lotion for sore mouth. Dodoens (1572) says it is
+good for headache applied as a plaster, while Gerarde (1633) mentions
+its use as a garland round the head for the same condition, but he
+disapproves of the many old wives’ tales told regarding it which
+tend to sorcery, and are such as honest ears abhor to hear; indeed,
+he hints that some assert that the “divell did reveal it as a secret
+and divine medicine.” According to Pliny, vervain was gathered by the
+Druids of Gaul and Britain at the rising of the Dog Star, when neither
+sun nor moon shone, with the left hand only, and after libations of
+honey. When thus obtained it was said to vanquish fevers and other
+distempers, to be an antidote to the bite of serpents, and a charm
+to conciliate friendship. Paris speaks of it as in his own time the
+subject of a work on scrofula by a Mr. Morley, which was written for
+the sole purpose of restoring the much injured character and use of
+vervain, so that it is evidently a herb which has suffered much from
+detraction. Mr. Morley directed the root of the plant to be tied, with
+a yard of white satin ribbon, round the neck where it was to remain
+until the patient was cured. The modern vendor does not indulge in
+these refinements.
+
+In submitting the following analyses it should be stated that a mixture
+or powder, dispensed according to the prescription obtained by the
+analysis, produced in each case a preparation closely resembling in
+appearance and taste that sold by the secret medicine vendor; further,
+the mixtures possessed the same specific gravity as the originals.
+
+
+OZERINE.
+
+“Ozerine,” prepared by a chemist in Ireland, is described as an
+unfailing remedy for epilepsy, fits, or falling sickness. The bottle
+examined had no medicine stamp affixed.
+
+The formula ascertained by analysis is as follows:
+
+    Potassium bromide                  120 grains.
+    Ammonium carbonate                 16     ”
+    Burnt sugar                        q.s. to colour.
+    Chloroform water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+Potassium bromide (111 grains) and potassium chloride (9⅓ grains) were
+found by analysis, but as some potassium bromide containing a large
+percentage of chloride had recently been in the market the latter was
+not regarded as an intentional addition.
+
+_Dose._—One teaspoonful before breakfast and dinner, and two at bedtime.
+
+The price charged for a bottle containing 8 fluid ounces was 4s. 6d.;
+the estimated cost of contents was under 4d.
+
+
+W. AND J. TAYLOR’S CELEBRATED ANTI-EPILEPTIC MEDICINE.
+
+This preparation, sold in this country through an export agent in
+London, is said to be “simple, efficacious, harmless, and cheap.” The
+effrontery of the following paragraph, extracted from a circular which
+was wrapped round the bottle, is amusing in view of the analytical
+results:
+
+    The principal drug is to be found in nearly every
+    surgery, and yet not one doctor in a hundred would
+    think of using it in Epilepsy, simply because he has no
+    precedent to act upon—he is not directed by any of the
+    great medical writers to prescribe or administer it in
+    this disease; he knows not of its being so used, and he
+    has not tried it himself, and thus he remains unaware
+    of the one grand means of curing Epilepsy, even with
+    the very drugs necessary at his elbow.
+
+The formula ascertained by analysis was:
+
+    Tincture of iodine         ¾ minim.
+    Potassium bromide         13 grains.
+    Ammonium bromide           4   ”
+    Water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The mixture contained the proportion of iodine indicated in the above
+formula; but as it also contained traces of iodide, it was probable
+that tincture of iodine was used in its preparation. It may, however,
+have been prepared from an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium
+iodide.
+
+_Dose._—One teaspoonful three times a day.
+
+The price of a bottle holding 12 fluid ounces was 2s. 9d.; the
+estimated cost of the contents is about 1d.
+
+
+OSBORNE’S MIXTURE FOR EPILEPSY.
+
+This mixture is stated to be prepared in a small town in England.
+
+The following is an extract from a circular accompanying the bottle:
+
+    It scarcely ever fails to prevent the fits, loss of
+    consciousness, convulsions, nervous twitchings, &c.,
+    of epilepsy, while at the same time it acts as a most
+    valuable tonic; it allays irritation of the nervous
+    system, purifies the blood, strengthens the frame,
+    improves the general health, and helps to check the
+    progress of disease on the intellectual faculties, and
+    may be taken by the most delicate.
+
+The formula ascertained by analysis was:
+
+    Potassium bromide                   166 grains.
+    Sugar                               48    ” (= syrup Ʒj).
+    Burnt sugar                         q.s. to colour.
+    Peppermint water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+Traces of fixed ammonia were also present.
+
+_Dose._—One large teaspoonful morning and night.
+
+The price charged for a bottle holding 5 fluid ounces was 2s. 9d.; the
+estimated cost of the contents is about 3d.
+
+
+“PROFESSOR” O. PHELPS BROWN’S VERVAIN RESTORATIVE ASSIMILANT.
+
+This preparation is recommended by the vendor—
+
+    “for the positive and speedy cure of epilepsy or fits,
+    dyspepsia, indigestion, all derangements of the stomach
+    and bowels, and for every form of debility, no matter
+    from what source it may arise. An unequalled tonic and
+    nervine.”
+
+The formula ascertained by analysis was:
+
+    Decoction of Vervain (2 oz. to a pint)   4 fluid drachms.
+    Port wine                                1   ”      ”
+    Rectified spirit                         2   ”      ”
+    Water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The dose was stated to be one dessertspoonful three times a day before
+eating.
+
+The mixture contained 25·75 per cent. of absolute alcohol by volume,
+and reacted towards lead acetate and lead sub-acetate exactly like a
+specimen prepared according to the above formula. It also contained the
+same amount of extractive, and had the same specific gravity.
+
+The price is 2s. 9d. for a 6-oz. bottle. The estimated cost of the
+contents is about 5d.
+
+
+TRENCH’S REMEDY FOR EPILEPSY AND FITS.
+
+This is, or was, made by a company giving an address in Ireland. The
+package examined had no medicine stamp affixed.
+
+_Liquid Preparation._—The following formula refers to the liquid
+preparation supplied for use in the United Kingdom.
+
+The formula ascertained by analysis was:
+
+    Potassium bromide         70 grains.
+    Ammonium bromide          10   ”
+    Sugar                     72   ” (= syrup Ʒjss).
+    Fuchsia q.s. to colour.
+    Water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The dose was stated to be one teaspoonful in the morning and two at
+night; the price for a 3-oz. bottle is 3s.; the estimated cost of the
+contents was about 1d.
+
+“_Concentrated Form._”—This was supplied for export to the colonies,
+was a moist coarse brown crystalline powder in hermetically-sealed
+tins, with directions enclosed for dissolving in water. A quarter
+package (the smallest supplied) contained 11¼ ounces, and was directed
+to be dissolved in one pint of warm water. The resulting mixture was
+found to measure 25 fluid ounces. From the formula given below it will
+be seen that the mixture thus prepared differed from the one issued for
+home consumption in two important particulars: (_a_) ammonium bromide
+was absent, (_b_) the dose of potassium bromide was considerably larger
+than that of the total bromides in the latter. Is this a form of
+colonial preference? or is it that our brothers beyond the sea are more
+robust and hence proof against the depressing influence of potassium
+salts? The formula of the powder ascertained by analysis was:
+
+    Potassium bromide    61 parts.
+    Moist brown sugar    39  ”
+
+The calculated composition of the finished mixture was:
+
+    Potassium bromide         120 grains.
+    Moist brown sugar         77    ”
+    Water to 1 fluid ounce.
+
+The dose of the mixture directed to be taken was one teaspoonful in the
+morning and two at night.
+
+The price charged for a quarter package was 15s., but the estimated
+cost of the contents is about 8d.
+
+Such then are these secret remedies for epilepsy; with one exception
+they are weak preparations of well-known drugs supplied at considerably
+more than the usual cost, and administered without that careful
+adjustment of dose to the needs of the particular patient which
+is, after all, the most essential part in the treatment of epilepsy
+by bromide salts. The exception contains an old-fashioned herb once
+praised by the superstitious but abandoned time and again even by them;
+it has never been shown to possess any definite therapeutic properties
+and was long ago discarded by the medical profession because it was
+found useless.
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.
+
+Of five nostrums sold for the cure of epilepsy in Germany, examined
+by Dr. Zernik, three were found to contain bromide salts as chief
+constituents: _Lamma powder_ consisted of equal parts of bromide of
+sodium and bromide of ammonium; _Antiépileptique_ (Uten) was a solution
+of potassium bromide (16 per cent.), coloured green, and containing 1
+per cent. of an indifferent bitter tincture, while _Berendorf’s powder
+for epilepsy_ contained potassium bromide 53·3 per cent., borax 40·3
+per cent., and zinc oxide 4 per cent., the remainder being water. Borax
+is a remedy occasionally used to correct some undesired effect of
+bromides and has sometimes been prescribed for patients who could not
+tolerate the bromides. Zinc oxide has, or at one time had, a certain
+reputation as a nerve sedative. Of the two German remedies which did
+not contain bromide one consisted largely of formaldehyde which is used
+as an antiseptic and preservative for food, and the other consisted of
+pills containing nothing beyond inactive powdered leaves and roots.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+SOOTHING, TEETHING AND COOLING POWDERS FOR INFANTS.
+
+
+The number of proprietary infants’ powders that can be said to be at
+all widely advertised is small, but some of them are sold in very
+large numbers. In addition, powders for the same purpose are very
+largely supplied by retailers, put up by themselves; they are usually
+of similar composition to one or other of those here described, but
+there is, of course, great scope for variations in the quantity and
+proportion, as well as in the nature of the drugs employed. It may,
+perhaps, be hoped that the efforts now being made by the employment of
+health visitors in many towns will, by the spread of instruction as
+to the common-sense management of infants, gradually lead to a great
+diminution in the custom so prevalent among the poorer classes of
+dosing infants whenever the curious foods, still so commonly given,
+cause indigestion.
+
+
+STEDMAN’S TEETHING POWDERS.
+
+The powders “with one e” are sold from an address in the north of
+London in boxes, price 1s. 1½., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. The 4s. 6d.
+box contained 60 powders, and the 11s. box contained 216; the other
+sizes are stated to contain respectively 9 and 30 powders.
+
+In a circular enclosed in the package it is stated that:
+
+    The returns of the Registrar-General tell us that the
+    period of Dentition is one of more than ordinary peril
+    to the child. It is a time of most active development,
+    a time of passing from one mode of being to another,
+    and we may fairly congratulate ourselves when this time
+    of Teething be passed. To pass this time safely, and
+    with the least risk to the child, one of “Stedman’s
+    Teething Powders” should be given about twice a week,
+    during the whole time of Dentition, according to the
+    directions below....
+
+    When the bowels are moved regularly and the motions
+    of a natural yellow colour, the Powders had better
+    be omitted for a time, unless great irritability be
+    present, accompanied with restlessness, then a dose had
+    better be given. Diarrhœa will generally be checked by
+    giving a dose at the commencement of the attack.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    When the Child is under three months of age, the Third
+    of a Powder only is to be given; from three to six
+    months Half a Powder may be used; when above six months
+    a Whole Powder may be taken.
+
+The average weight of one powder was 2·4 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 2·25 to 2·6 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to be composed of:
+
+    Calomel               29 per cent.
+    Sugar of milk         71  ”   ”
+
+A trace of alkaloid was present also, and when extracted from the
+material of a large number of powders, was found to amount to only
+0·016 per cent., or ¹/₂₅₀₀ grain in one powder. This trace of alkaloid
+did not show the behaviour of morphine, and did not give any reactions
+characteristic of any of the ordinary alkaloids, so far as it was
+possible to test for them on the minute amount available.
+
+The estimated cost of the materials for the powders in a 4s. 6d. box is
+one-third of a penny.
+
+
+STEEDMAN’S SOOTHING POWDERS.
+
+The powders, “with two e’s,” are stated to be prepared in the south of
+London, and are sold in packets, price 1s. 1½d. and 2s. 9d. per packet;
+the 2s. 9d. packet contained twenty-four powders.
+
+In a circular enclosed in the packet it is stated that:
+
+    The good effects of these Powders during the period of
+    Teething have now had _Fifty Years’ Experience_,
+    during which time _Thousands of children have been
+    relieved annually_ from all those distressing
+    symptoms which children suffer while cutting their
+    teeth—viz., Feverish Heats, Fits, Convulsions,
+    Sickness of Stomach and Debility, accompanied with
+    Relaxation of the Bowels, and pale and green motions,
+    or Inflammation of the Gums.
+
+    ... the striking superiority both in the health and
+    strength of those children who have taken the soothing
+    Powders during the period of Teething has induced the
+    Proprietor to make this MUCH-VALUED MEDICINE more
+    generally known by this advertisement.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    Dose.—From one to three months, the third of a Powder;
+    from three to six months, half of a Powder; from six
+    months and above that age, one Powder only and no more;
+    ...
+
+The average weight of one powder was 2·8 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 1·9 to 4·5 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to consist of:
+
+    Calomel              27 per cent.
+    Sugar                22    ”
+    Maize starch         50·5  ”
+    Ash                   0·5  ”
+
+A minute trace of alkaloid appeared to be present; the quantity was
+considerably less than in the Stedman’s powders described above, and so
+small, in fact, as hardly to give positive evidence of its alkaloidal
+nature.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of Steedman’s powders in a 2s.
+9d. packet is one-eighth of a penny.
+
+
+PRITCHARD’S TEETHING AND FEVER POWDERS.
+
+The proprietors of these powders give an address in a large provincial
+city. The price charged is 1s. 1½d. for a box containing sixteen
+powders.
+
+In a circular enclosed in the package it is stated:
+
+    The constantly increasing sale of these justly
+    esteemed Powders proves them to be the most effectual
+    Medicine that can be given to young children during
+    the troublesome and anxious period of teething. By
+    their gentle action on the Bowels, and valuable cooling
+    properties, they allay all irritation and Feverishness,
+    prevent Fits, Convulsions, &c., ensure refreshing and
+    natural sleep for the child, and therefore peaceful
+    nights for the parents.
+
+The directions are:
+
+    From one to three months, a third of a Powder; from
+    three to six months, half a Powder; from six months
+    and above that age, one Powder (not to be given if the
+    child is relaxed).
+
+The average weight of the powders was 2·1 grains; twelve powders
+weighed singly had weights varying from 1·9 to 2·3 grains. Analysis
+showed the powder to consist of:
+
+    Calomel               47 per cent.
+    Antimony oxide         0·7  ”
+    Calcium phosphate      1·4  ”
+    Sugar of milk         50·9  ”
+
+No trace of alkaloid was present.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of the powders in a 1s. 1½d. box
+is one-ninth of a penny.
+
+
+FENNING’S CHILDREN’S COOLING POWDERS.
+
+The proprietor gives an address in the south of England, and the prices
+charged are 1s. 1½d. and 2s. 9d. a box; the 2s. 9d. box contained 48
+powders.
+
+They were described in a circular enclosed with the box as:
+
+    The best medicine for infants cutting their teeth,
+    preventing convulsions, thrush, disordered bowels, and
+    for all the feverish diseases of infants and children.
+
+The following directions are given:
+
+    For an Infant under _three_ years of age, give
+    _one_ of Fenning’s Cooling Powders mixed with a
+    little water, or it could be thrown dry as it is into
+    the opened mouth of the baby, and gently holding back
+    the head for half a minute it would be swallowed.
+
+    Whenever an Infant is restless or feverishly hot from
+    Teething, when it is griped or sick from improper food,
+    or over-feeding; has acidity, or a disordered stomach,
+    _one_ of these Powders should be immediately given
+    and, if necessary, repeated every day....
+
+    When a Child is attacked with Thrush, Measles, Hooping
+    Cough, or Fever of any sort, always keep the feverish
+    blood cool by giving a dose of _Fenning’s Cooling
+    Powders_ every or every other day.
+
+The powders had an average weight of 3·4 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 3·2 to 3·8 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to consist of:
+
+    Potassium chlorate   70 per cent.
+    Powdered liquorice   30    ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of the powders in a 2s. 9d. box
+is one-sixth of a penny.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+REMEDIES FOR EAR DISEASE AND DEAFNESS.
+
+
+Some of the advertisements most frequently seen headed “Deafness
+cured,” “Eyes and Ears,” “Eye Diseases cured,” etc., do not refer to
+nostrums obtainable in the usual way through patent medicine dealers.
+The reader of the announcement is invited to write to the address
+given for particulars of special remedies, or an “interesting and
+convincing book post free,” dealing with the cure of diseases without
+operation, etc. Application for particulars brings much printed matter
+recommending the advertiser’s method, accompanied by a set of questions
+to be answered by the sufferer. If these answers are supplied and the
+fee demanded paid, medicine of some sort is sent. Medicines sold in
+this way, of which many other instances have been given in previous
+chapters, form a special class of “secret remedies,” and might be said,
+perhaps, to come rather under the head of prescribing at a distance,
+but it is, to say the least, very doubtful whether the composition of
+the medicines supplied is modified according to the answers given to
+the questions, and the two kinds of quackery are not sharply separated.
+In the case of the preparations now to be described, one or two belong
+more nearly to the class just referred to than to that of ordinary
+“patent medicines.”
+
+We meet again the benevolent gentleman who having cured himself
+offers “to send particulars of remedy free,” but eventually sells his
+treatment at a price which would seem to represent no bad profit on the
+outlay for materials.
+
+We also meet the dealer who to encourage the possible buyer sends a
+reduced price coupon only asking in return for the names and addresses
+of two or three friends who suffer in like manner.
+
+
+ALFRED CROMPTON’S SPECIFIC FOR DEAFNESS.
+
+This so-called specific, prepared in a town in the north of England, is
+sold in a bottle containing half a fluid ounce, and costing 1s. 1½d.
+
+The label on the outside of the package was headed:
+
+    Deafness Cured!
+
+and continues:
+
+    Alfred Crompton’s Specific for Deafness, Noises in the
+    Ears, &c., is decidedly the best remedy out for this
+    most annoying complaint. A single Bottle has in most
+    instances effected a speedy and permanent cure.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Warm the Specific and Shake the Bottle. Two or three
+    drops to be dropped in the Ear, night and morning, and
+    rub behind and under the Ear with the Specific.
+
+Analysis showed the following composition:
+
+    Soap                 3·6 per cent.
+    Glycerine           45·0   ”
+    Oil                 21·7   ”
+    Water               29·5   ”
+    Alcohol             a trace.
+    Oil of rosemary        ”
+
+There was a slight indication of a trace of camphor; probably this with
+the alcohol and oil of rosemary and part of the soap were added in the
+form of soap liniment. The oil gave analytical figures corresponding to
+a mixture of almond and colza oils in about equal proportions.
+
+The estimated cost of ingredients, for ½-oz., is one farthing.
+
+
+DELLAR’S ESSENCE FOR DEAFNESS.
+
+This so-called essence, prepared it is stated by a company giving an
+address in London, and sold at the price of 1s. 1½d. for a bottle,
+containing two-fifths of a fluid ounce, is described on the label as
+“An old-established and valuable remedy.”
+
+    Directions for Use.—A small piece of wool, well
+    moistened with the Essence, to be pushed into the
+    cavity of the Ear every night at bedtime, and removed
+    in the morning.
+
+Analysis showed the composition to be;
+
+    Oil of turpentine  16 per cent.
+    Fixed oil          84    ”
+
+The properties of the fixed oil and the figures which it gave on
+further analysis corresponded to those of almond oil.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients, for two-fifths of an ounce, is
+one halfpenny.
+
+
+HERBERT CLIFTON’S TREATMENT FOR DEAFNESS.
+
+This is brought to the notice of the public by an advertisement in the
+following terms:
+
+    A new cure for deafness. A Gentleman who cured himself
+    after 14 years’ suffering will send particulars of
+    remedy free.
+
+Here followed the gentleman’s address, and an application brought
+a letter and a pamphlet entitled “Deafness and Noises in the Head,
+with Instructions how they may be Absolutely Cured,” which was marked
+“40th edition.” It professed to give an account of the writer’s own
+experiences. A few extracts will suffice to give an idea of it:
+
+    Those only who have suffered from the terrible calamity
+    of deafness can understand the misery it brings into
+    one’s life; and only those who have had occasion
+    to seek the assistance of men who profess to cure
+    this awful affliction can appreciate how utterly its
+    treatment is misunderstood by the various advertising
+    empirics who profess to cure it, whether by electrical,
+    galvanic, or any of the other methods which are so
+    alluringly set forth as perfectly infallible by
+    people who never suffered themselves, who can have no
+    sympathy, therefore, with those whom they profess to
+    assist, and whose only object is to extract as large
+    a sum as they possibly can from the pockets of those
+    whom they have been able to attract to their spider’s
+    parlour. The writer, however, of the present pamphlet
+    is in a different position.... As a lad I began to
+    suffer from noises in the head, which as time went on
+    increased to such an alarming degree that I was taken
+    to an Aural Surgeon.... The usual result followed. I
+    became worse and worse, and, of course, weaker through
+    his treatment.... Another doctor was consulted.... But
+    the treatment failed, my affliction increased, and MY
+    LIFE BECAME A BURDEN.... There seemed no hope for me.
+    Nearly a dozen eminent surgeons had seen me, examined
+    me, said different things about me, and indifferently
+    treated me; but all to no purpose.... As a last
+    resource I tried the various quack remedies which have
+    allured so many to their bitter cost, and many a pound
+    was wasted on mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and
+    other useless appliances, and upon ear-trumpets, drums,
+    tubes, &c., with no result.... Then the wild, yet
+    happy, thought flashed across me: “Why not try and cure
+    yourself?” I pondered and pondered over the idea, and
+    at last, rather than submit to my fate, determined to
+    study physiology and medicine and endeavour to discover
+    the cause of my deafness, with the distant hope that
+    I might alight upon the method of its cure.... The
+    conclusion I came to was that what I really required
+    was a medicine which should reach the minute muscles of
+    the inner ear, as upon their proper action the sense
+    of hearing almost entirely depends ... after a time I
+    had succeeded in discovering a preparation which would
+    do the required work.... My disease was of so long
+    standing, that I had found it had caused the drums of
+    my ears to become weak and shrunken ... and I soon
+    devised a small appliance to fit inside each ear—the
+    appliance which I now term the “Invisible Drum Support”
+    ... in my gratitude to the Almighty for my merciful
+    deliverance I vowed that I would publish to the world
+    the method by which I had struggled out of the dark
+    past into the brilliant light of the present.
+
+A postscript to the letter stated that “No charge whatever is made for
+advice, so you need not hesitate to avail yourself of the benefit of my
+_opinion_,” but no information was vouchsafed as to the price charged
+for the “treatment,” except that it would be found extremely moderate.
+Paragraphs, of the usual inspired kind, were quoted from the _Family
+Doctor_, _Christian Union_, _Family Churchman_, _Health_, and local
+newspapers of varying degrees of obscurity.
+
+The letter and pamphlet were followed after an interval by another
+letter, as follows:
+
+    Dear Friend,
+
+    Referring to your application for my Pamphlet some
+    time back, I shall be glad to know whether you wish me
+    to proceed further in the matter. As I have received
+    no letter from you, I presume that you imagine the
+    cost of treatment will be too high. I will, therefore,
+    make you a Special Offer, that is, for the sum of 10s.
+    (which may be paid in two monthly instalments of 5s.
+    each, if more convenient) I will forward you the full
+    Treatment and Directions. Should you avail yourself of
+    this offer, kindly detach the form at the bottom of
+    this letter and return to me. The Treatment is, without
+    doubt, the most effectual ever placed before the
+    Public, as will be found by the numerous testimonials
+    received.
+
+    I am daily in receipt of letters similar to those
+    enclosed herewith, and I feel confident that, should
+    you give the treatment a trial, you will also be able
+    to report quite as good results.
+
+    Kindly let me know your decision as soon as possible.
+    If you will take my advice you will not further delay.
+
+    May I draw your attention to the letters on the other
+    side?
+
+                            I am, yours faithfully,
+                                      HERBERT CLIFTON.
+
+The “treatment form” was filled up and sent in with 10s., and, as was
+to be expected, “my candid opinion as to whether my system of treatment
+is calculated to efficiently meet the requirement,” was apparently in
+favour of treating the case, as a pair of “drum-supports” and a bottle
+of fluid were received, together with a letter asking the recipient to
+follow out the directions given very carefully and not be disheartened
+“because you find no improvement immediately, you must give the Cure a
+fair trial. I shall be glad,” the letter concluded, “to hear from you
+in about three weeks’ time with a general report on your case.”
+
+The “drum-supports” consisted of half-inch lengths of narrow
+india-rubber tubing, as used for the valves of bicycle tyres, with an
+inner tube of “gum-elastic,” the india-rubber being expanded at one
+end into a funnel ¼ in. long, and attached at the other to a small
+oval disc of sheet india-rubber. The prime cost of the pair would
+probably not exceed 3d. The bottle was labelled “No. 1. Price 3s.,” and
+contained 1 fluid ounce of liquid; analysis showed this to have the
+following composition:
+
+    Glycerine   10 per cent. approx.
+    Oil         28    ”         ”
+    Ether        2    ”         ”
+    Water   to 100
+
+    A trace (about 0·01 per cent.) of an alkaline substance
+    was present, which appeared to be borax. The oil showed
+    the characters of almond oil.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients, for 1 oz., is one halfpenny.
+
+
+OHRSORB COMPOUND.
+
+The following advertisement is taken from _Cassell’s Saturday Journal_:
+
+                 DOCTOR MAKES DEAF HEAR.
+
+    A medical book just published describes a German
+    doctor’s wonderfully simple cure for deafness and head
+    noises (a real home cure). A limited number of those
+    books have been secured for readers of _Cassell’s
+    Saturday Journal_, and will be sent free by post by
+    the publisher, M. Franckel.
+
+Application to the London address given brought a pamphlet of sixteen
+pages, from which a few extracts are here given:
+
+    For years it has been known to Medical Men that the
+    minute vessels or channels of the lymphatic system
+    underlying the skin, covering the bone behind the ear,
+    were intimately connected with those supplying vital
+    nourishment to the middle and internal ear, where we
+    find the common seat of deafness and head noises.
+    If, then, we could medicate through the skin, this
+    important current of lymphatic fluid, controlling the
+    health of the essential parts of the organ of hearing,
+    our medications could be made to flow inward to reach
+    and to cure a disease so deeply hidden within the
+    ear as to be otherwise regarded as incurable. It is
+    the province of this little work to explain why the
+    prescriptions of so many aurists have failed in years
+    past, and to present a new chemical compound which is
+    of the utmost value to deaf people.
+
+    Applications behind the ear are recommended in the
+    writings of our greatest ear surgeons. Gruber,
+    Politzer, Delstanche, Grünfeld, and numerous others
+    have given us prescriptions of this kind, and,
+    although their combinations of drugs have failed to
+    produce any remarkable results, they have pointed
+    out the remedies that would cure if combined with a
+    substance which could penetrate the skin freely....
+    Until lately we possessed no basis for our ointments,
+    embrocations, or plasters, which could freely penetrate
+    the skin.... Happily there is a new basis lately
+    brought to the notice of the medical profession,
+    which has the remarkable property of uniting with the
+    watery secretions of the body in such a way that it
+    (_sic_) absorbed by the skin, and taken up by the
+    lymphatic circulation (described on p. 1), together
+    with any drugs that are combined with it in the form of
+    an ointment.... To this new basis has been given the
+    name “Ohrsorb.”
+
+Quotations purporting to be from the writings of medical men are
+given, but no references are provided by which they can be checked;
+and, indeed, the extracts only refer to a “new preparation” and a “new
+treatment,” without any indication that the advertised article is
+the one intended. Another quotation is then given “From the Private
+Clinical Memoranda of Dr. Kupfinn,” described as an “Hon. Auris
+Chirurgis,” in which “Ohrsorb” is referred to in a laudatory manner;
+this is followed by an account of some “typical cases,” but it does not
+appear that this is part of the quotation, although it is so put that
+it might easily be taken to be. The pamphlet continues:
+
+    It should be clearly understood that Ohrsorb by
+    itself is only a basis used solely for the purpose of
+    providing the _active portion_ of the Author’s
+    Absorption Treatment, and that the cure depends on the
+    medicinal action of the drugs compounded with it in
+    any special prescription. It is for this reason that
+    certain particulars as to each patient’s case are asked
+    for on the enclosed coupon, namely, that the individual
+    form of deafness, head noises, or ear trouble may be
+    treated by an “Ohrsorb” compound specially adapted to
+    it.
+
+The pamphlet proceeds to give reasons for supplementing the treatment
+by the use of other articles, of which the following are recommended:
+“Ohraseptic,” “Nazaseptic,” “Specially Prepared Catarrh Tonic,” a nasal
+irrigator, and a safety ear syringe. It was accompanied by a leaflet
+headed, “Medical Report on the ‘Ohrsorb’ Treatment,” in which many
+testimonials are given, but not one from a medical source or anything
+of the nature of a medical report; also by a “reduced price coupon,”
+offering a 2s. 9d. tube for 1s. 6d. or a 4s. 6d. tube for 3s., provided
+the applicant undertook to use it as directed and report the result,
+and a list of about fifty questions to be answered in connexion with
+deafness, &c., and catarrh of the nose and throat, concluding with the
+following paragraph:
+
+    As a little return for supplying the tube of “Ohrsorb”
+    compound at the reduced price, and for the very special
+    attention that will be given to your case, the author
+    will be grateful if you favour him with the names and
+    addresses of two or three of your friends who suffer
+    from deafness, head noises, or catarrh of the nose or
+    throat. This is entirely confidential, and your name
+    will not be mentioned.
+
+In order to test the importance attached to the answers to the
+questions, a supply of “Ohrsorb Compound for Deafness” was sent for,
+without giving any particulars of the supposed case for which it was
+required. The compound was at once sent, together with a multiple-typed
+letter of the usual kind, as shown by the following extracts:
+
+    “I hope you will not neglect to write me about your
+    progress with my treatment”; “of course you will
+    appreciate that in obstinate cases Ohrsorb must be
+    persisted with for some time before the improvement can
+    begin to show itself.”
+
+and offering for future supplies three 4s. 6d. tubes for 10s. 6d.
+
+The “Special Ohrsorb Compound” is supplied in collapsible tubes, and
+the 2s. 9d. size contained just over ½ oz. of ointment. The directions
+were to rub the ointment once, twice, or thrice a day over the skin
+close behind the ear, and also from just beneath the ear around to the
+front of the throat, for three to five minutes.
+
+The ointment, nearly black in colour, contained about 70 per cent. of
+vaseline, and about 4 per cent. of beeswax, a little soap, and a little
+saponifiable fat; sulphur and ammonia were present in combination,
+and the dark constituent appeared to be of the class represented by
+thiol, tumenol, and petrosulfol, artificial compounds intended to
+take the place of ichthyol, and like it containing much sulphur in
+combination but free from its disagreeable odour. The total sulphur
+found in “Ohrsorb Compound” was 0·8 per cent., which corresponds to
+about 8 per cent. of one of these substances. An ointment made up with
+tumenol, soft paraffin, wax, and a little ammonia soap resembled
+“Ohrsorb Compound” very closely, though the correspondence was not
+quite complete. It was not considered worth while to isolate the
+dark constituent in a state of purity permitting of more precise
+identification than is here indicated; to determine the detailed
+characterization of such a substance a large quantity would be
+necessary.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+REMEDIES FOR EYE DISEASES.
+
+
+The proprietary articles advertised for the cure of diseases of the
+eyes, though perhaps not so numerous as some other classes of nostrums,
+vary a good deal in nature, but the claims made for most of them are
+equally comprehensive. The results of analysis of a few are here given
+and it will be seen that two of them, including one called “botanic,”
+are mercurial ointments. Another advertiser seems to think or pretends
+to think that cataract can be cured by bathing the eyes with soda alum
+dissolved in coloured water, while we come across also an “Ophthalmic
+Institution” selling for external application an anti-cataract mixture
+consisting of glycerine with a little potassium iodide and starch.
+
+
+SINGLETON’S EYE OINTMENT.
+
+This is stated to be prepared, by a person whose name is not Singleton,
+at an address in London. The price charged is 2s. for a pot containing
+about 55 grains.
+
+The ointment is described on the outer package as
+
+    “An Absolute Specific for all Eye Troubles and Diseases.”
+
+On a circular enclosed in the package it was stated:
+
+    “It cures Weak Sight, Inflamed Eyes, and all disorders
+    of the Eyelids from whatever cause arising....
+    Singleton’s Eye Ointment requires great skill in
+    making, and is composed of costly ingredients. One pot
+    will cure you.... The Ointment also cures Piles and
+    Scorbutic Eruptions.”
+
+A book dealing with the ointment was also supplied, in which it is
+stated that
+
+    “Singleton’s Eye Ointment will cure all affections of the eye.”
+
+Analysis showed the principal ingredient to be red mercuric oxide, of
+which 7·4 per cent. was present. The fatty basis contained about 4
+per cent. of beeswax, and the remainder was a practically neutral and
+colourless substance which agreed in properties and analytical figures
+with a mixture of lard, Japan wax, and purified cocoanut oil. It is,
+of course, impossible to determine with certainty the composition of a
+mixture of fats, unless a large quantity is available for analysis; but
+the exact nature of the fatty basis is immaterial, and no indication
+was obtained of any other medicinal ingredient.
+
+The assertion that such an ointment “requires great skill in making” is
+absurd, and as to the costliness of the ingredients, the 55 grains in
+the pot are estimated to be worth one-ninth of a penny.
+
+
+BOSTOCK’S EYE OINTMENT.
+
+This ointment, stated to be manufactured by a limited company with
+an address in London, is sold in a pot containing half an ounce, and
+costing 1s. 1½d. It is described on the label as “An invaluable remedy
+for every Disease to which the Eye is subject.” In a circular wrapped
+round the pot it is called “Bostock’s Botanic Eye Ointment,” which
+
+    is strongly recommended as a valuable Restorative
+    and Preserver of the Sight, removing Inflammation,
+    Bloodshots, Scorbutic Humours, Shooting Pains, Dimness,
+    Swelling in the Eyelids, and numerous other diseases to
+    which the Eye is subject; it also preserves the Sight
+    against the injuries arising from extreme Heat and Cold.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of small quantities of ammoniated mercury
+(commonly known as white precipitate) and an insoluble compound of lead
+which appeared to be the oxide; a little glycerine was present, and
+a bitter, light-coloured substance of the nature of an extract; this
+contained no alkaloid, and gave no characteristic reactions indicating
+the drug or plant from which it was derived; a trace of a vegetable
+powder was also found, the quantity being so very small that it was
+probably only an accidental contamination of the extract; when examined
+microscopically it appeared to consist chiefly of the tissue of a seed.
+The basis of the ointment contained soft paraffin and spermaceti, and a
+third constituent agreeing in its characters with lard. Determination
+of the amounts of the respective ingredients indicated the following
+approximate formula:
+
+    Ammoniated mercury       0·88 per cent.
+    Lead oxide (litharge)    0·15    ”
+    Glycerine                2·25    ”
+    Extractive               3·32    ”
+    Spermaceti              31·0     ”
+    Soft paraffin           31·0     ”
+    Lard                    31·4     ”
+
+Neglecting the extractive, the estimated cost of the ingredients for
+half an ounce is under one halfpenny.
+
+
+A NEW AND MARVELLOUS REMEDY FOR THE EYES.
+
+This substance, sold from an address in Wisbech at the price of 2s. 9d.
+for a packet containing 135 grains, was enclosed in a small envelope,
+on which was written, “Remedy for Eyes only”; there was no printed
+label except the revenue stamp. In the accompanying circular it was
+described in the following terms:
+
+    A Cure for Cataracts, Films, White Specks, &c. without
+    Operation. The Remedy Cures and Improves the Sight when
+    every other remedy and human skill fails. The Remedy
+    within Twelve Months has proved itself to have no equal
+    for removing Cataracts, Films, White Specks, &c., and
+    is guaranteed the greatest and most marvellous Remedy
+    in the world for such, and for all Eye Sufferers.
+
+Directions for use were given in another circular, as follows, and seem
+worth quoting as an illustration of pretensions so preposterous that
+they seem calculated to defeat their own object even when addressed to
+the most credulous:
+
+       Divide the packet of powder into four parts; into an
+       ordinary six ounce medicine bottle put one part out
+       of the four, then fill up the bottle with pure water.
+       Filter or strain the water before so doing, then let
+       the Lotion stand all night after it is made, it is then
+       ready for use. Keep the remainder of the powder in a
+       dry place until required for use.
+
+       Shake up the bottle well before using, and in case
+       of Blindness or very bad eyesight, for deep-seated
+       Inflammation, Cataracts, White Specks, &c., pour some
+       of the Lotion into an earthen cup or basin, and bathe
+       the eyes three times a day, about two minutes at a
+       time, and let the Lotion go well into the eyes by
+       winking them whilst bathing them—the Lotion will do no
+       harm by going well into them, for good results can only
+    be obtained in such cases by the remedy going well into the eyes.
+    After bathing the eyes cover up the Lotion with a saucer or plate to
+    keep dust, etc., out, until required for use again. Use a piece of
+    linen rag for bathing the eyes.
+
+    N.B.—For Painful, Bloodshot, Weak, Dim, and Misty Eyes, or Floating
+    Black Specks, or for Eye Strain, Etc., and for Strengthening the
+    Optic Nerve, Etc., and for Inflammation, Short Sight, Etc.—Simply
+    bathe the eyes twice a day, morning and night, just before going to
+    bed, about two minutes at a time, letting a little of the Lotion go
+    into the eyes, and should the Remedy make the eyes smart too much,
+    and too long, or make the eyes inflamed or water, etc., too much,
+    make the Remedy a little weaker by adding a little more water to
+    same quantity of Powder, or by not putting quite so much powder to
+    same quantity of water.
+
+This circular concludes with the following notice:
+
+    Please Note the Remedy can only be had direct from
+    the Proprietor himself, as no other human being in
+    existence sells it.
+
+The package was accompanied by a written paper as follows:
+
+    Please note. Since instructions have been printed I
+    find it necessary for a slight alteration for the
+    benefit of those suffering from Cataracts, Films, and
+    white specks. In such cases when first commencing to
+    use the remedy divide the packet of powder into 4 parts
+    make one bottle out of one part and use according to
+    instructions. After the use of first bottle divide the
+    rest of the powder into 2 parts you will then have
+    sufficient for 2 bottles and will therefore have remedy
+    much stronger of which is needed in case of Cataracts,
+    etc. And when more remedy is required always divide the
+    packet into 3 parts sufficient to make 3 bottles and
+    follow instructions.
+
+    (P.S.) I may say for the benefit of those suffering
+    from Cataracts, Films, and white specks the best and
+    quickest results have been obtained by using one bottle
+    per week.
+
+The packet contained a coarse pink powder, with many white particles.
+Analysis showed it to contain:
+
+    Basic aluminium sulphate      48·2 per cent.
+    Sodium sulphate (anhydrous)   18·3    ”
+    Colouring matter              a trace.
+
+the remainder being water. The double sulphate of aluminium and sodium,
+or soda alum, contains 48·8 per cent. of aluminium sulphate and 20·3
+per cent. of sodium sulphate, and the substance under examination thus
+practically consisted of this salt, somewhat deficient in sulphuric
+acid. The colouring matter did not quite agree in its behaviour with
+any of the common pink colours, though it was very similar to acid
+magenta.
+
+The estimated cost of 135 grains is one-twentieth of a penny.
+
+
+POMIES’ ANTI-CATARACT MIXTURE.
+
+This application is sold from a place called an Ophthalmic Institution
+in London at the price of 2s. 6d. for a pot containing 162 grains.
+
+It is one of a series of preparations sold under the name “Pomies,”
+including anti-cataract oil, anti-inflammation eye lotions Nos. 1 and
+2, sedative collyrium, and others. The package itself was singularly
+free from printed matter; the directions on the label were as follows:
+
+    “Take some of the Mixture on a camelhair brush and
+    introduce it into the eye in wiping the brush between
+    the lids two or three times, twice a day.”
+
+Analysis showed the composition of the substance to be:
+
+    Potassium iodide    5·6 per cent.
+    Glycerine          56·5    ”
+    Starch              6·4    ”
+    Water              31·5    ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients, for 162 grains, is one-third of
+a penny.
+
+
+SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.
+
+The eye preparations analysed by Dr. Zernik are not very interesting.
+One called _Okterin_ is a sulphate water, colourless, odourless, acid,
+and astringent, apparently pumped out of a mine containing ochre.
+Another sold under the name _Opthalmol_, and described as a natural
+remedy for all kinds of eye disease is supposed to be made from the
+glands of a fish. It yielded analytical data which appeared to prove
+that it was rancid olive oil, with 6 or 7 per cent. of a mineral oil
+like paraffin. A third wonder-working application, _Augenwol_, said to
+be made from various plants obtained from many countries proved to be
+a coloured and perfumed solution of common salt containing a little
+glycerine and some extractive substances.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+REMEDIES FOR PILES.
+
+
+The series of analyses of secret remedies for hæmorrhoids, and the
+extracts from the advertisements by which these nostrums are commended
+to the public, make it evident that the prevalence of this complaint,
+which is always disagreeable and painful, and sometimes incapacitating,
+provides a happy hunting ground for the nostrum monger. An additional
+attraction is, perhaps, to be found in the fact that considerable
+variety is possible in the method of treatment. Local applications,
+represented by suppositories and ointments, appear to be most in
+favour, but there is an obvious opportunity for the man who wishes
+to sell a medicine to be taken internally to declare that local
+applications “only afford temporary ease, and do not tend to remove
+the cause. Only internal treatment can cure.” The further possibility
+of extracting double or threefold payments from sufferers by insisting
+on the necessity of both local and internal remedies has by no means
+been neglected; in some cases one preparation only is advertised, and
+after obtaining this the sufferer learns that something further must be
+bought if the promised cure is to be effected. In another case, where
+the remedy is a “threefold treatment, because there are three avenues
+of approach to the seat of the ailment,” it is advertised to be sent
+without payment, the money to be paid after a week’s trial if benefit
+has been received; any one availing himself of this offer necessarily
+supplies the vendors with his name and address, and will then, it
+seems, become the recipient of numerous letters, emphasizing the
+dangers of neglect, and offering “our full-size guinea treatment” on
+special terms. It has been shown in previous chapters that this method
+of doing business directly with the persons taking quack remedies is
+in great, and apparently growing, favour with makers of such things.
+The letters with which the sufferer is inundated are, as a rule at any
+rate, printed in imitation of typewritten letters or reproduced by
+some manifolding process, and the recipient, unless he be something of
+an expert, is likely to suppose that he is receiving letters composed
+for his personal benefit, an illusion that is sedulously maintained by
+a profession of “special interest in your case,” or some equivalent
+fiction. The majority of the preparations described in this chapter
+contain substances commonly employed for the relief of piles, such as
+hamamelis (witch hazel), lead acetate, zinc oxide, calomel, or others,
+if possible, still more old-fashioned; some, like the “Muco-Food Cones,
+containing concentrated glutinous nourishment,” consist of flour and
+cocoa butter, and are innocent of medicinal ingredients. Advertisers,
+of course, indulge in the usual impudent reflexions on the work of the
+medical profession; one, for instance, hazards the statement that “for
+centuries piles have been treated in a careless, listless, manner by
+physicians, who, through ignorance or indifference, were unfit to be
+entrusted with such cases.” These same advertisers remark: “The people
+do not like to be humbugged”—a statement, perhaps, as far from the
+truth as some other assertions in the advertisements and letters. One
+company—two of whose “cures” have been shown in previous chapters to
+consist of sugar only, and whose ointment for piles is about equally
+active—invites those who are not cured by it to detail their symptoms
+to “our medical correspondence department”; it is easy to believe
+that “you will receive the same thorough attention from our medical
+staff as if you were examined personally,” but how much attention
+that would be is wisely not stated. The majority of the articles are
+of American origin, some of them being marked “Made in U.S.A.,” and
+others being now prepared in this country, but having originally come
+from across the Atlantic. Whether English or foreign, however, the
+usual disproportion is to be found between the prime cost and the price
+charged. If in the present series the highest price is charged—and the
+greatest pertinacity in extracting the sufferer’s money is shown—by a
+transatlantic concern, in other chapters English quacks have been shown
+well to the fore as regards both price and methods.
+
+
+BUER’S PILES CURE.
+
+On purchasing from an address in one of the Home Counties Buer’s “Piles
+Cure” for 1s. 1½d., it proved to consist of a box of Buer’s Mul’la, and
+a single sample powder of Buer’s Pile Powders, which cost a further 1s.
+1½d. for a box. Several circulars were enclosed in the package. The
+trade mark was a picture of a donkey; a few extracts will suffice as
+specimens of the statements made:
+
+    Is it money (1s. 1½d.) or your life? Buer, the founder,
+    the proprietor is the seventh son, not trading on his
+    birthright but on his cure, testified by hundreds.
+    Warrants it will cure you. If you suffer, will you try
+    it?
+
+    The pains experienced range all the way from the
+    slightest itch to the most terrible sufferings, which
+    appear like tearing the body asunder, and unless
+    the piles are cured with Buer’s Mul’la there is no
+    relief....
+
+    They cause you to be despondent, caring little to live;
+    no go in you; quarrelsome in yourself; weakening to the
+    constitution; until something gives way and hastens
+    your death. It is therefore money or your life; no
+    hesitation.
+
+    But one thing—not for the sake of selling the
+    Powders—keep a box of Buer’s Pile Powders in house—12
+    for 1s. 1½d. ain’t dear—and take one as directed
+    whenever you feel any irritation.
+
+The box of ointment contained two-fifths of an ounce. The directions
+were:
+
+    Apply this Mul’la to parts affected.
+
+Analysis showed the ointment to contain:
+
+    Lanoline (anhydrous)  66·5 per cent.
+    Beeswax                1·5    ”
+    Water                 32·0    ”
+
+Hamamelis ointment is usually made from the liquid extract which
+contains rectified spirit, but no alcohol was present in this
+oddly-named preparation; it may have been made with liquor hamamelidis
+prepared without the use of alcohol; a minute trace of water-soluble
+substance contained in the ointment suggested by its behaviour with
+reagents that such was the case. The estimated cost of ingredients is
+three farthings.
+
+Twelve of the powders are supplied in the 1s. 1½d. box. The directions
+are:
+
+    To be taken at bedtime in a glass of milk or water.
+
+Analysis showed the composition to be:
+
+    Precipitated sulphur                   14·9 grains.
+    Calcined magnesia (partly carbonated)  23·6   ”
+
+in one powder of average weight. Single powders in one box varied from
+28 to 48 grains. The estimated cost of the ingredients for twelve
+powders is 1¼d.
+
+
+MUNYON’S PILE OINTMENT.
+
+This ointment is supplied by the same Homœopathic Home Remedy Company
+as has been encountered in earlier chapters. The price charged was 1s.
+a package, containing a collapsible tube holding 1 oz. of ointment and
+a metal tube for introducing it.
+
+On the outside of the package it was stated that the ointment
+
+    permanently cures all forms of Piles or Hemorrhoids,
+    and immediately relieves pain, burning, itching, and
+    distress at the outlet of the bowels.
+
+In the circular enclosed in the package, in which thirty of this
+company’s preparations for different complaints were advertised, it was
+stated that the ointment
+
+    cures piles, blind or bleeding, protruding or internal,
+    stops itching instantly, allays inflammation, and
+    gives ease at once to the sore parts, heals fissures,
+    ulcerations, cracks, and all anal troubles.”
+
+A label on the tube of ointment asked the purchaser
+
+    if this remedy fails to cure him, to write to the
+    proprietor stating fully all your symptoms. He
+    will have your case carefully diagnosed, and, you
+    will receive the same thorough attention from our
+    medical staff as if you were examined personally.
+    All communications are kept strictly confidential,
+    and replies are sent in plain envelopes. Our Medical
+    Correspondence Department is having great success in
+    curing old obstinate cases. Remember we sweep away
+    all fees for medical advice, we put special medical
+    attention at your service absolutely free. We want you
+    to feel at liberty to write us whenever you need any
+    medical advice, and to fully understand that there will
+    be no charge of any kind for our service.
+
+Analysis showed the ointment, which was directed to be applied three
+times a day, to consist of soft paraffin, with a trace of ichthyol
+sufficient to give a slight odour, but not enough to affect the
+appearance of the ointment. Experiments showed that 0·2 per cent. or
+over of ichthyol appreciably darkens the colour of soft paraffin, and
+it appears therefore that less than this proportion was present. The
+estimated cost of one ounce of the ointment is one farthing.
+
+
+DOAN’S OINTMENT.
+
+This is sold by a company giving an address in London; the price is 2s.
+9d. a tin, containing 1⅔ oz.
+
+On the package it was stated that
+
+    Doan’s Ointment cures Piles, Salt Rheum, Chilblains,
+    Eczema. Cures Black-headed Pimples, Hives and any
+    itching disease.
+
+In the enclosed circular it was referred to as:
+
+    The “Thorough” Cure for Piles, Eczema, Shingles, and
+    Itching Diseases of the Skin.
+
+And the statement was made that:
+
+    Bleeding and torturing itching piles are quickly and
+    thoroughly cured by Doan’s Ointment, relief being
+    usually obtained from the first application. A cure
+    will follow—a “thorough” cure.
+
+A “Pile Pipe” was supplied at 6d. for applying the ointment to internal
+piles; for external piles it was directed to be applied with the finger
+or a piece of clean soft rag. Analysis showed the composition of the
+ointment to be:
+
+    Calomel        36·0 per cent.
+    Zinc oxide     11·2    ”
+    Phenol          1·3    ”
+    Beeswax         2·3    ”
+    Soft paraffin  49·2    ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients is 2d.
+
+
+OXIEN MEDI-CONE PILE TREATMENT.
+
+The sole proprietors of this treatment are stated to be “The Giant
+Oxie Co.,” of a town in the U.S.A., but having a British depôt in
+London. The price charged for a box was 2s. 3d.; it contained twelve
+suppositories, described on the label as:
+
+    Warranted to cure Blind, Bleeding, or Itching
+    Hemorrhoids, and all other Diseases of the Lower Bowel
+    and Rectum.
+
+The following extracts are quoted from the enclosed circulars:
+
+    Just so far as an electric light is ahead of a tallow
+    candle, is the Oxien Medi-Cone Pile Treatment in
+    advance of and superior to all other remedies for
+    Rectal Diseases.
+
+    The people do not like to be humbugged. Modern Men
+    and Women demand modern methods of treatment. With
+    this in view we have after careful painstaking study
+    and experimenting organized a radically new method
+    for the positive cure of Bleeding or Itching Piles or
+    Hemorrhoids, Rectal Ulcers, Fissure, Polypi, Fistula,
+    and all ailments of the Rectum and Lower Bowel....
+
+    If you are a sufferer from this terrible malady which
+    has scourged people of all classes of society, in every
+    clime since Bible times, do not now give up. You can
+    be cured. For centuries Piles have been treated in a
+    careless, listless manner, by physicians who through
+    ignorance or indifference were unfit to be entrusted
+    with such cases, or by quacks who by questionable
+    methods and high-titled nostrums extracted dollar after
+    dollar from patient sufferers. During the past few
+    years, however, a great awakening has taken place. The
+    people demanded a suitable and satisfactory treatment
+    and students have been at work, and the subject and
+    its cures have had the most careful and scientific
+    attention.
+
+The result of the careful and scientific attention of the students is
+these suppositories, which were found on analysis to have the following
+composition:
+
+    Lead acetate                      5·6 per cent.
+    Creasote, about                   2·0    ”
+    A resinoid substance              3·0    ”
+    Vegetable tissue                  1·0    ”
+    Hard paraffin                     7·0    ”
+    Oil of theobroma (cocoa butter)  81·4    ”
+
+The resinoid substance showed the presence of tannin; it could not
+be identified with any certainty, but may have been “hamamelin,” an
+extract of hamamelis (witch hazel) for which there is no official
+standard or method of preparation, but it did not agree closely in
+character with the hamamelin ordinarily supplied in this country. The
+vegetable tissue appeared to be that of a young leaf, and from the
+peculiar nature of the hairs was probably hamamelis leaf; the mature
+leaves as imported into Great Britain, however, possess characters
+which were absent. The suppositories were of the average weight of 19
+grains, and the estimated prime cost of the ingredients for twelve is
+1¼d.
+
+
+HEMOTORA.
+
+The fluid to which this name is given is stated to be manufactured for
+a company by a chemist in Cheshire. A bottle containing nearly 4 fluid
+ounces, costs 2s. In the accompanying circular the company’s views as
+to the cause of piles are expounded as follows:
+
+    Hemotora is a Concentrated Extract of Herbs which has
+    been tested and proved beyond doubt to be a “Certain
+    Specific for Piles.” A short explanation will clearly
+    show the action of Hemotora. Should any hindrance occur
+    to the flow of blood through the hæmorrhoidal veins,
+    they naturally become congested and distended; this
+    further brings about a thickening of the vein walls,
+    eventually developing painful tumours called “Piles,”
+    or technically, “Hæmorrhoids.” The many and various
+    conditions that eventually produce Piles can always
+    be traced to this accumulation of blood, and it is
+    in this direction, the very basis of the complaint,
+    that the active principles of Hemotora display their
+    wonderful efficiency by removing the obstruction to
+    the natural flow of blood; the parts will then return
+    to their original condition and functions. Relief may
+    be obtained from the external use of Ointments, Creams
+    and Suppositories, but these preparations only afford
+    temporary ease, and do not tend to remove the Cause.
+    Only internal treatment can cure. Results show that
+    External, Internal, and Bleeding Piles alike soon yield
+    to this remedy; after a few doses the pain is greatly
+    alleviated, accompanied by a sense of relief from the
+    sickly feeling of lassitude and depression. The tonic
+    properties of Hemotora quickly restore the general
+    health.
+
+From another circular it appears that
+
+    The “Hemotora Salve” for Itching Piles is sold in small
+    1s. Jars, large size, 2s. 6d.
+
+Analysis of “Hemotora” showed it to be an aqueous liquid containing
+about O·09 per cent. of a bitter amorphous alkaloid and 2·7 per cent.
+of vegetable extractive, including a little of a substance of the
+nature of a tannin, but not medicinal tannic acid. The liquid appeared
+to be produced by aqueous extraction, infusion or decoction, of some
+bitter vegetable substance.
+
+
+ROLLO’S REMEDY FOR PILES.
+
+This ointment, made by a Scottish company, is sold in tins, price 1s.
+1½d., containing rather under 1 oz. It is described in an accompanying
+circular as a remedy for a good many disorders besides Piles:
+
+        Rollo’s Remedy for Piles, Eczema, Rheumatic Pains,
+        Burns and Scalds, Chilblains, Soreness or Roughness of
+        the Skin, Itching.
+
+        Rollo’s Remedy is a Vegetable Extract in the Highest
+        Possible State of Purity, without any addition
+        whatever. It is obtained from a little known part of
+        Africa, and has been brought to its present perfection
+        after a long series of scientific experiments. It
+        does not contain any Poisons, Drugs, Chemicals, or
+        Impurities of any kind, and although intended for
+        external use only, it is so pure that even if eaten it
+        would be quite harmless.
+
+Analysis showed the ointment to contain over 99 per cent. of fatty
+basis, with a very small quantity of a dark substance which appeared to
+be vegetable extractive. It contained no alkaloid and no tannin, and
+possessed no characters indicative of the drug or plant from which it
+was derived. The basis showed the characters of a mixture of fats in
+which oil of theobroma (cocoa butter) predominated, with about 15 per
+cent. of lanoline (anhydrous).
+
+
+DR. VAN VLECK’S COMPLETE ABSORPTIVE PILE TREATMENT.
+
+The preparations sold under this name are, or were, very widely
+advertised by a company giving an address in London. They are offered
+without previous payment, as indicated by the following extracts from
+an advertisement:
+
+    To every person who sends us the coupon below at once,
+    we will send—Free to try—our complete new threefold
+    absorption cure for Piles, Ulcer, Fissure, Prolapse,
+    Tumours, Constipation, and all rectal troubles. If you
+    are fully satisfied with the benefits received, send
+    us 4s. 6d. If not, we take your word, and it costs you
+    nothing; you decide after a thorough trial.
+
+    Our valuable new Pile Book (in colours) comes free with
+    the approval treatment all in plain package. Send no
+    money—just the coupon—to Dr. Van Vleck Co.
+
+The “new Pile Book,” a pamphlet of 40 pages, entitled “The Rational
+Treatment of Rectal Diseases,” included a description of the rectum,
+with eleven illustrations—several of them coloured—with descriptions of
+various kinds of piles and treatments, and of the Van Vleck remedies. A
+few extracts only can be given:
+
+    Unless you are beyond every chance of recovery, this
+    wonderful threefold Absorption treatment will cure
+    you....
+
+    The Absorption Cure is Threefold because there are
+    three avenues of approach to the seat of the ailment.
+    To neglect one of these avenues means to leave an open
+    gateway for the return of the malady. Dr. Van Vleck
+    struck at the well spring of the disease, as well as at
+    the visible effect of it. Once cured by our treatment
+    the disease is cured to stay cured. There is no pain,
+    no confinement, no heavy doctor’s or surgeon’s bill,
+    no operation. The cost is placed within the reach of
+    all, and the treatment is accompanied by a positive
+    guarantee of cure. The treatment embraces:
+
+         1. Dr. Van Vleck’s Absorptive Plasma.
+         2. Dr. Van Vleck’s Muco-food Cones.
+         3. Dr. Van Vleck’s Pile Pills (and System Regulator).
+
+The “positive guarantee” is given inside the back cover of the
+pamphlet, as follows:
+
+                        GUARANTEE.
+
+    The Dr. Van Vleck Co.... Hereby positively agrees that
+    Dr. Van Vleck’s Absorption Cure for Piles, when taken
+    and used in accordance with our simple instructions and
+    directions, will cure any case of Piles, and in the
+    event of its failure to cure,
+
+                  AGREES TO REFUND
+
+    The entire amount paid immediately upon required
+    statement that benefit has not been received.
+
+                                The Dr. Van Vleck Co.
+
+
+It will be observed that this purported to be a guarantee to cure, and
+would be read by most as a promise to refund the amount paid if the
+treatment did not cure; whereas it was only a promise to refund if a
+“required” statement were made that benefit (that is, any benefit) had
+not been received, a statement most uncured persons might hesitate to
+make.
+
+On application for the 4s. 6d. treatment, 5 suppositories, 10 pills,
+and about 65 grains of “plasma” in a collapsible tube were sent, with a
+long circular letter of the usual type, offering the:
+
+    Large special treatment, including our new Rectal
+    Applicator, made from pure Stannum,[2] for 21s., or for
+    16s. 6d. in addition to the 4s. 6d. to be sent for what
+    was supplied.
+
+[2] _Stannum_: tin. _Latin Dictionary._
+
+The labels of the preparations were stamped “made in U.S.A.”
+
+Letters subsequently received urging continued use of the treatment
+and pressing for particulars of the case, were much like those from
+other nostrum dealers which have been printed in earlier chapters, and
+included such statements as:
+
+    We have made a special study of your case, and we are
+    convinced that if this, our final offer to _you_,
+    is accepted, a permanent cure will be assured.
+
+No “case” had been even mentioned in sending for the preparations. The
+“final offer” was:
+
+    On receipt of 12s. 6d. we will forward you our Full
+    Size Guinea Treatment, post free. We are perfectly
+    willing to trust to you to remit us the balance of 4s.
+    on completion of the cure. Remember you are absolutely
+    protected by our guarantee (see last page of booklet).
+
+Other papers sent were a “Patient’s Special Symptom Form,” to be
+filled up after using the “treatment,” and including such questions as
+“Are your Piles better?” “Please state in what way your condition has
+changed since you commenced taking our treatment,” and a form for names
+and addresses of other persons suffering from piles.
+
+Analysis of the “plasma” showed it to be a paraffin ointment containing
+about 6 per cent. of powdered galls and a small quantity of menthol
+(approximately 1 per cent.); the basis consisted principally of soft
+paraffin, with a dark substance which appeared to be the natural
+impurities of crude petroleum. The formula is thus approximately:
+
+    Powdered galls               6 parts.
+    Menthol                      1   ”
+    Crude petroleum jelly to   100   ”
+
+The “Muco-food Cones” had an average weight of 21 grains; analysis
+showed them to consist of:
+
+    Wheat flour                       28 per cent.
+    Oil of theobroma (cocoa butter)   68    ”
+    Water                              4    ”
+
+Careful search failed to show any other ingredient.
+
+The pills were coated with a mixture of talc and sugar, tinted an
+orange colour; after removing the coating they had an average weight of
+1·1 grain. Analysis showed them to contain small quantities of powdered
+capsicum, powdered liquorice, and maize starch; 23 per cent. of ash,
+about half of which consisted of silicious matter and was apparently
+talc that had got into the pill from the coating; the remainder of the
+ash showed the usual constituents of the ash of vegetable drugs and
+extracts, together with a small quantity of zinc, which was present in
+the pill in the metallic state and was presumably derived from some
+vessel used in the preparation; a bitter extract, agreeing in its
+properties with extract of cascara sagrada, constituting the major
+portion of the pill; and a resinoid substance which resembled iridin.
+As a definite formula cannot be given for such a pill, the cost of
+ingredients can only be estimated somewhat roughly. After making
+liberal allowance for the unknown resinoid, the estimated cost of the
+ingredients of the quantities of the three preparations supplied for
+4s. 6d. is three-farthings.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVIII.
+
+PREPARATIONS FOR RUPTURE.
+
+
+Advertisements of means of curing rupture without operation are very
+common, but in most cases the advertiser has for sale a special form
+of truss or other appliance. The disorder is so well-known to be of a
+mechanical or structural nature, that it might have been thought that
+it would hardly have been worth anybody’s while to advertise drugs for
+its cure. Nevertheless there are, at least, two instances in which
+medicine for internal or external use is supplied; the results of
+examination of these are here given.
+
+
+RICE’S TREATMENT FOR RUPTURE.
+
+The following is a specimen of the wording of the advertisement of
+this “treatment” which used to be, and perhaps still is, very commonly
+illustrated by a picture of a bricklayer filling up a hole in a wall:
+
+                         RUPTURE CURED.
+
+        Do You See this Bricklayer Closing up the Opening in
+        that Wall. That is the way to cure _Rupture_,
+        by filling in the opening with _new_ and
+        _stronger_ tissue.
+
+        A rupture is simply a break in a wall—the wall of
+        _muscle_ that protects the bowels and other
+        internal organs.
+
+        It is just as easy to cure a wound or break in
+        _this_ muscle as one in the arm or hand.
+
+        Now this break may be no larger than the tip of your
+        finger. But it is large _enough_ to allow part of
+        the intestines to crowd through. Of course, this cannot
+        _heal_ unless nature is _assisted_. That is
+        just what this Method does. It enables you to retain
+        the protrusion inside the wall in its proper place.
+
+        Then we give you a Developing Lymphol to apply on
+        the rupture opening. This penetrates _through_
+        the skin to the edges of the opening and removes the
+        _hard ring_ which has formed around the break.
+
+        Then the _healing_ process begins. Nature, no
+        longer handicapped by the protruding bowel and hardened
+        ring at the opening, and stimulated by the action of
+        the Lymphol, throws out _her_ supply of lymph, and
+        the opening is again filled with _new muscle_.
+
+        Isn’t this simple? Isn’t it _reasonable_?...
+
+        Simply _write_ us and we will post you a _free
+        sample treatment of_ the Developing Lymphol and
+        a finely illustrated book on The Nature and Cure of
+        Rupture. Do _not_ send any money. Just your
+        _name_ and _address_ on this Coupon.
+
+Application for particulars of the method of cure brought a book of
+40 pages, entitled “The Nature and Cure of Rupture,” with a letter,
+directions for measurement, and other papers. It would seem that if
+the applicant does not at once become a customer, other letters and
+booklets are sent at intervals. The titles of some of these booklets
+which are before us are: “First Aid to the Ruptured,” “The Value
+of a Cure,” “A Fireside Reverie,” “Facts and Faces,” “The Story of
+Christopher Columbus,” and “The Man Who Wondered Why.” However much the
+matter varies, it always leads to the subject of the cure of rupture
+by Rice’s Treatment. The treatment consists of the wearing of an
+“Appliance” (occasionally referred to as “my perfect truss”) and the
+application of “Developing Lymphol.” The respective parts stated to be
+played by these are indicated by the following extracts from some of
+the pamphlets referred to:
+
+    To be cured of rupture it is necessary to apply my
+    Lymphol Developing Treatment regularly as directed, for
+    it is the Lymphol, not the Appliance, that performs the
+    cure.
+
+    The Appliance is simply a means of support to retain
+    the rupture, and prevent the protrusion from tearing
+    down the new particles of tissue with which the opening
+    is being filled under the vitalizing and healing
+    influence of the Lymphol.
+
+The appliance is supplied in two grades or qualities. The price of the
+Appliance and Lymphol together ranged from 21s. for a child’s single
+appliance of the cheaper grade to £4 10s. for an “Abdominal Supporter
+and Navel Appliance Combined,” of the higher grade. It was stated
+in the price list that the lymphol and appliance were not supplied
+separately; but in another list sent with the goods the lymphol alone
+was priced at 16s. 6d. The bottle sent held just over four fluid ounces.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Lie on your back, remove appliance, unscrew stopper,
+    and sprinkle a few drops of the Lymphol on to the point
+    where the rapture leaves the cavity of the abdomen.
+    Apply night and morning, rubbing in thoroughly with
+    fingers. If irritation is produced, use less Lymphol,
+    or discontinue its use for a few days. The Lymphol may
+    be reduced in strength by adding Spiritus Rectificatus
+    which can be obtained from any chemist.
+
+The “appliance” consisted of an elastic band to go round the body,
+fitted with an adjustable pad and an understrap. Analysis showed the
+“lymphol” to be an alcoholic solution containing essential oils and
+capsicum resin, and a trace of red colouring matter. Oils of origanum
+(thyme), peppermint, and spearmint were recognized; the proportion of
+capsicum was estimated by determining the total solid matter, and by
+comparing the pungency of dilutions of the lymphol with dilutions of
+the solutions prepared in imitation; the red colouring matter was not
+cochineal, or one of the common vegetable colours, but appeared to be
+one of the artificial dyes. Careful comparisons indicated the following
+formula:
+
+    Tincture of capsicum (_B.P._ strength but
+         prepared with strong alcohol)              60 parts by measure.
+    Oil of origanum                                  6    ”      ”
+    Oil of peppermint                                1    ”      ”
+    Oil of spearmint                                0·3   ”      ”
+    Red dye                                         q.s.  ”      ”
+    Rectified spirit to                             100   ”      ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 4 fluid ounces is 9d.
+
+
+HEALINE TREATMENT.
+
+This is advertised from a town in the south of England as follows:
+
+                     Rupture cured
+
+    speedily and permanently, with inexpensive home
+    treatment. A certain remedy for Man, Woman, and Child.
+    Full particulars on receipt of two stamps.
+
+Application to the address given brought a booklet of 28 pages, headed:
+
+    The following is a description of
+                                     Rupture,
+                   Its causes, Symptoms,
+                               Treatment, and Cure.
+
+An extract from this booklet is here given:
+
+    The only possible way to effect a permanent cure is
+    by taking a remedy that will fortify and strengthen
+    the weakened vessels, and so enable them to bear an
+    ordinary strain without injuring them. HEALINE
+    TREATMENT No. 1 has been found by experience
+    to perform this operation after all other so-called
+    treatments have failed. External treatment cannot cure
+    you, for the cause is internal; therefore to effect a
+    cure the cause must be removed. By taking this remedy
+    as directed, a cure may be expected from two to four
+    months, according to description of complaint and
+    length of time affected. From six to nine bottles of
+    this preparation is generally sufficient to effect a
+    cure, or the same quantity of pills. I do not guarantee
+    to completely cure every case, but it will do as much
+    good as nature will allow, and prevent strangulation in
+    every case. I find, after a few years’ experience with
+    this remedy, that it is able to absolutely cure ninety
+    out of every hundred cases of rapture, where nine to a
+    dozen bottles have been taken.
+
+Other sections of the pamphlet are devoted to varicocele and varicose
+veins, for which it appears that “Healine No. 2” and “Healine No. 3”
+respectively are recommended.
+
+The prices of the preparations (post free) were thus given:
+
+    Liquid Form.—3s. per bottle; Three for 8s. 9d.; or Six
+    prepared bottles for 15s.
+
+    Pill Form (recommended).—2s. 9d. per box; Three for
+    8s.; or Six for 13s. 9d.
+
+    Healine Lotion (same price as Internal Healine) is
+    always necessary for bad Ulcerated Legs and open or
+    deep-seated Wounds, and never fails to cure when used
+    as directed.
+
+    Consultation by appointment only, for which a fee of
+    2s. 6d. will be charged.
+
+An application for a bottle of liquid “Healine No. 1,” with a
+remittance of 3s., brought in return a box of the pills, with an
+intimation that these were recommended in preference. The box contained
+60 pills, two to be taken three times a day.
+
+The pills were coated with talc, after removal of which they had
+an average weight of 4 grains. No metallic salts were present, and
+no alkaloid; about 1 per cent. of an oily liquid of acid nature,
+apparently oleic acid, was found; small quantities of a tannin, gum,
+and phlobaphene, a decomposition product of tannin, were present,
+and a bitter substance which showed no characters by which it could
+be identified; aloin and extract of cascara sagrada were absent,
+and all resinous substances, unless in minute quantity; the pill
+consisted chiefly of indefinite extractive, with about 20 per cent. of
+a vegetable powder, one ingredient of which was liquorice, a second
+appearing to be gentian, but it was not identified with certainty;
+a considerable portion of the vegetable powder had no identifiable
+properties.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIX.
+
+CURES FOR INEBRIETY.
+
+
+For a good many years past cures for inebriety have been freely
+advertised in various ways, some of them commonplace and others
+showing a good deal of ingenuity. Some are advertised and sold in the
+same way as ordinary secret remedies, that is to say, the purchaser
+sends so much money and receives a box or bottle with directions
+for administering the contents. In other instances the inebriate is
+required to submit himself to inspection, and in certain cases must
+enter a home maintained by the proprietor or his agents. Between these
+two extremes there are intermediate plans, the methods followed shading
+off on the one hand into those of the ordinary nostrum seller, and on
+the other into the more elaborate system of the “treatments” with which
+transatlantic enterprise has made us familiar. The last of the remedies
+described by name below approximates very closely to this class.
+
+
+COZA POWDER.
+
+This powder is supplied by the Coza Institute, 76, Wardour Street,
+London, W., formerly 62, Chancery Lane, London, W.C. The price charged
+for a box, containing 30 powders was 10s.
+
+The preparation was advertised with an offer of a free sample. An
+application for a sample brought a single powder together with a 10s.
+box to be paid for or returned, a book of 130 pages (which is referred
+to below), and a letter, from which the following is an extract:
+
+        Coza Powder has the marvellous effect of producing a
+        repugnance to intoxicating drink of any kind, and may
+        be administered in coffee, tea, milk, water, beer,
+        whisky, brandy, or solid food without the partaker’s
+        knowledge.
+
+        Coza Powder does its work so silently and surely that
+        any person interested in the intemperate can administer
+        it to him or her without his or her knowledge and
+        without him or her learning what has effected the
+        reformation.
+
+        Coza Powder has reconciled thousands of families,
+        saved from shame and dishonour thousands of men and
+        transformed them into sturdy citizens and capable
+        business men. It has led many a young man along the
+        direct road to good fortune, and has prolonged by
+        several years the lives of many individuals.
+
+        We particularly wish to draw your attention to the fact
+        that we guarantee Coza Powder to be absolutely harmless.
+
+The book which was sent, entitled _No more Drunkenness_, opens with the
+statements that—
+
+    Coza Powder is one of the greatest discoveries of the
+    day. There is nothing in the whole world to compare
+    with it. It is the only powder to cure the craving for
+    drink and drug habits.
+
+The first few pages are devoted to a disquisition on drunkenness; then
+follow further claims for Coza Powder, such as—
+
+    Coza is the name of a marvellous powder which possesses
+    the quality of occasioning in him who takes it a
+    dislike for alcoholic liquors and all intoxicating
+    drinks. The drinker finds alcohol so detestable
+    that even on the most tempting occasions it will be
+    impossible for him to take a single drop.
+
+A large part of the book is given up to what are called testimonials,
+with portraits stated to represent the writers; the large majority of
+these are dated from Continental countries. Those to which English
+names and addresses are appended are for the most part expressions of
+hopefulness, or records of slight variations in drinking which are
+believed to be due to the powders; for instance:
+
+    My friend has been taking “Coza” this last two days,
+    and he has had no desire for drink.
+
+    Enclosed you will find P.O. for which send me another
+    box. I think the powders are doing my friend good. Send
+    at once.
+
+The last pages of the book are devoted to advertisements of Canexia
+Hair Elixir, Canexia-Brilliantine, and Canexia-Shampoo Powder, supplied
+from the Canexia Chemical Works, 61, Chancery Lane; and Anticelta
+Tablets for Obesity, and Brixa Tablets for Thin People, supplied from
+62, Chancery Lane.
+
+A visit to the address showed that the Canexia Chemical Works, the Coza
+Institute, and the offices of Anticelta and Brixa Tablets were all at
+that time accommodated in three rooms on the second floor at 61 and
+62, Chancery Lane, the double number representing the one entrance of
+a large block of buildings containing hundreds of different offices. A
+photograph of the entire block, inscribed “Coza Institute,” is given in
+the book just referred to. The address has since been changed to that
+given above.
+
+The powders had an average weight of 1½ grains, the weights of single
+ones varying from ⅓ grain to 3 grains. Analysis showed them to contain
+90·5 per cent. of sodium bicarbonate, the remainder being a vegetable
+powder; microscopic examination of this powder showed that it agreed in
+all its characters with a mixture of equal parts of cummin fruit and
+cinnamon. No alkaloid was present, and no other ingredient of any kind
+could be detected. The formula is thus:
+
+    Sodium bicarbonate     90 parts.
+    Powdered cinnamon       5   ”
+    Powdered cummin         5   ”
+
+Cummin fruit (seeds) have a bitter aromatic taste and a peculiar strong
+heavy odour. Owing to its disagreeable taste and odour cummin is seldom
+used in medicine, any medicinal properties it possesses being the same
+as those of other aromatic and less nauseous umbelliferous fruits.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 powders was one-thirtieth
+of a penny.
+
+
+DIPSOCURE.
+
+This nostrum is prepared by a “Chemical Co.,” giving an address in
+Birmingham. The price charged for a box, containing 50 powders, 25
+being white and 25 tinted reddish-buff, was 9s.
+
+This article, like the preceding, is advertised with an offer of a free
+sample. Application for a sample brought also a stream of letters at
+short intervals, with abundant printed matter. A few extracts from the
+letters are here given:
+
+    Eminent medical men have over and over again declared
+    that if a cure for drunkenness could be discovered
+    both TASTELESS AND ODOURLESS, and placed in the
+    hands of a devoted woman to administer SECRETLY, the
+    greatest difficulty in effecting cures would have been
+    overcome. “Dipsocure” IS TASTELESS and ODOURLESS, and
+    CAN BE administered SECRETLY; so that it has been our
+    privilege and good fortune to have solved the problem.
+    Whilst counteracting and freeing the alcoholic-laden
+    system of the poison, it is soothing to the nerves
+    and restores the health, and is harmless to the most
+    delicate person.
+
+    ... when a cure has been effected we ask you kindly
+    to acquaint us of the fact, and perhaps you will then
+    consider our agency proposal, showing how a good income
+    can be made by introducing the cure to others. To show
+    you the ease with which it can be sold, if you remit us
+    10s. three packages will be sent, two of which you can
+    readily dispose of to other sufferers at 9s. each, thus
+    making 8s. profit and obtaining one packet quite free.
+
+The directions for use were:
+
+    Give one powder three times a day, before meals,
+    dissolved in half a tea-cup of Hot Coffee, Tea, Whisky,
+    Milk, Gin, &c.
+
+    Use either the brown or white powder, as the colour of
+    the liquid may require.
+
+The powders had an average weight of 4·2 grains, single powders varying
+from 2·9 to 6·0 grains. The composition of both kinds was found to be
+the same except for the trace of colouring matter contained in the
+tinted powder. Analysis showed the composition to be—
+
+    Acetanilide           6 parts.
+    Potassium bromide    35   ”
+    Sugar of milk        59   ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 50 powders was one-third of a
+penny.
+
+
+ANTIDIPSO.
+
+This is supplied by another “Chemical Company,” giving an address in
+London. The price of a box, containing 48 powders, 24 being white, and
+24 tinted pinkish-buff, was 10s.
+
+The statements made about this article, in circulars and letters, were
+very similar to those made about the preceding one. A few extracts will
+suffice:
+
+    You will not forget that to insure an absolute complete
+    and permanent cure for the craving, two boxes are
+    invariably required. We have had data of cures effected
+    with one box, but to make absolutely sure you will
+    do well to immediately send us remittance, to the
+    same value as the last, and get the second box of the
+    specific. Antidipso may be administered with or without
+    the knowledge of the patient.... We enclose you a
+    booklet showing our agency terms. Kindly give it your
+    attention, as we are confident you will be so surprised
+    and satisfied at the cure which will be effected that
+    you will either yourself want to take up agency with
+    us, or get some one in your district to do so.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Give one powder, dissolved in half a tea-cup of hot
+    coffee, whisky, milk, gin, &c. (using either Brown or
+    White Powder as colour of liquid may require) 3 times a
+    day before meals.
+
+The powders had an average weight of 5·3 grains, single powders ranging
+from 3·7 to 9·9 grains. The white and tinted powders were made of the
+same constituents, with a trace of colouring matter added in the latter
+case, but in different proportions. Analysis showed the composition to
+be:
+
+WHITE POWDERS.
+
+    Potassium bromide   24·5 parts.
+    Sugar of milk       75·5   ”
+
+COLOURED POWDERS.
+
+    Potassium bromide   35 parts.
+    Sugar of milk       65   ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 48 powders was one-third of a
+penny.
+
+
+THE TEETOLIA TREATMENT.
+
+The following is an extract from an advertisement of a “Teetolia
+Treatment Association,” giving an address in London:
+
+            After years of Drink and Drug taking—
+
+                    Cured in 4 days.
+
+    ... The Teetolia treatment acts so rapidly and so
+    efficiently that within four days from the commencement
+    of administration the insistent craving for drink is
+    absolutely destroyed—so much so, that even the thought
+    of alcohol becomes nauseating.... Thousands have been
+    cured by this treatment, and we guarantee to cure you.
+    If you write to-day, you will receive by return of post
+    a private consultation sheet, together with a valuable
+    book on this subject, post free in plain envelope, and
+    you will be a free man within a week.
+
+On application being made for further particulars, a booklet of twenty
+pages, entitled _The Teetolia Treatment for Alcoholic Excess, Drug
+Habits, and Resultant Nervous Diseases_, was sent, together with a
+letter and a form to be filled up with particulars of the case to be
+treated. The following are extracts from the booklet:
+
+    The discovery of the Teetolia method and treatment
+    for the permanent eradication of the crave for drink
+    and drugs marks an era in medical science. It is the
+    outcome of a life’s study of the subject by one of our
+    best known West-End physicians.
+
+    You can, whilst undergoing the treatment, pursue your
+    ordinary methods of living. You continue to take your
+    daily modicum of alcohol; but somehow about the third
+    or fourth day of treatment, without having made any
+    physical or mental effort, you feel that you no longer
+    want a drink; it holds out no attractions to you; its
+    magnetic influence has gone....
+
+    We are willing to supply you with sufficient medicine
+    for eight days’ treatment free of all charge. This
+    will enable you to determine whether the treatment is
+    acting successfully, for at the end of the fourth day
+    an obvious and perceptible effect should be
+    experienced. We impose no condition; we rely on your
+    candour, honesty, and gratitude that at the end of the
+    eight days’ treatment, if you are convinced of the
+    value of the Teetolia Treatment, you will forward to us
+    the ordinary fee—£1 1_s._—for same, but if you
+    have derived no benefit from the treatment at the end
+    of the same period, then you are under no obligation
+    whatever to pay us one single penny.
+
+The letters were on headed paper, at the top of which was printed,
+“All communications strictly confidential,” and “Consultations with
+Physician by appointment.” The first letter concluded as follows:
+
+    Please therefore fill in and return without delay the
+    special statement sheet and upon our receiving it the
+    Physician will go carefully into the case and will
+    prescribe special medicine, which will reach you with
+    expert advice in the course of two or three days in a
+    perfectly plain sealed package.
+
+The “expert advice,” in a letter purporting to be from “The Medical
+Superintendent,” sent with the medicine, contained these passages:
+
+    I want, if possible, the patient to use his own
+    endeavours to try and keep off alcohol during the first
+    few days of treatment; if this cannot be done, then the
+    treatment must be commenced when the patient is not
+    drinking, in order to give the medicine a better hold
+    on the system. The dislike for alcohol, which we claim,
+    does not come on all at once.
+
+    The eight days’ treatment is enough to show you that
+    it will do good, but not sufficient in this case to
+    effect a permanent cure. I would advise the patient to
+    continue for at least a month to six weeks.
+
+This is somewhat widely at variance with the statements quoted above.
+“You continue to take your daily modicum of alcohol” and “you will be a
+free man within a week.”
+
+The one guinea “treatment” consisted of 2⅙ fluid ounces of a liquid of
+the nature of a vegetable fluid extract.
+
+The directions were:
+
+    Half a teaspoonful to be taken in a little water every
+    four hours during the day at 10, 2, 6, and 10 o’c.
+
+Analysis showed this to contain 29·3 per cent. by volume of alcohol
+and 2·3 per cent. of alkaloid, which consisted principally of quinine.
+The liquid agreed generally with a diluted liquid extract of cinchona;
+the amount of alkaloid was just under half what is contained in the
+official liquid extract of cinchona. Treatment with suitable solvents
+extracted a trace of a non-alkaloidal bitter substance resembling the
+bitter substances obtainable from quassia, chiretta, &c.; a preparation
+of chiretta appeared to be the more probable. No strychnine was
+present, and no evidence was obtained of any other ingredient.
+
+
+SOME OTHER DRUG CURES FOR INEBRIETY.
+
+A somewhat frequent constituent of preparations for the treatment of
+inebriety is atropine, while other preparations contain one or more
+of the alkaloids belonging to the same group, usually known as the
+solanaceous alkaloids from the fact that they are all derived from
+plants of the nat. ord. _Solanaceae_. These alkaloids closely resemble
+each other in their chemical nature and in their pharmacological
+properties; the principal members of the group are:
+
+    Atropine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃; obtained chiefly from _Atropa
+    belladonna_ (deadly nightshade) and _Scopola
+    carniolica_.
+
+    Hyoscyamine, C₁₇H₂₃NO₃, obtained chiefly from
+    _Hyoscyamus niger_ (henbane) and _Scopola_
+    species.
+
+    Hyoscine, or scopolamine, C₁₇H₂₁NO₄, obtained chiefly
+    from _Scopola_ species, _Hyoscyamus niger_,
+    and _Datura alba_.
+
+The two following were originally described as separate substances, but
+have more recently been shown to consist of mixtures:
+
+    Duboisine, obtained from _Duboisia myoporoides_,
+    consists chiefly of hyoscyamine and hyoscine.
+
+    Daturine, from _Datura stramonium_ (thornapple)
+    consists chiefly of hyoscyamine, with a variable
+    proportion of atropine.
+
+A certain preparation for inebriety is said to contain “stramonine”; as
+no alkaloid has been described and characterized under this name, it is
+probably only a variant of daturine, which, as has been said, consists
+of a natural mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine.
+
+To the above may be added the artificial alkaloid homatropine
+(C₁₀H₂₁NO₃), which has not been found in a plant, but is prepared
+synthetically; in chemical constitution it is mandelyl-tropeine,
+atropine being tropyltropeine.
+
+The differences in the action of the four principal solanaceous
+alkaloids are briefly as follows:
+
+_Atropine_ has a stimulant action on the central nervous system
+especially on the motor area; it depresses and in large doses paralyses
+the nerve endings of secretory glands, plain muscle, and the heart.
+
+_Hyoscyamine_ is intermediate in its action between atropine and
+hyoscine; causes less stimulation of the central nervous system than
+atropine, and is a weaker sedative and hypnotic than hyoscine. It has
+the same action peripherally as atropine but is twice as powerful.
+
+_Hyoscine_ resembles atropine in its paralysing effect upon peripheral
+nerve endings, the action being quicker, more powerful, and less
+lasting. It does not possess the stimulating effect of atropine upon
+the brain; depression of the motor area is marked from the first.
+
+_Homatropine_ resembles atropine in its action but is less powerful.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+CURE ALLS.
+
+
+The greater number of the proprietary medicines described in these
+pages are advertised as cures for a wide range of ailments, but
+usually there is some one disease for the treatment of which they are
+particularly recommended, so that it has been possible to classify
+them according to their alleged purposes. In very many other cases,
+however, the claims made are so wide that the article is put forward
+as a sort of cure-all. Thus one of the articles described is stated to
+cure such different disorders as constipation, rheumatism, St. Vitus’s
+dance, heart disease, rickets, sleeplessness, kidney complaints, and
+women’s special ailments, among many others, and is said to be “a
+real elixir of life in solid form”; the facts as to its composition,
+ascertained by analysis, show what the possibility of its being a
+“cure”—for heart disease, for instance—is. As to “Pink Pills,” another
+of the nostrums analysed, which probably owes its popularity partly
+to bold advertisement and partly to its alliterative name, the method
+followed appears to be to recommend them for different diseases in
+different advertisements; personal testimony, or what is put forward
+as such, from sufferers who have been cured, is made the basis of
+most of these, and illustrations are employed to catch the eye of the
+casual reader. Analysis showed that these pills were practically the
+ordinary iron-carbonate pills commonly called Blaud’s pill, which ought
+to be freshly made. The Pink Pills are of lower strength than usually
+prescribed, and to judge by the proportion of iron that was found to
+be in the higher state of oxidation, very carelessly prepared. They
+differ vastly, however, from other Blaud’s pills in the price charged
+for them. Thus the proprietary Pink Pills are sold at a little over a
+penny each, while coated Blaud’s pills can be bought retail at a few
+pence a gross, and wholesale in large quantities at a little over a
+penny a gross. The analyses of other proprietary preparations show a
+similar disparity between the market price of the drug supplied and
+the price charged to the person who is beguiled into purchasing; thus
+thirteen-pence-halfpenny, two shillings and sixpence, and two shillings
+and ninepence are the selling prices of nostrums, the ingredients of
+which are estimated to cost respectively one-eighth, one-third, and
+one-tenth of a penny.
+
+Preparations of this class are not in all cases very clearly marked
+off from those recommended for some special disease, such as have been
+dealt with in previous chapters, for many of them are recommended
+for some one disease, of which nearly all others are asserted to be
+variations.
+
+
+DR. MARTIN’S MIRACLETTS.
+
+These wonders are supplied by a Medicine Co., from an address in
+London. The prices are 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle.
+A 2s. 9d. bottle contained sixty tablets.
+
+They are described on the package as:
+
+    A real Elixir of Life in solid form. The world’s
+    greatest remedy.
+
+    Cures Constipation, Indigestion, Headache, Neuralgia,
+    Anæmia, Nervous Disorders, Liver Troubles, Rheumatism,
+    Sciatica, Gout, St. Vitus’ Dance, Hysteria, Rickets,
+    Heart Disease, Kidney Complaints.
+
+    Cures Melancholia, Loss of Appetite, Sleeplessness,
+    Lassitude, Mental Depression, Brain Fag, Palpitation,
+    Stomach Disorders, Women’s Special Ailments and
+    Irregularity of Health, etc., etc.
+
+A little book, entitled “A Fortune for All,” enclosed in the package,
+contained the following statements:
+
+    Whatever you may be suffering from do not worry or
+    fear, as Dr. MARTEN’S MIRACLETTS will be
+    certain to cure you!
+
+    Dr. Martin’s Miracletts make the weak and sickly become
+    strong and healthy, and the aged become youthful and
+    full of energy; the tired worn-out look being replaced
+    by an appearance of cheerfulness and vivid health. The
+    pale and wrinkled face with bad complexion gives way
+    to rosy cheeks and a clear skin; the thin gain flesh,
+    and the stout lose superfluous fat; indigestion quickly
+    disappears, the appetite returns, and a _new life_
+    is open to all.
+
+A separate small slip enclosed in the package was worded as follows:
+
+                    GUARANTEE.
+
+    Dr. Martin’s Medicine Company being absolutely
+    confident of the marvellous curative properties of
+    their Miracletts, will willingly refund the money
+    to any purchaser who has taken eighteen Miracletts
+    according to directions, and is not satisfied with the
+    results.
+
+Much less conspicuously, on another slip chiefly devoted to the
+relative quantities in the packages of different size, it was stated:
+
+    Those whose ailments have been of long standing must
+    not expect immediate perceptible results, but with
+    a little patience and perseverance the result is
+    SURE.
+
+The “Miracletts” consisted of sugar-coated tablets, the coating being
+coloured brown with ferric oxide (so-called chocolate coating). After
+removal of the coating they had an average weight of 4·3 grains;
+this included the weight of a strong coating of varnish, which was
+not removed with the sugar-coating. Analysis showed them to contain
+valerianates of quinine and zinc, iron oxide, menthol, kaolin in
+considerable quantity, and a little talc. A substance of extract nature
+was also present to the extent of about 5 per cent.; it possessed no
+characteristic taste or other property by which it could be identified;
+a resinous substance, which was found in small quantity, appeared to be
+merely the varnish with which the tablets were covered. The quantities
+of the different ingredients were determined as nearly as possible, and
+the results indicated the following amounts:
+
+    Quinine valerianate    0·4 grain.
+    Zinc valerianate       0·1    ”
+    Ferric oxide           0·3    ”
+    Menthol                0·03   ”
+    Kaolin and talc        2·3 grains
+              In one tablet.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients of the tablets is 4d. a hundred.
+
+
+THERAPION.
+
+Another “medicine company,” also with an address in London, advertises
+three preparations which it calls Therapion. Therapion No. 1 was
+described as “the most efficacious remedy” for “all discharges”;
+Therapion No. 2 as “the great remedy for impurity of the blood, scurvy,
+pimples, spots, blotches, pains and swellings of the joints, gout,”
+and so on; and No. 3 as a new French remedy, by the use of which the
+shattered health will be restored.
+
+    The Expiring Lamp of Life Lighted Up Afresh,
+
+    and a new existence imparted in place of what had
+    so lately seemed worn, “used up,” and valueless.
+    This wonderful medicine is suitable for all ages,
+    constitutions, and conditions, in either sex, and it is
+    difficult to imagine a case of disease or derangement,
+    whose main features are those of debility, that will
+    not be speedily and permanently benefited by this
+    never-failing recuperative essence, which is destined
+    to cast into oblivion everything that had preceded
+    it, for this widespread and numerous class of human
+    ailments.
+
+The claims for No. 3 being so inclusive, it was deemed sufficient to
+analyse it only. The dose of all three was stated to be the same—a
+piece about the size of a small marble three or four times a day; as
+the package, costing 2s. 9d., contained 1⅓ oz., and as it was referred
+to as providing twenty ordinary doses, a single dose would be about
+30 grains. The substance consisted of a dark stiff paste smelling
+strongly of camphor. Analysis showed it to contain, in addition to
+camphor, glycerine, powdered liquorice, a bitter extract agreeing in
+all respects with extract of gentian, calcium glycerophosphate, and a
+trace of alkaloid; there also appeared to be a second extract present.
+The alkaloid, which amounted to 0·06 per cent. only, could not be
+identified with any of the ordinary medicinal alkaloids. There was some
+evidence that the second extract was that of damiana, and a paste made
+up with this and the other ingredients agreed well with the original;
+but extract of damiana possesses no distinctive characters by which it
+can be identified in a mixture. Quantitative determinations were made
+of those ingredients capable of it, and the proportions of the others
+estimated by comparison. The results indicated the following formula:
+
+    Camphor                    2·5 parts.
+    Glycerine                 24     ”
+    Powdered liquorice        40     ”
+    Calcium glycerophosphate   1·8   ”
+    Extract of gentian         5·0   ”
+    Extract of damiana (?)     8     ”
+    Alkaloid                   0·06  ”
+    Water to                 100     ”
+
+In addition, there appeared to be present a slight trace of the oil of
+one of the umbelliferous fruits, probably anise or fennel. Disregarding
+the trace of alkaloid, the estimated cost of the ingredients for 1⅓ oz.
+is 2d.
+
+
+PINK PILLS FOR PALE PEOPLE.
+
+These pills, sold by the Dr. Williams Medicine Company, from an address
+in London, are stated to be manufactured in the United States of
+America. The price is 2s. 9d. a box, containing 30 pills.
+
+The pills are advertised for a great variety of diseases, prominence
+being usually given to one disease in each advertisement; thus four
+long advertisements appearing simultaneously in different papers were
+respectively headed:
+
+    Afraid of being touched. So sore with Rheumatism. A
+    once-crippled victim tells how Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills
+    cleansed his system of Rheumatism.
+
+    Eczema expelled. Mr. John Chamberlain tells how
+    his sufferings from Skin Disease were cured by Dr.
+    Williams’ Pink Pills.
+
+    Sciatica’s Swift Pains rendered this Lady helpless. Her
+    case had defied treatment, but Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills
+    succeeded by curing the cause of Sciatica.
+
+    The Dark Days of Dyspepsia.... Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills
+    go to the very cause of the mischief.
+
+Each advertisement included a long description of a “case,” and as a
+rule a picture was introduced. The following is from the concluding
+paragraph of the first of these advertisements, and the others ended in
+a similar way.
+
+              THE DR. WILLIAMS’ WAY.
+
+    When the muscles and nerves are tortured by poisons
+    in the Blood, be the result Rheumatism, Sciatica,
+    or Lumbago, the only way to a cure is to Enrich
+    and Purify the Blood. Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills, in
+    this way alone, have cured not only Rheumatism, but
+    Anæmia, Indigestion, Palpitations, Influenza’s
+    After-Effects, Eczema, Sciatica, St. Vitus’ Dance,
+    Spinal Weakness, the many forms of Nervous Disorders
+    dreaded by men; also the special ailments of women.
+
+The pills were ovoid in shape and coated with sugar, coloured pink;
+after removal of the coating they had an average weight of 3 grains.
+Analysis showed them to contain ferrous sulphate, potassium carbonate
+(these two having reacted more or less completely, and about one-third
+of the iron having become oxidized to the ferric state), magnesia,
+powdered liquorice, and sugar. Since it has been stated that these
+pills contain arsenic, careful search was made for it, but it was not
+found, The pill is thus merely one of the many variations of Blaud’s
+pill. The quantities of the different ingredients found indicated the
+following formula:
+
+    Exsiccated sulphate of iron      0·75 grain.
+    Potassium carbonate, anhydrous   0·66  ”
+    Magnesia                         0·09  ”
+    Powdered liquorice               1·4   ”
+    Sugar                            0·2   ”
+                      In one pill.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 pills is one-tenth of a
+penny.
+
+
+BEECHAM’S PILLS.
+
+A box of these pills, advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s.
+1½d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains
+is about half a farthing.
+
+In a circular wrapped round the box it is stated that “these renowned
+pills are composed entirely of Medicinal Herbs,” and cure Constipation,
+Headache, Dizziness or Swimming in the Head, Wind, Pain, and Spasms at
+the Stomach, Pains in the Back, Restlessness, Insomnia, Indigestion,
+Want of Appetite, Fullness after Meals, Vomitings, Sickness of the
+Stomach, Bilious or Liver Complaints, Sick Headaches, Cold Chills,
+Flushings of Heat, Lowness of Spirits, and all Nervous Affections,
+Scurvy and Scorbutic Affections, Pimples and Blotches on the Skin, Bad
+Legs, Ulcers, Wounds, Maladies of Indiscretion, Kidney and Urinary
+Disorders, and Menstrual Derangements.
+
+The pills had an average weight of 1¼ grains, and analysis showed them
+to consist of aloes, ginger, and soap; no other medicinal ingredient
+was found. The quantities were approximately as follows:
+
+    Aloes               0·5 grain.
+    Powdered ginger     0·55  ”
+    Powdered soap       0·18  ”
+            In one pill.
+
+
+NERVLETTES.
+
+Of these pills, which are sold in a bottle, price 1s. 1½d., containing
+27 pills, a circular enclosed in the package said
+
+    Coleman’s Nervlettes or Nerve Pills generate brain and nerve-force.
+
+The pills were coated with talc; after removal of the coating they had
+an average weight of about 1½ grains. Analysis showed them to contain
+free phosphorus, quinine sulphate, a little powdered liquorice, and
+about 20 per cent. of a powdered vegetable tissue, which could not be
+identified; the remainder of the pill appeared to be of the nature of
+excipient only. The amounts of phosphorus and quinine were determined,
+and indicated the following formula:
+
+    Phosphorus        0·005 grain.
+    Quinine sulphate  0·07   ”
+    Vegetable powder  0·3    ”
+            In one pill.
+
+
+MOTHER SEIGEL’S CURATIVE SYRUP.
+
+The price of a bottle of Mother Seigel’s Syrup containing 3 fluid
+ounces is 2s. 6d.
+
+Although this was described on the wrapper as “for dyspepsia” so
+many disorders were stated to be due to this cause, and amenable to
+treatment with this preparation, that it may fairly be included in
+this chapter. On the other side of the wrapper it was called “A cure
+for impurities of the blood,” and “A cure for dyspepsia and liver
+complaints.” In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated:
+
+    The symptoms mentioned above are the smoke of the fire
+    of indigestion—a fire that will eat out your very
+    vitals and sap your strength and vitality. For it can’t
+    be too often repeated that indigestion is the root
+    of a great deal of evil; the origin of a great many
+    disorders which no man quite understands how he came
+    by. And why this is can easily be explained. Disease
+    is poison; its symptoms are the manifestation of the
+    poison. Indigestion creates many dangerous poisons, and
+    is therefore the cause of many diseases.
+
+    So let us get rid of the smoke by putting out the fire,
+    and purify our blood and system with Mother Seigel’s
+    Syrup, which will sweep away the poisons and make us
+    healthy and strong.
+
+    Mother Seigel’s Syrup is a highly concentrated, purely
+    vegetable compound, having a specific action on the
+    stomach, liver, and kidneys.
+
+Analysis showed the presence of free hydrochloric acid, which is not
+usually classified as a vegetable compound, tincture of capsicum, a
+bitter substance agreeing in its properties with aloes, and sugar
+(partly as invert sugar); the colouring and flavouring substances also
+present indicated that the sugar had been added in the form of treacle.
+Quantitative determination of those ingredients capable of it, and
+estimation of the others by comparison with known mixtures, indicated
+the following formula:
+
+    Dilute hydrochloric acid (_B.P._)    10 parts by measure.
+    Tincture of capsicum                1·7   ”      ”
+    Aloes                               2 parts.
+    Treacle                            60  ”
+    Water to                          100 parts by measure.
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 3 fluid ounces is one-third
+of a penny.
+
+
+THE ILLS OF HUMANITY.
+
+Several examples have been encountered in previous chapters of the
+system of getting into personal communication with a possible customer,
+and addressing to him a series of letters warning him of the dire
+consequences should he fail to purchase the advertiser’s “treatment.”
+Over and beyond the chance of frightening the customer, the system,
+which seems to have originated in the United States of America, has
+the advantages that a profession can be made of adapting the treatment
+to the individual case, that the price may be lowered if the charge
+first made is considered too high and that possibly, in return for
+this concession, testimonials and the names of other sufferers may be
+obtained. A letter-writing system of this kind is found at work behind
+the advertisement from which the following paragraphs are extracted:
+
+                              Free! Free!
+
+        To the Sick and Ailing Everywhere.
+
+        The Cure for your Disease—Delivered Free—Free for the
+        Asking—Free to You.
+
+        To the sick—the suffering—to every man and woman
+        victim of organic disease—local trouble or broken
+        general health—Dr. Kidd’s offer of free treatments is
+        given in the absolute faith and sincere belief that
+        they can and will stop disease, cure it, and lift you
+        up again to health and vigour....
+
+        Rheumatism, kidney trouble, Bright’s disease, diabetes,
+        heart disease, partial paralysis, bladder troubles,
+        stomach and bowel troubles, piles, catarrh, bronchitis,
+        weak lungs, consumption, asthma, chronic coughs,
+        nervousness, all female troubles, lumbago, skin
+        diseases, scrofula, impure blood, general debility,
+        organic vital ailments, etc., are cured to remain and
+        continue cured....
+
+        Will you let me do this for you—will you let me prove
+        it—brother and sister sufferers? Are you willing to
+        trust a master physician, who not only MAKES this
+        offer, but PUBLISHES it and then sends the test and
+        proof of his remedies without a penny of cost to anyone
+        except himself?...
+
+        My home office is at Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.A., but
+        for the benefit of my thousands of English patients, I
+        have established an office in London. Please address
+        Dr. James W. Kidd, “Box” No. ____, E.C.
+
+The advertisement was illustrated by the portrait of a man who, it
+might be assumed, was the “master physician” in question, but that
+in a book of some hundred pages, entitled “The Ills of Humanity, by
+Dr. James W. Kidd, Fort Wayne, Ind.,” issued apparently by “the J. W.
+Kidd Co.,” there is a portrait of Dr. James W. Kidd, which seems to
+represent a totally different person.
+
+The book is principally occupied with a series of paragraphs on
+different complaints, rather over a hundred being dealt with; in the
+majority of cases the description leads up to reference to Dr. Kidd’s
+treatment, or medicines, etc. Dr. James William Kidd, the book states,
+possesses a profound knowledge of medicine, a remarkable power over
+disease, and has “among his resources remedies that enable him to treat
+successfully many diseases that are generally considered incurable.”
+After this the fact disclosed by analysis that his remedies seem in
+reality sadly lacking in originality and novelty, must excite a mild
+surprise.
+
+It appears that persons writing to Dr. James W. Kidd, or the J. W.
+Kidd Co., receive a “Self-Examination and Consultation Blank.” In one
+instance in which the blank was filled up, the reply was as follows:
+
+        Diagnosis and Case Record. By Dr. James W. Kidd, Fort
+        Wayne, Ind.
+
+        For a complete description of your case, the probable
+        results and my method of treatment, see pages 46, 99,
+        29, 13, 9, of the pamphlet “The Ills of Humanity,” sent
+        you under separate cover.
+
+        I find that you are afflicted with Rheumatism,
+        Scrofula, Catarrh, Dyspepsia and Gastritis.
+
+        Rheumatism MEANS an excess of uric acid in the blood.
+
+        Scrofula is a constitutional disease almost synonymous
+        with tuberculosis.
+
+        Catarrh is an excreting inflammation of the mucous
+        membrane.
+
+        Dyspepsia (Indigestion) MEANS impaired secretion of
+        pepsin and consequent imperfect digestion.
+
+        Gastritis MEANS catarrh of the mucous membrane of the
+        stomach.
+
+        TAKE THE REMEDIES ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS:
+
+        One Tablet “A” before breakfast.
+        One Tablet “B” before dinner.
+        One Tablet No. 18 before supper.
+        One Tablet No. 7 after dinner and after supper.
+        One Tablet No. 45 on retiring.
+
+This was accompanied by tablets marked “A,” “B,” and “18,” three of
+each, four marked “45,” and five marked “7”; also by a letter which
+appeared to be lithographed, and although the name and address were
+in the same writing and the same ink, they showed evidence of having
+been added afterwards. It seems probable, therefore, that, although
+professing to be a personal letter, it was one in regular use. It
+stated that Dr. James W. Kidd has “to-day selected and will forward
+to your address upon receipt of your remittance of 1_l._ the complete
+course of treatment,” the tablets sent being only samples. The letter
+apologizes for the smallness of the samples on the ground that the
+drugs “are very expensive.” The writer adds: “I have taken special
+interest in your case, because I want a cured patient in your immediate
+vicinity.” The tablets were analysed as completely as was possible with
+the small quantities sent, with the following results:
+
+_Tablet A_ (triangular) was coloured externally with a salmon-pink
+dye; the outer coating was of sugar, and below this was a rather
+thick coating of chalk, forming a very hard and resistant covering
+to the tablet. The decoated tablets weighed about 3-¼ grains each;
+they contained 52 per cent. of sodium bicarbonate, and the remainder
+consisted principally of a bitter extract agreeing in all respects with
+extract of gentian; small quantities of potato starch and a substance
+of resinoid nature, which could not be identified, were also present.
+No other medicinal substance could be found.
+
+_Tablet B_ (triangular) was coloured externally with a bluish-purple
+dye; the coating and the material of the tablets agreed in all respects
+with Tablet A, and the two were apparently identical.
+
+_Tablet 18_ (circular) was white; the coating was of similar
+composition to that of A. The decoated tablets weighed about 3·8 grains
+each; analysis showed the presence of about 1 grain of sodium benzoate
+in each, together with a small quantity of a greenish, moderately
+bitter resin which could not be identified, and a trace of oil of
+wintergreen. Faint indications were obtained of a trace of an alkaloid,
+but not enough to amount to positive evidence. No other medicinal
+substance could be found; the remainder was of “extractive” nature.
+
+_Tablet 45_ (circular) was coloured externally with a pink dye; the
+coating was of similar composition to that of A. The decoated tablets
+weighed about 1·1 grain each; the chief constituent was aloes, and
+there was also present a very small quantity of ginger extract, and a
+small quantity of a resin, which was probably jalap or scammony resin;
+also a moderate trace of alkaloid, which was not the alkaloid of nux
+vomica, belladonna, or hyoscyamus, but was not present in quantity
+sufficient to be identified; the only other ingredient found was a
+little potato starch.
+
+_Tablet 7_ (circular) was not coated. The average weight of these was
+6·5 grains each, and they consisted principally of charcoal, with some
+sugar and a very little saccharin.
+
+“These special remedies are very expensive!”
+
+
+BURGESS’S LION OINTMENT.
+
+The results of an examination of Burgess’s Lion Ointment may be given
+here inasmuch as it will be seen that it is recommended for the cure of
+a great number of disorders. It is supplied in boxes at 1s. 1½d., 2s.
+9d., 4s. 6d., 11s., and jars at 22s.; the 1s. 1½d. box contains 1 oz.,
+and the next size 3 oz.
+
+A circular wrapped round the box was headed “Amputation avoided—the
+knife superseded,” and continued:
+
+    E. Burgess’s Lion Ointment and Pills Have deservedly
+    become the popular remedies for curing all diseases of
+    the Skin, Old Wounds, Ulcers, Abscesses, (including
+    Tuberculous), Tumours, Polypuses, Piles, Fistulas,
+    Shingles, Venerea Sores, Whitlows, Broken Breasts, Bad
+    Legs, Boils, Scurvy, Scrofula (_King’s Evil_),
+    Scorbutic Eruptions, Poisoned Wounds _of all
+    kinds_, Stings, Venomous Bites, Scurf, Ringworm,
+    Itch, Corns, Chilblains, Chapped Hands, Cracked Lips,
+    Cuts, Burns, Scalds, Gatherings in the Ear, Toothache,
+    Earache, Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Gout, Sciatica,
+    Quinsey, Bronchitis, Asthma, Deafness, etc.; also
+    Ulcerous Affections of the Womb, for the treatment
+    of which apply to the Proprietor, personally, or by
+    letter, _in all cases free_. These invaluable
+    medicines have not been introduced as remedies for
+    any of the above complaints, or diseases, until
+    they have in each case PRACTICALLY proved
+    EFFECTUAL. To those who are suffering from
+    diseases _apparently_ rendering amputation
+    necessary, they are especially recommended, as they
+    entirely do away with the necessity for the same by
+    drawing all the cause of the disease from the affected
+    part, cleansing the blood, and restoring the system to
+    a sound, healthy condition.
+
+    They are vegetable preparations, and the Ointment
+    can be applied with perfect confidence to the most
+    tender skin. It is entirely free from all poisonous
+    ingredients, a great recommendation for the
+    nursery—for which it is invaluable.
+
+In spite of the ointment being a “vegetable preparation,” analysis
+showed the principal ingredient to be lead oleate (lead plaster);
+this is blended with resin, wax, and fatty ingredients; vegetable
+extracts and active principles were found to be absent. It is not
+possible to separate the ingredients of an ointment like this sharply
+one from another; and, since the ingredients are not themselves simple
+bodies but mixtures liable to rather wide variations, they can only
+be approximately determined, and, as regards the lard and oil, even
+identification cannot be placed beyond doubt nor can small quantities
+of some other fats be certainly stated to be absent. These, however,
+are matters of minor importance. The composition given below has been
+checked by varying the analytical methods, as well as by comparison of
+various ointments prepared according to formulæ suggested by analysis.
+As a result of the investigation, the following formula was arrived at,
+which gives an ointment similar to the “Lion” ointment:
+
+    Lead plaster     13 parts.
+    Beeswax          20  ”
+    Resin            11  ”
+    Olive oil        12  ”
+    Water             6  ”
+    Lard, to        100  ”
+
+The estimated cost of the ingredients is about 1Od. per lb. of
+ointment.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+STAMP DUTY ON SECRET REMEDIES.
+
+
+The duty on secret medicines is regulated by the Stamp Act of 1804 as
+amended by the Stamp Act Amendment Act of 1812. The Act of 1804 was
+itself in part an amending Act and regulated the duties to be paid on
+paper, on books, on advertisements, and imposed _ad valorem_ duties
+on hats and proprietary medicines. The tax on proprietary medicines
+remains, but that on advertisements through and by which they continue
+to exist and flourish has gone the way of the duties on hats, and
+books, and paper. The Act of 1804 contained a schedule of medicines
+to the number of some 450. In the Act of 1812 this was replaced by a
+new schedule in which about 550 proprietary medicines were mentioned
+by name. The final clause of this Act, however, is expressed in very
+general terms, for it includes “all other pills, powders, lozenges,
+tinctures, potions, cordials, electuaries, plasters, unguents,
+salves, ointments, drops, lotions, oils, spirits, medicated herbs and
+waters, chemical and officinal preparations whatsoever, to be used
+or applied externally or internally as medicines or medicaments for
+the prevention, cure, or relief of any disorder or complaint incident
+to or in any wise affecting the human body,” if the person making or
+selling these various preparations claim to have any occult secret or
+art for making them or claim to have any exclusive right or title to
+make them, or prepares and sells them under the authority of letters
+patent, or if by public notice or advertisement, or by papers or labels
+on, or with, the enclosures, bottles, or cases in which the preparation
+is sold, the maker vendor, or proprietor recommend them as “nostrums,
+or as proprietary medicines, or as specifics, or as beneficial to
+the prevention, cure, or relief of any distemper, malady, ailment,
+disorder, or complaint incident to or in any wise affecting the human
+body.”
+
+The Inland Revenue returns show that during the last ten years the
+amount received by the State from the stamp duty on patent medicines
+so-called has increased from £266,403 10s. 3d. in the year ending March
+31, 1899, to £334,141 19s. 2½d. in the year ending March 31st, 1908.
+The net receipts are the gross receipts after deducting repayments
+and allowances, but the aggregates of these deductions are small. The
+following table shows the net receipts in each of the ten years, and
+the average for the two quinquennial periods, 1899-1903 and 1904-1908:—
+
+     TABLE SHOWING NET RECEIPTS FROM STAMPS ON
+    “PATENT MEDICINES” FOR TEN YEARS, 1899-1908.
+
+    -----+------------------+---------------------
+    Year.|     Yearly.      |Quinquennial average.
+    -----+------------------+---------------------
+         |    £    s. d.    |     £    s. d.
+    1899 | 266,403 10 3     |}
+    1900 | 288,827  8 1½    |}
+    1901 | 297,479 19 6     |} 298,483 18 3
+    1902 | 306,337  5 9     |}
+    1903 | 333,371  7 9     |}
+         |                  |
+    1904 | 323,445 14 0     |}
+    1905 | 331,438 17 6½    |}
+    1906 | 324,111 14 2     |} 328,048 16 0
+    1907 | 327,105 15 3½    |}
+    1908 | 334,141 19 2½    |}
+    -----+------------------+---------------------
+
+The value of the stamp which the vendor must affix to the bottle or
+package varies according to the price charged for the medicine, and the
+returns show the number of articles for which the several rates are
+paid. The following table gives the amount of the stamp duty on the
+several prices, the number of articles stamped in the fiscal year 1908,
+and the amount of the stamp. An attempt has also been made to estimate
+the total amount paid by the public for the articles stamped:—
+
+    TABLE SHOWING RATES OF DUTY, NUMBER OF ARTICLES STAMPED
+         AND APPROXIMATE SUM PAID BY THE PUBLIC IN THE YEAR
+                     ENDING MARCH 31ST, 1908.
+
+    ----------------+----------+------------------+---------------------
+    Price of Article|  Stamp.  |Number of articles|Price paid by public.
+     without stamp. |          |     stamped.     |
+    ----------------+----------+------------------+---------------------
+        £ s. d.     | s. d.    |                  |       £     s. d.
+        0  1 0      | 0  1½    |    33,037,202    |   1,858,342 12 0
+        0  2 6      | 0  3     |     7,565,822    |   1,040,300 10 0
+        0  4 0      | 0  6     |     1,002,549    |     225,573 10 6
+        0 10 0      | 1  0     |       122,249    |      67,236 19 0
+        1  0 0      | 2  0     |        18,445    |      20,289 10 0
+        1 10 0      | 3  0     |        11,308    |      18,658  4 0
+    ----------------+----------+------------------+---------------------
+                                    41,757,575    |   3,230,401  5 6
+                               -------------------+---------------------
+
+This estimate of the total amount paid by the public must be too high.
+In the first place it will be seen that the stamp duty does not rise
+by regular increments _ad valorem_. An article, the nominal price of
+which is 1s., must bear a stamp of 1½d., but if the nominal price be
+1s. 6d., the stamp is 3d., and for an article of the nominal price of
+2s. 6d. it is the same. In the second place, a large proportion of all
+the articles, probably the great majority of those at 1s., are sold at
+a discount, “store prices.” In the above table the maximum price for
+each rate of stamp duty and the full nominal prices are assumed. If a
+deduction of 25 per cent. is made to meet these sources of error, we
+have a sum of £2,422,800 19s. 1½d., as an estimate of the amount spent
+by the public on patent medicine in the financial year ending March 31,
+1908.
+
+At one time some of the vendors of nostrums took to inserting in their
+advertisements phrases intended to suggest that the Inland Revenue
+stamp upon their packages implied some sort of Government guarantee
+of the efficacy of the remedy. Though the Inland Revenue authorities
+do not as a rule display any anxiety with regard to the welfare of
+the public in the matter of the sale of nostrums, their efforts being
+confined to the collection of the duty, and the enforcement of the
+provisions of the Act should any vendor show a disposition to evade
+them, the stamp in recent years has borne the statement “This stamp
+implies no Government guarantee.” In spite of this vendors still
+sometimes contrive to convey the suggestion that the stamp conveys some
+sort of government guarantee; the suggestion looks the more plausible
+if the vendor has his name or autograph printed on the stamp by the
+government authorities; this will be done for him if he pays the cost
+of the die, and by the use of such an endorsement the incautious buyer
+may be led to assume that the Inland Revenue in some way shares the
+vendors’ responsibility for the genuineness of the article, that is
+to say for the genuineness of its claims. It has been suggested that
+the Legislature might go further and require the composition and
+ingredients of any secret remedy to be stated upon the label, box,
+or package, and looking to the nature of the facts disclosed by the
+analyses published in this book, it may well be believed that such
+publications on the labels would act to a certain extent as a warning
+to the public, for it would be apparent even to the least instructed
+that the claims in the vendors’ circulars were not quite consonant with
+the commonplace nature of the ingredients of the mixture, powder, pill,
+lotion, or ointment.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX.
+
+
+                                        PAGE
+        Absorbit Reducing Paste, 87
+        Absorptive Pile Treatment, Van Vleck’s, 154
+        Acetanilide (antifebrin), 2, 5, 6, 37, 38, 39,
+                                 40, 41, 58, 165
+        Acetic acid, 16, 78
+           ”   ether, 16
+        Acetyl-salicylic acid, 56, 59, 60, 64, 77, 81
+        Act, Stamp, 182
+        Alcohol, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17,
+                19, 26, 32, 44, 47, 52,
+                73, 74, 78, 80, 86, 87,
+                92, 103, 111, 118, 121,
+               127, 135, 160, 167
+        Allan’s Anti-fat, 92
+        Almond, oil of, 35, 135, 138
+        Aloes, 48, 49, 55, 104, 175,
+              176, 177, 180
+        Aloin, 69, 109, 110, 161
+        Alum, 51, 120
+        Aluminium oleate, 120
+            ”     sulphate, 145
+        Ammoniacum, 18
+        Ammoniated mercury, 113, 143, 144
+        Ammonium bromide, 126, 128, 129
+           ”     carbonate, 125
+           ”     chloride, 19
+           ”     citrate, 87
+        Aniseed, oil of, 12, 14
+           ”     powdered, 18
+           ”     Powell’s Balsam of, 14
+        Antexema, 105
+        Anthylla, 104
+        Anti-cataract Mixture, Pomie’s, 146
+        Anti-catarrh, Birley’s, 7
+        Anticelta Tablets  163
+        Anti-corpulent Preparation, Russell’s, 87
+        Antidipso, 165
+        Anti-epileptic Medicine, W. and J. Taylor’s, 126
+        Antiépileptique (Uten), 129
+        Anti-fat, Allan’s, 92
+        Antifebrin (_see_ Acetanilide).
+        Antigout soap, 64
+        Antimony oxide, 132
+        Antipon, 86
+        Anti-rheumatic Pearls, Baring Gould’s, 55
+        Appendix, 182
+        Aspirin (_see_ Acetyl-salicylic acid).
+        Assmann’s Whooping Cough Remedy, 19
+        Atropine, 168
+        Augenwol, 146
+
+        “Bacillentod” (G. Pohl’s Family Tea), 36
+        Baldness, Medicines for (internal), 114
+          Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals, 115
+          Capsuloids, 114
+          Haemoglobin Capsules, 116
+        Balsam of Peru, 27, 113, 115
+        Balsamic Cough Mixture, Crosby’s, 15
+        Balsamic Elixir, Congreve’s, 26
+        Baring Gould’s Anti-rheumatic Pearls, 55
+        Barium sulphate, 122
+        Beans, Bile, 77
+        Bearberry (_Uvœ ursi_), 104
+        Beeoham’s Cough Pills, 18
+           ”      Pills, 175
+        Beeswax, 58, 88, 120, 140, 143,
+                149, 151, 181
+        Bell’s Fairy Cure, 39
+        Benzoate, Sodium, 180
+        Benzoin, compound tincture of, 15, 27
+        Berberine, 80
+        Berendorf’s Powder for Epilepsy, 129
+        Betony, 63
+        Bile Beans, 77
+        Birley’s Anti-catarrh, 7
+        Bishop’s Gout Varalettes, 62
+        Bladderwrack, 83, 84, 89, 91, 92, 93,
+                      94, 100, 102, 103, 104
+        Blair’s Gout and Rheumatic Pills, 50
+        Blood Cure, Munyon’s, 44
+          ”   Mixture, Clarke’s, 42
+          ”   Pills, Harvey’s, 44
+          ”     ”    Hughes’s, 48
+        Blood Purifiers, 42
+          Clarke’s World-Famed Mixture, 42
+          Harvey’s Pills, 44
+          Hood’s Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla, 46
+          Hughes’s Pills, 48
+          Munyon’s Cure, 44
+          Phelps Brown’s Purifier, 46
+          Steven’s Consumption Cure, 21, 28
+          Townsend’s American Sarsaparilla, 43
+        Blue dye, 118, 119
+        Borax, 7, 129, 138
+        Boric acid, 106, 109, 113
+        Bostock’s Eye Ointment, 143
+        Brixa Tablets, 163
+        Bromide, 2, 35, 124, 129
+           ”    in Tuberculozyne, 35
+        Brompton Consumption and Cough Specific, 27
+        Brown’s Vervain Restorative Assimilant, O. Phelps, 127
+        Bryony, 63
+        Buckthorn, 104
+        Buer’s Mul’la, 149
+        Buer’s Piles Cure, 149
+        Burdock, 45
+        Burgess’s Lion Ointment, 180
+
+        Caffeine, 38, 39
+        Calcium carbonate, 6, 109
+           ”    glycerophosphate, 173
+           ”    phosphate, 132
+           ”    sulphate, 28, 109
+        Calling in the doctor, 9, 12
+        Calomel, 113, 131, 132, 148, 151
+        Camomile, 63
+        Camphor, 2, 5, 65, 135, 173
+        Cancer remedies, 117
+          Cardigan Cancer Curers, 121
+          Caustics and Cancer, 122
+        Canexia preparations, 163
+        Capsicum, 14, 35, 69, 156, 160, 176, 177
+        Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals, 115
+        Capsuloids, 114
+        Carbolic acid (_see_ Phenol).
+        Cardigan Cancer Curers, 121
+        Carmine, 88
+        Cascara, 2, 6, 55, 74, 104, 156, 161
+        Cascarilla, 70
+        Cassia, oil of, 35
+        Catarrh Balm, Van Vleck’s, 3
+        Catarrh Cures, 1
+          Birley’s, 7
+          Lane’s, 2
+          Munyon’s, 6
+          Van Vleck’s, 3
+        Catarrh and Cold Cures, 1
+          Birley’s, 7
+          Keene’s “One Night”, 5
+          Lane’s, 2
+          Mackenzie’s “One Day”, 4
+          Munyon’s, 6
+          Van Vleck’s, 3
+        Caulophyllin, 80
+        Caustics and cancer, 122
+        C.B.Q. Tablets, Post’s, 61
+        “Century Thermal” Bath Cabinet, 99
+        Charcoal, 172
+        “Chijitse”, 22, 32
+        Children’s Cooling Powders, Fenning’s, 133
+        Chiretta, 168
+        Chloroform, 12, 13, 14, 16,
+                    17, 74, 125
+            ”      spirits of  43
+        Chlorophyll, 111, 112
+        Cimicifuga, 57
+        Cinchonine, 2, 5, 6, 167
+        Cinnamon, powdered, 164
+        Citric Acid, 64, 81, 84, 86, 87
+        Clarke’s Blood Mixture, 42
+        Clifton’s Treatment for Deafness, 136
+        Cochineal, 27, 35, 86, 120
+        Cocoa, 41
+        Cocoa butter (_see_ Theobroma, oil of).
+        Cod Liver Oil, Pastor Felke’s Honey, 36
+        Colchicin, 61, 64
+        Colchicum, 51, 63
+        Cold Cures, 1
+          Keene’s “One Night”, 5
+          Mackenzie’s “One Day”, 4
+        Colds in the head, 1
+        Coleman’s Nervlettes, 175
+        Collie’s Ointment, 57
+        Colza, 88, 135
+        Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir, 26
+        Consumption Cures, 20
+          “Bacillentod” (Pohl’s Family Tea), 36
+          Brompton specific, 27
+          Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir, 26
+          Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil, Pastor, 36
+          Kefyr Ferment, 24
+          Körber’s, 36
+          Lieber’s Tea, 36
+          Pohl’s Family Tea (“Bacillentod”), 36
+          Star Tonic, 23
+          Steven’s (Sacco or Lungsava), 21, 28
+          Tuberculozyne, 21, 32
+          Weidhaas Hygienic Institute, 23
+        Consumption, Körber’s Cure for, 36
+        Consumption and Cough specific, Brompton, 27
+        Cooling Powders for Infants, 130
+          Fenning’s Children’s Powders, 133
+          Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, 132
+        Copper in Tuberculozyne, 35
+           ”   oleate, 120
+        Corpulence (_see_ Obesity Cures).
+        Corpulin, 104
+        Cough Cure, Kilmer’s Indian, 15
+          ”     ”   Veno’s Lightning, 16
+          ”  Drops, Lauser’s, 19
+          ”    ”    Reichel’s, 19
+          ”  Lozenges, Keating’s, 17
+        Cough Medicines, 9
+          Assmann’s Whooping Cough Remedy, 19
+          Beecham’s Cough Pills, 18
+          Crosby’s Balsamic Elixir, 15
+          Kay’s Linseed Compound, 12
+          Keating’s Lozenges, 17
+          Kilmer’s Indian Cure, 15
+          Lauser’s Drops, 19
+          Owbridge’s Lung Tonic, 13
+          Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed, 14
+          Reichel’s Drops, 19
+          Tussothym, 19
+          Veno’s Lightning Cure, 16
+        Cough Medicines, Morphine in, 9, 13, 15, 18, 28
+          ”       ”      Opium in, 10, 11, 28
+          ”   Pills, Beecham’s, 18
+          ”   Specific, Brompton, 27
+        Coza Powder, 162
+        Creasote, 113, 152
+        Crompton’s Specific for Deafness, 135
+        Crosby’s Balsamic Cough Elixir, 15
+        Cummin, powdered, 164
+        Curative Syrup, Mother Seigel’s, 176
+        Cure Alls, 170
+          Beecham’s Pills, 175
+          Martin’s Miracletts, 163
+          Nervlettes, 175
+          Seigel’s Curative Syrup, Mother, 176
+          Therapion, 172
+          Williams’ Pink Pills for Pale People, 170, 174
+        Curic Wafers, 38
+        Cuticura remedies, 110
+        Cystamin (_see_ Formamine).
+        Cystogen (_see_ Formamine).
+
+        Daisy Powders, 38
+        Dalloff’s Tea, 104
+        Damiana, extract of, 173
+        Daturine, 168
+        Deafness, remedies for ear disease and, 134
+          Clifton’s Treatment, 136
+          Crompton’s Specific, 135
+          Dellar’s Essence, 135
+          Nazaseptic, 139
+          Ohraseptic, 139
+          Ohrsorb Compound, 138
+        Dellar’s Essence for Deafness, 135
+        Diabetes Cures, 76
+          A Lancashire nostrum, 80
+          Dill’s Mixture. 76, 77, 79
+          Pesqui’s Uranium Wine (Vin Urané Pesqui), 76, 77
+        Diabetic foods, 81
+           ”     Mixture, Dill’s, 76, 77, 79
+        Dill’s Diabetic Mixture, 76, 77, 79
+        Dipsocure, 164
+        Doan’s Backache Kidney Pills, 67
+          ”    Pile Ointment, 151
+        Dodd’s Kidney Pills, 69
+        Drug Cures for Inebriety, 168
+        Duboisine, 168
+        Duty on Secret Remedies, Stamp, 182
+
+        Ear disease (_see_ Deafness, Remedies for).
+        Ekzemin Cream, 113
+        Electricum, 64
+        Eosin, 91
+        Epilepsy, Remedies for, 124
+          Antiépileptique (Uten), 129
+          Berendorf’s Powder, 129
+          Lamma Powder, 129
+          Osborne’s Mixture, 126
+          Ozerine, 125
+          Phelps Brown’s Vervain Restorative Assimilant, 127
+          Taylor’s Anti-epileptic Medicine, W. and J., 126
+          Trench’s Remedy, 127
+        Essence for Deafness, Dellar’s, 135
+        Eucalyptus, 4, 112
+        Eye diseases, Remedies for, 142
+          Augenwol, 146
+          Bostock’s Ointment, 143
+          “New and Marvellous Remedy”, 144
+          Okterin, 146
+          Opthalmol, 146
+          Pomie’s Anti-cataract Mixture, 146
+          Singleton’s Ointment, 142
+          Wisbech Remedy, 144
+        Eye Ointment, Bostock’s, 143
+         ”  Singleton’s, 142
+
+        Fairy Cure, Bell’s, 39
+        Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil, Pastor, 36
+        Fell Reducing Treatment, 97
+        Fenning’s Children’s Cooling Powders, 133
+        Fenugreek, 68
+        Ferric chloride, 121
+           ”   oxide, 5, 40, 54, 172
+        Ferrous sulphate, 174
+        Fever Powders, Pritchard’s Teething and, 132
+        Figuroids, 94
+        Fitch’s Kidney and Liver Cooler, 71
+        Fits, Trench’s Remedy for Epilepsy and, 127
+        Fluorescein, 70
+        Formaldehyde, 129
+        Formamine, 85, 96
+        _Fucus vesiculosus_ (_see_ Bladderwrack).
+
+        Galeopsidis, 36
+        Gall stones, 79
+        Galls, powdered, 156
+        Gaultheria, oil of, 73
+        Gelsemium, 60
+        Genoform Tablets, 60
+        Gentian, 62, 63, 161, 173, 179
+        Germicides, 31
+        Ginger, 49, 88, 89, 109, 110, 175, 180
+        Gloria Tonic, 53
+        Gloria Treatment for Rheumatism, 52
+        Gluten flour, 81, 82
+        Glycerine, 17, 30, 32, 35, 73, 74,
+                   78, 89, 90, 92, 93, 103,
+                  113, 120, 135, 138, 142,
+                  143, 144, 146, 173
+        Glycerophosphate, calcium, 173
+        Gout, Rheumatism, and Neuralgia, remedies for, 50
+          Baring Gould’s Pearls, 55
+          Bishop’s Varalettes, 62
+          Blair’s Pills, 50
+          Collie’s Ointment, 57
+          Electricum, 64
+          Genoform Tablets, 60
+          Gloria Treatment, 52
+          Gower’s Green Pill, 56
+          Hamm’s Cure, 51
+          Laville’s Remedies, 64
+          Lazarus Soap, 64
+          Oquit, 59
+          Pistoia Powders, 62
+          Portland Powder, 62
+          Post’s C.B.Q. Tablets, 61
+          Rheuma Tabakolin, 65
+          Rheumacid, 64
+          Uricedin, 64
+          Weigand’s Spirit, 65
+          Zox, 58
+        Gout and Rheumatic Pills, Blair’s, 50
+        Gout and Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s Rheumatic, 51
+        Gout Powders, Pistoia, 62
+          ”     ”     Portland, 62
+          ”  Varalettes, Bishop’s, 62
+        Gower’s Green Pills, 56
+        Graziana Reducing Treatment (Zehrkur), 103
+        Green Pills, Gower’s, 56
+        _Grindelia robusta_, 17
+        Guaiacum, 44, 54, 62, 64
+        Guarantee bonds, 30
+
+        Haemoglobin, 114, 115, 116
+             ”       Capsules, 116
+             ”       Ovals, Capsulated, 115
+        Hæmorrhoids (_see_ Piles, Remedies for).
+        Hair (_see_ Baldness).
+        Hamamelidis, 150
+        Hamamelin, 152
+        Hamamelis (witch hazel), 148, 149, 152
+        Hamm’s Rheumatic, Gout, and Sciatica Cure, 51
+        Hargreave’s Reducing Wafers, 91
+        Harmless Headache Powders, Hoffman’s, 41
+        Harvey’s Blood Pills, 44
+        Headache, 37
+           ”      Cure, Stearns’s, 39
+        Headache Powders, 37
+          Bell’s Fairy Cure, 39
+          Curic Wafers, 38
+          Daisy, 38
+          “Good as Gold”, 41
+          Hoffman’s Harmless, 41
+          Kaputine, 40
+          Retailers supplying, 41
+          Stearns’s Cure, 39
+        Healine Treatment for Rupture, 160
+        Hemlock pitch, 68
+        Hemotora, 153
+        Henbane, 69, 71
+        Hexamethylene-tetramine (_see_ Formamine).
+        Hoffman’s Harmless Headache Powders, 41
+        Homatropine, 168, 169
+        Hood’s Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla, 46
+        Hughes’s Blood Pills, 48
+        Hydrastine, 80
+        Hydrastis, 77, 80
+        Hydrochloric acid, 121, 169, 176, 177
+        Hyoscine, 168, 169
+        Hyoscyamine, 168, 169
+
+        Icthyol, 140, 151
+        Ills of humanity, 177
+          Burgess’s Lion Ointment, 180
+          Kidd’s Treatment, 178
+        Indian Cough Cure, Kilmer’s, 15
+        Inebriety, cures for, 162
+          Antidipso, 165
+          Coza Powder, 162
+          Dipsocure, 164
+          Drug cures, some other, 168
+          Teetolia Treatment, 166
+        Inebriety, drug cures for, 168
+        Iodine, 84, 94, 102, 103, 126
+           ”    tincture, 126
+        Ipecacuanha, 2, 11, 12, 13,
+                    14, 18, 28
+        Iridin, 157
+        Iron, 71, 87, 89, 121, 162
+          ”   chloride, 121
+          ”   phosphate, 89
+          ”   sulphate, 175
+
+        Jalap, 48, 49, 55, 57,
+               69, 70, 180
+        Jaundice, 72, 79
+        Juniper, 66, 68, 71
+        ” preparations, 113
+        J.Z. Obesity Tablets, 87
+
+        Kaolin, 54, 109, 172
+        Kaputine, 40
+        Kay’s Linseed Compound, 12
+          ”   Linum Catharticum Pills, 12
+        Keating’s Cough Lozenges, 17
+        Keene’s “One Night” Cold Cure, 5
+        Kefyr, 23
+        Kidd’s Treatment, James W., 178
+        Kidney medicines, 66
+          Doan’s Pills, 67
+          Dodd’s Pills, 69
+          Fitch’s Kidney and Liver Cooler, 71
+          Munyon’s Cure, 75
+          Var’s American Pills, 70
+          Veno’s Seaweed Tonic, 74
+          Warner’s Cure, 72
+        Kidney Pills, Doan’s Backache, 67
+        Kilmer’s Indian Cough Cure, 15
+        Kino, 32
+        Körber’s Cure for Consumption, 36
+        Krameria, decoction of, 32
+        Kupfinn, “Dr.”, 139
+
+        Lactose (_see_ Milk sugar).
+        Lamma Powder, 129
+        Lancashire Nostrum, A, 80
+        Lane’s Catarrh Cure, 2
+        Lanoline, 149, 154
+        Lauser’s Cough Drops, 19
+        Lavender, 104
+        Laville’s Antigout remedies, 64
+        Laxatol (_see_ Phenolphthalein).
+        Laxen (_see_ Phenolphthalein).
+        Laxoin (_see_ Phenolphthalein).
+        Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic Soap, 64
+        Lead, 122
+          ”   acetate, 113, 127, 148, 152
+          ”   oleate, 113, 119, 181
+          ”   oxide (litharge), 143, 144
+          ”   plaster, 181
+          ”   sub-acetate, 127
+        Lemon, 84
+          ”   grass, 113
+          ”   oil, 65
+        Leptandrin, 74
+        Lieber’s Tea for Consumption, 36
+        Lime-juice, 77, 81
+        Linseed compound, Kay’s, 12
+        Lion Ointment, Burgess’s, 180
+        Liquorice, 11, 14, 18, 19, 45, 54, 55,
+                   61, 69, 89, 91, 102, 103,
+                  133, 156, 173, 174, 175, 176
+        Lithium citrate, 62
+        Liver Cooler, Fitch’s Kidney and, 71
+        Lloyd Reducing Treatment, Nelson, 100
+        Lotion, X.L. Reducing Pills and, 89
+        Lungsava, 28
+        Lung Tonic, Owbridge’s, 13
+        Lycopodium, 71
+        Lymphol, Rice’s, 158
+
+        Mackenzie’s “One Day” Cold Cure, 4
+        Magnesia, 61, 109, 119, 174, 175
+           ”      calcined, 150
+        Magnesium, 71, 91, 119
+        Malachite green, 111
+        Mandelyl-tropeine (_see_ Homatropine).
+        Marmola, 85, 93
+        Martin’s Miracletts, 171
+        Medicine Stamp Act, 182
+        Medi-cone Pile Treatment, Oxien, 151
+        Menthol, 156, 172
+        Mercuric oxide, 143
+        Mercury, ammoniated, 113, 143, 144
+        Methyl, orange, 86
+        Metramine (_see_ Formamine).
+        Milk sugar (lactose), 19, 39, 56, 100,
+                             131, 132, 165, 166
+        Miracletts, Martin’s, 171
+        Mixture for Epilepsy, Osborne’s, 126
+        Mother Seigel’s Curative Syrup, 176
+        Muco-Food Cones (Van Vleck’s), 148, 155
+        Mul’la, Buer’s, 149
+        Munyon’s Catarrh Tablets, 6
+           ”     Catarrh Cure, 6
+           ”     Blood Cure, 44
+           ”     Kidney Cure, 75
+           ”     Pile Ointment, 150
+
+        Nazaseptic, 139
+        Nelson Lloyd Reducing Treatment, 100
+        Nerve stimulators, 31
+        Nervlettes, Coleman’s, 175
+        Nettle, 36
+        Neuralgia (_see_ Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia, remedies for).
+        “New and Marvellous Remedy for the Eyes”, 144
+        Nitre (_see_ Potassium nitrate).
+        “No cure no pay”, 5, 29, 95
+        Nostrum, A Lancashire, 80
+
+        Obesity cures, 83
+          Absorbit Paste and J. Z. Tablets (Zobiede), 87
+          Allan’s Anti-fat, 92
+          Anticelta Tablets, 163
+          Antipon, 86
+          Corpulin and Dalloff’s Tea, 104
+          Dalloff’s Tea and Corpulin, 104
+          Fell Treatment, 97
+          Figuroids, 94
+          Graziana Treatment (Zehrkur), 103
+          Hargreave’s Wafers, 91
+          J. Z. Tablets and Absorbit Paste, 87
+          Marmola, 85, 93
+          Nelson Lloyd Treatment, 100
+          Russell’s Anti-corpulent Preparation, 87
+          Trilene Tablets, 90
+          X.L. Pills and Lotion, 89
+          Zehrkur (Graziana Treatment), 103
+          Zobiede (Absorbit Paste and J. Z. Tablets), 87
+        Obesity Tablets, J. Z., 87
+        Ohraseptic, 139
+        Ohrsorb Compound, 138
+        Oil, Pastor Felke’s Honey Cod Liver, 36
+        Ointment, Collie’s, 57
+        Okterin, 146
+        Oleic acid, 115, 161
+        Opthalmol, 146
+        Oquit, 59
+        Origanum, oil of (_see_ Thyme).
+        Osborne’s Mixture for Epilepsy, 126
+        Owbridge’s Lung Tonic, 13
+        Ox-bile, 88
+        Oxien Medi-cone Pile Treatment, 151
+        Ozerine, 125
+
+        Paciderma Blood Wafers, 109
+            ”     cream, 109
+            ”     powder, 109
+            ”     preparations, 106
+        Pale People, Williams’ Pink Pills for, 170, 174
+        Paraffin, 4, 70, 100, 106, 109, 110,
+                 111, 112, 113, 120, 140, 143,
+                 144, 146, 151, 152, 156
+        Patients’ names, obtaining, 25
+        Peppermint, 14, 36, 69, 71, 77,
+                    81, 94, 127, 160
+        Pepsin, 76
+        Pesqui’s Uranium Wine, 76, 77
+        Petroleum jelly, 58, 156
+        Phelps Brown’s Blood Purifier, 46
+          ”      ”     Vervain Restorative Assimilant, 127
+        Phenacetin, 38, 39
+        Phenol (carbolic acid), 1, 3, 4, 7,
+                              120, 151
+        Phenolphthalein, 77, 81, 85, 94,
+                         96, 97
+        Pheun Skin Paste, 113
+        Phosphoric acid, 8
+        Phosphorus, 176
+        Phytolaccin, 54
+        Pile Ointment, Doan’s, 151
+          ”  Munyon’s, 150
+        Piles, remedies for, 147
+          Buer’s Cure, 149
+          ” Mul’la, 149
+          Doan’s Ointment, 151
+          Hemotora, 153
+          Muco-food cones (Van Vleck’s), 148
+          Munyon’s Ointment, 150
+          Oxien Medi-cone Treatment, 151
+          Rollo’s Remedy, 153
+          Van Vleck’s Absorptive Treatment, 154
+        Pills, Kay’s Linum Catharticum, 12
+        Pine preparations, 64
+        Piperazine, 62
+        Pistoia Gout Powders, 62
+        Plasma, Van Vleck’s, 155
+        Podophyllin, 69
+        Pohl’s Family Tea (“Bacillentod”), 36
+        Pomies Anti-cataract Mixture, 146
+        Portland Gout Powder, 62
+        Post’s C.B.Q. Tablets, 61
+        Potassium bromide, 89, 90, 125, 126, 127,
+                          128, 129, 165, 166
+            ”     carbonate, 174, 175
+            ”     chlorate, 133
+            ”     chloride, 89, 90, 125
+            ”     iodide, 43, 45, 47, 52, 54, 61,
+                          89, 90, 92, 93, 111, 126,
+                         142, 146
+            ”     nitrate, 66, 68, 70, 71,
+                           72, 73
+        Powders, headache, 37
+          Daisy, 38
+          “Good as Gold”, 41
+          Hoffman’s Harmless, 41
+        Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed, 14
+        Prescriptions, secret remedies said to be made
+                 from physicians’, 27, 38, 59, 80, 108
+        Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, 132
+        Pumilio pine, 4, 15
+        Purgen (_see_ Phenolphthalein).
+
+        Quinine, 2, 45, 61, 64, 167
+           “     sulphate, 176
+           “     valerianate, 172
+
+        Rapeseed (_see_ Colza).
+        Reducing Paste, Absorbit, 87
+           “     Pills and Lotion, X.L., 89
+           “     Treatment, Fell, 97
+           “        “       Graziana (Zehrkur), 103
+        Reducing Treatment, Nelson Lloyd, 100
+        Reducing Wafers, Hargreave’s, 91
+        Reichel’s Cough Drops, 19
+        Resin, black, 58
+          “    (colophony), 58, 112
+          “    plasters, 119
+        Retailers, headache powders supplied by, 41
+        Rheuma Tabakolin, 65
+        Rheumacid, 64
+        Rheumatic, Gout, and Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s, 51
+        Rheumatic and Gout Spirit, Weigand’s, 65
+        Rheumatic Pills, Blair’s Gout and, 50
+        Rheumatism (_see_ Gout, Rheumatism, and Neuralgia, remedies for).
+        Rheumatism, Gloria Treatment for, 52
+        Rhubarb, 45, 55, 74, 104, 111
+        Rice’s Lymphol, 158
+          “    Treatment for Rupture, 158
+        Rino Ointment, 113
+        Rock Rose, 46
+        Rollo’s Remedy for Piles, 153
+        Rupture, preparations for, 158
+          Healine Treatment, 160
+          Rice’s Treatment, 158
+        Russell’s Anti-corpulent Preparation, 87
+
+        Saccharin, 11, 172
+        Sacco, 28
+        Salicylate, alkaline, 57
+            “       sodium, 52
+        Salicylic acid, 92, 93, 113
+            “     Methylene-glycol-ester of, 61
+        Saltpetre (_see_ Potassium nitrate).
+        Sal volatile, 43
+        Sarsaparilla, compound solution of, 44
+        Sarsaparilla, Hood’s Extract of, 46
+             “        Townsend’s American, 43
+        Sassafras, oil of, 44
+        Scammony, 80, 180
+        Sciatica (_see_ Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia, remedies for).
+        Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s Rheumatic, Gout, and, 51
+        Scopolamine, 168
+        Seaweed Tonic, Veno’s, 74
+        Seigel’s Curative Syrup, Mother, 176
+        Senna, 19, 74, 104
+        Singleton’s Eye Ointment, 142
+        Skin diseases, cures for, 105
+          Antexema, 105
+          Cuticura Remedies, 110
+          Ekzemin Cream, 113
+          Juniper preparations, 113
+          Paciderma preparations, 106
+          Pheun Skin Paste, 113
+          Rino Ointment, 113
+          Zam-buk, 111
+          Zip Ointment, 112
+        Skin Paste, Pheun, 113
+        Soap, 57, 64, 65, 70, 113,
+             119, 135, 140, 175
+          “   Antigout, 64
+          “   Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic, 64
+        Soda alum, 142, 145
+        Sodium benzoate (_see_ Benzoate).
+        Sodium bicarbonate, 7, 41, 62, 70, 80, 96,
+                           97, 109, 164, 179
+           “   bromide, 129
+           “   chloride, 1, 3, 7, 94,
+                        96, 97, 146
+           “   phosphate, 74
+           “   sulphate, 77, 81, 120, 145
+        Soothing powders for infants, 130
+        Steedman’s Powders, 131
+        Soothing, teething and cooling powders for infants, 130
+          Fenning’s Children’s Powders, 133
+          Pritchard’s Powders, 132
+          Stedman’s Powders, 130
+          Steedman’s Powders, 131
+        Spearmint, 160
+        Specific for Deafness, Crompton’s, 135
+        Spirit, Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout, 65
+        Stamp Act, 182
+          “   on secret remedies, 182
+        Star Tonic, 23
+        Stearns’s Headache Cure, 39
+        Stedman’s Teething Powders, 130
+        Steedman’s Soothing Powders, 131
+        Steven’s Consumption Cure, 21, 28
+        Stillingia, 46
+        Storax, 27, 115
+           “    Stramonine“, 168
+        Sulphur, 88, 140
+           ”     precipitated, 109, 113, 150
+        Sulphuric acid, 16
+
+        Tabakolin, Rheuma, 65
+        Tablets, Munyon’s Catarrh, 6
+           ”     Trilene, 90
+        Talc, 5, 54, 57, 59, 96, 97,
+              109, 156, 161, 172, 176
+        Tannin, 27, 32, 73, 152, 153, 161
+        Tar, 119
+        Taraxacum, 45, 66, 71, 73
+        Tartaric acid, 8, 62, 78, 96, 97
+        Taylor’s anti-epileptic medicine, W. and J., 126
+        Tea, Dalloff’s “Contre l’Obesité”, 104
+        Tea, Lieber’s (for Consumption), 36
+         “   Pohl’s Family (“Bacillentod”), 36
+        Teething powders for infants, 130
+          Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, 132
+          Stedman’s Powders, 130
+        Teetolia Treatment, 166
+        Terebene, 118, 119
+        Theobroma, oil of (cocoa butter), 148, 152, 154, 156
+        Therapion, 172
+        Thermal Bath Cabinet “Century”, 99
+        Thyme (oil of Origanum), 19, 160
+        Thyroid Extract, 84, 94, 102, 103
+        Tolu, 13, 16, 18, 27
+        Tonic, Gloria, 52
+          ”    Owbridge’s Lung, 13
+          ”    Star, 23
+          ”    Veno’s Seaweed, 74
+          ”    Zox, 58
+        Townsend’s American Sarsaparilla, 43
+        Tragacanth, 106
+        Trench’s Remedy for Epilepsy and Fits, 127
+        Trilene Tablets, 90
+        Tropyltropeine (_see_ Atropine).
+        Tuberculozyne, 21, 32
+        Tumenol, 140
+        Turmeric, 70
+        Turpentine, 65, 113, 122, 136
+        Tussothym, 19
+
+        “Umckaloabo”, 22, 32
+        Uranium nitrate, 76, 78, 79
+           ”    Wine, Pesqui’s, 76, 77
+        Uricedin, 64
+        Urisol (_see_ Formamine).
+        Urotropine (_see_ Formamine).
+
+        Valerianate, Quinine, Zinc, 172
+        Van Vleck’s Absorptive Pile Treatment, 154
+        Van Vleck’s Catarrh Balm, 3
+         ”    ”     Muco-food Cones (Pile Treatment),  148
+        Van Vleck’s Pile Pills, 155
+         ”    ”     Plasma (Pile Treatment), 155
+        Var’s American Kidney Pills, 70
+        Varalettes, Bishop’s, Gout, 62
+        Varicocele, 161
+        Varicose veins, 161
+        Veno’s Lightning Cough Cure, 16
+          ”    Seaweed Tonic, 74
+        _Verbena officinalis_ (_see_ Vervain).
+        Vervain Restorative Assimilant, O. Phelps Brown’s, 127
+        Vervain (_Verbena officinalis_), 124, 125, 127
+        Vesalvine (_see_ Formamine).
+        Vin Urané Pesqui, 76, 77
+
+        Wafers, Curic, 38
+           ”    Hargreave’s Reducing, 91
+           ”    Paciderma Blood, 109
+        Warner’s Cure, 72
+        Weidhaas Hygienic Institute, 23
+        Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout Spirit, 65
+        White precipitate (_see_ Ammoniated mercury).
+        Whooping Cough Remedy, Assmann’s, 19
+        Williams’ Pink Pills for Pale People, 170, 174
+        Wine, Pesqui’s Uranium, 76, 77
+        ” spirit of, 32
+        Wintergreen, oil of, 73, 180
+        Wisbech Remedy for the Eyes, 144
+        Witch hazel (_see_ Hamamelis).
+
+        Xaxa (_see_ Acetyl-salicylic acid).
+        X.L. Reducing Pills and Lotion, 89
+
+        Yonkerman Company (Tuberculozyne), 32
+
+        Zam-buk, 111
+        Zehrkur (_see_ Graziana Reducing Treatment), 103
+        Zinc, 156
+         ”  chloride, 122
+         ”  oxide, 109, 129, 148, 151
+         ”  sulphate, 120
+         ”  valerianate, 172
+        Zip Ointment, 112
+        Zobeida (_see_ Zobeide).
+        Zobeide, 87
+        Zox, 58
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75168 ***
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+    <title>Secret Remedies - What They Cost and What They Contain | Project Gutenberg</title>
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+  </head>
+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75168 ***</div>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<h1>SECRET REMEDIES,<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">WHAT THEY COST AND<br> WHAT THEY CONTAIN.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="center spa2">BASED ON ANALYSES MADE FOR THE</p>
+
+<p class="f150"><b>BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.</b></p>
+
+
+<p class="center spa3"><span class="smcap">London</span>:<br>
+BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION,<br>
+429, <span class="smcap">Strand</span>, W.C.</p>
+
+<p class="center">1909.</p>
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="f150"><b>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl smcap">Chapter</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">Page</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">I.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Catarrh and Cold Cures</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">&nbsp;1</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">II.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Cough Medicines</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_9">&nbsp;9</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">III.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Consumption Cures</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">IV.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Headache Powders</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">V.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Blood Purifiers</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">VI.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Remedies for Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">VII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Kidney Medicines</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">VIII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Diabetes</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">IX.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Obesity Cures</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">X.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Skin Diseases</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XI.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Medicines for Baldness</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Cancer Remedies</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XIII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Remedies for Epilepsy</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XIV.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Soothing, Teething and Cooling Powders for Infants</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XV.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Remedies for Ear Disease and Deafness</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XVI.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws3">Eye Diseases</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_142">142</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XVII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws3">Piles</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XVIII.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Preparations for Rupture</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XIX.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Cures for Inebriety</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">XX.—</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Cure Alls</td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Appendix</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>One of the reasons for the popularity of secret remedies is their
+secrecy. It is a case in which the old saying <i>Omne ignotum pro
+magnifico</i> applies. To begin with, there is for the average man
+or woman a certain fascination in secrecy. The quack takes advantage
+of this common foible of human nature to impress his customers. But
+secrecy has other uses in his trade; it enables him to make use of
+cheap new or old-fashioned drugs, and to proclaim that his product
+possesses virtues beyond the ken of the mere doctor; his herbs have
+been culled in some remote prairie in America or among the mountains
+of Central Africa, the secret of their virtues having been confided to
+him by some venerable chief; or again he would have us believe that his
+drug has been discovered by chemical research of alchemical profundity,
+and is produced by processes so costly and elaborate that it can only
+be sold at a very high price.</p>
+
+<p>The British Medical Association considered, therefore, that it would
+be useful if not instructive to make analyses of some of the secret
+remedies, the virtues of which are so boldly advertised, especially
+in popular monthly magazines and weekly newspapers, and in diaries
+and almanacks pushed under the front door or dropped over the area
+railings. The results are given in the following pages; they have been
+classified under various heads, according to the particular kind of
+disorder for the cure of which the preparation is more particularly
+vaunted. The claims in some instances are so comprehensive that it has
+not always been easy to assign the nostrum its proper place, and for a
+few it has been necessary to institute a chapter on Cure Alls.</p>
+
+<p>An inquiry of the kind is, from the analytical point of view, tedious
+and often difficult; for though the analytical chemist can easily and
+quickly identify the nature of inorganic salts in a mixture or powder,
+and estimate their amount, most vegetable drugs which exert any
+appreciable effect on the body owe their power to the presence of an
+alkaloid or glucoside. The active principle of opium, for instance, is
+morphine; that of cinchona bark, quinine; that of belladonna, atropine,
+and so on, and the chemist can recognise any alkaloids present in a
+mixture or pill. It is otherwise, however, with vegetable extracts and
+colouring matters, for which pharmaceutical science has not yet been
+able in all cases to supply easily applicable and conclusive tests,
+because for the most part they contain no active principle and are
+used in pharmacy for their agreeable odour or bitter taste, as vanilla
+or sorrel are used in cookery. Of the accuracy of the analytical data
+published there can be no question; the investigation has been carried
+out with great care by a skilled analytical chemist, who has controlled
+his results in various ways, one being that in every doubtful case
+the formula obtained by analysis has been tested by making it up
+and comparing the appearance, taste, and physical properties of the
+imitative mixture with those of the secret preparation sold to the public.</p>
+
+<p>The articles in this volume have not been confined to a mere dry
+statement of the results of analysis. Care has been taken to reproduce
+the claims and exuberant boasts of the vendors, and the contrast
+between them and the list of banal ingredients which follow must strike
+every reader. This juxtaposition of analytical facts and advertising
+fancies is instructive and sometimes entertaining, the fancy is so free
+and the fact so simple.</p>
+
+<p>It must not be assumed that the concoctors of these mixtures and
+powders and ointments show any particular skill in the compounding of
+drugs. On the contrary, they appear curiously indifferent to taste and
+appearance, and perhaps count on the belief, common among the poorer
+classes at least, that the nastier a drug the more effective it is.
+There is, at any rate, the excuse for this belief that the effort to
+subdue the repugnance to the draught produces a glow of virtue which
+may perhaps have a certain stimulating effect on the mind; the patient
+having not only spent his money but suffered some discomfort, is
+anxious to justify his faith by assuming himself to be the better for
+the double sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>It is not, however, only the poorer classes of the community who have
+a weakness for secret remedies and the ministration of quacks; the
+well-to-do and the highly-placed will often, when not very ill, take a
+curious pleasure in experimenting with mysterious compounds. In them it
+is perhaps to be traced to a hankering to break safely with orthodoxy;
+they scrupulously obey the law and the Church and Mrs. Grundy, but will
+have their fling against medicine. Usually, however, people of these
+classes take to some system. It used to be electricity or hypnotism or
+some eccentricity of diet; nowadays it is more often Christian Science.</p>
+
+<p>Judging from the relative number of secret remedies advertised for
+different complaints, it would seem that the most attractive fields
+for exploitation by the “patent” medicine man are afforded by those
+diseases which are widely prevalent, and sufficiently serious to cause
+considerable suffering and incapacity, inasmuch as such disorders lend
+themselves to sensational descriptions of the dire consequences which
+will follow if the one and only real and certain cure is not purchased.</p>
+
+<p>The estimates of cost given throughout the volume refer only to the
+ingredients, the prices of the various drugs being those quoted in
+an ordinary wholesale drug list, and take no account of the cost of
+bottles, boxes, wrappings and packages, very often a much more serious
+source of expenditure. The stamp duty levied by the Inland Revenue
+under an old Act of Parliament must also be taken into consideration,
+but, ostensibly at least, it is paid by the purchaser, for the full
+price of a nostrum is usually 1s. 1½d. or 2s. 9d. and so on, the extra
+1½d. or 3d. representing the value of the stamp. “Store prices”
+have, however, invaded this, like most other fields of enterprise.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER I.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">CATARRH AND COLD CURES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The analyses here given of some of the proprietary articles which the
+public are induced to buy for the cure of ordinary colds and catarrh
+furnish a good example of the absurdity of the barefaced pretensions
+in which nostrum mongers indulge, for minor ailments are by no means
+neglected by the makers of nostrums; if the price to be obtained is
+somewhat lower than in the case of more serious disorders the cost
+price can be reduced in an equal or greater proportion. Alarming
+accounts, too, of the evils to be expected if resort be not had to the
+advertised articles are not wanting. Thus, in the advertisement of one
+of the articles described below, it is stated that catarrh “invariably
+creates biliousness, constipation, pleurisy, asthma, bronchitis,
+catarrhal fever, and consumption”; also that “it is estimated that
+over 20,000 people died in the United Kingdom last year of consumption
+caused by catarrh.” The remedy put forward for this malignant disease
+is shown by analysis to consist of a solution of a pinch of common salt
+with a trace of carbolic acid, the actual cost of the quantity sold for
+a shilling being one-thirtieth part of a farthing. The probability that
+many people would regard a slight cold in the head as not requiring a
+resort to a “specialist in chronic disease in every form” such as the
+proprietor of this preparation, is turned to account by a disparaging
+reference to the medical profession. “Catarrh,” we are told, “in its
+chronic form (and the complaints arising from it) is a malady which has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span>
+not, up to the present time, received that attention and research from
+the medical faculty which it deserves. Most practitioners have given
+it merely a passing thought, or poohed at it as a mere cold which
+would soon pass off, and perhaps give some light tonic to tone up the
+stomach.” Another of the “remedies” described well illustrates the way
+in which the public is deluded by such “specialists”; camphor, quinine
+and ipecacuanha are frequently employed as domestic remedies in the
+early stages of a cold in the head, and persons who believe in their
+usefulness can no doubt be induced to buy a “cold cure” which professes
+to contain them in combination with other drugs, presented in a form
+convenient and agreeable to be taken; but in the tablets which are
+represented as consisting of cascara, bromide, quinine, ipecacuanha,
+camphor and bryonia, analysis did not reveal any appreciable traces
+of cascara, bromide, quinine, ipecacuanha, or camphor. The principal
+ingredients actually present were cinchonine, an alkaloid found in
+the bark from which quinine is prepared but cheaper than quinine, and
+acetanilide, a chemical better known under the name antifebrin, both in
+very small doses.</p>
+
+<p>Many proprietary medicines of varied kinds are recommended for colds
+among a host of other complaints for which they are stated to possess
+curative powers. Apart, however, from such inclusive recommendations,
+a considerable number are put forward expressly and primarily for cold
+and catarrh, and it is a selection of these which is here described.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> LANE’S CATARRH CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is prepared and sold by a Company giving an address in London. The
+price is 1s. a bottle, containing 2½ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>Much printed matter is supplied with this preparation, and a few
+extracts are here given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Catarrh, in its chronic form (and the complaints arising from it),
+is a malady which has not, up to the present time, received that
+attention and research from the medical faculty which it deserves. Most
+practitioners have given it merely a passing thought, or poohed at it
+as a mere cold which would soon pass off, and perhaps give some light
+tonic to tone up the stomach. And therein lies the fatal error, for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3"><span class="fs_110">[Pg 3]</span></span>
+Catarrh is a disease that cannot be trifled with, as millions can only
+too surely testify.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">... to let any part or organ of the system become
+diseased breeds the seeds of a host of other complaints, as all the
+organs of the body are in sympathy with each other. The cause of this
+is easily explained in a case of Catarrh.... It invariably creates
+Biliousness, Constipation, Pleurisy, Asthma, Bronchitis, Catarrhal
+Fever, and Consumption.</p>
+
+<p>It is estimated that over 20,000 people died in the United Kingdom
+last year of Consumption caused by Catarrh.</p>
+
+<p>The speciality of myself and Associate Physicians is chronic disease
+in every form. Our library was selected to this end, and the Herbal
+World explored for this purpose—the successful treatment of chronic
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>We have never seen one out of five hundred of the patients whom we
+have cured. Most cases can be treated just as well at a distance as if
+we saw them in person; as our experience enables us to judge correctly
+from a written description the nature and extent of the disease under
+which the patient is labouring.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The preparation is described on the wrapper as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The <i>Only Reliable</i> and Effective Preparation
+for the Permanent and <i>Radical Cure</i> of this most dangerous disease.</p>
+
+<p>The directions on the label are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For Catarrh.—Pour one-half teaspoonful in the palm
+of the hand, close one nostril with the finger, and inhale the liquid
+through the open nostril with sufficient force to carry the spray down
+into the throat. Inhale another half teaspoonful through the other
+nostril in the same way; it is not advisable to swallow the Catarrh
+Cure—however, it is perfectly harmless if you chance to do so. Use
+night and morning and in extreme cases three times a day.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the liquid to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenol (carbolic acid)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium chloride (common salt) &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3.3</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The traces of impurities usually present in common salt were also found.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients in 2½ fluid ounces is
+one-thirtieth of a farthing.</p>
+
+<h3>VAN VLECK’S CATARRH BALM.</h3>
+
+<p>This balm is supplied by an American Company having an address in
+London. The price charged is 4s. 6d. for a package containing 1⅛ oz.</p>
+
+<p>In an accompanying circular it is stated that:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This preparation is perfectly harmless, readily
+absorbed, and through its healing, soothing action affords immediate
+relief and quickly cures Catarrh of the Nose and Head, Catarrhal
+Deafness, Hay Fever, Cold in the Head, La Grippe, Tonsillitis, Sore
+Throat and all inflamed, irritated conditions of the nose and throat.</p>
+
+<p>The “Balm” was an ointment, contained in a collapsible tube. The
+directions on the label are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">First clear your head out thoroughly by blowing
+your nose, then squeeze out from the tube a piece of Dr. Van Vleck’s
+Catarrh Balm about the size of a pea, on the end of the finger, and
+rub it well up into each nostril, hold the other nostril and snuff it
+up until you can feel it all the way up through the air passages in
+your head. For severe Catarrh in the Head and Cold in the Head also rub
+thoroughly over the outside of the nose and across the forehead and on
+the sides of the head just below the temples. For Catarrhal Sore Throat
+and Tonsillitis rub thoroughly on the outside of the throat and swallow
+at bedtime a small piece about the size of a pea. Do not get it into
+the eyes. This preparation is perfectly harmless, readily absorbed,
+and through its healing, antiseptic, soothing action affords immediate
+relief.</p>
+
+<p>The substance consisted of soft paraffin containing a small quantity
+of phenol and about 2 per cent. of a mixture of volatile oils. Oils
+of eucalyptus, pumilio pine, and yellow sandal-wood were recognized,
+and the respective proportions of these were estimated by comparing
+mixtures of known composition with the original. The results obtained
+gave the following formula</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sandal-wood oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of pumilio pine &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp; ”&emsp;&nbsp; eucalyptus</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1.2</td>
+      <td class="tdr">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soft paraffin to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 1⅛ oz. is ½d.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> MACKENZIE’S “ONE DAY” COLD CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is supplied by a Company described as of London and New York. The
+price charged for a box containing 30 tablets is 1s. 1½d.</p>
+
+<p>This preparation is described on the package as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot no-wrap">
+<p class="center">The Best Cure! For the Worst Cold!<br>
+A Speedy Cure in all Cases of Cold, Influenza, Headache,<br>
+and all Neuralgic Affections.<br>Nature’s Remedy.</p>
+
+<p class="spa1">Dose.—One tablet to be swallowed with a little water
+every two hours until relieved.</p>
+
+<p>As a preventive, one every four hours.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Not for Children.</b></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span>
+The tablets were coated with sugar coloured with ferric oxide
+(so-called chocolate coating); after removal of the coating they had an
+average weight of 2 grains. Analysis showed them to have the following
+composition:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Cinchonidine sulphate &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·83</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·71</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Camphor</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Talc</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·21</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·15</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 tablets is 1¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>KEENE’S “ONE NIGHT” COLD CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This also is supplied by a Company giving its address as New York and
+London. The price charged is 1s. 1½d. a box, containing 30 tablets.</p>
+
+<p>This is recommended in the circular enclosed in the box in the
+following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Keene’s One Night Cold Cure will break up any cold overnight; or
+money refunded! Influenza cured in three days. Guarantee Label around
+every Box. If Keene’s One Night Cold Cure fails to Cure your Cold,
+your money will be cheerfully returned on presentation of Guarantee
+Label.</p>
+
+<p>Keene’s One Night Cold Cure is in Tablet form and
+contains nothing injurious, being chiefly composed
+of Quinine, Cascara, Camphor, and other Ingredients
+adopted by the Leading Medical Authorities for Colds in
+the Head, Throat, and Lungs.</p>
+
+<p>The “guarantee label” is worded as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Guarantee.</span></p>
+
+<p>If Keene’s “One Night” Cold Cure fails to effectually
+break up any ordinary cold, return this Guarantee with
+box to your Chemist and he will refund price paid.</p>
+
+<p class="author">Cascara—Bromide—Quinine—Ipecac—<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span><br>
+Camphor—Bryonia—tablets. 7½d. per box.<br>
+The Keene Co.<br>Irving A. Keene, Treasurer.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The tablets were coated with sugar, coloured with ferric oxide
+(so-called chocolate coating). After removal of the coating they had an
+average weight of 2·07 grains. Analysis showed that they contained no
+bromide, no quinine, except the minute trace occurring as an impurity
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>
+in the cinchonine found, and no camphor in sufficient quantity to be
+detected; there was no evidence of any extract or other preparation
+of cascara, and if any were present, the quantity did not exceed a
+small trace; the alkaloid found did not give the slightest indication
+of ipecacuanha alkaloid; extract of bryonia may have been present,
+as it has no distinctive characters serving for identification. The
+ingredients found were:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Cinchonine sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·21</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">(approx.).</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·32</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calcium carbonate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·25</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·34</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extractive and excipient&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·87</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="4">In one tablet.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The extractive and excipient possessed no characters indicating the
+substance from which it was derived; it contained a small proportion
+of alkali in organic combination, equivalent to 1·2 per cent. of dried
+sodium carbonate in the tablet, and the mineral constituents usually
+present in vegetable extracts. The estimated cost of the ingredients
+for 30 tablets is ¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>MUNYON’S CATARRH TABLETS AND<br> SPECIAL CATARRH CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>These two preparations, which have been at one time or another very
+extensively advertised, are supplied by a Homœopathic Company. They are
+stated to be manufactured in U.S. of America. The price charged for the
+tablets is 1s. a package, containing 17 tablets.</p>
+
+<p>This preparation is recommended in the circular which accompanies it in
+the following terms:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><span class="smcap">Catarrh Positively
+Cured.</span>—Are you a sufferer with catarrh? Have you taken all sorts
+of drugs and patent nostrums? Are you tired of paying big doctor bills
+without being cured? Are you willing to spend two shillings for a cure
+that permanently cures catarrh by removing the cause of the disease?
+If so, ask your chemist for a shilling bottle of Munyon’s Catarrh Cure
+and a shilling bottle of Catarrh Tablets. The Catarrh Cure will
+eradicate the disease from the system and the Tablets will cleanse and
+heal the afflicted parts and restore them to a natural and healthful
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>On the package it is stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">When used in conjunction with the <span
+class="smcap">Catarrh</span> <span class="smcap">Cure</span>, they cure
+discharges from the head and throat, dryness, soreness and scabs in the
+nose, pains in the head, and all symptoms of Catarrh.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dissolve one Tablet in 20 teaspoonfuls of warm
+water and use this solution for thorough cleansing of the nose and
+throat, night and morning. Inject through the nostrils with Munyon’s
+Atomizer or by snuffing.</p>
+
+<p>The tablets had an average weight of 6 grains. Analysis showed the
+composition to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·87</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;”<span class="ws2">chloride</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·81</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Borax, partly dehydrated&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·20</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenol (carbolic acid)</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·12</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in one tablet. The amount of borax was equivalent to
+2·58 grains of the fully hydrated salt.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 17 tablets is one-twentieth
+of a penny.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the “Catarrh Cure” referred to in the above as intended for use
+with the tablets, there is a “Special Catarrh Cure” which costs 4s. a
+package containing 460 pilules.</p>
+
+<p>On the package it is stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It cures the most aggravated cases of hawking and
+spitting of mucus, stuffy or oppressed feeling in the head, dryness
+or scabs in the nose, gloomy, dull spirits, difficulty of breathing,
+dropping of mucus from the head into the throat, and liability to take
+cold easily.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Take four pellets every hour. Half quantity for children.</p>
+
+<p>The average weight of the pilules was ½ grain. On first opening the
+bottle containing them a slight smell of alcohol was noticeable, but
+the loss of weight on drying was only 0·08 per cent. No medicament of
+any kind could be detected, nor any substance but sugar; determination
+of the amount of the latter showed 100 per cent. to be present.</p>
+
+<p>From the odour of alcohol observed it is not unlikely that the pilules
+had been “medicated” by treatment with some dilute tincture, but if so,
+the amount of medicament so imparted was infinitesimal.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of 460 pilules is one-tenth of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>BIRLEY’S ANTI-CATARRH.</h3>
+
+<p>The price charged for this fluid, sold by a London
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>
+Company, is 1s. 1½d. a bottle, containing nearly 3 fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The bottle was accompanied by four pages of printed matter headed “The
+Birley Monthly Report,” in which the “Anti-Catarrh” was included in
+a “List and Prices of Dr. Birley’s Compounds of Free (or Unoxidised)
+Phosphorus,” and described as “Special Remedy for Catarrh and
+Influenza.” The following extracts are from the same circular, under
+the heading “The Wonders of Phosphorus.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Free (or unoxidised) Phosphorus, whose chief seat or situation is
+in the brain, is one of the most important elements contained in our
+bodies. Without Free Phosphorus there can be no thought, and very
+probably no life....</p>
+
+<p>One thing is proved beyond doubt, that the degree of intellectual
+thought depends upon the amount of Free Phosphorus in the brain, and
+just as the Phosphorus is unduly wasted, so does the brain power
+weaken....</p>
+
+<p>Free Phosphorus, it is thus shown, must be the saving agent—no other
+means is possible. This one element must be replaced.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>For an ordinary cold take one teaspoonful every two hours until
+better, then every third and fourth hour, and finally night and
+morning.</p>
+
+<p>For severe attacks, commence by taking a dose every hour until
+better, then gradually increase the period between each dose as attack
+abates. For Children, give half doses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the presence of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar (partly as “invert sugar”)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">74&#8199; &#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tartaric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·15</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phosphoric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·07</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199; &#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No free phosphorus could be detected, but the odour when the bottle was
+first opened suggested the presence of a trace. From the presence of
+a trace of alcohol it appears probable that an alcoholic solution of
+phosphorus had been added, and that the phosphoric acid had been formed
+by its oxidation. If the phosphorus found were in the free state each
+fluid drachm would contain about ¹/₈₀ grain. The liquid was of a light
+straw colour, probably produced by addition of a trace of colouring matter.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 3 fluid ounces is ½d.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER II.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">COUGH MEDICINES</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>There are probably few, if any, ailments more frequently treated by
+the sufferer or his friends, without recourse to medical advice, than
+coughs and colds. The remedies employed in such domestic practice
+include preparations like “linseed tea” and others made at home,
+but these no doubt are supplemented in very many instances by some
+proprietary preparation, either one of those so largely advertised, or
+the speciality of some local compounder. It might be contended that
+here, if anywhere, is a legitimate field for the maker of nostrums, and
+it is therefore of some interest to ascertain what is being supplied
+in such nostrums. The particulars as to composition and claims made
+which are given below show that they well illustrate the evils which
+inevitably creep into the dealing in secret remedies, and the downward
+steps which lead to purely swindling nostrums. One of the articles now
+described bears on the label the unusual recommendation, “For serious
+cases seek medical aid”; this preparation is recommended as a “valuable
+aid” in various complaints, and the fact that it contains morphine is
+stated clearly on the label, but information is not given as to the
+amount of morphine present. Less modest claims are made for competing
+articles, until we eventually reach such statements as “all that is
+necessary is to take one dose of the lung tonic in warm water on
+retiring to rest, and the cold will have disappeared in the morning ...
+cure is quite certain,” and “If it fails no other medicine will ever
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+succeed.” Again, while the presence of morphine in one of the medicines
+is plainly declared, as we have stated, this is not so in other
+instances. In one of those in which on analysis morphine was found
+to be present the advertisement begins with a “guarantee” that the
+medicinal remedies contained in the lozenges cannot injure the most
+delicate constitution, and includes the statement that they may be
+safely administered to very young children; in another case the
+specific declaration is made that “the cough pills do not contain
+opium,” which would certainly be regarded by most people as meaning
+that they do not contain the active principle of opium—morphine;
+and yet this was found to be present. The uncertainty as to what the
+composition of a secret medicine may be at any particular time is
+illustrated by another of the articles described, which has in past
+years been the subject of legal proceedings in the course of which the
+presence of morphine was proved, but which is now found not to contain any.</p>
+
+<p>The number of advertised proprietary medicines for the cure of coughs
+is very large, and the number of those but little advertised and having
+principally a local sale is still larger; the latter, as a rule, have a
+good deal of resemblance to the advertised preparations. A selected few
+of the most widely advertised of this class have been examined.</p>
+
+<p>The information which chemical analysis can give as to the composition
+of proprietary medicines is necessarily limited to the recognition
+of those ingredients which possess more or less definite chemical
+properties. The makers, of course, can make use of any one or more
+of a long series of vegetable extracts which very much resemble each
+other, and of various sweetening and flavouring materials sold for
+the purpose. In the case of many secret preparations analysis can
+afford complete and positive information as to their composition; but
+this is not so in every case, owing to many preparations commonly
+used in pharmacy being devoid of definite active principles that can
+be identified, and possessing no characters distinguishing them from
+others of the same class. Many such preparations are likely to be
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span>
+employed in cough mixtures; and, as these medicines usually contain a
+large proportion of treacle, honey, extract of liquorice, decoction of
+linseed, or some other old-fashioned complex preparations as basis,
+the identification of small proportions of many substances which are
+likely to be present becomes practically impossible. Many of the drugs
+in recognised use for coughs, such as senega, Virginian prune, etc., as
+well as domestic remedies like horehound and coltsfoot, are practically
+safe from certain identification by chemical analysis for such reasons,
+and in some of the preparations described below such substances may
+perhaps be present in addition to the ingredients named. The receipts
+given are not put forward as necessarily representing the whole of the
+ingredients in the articles in question, but they probably include all
+those which are of any importance or possess any known curative action.</p>
+
+<p>The chief interest in the composition of such medicines, however,
+centres in the presence or absence of more potent remedies, such as
+preparations of opium, ipecacuanha, etc.; and here the analyst is
+on surer ground. The extraction of minute quantities of alkaloids
+from complex mixtures containing large quantities of saccharine and
+“extractive” matters is, however, a matter of much difficulty, and
+their identification is complicated by the great similarity in the
+behaviour of morphine and the alkaloids of ipecacuanha towards the
+various reagents used in their recognition. In this connection it may
+be pointed out that one or two of the nostrums here dealt with have
+been the subject of fairly frequent legal proceedings in consequence
+of their having been sold without proper observance of the poisons
+regulations, and the evidence given in such cases has shown wide
+differences in the results obtained by different analysts of high
+standing, both as to the quantity of morphine present, and even as
+to the fact of its presence or absence. In making the analyses here
+recorded, great pains have been taken to obtain accurate results, and
+they have been confirmed by the employment of alternative methods,
+etc.; but the results can only be given subject to the caution just
+expressed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</span></p>
+
+<h3>KAY’S LINSEED COMPOUND.</h3>
+
+<p>This compound is sold by an English provincial company in bottles,
+price, 9½d., 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle;
+the 2s. 9d. size contained a little over 5½ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>This preparation is described on the label, wrapper, and in circulars,
+both as “Linseed Compound,” which is given as the registered trade
+mark, and as “Kay’s Compound Essence of Linseed, Aniseed, Senega,
+Squill, Tolu, etc.” On the label it is also stated that it</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">contains a preparation of chloroform
+and morphine, and it is, therefore, labelled Poison. It is Demulcent,
+Expectorant, Tonic, and Soothing for Colds, Coughs, Asthma, Hoarseness,
+Difficulty of Breathing, Consumption, and Simple Ailments of the Chest,
+Throat, and Lungs.</p>
+
+<p>In a pamphlet enclosed in the package, this preparation is recommended
+to be taken for Cold, Influenza, Sore Throat and Quinsey, Pulmonary
+Catarrh, Bronchitis, Asthma, Consumption of the Lungs, Whooping Cough
+and Croup. In most of these, however, it is recommended as a “valuable
+aid” rather than a positive cure; other articles, such as ipecacuanha
+wine, muriate of ammonia, cod liver oil, and chemical food, as well
+as “Kay’s Linum Catharticum Pills,” are also recommended; while under
+Bronchitis we read:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">In an acute attack, <i>i.e.</i>, when
+the symptoms are inflammatory with much fever, etc., <i>the family
+doctor should at once be called in</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The directions on the label are as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="blockquot spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Scale of Doses</td>
+      <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbl-2.jpg" alt="" width="9" height="32" ></td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">To be modified according to the</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp" colspan="3">age or debility of the Patient.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">For over&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+      <td class="tdc">years,</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">a &nbsp;teaspoonful&emsp;in</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">water,</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">at bedtime.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">half a teaspoonful</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">15 drops</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">10 &nbsp; ”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">&#8199;5 &nbsp; ”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="6">Half Doses may be taken three or four times a day.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="6">It is not intended for Infants.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="6">For serious cases seek medical aid.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 1·07 parts of
+chloroform and 4·3 parts of alcohol, both by measure, and 67 parts of
+solids; about 48 parts of the latter consisted of sugar, partly in the
+form of invert sugar, and the remaining 19 parts consisted principally
+of the mucilage of decoction of linseed; oil of aniseed was present,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>
+and evidence was obtained of small quantities of preparations of tolu
+and squill. Tho ipecacuanha alkaloids extracted amounted to 0·007 per
+cent., and the morphine to 0·021 per cent. If the ipecacuanha were
+present in the form of wine of the official strength, this represents:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ipecacuanha wine&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">42</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Morphine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">¹/₇</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Chloroform</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in each fluid ounce.</p>
+
+<h3>OWBRIDGE’S LUNG TONIC.</h3>
+
+<p>This is sold by another English provincial company, price, 1s. 1½d.,
+2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. a bottle; the 2s. 9d. size contained a
+little over 6½ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated on the wrapper that this:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"> Cures Coughs, Colds, Asthma, Bronchitis,
+Influenza, and all Affections of the Chest, Throat, and Lungs.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">Also,</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This Preparation does not contain any Opium,
+Laudanum, or Morphine, therefore does not require a Poison Label.</p>
+
+<p>A pamphlet was enclosed in the package, from which the following is an
+extract:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Having once contracted a cold, however slight,
+it is of the first importance to have it thoroughly and radically
+removed. To do this it is worse than useless to rely upon a few
+lozenges, or any of the simple expedients to which many have recourse.
+Avoid linseed poultices, which are excessively weakening, and highly
+calculated to make the patient liable to a second, and, perhaps, more
+severe cold than the first. All that is necessary is to take one dose
+of the lung tonic in warm water on retiring to rest, and the cold will
+have disappeared in the morning. The lungs and bronchial tubes will
+be fortified and invigorated to an extraordinary degree. Should the
+cough not be quite removed by the first dose, continue according to
+directions. Cure is quite certain.</p>
+
+<p>The directions on the label were:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">Scale of Doses.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Above 14 years</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">one teaspoonful.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">6 to  14 years</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">half a teaspoonful.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">3 ”&nbsp;&emsp;6&emsp;”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fifteen drops.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1 ”&nbsp;&emsp;3&emsp;”</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">five to seven drops.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">6 months to 1 year</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">three to five drops.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Not to be given to a child under Six Months old.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">To be repeated 3 or 4 times a day, if necessary.
+The doses given during the day should be mixed with a little cold
+water, the one at bedtime in a tablespoonful of warm water.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 0·3 part of
+chloroform and 2 parts of alcohol, both by measure, and 89 parts of
+solids; about 73 parts of the latter consisted of sugar, rather more
+than half of which was in the form of invert sugar; it is probable
+that this had been added in the form of honey, and that the remainder
+of the solids consisted largely of the non-saccharine portion
+of the honey. Oils of aniseed and peppermint were present, and
+evidence was obtained of a very small quantity of a preparation of
+capsicum. The alkaloids of ipecacuanha were found to the amount
+of 0·002 per cent.; if these were present in the form of wine of the
+official strength, this represents:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ipecacuanha wine&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Chloroform</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in each fluid ounce.</p>
+
+<h3>POWELL’S BALSAM OF ANISEED.</h3>
+
+<p>This fluid, prepared by a London maker, is sold in bottles, price, 1s.
+1½d., 2s. 3d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle; the 2s. 3d. size contained
+a little over 3 fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>This old and invaluable Medicine has the extraordinary property of
+immediately relieving Coughs, Colds, Bronchitis, Hoarseness, Difficulty
+of Breathing, and Huskiness in the Throat. It operates by dissolving
+the congealed Phlegm, and thus promotes free expectoration....</p>
+
+<p>In Asthma, Chronic Cough, Influenza, Difficulty of Breathing,
+etc., no pen can describe the wonders that have been wrought by this
+deservedly popular preparation.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions for use were:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>For a Grown Person a teaspoonful two or three times a day. For a
+child about 8 years old, 20 drops; and 12 years, 40 drops.</p>
+
+<p>N.B.—Grown persons as well as children should take it in a little
+gruel or warm water; or saturate a lump of sugar with the above
+quantities is a pleasant way of taking it.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 1·8 parts of
+benzoic acid, about 4·2 parts of extract of liquorice, and 2 parts of
+sugar, 40 parts by volume of alcohol, and enough oil of aniseed to give
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</span>
+a strong aniseed flavour; a very small quantity of an aromatic resin,
+apparently benzoin, was also found, and 0·012 per cent. of alkaloid.
+This alkaloid resembled morphine in its behaviour to solvents, by
+which all the commoner alkaloids were excluded; but other tests
+showed that it was not morphine, and it is possible that it was a
+morphine derivative, such as dionine or peronine, but it was not found
+practicable to establish its exact identity owing to the smallness
+of the amount. Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed has, in the past, been the
+subject of legal proceedings on several occasions, and evidence has
+been brought in those proceedings proving that it contained morphine;
+so that it would seem that its composition has been changed since then.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> KILMER’S INDIAN COUGH CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation, stated to be made in U.S.A., is advertised from an
+address in London. The price is 1s. 1½d. a bottle, containing 3 fluid
+ounces.</p>
+
+<p>It was stated on the outside of the package that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This wonderful preparation contains no opium,
+morphine, chloral, or other hurtful drugs, and therefore does not dry
+up a cough. Every ingredient is from Vegetable products which grow
+within sight of almost every sufferer. It will not only help but cure
+the most Chronic and Complicated cases.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dose: ½, 1, or 2 teaspoonfuls every ½, 1, 2, 3, or
+4 hours as the case may require. Children—less according to age.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts contained 63 parts of solids, of which
+practically the whole was sugar; there was also present about 2 per
+cent. of alcohol and about 0·5 per cent. of oil of pumilio pine, with
+rather less than 0·1 per cent. of a resinous substance agreeing well
+with the resins from compound tincture of benzoin; a small resinous
+deposit also remained adhering to the inside of the bottle. A trace of
+a bitter yellowish substance was present, which may have been the aloes
+contained in the compound tincture, but did not agree perfectly with it
+in character; the quantity was too minute for exact identification. No
+alkaloid was present.</p>
+
+<h3>CROSBY’S BALSAMIC COUGH ELIXIR.</h3>
+
+<p>This elixir, sold from a provincial English town, and wholesale through
+a company in London, costs 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d.,
+and 4s. 6d. per bottle; the 2s. 9d. size contained nearly 4¾ ounces.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span></p>
+
+<p>It was described on the label as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A safe, speedy, and effectual remedy for Coughs,
+Colds, Hoarseness, Difficulty of Breathing, Wheezing and Irritation of
+the Throat, Hooping Cough, Asthma, and Incipient Consumption.</p>
+
+<p>In circulars enclosed with the bottle, its use in these various
+complaints was more fully described; and it was stated further
+that:—</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It contains no opiates, and is absolutely
+non-poisonous, and may therefore be taken with safety by the young and
+aged alike.</p>
+
+<p>The directions given on the label were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For Children, one month to one year, 5 to 10 drops
+in a little water. From one to five years, 10 to 20 drops. From five to
+ten years, 20 to 30 drops. From ten to fifteen years, 30 drops to one
+teaspoonful. From fifteen years and upwards, one teaspoonful, gradually
+increased to three teaspoonfuls, in a wineglassful of water.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 65 parts of solid
+matter, about 58 parts of which consisted of invert sugar, 10·6 parts
+by volume of alcohol, a trace of chloroform, 1·35 parts of sulphuric
+acid, and 0·3 part of acetic acid; a trace of an aromatic substance
+probably derived from tolu was present, and a minute trace of alkaloid
+(much less than 0·001 per cent.); the remainder appeared to consist
+of extractive and colouring matter, and may have contained the
+non-saccharine portion of honey if the invert sugar were added in that
+form. A trace of acetic ether could be detected, and it is probable
+that the acetic acid found represented acetic ether originally added,
+which had undergone hydrolysis; in that case the amount of acetic ether
+originally present would be 2¼ minims in 1 fluid ounce. The sulphuric
+acid found corresponds to 44 minims of the official dilute sulphuric
+acid in 1 fluid ounce.</p>
+
+<h3>VENO’S LIGHTNING COUGH CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is prepared by a company in an English manufacturing town. The
+price charged is 1s. 1½d. a bottle, containing 2¾ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>On the label it was stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">If it fails no other medicine will ever succeed.
+It should be used in all cases of Coughs, Colds, Bronchitis, Pleurisy,
+Sore Throat, Hoarseness, Asthma, Croup, Whooping Cough, Influenza,
+and Catarrh. In most cases it should be used with Veno’s Lightning
+Fluid.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dose.—For an Adult, one teaspoonful; for a Child
+under ten, half teaspoonful; for an Infant, five or ten drops every two
+or three hours, during the day only.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed that 100 parts by measure contained 7·6 parts of
+glycerine, 1·6 parts by volume of alcohol, a trace of chloroform, 0·23
+part of a resin, 0·2 part of alkaline ash, and 1·1 parts of extractive
+and colouring matter. No alkaloid was present. The resin was not
+aromatic, and possessed no well-marked characters, but showed some
+resemblance to the resin of <i>Grindelia robusta</i>; the fluid extract
+of this drug is prepared with the aid of alkali, and the strongly
+alkaline nature of the ash found would agree with the presence of fluid
+extract of grindelia, but positive proof of the presence of the latter
+could not be obtained; the amount of resin found corresponds to about 7
+minims of the fluid extract in 1 fluid ounce.</p>
+
+<h3>KEATING’S COUGH LOZENGES.</h3>
+
+<p>These lozenges are sold from an address in London in boxes, price, 1s.
+1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per box; the 1s. 1½d. size contained
+50 lozenges.</p>
+
+<p>A circular enclosed in the package was headed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">Notice—Guarantee.</p>
+
+<p>The medicinal remedies contained in these lozenges
+cannot injure the most delicate constitution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Another extract from the circular stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot"><p>Very many also of the Nobility and Clergy,
+and of the public generally use them <i>under the recommendation
+of some of the most eminent of the Faculty</i>. Such medical
+testimony must be convincing of their efficacy as well as conveying
+the satisfactory assurance of their freedom from any medicine in the
+slightest degree injurious to the constitution, Medical Men being
+well aware of the deleterious effects of many preparations, which in
+Pulmonary Affections do but mask the symptoms for a time, and afford
+only temporary relief, while perhaps the constitutional disease is
+aggravated, or at least unsubdued. They may be safely administered to
+females of the most delicate frame, and to very young children, for
+they not only allay Cough and Nervous Irritation, but they sustain the
+constitution, by promoting a healthy state of the Digestive Organs.
+They have immediate influence over the following cases:—<i>Asthmatic
+and Consumptive Complaints, Coughs, Shortness of Breath,
+Hoarseness, etc., etc.</i></p>
+
+<p>Directions for Use. One or two, taken at bedtime, will allay the
+irritation in the Throat, and prevent the Cough from disturbing the
+patient during the night, <i>and one also eight or ten times in the
+day</i>, when the Cough is troublesome, will afford great relief.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span>
+The average weight of the lozenges was 16½ grains; analysis showed
+that they contained morphine, alkaloids of ipecacuanha, extract of
+liquorice, sugar (partly as invert sugar), and gum; some evidence
+was also obtained of the presence of extract of squill and tolu,
+but positive proof of the identity of these was not obtainable. The
+proportions of the various ingredients found corresponded to:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Morphine</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·007</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ipecacuanha</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·07</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of liquorice&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">2·1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugars</td>
+      <td class="tdl">13</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in one lozenge.</p>
+
+<h3>BEECHAM’S COUGH PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These cough pills, sold from a town in Lancashire, cost 1s. 1½d. per
+box, containing 56 pills.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the box:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Persons suffering from Cough and kindred troubles should relieve
+their minds of the idea that nothing will benefit them unless it
+be in the form of a lozenge, or taken as liquid. Let them try
+<i>Beecham’s Cough Pills</i>, and they will never regret it.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Cough Pills</i> do not contain opium; they do not constipate;
+they do not upset the stomach. On the first symptoms of a Cold or
+Chill, a timely dose of Beecham’s Cough Pills will invariably ward off
+all dangerous features. For years many families have used no other
+Winter Medicine. Householders and travellers should avail themselves
+of this good, safe, and simple remedy for Coughs in general, Asthma,
+Bronchial Affections, Hoarseness, Shortness of Breath, Tightness and
+Oppression of the Chest, Wheezing, etc.</p>
+
+<p>The doses may be from three to six pills morning, noon, and night.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pills had an average weight of 1·4 grains. In spite of the
+statement that they “do not contain opium,” analysis showed morphine to
+be present, together with powdered squill, powdered aniseed, extract
+of liquorice, and a resinous substance agreeing in character with the
+resin of ammoniacum. Approximate determination of the proportions
+of the ingredients is alone possible in such a mixture; the results
+obtained pointed to the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Morphine</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·0035</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered squill</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered aniseed</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ammoniacum</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of liquorice&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">0·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</span>
+in one pill.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dr. F. Zernik, assistant in the Pharmaceutical
+Institute of the University of Berlin, undertook a short time ago,
+at the invitation of the Editor of the <i>Deutsche Medicinische
+Wochenschrift</i>, to report on some of the secret remedies which are
+thrown on the market in such numbers in Germany as well as England. It
+would appear that for the most part the remedies advertised in Germany
+are not the same as those most advertised in this country, but it is
+proposed in this and subsequent chapters to give some abstracts from
+the articles in which Dr. Zernik has from time to time reported the
+results of his examinations.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> LAUSER’S COUGH DROPS.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dr. Zernik found on analysis that these Cough
+Drops did not contain the ingredients alleged; there was for instance
+only 3·35 per cent. of alcohol, although the advertiser speaks of
+tinctures of 50 per cent. In addition to this small proportion of
+alcohol the mixture appeared to consist of a watery solution of
+liquorice, an infusion of senna root, some ammoniated solution of
+aniseed and small quantities of ammonium chloride.</p>
+
+<h3>REICHEL’S COUGH DROPS.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Reichel’s Cough Drops cost 1 mark for a bottle
+containing 65 ccm., about 2¼ fluid ounces. The purchaser is supposed to
+take 15 or 20 drops on sugar or in water four or five times a day. It
+is an alcoholic fluid, smelling and tasting of arnica, pimpinella, and
+anise.</p>
+
+<h3>TUSSOTHYM.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Tussothym, in spite of the wonderful qualities
+claimed for it by the firm producing it, proved to be a weak alcoholic
+distillate of thyme, diluted with water but probably containing another
+indifferent drug. It is advertised as good for all diseases of the
+respiratory organs, and especially for whooping cough.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> B. ASSMANN’S <br>WHOOPING COUGH REMEDY.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This Whooping Cough Remedy is, according to the
+vendor, so complicated that it is only made by himself, and cannot be
+obtained elsewhere. The packet contains forty powders, twenty of which
+are marked No. 1, and twenty No. 2. The chemical analysis showed that
+each powder, weighing 2 grams, consisted of milk sugar (lactose). No
+other constituent was detected.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER III.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">CONSUMPTION CURES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Nostrums and quack medicines vary greatly in the extent to which
+they constitute deliberate fraud. In the case of some of them, it is
+easy to believe that the makers themselves have a certain faith in
+their preparations, and recommend them in cases for which they are
+unsuited with that bona fides which arises from ignorance, assisted,
+unconsciously perhaps, by an appreciation of the profitable nature of
+the business. Such preparations frequently contain some one or more
+of the drugs in common use for the complaints for which the nostrum
+is offered, and are even, occasionally, combinations compounded in
+the first place from a medical prescription which may have been found
+useful in certain appropriate cases. The injury to the public in such
+instances arises from the excessive nature of the claims made, the
+excessive price usually charged, and the probability of the advertised
+medicine being taken in cases for which it is quite unsuitable, when it
+may do harm positively by its effects or negatively by preventing the
+sufferer from seeking proper advice.</p>
+
+<p>But with other proprietary medicines it is quite clear that the makers
+cannot in the slightest degree believe in the claims they make;
+the “remedy” in these cases is some substance or mixture devoid of
+medicinal activity, or possessing some slight therapeutic property
+having no relation to the disease for which the nostrum is put
+forward as a cure. It is often, indeed, for inert preparations that
+the most extravagant and emphatic claims are made; the makers, and
+the advertisement-writers whom they employ, are untrammelled by any
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>
+necessity of squaring their statements with the real properties of the
+thing to be recommended, and having set out consciously and
+deliberately to deceive, they are able to give their whole attention to
+telling the most effective stories in the most plausible manner, and
+reaping the maximum of payment for the minimum of expenditure. People
+who are ill or suffering are to be frightened with impressive pictures
+of the aggravated suffering and premature death that await them unless
+they take the “only cure” in question, therefore let them be frightened
+thoroughly. Careful suggestion will induce people who are not ill
+to believe that they or some of those dear to them are in the early
+stages of some disease; therefore let everything possible in the way
+of striking advertisements, personal letters, and repeated assertions
+be utilised to produce the result. It is the victim’s money that is
+wanted; therefore let the price be fixed high, and the advertisements
+be written up to it. If it should be discovered by correspondence that
+so much cannot be cajoled or frightened out of an individual sufferer,
+the price can be reduced gradually as “special concessions,” in return
+for which testimonials may be extracted.</p>
+
+<p>Of quack medicines the sale of which is conducted more or less on these
+fines, two examples are described in this chapter, and other examples
+will be enumerated later.</p>
+
+<p>One of the two now dealt with is “Tuberculozyne,” largely advertised
+in Great Britain but apparently of American origin; it affords an
+instructive example of the methods of the Transatlantic nostrum
+monger. The two liquids sold under this name consist of little more
+than coloured, flavoured water, but the modest price demanded is £2
+10s. for a month’s, supply. No effort is spared to induce the victim
+to continue the “treatment” month by month, in spite of the evident
+absence of any benefit, which is unblushingly accounted for by the
+seriousness of the particular case, while the necessity of getting the
+system thoroughly permeated with the remedy is insisted on. The sale
+of another preparation advertised as a cure for consumption, Stevens’
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</span>
+Consumption Cure, is conducted in a very similar way, but this time the
+herbs are said to be African, and the odd names they bear certainly
+have a Kaffir flavour. The vendor considerately warns the public
+against American quacks and impostors and against the preposterous
+and wicked swindles of Polish or German Jews. Although Stevens is so
+engagingly candid about his rivals he follows the plan of sending
+one letter after another to any sufferer whose name he may have
+obtained, a system which seems to have been invented in America; it
+is certainly cheaper than bold advertisement in newspapers, and is
+apparently found even more satisfactory, as it enables the vendor to
+give individual attention to the depth of his correspondent’s pocket if
+not to the severity of his disease. But Stevens has somewhat bettered
+his instruction, and his letters and circulars have a character of
+their own due to the effrontery of his attitude toward the medical
+profession. Persons who respond to the advertisement receive a list
+of questions to be answered by the doctor who has attended them, and
+are advised to continue under the observation of their medical man in
+order that the latter may be impressed by the marvellous effects of
+the remedy. Not long ago a circular letter was sent out to medical
+practitioners, asking them to treat consumptive cases “which defy all
+the ordinary remedies” with this secret preparation. The circular
+continues: “The great drawback to my cure, so far as the medical
+profession is concerned, has always been the fact that I would not
+reveal its formula. This is now done away with; its formula is 80
+grains of umckaloabo root and 13⅓ grains of chijitse to every ounce,
+prepared according to <i>British Pharmacopœia</i> methods.” The farce
+of revealing a formula by the employment of such fancy names as these
+is one of the oldest dodges of the quack medicine man, and no such
+names as “umckaloabo” and “chijitse” appear in any available work of
+reference on pharmacy. Enquiries made in various parts of South Africa
+have been negative, experts in native matters being unable to ascertain
+that the names were known. Further, the Native Affairs Department
+of Cape Colony has caused enquiries to be made in the Transkeian
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>
+territories into the question whether the native tribes there resident
+had any knowledge of “umckaloabo” and “chijitse,” or of their reputed
+medicinal properties. The result of the inquiry was entirely negative.
+Nothing was known of any such plants, nor was it even possible to
+identify their names. Smith’s <i>South African Materia Medica</i>
+contains no record of any such names as “umckaloabo” and “chijitse.”</p>
+
+<p>A similar system of repeated letters sent in series to the sufferer or
+his friends appears to be followed by the Weidhaas Hygienic Institute,
+Ltd., which carries on a home in the south of England but also treats
+patients by correspondence. The proprietors, who would seem to hail
+from Germany, issue a pamphlet with the title <i>Dum spiro spero</i>,
+which is made up mainly of the usual testimonials, but contains also a
+sort of outline of the physiology of various organs, taken from medical
+works. The pamphlet does not differ from the ordinary productions of
+advertising quacks; the terms are said to be very moderate, the more
+so as it is the rule to make one charge only for the whole treatment,
+the proprietors taking the risk of its being of long duration. It would
+seem, however, that this arrangement is not always followed, for in a
+“Diet Table” headed “Direction for Weidhaas Home Treatment” we find the
+following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>It is absolutely necessary that all patients, while under my
+treatment, shall take the “Star Tonic” regularly.</p>
+
+<p>On Rising.—Take one cup of “Star Tonic.” (This must be always taken
+in sips only.)</p>
+
+<p>For Breakfast.—Take the delicately flavoured Nutritive Salts Cocoa,
+boiled in milk (which, being specially prepared for invalids, on
+account of the great percentage of nutritive salts which no other cocoa
+contains, is most suitable in your case....)</p>
+
+<p>Between Breakfast and Lunch take one or two tumblers of milk. If
+possible this should always be taken in the form of Kefyr, one of
+the easiest digestible nourishing and strengthening tonics. (Full
+particulars of this are enclosed herewith.)...</p>
+
+<p>Half an hour before mid-day meal.—(From 1 to 2 o’clock.) Sip one cup
+of Star Tonic.</p>
+
+<p>For Mid-day Meal.—<i>Make it a strict rule to take regularly
+green vegetables of some kind, such as spinach, cabbage,
+lettuce, etc. A fair amount of these should be taken daily.</i>
+To these may be added a few potatoes, very little meat or fish, and now
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span>
+and then, in the place of the latter, some pulses, such as lentils
+(German are best)....</p>
+
+<p>At Tea Time.—If absolutely necessary, take a cup of weak ordinary
+tea or health coffee; better still, take a cup of Star Tonic, some
+<i>cold</i> toast....</p>
+
+<p>For Supper.—(Let this meal be not later than two-and-a-half, or,
+better still, three hours before going to bed.) Take either Cocoa or
+Kefyr....</p>
+
+<p>Before going to bed.—Always make a point of taking one glass of
+Kefyr or cup of Star Tonic.</p>
+
+<p>When in bed always have some cold “Star Tonic” near at hand, and sip
+some when troubled with cough or acute symptoms.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>At the bottom of the diet table is a notice to the following effect:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“The above specially recommended articles can be
+had from the Sales’ Department of the Weidhaas Hygienic Institute,
+Ltd.”</p>
+
+<p>In the circular, referred to above as enclosed, Kefyr ferment is
+offered for sale.</p>
+
+<p>In one case which was enquired into of a young man who had been induced
+to obtain the treatment, his mother wrote to the institute complaining
+that the treatment appeared to have done her son more harm than good.
+The reply, after insisting that the remedy supplied was the very best
+cure for his complaint, continued: “As to it lowering his vitality, let
+me say that it is not unusual for patients to feel apparently worse in
+the beginning, but it only shows that the treatment is disturbing the
+cause of the trouble. Now, this is just what I want it to do. I want
+to disturb it and thus drive it out of the system. I hope then you
+will allow your son to proceed under my directions. Give the treatment
+a fair trial and it will do all that is claimed for it.” The patient
+was at the time in an advanced stage of pulmonary phthisis, and died
+of hæmoptysis, of which he had had two previous attacks, seven weeks
+after the letter quoted above was written. A month after his death
+a letter was addressed to him by the director of the institute in
+the course of which it was stated that: “Many patients do not gain
+immediate relief, or even partial improvement during the early stages
+of the treatment, but Perseverance and a faithful adherence to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span> all my
+instructions will invariably bring about the desired result.”</p>
+
+<p>Among the papers sent to an enquirer was a printed form which seems
+worthy of reproduction, since it illustrates a method of getting
+into touch with possible patients, which appears to be followed with
+variations by other companies that appeal to the sick:</p>
+
+<p class="author">R. B.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f120 u"><i><span class="smcap"><b>Have you Friends
+who need our Treatment?</b></span></i></p>
+
+<p>If you know of anyone whom you think might derive benefit from the
+use of our Home Treatment, you will do them and us a great favour by
+noting hereon their names, addresses, and the trouble you believe them
+to be afflicted with. Upon receipt of the names we will send them
+information concerning our method of treatment, <i>but will not mention
+your name unless you desire it</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<table class="spa2">
+   <tbody><tr class="fs_110">
+      <td class="tdc bt bb"><b>Name.</b></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bt bb"><b>Address.</b></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bt bb"><b>Ailment.</b></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb"><span class="ws10">&nbsp;</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb"><span class="ws10">&nbsp;</span></td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb"><span class="ws10">&nbsp;</span></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+<p class="blockquot center spb2">Please return to The Weidhaas Hygienic Institute.</p>
+
+<p>Some time ago a firm of pharmaceutical chemists in a provincial town
+received a postcard from a company which offered 5s. for the name of
+any patient suffering from diabetes, pointing out that “it is money
+easily earned.” The pharmaceutical chemists expressed indignation at
+the attempt to bribe them to commit a breach of confidence, but such
+a request might not be so regarded by a patient, more especially if
+the advertiser lays great stress upon his benevolent motives, and his
+anxiety to benefit as many persons as possible.</p>
+
+<p>But although this letter-writing system with its paraphernalia of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>
+biographies of the discoverer, typewritten personal letters, free
+coupons and guarantee bonds is much in vogue, there are other nostrums
+advertised in the old-fashioned way and sold at the familiar price of
+1s. 1½d. for a small bottle. Among these are some old preparations for
+coughs, for which more emphatic claims as remedies for consumption have
+been made of late years. The result of the analysis of two of these
+will first be given.</p>
+
+<h3>CONGREVE’S BALSAMIC ELIXIR.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation, advertised from an address in London, is sold in
+bottles, price 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., 11s., and 22s. The 2s. 9d.
+bottle contained 1⅖ fluid ounces, the 4s. 6d. bottle contained 4 fluid
+ounces.</p>
+
+<p>On the outer package was to be read:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir. Has had a World-wide
+Reputation for 80 years as the Best Remedy for Consumption, also for
+Asthma, Chronic Bronchitis, Coughs, Colds, and Whooping cough. Safe and
+Effective. Free from any poison.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the bottle:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>In the most obstinate attacks of Asthma, which have threatened
+speedy suffocation, when the sufferer, harassed by excessive coughing,
+has laboured dreadfully for breath, with an acuteness of agony not to
+be described, this Balsam has restored the patient to health, after the
+medical practitioner had abandoned the usual means in despair.</p>
+
+<p>In Pulmonary Consumption, the best remedy is this Balsamic Elixir,
+as most unquestionable Testimonials prove. It has been successfully
+prescribed in Consumptive cases regarded as hopeless by the first
+physicians.</p>
+
+<p>Correspondence. Advice by letter from time to time will be given to
+any patient whilst continuing Mr. Congreve’s Treatment, provided that
+the 22s. or 11s. bottles of Elixir are <i>obtained direct from</i> [the
+address given by the vendor in his advertisements] during the period of
+correspondence.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>For adults.</i>—Take a teaspoonful, alone or
+mixed with honey or lump sugar, three or four times a day, as the
+urgency of the case requires. Children from 8 to 15 years may take
+two-thirds of a teaspoonful; from 5 to 8 years, half a teaspoonful;
+from 2 to 5 years, twenty drops; at six months, ten drops; younger
+infants from four to six drops.</p>
+
+<p>The “elixir” was a bright red liquid; analysis showed it to contain
+28·5 per cent. by volume of alcohol, and 2·6 per cent. of total solids;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span>
+the latter consisted of resinous constituents (about 0·5 per cent.),
+sugar (about 1 per cent.), a little tannin, colouring matter
+(apparently cochineal), and extractive. Alkaloid was present only to
+the extent of a trace, under 0·001 per cent.; the extractive showed
+no characters by which its source could be determined; the resinous
+material was of an aromatic nature similar to the resins of benzoin,
+storax, tolu, or balsam of Peru, and appeared to be derived from a
+mixture of two or more of these. No other active ingredients were found
+to be present.</p>
+
+<h3>THE BROMPTON CONSUMPTION<br> AND COUGH SPECIFIC.</h3>
+
+<p>The “Sole proprietor” gives an address in a part of London remote
+from Brompton, but it is perhaps hoped that the name may suggest some
+connection with the well-known Brompton Consumption Hospital. The price
+charged is 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle; the 2s. 9d.
+bottle contained 3⅔ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The origin of the preparation is thus described:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This Specific is prepared from the Prescription
+of an eminent Physician, who practised nearly forty years in Madeira,
+he was celebrated for his success in the treatment of Consumption and
+diseases of the Chest. Upon a visit to this country some years since,
+he gave the Prescription to a late Physician, who tried it upon five
+hundred out-patients; its effect was wonderful; it acted like magic
+upon their Coughs, and prevented that great waste of strength and flesh
+peculiar to this disease. It will save the lives of thousands and
+prevent Consumption, by administering it upon the first symptoms of
+Cough, which will be immediately cured by a few doses.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A Cough is the forerunner of Consumption. In
+England alone 50,000 people die of it thus constituting one-fourth of
+the nation’s death rate annually. It has destroyed more human beings
+than War, Pestilence, and Famine combined; it neither spares the old
+nor young, “and there is no family in which this rapacious destroyer of
+the human race has not had its victim.” It is a well-known fact that
+people with diseased lungs can live for years, and follow their usual
+avocations in life, provided they are relieved of the principal feature
+of the disease—the Cough—which shakes and destroys the very elements
+of the blood, upon which life is supported. How very valuable and
+important to all, then, must a medicine be which will arrest and cure
+so fearful a malady!</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Dose.</i>—One teaspoonful three times a day
+and at bedtime. It may be repeated at night, or at any time when the
+Cough is troublesome.—Children over five years of age, one-third of a
+teaspoonful.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>
+The following appeared on the outside wrapper:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In conformity with the Sale of Poisons Act,
+1868, this preparation, containing a minute quantity of Laudanum and
+Chloroform, must be labelled Poison, but its composition remains
+unaltered.</p>
+
+<p>The preparation was a syrupy liquid of pleasant odour and taste,
+resembling diluted treacle. Analysis showed it to contain in 100 fluid
+parts, 61·4 parts of total solids; of this, 35·5 parts were glucose
+and 9·9 parts cane sugar, and 2·6 parts ash, consisting principally
+of calcium sulphate. Chloroform, referred to on the wrapper, was not
+present in sufficient traces to be detected; alkaloid was present
+to the extent of 0·025 part in 100 fluid parts, of which 0·015 part
+appeared to consist of the alkaloids of ipecacuanha, and approximately
+0·01 part was morphine. The difference between the sugars found and the
+total solids would be fully accounted for by the non-saccharine portion
+of treacle; extractive contained in the preparations of ipecacuanha and
+opium used would also be included in this. Small proportions of other
+drugs having no well-marked characters might possibly also be present;
+there was no evidence of any further ingredients, but in the presence
+of so large a proportion of treacle small quantities of indifferent
+substances it would not be possible to detect.</p>
+
+<p>About 1 per cent. by volume of alcohol was present; assuming liquid
+extract of ipecacuanha and tincture of opium to have been the
+preparations of these drugs used, the formula is approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Liquid extract of ipecacuanha&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·75</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tincture of opium</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·3&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Treacle</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">75&#8199; &#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199; &#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of ingredients for 3⅔ fluid ounces, ¾d.</p>
+
+<h3>STEVENS’ CONSUMPTION CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is advertised as manufactured only by C. H. Stevens. The price is
+5s. per bottle, containing 2¼ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>This preparation does not appear now to go under any other name than
+that of “Stevens’ Consumption Cure”; as regards its past history, the
+following extract from <i>Truth</i> Cautionary List for 1908 is of interest:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Stevens, C. H.—The proprietor of a remedy for
+consumption which has been put on the market in South Africa and
+England under the name of Sacco, and later in South Africa as Lungsava,
+the recipe for which is stated to have been long in use amongst the
+Kaffirs and Zulus. In connection with the advertising of Sacco in
+England, an article which appeared in <i>Truth</i> was circulated in
+a mutilated form, omitting a condemnation of its sale as an absolute
+remedy for consumption. Stevens has acquired a number of testimonials
+from medical men, who must now regret their precipitate action. He is
+now in England on a new campaign.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>
+The claims made for this preparation were put forward in printed
+circulars, and in letters, apparently printed in imitation of
+typewriting, sent at intervals to an applicant for particulars of the
+cure. Extracts from these are here given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>It has been admitted the world over that there is no remedy
+known to the Medical Fraternity to really cure Consumption, so it
+is preposterous to claim the ordinary drugs that are known to every
+Chemist even, to cure this disease, just because they are given a
+fancy name, and advertised by a Polish or a German Jew; it is not only
+preposterous but a wicked swindle.</p>
+
+<p>There is no other treatment, drug, or medicine advertised in Great
+Britain to-day to cure Consumption, the ingredients of which are not
+known to every doctor and chemist in the world, and if you cannot
+obtain relief from these under the care of your own Medical Adviser,
+how can you be cured by using them on the advice of an American
+Quack.</p>
+
+<p>Your own doctor will bear out what I say. Most of these American
+Impostors come to England after the U.S.A. Post Office Authorities have
+refused to convey their letters.</p>
+
+<p>I do not say in my advertisements “Consumption can be cured,”
+“Consumption is curable,” or any such evasive remarks, but I say “<i>I
+will guarantee to cure you</i> if you are consumptive, or <i>return
+your money</i> in full,” and that my terms are “No Cure, No Pay.”</p>
+
+<p>The African herbs which my Cure is prepared from have never
+been used by any white Doctor or Chemist before I introduced same
+to civilization a few years ago. These herbs are original and have
+defied our cleverest Analysts to discover the active principals they
+contain....</p>
+
+<p>I only returned to England a few weeks ago to prove my Cure to the
+satisfaction of the British Government, having been absent for many
+years....</p>
+
+<p>It does not matter whether a Doctor is attending patients or
+not whilst they are under my treatment, although I always prefer a
+Doctor to be in attendance to see the cure being effected because I
+particularly wish to convince the Medical fraternity of the genuineness
+of my cure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the first letter:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Usually two or three weeks’ treatment is quite
+sufficient to make a substantial improvement, and a three months’
+course, in most cases, is sufficient to effect a cure.</p>
+
+<p>From the second letter:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Let me send you a two weeks’ treatment, which
+is more than sufficient to completely stop the progress of the disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>
+From a later letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>In spite of the mountains of prejudice to be overcome, I intend to
+prove that at last something has been discovered that will destroy the
+Tubercle Bacillus without being detrimental in any way to the human
+system; in fact, besides destroying this germ, it is a strong tonic,
+and will invigorate a healthy body as well as bring back to its normal
+condition a Consumptive one....</p>
+
+<p>Now you must know that throughout the world our clever Scientists
+and most Prominent Specialists on Consumption have for ages past spent
+their lives trying to find something which will destroy the Tubercle
+Bacillus without injuring the human system. They have had everything
+at their command; the most up-to-date Sanatoria, the cleverest Nurses,
+and the pick of climates, yet they have failed, though every drug and
+remedy known, including every ingredient contained in any proprietary
+medicine or cough mixture ever heard of has been exhaustively tested in
+every shape and form. My treatment differs in this one great respect,
+that none of the ingredients have ever been used before by any Chemist
+or Doctor, and are an entirely original discovery....</p>
+
+<p>I will give any Doctor its formula who requests it, and will supply
+him free of charge with all the treatment he needs for experimental
+purposes, and you must see that I can gain nothing by doing all this
+unless my treatment positively cures Consumption, as I claim it to
+do.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On the back of the printed letter quoted above appeared the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot spa2">
+<p class="f120"><b>GUARANTEE BONDS.</b></p>
+
+<p>The following are specimens of my guarantee Bonds. No. 1, I give
+to any sufferer who is considered by his Doctor to have at least six
+months to live in the ordinary course of matters. Terms of No. 2 Bond
+have to be mutually arranged. I do not accept any money under this Bond
+until all the conditions are fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p class="f110"><b><span class="smcap">No. 1 Guarantee Bond.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>To Mr. In consideration of you having paid me £2 12s. 6d. for
+a three months’ course of my treatment for consumption, I hereby
+guarantee that your health has, at the end of the three months,
+considerably improved to the satisfaction of yourself and also of your
+Doctor (who must be a practitioner registered in the British Isles)
+under a penalty of refunding the whole of the amount paid, viz., £2
+12s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p class="author">(Signed) <span class="smcap">C. H. Stevens.</span></p>
+
+<p>Broadway, Wimbledon.</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa2"><b><span class="smcap">No. 2 Guarantee Bond.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>I hereby guarantee that it will be impossible to find any trace of
+the Tubercle Bacillus in your system and that you will be completely
+cured of Tuberculosis (consumption) to the satisfaction of your own
+Doctor and the Government Laboratory on or before, ______________
+19___.</p>
+
+<p class="spa1">The only condition being that the sum of £_______, is
+paid to me when this guarantee is fulfilled.</p>
+
+<p class="author">(Signed) <span class="smcap">C. H. Stevens.</span></p>
+
+<p class="spb2">Broadway, Wimbledon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>
+These are “specimens” of guarantee Bonds. Another document, however,
+which appeared to be the guarantee bond actually given, differed in
+containing a clause by which the patient:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">hereby agrees to take same [<i>i.e.</i>,
+Stevens’ Consumption Cure] according to the directions sent out with
+the medicine, for three calendar months from date hereof, and to follow
+as far as possible the advice given regarding habits of life, diet,
+etc., and to fill in the form on counterfoil attached, correctly.</p>
+
+<p>The “form on counterfoil attached” contained a number of questions
+to be answered by the patient, and also a portion “to be filled in
+by a Medical Practitioner after the above has been filled in by the
+Patient,” including such questions as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>How long have you attended to this Patient?</p>
+
+<p>Do you consider this a mild, severe, or hopeless case?</p>
+
+<p>Do you consider this Patient has a fair chance of
+recovery providing Stevens’ Consumption Cure is all it
+is claimed to be?</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and on the back the following appeared:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This Guarantee must not be given by a chemist or
+any one else until it is signed by a registered Medical Practitioner to
+the effect that he considers the Patient to have at least six calendar
+months to live.</p>
+
+<p>Thus the appearance was maintained of guaranteeing benefit or cure,
+and refunding the money if the undertaking were not fulfilled; but the
+conditions to be complied with were such that it appears unlikely that
+Mr. Stevens is ever troubled with applications for return of money
+under one of his “Bonds.”</p>
+
+<p>A “detailed direction sheet” was supplied, from which the following is
+taken:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">One teaspoonful in a wineglass of water (as hot
+as can be conveniently taken for preference) one hour before breakfast
+and two hours after the last meal in the evening, unless the patient
+be in the habit of waking between 12 midnight and 3 a.m., in which
+case an extra dose may be taken then. After the first week’s treatment
+half-an-hour before breakfast is quite sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that the use of this wonderful substance is not limited to
+consumption cases.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Stevens’ Consumption Cure is a vegetable
+germicide, fatal to all disease germ growths, but acts as a strong
+tonic; is a blood purifier, stomach cleanser, and a nerve stimulator;
+one will readily understand that it must be all these to cure
+Consumption and build up a broken-down system entirely by itself.
+Stevens’ Consumption Cure can safely be advantageously given wherever
+a germ disease exists or is suspected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
+One of the most recent circulars sent out by Mr. Stevens is addressed
+to medical practitioners, asking them to use his remedy in severe cases
+of pulmonary tuberculosis which defy all the ordinary remedies, and
+professing to give the formula of the preparation as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Its formula is 80 grains of Umckaloabo root and 13
+and one-third grains of Chijitse to every ounce, prepared according to
+British Pharmacopœia methods.</p>
+
+<p>The medicine was a clear red liquid, and analysis showed it to
+contain in 100 fluid parts, 21·3 fluid parts of alcohol, 1·8 parts
+of glycerine, and 4 parts of solid substance; this solid substance
+contained about 1 part of a tannin and 0·2 part of ash, the remainder
+being extractive. No alkaloid was present and no other active substance
+could be detected. The solid substance agreed in all respects with the
+solids of decoction of krameria, or a mixture of this decoction with a
+little tincture of kino. The formula thus appears to be approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rectified spirit of wine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">23·7</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts by measure.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Decoction of krameria (1 in 3) to 100 parts by measure.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">or it may be made with tincture of krameria.</p>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of ingredients for 2¼ fluid ounces, 1½d.</p>
+
+<h3>TUBERCULOZYNE.</h3>
+
+<p>The Derk P. Yonkerman Company, Ltd., an American company with an agency
+in London, charges £2 10s. 0d. for a month’s treatment and supplies
+two bottles, labelled respectively No. 1 and No. 2 Tuberculozyne, and
+containing in each between 11 and 12 fluid ounces of liquid.</p>
+
+<p>The advertisement offered a book on “Consumption and how it may be
+quickly cured,” and a trial of the cure itself, to be sent free.
+Application for the book and sample brought bottles of “No. 1
+Tuberculozyne” and “No. 2 Tuberculozyne,” holding about ½ ounce each,
+and a book of 48 pages dealing with the remedy. A few extracts from the
+book will sufficiently indicate the nature of its contents.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>There have been found cures for small-pox, and safe precautions,
+such as vaccination, prevent the spread of the disease; the horror of
+yellow fever has been dispelled by a remedy that amounts practically to
+a cure, and one could always flee to a northern clime and escape it.
+The dread diphtheria also has yielded up its dark secret, and now is no
+more a stalking spectre; while yet dangerous it can be handled.</p>
+
+<p>But through all these discoveries, consumption remained as
+mysterious and deadly as ever. It invaded the homes of the rich and
+the poor. It hunted out its victims among the inhabitants of the
+far northland of ice and snow, and it was just as persistent in the
+temperate zone and at the equator.</p>
+
+<p>Climate, temper, condition of health or purse made no difference.
+One day the health and strength of the athlete, and the next day the
+fever of the consumptive; in a short time the frail skeleton would be
+laid away—another victim. That was the oft-repeated story of the “great
+white plague.”</p>
+
+<p>But this horrible, awful consumption, that has gone stalking
+through the land, should never again strike the same terror to the
+souls of brave men and women, and fill our hearts with such a helpless
+despair—for consumption can now be cured. Tuberculozyne (Yonkerman),
+the most wonderful and marvellous medical discovery of the age, cures
+consumption....</p>
+
+<p>After researches lasting for nearly twenty years, the persistent
+efforts of Dr. Derk P. Yonkerman have been crowned with success,
+for his Tuberculozyne treatment has already been proved in hundreds
+of cases to be a specific of almost miraculous curative power. Its
+healing virtues have been demonstrated in not only the early stages
+of consumption, but in far advanced and seemingly hopeless cases as
+well....</p>
+
+<p>Tuberculozyne (Yonkerman) was such a marvellous remedy that when its
+discoverer first announced he could cure consumption there were few
+ready to believe. He had, however, discovered certain salts of copper
+of remarkable therapeutic value, and his production was immediately
+subjected to the most elaborate and rigid demonstrative tests....</p>
+
+<p>The consumption germs (tubercle bacilli) cannot live in the presence
+of copper, and as the Tuberculozyne treatment introduces copper into
+the blood, the consumption germs cannot live....</p>
+
+<p>Intra-Venous Injection, after thorough tests under the most
+favourable conditions, proved absolutely ineffective. Trachael
+(<i>sic</i>) Injection has also been tried with equally unsatisfactory
+results. Inoculation with lymph from tuberculous animals not only
+utterly failed, but frequently hastened the patient’s death. Antimony,
+prussic acid, emetics, blisters, mercury, iron, digitalis, clover, and
+numerous other drugs, have all proved useless, for they failed to have
+any action upon the cause of the disease, and only gave the patient
+temporary relief, if they produced any beneficial effects at all.</p>
+
+<p>In treating consumption in the past, physicians making Tuberculosis
+a speciality have been accustomed to recommend creosote and its product
+guaiacol, while later arsenic has found a certain amount of favour.
+These physicians have undoubtedly been honest and conscientious in
+prescribing such treatment, for they were upheld by the practice
+of years, and the indorsement of the greatest specialists in each
+generation for a hundred years. Yet they were wrong; just as wrong and
+just as ignorant of the true remedy for consumption as the ancients
+were of geography before the new world was discovered.</p>
+
+<p>Against the use of creosote or guaiacol, Dr. Yonkerman speaks
+positively and emphatically, and his opinions have now the support of
+all present-day physicians making Tuberculosis their special study.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span>
+A “Life History of Dr. Derk P. Yonkerman” was also given, from which it
+appeared that the home of Tuberculozyne is in Michigan, U.S.A.</p>
+
+<p>The book was accompanied by a long letter, and this was followed at
+intervals by others; these were all printed to appear as typewritten,
+and dealt chiefly with the terrors of consumption if neglected, the
+importance of taking Tuberculozyne at once, and, after a supply had
+been sent, with the necessity of continuing its use even if no apparent
+benefit results. A few extracts are here given:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">You need not be discouraged or believe your
+case incurable, even if you have tried all the usual remedies and
+found no relief, for hundreds of our cured patients have had the same
+experience; after all other remedies had failed to even stop the
+progress of their disease, they tried Tuberculozyne and were quickly
+cured.</p>
+
+<p>From the third letter:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We realize that since you were taken ill your
+expenses must have been burdensome, and if you feel that at the moment
+the cost of a complete treatment of Tuberculozyne is more than you can
+readily meet, we will send you the full month’s supply upon receipt of
+but 40s.; the remaining 10s. you may pay at your own convenience when
+you are fully satisfied that your cure is complete and permanent.</p>
+
+<p>From the fifth:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is therefore with a genuine desire to help you
+that we write enclosing a Special Voucher Coupon issued in your name,
+which will help you materially if the cost of our remarkable specific
+has been more than you could really meet.... This Special Voucher
+Coupon which we have issued to you is good for £1 Sterling when sent
+with your order for Tuberculozyne. You have only to post the coupon
+together with 30s., and immediately we will forward to you the complete
+treatment and full instructions for its use.</p>
+
+<p>From later letters:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Even if her improvement is not at once pronounced,
+do not be discouraged; for in some cases the patients at first even
+seemed to be losing ground, but they persevered and finally were cured.
+It would be much better to take the treatment a few weeks too long than
+to stop too soon....</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Just at this time, when the patient has been
+taking our treatment for some weeks and it is beginning to permeate her
+system through and through, courage is needed, for great improvement
+may not yet be apparent though her cure be assured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>
+Every letter was accompanied with one lithographed copy, or more,
+of testimonials.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>After each meal, put thirty drops of the medicine from each bottle
+into a tumbler of milk; stir well and drink immediately.</p>
+
+<p>If milk is distasteful, the medicine may be taken in water which has
+been boiled.</p>
+
+<p>For patients between the ages of seven and fifteen years, give
+one-half of the above dose; for those under seven years, give five (5)
+drops only, from each bottle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>No. 1 was a bright red liquid; analysis showed it to contain in 100
+fluid parts, 3·4 parts of potassium bromide, 12 parts of glycerine,
+a trace of a pungent substance, sufficient oil of cinnamon (or oil
+of cassia) to give a flavour, a very small quantity of alcohol, and
+cochineal colouring matter darkened with a trace of alkali; no copper
+was present. The following formula gave an exactly similar liquid:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of cassia</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tincture of capsicum &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">0·17</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Cochineal colouring</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Caustic soda</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">0·06</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No. 2 was a brown liquid, one specimen being bright and another
+containing a little sediment. Analysis showed it to contain in 100
+fluid parts, 18 parts of glycerine, sufficient essential oil of almonds
+to give a flavour, and a colouring matter which appeared to be burnt
+sugar. No copper was found in the small free sample, but the larger
+bottle of No. 2 contained 0·01 per cent. of copper, and a trace of
+sulphate: this quantity of copper is equivalent to ¹/₄₈ grain of
+crystallised copper sulphate in each fluid drachm. As regards the other
+ingredients the following formula gave an exactly similar liquid:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">18&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Essential oil of almond&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Burnt sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients for No. 1 and No. 2 together is 2½d.</p>
+
+<p class="spa2">The following notes on some German nostrums for
+Consumption are derived from Dr. Zernik’s articles in the <i>Deutsche
+Medicinische Wochenschrift</i>.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p>
+
+<h3>KÖRBER’S CURE FOR CONSUMPTION.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The advertisements of this preparation are
+described as particularly flagrant. Treatment for a fortnight costs
+about 12s., and the medicine contains butter fat, honey, catechu and
+tar-water.</p>
+
+<h3>BACILLENTOD.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Bacillentod or “death to bacilli” also described
+as a “family tea,” is advertised as a miraculous preparation which
+cures all diseases of the respiratory tract. In the prospectus the word
+“phthisis” is misspelt. One packet costs 1s., and consists of 85 grams
+of galeopsidis, the dog, flowering, or hemp nettle, a herb which is now
+quite obsolete but was an ingredient of “Lieber’s tea for consumption,”
+which used to have an extended sale.</p>
+
+<h3>HONEY COD LIVER OIL.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Pastor Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil is recommended
+in preference to the ordinary forms of cod liver oil, on account of
+its pleasant taste and of the absence of any disturbing effect on
+the digestion. It is said to contain “fat extracted cod liver oil,”
+whatever that may mean, but proved on examination to be nothing
+more than a mixture of 0·05 per cent. of cod liver oil with oil of
+peppermint and raspberry syrup.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER IV.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">HEADACHE POWDERS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Headache is so common a disorder that it was to be expected that secret
+remedies asserted to be certain and safe cures would be extensively
+advertised, and the sale, especially to women, of headache powders, in
+most cases as proprietary articles, is at the present day undoubtedly
+enormous. Persons who may be disposed to resort to their use should,
+however, bear two facts in mind; the first is that headache is not
+a disease but a symptom, and that the only rational treatment is to
+ascertain and remove the cause, whether it be error in diet, want of
+exercise, local irritation of some nerve as by an unhealthy tooth,
+eyestrain, or some serious chronic nervous disease. The second is that
+fatal results have been known to follow self-treatment with antifebrin
+(acetanilide), which figures largely in most of them.</p>
+
+<p>The powders analysed were in all cases obtained from ordinary dealers
+in unopened packages; the composition of each is given in such a way
+as to show the dose of each article in one powder of average weight.
+Since the separation of the ingredients depends largely on their
+different solubilities in various liquids, it is not possible to obtain
+quantitative results having quite the same degree of accuracy as in
+some other kinds of analytical work; but the results of analysis have
+been checked by preparing mixtures of the composition calculated and
+submitting them to the same analytical process; the possible error in
+the proportions given below does not in any instance exceed a very
+small fraction.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+
+<h3>DAISY POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The English Company which sells this remedy charges 7½d. for 10
+powders; the average weight of one powder was 6 grains, but the weight
+of individual powders in a packet was found to vary from 5·7 to 6·4
+grains.</p>
+
+<p>The medicament consisted of acetanilide alone. Being an unmixed drug
+it was not liable to stamp duty, and the package was accordingly
+unstamped. The dose was stated to be one powder, repeated in two hours
+if necessary; half a powder for children of 12 years; not adapted for
+children under 12 years.</p>
+
+<p>Two “certificates” were printed on each wrapper from individuals who
+are notorious for giving testimonials in the guise of certificates
+of analysis. The only fact certified was that the powders were “free
+from any injurious substance,” in which medical opinion will scarcely
+support the writers.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the drug (60 grains) in a packet is one-eighth of
+a penny.</p>
+
+<p>The same Company also supplies “Head powders prepared by Daisy, Ltd.,”
+the wrappers being printed in such a way that careful inspection was
+required to distinguish these from the powders sold as “Daisy powders.”
+The “head powders” were found to consist of phenacetin only.</p>
+
+<h3>CURIC WAFERS.</h3>
+
+<p>These so-called wafers, also put up by an English Company, are
+recommended as a “safe and certain cure for headache, toothache, and
+neuralgia”; stated to be prepared “from the Prescription of an Eminent
+West-End Physician.”</p>
+
+<p>The “wafers” consisted of ordinary cachets, with the name of the
+article embossed on one face. They contained the medicaments in the
+form of powder. The package contained 12 wafers for 1s. 1½d. The
+average weight of the contents of one wafer was 8·2 grains, but that of
+the contents of individual wafers in a package varied from 7·3 to 9·3
+grains. Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·28</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenacetin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·28</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Caffeine citrate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·64</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</span>
+Directions for taking the wafers were given, but it was not stated
+whether the dose is one or more.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the drugs (98·4 grains) in a packet is
+nine-tenths of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>STEARNS’S HEADACHE CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This remedy, advertised by an American Company with agents in London,
+is recommended as “A Speedy, Certain, and Safe Cure for Headaches of
+all Origins, whether Sick, Bilious, Nervous, or Hysterical.”</p>
+
+<p>Like the foregoing it was put up in cachets described as wafers. The
+package contained 12 wafers for 1s. The average weight of the powder
+contained in one wafer was 9·8 grains; but the weight of individual
+wafers in a package varied from 9·3 to 10·2 grains.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·92</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Caffeine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·98</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4·90</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The dose was one wafer. “If relief is not obtained, repeat in an hour,
+but more than two wafers should not be taken.”</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the drugs (118 grains) in a packet is a little
+under ½d.</p>
+
+<h3>BELL’S FAIRY CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This Fairy Cure, which is put up by an English Company, is stated to
+give relief instantly in all cases of neuralgia, headache, etc. A
+handbill enclosed in the package made further claims, from which the
+following extracts are taken, “guaranteed to be an instant and absolute
+cure” for “neuralgia, headache, brain fag, nerve pains.” “Nothing else
+is like it. Nothing else is so good. Don’t compare it with ordinary
+‘cures’ or ‘powders.’ Fairy Cure stands absolutely alone.”</p>
+
+<p>Ten powders were sold for 7d. The average weight of a powder was 2·7
+grains, but individual powders in a package varied from 2·0 to 3·7
+grains.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·16</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenacetin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·16</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Caffeine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp"> 0·38</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>
+The directions were to take one powder, “repeat in an hour if
+necessary, then every two or three hours until a cure is effected.” Yet
+it is guaranteed to be an instant cure! There was a notice that it was
+not to be given to children below 12 years of age.</p>
+
+<p>In this case also an “analyst’s report” was given on the wrapper; it
+stated that the powder “is composed of several organo-therapeutic
+agents well-known in medicine”; probably the “analyst” did not mean
+quite what he said in the following: “In my opinion, the preparation
+is well calculated to fulfil the purpose for which it is intended,
+namely—neurotic affections.”</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the drugs (27 grains) in a package is ¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>KAPUTINE.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation, put up by an English Company, is stated to cure in
+ten minutes headache, neuralgia, and all nerve pains. In view of the
+similarity in composition of these articles, the claims to uniqueness
+are amusing. In this case the wrapper bore the words “Nothing as good.
+Nothing similar,” while on the circular enclosed in the package it was
+stated that “Kaputine is composed of several approved ingredients.
+That is, unlike the white headache powders, which consist solely of
+one crude drug, and which have frequently been condemned as dangerous
+by the Medical Press—Kaputine is most carefully prepared from
+several ingredients which have the absolute confidence of the Medical
+Profession.”</p>
+
+<p>The price of 18 powders is 1s. 1½d. The average weight of one powder
+was 6·6 grains; the weight of individual powders in a package varied
+from 5·7 to 7·5 grains.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6·30</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ferric oxide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·05</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·21</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>That is, the acetanilide was tinted pink with what is practically the
+saccharated carbonate of iron of the <i>British Pharmacopœia</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The dose was given as one powder: “If not completely cured in two
+hours, the dose may be repeated. Half a powder for children under 12.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span>
+The estimated cost of the drugs (119 grains) in a packet is just
+over ¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>HOFFMAN’S HARMLESS<br> HEADACHE POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>These powders are prepared by a New York Drug Company, but the package
+also bears the name of another company, presumably the English agents.
+The powders are described as “a simple and effective cure for all
+headaches.”</p>
+
+<p>Ten powders were sold for 1s. 1½d. The average weight of one powder was
+10·5 grains; nine out of ten weighed from 9·3 to 10·5 grains, the tenth
+weighing 15·3 grains.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the powder to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5·02</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Cocoa</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4·02</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·01</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The dose was given as one powder, to be repeated in half an hour if not
+relieved.</p>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of drugs (105 grains), one-third of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>WHOLESALE AND RETAIL<br> SPECIALITIES.</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the above proprietary articles, large numbers of
+headache powders are supplied singly by retailers, and are commonly
+bought for this purpose ready packed from a wholesale house. It was,
+therefore, thought worth while to examine a sample of such powders;
+the one taken for the purpose is known as the “Good as Gold” headache
+powder; three dozen were attached to a card for exhibition, and the
+powders are retailed at 1d. each. The average weight was found to be
+2·8 grains, six individual powders ranging from 2·7 to 2·9 grains. The
+powders consisted of acetanilide only.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the drug for three dozen powders is ¼d.</p>
+
+<p>There is reason to believe that practically all the others sold in this
+way are of the same composition.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER V.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">BLOOD PURIFIERS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although, as a rule, the makers of any kind of quack medicine find no
+difficulty in showing that almost any disease that can be named takes
+its rise in the organs or part of the system which their own particular
+nostrum professes to benefit, it is, of course, particularly easy to
+connect a great variety of diseases with the condition of the blood.
+The claims made for some of the following “blood purifiers” do not fail
+in comprehensiveness, for ringworm and itch, among other complaints,
+appear to be regarded as disorders of the blood.</p>
+
+<h3>CLARKE’S WORLD-FAMED<br> BLOOD MIXTURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is advertised and sold by an English Drug Company, price 2s. 9d. a
+bottle, containing 8¼ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The following passages are quoted from a pamphlet enclosed with the
+bottle:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">No matter what the symptoms may be, the real
+cause of a large proportion of all diseases is bad blood. Clarke’s
+World-famed Blood Mixture is not recommended to cure every disease;
+on the contrary, there are many that it will not cure; but it is a
+guaranteed cure for all blood diseases.... It never fails to cure
+Scrofula, Scurvy, Scrofulous Sores, Glandular Swellings and Sores,
+Cancerous Ulcers, Bad Legs, Secondary Symptoms, Syphilis, Piles,
+Rheumatism, Gout, Dropsy, Blackheads or Pimples on the Face, Sore
+Eyes, Eruptions of the Skin and Blood, and Skin Diseases of every
+description.</p>
+
+<p>On the label it was stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The Mixture is pleasant to the taste, and warranted free from
+anything injurious to the most delicate constitution of either sex,
+which all Pills and most Medicines sold for the above diseases contain.</p>
+
+<p>Directions: The mixture must be taken about half-an-hour after
+meals, in the following doses:—</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span></p>
+
+<ul class="index fs_90">
+<li class="isub2"><i>For Adult Males.</i>—One tablespoonful four times a day.</li>
+<li class="isub2">&nbsp; ”  <i>Adult Females.</i>—One tablespoonful three times a day.</li>
+<li class="isub2">&nbsp; ”  <i>Children under 12 years of age.</i>—Two teaspoonfuls</li>
+<li class="isub5">three times a day.</li>
+<li class="isub2">&nbsp; ”  <i>Under 12 years.</i>—From half to one teaspoonful, according</li>
+<li class="isub5">to age, mixed with a little water and sugar.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the mixture to contain 1·5 per cent. of potassium
+iodide, 1·2 per cent. of sugar (partly inverted), 1·6 per cent. by
+volume of alcohol, and traces of chloroform and ammonia, a brown colour
+being given by a small quantity of what was evidently burnt sugar. The
+composition of 8 ounces is thus:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdl">52·5&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Spirit of sal volatile</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Spirit of chloroform&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">67</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Simple syrup</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Burnt sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounces.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients is 1⅓d.</p>
+
+<h3>OLD <span class="smcap">Dr.</span> JACOB TOWNSEND’S<br>
+AMERICAN SARSAPARILLA.</h3>
+
+<p>This is sold by a Company having offices in London. A bottle, holding a
+little under 9 fluid ounces, costs 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>On the wrapper it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"> This Sarsaparilla is the great purifier of
+the blood and general juices of the system, it effects the most
+salutary changes in disease; cures scrofula, salt rheum, all scorbutic
+disorders, chronic sore eyes, rheumatism, piles, liver complaints,
+erysipelas, all blotches and eruptions of the skin; in short, it
+removes every impurity of the blood, and all humours and morbid
+collections of the body.</p>
+
+<p>The directions given on the label were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Take half a wineglassful three or four times a
+day, an hour before or after meals. Persons very weak and debilitated
+may begin with a tablespoonful and increase the dose as the patient
+recovers health and strength. It is better to take it without the
+addition of water.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed 100 fluid parts of the liquid to contain 18·2 parts of
+solids, of which 5·5 parts were sugar (partly inverted) and 2·5 ash,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>
+the remainder being of the nature of a vegetable extract. The mineral
+constituents were only those common to the ash of most drugs, and no
+metallic salts were found in medicinal doses; nothing of alkaloidal
+nature was present. The mixture contained 8·1 per cent. by volume
+of alcohol. In the case of a vegetable preparation of this kind,
+containing no definite active principle that can be identified
+chemically, it is not possible to state with certainty the various
+drugs from which it may have been prepared; a study of its general
+properties, and a series of careful comparisons, pointed to the
+present mixture being of similar nature to the compound concentrated
+solution of sarsaparilla (liquor sarsae compositus concentratus) of
+the <i>British Pharmacopœia</i>, with the omission of the liquorice,
+and with the addition of sugar: the drugs in the official preparation
+(besides liquorice) are sarsaparilla, sassafras, guaiacum wood, and
+mezereon. A liquor prepared in this manner, with the alcohol reduced
+to the amount found in the mixture under examination and the aroma
+slightly increased by adding a little additional oil of sassafras,
+agreed fairly well both in general properties and the results of
+chemical examination with the medicine under consideration.</p>
+
+<h3>MUNYON’S BLOOD CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>Munyon’s Homœopathic Home Remedy Company has an office in London,
+but the label on the bottle bears the words “Manufactured in U.S. of
+America.” On the outer package it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It eradicates all Impurities from the Blood, and
+cures Scrofulitic Eruptions, Rash on the Scalp, Scald Head, Itching and
+Burning, and any form of Unhealthy, Blotchy, Pimply, or Scaly Skin;</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and similar claims were put forward on the label
+and in a circular enclosed with the bottle.</p>
+
+<p>The bottle cost 1s. and contained about 200 pellets or pilules, of the
+average weight of ½ grain. They consisted of sugar; careful search was
+made for small quantities of medicament, but no other ingredient could
+be detected. Quantitative determination of the sugar showed just 100
+per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the pilules is one-thirtieth of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>HARVEY’S BLOOD PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills are sold by a Company giving an address in Wales.
+A bottle, containing 20 pills, costs 1s. 1½d.</p>
+
+<p>The label and the enclosed circular bear the picture of a man’s head,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span>
+with the words, “Harvey. Discoverer of the circulation of the blood,”
+with the possible implication that the Harvey who discovered the
+circulation of the blood also discovered or invented these blood pills.</p>
+
+<p>The modest claims made in the circular included the following:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Harvey’s Blood Pills for Skin Diseases. An Unfailing Remedy for
+Scurvy Sores! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Scrofulous Sores. A Certain
+Remedy for Ulcerated Legs! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Sluggish Liver. The
+Surest Remedy for Ringworm! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Erysipelas. The
+Quickest Remedy for Itch! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Boils. An Effective
+Remedy for Eruptions! Harvey’s Blood Pills for Rheumatism. The Safest
+Remedy for Piles!</p>
+
+<p>Harvey’s Blood Pills are purely Vegetable, and contain the best
+properties of Sarsaparilla, Dandelion, Burdock, and Quinine. They are
+Warranted Free from Mercury.</p>
+
+<p>Harvey’s Blood Pills fortify the feeble, restore the invalid to
+health, and do good in all cases. All sufferers should immediately have
+recourse to these celebrated Pills.</p>
+
+<p>Harvey’s Blood Pills are “specially” suitable for Females. They
+remove all impurities.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Somewhat lengthy directions were given for diet, etc., as well as for
+taking the pills, in various cases; from which it appeared that the
+usual dose is:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For a male adult, one Pill three times a day; a
+female adult, one Pill twice a day; children one Pill at bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>The pills were coated with French chalk, coloured red externally;
+when deprived of their coating, the average weight was 2·76 grains.
+Analysis showed them to contain quinine equivalent to 17·3 per cent.
+of the crystalline sulphate, 21·7 per cent. of potassium iodide, small
+proportions of powdered rhubarb and liquorice, and vegetable extract
+or extracts. A mass prepared from the following formula agreed closely
+with the pills in general properties and in results on analysis in
+various ways:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Quinine sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdl">17</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered rhubarb</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2">”<span class="ws2">liquorice</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of sarsaparilla&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”<span class="ws3">burdock</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”<span class="ws3">taraxacum</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Divided into 36 pills.</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span>
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 20 pills is ¾d.</p>
+
+<h3>PROFESSOR O. PHELPS BROWN’S<br> BLOOD PURIFIER.</h3>
+
+<p>Professor O. Phelps Brown advertises in this country from an address in
+London; the bottle sold for 2s. 9d. contained 6 fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The following paragraph appeared on the label:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>This medicine is a concentrated preparation of Rock Rose and
+Stillingia, combined with other plants, well-known for their specified
+action on the blood, which makes a compound medicine, that has never
+been equalled, and will be hard to surpass in the scientific future.
+It is impossible to give a full account of its virtues and cleansing
+capacities on this label, and the Prof. must, therefore, be content
+with briefly stating that it is an infallible remedy for All Diseases
+of the Blood, be they Constitutional, Hereditary, or of Recent
+Contraction. Nearly every ailment known to the medical faculty is in a
+greater or lessor degree dependent for its appearance and its virulence
+upon a <i>Disease of the Blood</i>. Ulcers, Tumours, Scrofula Bunches,
+Fistula, Piles, Painful Eruptions, indeed all afflictions manifested
+upon the outer surface of the body are the consequences of diseased
+blood. Many terrible maladies, which take the shape of Internal
+Inflammation, Sores, etc., and appear in the form of Fevers, Aches,
+Swellings, Glandular Disturbances, Mental Derangement, and General
+Debility, also proceed from the same cause. It is an admitted fact
+that, with Pure Blood and Regular Bowels, no individual ever can be
+permanently, seriously, or dangerously ill, if ill at all.</p>
+
+<p>Dose.—For Adults, one tablespoonful three times a day before eating.
+For Children, the dose must be reduced to a teaspoonful.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed 100 fluid parts of the liquid to contain 19·7 parts
+of solids, of which 15·5 parts were sugar (partly inverted); a
+good deal of mucilage was present, but no alkaloid and no mineral
+substance except the small quantity of ash always present in vegetable
+extracts; alcohol was present to the extent of 23 per cent. by
+volume. Evidence was obtained of the <i>probable</i> presence of a
+preparation of stillingia, but this drug does not contain any active
+principle by which it can be certainly identified. Rock rose (<i>Cistus
+canadensis</i>) has been used to some slight extent medicinally, but
+no particular virtues appear to have been assigned to it; it is,
+however, described as bitter and astringent. The 3 or 4 per cent. of
+extractive matter present in the mixture under consideration showed
+neither bitterness nor astringency, nor any property by which it could
+be identified, or which would indicate any medicinal properties.</p>
+
+<h3>HOOD’S COMPOUND EXTRACT<br> OF SARSAPARILLA.</h3>
+
+<p>This is an American preparation, but the Company which makes it has
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>
+offices in London. A bottle, costing 1s. 1½d., contains 2¼ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The following paragraph appeared on the covering of the bottle:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A trial bottle will convince the most skeptical
+of the real merit of Hood’s Sarsaparilla, and will enable everybody
+to test its wonderful power in restoring and invigorating the whole
+system, in renovating and enriching the blood, in giving an appetite
+and a tone to the stomach, in eradicating and curing Scrofula,
+Scrofulous Humors, Scald Head, Syphilitic Affections, Cancerous Humors,
+Ringworms, Salt Rheum, Boils, Pimples and Humors on the Face, Catarrh,
+Headache, Dizziness, Faintness at the Stomach, Constipation, Pains in
+the Back, Female Weakness, General Debility, Costiveness, Biliousness,
+and all diseases arising from an impure state or low condition of the
+blood. Hood’s Sarsaparilla is designed to act upon the blood, and
+through that upon all the organs and tissues of the body. It has a
+specific action also upon the <i>secretions</i> and <i>excretions</i>,
+and assists nature to expel from the system all humors, <i>impure
+particles and effete matter</i> through the lungs, the liver, the
+kidneys, and the skin. It effectually aids <i>weak, impaired, and
+debilitated organs</i>, invigorates the <i>nervous system</i>,
+tones and strengthens the <i>digestive organs</i>, and imparts new life
+and energy to all the functions of the body. The peculiar point of
+this medicine is that it strengthens and builds up the system while it
+eradicates disease.</p>
+
+<p>In a pamphlet enclosed with the bottle it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is carefully prepared from Sarsaparilla,
+Dandelion, Mandrake, Dock, Pipsissewa, Juniper Berries, and other
+valuable vegetable remedies, in such a peculiar manner as to retain the
+full curative value of each ingredient used.</p>
+
+<p>The dose was given as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Adult, ½ to 2 teaspoonfuls; usual dose 1
+teaspoonful three times a day; children, less, according to age.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed it to contain, in 100 parts by measure, potassium
+iodide 1·7 parts (7½ grains in 1 fluid ounce), and sugars (partly
+inverted) 9·1 parts; the total solids amounted to 12·8 parts, thus
+leaving 2·0 parts of vegetable extract per 100 fluid parts. The
+concentrated compound solution of sarsaparilla in the <i>British
+Pharmacopœia</i> contains about 21 parts of solids in 100 fluid
+parts, so that it may be concluded that the amounts of extracts of
+“Sarsaparilla, Dandelion, Mandrake, Dock, Pipsissewa, Juniper Berries,
+and other valuable vegetable remedies” in this mixture were not large.
+The liquid had a somewhat aromatic odour and taste, in which oil of
+juniper could not be detected, nor was it recognizable on distillation;
+none of the other ingredients mentioned is capable of being identified
+in such a mixture. No alkaloid was present, and careful search for
+other likely ingredients gave only negative results.
+The mixture contained 19·6 per cent. by volume of alcohol.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span></p>
+
+<h3>HUGHES’S BLOOD PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, made in Wales, are sold in boxes, price 1s. 1½d.,
+containing 30 pills.</p>
+
+<p>They were described on the label as “For all Blood, Skin, and Nerve
+Diseases.” In a circular enclosed with the box there was a dissertation
+on the functions and composition of the blood, from which the following
+extracts, with all their capital letters, are taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The Blood being therefore the Life of the living Body, it stands
+to reason that if it is poisoned, you poison the whole system, and
+eventually destroy the life of the man. When the blood is chilled, or
+distempered through breathing impure air, unhealthy food, etc., it at
+once gets disturbed, and breeds disease in some form or other. This
+is the cause of Blast, Scurvy, Piles, Boils, King’s Evil, Swollen
+Glands, Inflammation of the Eyes and Lids, Pains in the Sides, Back,
+and Kidneys, Cough, Bronchitis, Pleurisy, Rheumatism, Wounds in the
+Legs and Different Parts of the Body, all Scorbutic Affections, Cancer,
+Pimples on the Face, Neck, etc., and all Skin Eruptions, Chilliness,
+Headache, Indigestion, Fullness after Meals, Dyspepsia, Vomiting, Loss
+of Appetite, Consumption, Toothache, Neuralgia, Fits, St. Vitus’s
+Dance, all Liver Complaints, Costiveness, Yellow Jaundice, Depression
+of Spirits, Stitches in the Sides, Fevers, Epidemics, Plagues, Gout,
+Nerve Diseases, Lumbago, Erysipelas, all kinds of Inflammation, and
+most Chest Diseases.</p>
+
+<p>The noted Pills, “Hughes’s Blood Pills,” act directly upon the
+Blood and Juices of all parts of the system, which they Strengthen and
+Purify. By so doing the Liver, Kidneys, Heart, Lungs, Stomach, Bowels,
+Brain and Nerves are renewed and toned to such a degree that their
+functions are perfectly performed, securing to the man healthy days.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Very lengthy directions were given for taking the pills for a variety
+of complaints, from which it appeared that the usual dose was one or
+two pills at night, or one three times a day.</p>
+
+<p>The pills had a thin loose coating of French chalk; after removing
+this the average weight was 2 grains. Analysis showed the presence of
+no inorganic salts, except the usual small quantities of phosphate,
+sulphate, etc., found in the ash of most vegetable drugs. The pill
+contained a trace of oil of cloves and consisted of powdered drugs
+to the extent of about half its weight; ginger and cinchona were
+identified in this portion; a trace of alkaloid was extracted,
+showing the properties of the alkaloids of cinchona. A portion of the
+tissue, which appeared to be derived chiefly from a seed, could not
+be recognized, and a lengthy series of comparisons failed to identify
+it. The remainder of the pill was separated into two substances, which
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span>
+appeared to be aloes and jalap resin, but in each a mixture as this
+pill presented, the identity of these substances cannot be established
+with complete certainty. The proportions of the ingredients, also, can
+only be ascertained approximately; the following formula was indicated:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aloes</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·7</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Jalap resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered cinchona bark&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2">”<span class="ws2">ginger</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of cloves</td>
+      <td class="tdr">Trace.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VI.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">REMEDIES FOR GOUT,<br> RHEUMATISM, AND NEURALGIA.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The medicines here described vary considerably in their nature, and
+to some extent in the complaints for which they are recommended, but
+no definite line can be drawn between them. Some are primarily for
+gout, but are recommended also for rheumatism; others are mainly for
+rheumatism, but are also recommended for gout and neuralgia; while
+others, again, are chiefly advertised for neuralgia and headache.</p>
+
+<h3>BLAIR’S GOUT AND<br> RHEUMATIC PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, which are a British product, are sold in boxes, price 1s.
+1½d., and containing 14 pills.</p>
+
+<p>They were described in a circular accompanying the box as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The great and universal remedy for the immediate
+relief and cure of Acute and Chronic Gout, Rheumatism, Suppressed Gout,
+Rheumatic Gout, Gouty Skin Diseases, Bronchitis and Asthma, Sciatica,
+Lumbago, and Neuralgia, and as a preventive or prophylactic where the
+disease has a tendency to recur, or attacking any vital part, as the
+Stomach, Brain, or Heart.</p>
+
+<p>Other extracts from this circular are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In all cases of Gout, no matter of what length of
+standing, they not only give relief from the almost intolerable pain,
+but where the patient has kept his bed for months, <i>One Box will
+frequently carry off the attack</i> in two or three days—in many
+cases of extreme torture relief has been obtained in two or three hours
+... in those gouty skin affections, Psoriasis and Eczema, these Pills
+have no equal.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Blair’s Gout and Rheumatic Pills are not only
+efficacious in curing Gout, but in all those diseases allied to it.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">They never fail. They always cure.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center spa2">Directions and Doses.</p>
+
+<p>For Gout and Rheumatic Gout.—Take two Pills three times a day, just
+after meals, and when it is very severe, take two during the night,
+and they should be persisted in until the swelling and stiffness have
+disappeared.</p>
+
+<p>In cases of long standing, where the tendency of the disease is
+to recur, it is advisable to take a short course of the Pills as a
+preventive. Dose.—Two twice a day for a fortnight.</p>
+
+<p>For Suppressed Gout, including Gouty Asthma, Bronchitis, Dyspepsia
+Rheumatism, Rheumatic Headaches, Lumbago, Sciatica, Tic Doloreux, Pains
+in the Head, Face, etc., they must also be taken, two Pills three times
+a day, just after meals, that quantity being generally sufficient, but
+in some cases a longer continuance of them is necessary, particularly
+in Rheumatism of long standing, but that will also be eradicated by
+perseverance in the use of these Pills. <i>They should be taken from
+time to time also as a preventive.</i></p>
+
+<p>Spring and Autumn. In these treacherous Gout and Rheumatic Seasons,
+to prevent a recurrence, sufferers are earnestly advised to take a
+short alterative course of this famous medicine.</p>
+
+<p>It is requested, in case this medicine should considerably open the
+bowels, that it may be laid aside until that effect has ceased, when
+it may be resumed, beginning with a smaller dose. Patients are also
+informed that it is unnecessary for any aperient medicine to be taken
+during its use, unless they have been costive for some days.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pills had an average weight of 2·9 grains. Analysis showed them to
+contain powdered colchicum corm, exsiccated alum, and an excipient. The
+quantities found indicated the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered colchicum corm&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·1&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Burnt alum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·35</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in one pill.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 14 pills is one-seventh of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>HAMM’S RHEUMATIC, GOUT,<br> AND SCIATICA CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>The Originator and Proprietor of this cure, who hails from the north of
+England, charges 2s. 9d. for a bottle containing 8 fluid ounces. It was
+described on the outside package as “The Greatest Remedy in the World.
+It has no equal for the cure of Rheumatism, Gout, and Sciatica.” In a
+circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It never fails to Cure those distressing and
+torturing Complaints, and in most cases has given relief from the
+excruciating pains by taking a few doses. This Standard Remedy has time
+and again succeeded after all other internal remedies have failed.
+Purify the Blood by driving the Uric Acid from the system and you will
+remove the cause of all Rheumatism, etc. Hamm’s Famous Rheumatism Cure
+has Never Failed to do it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</span>
+The dose was given on the label as “One Tablespoonful three times a
+day, after meals.”</p>
+
+<p>The preparation was a brown, slightly turbid liquid. Analysis showed
+it to contain potassium iodide, sodium salicylate, a little vegetable
+extractive, and a trace of alcohol. The extractive was moderately
+bitter, but possessed no characters indicating the drug from which it
+was derived; it contained no alkaloid. Quantitative determination of
+the ingredients showed the formula to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium salicylate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">66</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extractive</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">Trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">fluid ounces.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Assuming the extractive to be of the same price as extract of gentian,
+the estimated cost of the ingredients of 8 fluid ounces is ½d.</p>
+
+<h3>GLORIA TREATMENT FOR<br> RHEUMATISM.</h3>
+
+<p>This “treatment” is advertised as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Cure yourself of Rheumatism. I will tell you
+how and send you the remedy Free. My combination treatment cures,
+not merely relieves but actually cures, cases of Rheumatism, Gout,
+and Sciatica.... The numerous so-called remedies offered to the
+public, through the medium of the newspapers, have absolutely killed
+all confidence; therefore, in order to make my genuine remedy more
+generally known, I have decided to give away a large quantity so that
+everybody can test for themselves the truth of my statements. My
+combination treatment consists of: 1. Gloria Balm, which Instantly
+Relieves Pain. 2. Gloria Pills which Purify the Blood and Invigorate
+the Whole System. 3. Gloria Tonic Tablets which Effect a Complete and
+Permanent Cure.... I earnestly ask every Rheumatic Sufferer to obtain a
+free supply of this medicine at once. Simply send a postcard request,
+and a supply will reach you in less than 24 hours.</p>
+
+<p>Application to the address given brought sample boxes of the pills and
+tablets only, accompanied by a booklet entitled “Rheumatism and Gout,
+Causes and Cure,” and a letter of the usual type, as indicated by the
+following extracts:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>I was very pleased to receive your communication this morning, as
+having suffered from the terrible disease with which you are afflicted
+myself it naturally affords me a great deal of gratification to be
+able to place in the hands of every sufferer a genuine remedy for
+it—a remedy which cured me and has cured many thousands of others
+besides....</p>
+
+<p>It is, as I have often heard it described by persons bubbling over
+with gratitude for their relief from the above distressing ailments,
+Nature’s very own cure for Rheumatism and Gout. The danger of allowing
+the poisonous acids which cause these diseases to continue their work
+day by day in the body cannot be exaggerated....</p>
+
+<p>Before closing this letter I once more beg to impress upon you the
+danger of delay in commencing the treatment, especially as applied to
+your particular case.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Since “Gloria Balsam” was apparently not thought sufficiently important
+for a sample to be sent, supplies were obtained of the tablets and
+pills only for examination.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gloria Tonic</i>, price 4s. 6d. a box, containing 50 tablets, was
+described on the box as “a scientific preparation for the cure of all
+uric acid ailments, including Rheumatism and Gout, Lumbago, Sciatica,
+Scrofula, and all other diseases resulting from Impurities of the
+Blood.” This rather wide claim was somewhat at variance with statements
+made in the booklet, from which a few extracts may be given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>It was with the object of curing all rheumatism that I introduced
+“Gloria Tonic” to the public, and I believe that it is a task worthy of
+the cause. I do not propose to make the attempt with a remedy similar
+to the many thousands of cure-alls with which the market is overloaded,
+but with a true and reliable rheumatism specific—“Gloria Tonic.”</p>
+
+<p>I am not offering you a remedy of that kind, but one which is solely
+compounded for the cure of rheumatism, one that has been tested in
+Hospitals and Sanatoriums, one that has the endorsement of physicians
+and University professors, and, above all, one which has already
+enabled many hundreds of persons to abandon crutch and cane. Do not
+wonder if this can be true. The foregoing statement is an absolute
+fact....</p>
+
+<p>I could easily get many times 4s. 6d. for a box of “Gloria Tonic,”
+but it is my purpose not so much to accumulate wealth as to benefit
+suffering mankind....</p>
+
+<p>“Gloria Tonic” is to-day the only remedy on the market that cures
+all forms of rheumatism effectively, and without destroying the
+delicate tissues of the Heart, Stomach, Liver, and Kidneys....</p>
+
+<p>The merit of this remedy is unapproachable. I have no object in
+telling you this aside from having your interests at heart, and wish to
+protect you against the many harmful drugs. You need not have any fear
+in taking “Gloria Tonic” as directed, while the smallest dose of other
+rheumatic remedies might harm you.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For adults: From one-half to one tablet is a dose,
+and four doses should be taken daily as follows: Half to one tablet
+before the morning, noon, and evening meal, and on retiring.... Dose
+for children from 10 to 15 years, one half-tablet. From 5 to 10 years,
+one-quarter of a tablet. Below these years, the medicine should not be
+given.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>
+The average weight of the tablets was 11·2 grains; among 12 weighed
+separately the weights varied from 10·5 to 12·5 grains. Analysis
+showed the presence of potassium iodide, guaiacum resin, extract of
+liquorice, powdered liquorice, starch, mineral matter—apparently
+a mixture of talc and kaolin—a resinoid substance, and a trace of
+alkaloid. The alkaloid amounted to 0·016 per cent.; it did not agree
+in properties with any of the common alkaloids, but agreed, so far
+as it was practicable to examine it, with the alkaloid of phytolacca
+(the American weed, poke-root, or pokeberry); the resinoid also agreed
+in its properties with the resinoid phytolaccin, but there are no
+distinctive tests by which its identity could be certainly established.
+The quantities of the various ingredients were estimated as accurately
+as possible, and the following formula was indicated:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Guaiacum resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Resinoid (phytolaccin?)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·7</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rice starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Talc and kaolin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one tablet.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>In the formula the most expensive ingredient is the phytolaccin, which
+is also the least certain, both as to identity and quantity. Taking
+the formula here given, the estimated cost of the ingredients for 50
+tablets is 8d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Gloria Pills</i>, price 1s. 1½d. per box, containing 40 pills, in
+addition to being supplied as part of the “treatment” for rheumatism,
+were recommended as a general laxative. It was stated in the circular
+enclosed with them that “Gloria Laxative Pills will cure Constipation,
+Torpid Liver, Piles, Headache, Dizziness, Sour Eructation, Heartburn,
+Bloating, Flatulence, Nausea, Sleeplessness, Mental Depression,
+Palpitation of the Heart, Nervousness, Kidney Trouble, and all other
+conditions resulting from Dyspepsia and Indigestion.”</p>
+
+<p>The pills were coated with talc, coloured to a chocolate colour with
+oxide of iron. After removal of the coating, the average weight was
+1·1 grains. Analysis showed the constituents to be chiefly extracts
+and resins. The two samples of pills examined—namely, the gratis
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>
+sample of eight pills first supplied, and the full box afterwards
+obtained—differed materially in composition; the former contained
+about 25 per cent. of powdered liquorice, 6 or 8 per cent. of powdered
+rhubarb, and 6 or 8 per cent. of wheat flour, while the latter
+contained neither liquorice nor rhubarb, and proportionately more of
+the soluble constituents, which appeared to consist in both cases of
+extracts of aloes and cascara sagrada with jalap resin. The various
+constituents were estimated quantitatively, but in such a mixture exact
+results are of course unattainable, and even the qualitative results
+must be given with a certain reservation. The formula indicated for the
+pills in the 1s. 1½d. box was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of</td>
+      <td class="tdl">cascara sagrada</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdl">Socotrine aloes</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Jalap resin</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;&emsp;0·07</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Flour</td>
+      <td class="tdl" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="10" height="36" ></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp" rowspan="2">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Excipient</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp"></td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in one pill.</p>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of ingredients for 40 pills, ½d.</p>
+
+<h3>BARING GOULD’S ANTI-RHEUMATIC PEARLS.</h3>
+
+<p>This article is introduced to the public by an advertisement
+headed:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“Rheumatism speedily cured.” The advertisement
+states that Mr. Baring Gould, of an address at a provincial watering
+place, “very strongly recommends Marvellous Cheap Remedy for Chronic
+Rheumatism, Gout, etc. Free Information for addressed envelope.”</p>
+
+<p>Application for information with regard to the remedy brought a box of
+the “Pearls” with an intimation that the price was 5s., or 3s. 9d. for
+prompt cash. In the enclosed circulars the proprietor was described as
+“W. Baring Gould, Rheumatic Specialist and Scientist in Chemistry,” and
+the “Pearls” were referred to in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Baring Gould’s Anti-Rheumatic “Pearls” (Patent and Trade Mark
+Registered). The Most Wonderful and Most Effectual “Anti-Rheumatic”
+Ever Known....</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Baring Gould desires to say that from a recent careful
+examination of his records, he finds that he relieves or cures (mostly
+by his wonderful “Pearls”) at least eighty people in every hundred who
+come under his care.</p>
+
+<p>There is nothing to approach the “Pearls” in Curative value for all
+kinds of Rheumatism, Sciatica, and Gout. They are entirely free from
+every kind of injurious substance, and may be taken with absolute
+safety and benefit by the most delicate bedridden sufferers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Dose.</span>—Take 2 Pearls twice a day. Being
+flexible and tasteless they are easily swallowed, or the gelatine
+casing may be removed and the contents placed in half a wineglass
+of water (hot or cold) and taken in that way. The flavour of the
+medicaments is agreeable to the palate and to the stomach also.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span>
+The “Pearls” consisted of gelatine capsules, of the flattened form
+known commercially as “perles,” containing a white powder. The average
+weight of the contents was 5·9 grains, the contents of single capsules
+varying from 5·0 to 6·5 grains. It should be said that aspirin, a drug
+in very common use for rheumatism, is acetyl-salicylic acid. Analysis
+showed the powder to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetyl-salicylic acid&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">85</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients for 40 capsules is 1½d.</p>
+
+<h3>GOWER’S GREEN PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, which cost 1s. 1½d. per box, containing 44 pills, were
+described in the advertisement as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A real remedy for rheumatism, backache, muscular
+rheumatism, sciatica, gout, lumbago, cramps, stiffness of joints,
+kidney disorders, dropsical swellings, etc. These Pills act directly on
+the organic and muscular parts of the body, and bring instant relief to
+tired, aching, and painful muscles and joints.</p>
+
+<p>In the circular enclosed with the pills it was stated that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The ingredients ... are known only to the proprietors. They are not
+to be found either in the <i>British Pharmacopœia</i> or in any
+surgery in the land. It was not your doctor’s fault that he did not
+cure you, it was his misfortune—he did not know how. He had not these
+remedies in his possession. We offer you the opportunity of using them
+and recovering your health.</p>
+
+<p>Gower’s Green Pills, though an eminently scientific pill, do not act
+like magic. The days of miracles have gone by. They act surely, but
+sometimes slowly in cases of Rheumatism of long standing.</p>
+
+<p>In taking these pills we would like it to be thoroughly known that
+if your disease is one of long standing you cannot be completely cured
+with one or two boxes. A rheumatic sufferer who has tried most remedies
+and has been tortured with pain for five years cannot expect to be a
+new man in five weeks. If it takes as many as a dozen 2s. 9d. boxes to
+cure a case like this, the sufferer cannot but consider it the best
+investment that he ever made in his life.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">One dose to be taken three times a day, before or
+after meals. Three Pills are one dose.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span>
+The pills were coated with talc, with a small quantity of a green
+colouring matter. After removal of the coating the pills had an average
+weight of 1·2 grains. Analysis showed them to contain soap (about 36
+per cent.), an alkaline salicylate (about 37 per cent.), extractive,
+and vegetable tissue. No alkaloid was present; the extractive was dark
+in colour, without bitterness or other characteristic taste, and showed
+no properties by which its source could be identified; microscopic
+examination of the tissue showed the presence of two powders, one of
+which agreed well in its characters with powdered cimicifuga root,
+while the other bore much resemblance to jalap, but not enough to
+warrant the statement that it was jalap. The total amount of vegetable
+powder was about 20 per cent., of which about one-third appeared to be
+cimicifuga; 11 per cent. of silicious ash was also present.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> COLLIE’S OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This ointment, supplied by a Scottish Company at the price of 1s. 9d.
+for a box containing 1¾ ounces, is advertised in the following terms:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Try Dr. Collie for Rheumatism. His ointment
+positively cures while you sleep. You don’t rub it in, but apply just
+like a poultice. It draws out the cause of your trouble, and a speedy
+cure ensues. Try Dr. Collie’s Ointment—Instant relief for Sciatica,
+Lumbago, and swollen joints.</p>
+
+<p>It appeared, however, from a booklet sent with the ointment that
+rheumatism was only one among a large number of complaints for which
+the ointment was recommended; it was described on the label as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A certain cure for Sprains, Bruises, Cuts, Burns,
+Chapped Hands, Eczema, Blood Poisoning, Whitlows, Sea Water Boils,
+Abscesses, Piles, Rheumatism, Sciatica, Lumbago, Pains in the Back and
+Loins, and all Sores and Ulcers of every description.</p>
+
+<p>The directions for its use in rheumatism were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">First wash the part to be treated with warm water
+and soda, then thoroughly dry—(a quantity of the ointment may then be
+well rubbed in). Now get a piece of thick cotton cloth (old sheeting
+answers very well) or better still, chamois leather, spread the
+ointment thickly and apply like a poultice. When the dressing begins
+to get dry, take it off, and after scraping the cloth replace it with
+fresh ointment. The part may, after a dressing or two, begin to itch,
+and the skin, being stimulated, may come out in a humour. If so, do
+not be alarmed but persevere. This is a sure sign that the Ointment is
+doing its work, drawing out the deleterious matter, viz., Uric Acid
+Poison, from the body through the most natural of all channels, the
+pores of the skin.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span>
+Analysis showed the presence of colophony resin, petroleum jelly, a
+little beeswax, and a fatty base. The colophony was accompanied by
+a small proportion of another substance of resinous nature, which
+appeared to be the altered resin to be found in the variety of
+colophony known commercially as “black resin”; a dark substance was
+also present which appeared to consist of the natural impurities of
+crude petroleum; the fatty basis showed generally the properties of a
+mixture of lard and tallow. A similar ointment was obtained by using
+the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Black resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Crude petroleum jelly&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">26</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tallow</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lard</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">40</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of ingredients for 1¾ ounces, 1d.</p>
+
+<h3>ZOX.</h3>
+
+<p>Zox is a powder made by a Company with an address in London and the
+price charged is 1s. for a box containing eight powders. It was
+described on the wrapper as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The most marvellous pain reliever. Instantly cures
+Toothache, Neuralgia, Headache, Sciatica, and all Nerve Pains. Pure,
+Harmless, not Aperient.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed with the box directions were given for taking
+the powders for neuralgia, toothache, headache, sciatica, rheumatic and
+gouty pains, and influenza. For neuralgia the directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Ono Powder should be taken when in pain, and
+should the enemy return, continue the Powders every four hours, for a
+few days. If very weak from continual pain, take a few doses of Zox
+Tonic; this will give you speedy relief.</p>
+
+<p>For rheumatic and gout pains:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Take one Zox Powder two or three times a day while
+pain is acute; avoid beer and spirits of all kinds.</p>
+
+<p>The average weight of the powders was 4½ grains, single powders in a
+box varying in weight from 4 to 6 grains. Analysis showed the powder to
+consist of acetanilide only.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</span>
+The estimated cost of the drug for eight powders is one-tenth of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>OQUIT.</h3>
+
+<p>The vendors, a Company with a London address, sell tubes of 20 tablets
+for 1s. 1½d.</p>
+
+<p>This is advertised as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Neuralgia. Within 10 minutes of taking “Oquit”
+that frightful nerve-racking pain will be cured. One dose will convince
+you. Try it.</p>
+
+<p>A pamphlet was enclosed with the package, headed “Oquit for Headaches
+and Nerve Pains, Headache, Neuralgia, Gout, Sciatica, Rheumatism,
+Lumbago, Influenza, Feverish Colds, Sea Sickness.” A few extracts are
+here given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Oquit ... is made in strict accordance with a medical prescription
+from drugs which are daily prescribed by the most eminent physicians
+for the relief of nerve pains. There is nothing experimental about
+“Oquit.” The drugs of which “Oquit” is composed are perfectly well
+known, and their claim to be regarded as unrivalled for the purpose
+has been rigidly tested and endorsed by the leading exponents of
+modern medicine. What is really unique about “Oquit” is the scientific
+proportion in which the constituent drugs are combined. It is a
+remarkable fact, and one which is attested by every medical man, that
+the action of a drug may be made effective or ineffective according to
+the manner in which it is prescribed. There are certain subordinate
+drugs which prepare the way, as it were, for the action of a principal
+drug, and the proportion between the ingredients of a prescription
+is of vital importance in relation to the effect produced. It is to
+this scientifically adjusted proportion that the remarkably beneficial
+results of “Oquit” are due....</p>
+
+<p>In the cure of Neuralgia, “Oquit” has proved eminently successful
+when taken in the same way as recommended for headache, with the
+addition that a third and further doses should be repeated, if found
+necessary, at intervals of three hours....</p>
+
+<p>In Rheumatism, whether the acute or chronic forms, “Oquit” is
+extremely beneficial, expelling from the system the inflammatory agents
+which give rise to the frequently excruciating pains in the joints and
+muscles involved, and confers a most welcome relief....</p>
+
+<p>In Gout, Sciatica, and Lumbago the eliminating power of “Oquit” is
+of the greatest possible value. In all these cases, adults should take
+three “Oquits” every three hours at the commencement of an attack,
+reducing the dose to two, and then to one, as the pain decreases.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The average weight of the tablet was 5·1 grains. Analysis showed them
+to contain:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetyl-salicylic acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">66·2</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Starch, chiefly maize&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Talc</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extractive</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Moisture</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alkaloid</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp" colspan="2">a trace.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>
+As stated above aspirin is acetyl-salicylic acid, and so it may be
+added is xaxa.</p>
+
+<p>The alkaloid did not show well-marked characters by which it could be
+identified, but agreed fairly well in its reactions with the total
+alkaloid of gelsemium; the general nature of the extractive was
+consistent with its being a preparation of this drug.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients for 20 tablets is ¾d.</p>
+
+<h3>GENOFORM TABLETS.</h3>
+
+<p>A substance was described under the name Genoform in the
+<i>Pharmaceutische Post</i> in 1905, as being the methylene-glycol
+ester of salicylic acid; but as the present preparation is advertised
+to the public, and supplied under a patent medicine stamp, it must be
+regarded as a secret remedy. The proprietor, it is stated, resides in
+Leipzig but there is a London agency, and the remedy is sold in tubes
+price 1s. 1½d., containing 10 tablets.</p>
+
+<p>An advertisement of this preparation was headed: “Gout, Rheumatism,
+Sciatica, and Neuralgia Cured. A Miracle in Rheumatism.” Then followed
+a testimonial describing the “miracle.” On the package of the tablets
+it was stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Genoform cures gout, rheumatism, sciatica,
+neuralgia, etc. Genoform gives instant relief and effects a permanent
+cure.</p>
+
+<p>A circular enclosed in the package stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Genoform is a certain cure, and you need not suffer
+another day. No matter where the pain is, or how severe
+it is, or how long you have had it, Genoform Tablets
+will rid you of it. They give relief in many cases
+immediately, and produce a permanent cure.</p>
+
+<p>Take them to-day and feel well. Genoform eases pain
+with a rapidity which is remarkable, at the same time
+doing away with the cause. Remember that.</p>
+
+<p>It is no mere relief. It stamps out the cause of Gout,
+Rheumatism, Sciatica, and Neuralgia. It is absolutely
+harmless. No remedy equals it in its quick and certain
+effects.</p>
+
+<p>Patients afflicted for years and unable to walk or use
+their limbs have been made sound and free from pain in
+a very little time....</p>
+
+<p>Absolutely crippled rheumatic persons, unable to dress
+or undress themselves, have entirely recovered with
+only a few doses of this preparation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions were as follows:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The Tablets must never be taken on an empty
+stomach, but either during or after meals (from 3 to 9 tablets daily).
+Taking the Tablet is facilitated by letting it soak first in a spoonful
+of water and drinking a little water afterwards. Any oppression of the
+stomach is soon relieved by 5 or 6 drops of dilute Hydrochloric acid
+taken in half a glassful of water.</p>
+
+<p>As Genoform contains Salicylic Acid and that well-known drug for
+Rheumatism sometimes causes a little buzzing in the ears, if such
+buzzing ever occurs it is well to discontinue Genoform for 24 hours and
+afterwards take only a small dose for a day or so. It must be clearly
+understood that there is no possible harm or danger in such buzzing and
+few persons are so affected, but we think it wise to advise you lest you
+should think Genoform does not agree with you and discontinue its use.</p>
+
+<p>The tablets had an average weight of 7·7 grains. They contained no
+free salicylic acid, but on hydrolysis with alkali they yielded 91·0
+per cent. of that substance. Starch was present to the extent of
+4·1 per cent., so that the material other than starch yielded 94·9
+per cent. of its weight of salicylic acid. Salicyl-methylene-glycol
+ester <b>CH₂(C₇H₅O₃)₂</b> would yield 95·6 per cent.; investigation of the
+other products of hydrolysis showed that this ester was the substance
+present; no other ingredient was found. On examination the substance
+proved to be hydrolyzed at once by alkali in the cold, but not by cold
+dilute acid; hot water caused slight decomposition, and on boiling it
+in water it readily yielded salicylic acid. The formula of the tablets
+is thus:</p>
+
+<table class="spb2">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Salicyl-methylene-glycol ester</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">95</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Starch (and moisture)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h3>POST’S C. B. Q. TABLETS<br> FOR RHEUMATISM.</h3>
+
+<p>Two specimens of the proprietary article sold under the name of C.
+B. Q. have been examined at an interval of nine years. The earlier
+analysis showed that the tablets contained potassium iodide, quinine
+and colchicine in small quantities, a salicylate and extract of
+liquorice, used no doubt to bind the powder together. The analysis
+made in 1908 showed that of the tablets then examined each contained
+about 1½ grains of potassium iodide, a small quantity of salicylate,
+a vegetable extract, and magnesia. The extract was hygroscopic and
+the magnesia was no doubt employed to bring the mixture into a form
+suitable for tablet making. The extract was slightly bitter and the
+tablets contained a small amount of alkaloid, which was not certainly
+identified.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span></p>
+
+<h3>GOUT VARALETTES.</h3>
+
+<p>Analysis of Bishop’s Gout Varalettes showed the presence of lithium
+citrate and a small quantity of what appeared to be piperazine,
+together with the usual effervescing basis consisting of sodium
+bicarbonate and tartaric acid.</p>
+
+<h3>PISTOIA GOUT POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>There was a powder for gout known to an earlier generation under the
+name of the “Portland Gout Powder;” according to the prescription given
+by Jourdan in the <i>Pharmacopée Universelle</i> (1828); it consisted
+of: Gentian root, round birthwort root (<i>Aristolochia rotunda</i>),
+ground pine root (<i>Teucrium chamaepitys</i>), the tops of germander
+(<i>Teucrium chamaedrys</i>), and of the lesser centaury (<i>Erithroea
+centaurium</i>), of each equal parts to be ground separately to a fine
+powder and mixed; dose, half a teaspoonful. He gives of this three
+variants, in one of which the gentian is replaced by guaiacum.</p>
+
+<p>For some years past a good deal has been heard about the Pistoia gout
+powders. A pamphlet entitled <i>The antigouty powders of the R.R.
+Benedictine Mothers of Pistoia for the treatment of a gouty source</i>
+(Rome, 1904) presents a curious resemblance to the advertising
+pamphlets issued by ordinary nostrum dealers. There is a short
+disquisition on gout written in very odd English, this is followed by
+a translation of a large number of testimonials to the virtues of the
+powder, and this again by the following “Warning to our Customers”:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Having known that in some towns of Italy, and even in Pistoia, some
+antigouty drug circulates under the name of “Vegetal Antigouty Powders
+of the Cloister” or under other names alike, making every body trust
+that they come from our Monastery, we think ourselves, in duty bound,
+to remember to our Customers that no deposit of our Antigouty Powders
+is to be found neither in Pistoia nor in other towns or places in Italy
+or abroad, and that we have accorded to nobody the faculty of preparing
+or selling them.</p>
+
+<p>Consequently every antigouty remedy which in any way should be made
+known as coming from this Monastery, must be considered as a product of
+vulgar falsification and adulteration.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The label on some boxes of the powder states that it is based on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</span>
+gentian, and on Indian wood, which is one of the synonyms of guaiacum.
+The pamphlet, which has already been quoted, states that the powders do
+not contain colchicum, belladonna, or any other poisonous substance, but</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">are a composition of medicinal grasses,
+none of which can ever have a pernicious effect upon the health,
+whatever may be the state of the person who uses it.</p>
+
+<p>It is asserted that “often many miraculous cures are obtained,” but it
+appears that the treatment must be a prolonged one, for the pamphlet
+further states that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>When it is question of a first affection or of a light gouty attack,
+the treatment of a whole year without interruption can in general be
+sufficient; because it is necessary for the blood to stay under the
+action essentially depurative of the drug during four seasons.</p>
+
+<p>But when the illness is old, a year of treatment cannot of course
+be enough to extirpate entirely the distemper, and the use of the drug
+must be protracted till necessary.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The sample of Pistoia gout powder examined was of a greenish ginger
+colour and had a bitter taste. MM. Guignard, Collin, Chastaing, and
+Barillot give the following formula for the Pistoia gout powder:</p>
+
+<table class="spb2">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Colchicum corm</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Bryony root</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Betony (root, stem, and leaves)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gentian root</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Camomile (chiefly stem, leaves,&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2">a little root, and flowers)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>M. Collin is one of the leading authorities on the microscopic
+characters of powdered vegetable drugs, and a microscopical examination
+of the specimen revealed characters consistent with this formula; such
+small differences as were observed were only such as might be expected
+between specimens grown under different conditions of soil, climate,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>Another formula which has been published for the powders is as follows,
+but the sample examined agreed more nearly with No. 1:</p>
+
+<table class="spb2">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><b>II.</b></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Colchicum corm&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Bryony root</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Betony root</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">40</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gentian root</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Camomile</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span></p>
+
+<h3>LAVILLE’S ANTIGOUT REMEDIES.</h3>
+
+<p>According to Zernik, the chief constituents of the Liqueur du Dr.
+Laville, an antigout remedy, very popular in France, in spite of its
+high price and secret composition, are colchicin (about 0·08 per cent.)
+and quinine in alcoholic solution. The pilules du Dr. Laville are
+sold as preventive remedies against gout. They were found to contain
+extract of winter cherry, Physalis alkekengi, one of the Solanaceae
+(? capsicum), guaiacum resin, powdered leaves and root of the marsh
+mallow, and sodium silicate. Each bottle contains 75 grams, about 2½
+fluid ounces, and costs 8s.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.</h3>
+
+<p>The following notes upon a few German remedies are quoted from Dr.
+Zernik’s reports in the <i>Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift</i>.</p>
+
+<h4>URICEDIN.</h4>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This is a Berlin product vaunted as a remedy for
+the gouty diathesis, but its composition is very simple; it contains 2½
+per cent. sodium chlorate, and 66·5 per cent. dry sodium sulphate, the
+remainder being sodium citrate and sodium tartrate.</p>
+
+<h4>RHEUMACID.</h4>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The prospectus asserts that this material, the
+result of years of careful and earnest study, revolutionizes all
+medical knowledge, and cures rheumatism, colds, neuralgia, sciatica,
+gout, bladder, kidney, and skin affections, etc. The price demanded
+for 50 grams (about 1½ ounces) is 17s. 6d., while a sample costs 1s.
+The sample is supposed to contain ten doses of 1 gram each, but was
+actually found to contain only half that quantity. There appeared to
+be three sorts of rheumacid, marked A, B, and C respectively, but the
+analysis revealed that the constituents were practically the same and
+included aspirin, salol, and at times salpyrin, with a little citric
+acid. This seems rather like making a revolution with rosewater.</p>
+
+<p>ANTIGOUT SOAP.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic Soap is prepared in
+Dresden. It is a piece of medium-quality sodium soap, containing a very
+small quantity of an ethereal oil. The cake weighs 70 grams (about 2
+oz.), and costs 1 mark.</p>
+
+<h4>PINE PREPARATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Electricum, described as “aethereal Tyrolese fir
+and pine wood oil,” and recommended by the vendors as an external
+remedy for rheumatism, gout, pains in the limbs, paralysis, sciatica,
+lumbago, and backache, neuralgia, tumours, etc., seems to consist
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span> merely of pine oil.
+Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout Spirit which it is stated relieves the
+pain within a few hours and cures after a short time, consists of 55
+parts of turpentine oil, 55 parts of spirits of camphor, and 5 grams of
+Venice soap. A bottle containing 115 grams, less than 4 ounces, costs
+2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<h4>RHEUMA TABAKOLIN.</h4>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This is a Berlin preparation; a box containing
+about 100 grams (about 3½ oz.) costs 5s., but the quantity for
+neglected and obstinate cases cost 15s. It is asserted to be a newly
+discovered remedy for rheumatism and gout obtained from tobacco. The
+directions are to extract the material with about 24 ounces of 50 per
+cent. alcohol, and to use this extract as a liquid application to the
+painful areas. Analysis showed that the substance consisted of waste
+and powdered tobacco perfumed with lemon oil. In Germany waste broken
+tobacco can be bought at about 5d. or 6d. a pound.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">KIDNEY MEDICINES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>This group of nostrums consists of those which are put forward for the
+cure of kidney troubles, or conditions of ill-health commonly, but
+as a rule erroneously, attributed by the public to kidney disease.
+Several of these are in the form of pills, while others are liquids.
+The two principal drugs employed are oil of juniper and potassium
+nitrate (nitre or saltpetre), separately or together; in some cases
+aperients are added. Altogether extravagant claims are made for some
+of the articles, as is usual, of course, with proprietary medicines;
+this point is dealt with more fully in the descriptions of individual
+preparations.</p>
+
+<p>In analysing complex mixtures, such as some of these nostrums are,
+it is, of course, not possible to attain the same precision as when
+dealing with medicines which consist chiefly of inorganic salts, as in
+the case of nostrums for epilepsy, dealt with in another chapter. A
+vegetable extract containing no definite active principle, such as, for
+instance, extract of taraxacum (dandelion), cannot be identified by any
+direct test; if such an extract is mixed with another, with a powdered
+drug, or an essential oil, its identification with perfect certainty
+may become almost impossible. The large variations, again, which may
+occur in the proportion of solid matter in a tincture or infusion, as
+well as the variations in the relative proportion of the different
+constituents of drugs, prevent the results of analysis being translated
+with certainty into the formula from which the mixture was compounded.
+These considerations apply to several of the articles described in this
+chapter. While the principal ingredient or ingredients in each case can
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>
+be ascertained with little or no possibility of error, the subsidiary
+ingredients in some cases cannot be determined with the same
+confidence; we have endeavoured to indicate in each case the
+possibility of such minor errors. Full use has been made of check
+methods, by compounding mixtures according to the formulæ obtained by
+analysis and comparing them with the originals.</p>
+
+<h3>DOAN’S BACKACHE KIDNEY PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, of American origin, which have been very extensively
+advertised for some years, are sold in boxes price 2s. 9d., containing
+40 “kidney pills” and 4 “dinner pills.”</p>
+
+<p>They were described on the wrapper of the package as a</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Specific for kidney complaints and all diseases
+arising from disorder of the kidneys and bladder. Cure Backache, Weak
+Back, Rheumatism, Diabetes, Congestion of the Kidneys, Inflammation of
+the bladder, Gravel, Bright’s Disease, Scalding Urine, and all Urinary
+troubles.</p>
+
+<p>A circular was enclosed with the box, in which a dissertation on
+“Diseases of the Kidneys and Bladder” was given, together with
+directions for taking the pills for various complaints. The following
+extracts are taken from the circular:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Doan’s Backache Kidney Pills are composed of
+rare and valuable medicinal agents in a combination best adapted to
+the speedy relief and cure of Kidney Disease, urinary and bladder
+affections, and all diseases resulting therefrom. They are purely
+vegetable, containing no ingredients of a deleterious nature, and may
+be taken by the most delicate person, with every confidence of their
+giving quick and permanent relief, without any after ill effects ...
+they are the only medicine known that quickly relieves and permanently
+cures.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">This medicine has restored to health thousands of
+women. As a means of healing the kidneys, and as a tonic to the whole
+female constitution it is unequalled.</p>
+
+<p>The last sentence of the next extract shows some ingenuity:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Chronic cases of long standing. These frequently
+come under our notice and we hear that the patient, after trying every
+known remedy and failed (<i>sic</i>) has despaired of ever getting
+relief. Now in all stages of Kidney Disease this is where Doan’s
+Backache Kidney Pills are the most needed, and, indeed, are the only
+remedy possible to give permanent relief. But it takes time. One cannot
+expect to be cured in a few weeks.... In some cases three or four boxes
+of Doan’s Backache Kidney Pills are sufficient; but in these cases
+of long standing, 8, 10, and even 20 or 30, are required to effect
+a cure. But they will cure in the end if the patient perseveres. We
+are emphatic on this point, because in kidney disease patients are so
+easily discouraged. It is one of the symptoms of the disease.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>
+The directions were to take from two to four of the dinner pills at
+night before commencing to take the kidney pills; then to begin with
+one kidney pill after each meal and one at bedtime, increasing the dose
+to two or three, after a short time. For children under 8, the dose was
+given as half a pill after each meal and at bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>The “kidney pills” were ovoid in shape, and of a brown-grey colour
+externally, with sugar-coating beneath the thin, coloured layer; after
+removing the coating, the average weight of the pills was about 2
+grains. Analysis showed them to contain oil of juniper and (in spite
+of their “purely vegetable” nature) potassium nitrate, together with
+a considerable proportion of a resinous substance, and of powdered
+fenugreek seeds and wheat and maize starches. Examination of the resin
+showed it to be derived from a coniferous source, and on comparison
+with various coniferous resins it agreed in characters with that of
+<i>Abies canadensis</i> (<i>Pinus canadensis</i>), known as hemlock
+pitch. The proportions of the different ingredients were determined
+by analysis; but oil of juniper, in such small quantity, can only
+be approximately determined, and the amount found was confirmed by
+comparison of a pill containing this quantity with the pill under
+examination. The following formula gives a similar pill:</p>
+
+<table class="spb2">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of juniper</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">drop.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Hemlock pitch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium nitrate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered fenugreek&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Wheat flour</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Maize starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In twenty pills.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the materials of the 40 kidney pills and 4 dinner
+pills, ½d.</p>
+
+<p>The dinner pills, of which four were included in the box of kidney
+pills, are also supplied separately in boxes of 50 for 1s. 1½d. The
+label stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Doan’s Dinner Pills Cure Constipation, Sick
+Headache, Biliousness, Dizziness, and all deranged conditions of
+Stomach, Liver, and Bowels.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For adults, 1 to 3 Pills; for children, ½ to 1 Pill.</p>
+
+<p>These statements and directions were amplified in a handbill enclosed
+in the package.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span></p>
+
+<p>The pills were ovoid and enclosed in white sugar-coating; the average
+weight of one, without coating, was about ¾ gr. Analysis showed the
+presence of podophyllin, aloin, oil of peppermint, a resin that
+appeared to be jalap resin, cayenne, liquorice, gum, maize starch, and
+a small quantity of an extract that resembled extract of henbane; as
+the extract last named had no sufficiently well-marked characters to
+enable a small quantity of it to be distinguished perfectly when mixed
+with larger quantities of the other drugs named, the identity of this
+ingredient could not be completely established. The following formula
+gives a similar pill:</p>
+
+<table class="spb2">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of peppermint</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">drop.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Podophyllin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aloin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Jalap resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered capsicum&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">liquorice</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Maize starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acacia gum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of henbane</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In twenty pills.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of materials of 50 pills, 1d.</p>
+
+<h3>DODD’S KIDNEY PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, made by an American Company advertising from a London
+address, are sold in boxes containing 35, price 2s. 9d.</p>
+
+<p>The label round the box stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A positive cure for all kidney diseases: cures
+rheumatism, Bright’s disease, diabetes, backache; cures female
+weakness, purifies the blood, cleanses the system.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the pills:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Experience has proved that Dodd’s Kidney Pills are the only cure for
+kidney diseases.</p>
+
+<p>Dodd’s Kidney Pills is the only remedy that has cured Bright’s
+Disease.</p>
+
+<p>Diabetes—Dodd’s Kidney Pills will cure this disease.</p>
+
+<p>Dropsy—The first object in treating dropsy is to restore the kidneys
+to their normal condition. This is what Dodd’s Kidney Pills do and
+hence their peculiar efficacy for this disease.</p>
+
+<p>Dodd’s Kidney Pills will cure any form of heart disease.</p>
+
+<p>What is known as the “change of life,” is a period of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>
+great importance to woman. At such a time, no remedy could be more
+effective than Dodd’s Kidney Pills.</p>
+
+<p>These pills ... consist of the active principles of vegetable
+substances, which have been carefully studied by the discoverer of the
+remedy, both as to their nature and effect, and finally given to the
+world in the form of a sugar-coated pill, which to-day is universally
+acknowledged to be the best kidney remedy obtainable.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Take one to three pills morning, noon, and night,
+before or after meals. In the majority of cases one pill is a dose.</p>
+
+<p>The pills were ovoid in shape, coated and coloured red on the outside.
+The colouring matter formed a strongly fluorescent yellow solution,
+showing it to be fluorescein or an allied substance; the coating was of
+sugar on the outside, with an inner layer consisting of chalk. In spite
+of the statement quoted above, that the pills consist of the active
+principles of vegetable substances, it was no surprise to find that the
+principal ingredient was potassium nitrate, of which each contained
+about 1 gr.; the other constituents were sodium bicarbonate, soap,
+hard paraffin, wheat flour, powdered turmeric, two resins respectively
+soluble and insoluble in ether, a small quantity of a bitter substance,
+and a little extractive. Examination of the resins showed that they
+agreed in their characters with the two constituents of jalap resin;
+the bitter substance was not alkaloidal, and after careful comparison
+with a large number of bitter principles was found to agree with that
+of cascarilla. The following formula gives a pill which is practically
+identical with the one under examination:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of cascarilla (alcoholic)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·15</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Jalap resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Hard soap</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium nitrate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·85</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Hard paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Turmeric</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Wheat flour</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the materials of 35 pills is 1d.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> VAR’S AMERICAN KIDNEY PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>On the outside of the package these pills, which are advertised from
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span> an
+address in a town in the south of England, and sold in boxes of 14
+costing 1s. 1½d., are stated to “correct the stomach and stimulate
+the liver and kidneys.” In a circular enclosed with the box they are
+referred to as “Certain Corrective! Positive Cure!” while the obscurity
+of the following is perhaps intended to make the warning conveyed more
+effective:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Do not let slight or severe Kidney Disorders
+develop into Cancerous Decay, Twin Complaints—Kidney Liver Diseases.
+Cure them! Put both in strong active order. There is not a safer,
+surer, speedier remedy in existence. Myriads of people thank Providence
+for Dr. Var’s Kidney Pills. <i>Should be taken for Natural Weak
+Kidneys.</i></p>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">One to be taken three times a day after meals.</p>
+
+<p>The “pills” were in reality flexible capsules, each containing about 5½
+grains of a soft mass in which oils of juniper and peppermint could be
+recognized in small quantity; examination also showed the presence of
+potassium nitrate, of small quantities of iron and magnesium compounds,
+and of lycopodium,<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+together with powdered squill, wheat starch, and a “green” extract,
+containing a trace of alkaloid, which appeared from its characters to
+be a mixture of extracts of henbane and taraxacum. The iron was perhaps
+an accidental impurity, and the magnesia and lycopodium were probably
+added to assist in making up the mass and not for therapeutic effect.
+The following formula gives a similar mass:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of peppermint</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">drop.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp; ”<span class="ws2">juniper</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">drops.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium nitrate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered squill</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Wheat flour</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of henbane</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;&emsp;”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;</span>taraxacum&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">21</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In 10 capsules.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the materials of 14 capsules is under ¾d.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote spb2"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a>
+Lycopodium is a fine powder consisting of plant-spores sometimes used
+by pharmacists for enveloping pills which easily take up moisture.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3>FITCH’S KIDNEY AND LIVER COOLER.</h3>
+
+<p>A bottle of this preparation containing rather less than 4 fluid ounces
+is sold for 2s. The directions are:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Take two teaspoonfuls mixed in water every morning.</p>
+
+<p>The label and package appear to have been devised for the purpose of
+suggesting, without explicitly stating, that it is a cure for the
+complaints named. On one side appears the following (divided into
+sections by use of different type):</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Oh my back, how it aches! Why? Fitch’s Kidney and
+Liver Cooler. Trade Mark. Sluggish liver. Inactive kidneys. Over-heated
+blood. Bad urine. Acts chemically by absorption.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and on the other:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Oh my back, how it aches! Why? Because your
+Kidneys and Liver are Sluggish, and a deposit has formed in the urine
+which will contaminate the whole system unless dissolved chemically.
+Try this; you won’t regret. It’s a grand conception.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the liquid to consist simply of a solution of potassium
+nitrate in water, the strength being 56 grains in a fluid ounce—that
+is, 14 grains in a dose.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the contents of the bottle is one-eighth of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>WARNER’S “SAFE” CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>Warner’s Safe Cure is a liquid sold in a bottle holding about 8 fluid
+ounces at the price of 2s. 9d.</p>
+
+<p>The label bore the words, “For Kidney and Liver and Bright’s disease
+and jaundice, gravel, stone”—and a long list of other complaints.
+“Dose for adults, one tablespoonful 5 or 6 times a day.”</p>
+
+<p>A “medical pamphlet” of 34 pages accompanied the bottle, from which the
+following extracts are taken:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Warner’s “Safe” Cure is a purely vegetable
+compound, and contains no narcotic or harmful drugs; it is free from
+sediment and is pleasant to take; it is a most valuable and effective
+tonic; it stimulates digestion, awakens the torpid liver, and puts
+the entire system in the very best receptive state for the work of
+restoring the kidneys. It does its work with absolute method, preparing
+the tissues, soothing and stimulating the enfeebled organs, healing at
+the same time. It builds up the body, gives it strength, and restores
+the energy which is or has been wasting under the baneful suffering of
+kidney disease. Warner’s “Safe” Cure was discovered about thirty years
+ago by one of the most eminent specialists in diseases of the kidneys,
+who had made a life-study of kidney and kindred diseases.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">How to test your kidneys. Put some morning urine
+in a glass or bottle; let it stand for twenty-four hours; if there is a
+reddish sediment in the bottom of the glass, or if the urine is cloudy
+or milky, or if you see particles or germs floating about in it, your
+kidneys are diseased and you should lose no time but get a bottle of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span>
+Warner’s “Safe” Cure, as it is dangerous to neglect your kidneys for
+even one day. Bright’s disease, gravel, liver complaint, pains in
+the back, rheumatism, rheumatic gout, inflammation of bladder, stone
+in the bladder, uric acid poison, dropsy, eczema, scrofula, blood
+disease, offensive odour from sweating, so-called ‘female weakness,’
+painful periods, too frequent desire to urinate, and painful passing
+of urine are all caused by diseased kidneys, and can be speedily cured
+by Warner’s “Safe” Cure, which has been prescribed for twenty-five years.”</p>
+
+<p>Of Bright’s disease it is remarked:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It is one of the harassing complaints which
+physicians in family practice seldom have the patience to investigate
+and manage with sufficient care.</p>
+
+<p>The assumed predilection of the public for vegetable remedies is
+no doubt answerable for potassium nitrate being classed as “purely
+vegetable” in so many of these medicines. In the present case analysis
+showed the presence of potassium nitrate, alcohol, glycerine, a trace
+of oil of wintergreen, and vegetable extractive; there was no alkaloid
+or similar active principle, and the extract had little distinctive
+taste or character; all its properties pointed to its consisting
+largely of extract of taraxacum, with some other extract containing a
+small quantity of tannin; a careful series of comparisons with all the
+drugs in ordinary use which were not excluded by various tests did not
+identify it with any of them, and it is probable that it is obtained
+from some non-medicinal plant.</p>
+
+<p>The following formula gives an almost identical mixture:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium nitrate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of gaultheria</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">⅓</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minim.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rectified spirit</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid drams.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Liquid extract of taraxacum&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounces.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>This contains about 10 per cent. of pure alcohol, which is the
+proportion found in Warner’s Cure; in a mixture of which a
+tablespoonful was to be taken five or six—or, according to the
+handbill with it, six to eight—times a day, this proportion of alcohol
+is by no means negligible.</p>
+
+<p>In such a mixture there is no means of determining exactly the amount
+of liquid extract of taraxacum, especially as it is liable to vary
+considerably in colour and in amount of solid residue; this is by far
+the most expensive ingredient in the above formula, and it is probable
+that the amount is here over-estimated. Taking the quantity here given,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>
+the estimated cost of the drugs for one bottle of the mixture is 5¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>VENO’S SEAWEED TONIC.</h3>
+
+<p>The Company in Manchester which advertises Veno’s Seaweed Tonic sells
+it at the price of 1s. 1½d. a bottle, holding 2¾ to 3 fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The label states:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Contains in a pleasant and agreeable form the
+active principles of seaweed. First introduced into the medical
+world by Mr. Veno, and now admitted to be a most efficient and
+valuable medicine. Veno’s seaweed tonic is prepared on an entirely
+new principle, and is free from poisonous or mineral drugs. It cures
+all ailments arising from a diseased condition of the Stomach, Liver,
+Kidneys, and Blood, which, when diseased, cause nearly all sickness.
+Dose.—For an adult, one teaspoonful twice or three times daily.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are taken from a pamphlet enclosed with the
+bottle:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Veno’s Seaweed Tonic is a specific remedy; money
+cannot make it better. If it fails, no other medicine will ever
+succeed; but sufferers must have patience.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Kidney Diseases, Weak Back, Backache or Lumbago,
+Incipient Bright’s Disease. If you suffer from a weak back, with pain,
+soreness, or stiffness; if there is a dragging weakness in the limbs
+and lack of muscular energy; or if your urine is very clear or high
+coloured, showing a sediment of white flakes through it, it indicates
+a weakness or disease of the kidneys. Veno’s Seaweed Tonic should be
+taken for at least two or three months, in teaspoonful doses twice or
+three times daily, after meals.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture contained a small proportion of undissolved sediment,
+which, when collected and examined, agreed in all respects with the
+insoluble portion of leptandrin. Glycerine, a little phosphate,
+alcohol, and a trace of chloroform were present, and vegetable
+extractive. Careful examination of the latter gave evidence of the
+presence of the constituents of cascara sagrada, senna, and rhubarb.
+Such a mixture as this could not, of course, be quantitatively resolved
+into its components, and the proportions given below were arrived at
+by comparisons of the properties of various trial mixtures with the
+properties of the original; no indication was obtained of any substance
+derived from seaweed. The following formula gives a practically
+identical mixture:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Leptandrin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium phosphate, crystals</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">33</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Liquid extract of cascara sagrada</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">45</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Concentrated infusion of rhubarb (1-7)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid dram.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws3">”</span><span class="ws4">”</span>&emsp;&nbsp;senna (1-7)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2½</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid drams.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Chloroform water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounces.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</span>
+The estimated cost of the ingredients is 1½d.</p>
+
+<h3>MUNYON’S KIDNEY CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This is sold by Munyon’s Homœopathic Home Remedy Company from an
+address in London, but is stated to be “Manufactured in U.S. of
+America.” The price is 1s. a bottle, containing 132 pilules.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are: “Four pellets every hour,” which must at least keep
+the patient amused.</p>
+
+<p>The label bears the words:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Cures Bright’s disease, gravel, all urinary troubles,
+and pain in the back or groins from kidney diseases.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are from a circular enclosed with the bottle:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Munyon’s Improved Homœopathic Remedies are
+radically different from those used by the regular school of homœopathy
+or any other system of medicine. We have the true cure for the most
+obstinate as well as the most intricate of diseases. The whole secret
+of Munyon’s Remedies is the science of combining and harmonizing all
+drugs that are known to cure certain diseases, so that by our special
+combinations we cover every phase of the case, no matter what the
+complaint. There is no experimenting, no guesswork, but an absolutely
+fixed law of cure.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Munyon’s Kidney Cure has no equal. It cures pain
+in the back, loins, or groins, from kidney disease, puffy and flabby
+face, dropsy of the feet and limbs, frequent desire to pass water,
+scanty urine, dark-coloured and turbid urine sediment in the urine,
+gravel in the bladder, and too-great a flow of urine.</p>
+
+<p>The pilules were found to vary much in size, the average weight being
+0·6 grain. Analysis showed them to consist of ordinary white sugar; no
+trace could be detected of any alkaloid or other active principle, or
+of any medication. The sugar was determined quantitatively, and found
+to be just 100·0 per cent. of the weight of the pilules.</p>
+
+<p>Estimated cost of contents of bottle, one thirty-fifth of a penny.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER VIII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">DIABETES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Diabetes, being a disease which runs on the whole a steady course
+unaffected by anything but diet, does not afford a promising field for
+the use of drugs; but as drowning men catch at straws, patients who
+have been told that they are incurable are naturally disposed to try
+any remedy that holds out a prospect of cure or relief. Although there
+are a good many proprietary remedies for diabetes, few seem to have a
+large sale, but such as exist are pushed by the usual pretensions set
+forth in advertisements and circulars. Every one must admit that few
+things can be more cruel than to trade upon the hopes and fears of sick
+people or to sell them worthless remedies with the positive assurance
+of cure. Yet this is what is done by the sellers of quack remedies, and
+the Inland Revenue pockets the patent medicine duty without a blush.
+Some account is here given of two much advertised preparations—Vin
+Urané Pesqui and Dill’s Diabetic Mixture. It may be objected that
+Pesqui’s Uranium Wine is not a secret remedy because it is said to
+contain uranium nitrate, pepsin, and “other appropriate elements”
+added to “old Bordeaux wine”; but uranium nitrate is a drug well-known
+to the medical profession, and whatever may be its properties it is
+not a cure for diabetes. There is no trustworthy evidence that it has
+ever cured a single case, and the most that can be honestly said of
+it is that patients have improved in general health while taking it,
+although it has not influenced the amount of sugar. Yet we are told in
+this advertisement that Pesqui’s Uranium Wine “positively cures sugared
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>
+diabetes provided it is resorted to at an early stage and used during a
+sufficient length of time.” Dill’s Diabetic Mixture appears to consist
+mainly of extract of hydrastis, a well-known drug, which amongst
+the many virtues claimed for it has never been shown to possess any
+influence over diabetes; yet the advertisement says that Dill’s
+Diabetic Mixture is the “only known remedy for this deadly disease”!
+There is another triple nostrum for diabetes which, on examination,
+was found to consist of tablets of aspirin, unsweetened lime-juice,
+and a pink powder composed of sodium sulphate flavoured with oil of
+peppermint and tinted with phenolphthalein. These simple remedies were
+solemnly vouched for by the vendors in the following words: “We have
+satisfied ourselves that the treatment is an absolute and permanent
+cure”! Apparently the law cannot reach those who publish deliberately
+untruthful statements with the object of selling their goods. The words
+of the judgment of the Lord Justice Clerk in a case with reference
+to Bile Beans, heard on appeal in the Court of Session at Edinburgh,
+should have aroused the Government to a sense of its duty to provide
+protection to the public. The Lord Justice Clerk exposed in plain
+language the procedure by which the vendors of this nostrum had worked
+up their business and palmed off their medicine on the public, yet the
+number of their advertisements does not appear to have diminished.</p>
+
+<h3>VIN URANÉ PESQUI.</h3>
+
+<p>This medicated wine is made in Bordeaux but is sold in this country
+from a depôt in London. The price charged for a bottle holding 24 fluid
+ounces is 8s.</p>
+
+<p>A small booklet, entitled <i>Diabetes and its Cure by the Vin Urané
+Pesqui</i>, was enclosed with the bottle; a few extracts from this are
+here given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>It has been shown by medical statistics that there are in France
+every year 10,000 deaths or more, due to diabetes through a deficient
+treatment, whilst they could have been cured by taking the Vin Urané
+Pesqui....</p>
+
+<p>Organic sugar enters the blood together with the alimentary sugar,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>
+the former being destroyed by the molecular changes that it undergoes
+for the nutrition of the different organs. If not sufficiently
+destroyed, it is productive of glycohemia, and as it passes into the
+urine it brings forth glycosuria; this pathological state determines,
+in course of time, particularly among persons suffering from obesity,
+some of the following diseases: polydipsy (excessive thirst), oedema
+in the legs, the enfeeblement of the physical and intellectual
+faculties, visionary troubles, amblyopia, cataract or gutta-opaca,
+headaches and anaemia, followed by dryness of the skin, successive
+furuncles, gatherings or boils, eczemas, itching on the skin provoking
+an irresistible desire to scratch one self, anthrax, urinary gravel,
+lumbago, sciatica, albuminuria, polyuria (insipid diabetes, without
+sugar, excessive emission of urine), rheumatism, dropsy, bulimia
+(insatiable appetite) or polyphagia, azoturia (large quantity of urine
+with a heavy percentage of uric acid), then fearful complications;
+pneumonia, prurience, either vulvar or prepucial; diabetic phimosis,
+gangrene in different parts of the body, particularly in the toes, the
+nails of which become black; consumption, etc. Great mental worries are
+also productive of glycosuria....</p>
+
+<p>Pesqui’s Urané Wine positively cures sugared diabetes, provided it
+is resorted to at an early stage and used during a sufficient length of
+time.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the patient has made use of this wine, his thirst is
+allayed almost instantaneously; his strength reappears; all his
+functions are gradually restored; his breathing, which the absence
+of feculents had rendered difficult, becomes easier; he is no longer
+put out of breath, nor does he feel any lassitude; he can now walk
+about without undergoing any fatigue; his look improves and his temper
+assumes a more pleasant character....</p>
+
+<p>The Vin Urané (Uranated Wine) prepared by Mr. Pesqui, of Bordeaux,
+has been qualitatively analysed at the Barral chemistry laboratory. The
+result of this analysis points to this medicine being a compound of old
+Bordeaux wine, in accordance with Bouchardat’s prescriptions, to which
+the following elements have been added: azotate of uranium, pepsine,
+and other appropriate elements.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dose was given on the label as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Three small sherry-glassfuls per day, with or
+without water, 5 minutes before, or immediately after meals, and at
+night before bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis of the wine showed it to contain, in 100 parts by measure</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8·75</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·55</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Total solids</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·92</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Fixed acid, reckoned as tartaric</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·43</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Volatile acid, reckoned as acetic</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·21</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Reducing sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·28</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Cane sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">doubtful trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ash</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·30</td>
+      <td class="tdl">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Uranium, equivalent to crystalline uranium nitrate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·02</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No digestive power whatever on egg-albumen could be detected,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>
+indicating the absence of unchanged pepsin. The amount of uranium found
+corresponds to one-twelfth of a grain of the nitrate in 1 fluid ounce,
+or half a grain in the daily dose, a sherry glass usually holding about
+2 ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The cost of the preparation depends, of course, on the cost of the
+original wine, and is scarcely affected by the added ingredients.</p>
+
+<h3>DILL’S DIABETIC MIXTURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This mixture is sold by a firm in Manchester at the price of 8s. 3d.
+for three bottles (not supplied singly), holding 2 fluid ounces each.</p>
+
+<p>It was advertised in the following terms:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center fs_120"><b><span class="smcap">Diabetes.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>Dill’s Diabetic Mixture is the only known remedy for this deadly
+disease. No dieting necessary. It also cures Yellow Jaundice, Gall
+Stones, Hepatic Asthma, and all Liver Complaints. It is also the very
+best remedy we know for Kidney Diseases.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In a leaflet enclosed in the package it is stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>In Diabetes the Government returns of health show that 100 per
+cent. die of the disease—that is, all of them—66 out of every 100 die
+of Coma, and 34 of Pneumonia, so that in ordinary medicine there is
+no cure. But after 15 years’ experiment I discovered this remedy, by
+means of which hundreds have been restored to health and strength, the
+world and their families. It is the only known remedy for this deadly
+disease....</p>
+
+<p>... all Liver complaints and Kidney complaints are cured by this
+remedy. And it is natural that it should be so, for when we know that
+the Liver is the workshop of the body; that it makes the Blood, and the
+Bile, and the Urine, and the Sugar which the kidneys only filter out, I
+say, when we know this, we may be quite sure that any remedy that cures
+the liver benefits the whole body. The nerves, the flesh, the skin, the
+blood, and tissues; even the special senses such as sight, hearing, and
+smell, with the sense of touch are all improved and benefited by it.</p>
+
+<p>The Remedy, it is needless to say, will have to be persevered with.
+These are deadly diseases and must have time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dose was given on the label as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">One teaspoonful every four hours in a tablespoonful of water.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture contained a considerable amount of sediment, partly of a
+heavy nature and partly very light; this caused some difficulty
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</span> in
+dividing the contents of a bottle without altering the relative
+proportions of the ingredients, and increased the possible error in
+the quantitative results. Alcohol was present to the extent of 35 per
+cent.; the heavier sediment consisted of sodium bicarbonate, which is
+very little soluble in such a liquid; this constituent formed 7·4 per
+cent. of the mixture. Two alkaloids were present in approximately equal
+proportions, the total amounting to 0·25 per cent.; these proved to be
+hydrastine and berberine, and the general nature of the extractive,
+etc., present showed that they had been added in the form of extract,
+fluid extract, or tincture of hydrastis; there is no official standard
+for the alkaloidal strength of these, but, taking the usual proportion,
+the alkaloid found would represent 1·5 per cent. of extract of
+hydrastis. This left a portion of the total solids to be accounted
+for; a small amount of a resin was found which resembled scammony
+resin in its properties, and a larger proportion of a resinoid having
+general resemblance to caulophyllin (obtained from the blue cohosh or
+squaw-root), but the identity of the resin and resinoid could not be
+established owing to the absence of characteristic properties. The
+formula was thus found to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">7·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of hydrastis</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Resin, resinoid, and other extractive&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>On the rather liberal assumption that the whole of the unidentified
+portion costs as much as caulophyllin, the estimated cost of the
+ingredients for 6 fluid ounces is 11d.</p>
+
+<h3>LANCASHIRE NOSTRUM</h3>
+
+<p>A treatment for diabetes was, and perhaps is still advertised by a firm
+of manufacturing chemists in Manchester. In a letter addressed to an
+enquirer the manufacturers wrote:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The treatment was recently discovered by a
+Lancashire doctor who had himself suffered from diabetes for a great
+number of years, and used all the recognized medical treatments without
+effect. His own discovery cured him entirely. The formulas have been
+entrusted to us, and we are manufacturing and offering the preparation
+to the suffering public. We have satisfied ourselves that the treatment
+is an absolute and permanent cure.... We have, therefore, every
+confidence in recommending it to you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>
+These statements are supported by a batch of testimonials which are
+not so strong as is usual in such cases. For example, one is headed in
+black type, “Completely cured a gentleman and his two friends,” and
+runs as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dear Sir,—I received the treatment yesterday. A
+friend of mine, a London gentleman, has told me your treatment and the
+Gluten Bread has (<i>sic</i>) completely cured him and two friends of
+his of sugar diabetes.</p>
+
+<p>The medicines supplied consisted of (1) tablets, of which four were
+to be taken each morning, and (2) a mixture. A month’s supply was
+forwarded for 10s. 6d., from two to four months’ treatment being
+said to be sufficient. A booklet was also sent giving the usual
+directions for a diet free from carbohydrates, and enjoining the use
+of warm clothing, with occasional hot or Turkish baths. The tablets
+(1) contained 5 grains of aspirin; the mixture (2) was composed
+of unsweetened lime-juice containing 6 per cent. of free citric
+acid. A pink powder, described as an aperient, consisted of dried
+sodium sulphate, flavoured with oil of peppermint, and tinted with
+phenolphthalein. These remedies are not new, nor has their use been
+attended with any particular success in the treatment of diabetes. It
+is difficult to see why they should give better results when supplied
+as a nostrum than when ordered in the usual way by medical men, unless
+we attribute something to the suggestive power of bold assertions and
+public advertisement.</p>
+
+<h3>NOTE ON DIABETIC FOODS.</h3>
+
+<p>In the treatment of diabetes it is the rule, in order to diminish the
+amount of sugar passed, to decrease or altogether exclude starchy foods
+from the dietary, and to replace them by various substitutes, of which
+the most important are gluten bread and biscuits. Some of the so-called
+gluten flour and special foods sold as suitable for diabetic patients
+are impositions, inasmuch as they are found to contain either as much
+or nearly as much starch as ordinary flour. In one instance brought
+to notice at the end of 1905, a so-called gluten flour and special
+diabetic foods obtained from Messrs. H. H. Warner and Co., Ltd., who
+are also the vendors of Warner’s Safe Cure, but who in this instance
+acted as agents, it was found that the flour was practically ordinary
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>
+wheaten flour. This is indicated in the following table, in which the
+result of the analysis of the special articles is placed side by side
+with the figures of the official analysis of wheaten flour published by
+the United States Department of Agriculture:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <thead><tr>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb" rowspan="2">&nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="2">Department of<br>&nbsp;Agriculture, U.S.A.&nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="2">The Special<br>Materials.</th>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <th class="tdc bb bl">Spring<br>Wheat.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bb bl">Winter<br>Wheat.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bb bl">&nbsp; Gluten &nbsp;<br>Flour.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bb bl">Special<br>&nbsp;Diabetic&nbsp;<br>Food.</th>
+   </tr></thead>
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">10·4</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">10·5</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">12·65</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">11·06</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Proteid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">12·5</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">11·8</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">10·60</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">12·40</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Fat</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">2·2</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">2·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">—</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">3·00</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Convertible carbohydrates</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">71·2</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">72·0</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">70·30</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">71·06</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Mineral matter</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">1·9</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">0·44</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">1·52</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl bb">Fibre</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl bb">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl bb">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">—</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">—</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+
+<p>It will be seen that the amount of starch and other convertible
+carbohydrates in spring wheat is 71·2, and in the so-called gluten
+flour 70·30.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER IX.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">OBESITY CURES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The claims made for nostrums advertised for the reduction of corpulence
+are, as a rule, rather less extravagant than usual. A reason for this
+is not far to seek; it is important that the consumer of the medicine
+shall be encouraged to persist in its use for a considerable time, and
+statements as to rapid cure might very soon be found to be at variance
+with the facts and would probably only lead to discontinuance of the
+medicine, and therefore defeat the maker’s object. Nevertheless, the
+emphatic and confident statements, backed by testimonials, so important
+a weapon of the nostrum vendor, are by no means abandoned, as some
+of the quotations below will show. The prices named for the various
+articles described refer, as a rule, to the smallest size of package;
+in most cases larger packages, containing sufficient for several weeks’
+or months’ consumption, are supplied at proportionally lower rates, and
+purchasers are urged to obtain these larger packages.</p>
+
+<p>While certain of these preparations present no particular difficulty
+to the analyst, the majority not only contain vegetable preparations
+devoid of well-marked characters, but since the most important of
+these, extract and fluid extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, are not
+prepared according to any official formula, and are naturally therefore
+liable to great variation, it is not possible to arrive with perfect
+certainty at the precise composition of such articles by analysis;
+and when, as in the case of any nostrum, the maker can draw on all
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span>
+unofficial and even non-medicinal substances for his ingredients, it is
+inevitable that some shall remain not certainly identified. It may
+fairly be assumed, however, that such unknown substances, possessing no
+well-defined chemical characters, will not be likely to have much, if
+any, therapeutic importance.</p>
+
+<p>The belief that sucking lemons will make one thin is widespread, and
+gave origin a few years ago to a passing fashion, so that it was
+impossible to go anywhere, in private house or club, without meeting
+some gouty man or too stout lady who asserted that a sure cure and
+preventive for either condition was some drink made with a fresh lemon.
+It was not surprising, therefore, to find that the chief ingredient in
+two of the secret remedies first analysed was citric acid.</p>
+
+<p>Bladderwrack (<i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>) is a common seaweed which
+has earned, it is not quite easy to understand on what grounds, a
+reputation for reducing corpulency. It contains sodium salts in rather
+large quantities, and a small proportion of iodine, much less than many
+other sea-weeds. In Ireland it was once thought to be good for pigs,
+making them fat, and if it has an opposite effect on human beings, that
+effect must be very slight and uncertain.</p>
+
+<p>Still, if people like to pay an absurdly high price for citric acid
+or extract of bladderwrack under other names, it would, perhaps,
+be churlish to object, but the case is rather different with the
+extract or other preparation of the thyroid gland found to be present
+in two of the nostrums most recently analysed. Medical men are not
+infrequently asked by patients for information or for their opinion
+with regard to some substance that has been praised in a family
+newspaper or other easily inspired or corrupted medium to which some
+authority is ascribed, and the detection of thyroid gland in two of the
+preparations analysed justifies a note of warning. The administration
+of thyroid requires to be carefully regulated, and its employment
+in self-medication cannot be regarded as a safe proceeding. Under
+these circumstances it can hardly be necessary to say that postal
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span>
+communication with the vendors of the medicines in question, even when
+accompanied by the patient’s answers to printed questions and
+description of his symptoms, is not only of no value, but may be a
+source of danger by giving a false sense of security.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious indeed to note that one of these secret preparations,
+Marmola, does not appear to be advertised to the public as a
+proprietary article at all, but is named as one ingredient among others
+in a prescription which is recommended in a paragraph apparently
+dictated solely by pity for suffering fat people; the chemist to whom
+the prescription will be taken to be compounded, however, is the
+recipient of advertising matter urging him to lay in a stock of the
+article to be in readiness for the demand. It is to be hoped that no
+chemist would dispense such a “prescription” without making it clear
+to his customer that what is supplied is a proprietary article, about
+the usefulness or innocuousness of which he knows nothing; otherwise
+the customer, who finds it named along with preparations bearing the
+letters “B.P.,” is likely to suppose that it is a known substance,
+and that the dispensing of the prescription by a chemist indicates
+that the mixture is a proper and safe one to take. Two of the other
+preparations described are evidently usually or always supplied to the
+public without the agency of any retailer, the vendor thus securing the
+whole profit, which, it will be seen, is considerable. In both these
+cases the attempt is clearly made to get the customer to pay at once
+for as large a quantity as possible, presumably because he will be less
+likely to do so after giving the medicines a trial. The most alluring
+prospects are, of course, held out in the advertisements, but when the
+customer has been drawn into correspondence, and especially after he
+has begun to send his money, a process of “hedging” begins, as will be
+seen from the extracts quoted from letters sent by the vendors.</p>
+
+<p>Phenolphthalein—a chemical body sold sometimes under the trade names
+purgen, laxoin, laxatol, laxen, etc.—appears as an ingredient in two
+of the nostrums, and formamine (hexamethylene-tetramine)—which goes
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>
+also by many names, urotropine, cystamin, cystogen, metramine, and
+vesalvine among others—in one, the preparation containing the latter
+is said to have been devised as the result of an accident in the
+laboratory, in which a piece of fat became changed into oil without
+the rupture of the fat cells, a statement which suggests that the
+advertiser thinks that fat in the human body is solid like tallow or lard.</p>
+
+<h3>ANTIPON.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation is sold by a Company with offices in London. The
+bottle in which it is sent out holds a little over 6½ fluid ounces
+and costs 2s. 6d. It bears no label, but has the word “Antipon” blown
+in the glass. A circular enclosed with the bottle gives a number of
+rules on the subject of dietary, together with statements as to the
+merits of the article, from which the following extracts are taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>As a really permanent cure for corpulence, combining remarkable
+fat-reducing properties with tonic principles of the highest quality,
+“Antipon” is justly regarded by the most competent authorities as one
+of the most valuable discoveries in modern therapeutics, solving once
+and for all the vexed question of the radical cure of obesity without
+harmful after-effects. “Antipon” absolutely and definitely replaces all
+the weakening and frequently dangerous processes, systems and medicines
+which have hitherto done duty as remedies for the disease of obesity.
+It provides the medical practitioner and the public with a powerful and
+entirely harmless specific not hitherto within their reach.</p>
+
+<p>Within a day and a night of taking the first dose there will be
+a reduction of weight varying from 8 oz. to 3lb., in extreme cases
+even more. The subsequent daily decrease will be persistent until
+normal weight and dimensions are attained, when the doses may be
+discontinued.</p>
+
+<p>Directions for Use.—Take two dessertspoonfuls in half a wineglassful
+of water, immediately after meals.</p>
+
+<p>N.B.—After taking dose, cork the bottle securely.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the liquid to be a solution of citric acid in water,
+of the strength of 39·3 grains in a fluid ounce; a red colouring
+substance was also present, and O·4 per cent. of alcohol, the latter
+being doubtless introduced with the colouring. The red colour could be
+perfectly matched with cochineal, but the behaviour towards alkalies
+and other reagents showed differences; cochineal, with the addition
+of a little methyl orange, however, showed in most respects a similar
+behaviour.</p>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p>
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients for 6½ fluid ounces is 1⅓d.</p>
+
+<h3>RUSSELL’S ANTI-CORPULENT<br> PREPARATION.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation is sold from an address in London and like the
+previous one, was in a bottle bearing no label; the letters “F.C.R.”
+were blown in the glass, and the bottle, which held 12½ fluid ounces
+and cost 6s., was enclosed in a perfectly plain case, with no printed
+matter accompanying it. A pamphlet on the subject of the medicine was
+posted separately to the person ordering it; in this it was explained
+that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Acting upon the many suggestions received,
+principally from ladies, the bottles are packed quite plainly, and
+without the ordinary trade labels usually found upon medicines,
+etc. The box is quite devoid of advertisements or anything whatever
+likely to denote its contents. The servants and others attached to
+the household may therefore be safely entrusted to open the box;
+inquisitiveness, if present, will not be rewarded.</p>
+
+<p>In this pamphlet very detailed directions were also given for taking
+the medicine, and for diet and exercise. It was stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In a very short space of time, say twenty-four
+hours, a considerable quantity of the most unhealthy fat will have been
+removed from that part of the system most in need of relief from the
+adipose matter oppressing it (the quantity varies from 8 oz. to 2 lb.,
+or even more).</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The dose is one tablespoonful in a
+half-wineglassful of water, within, say, ten minutes after each
+meal.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the liquid to consist of a solution of citric acid in
+water, containing 37 grains in a fluid ounce. The orange colour was
+found to be due to iron, which was present to the extent of 0·012 per
+cent.; and 0·4 per cent. of alcohol was also found. Addition of this
+proportion of iron in the form of the ammonio-citrate was found to give
+a practically identical colour, and the formula is approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Citric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">37</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Iron and ammonium citrate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">¼</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rectified spirit</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">To 1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 12½ fluid ounces is 2·1d.</p>
+
+<h3>ABSORBIT REDUCING PASTE AND<br> J. Z. OBESITY TABLETS.</h3>
+
+<p>These two preparations are sold by a “Hygienic Skin Specialist.” The
+paste, or, perhaps, both preparations, appear to be also known under
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>
+the name of “Zobeide,” as the paste was supplied in response to an order
+for “Zobeida,” and the jar bore a label giving a so-called “analysis”
+(which it is needless to say was no analysis) beginning, “We have
+carefully examined the Zobeide Tissue Absorbers and Paste.” The price
+of the paste was 3s. 6d., and the jar contained just over 2 ounces. The
+directions on the label were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Rub in a circular direction, at night, where
+needed, for five minutes or more; firm, even movements, and only use as
+much as the skin will absorb.</p>
+
+<p>The paste was a pink ointment, containing 93 per cent. of a fatty
+basis, 4·8 per cent. of a substance which agreed in its characters with
+dried bile, and was evidently ordinary “purified ox-bile,” and a little
+carmine, the remainder being moisture. Further examination of the fatty
+basis showed a considerable proportion of beeswax, and the analytical
+results obtained agreed with a mixture of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">23</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lard</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">46</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rapeseed (colza) oil&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>It is not possible, however, to assign an exact formula to a mixture
+of fatty substances like this. The composition of the paste was
+approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Purified ox-bile</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">22</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lard</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">44</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Carmine</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp" colspan="2">q.s.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">A trace of perfume was also present.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients (2 ounces) is 3d.</p>
+
+<p>The tablets are sold in boxes, containing 25, price, 2s.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Two at night dissolved in the mouth as an ordinary lozenge.</p>
+
+<p>The tablets were flat oval lozenges weighing 19 grains each. Analysis
+showed their composition to be as follows:—</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sulphur</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">24</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ginger, about&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">61</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acacia gum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Moisture</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</span>
+The estimated cost of the ingredients for 25 lozenges is ½d.</p>
+
+<h3>XL REDUCING PILLS AND<br> REDUCING LOTION.</h3>
+
+<p>Hughes &amp; Hughes’s XL Reducing Pills and Ointment are advertised from
+an address in a seaside town. The pills are sold in boxes containing
+28, price 2s. 9d. a box. The preparation was described, in a circular
+enclosed with the box, as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A remedy at once safe, speedy, and efficacious,
+and of marked value from the health point of view, as it combats the
+special ills to which the corpulent have a liability. It is very easy
+to take, the pills being tasteless, and does not necessarily oblige any
+special course of diet.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">2 pills, twice a day, after principal meals.</p>
+
+<p>The pills were coated with French chalk, and coloured pink on the
+outside. After removal of the coating they had an average weight of 3
+grains. Analysis showed them to contain a vegetable extract, powdered
+ginger, powdered liquorice, iron, potassium, phosphate, and iodide; in
+addition to the mineral constituents just named, the ash showed all
+the constituents of the ash of extract of bladderwrack; various other
+tests applied to the pills indicated this extract to be present, and
+failed to show any other ingredients. The quantities of the respective
+substances were determined as accurately as possible, and the formula
+found to be approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·15</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp; grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Iron phosphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·35</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered ginger</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">liquorice</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·2</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 28 pills is 1¼d.</p>
+
+<p>The Reducing Lotion for external use only with the XL reducing Pills is
+sold at 4s. 6d. a bottle, containing 2¼ fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Directions for Use.—To a little of the lotion add
+three or four times the amount of water (to a spoonful, three or four
+spoonfuls of water). The lotion is in a highly concentrated form, and
+equals a bottle four times the size. The lotion should be applied night
+and morning, gently, without rubbing, by means of the hand, or a piece
+of rag, to the part desired. Any part that is abnormally enlarged can
+be so treated, except the face, to which it should not be applied. The
+XL lotion will not irritate the most delicate skin, but it should not
+be used when there is any scratch or abrasion.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the presence of chloride, bromide, and iodide of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>
+potassium, glycerine, and a small quantity of a resinous substance in
+combination with alkali. The amount of the last constituent was very
+small, the resinous substance only amounting to 0·08 per cent.; it
+was somewhat bitter, with little colour, and showed no characteristic
+reactions or properties by which it could be identified. The
+proportions of the other ingredients were found to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr">9·7</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">bromide</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr">13·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">chloride</span></td>
+      <td class="tdr">6·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdl">105</td>
+      <td class="tdl">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">To 1</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients (2¼ fluid ounces) is about ¾d.</p>
+
+<h3>TRILENE TABLETS.</h3>
+
+<p>These tablets are advertised from an address in London, in boxes
+price 2s. 6d., containing 66 tablets.</p>
+
+<p>Enclosed with the package was a little book containing testimonials,
+directions, etc., and also a small circular giving instructions as to
+diet, with the addition:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We desire to say that such precautions are not
+indispensable by any means, but we formulate the above for the guidance
+of those in whom any peculiarity of Constitution may render such care
+salutary, and to promote rapidity of cure.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Three of the tablets three times a day 10 minutes
+before meals, either dissolved on the tongue or taken as pills. (<i>No
+change of diet being essential.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>It was also added:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The present supply lasts one week, in which
+time the weight begins to lessen, but a marked change in appearance
+naturally occupies <i>several weeks</i> to effect.</p>
+
+<p>Two separate packages of the tablets were obtained for analysis at an
+interval of several weeks; in the first supply the tablets were of a
+dirty white colour and contained no dye, but in the second they were
+bright yellow, and contained a yellow dye, which appeared to be one
+of the coal-tar colours; the other ingredients were the same as those
+found on the first occasion. The average weight of one tablet was 0·9
+grain, and they were found to contain 87 per cent. of sugar, 2·4 per
+cent. of moisture, and O·5 per cent. of ash; about three-quarters of
+the remainder was starch, principally potato starch, but with a little
+maize. The residual 2 or 3 per cent. was a gelatinous substance which
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span>
+showed no marked reactions or characters, and exhibited only traces of
+cell tissue when examined microscopically. Analysis of the ash showed
+it to contain sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium chloride,
+sulphate, and phosphate; these are the constant constituents of the
+ash of extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>; an aqueous extract of the
+tablets contained a small quantity of mucilage similar to that yielded
+by the same drug. By taking some <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i> in the wet
+state, pounding it to a pulp and boiling it, a material was obtained
+agreeing with the gelatinous substance from the tablets, and there
+appeared no ground for doubting the identity of the two. Careful search
+was made for alkaloids and other substances in small quantity, but
+without any being found. The formula thus became:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, in pulp&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">3</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">per cent.</td>
+      <td class="tdl_top" rowspan="5">&nbsp; (dry weight).</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr">7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr">87</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr">3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Yellow dye</td>
+      <td class="tdr">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients (66 tablets) is one-fortieth of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>HARGREAVE’S REDUCING WAFERS.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation is supplied from an address in London in boxes price
+1s. 1½d., containing 21.</p>
+
+<p>The following extracts are taken from a circular enclosed with the box;
+the circular contained also a number of testimonials, with directions, etc.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Purely vegetable. Contain nothing harmful. Can be taken at any time
+with perfect safety. Dose: Three wafers daily. One after Breakfast,
+Dinner and Supper. If Supper is not taken, one after Tea instead.
+May be dissolved on the tongue or taken as pills. No change in diet
+necessary.</p>
+
+<p>The supply sent herewith lasts one week, in which time the Fat
+commences to get less. In most cases, however, to complete a cure takes
+about seven weeks, therefore clients should now send for the further
+six weeks’ treatment.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The “wafers” were really compressed tablets of the ordinary shape,
+coated with French chalk, and coloured pink externally with eosin.
+After removing the coating the average weight of the tablets was 2·4
+grains; they consisted of substances of “extract” nature, with about
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>
+10 per cent. of powdered liquorice. Analysis of the ash showed all the
+constituents of the ash of extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>
+(bladderwrack), and other tests indicated that this extract formed
+about one-half of the tablet; the other constituent (or constituents)
+also of “extract” nature, showed no reactions or properties by which it
+could be identified, and it was probably present merely as excipient.</p>
+
+<h3>ALLAN’S ANTI-FAT.</h3>
+
+<p>This substance is supplied by an American “Botanic Medicine Company”
+from a London office, in bottles containing 6½ fluid ounces, price 6s.
+6d.</p>
+
+<p>On the wrapper appeared the words:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">Purely vegetable. Perfectly harmless. Always efficacious.</p>
+
+<p>We call special attention to the efficacy of our Anti-Fat in the
+cure of that distressing complaint—indigestion or dyspepsia. It acts
+solely upon the food in the stomach, regulating and putting the liver
+and discharging organs in good working order.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A circular was enclosed with the bottle, entitled, “How to get lean
+without starvation,” from which the following extracts are taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>A very extensive observation has convinced us, since our first
+circular treatise was issued, that in the majority of cases the
+Anti-Fat must be taken for from two to three, and, in rare cases, even
+four weeks before the patient will begin to notice much reduction of
+flesh, after which the loss goes on rapidly—generally from three to
+five pounds a week. In some cases the diminution in weight commences
+from the first two or three days’ use of it.</p>
+
+<p>The treatment of obesity has hitherto rested on no sure basis.</p>
+
+<p>Through the study of physiological chemistry, a <i>specific</i> has
+at length been discovered, which, from the name of the discoverer, has
+been called Allan’s Anti-Fat.</p>
+
+<p>Directions: Take two teaspoonfuls of the Anti-Fat in a wineglass
+full of water or sweet milk before each meal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A small slip was also enclosed headed “<b><span class="smcap">Caution!!</span></b>”
+which stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The color, as well as the flavor, of the Anti-Fat,
+varies somewhat with age and exposure to light,
+but neither in the least impairs its virtues. The
+temperature of the weather at the time of the
+manufacture of this remedy has also much to do with its
+clearness, or transparency, but does not affect its
+properties.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the presence of alcohol, glycerine, potassium iodide,
+salicylic acid, and a vegetable extract which from its properties and
+the analysis of the ash was evidently a purified extract of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span>
+<i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>. The proportion of the latter drug
+represented could not, of course, be determined with certainty for
+the reasons already given, but the amounts of the other ingredients
+were ascertained by analysis, and the formula was approximately as
+follows:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Salicylic acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">40</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">minims.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Fluid extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">70</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr">To 1&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients (6½ fluid ounces) is 3d.</p>
+
+<h3>MARMOLA.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation is supplied by another American Company, which also
+has a depôt in London. It is sold in packages, containing ½ ounce,
+price 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>This preparation, which has been largely advertised in daily and
+weekly newspapers, is not represented as a proprietary article, but
+is mentioned as one ingredient of a prescription to be made up at a
+chemist’s. The following advertisement is a sample:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f120">Is Fatness a Social Offence?</p>
+
+<p>“The female form, being capable of expressing a supreme degree of
+grace, should be an inspiration in our daily lives and lead up to
+higher ideals of beauty,” said an art lecturer lately. Therefore the
+fat woman is an enemy to the artistic uplift, for she is entirely too
+heavy for any wings of fancy to raise.</p>
+
+<p>Why should any woman remain fat when it is so easy to reduce
+one’s flesh? A woman may take but little exercise and enjoy the best
+of food, and still preserve a beautiful figure. She has at hand a
+simple fat-reducer that takes the place of starving and gymnastics.
+It consists of a dessertspoonful after meals and at bedtime of this
+simple mixture: One half-ounce of Marmola, one ounce of fluid extract
+of Glycyrrhiza B.P., one ounce of pure Glycerine B.P., and Peppermint
+Water to make six ounces in all. Every over-fat person should try it.
+It’s quite harmless, and will take off as much as a pound of fat a day.
+With a chemist’s handy, anyone can have a good figure at a reasonable cost.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A dessertspoonful of the mixture prescribed would contain about 9 or 10
+grains of Marmola. The prescription and directions were reproduced on
+the label of the package, and it was added:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">If faithfully taken as directed for 60 or 90 days,
+satisfactory results should be obtained.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">which is a decidedly milder statement than that in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>
+advertisement that it “will take off as much as a pound of fat a day.”</p>
+
+<p>The box contained a light brown powder, and analysis showed the
+presence of (1) a large proportion of a powdered seaweed, agreeing
+well in characters with the powder of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, its
+identity being further indicated by the composition of the ash; (2)
+a substance of proteid nature, agreeing well in characters with the
+powder of dried thyroid gland, its identity being further indicated by
+the presence of iodine in organic combination; (3) phenolphthalein; (4)
+sodium chloride (common salt); and (5) extractive. The last showed no
+well-marked characters by which it could be identified, and differed
+both in quantity and some minor properties from the extracts obtained
+from a specimen of powdered fucus which was used for comparison. This
+difference might quite well be due to differences in the drug or in
+the treatment it had received, or the extract may represent some other
+ingredient possessed of no distinctive characters; a trace of oil of
+peppermint was also present.</p>
+
+<p>Although it was easy to ascertain the nature of the ingredients the
+determination of the proportions in which they were present in such a
+mixture offered no little difficulty. It is not necessary to detail
+here the methods employed, but it will suffice to say that while every
+care was taken to make the results as accurate as possible, they cannot
+in the nature of the case be more than approximate. The formula arrived
+at was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdr" colspan="5">In one Dose.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Dried thyroid gland</td>
+      <td class="tdr">14</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">per cent.</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;&emsp;1·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenolphthalein</td>
+      <td class="tdr">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium chloride</td>
+      <td class="tdr">7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">50</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">5·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2">Extractive</td>
+      <td class="tdr">25</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">2·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of peppermint</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">trace</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">trace.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Taking the “extractive” at the price of some of the commoner medicinal
+extracts, the estimated cost of the ingredients for half an ounce is
+about 4d.</p>
+
+<h3>FIGUROIDS.</h3>
+
+<p>The tablets sold under the name of Figuroids are or were recently
+supplied by a London Company, price 2s. 9d. per bottle, containing 12
+large and 12 small tablets.</p>
+
+<p>They were described in a pamphlet enclosed in the package as</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A Scientific Obesity Cure discovered through an
+accident while making Scientific Investigations in the Laboratory.</p>
+
+<p>Other extracts from the pamphlet are as follows:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>In looking through quantities of anti-fat literature one finds all
+kinds of crude, ignorant explanations, such as, for example, that the
+remedy absorbs the fat. Now, a sponge absorbs water, or any dry thing
+will absorb a liquid, but common sense will tell you that a liquid
+taken into the body will not absorb fat; you can clearly understand
+that point without further explanation. Another remedy, it is claimed,
+simply destroys the fat. This explanation is, as you can see, equally
+preposterous. In Nature nothing is destroyed. When a piece of coal is
+burned it is not destroyed, it is only changed into gases and smoke,
+and fat is not destroyed by any remedy.</p>
+
+<p>Now here is the true and scientific explanation. When Figuroids are
+taken, and the fat passes out of those cells into the circulation,
+it is oxidized. This produces chiefly water and carbonic acid gas.
+This oxidation takes place while it is being carried along in the
+circulating blood. This carbonic acid gas and water vapour are
+eliminated from the system as already explained.</p>
+
+<p>When you take Figuroids, therefore, your extra fat simply passes
+from the adipose cells through their unbroken walls into the blood,
+and is there changed to water and Carbon Dioxide, and thus leaves the
+body.</p>
+
+<p>This is the scientific, simple, natural explanation, and Figuroids
+is the only remedy which has the effect....</p>
+
+<p>If then you are exceedingly stout and suffering from all the
+unpleasant symptoms resulting from that condition, if you find your
+weight excessive, if you suffer from heart palpitation, if you have
+redness of the face with annoying perspiration and shiny appearance of
+the nose and face, if the throat and bosom are altogether too stout,
+and if the lines of the figure have been lost, or if the abdomen
+has become too prominent, if Gout and Rheumatism make themselves
+manifest occasionally, and all the disagreeable and often dangerous
+symptoms of Obesity are apparent, you will know that in Figuroids you
+have a perfectly safe remedy, while if you suffer but slightly from
+Obesity and all the symptoms are less marked, you will also know that
+Figuroids furnish you with an effective, agreeable, and perfectly Safe
+cure....</p>
+
+<p>When taking Figuroids it is not necessary to unduly restrict
+yourself in the matter of diet. You may eat and drink what you desire
+in reason. It would of course, be foolish to drink or eat excessively
+of fat or fattening foods.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In another enclosed circular the Company stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">They have decided to originate a No Cure No
+Payment system, and will refund the purchase money to any patient
+whose weight is not reduced by from two to six pounds per month whilst
+taking Figuroids.... This offer to refund purchase money is made on the
+understanding that the Figuroid Company’s instructions are faithfully
+observed and the conditions of their offer complied with.</p>
+
+<p>The directions on the label were as follows:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Each bottle contains an equal number of full doses (large tablet)
+and half doses (small tablet).</p>
+
+<p>Take regularly one full dose (large tablet) dissolved in plain or
+soda water within 30 minutes after each of the first three meals on
+the first day. Next day take one half dose (small tablet) dissolved in
+plain or soda water within 30 minutes after each of the three meals.
+Third day take full doses again; and so continue alternating.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Although it is here clearly conveyed, without directly making the
+statement, that the large and small tablets only differ in being full
+doses and half doses respectively, examination showed their composition
+to be different, and it was necessary to analyse them separately.</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b><i>Large Tablets.</i></b></p>
+
+<p>The large tablets had an average weight of 58 grains; analysis showed
+them to contain an effervescing mixture of sodium bicarbonate and
+tartaric acid, in which the former was in excess, so that the resulting
+product was alkaline, together with sodium chloride (common salt),
+phenolphthalein, formamine (hexamethylene-tetramine), talc, and gum.
+The quantity of each of the ingredients was determined as accurately
+as possible, with the results given below; it will be noted that these
+quantities add up to 101·4 instead of 100, the reason being that the
+whole of the soda is for convenience represented as bicarbonate,
+whereas a portion of it had become converted to carbonate by loss of
+carbon dioxide.</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdr" colspan="5">In One Tablet.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">62·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">per cent.</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;&emsp;38·9</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tartaric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr">22·6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">13·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium chloride</td>
+      <td class="tdr">6·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">3·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenolphthalein</td>
+      <td class="tdr">2·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">1·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Formamine</td>
+      <td class="tdr">3·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">2·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Talc</td>
+      <td class="tdr">2·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gum about</td>
+      <td class="tdr">2·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Hexamethylene-tetramine or formamine, is perhaps better known by its
+trade names—urotropine, cystamin, urisol, etc.; it does not appear to
+have been described as of value for obesity.</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b><i>Small Tablets.</i></b></p>
+
+<p>The small tablets had an average weight of 34·3 grains. Analysis showed
+them to contain sodium bicarbonate and tartaric acid, but in this case
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</span>
+the latter was in excess and the product acid; the other ingredients
+were sodium chloride, phenolphthalein, and talc. The results of
+quantitative determinations indicated the following formula (more
+carbon dioxide had been lost in this case; the figures add up to 108·5,
+the reason being that given above):</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdr" colspan="5">In one Tablet.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">34·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">per cent.&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">11·9</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tartaric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr">46·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">15·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium chloride</td>
+      <td class="tdr">22·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">7·6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenolphthalein</td>
+      <td class="tdr">1·6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp; grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Talc</td>
+      <td class="tdr">3·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdr">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of the contents of a 2s. 9d.
+bottle is 1¾d.</p>
+
+<h3>FELL REDUCING TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>In pushing this “treatment,” advertised by an Association giving an
+address in London, the system of letters in series is resorted to, but
+a small package, containing 112 tablets, can be purchased for 6s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>An advertisement ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f120"><b><span class="smcap">Fat People given Free Treatment.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>We have such marvellous records of reductions effected in hundreds
+of cases with the Fell Reducing Treatment, that we have decided, for a
+limited period only, to give free trial treatments.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">7 lb. per Week Reduction is Guaranteed</span>,
+without dieting. Perfectly harmless, pleasant; easy and quick results.
+Send no money. Simply address the Fell Formula Association, 340,
+Century House, 205, Regent Street, London, W., enclosing stamp to
+pay postage, when a free supply in plain wrapper will be immediately
+forwarded.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A free supply was sent on application, accompanied by a letter and
+sundry circulars; other letters followed at intervals, and extracts
+from some of these will be given. They were printed in imitation of
+typewriting, with the name and address typed in, so as to give the
+appearance of being personal letters. It will be noted that when a
+customer has been attracted by the advertisement that “7 lb. per week
+reduction is guaranteed, without dieting,” very much smaller claims are
+gradually substituted.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="no-indent">Esteemed Friend,</p>
+
+<p>Your favour of recent date has received our careful attention,
+and we take pleasure in sending you a three days’ trial of the Fell
+Reducing Treatment. Before taking it, weigh yourself, and then again in
+three days, on the same scales and in the same clothes, you will find
+you have lost some 3 lb. in weight.</p>
+
+<p>An abnormal condition like corpulency requires that the antidote
+directly reaches the seat of the complaint, and by these Reducers the
+blood will be purified, and all the organs of the body restored to
+natural healthy action, while the germs of the disease will be entirely
+eradicated from the system, so that the superfluous fat, which will be
+removed will not return....</p>
+
+<p>At the present stage of the disease in your case, we can positively
+assure you that under our treatment a marked improvement will begin
+at once, and continue steadily until a complete reduction in weight,
+with all the benefits to general health, is effected. Unlike most other
+methods of treatment, the action begins immediately and the sufferer
+feels better almost from the beginning, and it is with confidence
+that we advise you to begin a course of treatment with our Reducing
+Preparation at once.</p>
+
+<p>Our regular terms and prices are 26s. for a case containing three
+11s. boxes, whereby a saving of 7s. is effected.</p>
+
+<p>If you take up the treatment in this manner you can be sure of
+having sufficient of the Tablets to take you through to a quick
+reduction. Single boxes of Tablets, however, are supplied at 11s. and
+smaller sizes at 6s. 6d. The 6s. 6d. box covers a ten days’ treatment,
+while the 11s. boxes contain three times the quantity of the 6s. 6d.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter was not answered, but before long another was received
+which contained the following passages:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>In sending you the sample of the “Fell” Preparation, we did so more
+to show the thorough nature of our treatment than from the expectation
+that material benefit would be realized from same. As you require to
+bring about a certain reduction you must necessarily undergo a certain
+course of treatment. A pound a day reduction results in many cases, and
+there is every reason to expect that such reduction can be effected in
+yours. A serious affliction such as obesity is not to be removed by any
+temporary remedy or with a few days’ treatment....</p>
+
+<p>Remember, a 26s. case contains sufficient treatment to reduce
+materially the most stubborn and long standing case, while an 11s. box
+contains three times the quantity of the 6s. 6d. box....</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A supply was sent for and was accompanied by the following letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="no-indent">Dear Sir,</p>
+
+<p>I have despatched to you the Tablets together with directions and
+instructions. I ask you to carefully observe same, and am confident if
+you do so, you will very soon see most beneficial results....</p>
+
+<p>I am confident that you will be highly delighted with the splendid
+effects of the Tablets at the end of a few weeks if you follow
+carefully my instructions and are prompt and regular in taking the
+Tablets. I am sending you herewith printed instructions and rules for
+diet. You will note that our suggestion as to what you should eat, if
+strictly followed, will not work any hardship, and that you will never
+go hungry....</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</span>
+This letter, signed “________ ‘Adviser, Fell Formula Association,’”
+was accompanied by a printed circular giving rules as to diet, etc.,
+and by a “symptom blank,” to be filled up by the patient in order to
+obtain particulars of “the Fell System of Simple Muscular Movements
+for Reducing the Weight and Increasing the Strength, in combination
+with the ‘Fell’ Reducing Treatment”; it appears from the latter that
+particulars of these exercises are only supplied when the 26s. case is
+sent for.</p>
+
+<p>A fourth letter dealt with generalities and recommended taking the
+reducing treatment in increased quantities, but after an interval a
+fifth was received, enclosing a booklet advocating the use of “the
+Century Thermal Bath Cabinet,” from which the following are extracts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>... We have strongly recommended the Home Turkish Bath that it may
+be used at least once a week as an adjunct to the Reducing Treatment;
+hence our affiliation to the “Century Thermal” Bath Cabinet, Ltd.,
+whose home cabinet is built on such lines as to render it the best
+device extant for taking Hot Air or Vapour Baths.</p>
+
+<p>... in any event, it were better to spend the required amount, for
+were the cost as much as £10 in all (it has but rarely exceeded that)
+the expense is out of all proportion to the ultimate benefit.</p>
+
+<p>... with the Fell treatment no case of obesity, in either sex, can
+fail to be reduced if assisted with the regular use of the Hot Air
+Bath.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Booklets entitled <i>Corpulence or Obesity. Its causes, results, and
+successful treatment: The Treatment of Obesity by the “Fell” Reducing
+Treatment</i>: and <i>Make Muscle of your Fat</i>, were also sent at
+different times. The following extracts from two of these scarcely
+appear consistent:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center spa1"><b><span style="margin-left: 9.5em;">A Guarantee to Reduce Weight.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>It is not our purpose to indulge in empty talk only, or in
+unconsequential boasts. We are prepared to, and do, give a positive
+guarantee that the Fell Treatment, used in conjunction with the
+Muscular System, will reduce the fat of any person—provided our
+instructions are adhered to—in the space of a very few weeks.</p>
+
+<p class="center spa1"><b><span style="margin-left: 12em;">Do We Guarantee?</span></b></p>
+
+<p>We are frequently asked this question personally and by letter, and
+reply emphatically—No, we do not. To say Yes—would be illogical and
+certainly demoralising.</p>
+
+<p>A guarantee that any medical remedy or curative will absolutely
+effect its stated purpose is misleading, deceptive, delusive, and is
+a trap to ensnare, not intelligent individuals, but the unwary, the
+unsophisticated, and those utterly unable to discriminate as to the
+merits or demerits of any so-called specific.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The dose was stated to be:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Nine tablets daily. Three taken three times a day
+before meals. They may be taken as pills or dissolved
+on the tongue.</p>
+
+<p>The tablets had an average weight of 1 grain. Analysis showed them to
+contain 90·8 per cent. of milk sugar, 2·4 per cent. of greasy matter,
+which appeared to be a mixture of stearic acid and paraffin, evidently
+employed as a lubricant in making the tablets, and 6·8 per cent. of an
+extract which agreed well in its characters with extract of <i>Fucus
+vesiculosus</i>; its identity was further indicated by analysis of the
+ash. Each tablet would thus contain:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of bladderwrack&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·07</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Milk sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·91</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 112 tablets is ¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>NELSON LLOYD SAFE<br> REDUCING TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>In this instance the bait of free trial for a fortnight is held out in
+the advertisements issued from an address in London; the following
+are extracts from one advertisement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>I myself am a member of a family many of whom died prematurely
+after much mental and physical suffering, arising from corpulence.
+While studying medicine for my degree, I saw the signs of the family
+complaint in myself. I naturally sought to avert what I for some time
+feared as being my hereditary fate. It was when I had almost given up
+hope that I discovered a cure for my condition, which all the time grew
+worse, in spite of my hopeful trials of all advertised and unadvertised
+remedies for stoutness. I at last gave up expecting a cure from other
+people. I experimented with my own thought-out remedies, and, happily,
+at last my perseverance—or, rather, my desperation—succeeded....</p>
+
+<p>The result of several years’ study and experience has only served to
+make my treatment more and more successful....</p>
+
+<p>I specially invite those who have tried other remedies for reducing
+weight without success to write me for:</p>
+
+<p>I. A copy of my book, “The Scientific Treatment of Obesity” (just
+published, price 6d.), thoroughly deals with the subject in a popular,
+readable style....</p>
+
+<p>II. Two photos of the lady referred to above, with her letter giving
+full particulars of her cure.</p>
+
+<p>III. Everything required for a complete fourteen days’ free trial
+treatment.</p>
+
+<p>I make no charge for all the above, but ask you to enclose sixpence
+(by postal order), just to cover the expenses of carriage, packing, and
+dispatch of parcel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</span>
+Application for the “Treatment” brought a box containing 42 tablets, a
+copy of the booklet mentioned above, and a letter and form for
+particulars. A few extracts will suffice to show what was claimed and
+the methods adopted.</p>
+
+<p>From the booklet:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Different cases vary so much that the same treatment is never
+exactly suited to any two cases. Moreover, the treatment has to be
+modified as the patient progresses, the condition of the individual
+being periodically allowed for.... I wish to make it perfectly
+clear that not only do I offer every client the full benefit of
+practically a life-study of the whole subject of corpulence, but that I
+<i>guarantee</i> to effect a cure of every case I take up.</p>
+
+<p>There are no “ifs” and “buts” about my promises to my patients. I
+undertake to reduce corpulence by rational individual treatment in each
+and every case entrusted to me, and I undertake to promise (<i>sic</i>)
+that my treatment is in no way weakening, that it is permanent, and
+also that it has absolutely no ill effects.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>From the first letter:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>One of the Tablets should be taken after each of the three chief
+meals of the day for the next fortnight. I suggest that if convenient
+you weigh yourself before beginning the course, and again in fourteen
+days’ time, with the same scales and in the same clothes. You will find
+you have lost weight, while improving in your general condition.... My
+course of Treatment lasts a month except in unusual cases. The tablets
+I have sent you for the first fortnight will at once put a stop to the
+fat-forming habit of the body; these tablets are taken during the first
+fortnight in all cases, and while excellent results follow even in this
+brief period, they need to be followed up from the fifteenth day by
+additional and different remedies, adapted to each individual case.</p>
+
+<p>In order to prepare this part of your Treatment I shall need to have
+before me full particulars of your case, which you can easily give me
+by filling up the Consultation Form enclosed herewith....</p>
+
+<p>My fee for a month’s course of Treatment is one guinea, but you will
+see that I have given you credit for the first fortnight’s Treatment
+sent you herewith, because this is free in accordance with my offer
+through the Press. This means that by sending at once you can have one
+month’s complete treatment for half cost. To secure this concession you
+must, however, send me the Consultation Form filled up, and remittance
+for 10s. 6d. in time to continue your Treatment on the fifteenth day,
+and I must have at least three clear days in which to consider your
+case and prepare and post your Treatment to reach you in time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The “Consultation Form” contained questions as to age, height, weight,
+chest and abdomen measurements, details of bodily condition, habits,
+and diet; this was filled up so as to represent an ordinary case of
+moderate obesity, and returned with 10s. 6d. In the next letter it was stated:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>I am preparing your second fortnight’s treatment, and it will
+be forwarded in due course, but I feel I should like to take this
+opportunity of pointing out to you that there are special features
+about your case which, while not preventing the accomplishment of the
+improvement you desire, will, however, entail a little longer course of
+treatment than one month.</p>
+
+<p>In my opinion your case requires a two months’ course of my
+treatment, at the end of which time the results will be all that you
+can desire. I thought it only right you should know this, and I would
+like you to tell me if you will take the full course my experience
+leads me to advise you.</p>
+
+<p>My fee for the two months’ course is two guineas, but you have
+already standing to your credit the sum of one guinea, being one
+half-guinea allowed for first fortnight’s free trial, and the other
+half-guinea you have just sent me.</p>
+
+<p>I should like you to take the full course my experience tells me is
+necessary for you, and if you now send me the one guinea balance, I
+will at once arrange for the supply of all the necessary remedies to
+you at the proper intervals.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The second fortnight’s treatment consisted of “special tablets” and a
+liquid; these were accompanied by a further letter, a diet table, and a
+report form, to be filled in and returned after 10 days.</p>
+
+<p>The three kinds of medicine were examined with results as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>The preliminary tablets.</i>—There were 42 in the box, and the
+directions were to take one three times a day after meals.</p>
+
+<p>They were sugar-coated and coloured red externally; after removal of
+the coating, they had an average weight of 4·7 grains. Analysis showed
+them to consist principally of substances of extract nature, together
+with an amount of liquorice fibre representing about 20 per cent. of
+powdered liquorice; iodine was present in organic combination, and
+a nitrogenous substance; the amount of nitrogen was 0·51 per cent.,
+representing 3·2 per cent. of proteid; no tissue of thyroid gland
+was present, and the nitrogenous material was probably contained in
+an extract of this substance. The remainder possessed the general
+characters of extract of <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>, and its identity was
+also indicated by analysis of the ash; some gum was also present, and
+some indication was obtained of another substance also, which, however,
+possessed no important characters, and was probably also of the nature
+of excipient. The formula indicated by the results was thus:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of bladderwrack&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Proteid of thyroid gland</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·15</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Excipient and moisture, etc.&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one tablet.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>The “special” tablets.</i>—There were 33 of these in a box; the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>
+directions were to take one after the mid-day and one after the evening
+meal. They were sugar-coated but not coloured. After removal of the
+coating, they had an average weight of 4·6 grains. Analysis showed
+their composition to agree qualitatively with that of the preliminary
+tablets, but the nitrogenous material and the liquorice were present
+in somewhat larger amounts. The following formula was indicated by the
+results:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of bladderwrack&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Proteid of thyroid gland</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·19</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr">1·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Excipient and moisture, etc.&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one tablet.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><i>The liquid.</i>—Two fluid ounces were supplied, the directions
+being to take 30 drops in a wineglassful of cold water the last thing
+at night before retiring and on rising in the morning. Analysis showed
+this to contain alcohol, glycerine, nitrogenous matter, a little iodine
+in organic combination, and substances of extract nature; the character
+of the extract and the composition of the ash again pointed to its
+being derived from <i>Fucus vesiculosus</i>; the amount of nitrogen was
+determined and the equivalent amount of proteid matter calculated; the
+alcohol and glycerine were also determined quantitatively: the amount
+of extract of bladderwrack could only be arrived at by difference,
+supported by the probability that the alcohol was all, or nearly all,
+added in the form of the fluid extract of this drug, and the figure can
+therefore only be given with reservation; there were also indications
+of some small amount of flavouring and colouring matter having been
+added. The approximate formula appeared to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Proteid of thyroid gland</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Liquid extract of bladderwrack&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">32</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In 100 fluid parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The amount of thyroid actually represented by the nitrogenous
+matter found in these three preparations was too uncertain for an
+estimate of the cost price to be of value.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</span></p>
+
+<h3>CORPULIN, AND DALLOFF’S<br> TEA “CONTRE L’OBESITÉ”<br> GRAZIANA ZEHRKUR.</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Of the German preparations examined by Dr. Zernik two contain
+bladderwrack. One called Corpulin contains also tamarind and cascara
+sagrada. The other, Dalloff’s Tea “Contre l’Obesité,” as to which
+the advertisers assert that “regular use leads to the removal of
+superfluous adipose tissue and the person becomes healthy and attains
+old age” was found to consist of a mixture of the leaves of senna,
+bearberry (<i>Uvœ ursi</i>) and lavender, and anthylla flowers. Any
+action it may have depends probably on the senna leaves. It is sold in
+boxes costing 7s. 6d. or 4s. 6d.; the smaller box contains 80 grammes,
+or nearly 3 ounces of the powder.</p>
+
+<p>Graziana Reducing Treatment (Zehrkur) is sent out in parcels
+costing 3s. Each contains a packet of a greyish-brown powder, a box
+of 40 starch capsules, each containing 0·2 gramme of a light brown
+finely-divided powder, and a box of 86 pills, each weighing 0·22
+gramme. The chief ingredient of each of the preparations is powdered
+<i>Fucus</i>. The pills contain some substance yielding emodin,
+the purgative principle, or one of the purgative principles, of
+aloes, rhubarb, buckthorn, and senna, and also some sulphates and
+chlorides.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER X.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">SKIN DISEASES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Proprietary articles for the cure of eczema and other skin affections
+include several which are as widely advertised as any nostrums of
+any kind. Some of them are at first offered at the comparatively low
+price of 1s. 1½d.; but in almost every case the further information
+supplied on application shows that what is really recommended is a
+“treatment,” including an ointment or other application, a special
+soap, and a medicine to be taken internally, and often also a dusting
+powder, and occasionally other articles. The importance of persisting
+in the treatment is strongly emphasised, with the result that anyone
+who once lays out 1s. 1½d. is likely to be drawn into spending quite a
+considerable sum. Only a few out of the long list which might be made
+of these articles have been analysed, but the results throw sufficient
+light on the general nature of the whole class. The most striking point
+about them is perhaps the extremely commonplace nature of the drugs
+selected, although the vendors in some instances would have the buyer
+believe that the preparation sold is the result of years of patient
+experiment.</p>
+
+<h3>ANTEXEMA.</h3>
+
+<p>A Company with an address in London advertises for sale a bottle, price
+1s. 1½d., containing a little less than 1½ ounces, but the “Antexema
+Treatment” includes Antexema, Antexema Soap, and Antexema Granules (to
+be taken internally). On a handbill enclosed with the bottle it was
+stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In most cases “Antexema” will by itself effect a
+cure, but the permanence of this is assured by the continued use of a
+suitable soap, and the cleansing and purifying action of “Antexema
+Granules” on the blood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>
+A booklet on “Skin Troubles” was also enclosed, containing some
+“before” and “after” illustrations, but they could hardly be expected
+to convince anyone; directions were given in this for the course to be
+pursued in a variety of disorders, including such “skin troubles” as
+in-growing toenails, lupus, piles, ulcers, etc. Incidentally, twelve
+other preparations made by the same Company, in addition to the three
+named above, were recommended.</p>
+
+<p>On the outer package it was stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“Antexema” is the most efficacious remedy
+known for the relief of all inflamed conditions of the skin. Its
+beneficial effects are not confined to the curing of Eczema, Psoriasis,
+Nettlerash, Erysipelas, Boils, and other serious troubles, but it
+is also by far the best remedy for Cuts, Burns, Sores, Bruises,
+Chilblains, Blisters, Insect bites, and every variety of trouble to
+which the skin is liable.</p>
+
+<p>Only “Antexema” itself was analysed. It consisted of an emulsion,
+with more or less of a watery layer below it. The directions for use
+were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Shake the bottle well, and, if necessary, stir
+up the contents until a milky substance is formed. Then gently rub
+“Antexema” into the parts affected until dry, and if the case is a
+severe one it should be applied as often as possible. “Antexema” is
+odourless, non-poisonous, and invisible when rubbed on the skin, and
+it instantly allays irritation. Do not wash any weeping or inflamed
+surface until healed, and, if possible, avoid dressings and coverings.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed it to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soft paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Boric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Gummy matter&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The gum resembled in some respects a mixture of acacia and tragacanth,
+but could not be exactly identified.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of 1½ ounces is two-thirds of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>PACIDERMA PREPARATIONS.</h3>
+
+<p>These preparations are advertised as follows from an address in London:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">New Cure for Eczema.—A victim who was cured
+after 5 years’ intense suffering will gladly send to all readers of
+the <i>Christian Herald</i> full particulars (free) of an inexpensive
+guaranteed cure for Eczema, Bad Legs, Sore Hands and all Skin
+Eruptions, on receipt of stamped addressed envelope.—Write to A.
+Paciderma.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span>
+An application to the address given brought a typed letter apparently
+produced on a multiple copy machine, from “Paciderma. Manageress, Mrs.
+E. Avice,” from which the following extracts are taken:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>“Paciderma” ... consists of three preparations (in one package), one
+for internal use and two for external use. Both internal and external
+Remedies are absolutely necessary to eradicate the disease.... The
+price is most moderate, namely 6s. and postage 3d. for the package
+containing the three preparations for thirty days’ full treatment.
+In conclusion I would point out to you that these Remedies have met
+with a world-wide success, even in the worst forms of these terrible
+complaints, and are in fact so wonderfully successful that they are</p>
+
+<p class="center spa1 spb1"><b>GUARANTEED EFFICACIOUS IN EVERY CASE</b></p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">no matter what has previously been tried and
+failed.... Be sure to fill up the Order Form which I am enclosing you
+as carefully and accurately as you can so that I may be able to give
+your case my fullest attention and consideration.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This letter was accompanied by a booklet entitled “Eczema and how to
+Cure it,” and by an order form with spaces for name, address, date, and
+the following further particulars:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Age; sex; occupation; how long been suffering?
+where the complaint is located; are the spots or wounds dry? is there
+any sticky discharge? are your bowels constipated? do you suffer from
+piles? do you suffer from indigestion? do you suffer from rheumatism or
+gout? Do you suffer from any other complaint?</p>
+
+<p>This form, filled up with the details of an imaginary case, was sent
+with a postal order for the requisite amount. A case of “Paciderma”
+preparations was at once received, and needless to say there was no
+evidence of their having been modified in any way in consequence of
+the “fullest attention and consideration” given to the particulars
+supplied. The preparations were accompanied by a further letter, typed
+like the first, from which the following is extracted:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">One case of the remedies is generally sufficient
+to effect a cure, and I trust that it may be so in your case, but if
+the disease has been in the system for years it has got a firm hold,
+and naturally takes longer to eradicate; therefore, if this case of
+remedies should not cure you, you must lose no time in writing for a
+further supply so that no time may be lost between. You must avoid
+anything likely to irritate the skin, and be especially careful as
+to the soap you use, as many soaps are most injurious, being quite
+sufficient in themselves to cause an eruption. I should recommend you
+to use “Paciderma Skin Soap” to wash yourself with, as it is absolutely
+pure, and will keep your skin smooth and healthy.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span>
+After an interval a further letter was received, which ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Dear Sir,—I have been expecting to hear from you as to how the
+treatment I sent you some time ago has affected you. I sincerely trust
+that you have derived benefit from it. As I think I told you before,
+some cases are naturally much more difficult to cure than others, and
+take longer time, as in most cases the disease has been for years
+getting a firm hold on the system, and cannot, therefore, be eradicated
+in a few days.</p>
+
+<p>I assure you I should be the last to induce you to spend money,
+unless I honestly thought and believed that the treatment would benefit
+you. I have been a fellow sufferer myself, and know what it did for me
+by persevering after everything else had failed. If, therefore, you
+are not yet cured, I think it is only my duty to strongly urge you to
+persevere with the treatment, and if you hesitate to do so owing to
+the money being a consideration to you, I am willing to meet you as
+far as I possibly can, and will send you the complete 6s. 3d. case for
+4s. 6d. post free, which is just cost price, or I will send you the
+Blood Wafers for 2s. 2d. per box post free instead of 2s. 10d., or the
+Crème for 2s. 2d. post free instead of 2s. 10d., or the Powder for 7d.
+instead of 9d. post free.</p>
+
+<p>I am offering you this very great reduction in price as I am most
+anxious that you should be cured, as I am quite certain that you will
+be if you persevere steadily.</p>
+
+<p>Do not be afraid of troubling me by writing me fully as to how
+the treatment has affected you, as I can assure you that I am quite
+as anxious to cure you as you yourself are to be cured, and I take a
+special interest in your case.</p>
+
+<p>Trusting soon to hear from you.</p>
+
+<p class="author">Yours truly,<span class="ws4">&nbsp;</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">E. Avice</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The booklet already referred to contained a sworn statement by Mrs.
+Avice detailing her own sufferings and cure, the latter being due to
+“a dear old friend, an M.D.” Further paragraphs, not in the sworn
+statement, were as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>It remained for my old friend, the Doctor, to whose discoveries I
+owe my cure, to find the only certain remedy for this dread complaint.
+For years he studied and searched to find a cure for that curse of hot
+climates, the “prickly heat,” a very distressing form of Eczema which
+is very prevalent in warm countries, and which few Europeans escape.
+At last his perseverance was rewarded, and the long sought for Remedy
+found and used with the greatest success both abroad and after his
+return to England. Since his death I have still further improved on and
+perfected his ideas, and have evolved my now well-known “Paciderma,”
+which has met with the most startling success in every case in which it
+has been tried....</p>
+
+<p>Paciderma cures all skin troubles without exception, all pimples,
+blotches, sores and eruptions of every kind, in sufferers of every
+age, from the infant at the breast to the old and infirm man or woman
+who has reached or passed the allotted span of three score years and
+ten.</p>
+
+<p>It is absolutely the only cure for Eczema.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span>
+The following are the results of the examination of the remedies
+evolved after so much study and research and perfected and improved:</p>
+
+<p><i>Paciderma Crème.</i>—Price 2s. 9d. per box, holding nearly 4
+ounces. Directions for use:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Apply the Crème to the parts affected with the finger,
+or spread on lint or soft linen, and bandage.</p>
+
+<p>The Crème consisted of a fairly stiff ointment, which on analysis gave
+results corresponding to the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Zinc oxide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">25·6</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calcium carbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl"><span class="ws2">”</span>&emsp;&nbsp;sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Boric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Basis</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">58·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The basis consisted of soft paraffin, apparently with a small
+proportion of a saponifiable oil, such as olive oil.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 4 ounces is 1½d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paciderma Powder.</i>—Price 9d. per box, containing about 3 ounces.
+The directions ran:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Allays all itching and irritation, and should be
+applied freely and frequently to the affected parts, in fact whenever
+they itch or irritate.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Maize starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">54</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Boric acid</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Insoluble mineral matter&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">19</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Moisture</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The insoluble mineral matter contained alumina, magnesia, and silica,
+corresponding to a mixture of talc and kaolin; this composition also
+agreed with all its other properties.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients for 3 ounces is ¾d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Paciderma Blood Wafers.</i>—Price 2s. 9d. per box of thirty.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Directions. One to be taken every night at bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>The “wafers” consisted of cachets, each containing about 8½ grains of a
+powder, the composition of which was indicated by analysis to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">59</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Precipitated sulphur&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">37</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered ginger</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aloin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span>
+The ginger and aloin could only be estimated approximately.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 wafers is one-fifth of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>CUTICURA REMEDIES.</h3>
+
+<p>The remedies are stated to be prepared by a Drug and Chemical
+Corporation in the U.S.A.</p>
+
+<p>The “system,” which has been very widely advertised, consists of
+Cuticura (Ointment), Cuticura Soap, and Cuticura Resolvent (liquid or
+pills); the ointment and the resolvent liquid were taken for analysis.</p>
+
+<p>A booklet was enclosed in each package, containing, with other matter,
+directions for the use of the remedies in fourteen languages; from it
+the following extracts are taken:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">In the treatment of torturing, disfiguring,
+itching, scaly, crusted, pimply, blotchy, and scrofulous humours of the
+skin, scalp, and blood, with loss of hair, the Cuticura Remedies have
+been wonderfully successful. Even the most obstinate of constitutional
+humours, such as bad blood, scrofula, inherited and contagious humours,
+with loss of hair, glandular swellings, ulcerous patches in the throat
+and mouth, sore eyes, copper-coloured blotches, as well as boils,
+carbuncles, sties, ulcers, scrofulous rheumatism, and most humours arising
+from an impure or impoverished condition of the blood, yield to the
+<span class="smcap">Cuticura System of Treatment</span> in the majority
+of cases, when the usual remedies fail.... Parents are assured that
+these Remedies are composed of the purest and sweetest ingredients
+known to modern pharmacy, and may be used on the youngest infants with
+complete satisfaction.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cuticura Ointment.</i>—Price 2s. 6d. per box, containing 1¾
+ounces.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Directions.... Cuticura Ointment may be applied to any part of the
+surface of the body by direct application with the finger, the palm
+of the hand, or spread on cotton, linen, or absorbent cotton, and
+covered with a light bandage, or by any means by which a remedy of this
+consistence would be used.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">... in rare instances of individual tendency
+to acute eczema, acne, acne rosacea, erysipelas, and other highly
+inflammatory conditions, especially those affecting the face, it may
+act as an irritant, and hence those using it must observe what has
+been said in the foregoing directions in order that they may exercise
+judgment as to whether to continue it or not, should any unfavourable
+symptom present itself.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Examination of the ointment showed the absence of all metallic
+compounds, also of alkaloids or other active principles, and of
+saponifiable fat. It consisted of a mixture of hard and soft paraffins,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span>
+slightly perfumed with rose, and coloured green. The chief green
+colouring matter present appeared to be an aniline dye, and a mixture
+of paraffins, coloured with a trace of malachite green and a little
+chlorophyll, agreed very closely with it in its properties. No other
+ingredient could be discovered.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of 1¾ ounces is ¾d.</p>
+
+<p><i>Cuticura Resolvent.</i>—Price 2s. 6d. per bottle, containing 6½
+fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>In the pamphlet quoted above it is stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Cuticura Resolvent is alterative, antiseptic, tonic, digestive,
+and aperient, and is confidently believed to be superior to other
+preparations for purifying the system of humours of the skin,
+scalp, and blood, with loss of hair. <span class="smcap">Cuticura
+Resolvent</span> is prepared in accordance with the most advanced
+pharmaceutical and therapeutical knowledge from medicinal agents
+of ascertained purity and potency, and while in the highest degree
+effective, commends itself to delicate, sensitive, and refined people,
+especially women, because of its pure, sweet, and gentle action.... It
+is believed to be one of the most successful of blood-purifying and
+strengthening medicines for children in all conditions which point to
+inherited impurities and weaknesses, and may be taken on the first
+appearance of glandular swellings, ulcers, sores, especially on the
+neck, pallor, weakness, and delicate, frail conditions, with every hope
+of success.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Directions.</span>—Adult dose, two teaspoonfuls
+three times a day; for children over ten years of age and delicate
+females, one teaspoonful; for children from five to ten years of age,
+one half of a teaspoonful; for children two to five years of age, 15
+drops; from one to two years, 10 drops. To be taken three times a day,
+immediately after each meal.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the mixture to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">17</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar and glucose&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">486</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extractive</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">fluid drachms.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr">6½</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">fluid ounces.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No alkaloidal substance was present; the extractive gave a slight
+indication of the presence of a preparation of rhubarb; all other drugs
+with well-marked characters were absent.</p>
+
+<h3>ZAM-BUK.</h3>
+
+<p>This ointment is sold by a London Company in a box, containing
+three-fifths of an ounce, price 1s. 1½d.; a Zam-Buk soap is also
+recommended for use as part of the treatment. In a circular enclosed in
+the package it was related how:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Certain medicinal plants were taken, and from them were extracted
+gums and juices possessing considerable healing and curative power.
+Costly experiments at last secured the right blending of these juices;
+and to the final product, a preparation virtually capable of growing
+new and healthy skin, the name of Zam-Buk was given....</p>
+
+<p>Zam-Buk practically contains those substances which Nature has
+intended for the use of man ever since she bequeathed to him the
+instinct to rub a place that hurts....</p>
+
+<p>Zam-Buk has proved itself to be unequalled for Cuts, Bruises, Burns,
+Scalds, Abrasions, Festering Sores, Poisoned Wounds, Lacerated Wounds,
+Old Wounds, Sprains, Strains, Swellings, Dog Bites, Cat Scratches,
+Obstinate Sores, Chafings, Itch (Scabies), Stings from Hornets, Bees,
+Wasps, Centipedes, and Spiders; Running Sores, Ulcers, Ringworm, Eczema
+(acute or chronic form), Psoriasis (tetter), Pimples, Acne, Abscesses,
+Boils, Carbuncles, Scrofula, Cramp, Barber’s Itch, Heat Rashes,
+Sunburn, Freckles, Blotches, Blackheads, Scalp Irritations Scurf or
+Dandruff, and other Scalp Sores; Colds, Chills, Raw Chapped Hands,
+Sore Lips, Raw Chin after Shaving; Inflamed Patches, Sore Nipples,
+Glandular Swellings, Swollen Knees, Bad Legs, Blind and Bleeding Piles,
+Cold-Sores, Sore Backs, Diseased or Weak Ankles, Sore and Aching Feet,
+Perspiring Feet, Chilblains, Soft Corns, Saltwater Sores. Rubbed well
+into the part affected, Zam-Buk gives great relief from Rheumatism,
+Lumbago, Neuralgia, Sciatica, Toothache, and allays all kinds of
+Inflammation, Itching, and Irritation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions on the box were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">For Bruises, Cuts, Sores, Sprains, Open Wounds,
+Sore Breasts, Inflamed Patches, Ulcers, Eczema and Piles; first cleanse
+the parts with pure water and then apply Zam-Buk direct or on a piece
+of clean lint. For Burns, Scalds, etc., rub Zam-Buk lightly over the
+injured part and cover same as soon as possible in order to exclude the
+air. To use Zam-Buk as an Embrocation rub it in well, both into the
+muscles and tendons, when the healing, stimulating and strengthening
+ingredients in Zam-Buk will be absorbed into the system.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed its composition to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of eucalyptus</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">14</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">(approximately).</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Pale resin (colophony)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soft paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">55</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Hard paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Green colouring matter&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">a trace.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>An ointment prepared in accordance with this formula and tinted with
+chlorophyll agreed in all respects with the original.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for three-fifths of an ounce is ¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>ZIP OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This is supplied by a Company giving an address in a London suburb in
+box containing rather less than an ounce (0·85 ounce) at the price of
+1s. 1½d.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>
+On a circular enclosed with the box this ointment was described as a
+“cure for Eczema, Ringworm, Psoriasis.” It was also stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Zip is the product of many years’ experience and
+trials, and will be found the best and most reliable remedy for the
+above troublesome complaints.</p>
+
+<p>The directions given on the box were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Wash well the parts with the Zip Skin Soap, and apply
+Zip night and morning.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the ointment to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calomel</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·1</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lead acetate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">part.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">” oleate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil (probably olive)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Creosote</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">A trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of lemon grass</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">Sufficient to perfume.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Paraffin ointment</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="2">To 100 parts.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 0·85 ounce is ½d.</p>
+
+<p>The following are quoted from Dr. Zernik’s notes on some of the skin
+remedies most advertised in Germany.</p>
+
+<h3>CRÈME EKZEMIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Crème Ekzemin, advertised as a cure for almost all
+diseases of the skin, including psoriasis, is a mixture of precipitated
+sulphur and a semi-fluid fatty mass, coloured red. The tube contains 75
+grammes, and costs 5s. 2½d.</p>
+
+<h3>PHEUN SKIN PASTE.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Pheun Skin Paste, according to the vendors,
+possesses marvellous properties, and when applied to the skin it
+not only removes all the dirt but kills all the bacteria, even when
+situated in the deeper layers, and it is recommended as a cure for all
+forms of skin diseases. Zernik, on analysis, found it to contain 31 per
+cent. of soft paraffin, 5 per cent. of water, 2 per cent. of soap, and
+10 per cent. of a dry substance yielding slimy material.</p>
+
+
+<h3>JUNIPER BEAUTY CREAM AND<br> JUNIPER BEAUTY SOAP.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It may be worth while to add that Zernik says
+of a certain “Juniper Beauty Cream,” sold in Berlin, that it is a
+water-containing ointment, perfumed with oil of bergamot, containing 5
+per cent. of white precipitate (ammoniated mercury) and 11 per cent. of
+salicylic acid. It seems to be intended for the face, but looking to
+the large proportion of salicylic acid it contains, it might, perhaps,
+be more appropriate for use as a corn plaster.</p>
+
+<h3>RINO CURATIVE OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Rino Curative Ointment, advertised as containing
+naphthalan, Peru balsam, chrysarobin, etc., was found by Zernik to
+consist of turpentine, oil of cade, 1 per cent. of boric acid, 6 or 7
+per cent. of yolk of egg and an indifferent vehicle,</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XI.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">MEDICINES FOR BALDNESS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>During recent years the number of preparations put forward for the cure
+of baldness has been increased by a new class, those, namely, which are
+not applied locally but taken internally. The principal ingredient in
+all seems to be the dried colouring matter of the blood of warm-blooded
+animals—haemoglobin. The most widely advertised of them is sold under
+the name of “Capsuloids.”</p>
+
+<h3>CAPSULOIDS.</h3>
+
+<p>The price was 2s. 3d. for a box containing 36 capsuloids.</p>
+
+<p>On the outer package it was stated that:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Our special process used in making Capsuloids is never used and
+never has been used outside our Laboratory. It is known only to the
+Capsuloid Company, Ltd., and has never at any time been communicated
+to any other person or firm. This material is then enclosed in little
+pear-shaped gelatine capsules which are made of the finest and purest
+gelatine. As a result of our special process, Capsuloids have that
+particular and remarkable effect upon the hair through the medium
+of the blood which is so well and widely known. There is no other
+preparation which possesses anything like the same effect.</p>
+
+<p>Capsuloids not only cause the death of those harmful germs which we
+have proved to be the cause of falling out and prematurely grey hair,
+but they also restore the injured growing cells of the hair roots,
+and nourish them, and cause them to multiply so that the roots become
+firm and grow rapidly, producing thick and luxuriant hair, and where
+there has been premature greyness, it is also cured. Recent scientific
+investigation has definitely proved this, and has demonstrated that
+hair cannot be made to grow by using external preparations.</p>
+
+<p>Directions. To stop falling out of the hair and to restore the
+colour to prematurely grey hair, adults should take two, or in very
+severe cases three, capsuloids before eating or with the first part
+of each meal, three times daily. The doses for younger persons is
+one or two with each meal. Capsuloids never cause constipation or
+indigestion, nor do they in any way upset the stomach, or any part of
+the system.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</span>
+A booklet of 20 pages was enclosed in the package, in which the above
+statements were repeated and further elaborated with the aid of a
+diagram of the root of a hair, with blood-vessels, oil gland, “growing
+cells containing harmful germs,” etc.</p>
+
+<p>The capsuloids were elongated gelatine capsules containing a dark
+material, the average contents of one weighing 3·4 grains. The material
+yielded 32 per cent. to a solvent suitable for extracting fats, and
+this portion proved to be a mixture of about equal parts of a neutral
+oil and a fatty acid, agreeing in their characters with olive oil and
+oleic acid, respectively. Extraction of the residue with alcohol then
+removed 10 per cent. of an aromatic balsamic substance, generally
+resembling Peruvian balsam, but lighter in colour; a mixture of
+equal parts of Peruvian balsam and purified storax gave a substance
+practically identical. The residue, insoluble in both solvents, was
+a red-brown powder, which was found by its characters to be dried
+haemoglobin. Careful search was made for arsenic, alkaloids, and other
+ingredients, but nothing else was detected. The results indicated the
+following formula for the contents of the capsules:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Haemoglobin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·97</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="5">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Olive oil</td>
+      <td class="tdc" rowspan="2"><img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="10" height="36" ></td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp" rowspan="2">of each</td>
+      <td class="tdl" rowspan="2">0·54</td>
+      <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oleic acid</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="5">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Balsam of Peru</td>
+      <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">&nbsp; <img src="images/cbr-2.jpg" alt="" width="10" height="36" > &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp" rowspan="2">of each</td>
+      <td class="tdl" rowspan="2">0·54</td>
+      <td class="tdc" rowspan="2">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Purified storax</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="5">In one capsule.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of materials for the contents of 36 capsules is 1d.</p>
+
+<p>Other dealers have paid the company the sincere compliment of
+imitation, and various similar articles appear to be largely sold. The
+following particulars are taken from price lists and advertisements
+intended for retail chemists; as haemoglobin is referred to as the
+principal constituent in each case, they were not submitted to analysis.</p>
+
+<h3>CAPSULATED HAEMOGLOBIN OVALS<br> FOR THE HAIR.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals for the Hair. Contain 2½
+grains of Pure Haemoglobin.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>
+They were supplied by a firm in a south country seaside town, labelled
+with name and address of the retailer. The wholesale price quoted was
+for tubes of 25, 4s. per dozen.</p>
+
+<h3>HAEMOGLOBIN HAIR CAPSULES.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot"> “Capsules for the Hair. When falling out or
+turning prematurely grey, these capsules by enriching the blood make
+the hair glossy, luxuriant, and full of vitality.”</p>
+
+<p>These were not described on the package as containing haemoglobin,
+but were quoted in the price list as “Haemoglobin Hair Capsules.” They
+were supplied by a company in a seaside town. “Store price, 1s. 6d.”
+Wholesale price, 7s. per dozen packages.</p>
+
+<h3>SOLUBLE CAPSULES OF<br> HAEMOGLOBIN.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot"> “Soluble Capsules of Haemoglobin. A natural hair
+food. Produces Healthy, Strong, and Luxuriant Hair.”</p>
+
+<p>The wholesale price of these, supplied by a London firm, was for boxes
+of 36, 5s. 9d. per dozen.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">CANCER REMEDIES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>A very slight acquaintance with the advertisements of quack medicines
+is enough to show that a knowledge of the causes of the disease for
+which a cure is promised is in no wise necessary for the composition of
+either the medicine or the advertisement, in fact, it is impossible to
+believe that the extravagant claims and absurd statements made could be
+put forward by persons having any knowledge of disease. It is no matter
+for surprise, therefore, that in the case of the least understood and
+least successfully combated of diseases many proprietary “remedies” are
+put forward. A considerable number of these articles have been received
+and the alleged claims tested at the laboratories of the Imperial
+Cancer Research Fund; specimens of a few of these were obtained and
+submitted to analysis, and some notes on their composition cannot
+fail to be of interest to members of the medical profession, who will
+probably from time to time have to treat sufferers from cancer who have
+been induced to buy one or other of these preparations.</p>
+
+<p>As was to be expected, the articles examined have little or nothing
+in common. In the case of diseases for which the ordinary treatment
+involves the use of certain specific drugs, proprietary medicines
+are usually merely varying compounds of those drugs; thus, of the
+advertised cures for epilepsy, analyses of which are given in the
+next chapter, the essential ingredient in all but one is an alkaline
+bromide. But in cancer the would-be maker of a proprietary “cure” has
+no such accepted treatment to guide him, or to restrict the free range
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>
+of his fancy in selection of ingredients; it is probable that some of
+the “remedies” here described were inspired by the fact that some
+apparent improvement followed their fortuitous use in some cases,
+<i>post hoc</i> having been assumed to mean <i>propter hoc</i>; the
+first to be described, however, can hardly rest even on this basis.</p>
+
+<p>It is a colourless liquid, containing a trace of sediment; the
+odour is that of alcohol, though very slightly vinous. Fractional
+distillation showed the presence of about 40 per cent. of alcohol;
+on complete evaporation, a trace (0·02 per cent.) of dry residue was
+left. This residue was free from any alkaloid, and its behaviour with
+reagents gave no indication of any other active principle; it agreed
+in character with the “extractive” found in spirit that has been kept
+in a wine-cask. After removing the alcohol, the liquid was perfectly
+tasteless. This “remedy” is thus very simple in nature, consisting
+merely of diluted and slightly impure alcohol. Its composition brings
+to mind the analysis published some years ago of a so-called electric
+fluid, or “electricity,” for the cure of cancer, which was taken up by
+a certain well-known journalist and boomed by him in the pages of the
+review which he edited; many marvellous cures were ascribed to it, but
+examination showed that although it was sold at several shillings per
+fluid ounce, it consisted of plain water. Notwithstanding the exposure,
+the article is at present quoted in wholesale lists, and is therefore
+presumably still in demand. The cost of the “medicine” we are now
+dealing with is of course considerably greater than the cost of plain
+water, but this fact will be but small consolation to the victim who
+derives as little benefit from the one as from the other.</p>
+
+<p>The next article analysed was a blue fluid containing a considerable
+blue sediment, and smelling fairly strongly of terebene. The chief
+ingredient was found to be a blue dye stuff of the oxazine or thiazine
+group, much resembling methylene blue (which is the only member of
+these groups ordinarily used in medicine), but differing from it in
+solubility and in its behaviour with certain reagents. This constituted
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</span>
+the greater part of the sediment, and a portion of the dye was also in
+solution. The liquid further contained a dissolved gum and a trace
+of terebene; these, with a little magnesium carbonate, were all the
+ingredients present. No trace of any alkaloid was found, and the
+solvent was water. The gum showed no difference from ordinary acacia
+gum, and was probably added to suspend the undissolved dye stuff. Water
+dissolves very little terebene, and no more of the latter was present
+than could be dissolved by the water; it was probably employed to give
+an aromatic taste and smell, and the magnesia was doubtless used to
+subdivide the terebene in the manner commonly followed by pharmacists
+when dissolving essential oils in water. It thus appears that the
+essential ingredient of this medicine is the blue dye stuff; it is
+possible that this has been used as methylene blue, since the articles
+sent out under the same name by different dye manufacturers often
+differ in composition; but, as already stated, it is not identical with
+the methylene blue usually met with. The total solids in the mixture,
+after shaking up the sediment, amounted to 13·2 per cent., of which the
+dye stuff constituted something like one-half.</p>
+
+<p>A third preparation was a brown liquid of syrupy consistence found
+to consist of wood tar. It was a much purer product than ordinary
+Stockholm tar, and its peculiar odour indicated that it was derived,
+at least in great part, from the birch; no other ingredient could
+be found. This article came from Sphakia, Crete; the label bore no
+directions for its use, leaving it uncertain whether it was intended
+for internal or external use, but the latter appears the more probable.</p>
+
+<p>The remaining articles are clearly intended for external application;
+the first of these consisted of a plaster mass, in the half-pound
+sticks in which such masses are usually supplied. Analysis showed the
+principal ingredient to be lead oleate, with a little stearate, and
+small quantities of resin and soap. These are the ingredients of the
+resin and the soap plasters of the <i>British Pharmacopœia</i>, and the
+proportion of soap present showed the specimen under examination to be
+emplastrum resinae.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span></p>
+
+<p>The next preparation was an ointment of Dutch origin. It contained
+large quantities of ammonium alum and zinc sulphate, with a little
+sodium sulphate, made up into a stiff ointment with a basis consisting
+of beeswax, soft paraffin, oil, and resin. The quantities of the salts
+were approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">27</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Zinc sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">37</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium sulphate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The presence of so large a proportion of mineral salts, of course,
+leaves very little tenacity in the ointment; particles of the white
+salts were easily visible to the eye, and the effect of applying the
+preparation must be practically the same as if the dry salts were
+rubbed on the skin except that the basis would, of course, act as a
+lubricant in the rubbing.</p>
+
+<p>The last of these preparations was another ointment; the mineral
+ingredients in this case, however, were in organic combination. This
+ointment contained copper oleate and aluminium oleate with a basis of
+lard and a little resin. The proportions of the active ingredients were
+approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Copper oleate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">15</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aluminium oleate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No alkaloid or other active principle was found.</p>
+
+<p>A bottle of lotion for cancer and other affections, obtained in the
+ordinary way through a dealer, was examined. The label commences with
+the statement that the lotion “cures cancerous or malignant sores”;
+then follows a list of other diseases, with the addition, “even cases
+that have been under the treatment of doctors and at infirmaries
+for years.” Analysis showed the composition of the lotion to be
+substantially as follows:—</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Zinc sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">92&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Carbolic acid (pure phenol)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·2</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">oz.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">fl. oz.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Cochineal solution sufficient to give a deep red colour.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Water to 3·3 fl. oz.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span>
+This quantity is contained in a bottle costing 4s. 6d.; the directions
+are to add the whole contents to 1½ pints of water, which is to be
+applied to the diseased parts for about five minutes two or three times
+a day.</p>
+
+<p>Another pretended “cure” for this disease was supplied from an address
+in Croydon, by a person who described himself as a retired Government
+analytical chemist. The bottle did not bear an Inland Revenue stamp.
+The vendor seems to prefer to see and examine the patients. In one
+such case he was paid 3 guineas, and asked for more, as it was, he
+said, a complicated case. The directions given were “two tablespoonfuls
+should be taken three times a day.” Analysis of this liquid showed
+the presence of ferric chloride, and traces of hydrochloric acid and
+alcohol, and nothing else except water; the alcohol indicates that the
+tincture of perchloride of iron, and not the liquor, was employed;
+determination of the amounts of iron and chlorine present showed that 6
+fluid ounces of the mixture contained 5·7 fluid drachms of the tincture.</p>
+
+<p>A few years ago a good deal was heard of the wonderful cures said to
+be achieved by two persons who resided at Cardigan. A great deal of
+secrecy was observed, but it was known that a fluid was applied to the
+surface of the cancerous tumour. The treatment, it was stated, began
+with prayer, and exhortations to the patient to trust in the Almighty;
+the lotion or oil, which was said to be made entirely from herbs and to
+contain no mineral caustic, was then painted on with a brush. Unlike
+other empirics who profess to remove the “roots” which the knife leaves
+behind, these Welsh practitioners asserted that their remedy made the
+“roots” shrink into the original growth which then fell off like a ripe
+apple from a tree. The practice seemed to be to require the patient to
+attend daily to have the local application made for periods extending
+over several months. Eventually, in some cases, a mass of dried,
+heaped-up crusts formed, and when this became detached it was put into
+a bottle and given to the patient who was told that it was the cancer
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</span>
+extracted by the treatment. In one case which was enquired into, this
+bottle cancer was submitted to microscopical examination; it was
+found to consist of crusts formed of sloughing parts of the skin
+and inflammatory exudation, the whole being such a mass as might be
+produced by the use of an escharotic. The crusts when submitted to
+chemical analysis were found to contain zinc chloride in considerable
+amount, together with a very appreciable quantity of an insoluble
+compound of lead. A healing oil was also supplied to help the cancer
+falling off, and this when chemically examined was found to contain 27
+per cent. of oil of turpentine, the remainder consisting principally
+of an ordinary saponifiable oil, probably cotton-seed or olive oil. In
+addition there was a considerable amount of deposit which proved to
+consist almost wholly of barium sulphate, a very insoluble salt, used,
+under the name of permanent white, by watercolour artists. It would
+seem, therefore, that the statement that the applications contained no
+mineral caustic was inaccurate. In other patients the effect of this
+Cardigan treatment was more destructive. In the case of one woman who
+had been informed that the cancer had been cured and that she only
+required some tonic medicine to complete the cure, the surgeon who was
+called to her when she was <i>in extremis</i> has said that he never
+beheld anything like it in his life; the whole breast was a necrosing
+mass, black and stinking, the ulcers extending up to the collar-bone
+and down to the margin of the ribs and across the middle line; the
+hand could have been inserted under the margin of the dead part all
+round. Some unfortunate patients persevered with the treatment although
+suffering pain described as excruciating.</p>
+
+<p>Caustics are, in fact, the weapon of the quack, and although they may
+have a legitimate sphere in surgery, it is very limited; zinc chloride,
+for instance, has occasionally been used in a strong solution or paste
+as a caustic under special circumstances. Although portions of a tumour
+may be removed by caustic application, it is impossible to eradicate
+the whole in this way, as the cancerous process is extending into
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>
+adjacent parts. The formula of the quack—“cancer treated without the
+knife”—appeals with great force to the public who do not know the
+terrible long-drawn-out agony which those treated with caustics have
+to undergo. Of this a vivid description was given by a well-known
+naturalist, the father of a distinguished man of letters, in a little
+book in which he related the suffering of his own wife; she was treated
+by an American cancer-curer by caustics. The process of “cure” lasted
+several months, and the result may be summed up in the statement that
+“suffering never ceased from the beginning of the operation till her
+spirit was freed from the worn-out body.”</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XIII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">REMEDIES FOR EPILEPSY.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The nostrums which appear to be most advertised at the present time
+for the treatment of epilepsy afford a good example of the fact which
+has been previously pointed out that in some instances the vendors of
+secret preparations make use of drugs in common use by the medical
+profession for the treatment of some particular disorder; this is, of
+course, only possible when the symptoms are well-marked and easily
+recognised. As will be seen from the analyses given below of a number
+of nostrums advertised as remedies for epilepsy it was found that all,
+with one exception, contained bromide salts, that is to say, a drug
+the effect of which is described and discussed in every medical work
+dealing with the disease; nevertheless, the advertisers endeavour to
+lead the purchaser to believe that the preparations possess peculiar
+virtues unknown to the medical profession. The exceptional preparation
+contains vervain (<i>Verbena officinalis</i>) which held a place in the
+old pharmacopœias and herbals, chiefly as an astringent application
+to wounds or as a lotion for sore mouth. Dodoens (1572) says it is
+good for headache applied as a plaster, while Gerarde (1633) mentions
+its use as a garland round the head for the same condition, but he
+disapproves of the many old wives’ tales told regarding it which tend
+to sorcery, and are such as honest ears abhor to hear; indeed, he hints
+that some assert that the “divell did reveal it as a secret and divine
+medicine.” According to Pliny, vervain was gathered by the Druids of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>
+Gaul and Britain at the rising of the Dog Star, when neither sun nor
+moon shone, with the left hand only, and after libations of honey. When
+thus obtained it was said to vanquish fevers and other distempers,
+to be an antidote to the bite of serpents, and a charm to conciliate
+friendship. Paris speaks of it as in his own time the subject of a work
+on scrofula by a Mr. Morley, which was written for the sole purpose of
+restoring the much injured character and use of vervain, so that it is
+evidently a herb which has suffered much from detraction. Mr. Morley
+directed the root of the plant to be tied, with a yard of white satin
+ribbon, round the neck where it was to remain until the patient was
+cured. The modern vendor does not indulge in these refinements.</p>
+
+<p>In submitting the following analyses it should be stated that a mixture
+or powder, dispensed according to the prescription obtained by the
+analysis, produced in each case a preparation closely resembling in
+appearance and taste that sold by the secret medicine vendor; further,
+the mixtures possessed the same specific gravity as the originals.</p>
+
+<h3>OZERINE.</h3>
+
+<p>“Ozerine,” prepared by a chemist in Ireland, is described as an
+unfailing remedy for epilepsy, fits, or falling sickness. The bottle
+examined had no medicine stamp affixed.</p>
+
+<p>The formula ascertained by analysis is as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">120</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ammonium carbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Burnt sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">to colour.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Chloroform water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Potassium bromide (111 grains) and potassium chloride (9⅓ grains) were
+found by analysis, but as some potassium bromide containing a large
+percentage of chloride had recently been in the market the latter was
+not regarded as an intentional addition.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Dose.</i>—One teaspoonful before breakfast and
+dinner, and two at bedtime.</p>
+
+<p>The price charged for a bottle containing 8 fluid ounces was 4s. 6d.;
+the estimated cost of contents was under 4d.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</span></p>
+
+<h3>W. AND J. TAYLOR’S CELEBRATED<br> ANTI-EPILEPTIC MEDICINE.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation, sold in this country through an export agent in
+London, is said to be “simple, efficacious, harmless, and cheap.” The
+effrontery of the following paragraph, extracted from a circular which
+was wrapped round the bottle, is amusing in view of the analytical results:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The principal drug is to be found in nearly every
+surgery, and yet not one doctor in a hundred would think of using it
+in Epilepsy, simply because he has no precedent to act upon—he is not
+directed by any of the great medical writers to prescribe or administer
+it in this disease; he knows not of its being so used, and he has not
+tried it himself, and thus he remains unaware of the one grand means of
+curing Epilepsy, even with the very drugs necessary at his elbow.</p>
+
+<p>The formula ascertained by analysis was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tincture of iodine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">¾</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">minim.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ammonium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The mixture contained the proportion of iodine indicated in the above
+formula; but as it also contained traces of iodide, it was probable
+that tincture of iodine was used in its preparation. It may, however,
+have been prepared from an aqueous solution of iodine and potassium iodide.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Dose.</i>—One teaspoonful three times a day.</p>
+
+<p>The price of a bottle holding 12 fluid ounces was 2s. 9d.; the
+estimated cost of the contents is about 1d.</p>
+
+<h3>OSBORNE’S MIXTURE FOR EPILEPSY.</h3>
+
+<p>This mixture is stated to be prepared in a small town in England.</p>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from a circular accompanying the bottle:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It scarcely ever fails to prevent the fits,
+loss of consciousness, convulsions, nervous twitchings, &amp;c., of
+epilepsy, while at the same time it acts as a most valuable tonic;
+it allays irritation of the nervous system, purifies the blood,
+strengthens the frame, improves the general health, and helps to check
+the progress of disease on the intellectual faculties, and may be
+taken by the most delicate.</p>
+
+<p>The formula ascertained by analysis was:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">166</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">48</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">&nbsp;”&emsp;(= syrup Ʒj).</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Burnt sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl">to colour.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Peppermint water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Traces of fixed ammonia were also present.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot"><i>Dose.</i>—One large teaspoonful morning and night.</p>
+
+<p>The price charged for a bottle holding 5 fluid ounces was 2s. 9d.; the
+estimated cost of the contents is about 3d.</p>
+
+<h3>“PROFESSOR” O. PHELPS BROWN’S<br> VERVAIN RESTORATIVE ASSIMILANT.</h3>
+
+<p>This preparation is recommended by the vendor—</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">“for the positive and speedy cure of epilepsy
+or fits, dyspepsia, indigestion, all derangements of the stomach and
+bowels, and for every form of debility, no matter from what source it
+may arise. An unequalled tonic and nervine.”</p>
+
+<p>The formula ascertained by analysis was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Decoction of Vervain (2 oz. to a pint)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdl">fluid</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">drachms.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Port wine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rectified spirit</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The dose was stated to be one dessertspoonful three times a day before
+eating.</p>
+
+<p>The mixture contained 25·75 per cent. of absolute alcohol by volume,
+and reacted towards lead acetate and lead sub-acetate exactly like a
+specimen prepared according to the above formula. It also contained the
+same amount of extractive, and had the same specific gravity.</p>
+
+<p>The price is 2s. 9d. for a 6-oz. bottle. The estimated cost of the
+contents is about 5d.</p>
+
+<h3>TRENCH’S REMEDY FOR<br> EPILEPSY AND FITS.</h3>
+
+<p>This is, or was, made by a company giving an address in Ireland. The
+package examined had no medicine stamp affixed.</p>
+
+<p><i>Liquid Preparation.</i>—The following formula refers to the liquid
+preparation supplied for use in the United Kingdom.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span></p>
+
+<p>The formula ascertained by analysis was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">70</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ammonium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">72</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”&emsp;(= syrup Ʒjss).</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Fuchsia</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdl">to colour.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The dose was stated to be one teaspoonful in the morning and two at
+night; the price for a 3-oz. bottle is 3s.; the estimated cost of the
+contents was about 1d.</p>
+
+<p>“<i>Concentrated Form.</i>”—This was supplied for export to
+the colonies, was a moist coarse brown crystalline powder in
+hermetically-sealed tins, with directions enclosed for dissolving
+in water. A quarter package (the smallest supplied) contained 11¼
+ounces, and was directed to be dissolved in one pint of warm water.
+The resulting mixture was found to measure 25 fluid ounces. From the
+formula given below it will be seen that the mixture thus prepared
+differed from the one issued for home consumption in two important
+particulars: (<i>a</i>) ammonium bromide was absent, (<i>b</i>) the
+dose of potassium bromide was considerably larger than that of the
+total bromides in the latter. Is this a form of colonial preference? or
+is it that our brothers beyond the sea are more robust and hence proof
+against the depressing influence of potassium salts? The formula of the
+powder ascertained by analysis was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">61</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Moist brown sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">39</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The calculated composition of the finished mixture was:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">120</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Moist brown sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">77</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="3">Water to 1 fluid ounce.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The dose of the mixture directed to be taken was one teaspoonful in the
+morning and two at night.</p>
+
+<p>The price charged for a quarter package was 15s., but the estimated
+cost of the contents is about 8d.</p>
+
+<p>Such then are these secret remedies for epilepsy; with one exception
+they are weak preparations of well-known drugs supplied at considerably
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span>
+more than the usual cost, and administered without that careful
+adjustment of dose to the needs of the particular patient which is,
+after all, the most essential part in the treatment of epilepsy by
+bromide salts. The exception contains an old-fashioned herb once
+praised by the superstitious but abandoned time and again even by them;
+it has never been shown to possess any definite therapeutic properties
+and was long ago discarded by the medical profession because it was
+found useless.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Of five nostrums sold for the cure of epilepsy
+in Germany, examined by Dr. Zernik, three were found to contain
+bromide salts as chief constituents: <i>Lamma powder</i> consisted
+of equal parts of bromide of sodium and bromide of ammonium;
+<i>Antiépileptique</i> (Uten) was a solution of potassium bromide
+(16 per cent.), coloured green, and containing 1 per cent. of
+an indifferent bitter tincture, while <i>Berendorf’s powder for
+epilepsy</i> contained potassium bromide 53·3 per cent., borax 40·3 per
+cent., and zinc oxide 4 per cent., the remainder being water. Borax is
+a remedy occasionally used to correct some undesired effect of bromides
+and has sometimes been prescribed for patients who could not tolerate
+the bromides. Zinc oxide has, or at one time had, a certain reputation
+as a nerve sedative. Of the two German remedies which did not contain
+bromide one consisted largely of formaldehyde which is used as an
+antiseptic and preservative for food, and the other consisted of pills
+containing nothing beyond inactive powdered leaves and roots.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p>
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XIV.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">SOOTHING, TEETHING AND<br> COOLING POWDERS<br> FOR INFANTS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The number of proprietary infants’ powders that can be said to be at
+all widely advertised is small, but some of them are sold in very
+large numbers. In addition, powders for the same purpose are very
+largely supplied by retailers, put up by themselves; they are usually
+of similar composition to one or other of those here described, but
+there is, of course, great scope for variations in the quantity and
+proportion, as well as in the nature of the drugs employed. It may,
+perhaps, be hoped that the efforts now being made by the employment of
+health visitors in many towns will, by the spread of instruction as
+to the common-sense management of infants, gradually lead to a great
+diminution in the custom so prevalent among the poorer classes of
+dosing infants whenever the curious foods, still so commonly given,
+cause indigestion.</p>
+
+<h3>STEDMAN’S TEETHING POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The powders “with one e” are sold from an address in the north of
+London in boxes, price 1s. 1½., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. The 4s. 6d.
+box contained 60 powders, and the 11s. box contained 216; the other
+sizes are stated to contain respectively 9 and 30 powders.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed in the package it is stated that:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The returns of the Registrar-General tell us that
+the period of Dentition is one of more than ordinary peril to the
+child. It is a time of most active development, a time of passing from
+one mode of being to another, and we may fairly congratulate ourselves
+when this time of Teething be passed. To pass this time safely, and
+with the least risk to the child, one of “Stedman’s Teething Powders”
+should be given about twice a week, during the whole time of Dentition,
+according to the directions below....</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">When the bowels are moved regularly and the
+motions of a natural yellow colour, the Powders had better be omitted
+for a time, unless great irritability be present, accompanied with
+restlessness, then a dose had better be given. Diarrhœa will generally
+be checked by giving a dose at the commencement of the attack.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">When the Child is under three months of age, the
+Third of a Powder only is to be given; from three to six months Half
+a Powder may be used; when above six months a Whole Powder may be
+taken.</p>
+
+<p>The average weight of one powder was 2·4 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 2·25 to 2·6 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to be composed of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calomel</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">29</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">71</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>A trace of alkaloid was present also, and when extracted from the
+material of a large number of powders, was found to amount to only
+0·016 per cent., or ¹/₂₅₀₀ grain in one powder. This trace of alkaloid
+did not show the behaviour of morphine, and did not give any reactions
+characteristic of any of the ordinary alkaloids, so far as it was
+possible to test for them on the minute amount available.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the materials for the powders in a 4s. 6d. box is
+one-third of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>STEEDMAN’S SOOTHING POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The powders, “with two e’s,” are stated to be prepared in the south of
+London, and are sold in packets, price 1s. 1½d. and 2s. 9d. per packet;
+the 2s. 9d. packet contained twenty-four powders.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed in the packet it is stated that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The good effects of these Powders during the
+period of Teething have now had <i>Fifty Years’ Experience</i>,
+during which time <i>Thousands of children have been relieved
+annually</i> from all those distressing symptoms which children suffer
+while cutting their teeth—viz., Feverish Heats, Fits, Convulsions,
+Sickness of Stomach and Debility, accompanied with Relaxation of the
+Bowels, and pale and green motions, or Inflammation of the Gums.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">... the striking superiority both in
+the health and strength of those children who have taken the soothing
+Powders during the period of Teething has induced the Proprietor
+to make this MUCH-VALUED MEDICINE more generally known by this
+advertisement.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Dose.—From one to three months, the third of a
+Powder; from three to six months, half of a Powder; from six months and
+above that age, one Powder only and no more; ...</p>
+
+<p>The average weight of one powder was 2·8 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 1·9 to 4·5 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calomel</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">27</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">22</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Maize starch&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ash</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>A minute trace of alkaloid appeared to be present; the quantity was
+considerably less than in the Stedman’s powders described above, and so
+small, in fact, as hardly to give positive evidence of its alkaloidal
+nature.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of Steedman’s powders in a 2s.
+9d. packet is one-eighth of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>PRITCHARD’S TEETHING AND<br> FEVER POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The proprietors of these powders give an address in a large provincial
+city. The price charged is 1s. 1½d. for a box containing sixteen powders.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular enclosed in the package it is stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The constantly increasing sale of these justly
+esteemed Powders proves them to be the most effectual Medicine that can
+be given to young children during the troublesome and anxious period of
+teething. By their gentle action on the Bowels, and valuable cooling
+properties, they allay all irritation and Feverishness, prevent Fits,
+Convulsions, &amp;c., ensure refreshing and natural sleep for the
+child, and therefore peaceful nights for the parents.</p>
+
+<p>The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">From one to three months, a third of a Powder;
+from three to six months, half a Powder; from six months and above that
+age, one Powder (not to be given if the child is relaxed).</p>
+
+<p>The average weight of the powders was 2·1 grains; twelve powders
+weighed singly had weights varying from 1·9 to 2·3 grains. Analysis
+showed the powder to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calomel</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">47</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Antimony oxide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calcium phosphate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">50·9</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>No trace of alkaloid was present.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span></p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of the powders in a 1s. 1½d. box
+is one-ninth of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>FENNING’S CHILDREN’S<br> COOLING POWDERS.</h3>
+
+<p>The proprietor gives an address in the south of England, and the prices
+charged are 1s. 1½d. and 2s. 9d. a box; the 2s. 9d. box contained 48 powders.</p>
+
+<p>They were described in a circular enclosed with the box as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The best medicine for infants cutting their teeth,
+preventing convulsions, thrush, disordered bowels, and for all the
+feverish diseases of infants and children.</p>
+
+<p>The following directions are given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>For an Infant under <i>three</i> years of age, give <i>one</i> of
+Fenning’s Cooling Powders mixed with a little water, or it could be
+thrown dry as it is into the opened mouth of the baby, and gently
+holding back the head for half a minute it would be swallowed.</p>
+
+<p>Whenever an Infant is restless or feverishly hot from Teething,
+when it is griped or sick from improper food, or over-feeding; has
+acidity, or a disordered stomach, <i>one</i> of these Powders should be
+immediately given and, if necessary, repeated every day....</p>
+
+<p>When a Child is attacked with Thrush, Measles, Hooping Cough, or
+Fever of any sort, always keep the feverish blood cool by giving a dose
+of <i>Fenning’s Cooling Powders</i> every or every other day.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The powders had an average weight of 3·4 grains; twelve powders weighed
+singly had weights varying from 3·2 to 3·8 grains. Analysis showed the
+powder to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium chlorate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">70</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">30</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of the powders in a 2s. 9d. box
+is one-sixth of a penny.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XV.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">REMEDIES FOR EAR DISEASE<br> AND DEAFNESS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Some of the advertisements most frequently seen headed “Deafness
+cured,” “Eyes and Ears,” “Eye Diseases cured,” etc., do not refer to
+nostrums obtainable in the usual way through patent medicine dealers.
+The reader of the announcement is invited to write to the address
+given for particulars of special remedies, or an “interesting and
+convincing book post free,” dealing with the cure of diseases without
+operation, etc. Application for particulars brings much printed matter
+recommending the advertiser’s method, accompanied by a set of questions
+to be answered by the sufferer. If these answers are supplied and the
+fee demanded paid, medicine of some sort is sent. Medicines sold in
+this way, of which many other instances have been given in previous
+chapters, form a special class of “secret remedies,” and might be said,
+perhaps, to come rather under the head of prescribing at a distance,
+but it is, to say the least, very doubtful whether the composition of
+the medicines supplied is modified according to the answers given to
+the questions, and the two kinds of quackery are not sharply separated.
+In the case of the preparations now to be described, one or two belong
+more nearly to the class just referred to than to that of ordinary
+“patent medicines.”</p>
+
+<p>We meet again the benevolent gentleman who having cured himself
+offers “to send particulars of remedy free,” but eventually sells his
+treatment at a price which would seem to represent no bad profit on the
+outlay for materials.</p>
+
+<p>We also meet the dealer who to encourage the possible buyer sends a
+reduced price coupon only asking in return for the names and addresses
+of two or three friends who suffer in like manner.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span></p>
+
+<h3>ALFRED CROMPTON’S SPECIFIC<br> FOR DEAFNESS.</h3>
+
+<p>This so-called specific, prepared in a town in the north of England, is
+sold in a bottle containing half a fluid ounce, and costing 1s. 1½d.</p>
+
+<p>The label on the outside of the package was headed:</p>
+
+<p class="center"><b>Deafness Cured!</b></p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and continues:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Alfred Crompton’s Specific for Deafness, Noises
+in the Ears, &amp;c., is decidedly the best remedy out for this most
+annoying complaint. A single Bottle has in most instances effected a
+speedy and permanent cure.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Warm the Specific and Shake the Bottle. Two or
+three drops to be dropped in the Ear, night and morning, and rub behind
+and under the Ear with the Specific.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the following composition:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soap</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">45·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">21·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">29·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alcohol</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">a trace.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of rosemary&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1" colspan="2">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>There was a slight indication of a trace of camphor; probably this with
+the alcohol and oil of rosemary and part of the soap were added in the
+form of soap liniment. The oil gave analytical figures corresponding to
+a mixture of almond and colza oils in about equal proportions.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of ingredients, for ½-oz., is one farthing.</p>
+
+<h3>DELLAR’S ESSENCE<br> FOR DEAFNESS.</h3>
+
+<p>This so-called essence, prepared it is stated by a company giving an
+address in London, and sold at the price of 1s. 1½d. for a bottle,
+containing two-fifths of a fluid ounce, is described on the label as
+“An old-established and valuable remedy.”</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Directions for Use.—A small piece of wool, well
+moistened with the Essence, to be pushed into the cavity of the Ear
+every night at bedtime, and removed in the morning.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition to be;
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</span></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of turpentine&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">16</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Fixed oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">84</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The properties of the fixed oil and the figures which it gave on
+further analysis corresponded to those of almond oil.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients, for two-fifths of an ounce, is
+one halfpenny.</p>
+
+<h3>HERBERT CLIFTON’S TREATMENT<br> FOR DEAFNESS.</h3>
+
+<p>This is brought to the notice of the public by an advertisement in the
+following terms:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A new cure for deafness. A Gentleman who cured
+himself after 14 years’ suffering will send particulars of remedy free.</p>
+
+<p>Here followed the gentleman’s address, and an application brought
+a letter and a pamphlet entitled “Deafness and Noises in the Head,
+with Instructions how they may be Absolutely Cured,” which was marked
+“40th edition.” It professed to give an account of the writer’s own
+experiences. A few extracts will suffice to give an idea of it:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Those only who have suffered from the terrible
+calamity of deafness can understand the misery it brings into one’s
+life; and only those who have had occasion to seek the assistance
+of men who profess to cure this awful affliction can appreciate how
+utterly its treatment is misunderstood by the various advertising
+empirics who profess to cure it, whether by electrical, galvanic, or
+any of the other methods which are so alluringly set forth as perfectly
+infallible by people who never suffered themselves, who can have no
+sympathy, therefore, with those whom they profess to assist, and whose
+only object is to extract as large a sum as they possibly can from the
+pockets of those whom they have been able to attract to their spider’s
+parlour. The writer, however, of the present pamphlet is in a different
+position.... As a lad I began to suffer from noises in the head, which
+as time went on increased to such an alarming degree that I was taken
+to an Aural Surgeon.... The usual result followed. I became worse and
+worse, and, of course, weaker through his treatment.... Another doctor
+was consulted.... But the treatment failed, my affliction increased,
+and MY LIFE BECAME A BURDEN.... There seemed no hope for me. Nearly a
+dozen eminent surgeons had seen me, examined me, said different things
+about me, and indifferently treated me; but all to no purpose.... As a
+last resource I tried the various quack remedies which have allured so
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>
+many to their bitter cost, and many a pound was wasted on mechanical,
+electrical, magnetic, and other useless appliances, and upon
+ear-trumpets, drums, tubes, &amp;c., with no result.... Then the wild,
+yet happy, thought flashed across me: “Why not try and cure yourself?”
+I pondered and pondered over the idea, and at last, rather than submit
+to my fate, determined to study physiology and medicine and endeavour
+to discover the cause of my deafness, with the distant hope that I
+might alight upon the method of its cure.... The conclusion I came to
+was that what I really required was a medicine which should reach the
+minute muscles of the inner ear, as upon their proper action the sense
+of hearing almost entirely depends ... after a time I had succeeded
+in discovering a preparation which would do the required work.... My
+disease was of so long standing, that I had found it had caused the
+drums of my ears to become weak and shrunken ... and I soon devised a
+small appliance to fit inside each ear—the appliance which I now term
+the “Invisible Drum Support” ... in my gratitude to the Almighty for
+my merciful deliverance I vowed that I would publish to the world the
+method by which I had struggled out of the dark past into the brilliant
+light of the present.</p>
+
+<p>A postscript to the letter stated that “No charge whatever is made for
+advice, so you need not hesitate to avail yourself of the benefit of
+my <i>opinion</i>,” but no information was vouchsafed as to the price
+charged for the “treatment,” except that it would be found extremely
+moderate. Paragraphs, of the usual inspired kind, were quoted from the
+<i>Family Doctor</i>, <i>Christian Union</i>, <i>Family Churchman</i>,
+<i>Health</i>, and local newspapers of varying degrees of obscurity.</p>
+
+<p>The letter and pamphlet were followed after an interval by another
+letter, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Dear Friend,</p>
+
+<p>Referring to your application for my Pamphlet some time back, I
+shall be glad to know whether you wish me to proceed further in the
+matter. As I have received no letter from you, I presume that you
+imagine the cost of treatment will be too high. I will, therefore, make
+you a Special Offer, that is, for the sum of 10s. (which may be paid in
+two monthly instalments of 5s. each, if more convenient) I will forward
+you the full Treatment and Directions. Should you avail yourself of
+this offer, kindly detach the form at the bottom of this letter and
+return to me. The Treatment is, without doubt, the most effectual ever
+placed before the Public, as will be found by the numerous testimonials
+received.</p>
+
+<p>I am daily in receipt of letters similar to those enclosed herewith,
+and I feel confident that, should you give the treatment a trial, you
+will also be able to report quite as good results.</p>
+
+<p>Kindly let me know your decision as soon as possible. If you will
+take my advice you will not further delay.</p>
+
+<p>May I draw your attention to the letters on the other side?</p>
+
+<p class="author">I am, yours faithfully,<span class="ws3">&nbsp;</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Herbert Clifton</span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span>
+The “treatment form” was filled up and sent in with 10s., and, as was
+to be expected, “my candid opinion as to whether my system of treatment
+is calculated to efficiently meet the requirement,” was apparently in
+favour of treating the case, as a pair of “drum-supports” and a bottle
+of fluid were received, together with a letter asking the recipient to
+follow out the directions given very carefully and not be disheartened
+“because you find no improvement immediately, you must give the Cure a
+fair trial. I shall be glad,” the letter concluded, “to hear from you
+in about three weeks’ time with a general report on your case.”</p>
+
+<p>The “drum-supports” consisted of half-inch lengths of narrow
+india-rubber tubing, as used for the valves of bicycle tyres, with an
+inner tube of “gum-elastic,” the india-rubber being expanded at one
+end into a funnel ¼ in. long, and attached at the other to a small
+oval disc of sheet india-rubber. The prime cost of the pair would
+probably not exceed 3d. The bottle was labelled “No. 1. Price 3s.,” and
+contained 1 fluid ounce of liquid; analysis showed this to have the
+following composition:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">approx.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ether</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">to 100</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A trace (about 0·01 per cent.) of an alkaline substance
+was present, which appeared to be borax. The oil showed
+the characters of almond oil.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients, for 1 oz., is one halfpenny.</p>
+
+<h3>OHRSORB COMPOUND.</h3>
+
+<p>The following advertisement is taken from <i>Cassell’s Saturday
+Journal</i>:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110"><b>DOCTOR MAKES DEAF HEAR.</b></p>
+
+<p>A medical book just published describes a German doctor’s
+wonderfully simple cure for deafness and head noises (a real home
+cure). A limited number of those books have been secured for readers of
+<i>Cassell’s Saturday Journal</i>, and will be sent free by post
+by the publisher, M. Franckel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Application to the London address given brought a pamphlet of sixteen
+pages, from which a few extracts are here given:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>For years it has been known to Medical Men that the minute vessels
+or channels of the lymphatic system underlying the skin, covering
+the bone behind the ear, were intimately connected with those
+supplying vital nourishment to the middle and internal ear, where we
+find the common seat of deafness and head noises. If, then, we could
+medicate through the skin, this important current of lymphatic fluid,
+controlling the health of the essential parts of the organ of hearing,
+our medications could be made to flow inward to reach and to cure a
+disease so deeply hidden within the ear as to be otherwise regarded
+as incurable. It is the province of this little work to explain why
+the prescriptions of so many aurists have failed in years past, and to
+present a new chemical compound which is of the utmost value to deaf
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Applications behind the ear are recommended in the writings of our
+greatest ear surgeons. Gruber, Politzer, Delstanche, Grünfeld, and
+numerous others have given us prescriptions of this kind, and, although
+their combinations of drugs have failed to produce any remarkable
+results, they have pointed out the remedies that would cure if combined
+with a substance which could penetrate the skin freely.... Until lately
+we possessed no basis for our ointments, embrocations, or plasters,
+which could freely penetrate the skin.... Happily there is a new basis
+lately brought to the notice of the medical profession, which has the
+remarkable property of uniting with the watery secretions of the body
+in such a way that it (<i>sic</i>) absorbed by the skin, and taken up
+by the lymphatic circulation (described on p. 1), together with any
+drugs that are combined with it in the form of an ointment.... To this
+new basis has been given the name “Ohrsorb.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Quotations purporting to be from the writings of medical men are
+given, but no references are provided by which they can be checked;
+and, indeed, the extracts only refer to a “new preparation” and a “new
+treatment,” without any indication that the advertised article is
+the one intended. Another quotation is then given “From the Private
+Clinical Memoranda of Dr. Kupfinn,” described as an “Hon. Auris
+Chirurgis,” in which “Ohrsorb” is referred to in a laudatory manner;
+this is followed by an account of some “typical cases,” but it does not
+appear that this is part of the quotation, although it is so put that
+it might easily be taken to be. The pamphlet continues:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">It should be clearly understood that Ohrsorb by
+itself is only a basis used solely for the purpose of providing the
+<i>active portion</i> of the Author’s Absorption Treatment, and that
+the cure depends on the medicinal action of the drugs compounded with
+it in any special prescription. It is for this reason that certain
+particulars as to each patient’s case are asked for on the enclosed
+coupon, namely, that the individual form of deafness, head noises, or
+ear trouble may be treated by an “Ohrsorb” compound specially adapted
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>The pamphlet proceeds to give reasons for supplementing the treatment
+by the use of other articles, of which the following are recommended:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>
+“Ohraseptic,” “Nazaseptic,” “Specially Prepared Catarrh Tonic,” a nasal
+irrigator, and a safety ear syringe. It was accompanied by a leaflet
+headed, “Medical Report on the ‘Ohrsorb’ Treatment,” in which many
+testimonials are given, but not one from a medical source or anything
+of the nature of a medical report; also by a “reduced price coupon,”
+offering a 2s. 9d. tube for 1s. 6d. or a 4s. 6d. tube for 3s., provided
+the applicant undertook to use it as directed and report the result,
+and a list of about fifty questions to be answered in connexion with
+deafness, &amp;c., and catarrh of the nose and throat, concluding with the
+following paragraph:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">As a little return for supplying the tube of
+“Ohrsorb” compound at the reduced price, and for the very special
+attention that will be given to your case, the author will be grateful
+if you favour him with the names and addresses of two or three of your
+friends who suffer from deafness, head noises, or catarrh of the nose
+or throat. This is entirely confidential, and your name will not be
+mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>In order to test the importance attached to the answers to the
+questions, a supply of “Ohrsorb Compound for Deafness” was sent for,
+without giving any particulars of the supposed case for which it was
+required. The compound was at once sent, together with a multiple-typed
+letter of the usual kind, as shown by the following extracts:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“I hope you will not neglect to write me about
+your progress with my treatment”; “of course you will appreciate that
+in obstinate cases Ohrsorb must be persisted with for some time before
+the improvement can begin to show itself.”</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and offering for future supplies three 4s. 6d. tubes
+for 10s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>The “Special Ohrsorb Compound” is supplied in collapsible tubes, and
+the 2s. 9d. size contained just over ½ oz. of ointment. The directions
+were to rub the ointment once, twice, or thrice a day over the skin
+close behind the ear, and also from just beneath the ear around to the
+front of the throat, for three to five minutes.</p>
+
+<p>The ointment, nearly black in colour, contained about 70 per cent. of
+vaseline, and about 4 per cent. of beeswax, a little soap, and a little
+saponifiable fat; sulphur and ammonia were present in combination, and
+the dark constituent appeared to be of the class represented by thiol,
+tumenol, and petrosulfol, artificial compounds intended to take the
+place of ichthyol, and like it containing much sulphur in combination
+but free from its disagreeable odour. The total sulphur found in
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>
+“Ohrsorb Compound” was 0·8 per cent., which corresponds to about 8 per
+cent. of one of these substances. An ointment made up with tumenol,
+soft paraffin, wax, and a little ammonia soap resembled “Ohrsorb
+Compound” very closely, though the correspondence was not quite
+complete. It was not considered worth while to isolate the dark
+constituent in a state of purity permitting of more precise
+identification than is here indicated; to determine the detailed
+characterization of such a substance a large quantity would be
+necessary.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XVI.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">REMEDIES FOR EYE DISEASES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The proprietary articles advertised for the cure of diseases of the
+eyes, though perhaps not so numerous as some other classes of nostrums,
+vary a good deal in nature, but the claims made for most of them are
+equally comprehensive. The results of analysis of a few are here given
+and it will be seen that two of them, including one called “botanic,”
+are mercurial ointments. Another advertiser seems to think or pretends
+to think that cataract can be cured by bathing the eyes with soda alum
+dissolved in coloured water, while we come across also an “Ophthalmic
+Institution” selling for external application an anti-cataract mixture
+consisting of glycerine with a little potassium iodide and starch.</p>
+
+<h3>SINGLETON’S EYE OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This is stated to be prepared, by a person whose name is not Singleton,
+at an address in London. The price charged is 2s. for a pot containing
+about 55 grains.</p>
+
+<p>The ointment is described on the outer package as</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“An Absolute Specific for all Eye Troubles and Diseases.”</p>
+
+<p>On a circular enclosed in the package it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“It cures Weak Sight, Inflamed Eyes, and all
+disorders of the Eyelids from whatever cause arising.... Singleton’s
+Eye Ointment requires great skill in making, and is composed of costly
+ingredients. One pot will cure you.... The Ointment also cures Piles
+and Scorbutic Eruptions.”</p>
+
+<p>A book dealing with the ointment was also supplied, in which it is
+stated that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“Singleton’s Eye Ointment will cure all
+affections of the eye.”</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the principal ingredient to be red mercuric oxide, of
+which 7·4 per cent. was present. The fatty basis contained about 4
+per cent. of beeswax, and the remainder was a practically neutral and
+colourless substance which agreed in properties and analytical figures
+with a mixture of lard, Japan wax, and purified cocoanut oil. It is,
+of course, impossible to determine with certainty the composition of a
+mixture of fats, unless a large quantity is available for analysis; but
+the exact nature of the fatty basis is immaterial, and no indication
+was obtained of any other medicinal ingredient.</p>
+
+<p>The assertion that such an ointment “requires great skill in making” is
+absurd, and as to the costliness of the ingredients, the 55 grains in
+the pot are estimated to be worth one-ninth of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>BOSTOCK’S EYE OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This ointment, stated to be manufactured by a limited company with
+an address in London, is sold in a pot containing half an ounce, and
+costing 1s. 1½d. It is described on the label as “An invaluable remedy
+for every Disease to which the Eye is subject.” In a circular wrapped
+round the pot it is called “Bostock’s Botanic Eye Ointment,” which</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">is strongly recommended as a valuable
+Restorative and Preserver of the Sight, removing Inflammation,
+Bloodshots, Scorbutic Humours, Shooting Pains, Dimness, Swelling in the
+Eyelids, and numerous other diseases to which the Eye is subject; it
+also preserves the Sight against the injuries arising from extreme Heat
+and Cold.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the presence of small quantities of ammoniated mercury
+(commonly known as white precipitate) and an insoluble compound of lead
+which appeared to be the oxide; a little glycerine was present, and
+a bitter, light-coloured substance of the nature of an extract; this
+contained no alkaloid, and gave no characteristic reactions indicating
+the drug or plant from which it was derived; a trace of a vegetable
+powder was also found, the quantity being so very small that it was
+probably only an accidental contamination of the extract; when examined
+microscopically it appeared to consist chiefly of the tissue of a seed.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</span>
+The basis of the ointment contained soft paraffin and spermaceti, and a
+third constituent agreeing in its characters with lard. Determination
+of the amounts of the respective ingredients indicated the following
+approximate formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ammoniated mercury&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·88</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lead oxide (litharge)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·15</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·25</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extractive</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·32</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Spermaceti</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31·0&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soft paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31·0&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lard</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31·4&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Neglecting the extractive, the estimated cost of the ingredients for
+half an ounce is under one halfpenny.</p>
+
+<h3>A NEW AND MARVELLOUS REMEDY<br> FOR THE EYES.</h3>
+
+<p>This substance, sold from an address in Wisbech at the price of 2s. 9d.
+for a packet containing 135 grains, was enclosed in a small envelope,
+on which was written, “Remedy for Eyes only”; there was no printed
+label except the revenue stamp. In the accompanying circular it was
+described in the following terms:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">A Cure for Cataracts, Films, White Specks, &amp;c. without
+Operation. The Remedy Cures and Improves the Sight when
+every other remedy and human skill fails. The Remedy
+within Twelve Months has proved itself to have no equal
+for removing Cataracts, Films, White Specks, &amp;c., and
+is guaranteed the greatest and most marvellous Remedy
+in the world for such, and for all Eye Sufferers.</p>
+
+<p>Directions for use were given in another circular, as follows, and seem
+worth quoting as an illustration of pretensions so preposterous that
+they seem calculated to defeat their own object even when addressed to
+the most credulous:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Divide the packet of powder into four parts; into an ordinary six
+ounce medicine bottle put one part out of the four, then fill up the
+bottle with pure water. Filter or strain the water before so doing,
+then let the Lotion stand all night after it is made, it is then ready
+for use. Keep the remainder of the powder in a dry place until required
+for use.</p>
+
+<p>Shake up the bottle well before using, and in case of Blindness
+or very bad eyesight, for deep-seated Inflammation, Cataracts, White
+Specks, &amp;c., pour some of the Lotion into an earthen cup or basin,
+and bathe the eyes three times a day, about two minutes at a time, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>
+let the Lotion go well into the eyes by winking them whilst bathing
+them—the Lotion will do no harm by going well into them, for good
+results can only be obtained in such cases by the remedy going well
+into the eyes. After bathing the eyes cover up the Lotion with a saucer
+or plate to keep dust, etc., out, until required for use again. Use a
+piece of linen rag for bathing the eyes.</p>
+
+<p>N.B.—For Painful, Bloodshot, Weak, Dim, and Misty Eyes, or Floating
+Black Specks, or for Eye Strain, Etc., and for Strengthening the Optic
+Nerve, Etc., and for Inflammation, Short Sight, Etc.—Simply bathe the
+eyes twice a day, morning and night, just before going to bed, about
+two minutes at a time, letting a little of the Lotion go into the eyes,
+and should the Remedy make the eyes smart too much, and too long, or
+make the eyes inflamed or water, etc., too much, make the Remedy a
+little weaker by adding a little more water to same quantity of Powder,
+or by not putting quite so much powder to same quantity of water.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This circular concludes with the following notice:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Please Note the Remedy can only be had direct from
+the Proprietor himself, as no other human being in existence sells it.</p>
+
+<p>The package was accompanied by a written paper as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Please note. Since instructions have been printed
+I find it necessary for a slight alteration for the benefit of those
+suffering from Cataracts, Films, and white specks. In such cases
+when first commencing to use the remedy divide the packet of powder
+into 4 parts make one bottle out of one part and use according to
+instructions. After the use of first bottle divide the rest of the
+powder into 2 parts you will then have sufficient for 2 bottles and
+will therefore have remedy much stronger of which is needed in case
+of Cataracts, etc. And when more remedy is required always divide
+the packet into 3 parts sufficient to make 3 bottles and follow
+instructions.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">(P.S.) I may say for the benefit of those
+suffering from Cataracts, Films, and white specks the best and quickest
+results have been obtained by using one bottle per week.</p>
+
+<p>The packet contained a coarse pink powder, with many white particles.
+Analysis showed it to contain:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Basic aluminium sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">48·2</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium sulphate (anhydrous)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">18·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Colouring matter</td>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="2">a trace.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>the remainder being water. The double sulphate of aluminium and sodium,
+or soda alum, contains 48·8 per cent. of aluminium sulphate and 20·3
+per cent. of sodium sulphate, and the substance under examination thus
+practically consisted of this salt, somewhat deficient in sulphuric
+acid. The colouring matter did not quite agree in its behaviour with
+any of the common pink colours, though it was very similar to acid magenta.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of 135 grains is one-twentieth of a penny.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span></p>
+
+<h3>POMIES’ ANTI-CATARACT MIXTURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This application is sold from a place called an Ophthalmic Institution
+in London at the price of 2s. 6d. for a pot containing 162 grains.</p>
+
+<p>It is one of a series of preparations sold under the name “Pomies,”
+including anti-cataract oil, anti-inflammation eye lotions Nos. 1 and
+2, sedative collyrium, and others. The package itself was singularly
+free from printed matter; the directions on the label were as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">“Take some of the Mixture on a camelhair brush and
+introduce it into the eye in wiping the brush between the lids two or
+three times, twice a day.”</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition of the substance to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium iodide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5·6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">56·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Starch</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">31·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients, for 162 grains, is one-third of
+a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME GERMAN NOSTRUMS.</h3>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The eye preparations analysed by Dr. Zernik are
+not very interesting. One called <i>Okterin</i> is a sulphate water,
+colourless, odourless, acid, and astringent, apparently pumped out of
+a mine containing ochre. Another sold under the name <i>Opthalmol</i>,
+and described as a natural remedy for all kinds of eye disease is
+supposed to be made from the glands of a fish. It yielded analytical
+data which appeared to prove that it was rancid olive oil, with 6 or
+7 per cent. of a mineral oil like paraffin. A third wonder-working
+application, <i>Augenwol</i>, said to be made from various plants
+obtained from many countries proved to be a coloured and perfumed
+solution of common salt containing a little glycerine and some
+extractive substances.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XVII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">REMEDIES FOR PILES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The series of analyses of secret remedies for hæmorrhoids, and the
+extracts from the advertisements by which these nostrums are commended
+to the public, make it evident that the prevalence of this complaint,
+which is always disagreeable and painful, and sometimes incapacitating,
+provides a happy hunting ground for the nostrum monger. An additional
+attraction is, perhaps, to be found in the fact that considerable
+variety is possible in the method of treatment. Local applications,
+represented by suppositories and ointments, appear to be most in
+favour, but there is an obvious opportunity for the man who wishes
+to sell a medicine to be taken internally to declare that local
+applications “only afford temporary ease, and do not tend to remove
+the cause. Only internal treatment can cure.” The further possibility
+of extracting double or threefold payments from sufferers by insisting
+on the necessity of both local and internal remedies has by no means
+been neglected; in some cases one preparation only is advertised, and
+after obtaining this the sufferer learns that something further must be
+bought if the promised cure is to be effected. In another case, where
+the remedy is a “threefold treatment, because there are three avenues
+of approach to the seat of the ailment,” it is advertised to be sent
+without payment, the money to be paid after a week’s trial if benefit
+has been received; any one availing himself of this offer necessarily
+supplies the vendors with his name and address, and will then, it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span>
+seems, become the recipient of numerous letters, emphasizing the dangers
+of neglect, and offering “our full-size guinea treatment” on special
+terms. It has been shown in previous chapters that this method of
+doing business directly with the persons taking quack remedies is in
+great, and apparently growing, favour with makers of such things. The
+letters with which the sufferer is inundated are, as a rule at any
+rate, printed in imitation of typewritten letters or reproduced by
+some manifolding process, and the recipient, unless he be something of
+an expert, is likely to suppose that he is receiving letters composed
+for his personal benefit, an illusion that is sedulously maintained by
+a profession of “special interest in your case,” or some equivalent
+fiction. The majority of the preparations described in this chapter
+contain substances commonly employed for the relief of piles, such as
+hamamelis (witch hazel), lead acetate, zinc oxide, calomel, or others,
+if possible, still more old-fashioned; some, like the “Muco-Food Cones,
+containing concentrated glutinous nourishment,” consist of flour and
+cocoa butter, and are innocent of medicinal ingredients. Advertisers,
+of course, indulge in the usual impudent reflexions on the work of the
+medical profession; one, for instance, hazards the statement that “for
+centuries piles have been treated in a careless, listless, manner by
+physicians, who, through ignorance or indifference, were unfit to be
+entrusted with such cases.” These same advertisers remark: “The people
+do not like to be humbugged”—a statement, perhaps, as far from the
+truth as some other assertions in the advertisements and letters. One
+company—two of whose “cures” have been shown in previous chapters to
+consist of sugar only, and whose ointment for piles is about equally
+active—invites those who are not cured by it to detail their symptoms
+to “our medical correspondence department”; it is easy to believe that
+“you will receive the same thorough attention from our medical staff
+as if you were examined personally,” but how much attention that would
+be is wisely not stated. The majority of the articles are of American
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span>
+origin, some of them being marked “Made in U.S.A.,” and others being now
+prepared in this country, but having originally come from across the
+Atlantic. Whether English or foreign, however, the usual disproportion
+is to be found between the prime cost and the price charged. If in
+the present series the highest price is charged—and the greatest
+pertinacity in extracting the sufferer’s money is shown—by a
+transatlantic concern, in other chapters English quacks have been shown
+well to the fore as regards both price and methods.</p>
+
+<h3>BUER’S PILES CURE.</h3>
+
+<p>On purchasing from an address in one of the Home Counties Buer’s “Piles
+Cure” for 1s. 1½d., it proved to consist of a box of Buer’s Mul’la, and
+a single sample powder of Buer’s Pile Powders, which cost a further 1s.
+1½d. for a box. Several circulars were enclosed in the package. The
+trade mark was a picture of a donkey; a few extracts will suffice as
+specimens of the statements made:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Is it money (1s. 1½d.) or your life? Buer, the founder, the
+proprietor is the seventh son, not trading on his birthright but on his
+cure, testified by hundreds. Warrants it will cure you. If you suffer,
+will you try it?</p>
+
+<p>The pains experienced range all the way from the slightest itch
+to the most terrible sufferings, which appear like tearing the body
+asunder, and unless the piles are cured with Buer’s Mul’la there is no
+relief....</p>
+
+<p>They cause you to be despondent, caring little to live; no go in
+you; quarrelsome in yourself; weakening to the constitution; until
+something gives way and hastens your death. It is therefore money or
+your life; no hesitation.</p>
+
+<p>But one thing—not for the sake of selling the Powders—keep a box of
+Buer’s Pile Powders in house—12 for 1s. 1½d. ain’t dear—and take one as
+directed whenever you feel any irritation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The box of ointment contained two-fifths of an ounce. The directions
+were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Apply this Mul’la to parts affected.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the ointment to contain:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lanoline (anhydrous)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">66·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">32·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>
+Hamamelis ointment is usually made from the liquid extract which
+contains rectified spirit, but no alcohol was present in this
+oddly-named preparation; it may have been made with liquor hamamelidis
+prepared without the use of alcohol; a minute trace of water-soluble
+substance contained in the ointment suggested by its behaviour with
+reagents that such was the case. The estimated cost of ingredients is
+three farthings.</p>
+
+<p>Twelve of the powders are supplied in the 1s. 1½d. box.
+The directions are:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">To be taken at bedtime in a glass of milk or water.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the composition to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Precipitated sulphur</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">14·9</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calcined magnesia (partly carbonated)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">23·6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p class="no-indent">in one powder of average weight. Single powders
+in one box varied from 28 to 48 grains. The estimated cost of the
+ingredients for twelve powders is 1¼d.</p>
+
+<h3>MUNYON’S PILE OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This ointment is supplied by the same Homœopathic Home Remedy Company
+as has been encountered in earlier chapters. The price charged was 1s.
+a package, containing a collapsible tube holding 1 oz. of ointment and
+a metal tube for introducing it.</p>
+
+<p>On the outside of the package it was stated that the ointment</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">permanently cures all forms of Piles
+or Hemorrhoids, and immediately relieves pain, burning, itching, and
+distress at the outlet of the bowels.</p>
+
+<p>In the circular enclosed in the package, in which thirty of this
+company’s preparations for different complaints were advertised, it was
+stated that the ointment</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">cures piles, blind or bleeding,
+protruding or internal, stops itching instantly, allays inflammation,
+and gives ease at once to the sore parts, heals fissures, ulcerations,
+cracks, and all anal troubles.”</p>
+
+<p>A label on the tube of ointment asked the purchaser</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">if this remedy fails to cure him, to
+write to the proprietor stating fully all your symptoms. He will have
+your case carefully diagnosed, and, you will receive the same thorough
+attention from our medical staff as if you were examined personally.
+All communications are kept strictly confidential, and replies are sent
+in plain envelopes. Our Medical Correspondence Department is having
+great success in curing old obstinate cases. Remember we sweep away
+all fees for medical advice, we put special medical attention at your
+service absolutely free. We want you to feel at liberty to write us
+whenever you need any medical advice, and to fully understand that
+there will be no charge of any kind for our service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</span>
+Analysis showed the ointment, which was directed to be applied three
+times a day, to consist of soft paraffin, with a trace of ichthyol
+sufficient to give a slight odour, but not enough to affect the
+appearance of the ointment. Experiments showed that 0·2 per cent. or
+over of ichthyol appreciably darkens the colour of soft paraffin, and
+it appears therefore that less than this proportion was present. The
+estimated cost of one ounce of the ointment is one farthing.</p>
+
+<h3>DOAN’S OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This is sold by a company giving an address in London; the price is 2s.
+9d. a tin, containing 1⅔ oz.</p>
+
+<p>On the package it was stated that</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot no-indent">Doan’s Ointment cures Piles, Salt Rheum,
+Chilblains, Eczema. Cures Black-headed Pimples, Hives and any itching
+disease.</p>
+
+<p>In the enclosed circular it was referred to as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The “Thorough” Cure for Piles, Eczema, Shingles,
+and Itching Diseases of the Skin.</p>
+
+<p>And the statement was made that:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Bleeding and torturing itching piles are quickly
+and thoroughly cured by Doan’s Ointment, relief being usually obtained
+from the first application. A cure will follow—a “thorough” cure.</p>
+
+<p>A “Pile Pipe” was supplied at 6d. for applying the ointment to internal
+piles; for external piles it was directed to be applied with the finger
+or a piece of clean soft rag. Analysis showed the composition of the
+ointment to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calomel</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">36·0</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Zinc oxide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">11·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phenol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Soft paraffin&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">49·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients is 2d.</p>
+
+<h3>OXIEN MEDI-CONE PILE TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>The sole proprietors of this treatment are stated to be “The Giant
+Oxie Co.,” of a town in the U.S.A., but having a British depôt in
+London. The price charged for a box was 2s. 3d.; it contained twelve
+suppositories, described on the label as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Warranted to cure Blind, Bleeding, or Itching
+Hemorrhoids, and all other Diseases of the Lower Bowel and Rectum.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>
+The following extracts are quoted from the enclosed circulars:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Just so far as an electric light is ahead of a tallow candle, is the
+Oxien Medi-Cone Pile Treatment in advance of and superior to all other
+remedies for Rectal Diseases.</p>
+
+<p>The people do not like to be humbugged. Modern Men and Women demand
+modern methods of treatment. With this in view we have after careful
+painstaking study and experimenting organized a radically new method
+for the positive cure of Bleeding or Itching Piles or Hemorrhoids,
+Rectal Ulcers, Fissure, Polypi, Fistula, and all ailments of the Rectum
+and Lower Bowel....</p>
+
+<p>If you are a sufferer from this terrible malady which has scourged
+people of all classes of society, in every clime since Bible times,
+do not now give up. You can be cured. For centuries Piles have been
+treated in a careless, listless manner, by physicians who through
+ignorance or indifference were unfit to be entrusted with such cases,
+or by quacks who by questionable methods and high-titled nostrums
+extracted dollar after dollar from patient sufferers. During the past
+few years, however, a great awakening has taken place. The people
+demanded a suitable and satisfactory treatment and students have been
+at work, and the subject and its cures have had the most careful and
+scientific attention.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The result of the careful and scientific attention of the students is
+these suppositories, which were found on analysis to have the following
+composition:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lead acetate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5·6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Creasote, about</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">A resinoid substance</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">3·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Vegetable tissue</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Hard paraffin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">7·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of theobroma (cocoa butter)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">81·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The resinoid substance showed the presence of tannin; it could not
+be identified with any certainty, but may have been “hamamelin,” an
+extract of hamamelis (witch hazel) for which there is no official
+standard or method of preparation, but it did not agree closely in
+character with the hamamelin ordinarily supplied in this country. The
+vegetable tissue appeared to be that of a young leaf, and from the
+peculiar nature of the hairs was probably hamamelis leaf; the mature
+leaves as imported into Great Britain, however, possess characters
+which were absent. The suppositories were of the average weight of 19
+grains, and the estimated prime cost of the ingredients for twelve is 1¼d.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</span></p>
+
+<h3>HEMOTORA.</h3>
+
+<p>The fluid to which this name is given is stated to be manufactured for
+a company by a chemist in Cheshire. A bottle containing nearly 4 fluid
+ounces, costs 2s. In the accompanying circular the company’s views as
+to the cause of piles are expounded as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Hemotora is a Concentrated Extract of Herbs
+which has been tested and proved beyond doubt to be a “Certain
+Specific for Piles.” A short explanation will clearly show the
+action of Hemotora. Should any hindrance occur to the flow of blood
+through the hæmorrhoidal veins, they naturally become congested and
+distended; this further brings about a thickening of the vein walls,
+eventually developing painful tumours called “Piles,” or technically,
+“Hæmorrhoids.” The many and various conditions that eventually produce
+Piles can always be traced to this accumulation of blood, and it is
+in this direction, the very basis of the complaint, that the active
+principles of Hemotora display their wonderful efficiency by removing
+the obstruction to the natural flow of blood; the parts will then
+return to their original condition and functions. Relief may be
+obtained from the external use of Ointments, Creams and Suppositories,
+but these preparations only afford temporary ease, and do not tend to
+remove the Cause. Only internal treatment can cure. Results show that
+External, Internal, and Bleeding Piles alike soon yield to this remedy;
+after a few doses the pain is greatly alleviated, accompanied by a
+sense of relief from the sickly feeling of lassitude and depression.
+The tonic properties of Hemotora quickly restore the general health.</p>
+
+<p>From another circular it appears that</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The “Hemotora Salve” for Itching Piles is sold in
+small 1s. Jars, large size, 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis of “Hemotora” showed it to be an aqueous liquid containing
+about O·09 per cent. of a bitter amorphous alkaloid and 2·7 per cent.
+of vegetable extractive, including a little of a substance of the
+nature of a tannin, but not medicinal tannic acid. The liquid appeared
+to be produced by aqueous extraction, infusion or decoction, of some
+bitter vegetable substance.</p>
+
+<h3>ROLLO’S REMEDY FOR PILES.</h3>
+
+<p>This ointment, made by a Scottish company, is sold in tins, price 1s.
+1½d., containing rather under 1 oz. It is described in an accompanying
+circular as a remedy for a good many disorders besides Piles:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Rollo’s Remedy for Piles, Eczema, Rheumatic Pains, Burns and
+Scalds, Chilblains, Soreness or Roughness of the Skin, Itching.</p>
+
+<p>Rollo’s Remedy is a Vegetable Extract in the Highest Possible State
+of Purity, without any addition whatever. It is obtained from a little
+known part of Africa, and has been brought to its present perfection
+after a long series of scientific experiments. It does not contain any
+Poisons, Drugs, Chemicals, or Impurities of any kind, and although
+intended for external use only, it is so pure that even if eaten it
+would be quite harmless.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the ointment to contain over 99 per cent. of fatty
+basis, with a very small quantity of a dark substance which appeared to
+be vegetable extractive. It contained no alkaloid and no tannin, and
+possessed no characters indicative of the drug or plant from which it
+was derived. The basis showed the characters of a mixture of fats in
+which oil of theobroma (cocoa butter) predominated, with about 15 per
+cent. of lanoline (anhydrous).</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> VAN VLECK’S COMPLETE<br> ABSORPTIVE PILE TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>The preparations sold under this name are, or were, very widely
+advertised by a company giving an address in London. They are offered
+without previous payment, as indicated by the following extracts from
+an advertisement:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>To every person who sends us the coupon below at once, we will
+send—Free to try—our complete new threefold absorption cure for Piles,
+Ulcer, Fissure, Prolapse, Tumours, Constipation, and all rectal
+troubles. If you are fully satisfied with the benefits received, send
+us 4s. 6d. If not, we take your word, and it costs you nothing; you
+decide after a thorough trial.</p>
+
+<p>Our valuable new Pile Book (in colours) comes free with the approval
+treatment all in plain package. Send no money—just the coupon—to Dr.
+Van Vleck Co.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The “new Pile Book,” a pamphlet of 40 pages, entitled “The Rational
+Treatment of Rectal Diseases,” included a description of the rectum,
+with eleven illustrations—several of them coloured—with descriptions
+of various kinds of piles and treatments, and of the Van Vleck
+remedies. A few extracts only can be given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Unless you are beyond every chance of recovery, this wonderful
+threefold Absorption treatment will cure you....</p>
+
+<p>The Absorption Cure is Threefold because there are three avenues of
+approach to the seat of the ailment. To neglect one of these avenues
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>
+means to leave an open gateway for the return of the malady. Dr. Van
+Vleck struck at the well spring of the disease, as well as at the
+visible effect of it. Once cured by our treatment the disease is cured
+to stay cured. There is no pain, no confinement, no heavy doctor’s or
+surgeon’s bill, no operation. The cost is placed within the reach of
+all, and the treatment is accompanied by a positive guarantee of cure.
+The treatment embraces:</p>
+
+<ul class="index fs_90">
+<li class="isub3">1. Dr. Van Vleck’s Absorptive Plasma.</li>
+<li class="isub3">2. Dr. Van Vleck’s Muco-food Cones.</li>
+<li class="isub3">3. Dr. Van Vleck’s Pile Pills (and System Regulator).</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<p>The “positive guarantee” is given inside the back cover of the
+pamphlet, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b>GUARANTEE.</b></p>
+
+<p>The Dr. Van Vleck Co.... Hereby positively agrees that Dr. Van
+Vleck’s Absorption Cure for Piles, when taken and used in accordance
+with our simple instructions and directions, will cure any case of
+Piles, and in the event of its failure to cure,</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b>AGREES TO REFUND</b></p>
+
+<p>The entire amount paid immediately upon required statement that
+benefit has not been received.</p>
+
+<p class="author">The Dr. Van Vleck Co.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>It will be observed that this purported to be a guarantee to cure, and
+would be read by most as a promise to refund the amount paid if the
+treatment did not cure; whereas it was only a promise to refund if a
+“required” statement were made that benefit (that is, any benefit) had
+not been received, a statement most uncured persons might hesitate to make.</p>
+
+<p>On application for the 4s. 6d. treatment, 5 suppositories, 10 pills,
+and about 65 grains of “plasma” in a collapsible tube were sent, with a
+long circular letter of the usual type, offering the:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Large special treatment, including our new Rectal
+Applicator, made from pure Stannum,<a id="FNanchor_2" href="#Footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
+for 21s., or for 16s. 6d. in addition to the 4s. 6d. to be sent for what
+was supplied.</p>
+
+<div class="footnote"><p class="no-indent">
+<a id="Footnote_2" href="#FNanchor_2" class="label">[2]</a>
+<i>Stannum</i>: tin. <i>Latin Dictionary.</i></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The labels of the preparations were stamped “made in U.S.A.”</p>
+
+<p>Letters subsequently received urging continued use of the treatment
+and pressing for particulars of the case, were much like those from
+other nostrum dealers which have been printed in earlier chapters, and
+included such statements as:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">We have made a special study of your case, and
+we are convinced that if this, our final offer to <i>you</i>, is
+accepted, a permanent cure will be assured.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span>
+No “case” had been even mentioned in sending for the preparations. The
+“final offer” was:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">On receipt of 12s. 6d. we will forward you our
+Full Size Guinea Treatment, post free. We are perfectly willing to
+trust to you to remit us the balance of 4s. on completion of the cure.
+Remember you are absolutely protected by our guarantee (see last page
+of booklet).</p>
+
+<p>Other papers sent were a “Patient’s Special Symptom Form,” to be
+filled up after using the “treatment,” and including such questions as
+“Are your Piles better?” “Please state in what way your condition has
+changed since you commenced taking our treatment,” and a form for names
+and addresses of other persons suffering from piles.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis of the “plasma” showed it to be a paraffin ointment containing
+about 6 per cent. of powdered galls and a small quantity of menthol
+(approximately 1 per cent.); the basis consisted principally of soft
+paraffin, with a dark substance which appeared to be the natural
+impurities of crude petroleum. The formula is thus approximately:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered galls</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Menthol</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Crude petroleum jelly to&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The “Muco-food Cones” had an average weight of 21 grains; analysis
+showed them to consist of:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Wheat flour</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">28</td>
+      <td class="tdl">per cent.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of theobroma (cocoa butter)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">68</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Careful search failed to show any other ingredient.</p>
+
+<p>The pills were coated with a mixture of talc and sugar, tinted an
+orange colour; after removing the coating they had an average weight of
+1·1 grain. Analysis showed them to contain small quantities of powdered
+capsicum, powdered liquorice, and maize starch; 23 per cent. of ash,
+about half of which consisted of silicious matter and was apparently
+talc that had got into the pill from the coating; the remainder of the
+ash showed the usual constituents of the ash of vegetable drugs and
+extracts, together with a small quantity of zinc, which was present in
+the pill in the metallic state and was presumably derived from some
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span>
+vessel used in the preparation; a bitter extract, agreeing in its
+properties with extract of cascara sagrada, constituting the major
+portion of the pill; and a resinoid substance which resembled iridin.
+As a definite formula cannot be given for such a pill, the cost of
+ingredients can only be estimated somewhat roughly. After making
+liberal allowance for the unknown resinoid, the estimated cost of the
+ingredients of the quantities of the three preparations supplied for
+4s. 6d. is three-farthings.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XVIII.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">PREPARATIONS FOR RUPTURE.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>Advertisements of means of curing rupture without operation are very
+common, but in most cases the advertiser has for sale a special form
+of truss or other appliance. The disorder is so well-known to be of a
+mechanical or structural nature, that it might have been thought that
+it would hardly have been worth anybody’s while to advertise drugs for
+its cure. Nevertheless there are, at least, two instances in which
+medicine for internal or external use is supplied; the results of
+examination of these are here given.</p>
+
+<h3>RICE’S TREATMENT FOR RUPTURE.</h3>
+
+<p>The following is a specimen of the wording of the advertisement of
+this “treatment” which used to be, and perhaps still is, very commonly
+illustrated by a picture of a bricklayer filling up a hole in a wall:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b>RUPTURE CURED.</b></p>
+
+<p>Do You See this Bricklayer Closing up the Opening in that Wall.
+That is the way to cure <i>Rupture</i>, by filling in the opening with
+<i>new</i> and <i>stronger</i> tissue.</p>
+
+<p>A rupture is simply a break in a wall—the wall of <i>muscle</i> that
+protects the bowels and other internal organs.</p>
+
+<p>It is just as easy to cure a wound or break in <i>this</i> muscle as
+one in the arm or hand.</p>
+
+<p>Now this break may be no larger than the tip of your finger.
+But it is large <i>enough</i> to allow part of the intestines to
+crowd through. Of course, this cannot <i>heal</i> unless nature is
+<i>assisted</i>. That is just what this Method does. It enables you to
+retain the protrusion inside the wall in its proper place.</p>
+
+<p>Then we give you a Developing Lymphol to apply on the rupture
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span>
+opening. This penetrates <i>through</i> the skin to the edges of the
+opening and removes the <i>hard ring</i> which has formed around the
+break.</p>
+
+<p>Then the <i>healing</i> process begins. Nature, no longer
+handicapped by the protruding bowel and hardened ring at the opening,
+and stimulated by the action of the Lymphol, throws out <i>her</i>
+supply of lymph, and the opening is again filled with <i>new
+muscle</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Isn’t this simple? Isn’t it <i>reasonable</i>?...</p>
+
+<p>Simply <i>write</i> us and we will post you a <i>free sample
+treatment of</i> the Developing Lymphol and a finely illustrated book
+on The Nature and Cure of Rupture. Do <i>not</i> send any money. Just
+your <i>name</i> and <i>address</i> on this Coupon.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Application for particulars of the method of cure brought a book of
+40 pages, entitled “The Nature and Cure of Rupture,” with a letter,
+directions for measurement, and other papers. It would seem that if
+the applicant does not at once become a customer, other letters and
+booklets are sent at intervals. The titles of some of these booklets
+which are before us are: “First Aid to the Ruptured,” “The Value
+of a Cure,” “A Fireside Reverie,” “Facts and Faces,” “The Story of
+Christopher Columbus,” and “The Man Who Wondered Why.” However much the
+matter varies, it always leads to the subject of the cure of rupture
+by Rice’s Treatment. The treatment consists of the wearing of an
+“Appliance” (occasionally referred to as “my perfect truss”) and the
+application of “Developing Lymphol.” The respective parts stated to be
+played by these are indicated by the following extracts from some of
+the pamphlets referred to:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>To be cured of rupture it is necessary to apply my Lymphol
+Developing Treatment regularly as directed, for it is the Lymphol, not
+the Appliance, that performs the cure.</p>
+
+<p>The Appliance is simply a means of support to retain the rupture,
+and prevent the protrusion from tearing down the new particles of
+tissue with which the opening is being filled under the vitalizing and
+healing influence of the Lymphol.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The appliance is supplied in two grades or qualities. The price of the
+Appliance and Lymphol together ranged from 21s. for a child’s single
+appliance of the cheaper grade to £4 10s. for an “Abdominal Supporter
+and Navel Appliance Combined,” of the higher grade. It was stated
+in the price list that the lymphol and appliance were not supplied
+separately; but in another list sent with the goods the lymphol alone
+was priced at 16s. 6d. The bottle sent held just over four fluid ounces.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Lie on your back, remove appliance, unscrew
+stopper, and sprinkle a few drops of the Lymphol on to the point where
+the rapture leaves the cavity of the abdomen. Apply night and morning,
+rubbing in thoroughly with fingers. If irritation is produced, use
+less Lymphol, or discontinue its use for a few days. The Lymphol may
+be reduced in strength by adding Spiritus Rectificatus which can be
+obtained from any chemist.</p>
+
+<p>The “appliance” consisted of an elastic band to go round the body,
+fitted with an adjustable pad and an understrap. Analysis showed the
+“lymphol” to be an alcoholic solution containing essential oils and
+capsicum resin, and a trace of red colouring matter. Oils of origanum
+(thyme), peppermint, and spearmint were recognized; the proportion of
+capsicum was estimated by determining the total solid matter, and by
+comparing the pungency of dilutions of the lymphol with dilutions of
+the solutions prepared in imitation; the red colouring matter was not
+cochineal, or one of the common vegetable colours, but appeared to be
+one of the artificial dyes. Careful comparisons indicated the following
+formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl" colspan="4">Tincture of capsicum (<i>B.P.</i> strength</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws1">but prepared with strong alcohol) &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">60</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">by measure.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of origanum</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of peppermint</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Oil of spearmint</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Red dye</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">q.s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Rectified spirit to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 4 fluid ounces is 9d.</p>
+
+<h3>HEALINE TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>This is advertised from a town in the south of England as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b>Rupture cured</b></p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">speedily and permanently, with inexpensive home treatment.
+A certain remedy for Man, Woman, and Child. Full particulars on receipt of two
+stamps.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Application to the address given brought a booklet of 28 pages,
+headed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The following is a description of</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa1">Rupture,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Its causes, Symptoms,</p>
+
+<p class="center">Treatment, and Cure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An extract from this booklet is here given:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span></p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">The only possible way to effect a permanent cure
+is by taking a remedy that will fortify and strengthen the weakened
+vessels, and so enable them to bear an ordinary strain without
+injuring them. <span class="smcap">Healine Treatment</span> No. 1 has
+been found by experience to perform this operation after all other
+so-called treatments have failed. External treatment cannot cure you,
+for the cause is internal; therefore to effect a cure the cause must be
+removed. By taking this remedy as directed, a cure may be expected from
+two to four months, according to description of complaint and length
+of time affected. From six to nine bottles of this preparation is
+generally sufficient to effect a cure, or the same quantity of pills. I
+do not guarantee to completely cure every case, but it will do as much
+good as nature will allow, and prevent strangulation in every case. I
+find, after a few years’ experience with this remedy, that it is able
+to absolutely cure ninety out of every hundred cases of rapture, where
+nine to a dozen bottles have been taken.</p>
+
+<p>Other sections of the pamphlet are devoted to varicocele and varicose
+veins, for which it appears that “Healine No. 2” and “Healine No. 3”
+respectively are recommended.</p>
+
+<p>The prices of the preparations (post free) were thus given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Liquid Form.—3s. per bottle; Three for 8s. 9d.; or Six prepared
+bottles for 15s.</p>
+
+<p>Pill Form (recommended).—2s. 9d. per box; Three for 8s.; or Six for
+13s. 9d.</p>
+
+<p>Healine Lotion (same price as Internal Healine) is always necessary
+for bad Ulcerated Legs and open or deep-seated Wounds, and never fails
+to cure when used as directed.</p>
+
+<p>Consultation by appointment only, for which a fee of 2s. 6d. will be
+charged.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>An application for a bottle of liquid “Healine No. 1,” with a
+remittance of 3s., brought in return a box of the pills, with an
+intimation that these were recommended in preference. The box contained
+60 pills, two to be taken three times a day.</p>
+
+<p>The pills were coated with talc, after removal of which they had
+an average weight of 4 grains. No metallic salts were present, and
+no alkaloid; about 1 per cent. of an oily liquid of acid nature,
+apparently oleic acid, was found; small quantities of a tannin, gum,
+and phlobaphene, a decomposition product of tannin, were present,
+and a bitter substance which showed no characters by which it could
+be identified; aloin and extract of cascara sagrada were absent,
+and all resinous substances, unless in minute quantity; the pill
+consisted chiefly of indefinite extractive, with about 20 per cent. of
+a vegetable powder, one ingredient of which was liquorice, a second
+appearing to be gentian, but it was not identified with certainty;
+a considerable portion of the vegetable powder had no identifiable
+properties.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XIX.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">CURES FOR INEBRIETY.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>For a good many years past cures for inebriety have been freely
+advertised in various ways, some of them commonplace and others
+showing a good deal of ingenuity. Some are advertised and sold in the
+same way as ordinary secret remedies, that is to say, the purchaser
+sends so much money and receives a box or bottle with directions
+for administering the contents. In other instances the inebriate is
+required to submit himself to inspection, and in certain cases must
+enter a home maintained by the proprietor or his agents. Between these
+two extremes there are intermediate plans, the methods followed shading
+off on the one hand into those of the ordinary nostrum seller, and on
+the other into the more elaborate system of the “treatments” with which
+transatlantic enterprise has made us familiar. The last of the remedies
+described by name below approximates very closely to this class.</p>
+
+<h3>COZA POWDER.</h3>
+
+<p>This powder is supplied by the Coza Institute, 76, Wardour Street,
+London, W., formerly 62, Chancery Lane, London, W.C. The price charged
+for a box, containing 30 powders was 10s.</p>
+
+<p>The preparation was advertised with an offer of a free sample. An
+application for a sample brought a single powder together with a 10s.
+box to be paid for or returned, a book of 130 pages (which is referred
+to below), and a letter, from which the following is an extract:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Coza Powder has the marvellous effect of producing a repugnance to
+intoxicating drink of any kind, and may be administered in coffee, tea,
+milk, water, beer, whisky, brandy, or solid food without the partaker’s
+knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>Coza Powder does its work so silently and surely that any person
+interested in the intemperate can administer it to him or her without
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span>
+his or her knowledge and without him or her learning what has effected
+the reformation.</p>
+
+<p>Coza Powder has reconciled thousands of families, saved from shame
+and dishonour thousands of men and transformed them into sturdy
+citizens and capable business men. It has led many a young man along
+the direct road to good fortune, and has prolonged by several years the
+lives of many individuals.</p>
+
+<p>We particularly wish to draw your attention to the fact that we
+guarantee Coza Powder to be absolutely harmless.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The book which was sent, entitled <i>No more Drunkenness</i>, opens
+with the statements that—</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Coza Powder is one of the greatest discoveries of
+the day. There is nothing in the whole world to compare with it. It is
+the only powder to cure the craving for drink and drug habits.</p>
+
+<p>The first few pages are devoted to a disquisition on drunkenness; then
+follow further claims for Coza Powder, such as—</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Coza is the name of a marvellous powder which
+possesses the quality of occasioning in him who takes it a dislike
+for alcoholic liquors and all intoxicating drinks. The drinker finds
+alcohol so detestable that even on the most tempting occasions it will
+be impossible for him to take a single drop.</p>
+
+<p>A large part of the book is given up to what are called testimonials,
+with portraits stated to represent the writers; the large majority of
+these are dated from Continental countries. Those to which English
+names and addresses are appended are for the most part expressions of
+hopefulness, or records of slight variations in drinking which are
+believed to be due to the powders; for instance:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">My friend has been taking “Coza” this last two
+days, and he has had no desire for drink.</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Enclosed you will find P.O. for which send me
+another box. I think the powders are doing my friend good. Send at
+once.</p>
+
+<p>The last pages of the book are devoted to advertisements of Canexia
+Hair Elixir, Canexia-Brilliantine, and Canexia-Shampoo Powder, supplied
+from the Canexia Chemical Works, 61, Chancery Lane; and Anticelta
+Tablets for Obesity, and Brixa Tablets for Thin People, supplied from
+62, Chancery Lane.</p>
+
+<p>A visit to the address showed that the Canexia Chemical Works, the Coza
+Institute, and the offices of Anticelta and Brixa Tablets were all at
+that time accommodated in three rooms on the second floor at 61 and
+62, Chancery Lane, the double number representing the one entrance of
+a large block of buildings containing hundreds of different offices. A
+photograph of the entire block, inscribed “Coza Institute,” is given in
+the book just referred to. The address has since been changed to that
+given above.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</span></p>
+
+<p>The powders had an average weight of 1½ grains, the weights of single
+ones varying from ⅓ grain to 3 grains. Analysis showed them to contain
+90·5 per cent. of sodium bicarbonate, the remainder being a vegetable
+powder; microscopic examination of this powder showed that it agreed in
+all its characters with a mixture of equal parts of cummin fruit and
+cinnamon. No alkaloid was present, and no other ingredient of any kind
+could be detected. The formula is thus:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sodium bicarbonate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">90</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered cinnamon</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered cummin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>Cummin fruit (seeds) have a bitter aromatic taste and a peculiar strong
+heavy odour. Owing to its disagreeable taste and odour cummin is seldom
+used in medicine, any medicinal properties it possesses being the same
+as those of other aromatic and less nauseous umbelliferous fruits.</p>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 powders was one-thirtieth
+of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>DIPSOCURE.</h3>
+
+<p>This nostrum is prepared by a “Chemical Co.,” giving an address in
+Birmingham. The price charged for a box, containing 50 powders, 25
+being white and 25 tinted reddish-buff, was 9s.</p>
+
+<p>This article, like the preceding, is advertised with an offer of a free
+sample. Application for a sample brought also a stream of letters at
+short intervals, with abundant printed matter. A few extracts from the
+letters are here given:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Eminent medical men have over and over again declared that if a
+cure for drunkenness could be discovered both TASTELESS AND ODOURLESS,
+and placed in the hands of a devoted woman to administer SECRETLY,
+the greatest difficulty in effecting cures would have been overcome.
+“Dipsocure” IS TASTELESS and ODOURLESS, and CAN BE administered
+SECRETLY; so that it has been our privilege and good fortune to
+have solved the problem. Whilst counteracting and freeing the
+alcoholic-laden system of the poison, it is soothing to the nerves and
+restores the health, and is harmless to the most delicate person.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">... when a cure has been effected we ask you
+kindly to acquaint us of the fact, and perhaps you will then consider
+our agency proposal, showing how a good income can be made by
+introducing the cure to others. To show you the ease with which it can
+be sold, if you remit us 10s. three packages will be sent, two of which
+you can readily dispose of to other sufferers at 9s. each, thus making
+8s. profit and obtaining one packet quite free.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The directions for use were:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Give one powder three times a day, before meals, dissolved in half a
+tea-cup of Hot Coffee, Tea, Whisky, Milk, Gin, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>Use either the brown or white powder, as the colour of the liquid
+may require.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The powders had an average weight of 4·2 grains, single powders varying
+from 2·9 to 6·0 grains. The composition of both kinds was found to be
+the same except for the trace of colouring matter contained in the
+tinted powder. Analysis showed the composition to be—</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Acetanilide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">59</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 50 powders was one-third of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>ANTIDIPSO.</h3>
+
+<p>This is supplied by another “Chemical Company,” giving an address in
+London. The price of a box, containing 48 powders, 24 being white, and
+24 tinted pinkish-buff, was 10s.</p>
+
+<p>The statements made about this article, in circulars and letters, were
+very similar to those made about the preceding one. A few extracts will
+suffice:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">You will not forget that to insure an absolute
+complete and permanent cure for the craving, two boxes are invariably
+required. We have had data of cures effected with one box, but to make
+absolutely sure you will do well to immediately send us remittance, to
+the same value as the last, and get the second box of the specific.
+Antidipso may be administered with or without the knowledge of the
+patient.... We enclose you a booklet showing our agency terms. Kindly
+give it your attention, as we are confident you will be so surprised
+and satisfied at the cure which will be effected that you will either
+yourself want to take up agency with us, or get some one in your
+district to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Give one powder, dissolved in half a tea-cup of
+hot coffee, whisky, milk, gin, &amp;c. (using either Brown or White
+Powder as colour of liquid may require) 3 times a day before meals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span>
+The powders had an average weight of 5·3 grains, single powders ranging
+from 3·7 to 9·9 grains. The white and tinted powders were made of the
+same constituents, with a trace of colouring matter added in the latter
+case, but in different proportions. Analysis showed the composition to be:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1 spa1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">White Powders.</span></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">24·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">75·5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="3"><span class="smcap">Coloured Powders.</span></td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium bromide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">35</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar of milk</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">65</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 48 powders was one-third of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>THE TEETOLIA TREATMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>The following is an extract from an advertisement of a “Teetolia
+Treatment Association,” giving an address in London:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center">After years of Drink and Drug taking—</p>
+
+<p class="center">Cured in 4 days.</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">... The Teetolia treatment acts so rapidly
+and so efficiently that within four days from the commencement
+of administration the insistent craving for drink is absolutely
+destroyed—so much so, that even the thought of alcohol becomes
+nauseating.... Thousands have been cured by this treatment, and we
+guarantee to cure you. If you write to-day, you will receive by return
+of post a private consultation sheet, together with a valuable book on
+this subject, post free in plain envelope, and you will be a free man
+within a week.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>On application being made for further particulars, a booklet of twenty
+pages, entitled <i>The Teetolia Treatment for Alcoholic Excess, Drug
+Habits, and Resultant Nervous Diseases</i>, was sent, together with a
+letter and a form to be filled up with particulars of the case to be
+treated. The following are extracts from the booklet:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The discovery of the Teetolia method and treatment for the permanent
+eradication of the crave for drink and drugs marks an era in medical
+science. It is the outcome of a life’s study of the subject by one of
+our best known West-End physicians.</p>
+
+<p>You can, whilst undergoing the treatment, pursue your ordinary
+methods of living. You continue to take your daily modicum of alcohol;
+but somehow about the third or fourth day of treatment, without having
+made any physical or mental effort, you feel that you no longer want a
+drink; it holds out no attractions to you; its magnetic influence has
+gone....</p>
+
+<p>We are willing to supply you with sufficient medicine for eight
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</span>
+days’ treatment free of all charge. This will enable you to determine
+whether the treatment is acting successfully, for at the end of the
+fourth day an obvious and perceptible effect should be experienced. We
+impose no condition; we rely on your candour, honesty, and gratitude
+that at the end of the eight days’ treatment, if you are convinced
+of the value of the Teetolia Treatment, you will forward to us the
+ordinary fee—£1 1<i>s.</i>—for same, but if you have derived no benefit
+from the treatment at the end of the same period, then you are under no
+obligation whatever to pay us one single penny.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The letters were on headed paper, at the top of which was printed,
+“All communications strictly confidential,” and “Consultations with
+Physician by appointment.” The first letter concluded as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Please therefore fill in and return without delay
+the special statement sheet and upon our receiving it the Physician
+will go carefully into the case and will prescribe special medicine,
+which will reach you with expert advice in the course of two or three
+days in a perfectly plain sealed package.</p>
+
+<p>The “expert advice,” in a letter purporting to be from “The Medical
+Superintendent,” sent with the medicine, contained these passages:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>I want, if possible, the patient to use his own endeavours to try
+and keep off alcohol during the first few days of treatment; if this
+cannot be done, then the treatment must be commenced when the patient
+is not drinking, in order to give the medicine a better hold on the
+system. The dislike for alcohol, which we claim, does not come on all
+at once.</p>
+
+<p>The eight days’ treatment is enough to show you that it will do
+good, but not sufficient in this case to effect a permanent cure.
+I would advise the patient to continue for at least a month to six
+weeks.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This is somewhat widely at variance with the statements quoted above.
+“You continue to take your daily modicum of alcohol” and “you will be a
+free man within a week.”</p>
+
+<p>The one guinea “treatment” consisted of 2⅙ fluid ounces of a liquid of
+the nature of a vegetable fluid extract.</p>
+
+<p>The directions were:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Half a teaspoonful to be taken in a little water every
+four hours during the day at 10, 2, 6, and 10 o’c.</p>
+
+<p>Analysis showed this to contain 29·3 per cent. by volume of alcohol
+and 2·3 per cent. of alkaloid, which consisted principally of quinine.
+The liquid agreed generally with a diluted liquid extract of cinchona;
+the amount of alkaloid was just under half what is contained in the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span>
+official liquid extract of cinchona. Treatment with suitable solvents
+extracted a trace of a non-alkaloidal bitter substance resembling the
+bitter substances obtainable from quassia, chiretta, &amp;c.; a preparation
+of chiretta appeared to be the more probable. No strychnine was
+present, and no evidence was obtained of any other ingredient.</p>
+
+<h3>SOME OTHER DRUG CURES<br> FOR INEBRIETY.</h3>
+
+<p>A somewhat frequent constituent of preparations for the treatment
+of inebriety is atropine, while other preparations contain one or
+more of the alkaloids belonging to the same group, usually known as
+the solanaceous alkaloids from the fact that they are all derived
+from plants of the nat. ord. <i>Solanaceae</i>. These alkaloids
+closely resemble each other in their chemical nature and in their
+pharmacological properties; the principal members of the group are:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Atropine, <b>C₁₇H₂₃NO₃</b>; obtained chiefly from <i>Atropa</i>
+<i>belladonna</i> (deadly nightshade) and <i>Scopola</i>
+<i>carniolica</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Hyoscyamine, <b>C₁₇H₂₃NO₃</b>, obtained chiefly from <i>Hyoscyamus
+niger</i> (henbane) and <i>Scopola</i> species.</p>
+
+<p>Hyoscine, or scopolamine, <b>C₁₇H₂₁NO₄</b>, obtained chiefly
+from <i>Scopola</i> species, <i>Hyoscyamus niger</i>, and <i>Datura
+alba</i>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The two following were originally described as separate substances, but
+have more recently been shown to consist of mixtures:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Duboisine, obtained from <i>Duboisia myoporoides</i>, consists
+chiefly of hyoscyamine and hyoscine.</p>
+
+<p>Daturine, from <i>Datura stramonium</i> (thornapple) consists
+chiefly of hyoscyamine, with a variable proportion of atropine.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A certain preparation for inebriety is said to contain “stramonine”; as
+no alkaloid has been described and characterized under this name, it is
+probably only a variant of daturine, which, as has been said, consists
+of a natural mixture of hyoscyamine and atropine.</p>
+
+<p>To the above may be added the artificial alkaloid homatropine
+<b>(C₁₀H₂₁NO₃)</b>, which has not been found in a plant, but is prepared
+synthetically; in chemical constitution it is mandelyl-tropeine,
+atropine being tropyltropeine.</p>
+
+<p>The differences in the action of the four principal solanaceous
+alkaloids are briefly as follows:</p>
+
+<p><i>Atropine</i> has a stimulant action on the central nervous system
+especially on the motor area; it depresses and in large doses paralyses
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>
+the nerve endings of secretory glands, plain muscle, and the heart.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hyoscyamine</i> is intermediate in its action between atropine and
+hyoscine; causes less stimulation of the central nervous system than
+atropine, and is a weaker sedative and hypnotic than hyoscine. It has
+the same action peripherally as atropine but is twice as powerful.</p>
+
+<p><i>Hyoscine</i> resembles atropine in its paralysing effect upon
+peripheral nerve endings, the action being quicker, more powerful, and
+less lasting. It does not possess the stimulating effect of atropine
+upon the brain; depression of the motor area is marked from the first.</p>
+
+<p><i>Homatropine</i> resembles atropine in its action but is less
+powerful.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">CHAPTER XX.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">CURE ALLS.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The greater number of the proprietary medicines described in these
+pages are advertised as cures for a wide range of ailments, but
+usually there is some one disease for the treatment of which they are
+particularly recommended, so that it has been possible to classify them
+according to their alleged purposes. In very many other cases, however,
+the claims made are so wide that the article is put forward as a sort
+of cure-all. Thus one of the articles described is stated to cure such
+different disorders as constipation, rheumatism, St. Vitus’s dance,
+heart disease, rickets, sleeplessness, kidney complaints, and women’s
+special ailments, among many others, and is said to be “a real elixir
+of life in solid form”; the facts as to its composition, ascertained
+by analysis, show what the possibility of its being a “cure”—for
+heart disease, for instance—is. As to “Pink Pills,” another of the
+nostrums analysed, which probably owes its popularity partly to bold
+advertisement and partly to its alliterative name, the method followed
+appears to be to recommend them for different diseases in different
+advertisements; personal testimony, or what is put forward as such,
+from sufferers who have been cured, is made the basis of most of
+these, and illustrations are employed to catch the eye of the casual
+reader. Analysis showed that these pills were practically the ordinary
+iron-carbonate pills commonly called Blaud’s pill, which ought to
+be freshly made. The Pink Pills are of lower strength than usually
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>
+prescribed, and to judge by the proportion of iron that was found to be
+in the higher state of oxidation, very carelessly prepared. They
+differ vastly, however, from other Blaud’s pills in the price charged
+for them. Thus the proprietary Pink Pills are sold at a little over a
+penny each, while coated Blaud’s pills can be bought retail at a few
+pence a gross, and wholesale in large quantities at a little over a
+penny a gross. The analyses of other proprietary preparations show a
+similar disparity between the market price of the drug supplied and
+the price charged to the person who is beguiled into purchasing; thus
+thirteen-pence-halfpenny, two shillings and sixpence, and two shillings
+and ninepence are the selling prices of nostrums, the ingredients of
+which are estimated to cost respectively one-eighth, one-third, and
+one-tenth of a penny.</p>
+
+<p>Preparations of this class are not in all cases very clearly marked
+off from those recommended for some special disease, such as have been
+dealt with in previous chapters, for many of them are recommended
+for some one disease, of which nearly all others are asserted to be
+variations.</p>
+
+<h3><span class="smcap">Dr.</span> MARTIN’S MIRACLETTS.</h3>
+
+<p>These wonders are supplied by a Medicine Co., from an address in
+London. The prices are 1s. 1½d., 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. per bottle.
+A 2s. 9d. bottle contained sixty tablets.</p>
+
+<p>They are described on the package as:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>A real Elixir of Life in solid form. The world’s greatest remedy.</p>
+
+<p>Cures Constipation, Indigestion, Headache, Neuralgia, Anæmia,
+Nervous Disorders, Liver Troubles, Rheumatism, Sciatica, Gout, St.
+Vitus’ Dance, Hysteria, Rickets, Heart Disease, Kidney Complaints.</p>
+
+<p>Cures Melancholia, Loss of Appetite, Sleeplessness, Lassitude,
+Mental Depression, Brain Fag, Palpitation, Stomach Disorders, Women’s
+Special Ailments and Irregularity of Health, etc., etc.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A little book, entitled “A Fortune for All,” enclosed in the package,
+contained the following statements:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Whatever you may be suffering from do not worry or fear, as Dr.
+<span class="smcap">Marten’s Miracletts</span> will be certain to cure
+you!</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Martin’s Miracletts make the weak and sickly become strong and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>
+healthy, and the aged become youthful and full of energy; the tired
+worn-out look being replaced by an appearance of cheerfulness and vivid
+health. The pale and wrinkled face with bad complexion gives way to
+rosy cheeks and a clear skin; the thin gain flesh, and the stout lose
+superfluous fat; indigestion quickly disappears, the appetite returns,
+and a <i>new life</i> is open to all.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>A separate small slip enclosed in the package was worded as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1 spb1"><b><span class="smcap">Guarantee.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>Dr. Martin’s Medicine Company being absolutely confident of the
+marvellous curative properties of their Miracletts, will willingly
+refund the money to any purchaser who has taken eighteen Miracletts
+according to directions, and is not satisfied with the results.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Much less conspicuously, on another slip chiefly devoted to the
+relative quantities in the packages of different size, it was stated:</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Those whose ailments have been of long
+standing must not expect immediate perceptible results, but
+with a little patience and perseverance the result is
+<span class="smcap">Sure</span>.</p>
+
+<p>The “Miracletts” consisted of sugar-coated tablets, the coating being
+coloured brown with ferric oxide (so-called chocolate coating). After
+removal of the coating they had an average weight of 4·3 grains;
+this included the weight of a strong coating of varnish, which was
+not removed with the sugar-coating. Analysis showed them to contain
+valerianates of quinine and zinc, iron oxide, menthol, kaolin in
+considerable quantity, and a little talc. A substance of extract nature
+was also present to the extent of about 5 per cent.; it possessed no
+characteristic taste or other property by which it could be identified;
+a resinous substance, which was found in small quantity, appeared to be
+merely the varnish with which the tablets were covered. The quantities
+of the different ingredients were determined as nearly as possible, and
+the results indicated the following amounts:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Quinine valerianate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·4</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Zinc valerianate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Ferric oxide</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Menthol</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·03</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Kaolin and talc</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·3</td>
+      <td class="tdl">grains</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one tablet.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients of the tablets is 4d. a hundred.</p>
+
+<h3>THERAPION.</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>
+Another “medicine company,” also with an address in London, advertises
+three preparations which it calls Therapion. Therapion No. 1 was
+described as “the most efficacious remedy” for “all discharges”;
+Therapion No. 2 as “the great remedy for impurity of the blood, scurvy,
+pimples, spots, blotches, pains and swellings of the joints, gout,”
+and so on; and No. 3 as a new French remedy, by the use of which the
+shattered health will be restored.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="center spa1">The Expiring Lamp of Life Lighted Up Afresh,</p>
+
+<p class="no-indent">and a new existence imparted in place of what
+had so lately seemed worn, “used up,” and valueless. This wonderful
+medicine is suitable for all ages, constitutions, and conditions,
+in either sex, and it is difficult to imagine a case of disease or
+derangement, whose main features are those of debility, that will
+not be speedily and permanently benefited by this never-failing
+recuperative essence, which is destined to cast into oblivion
+everything that had preceded it, for this widespread and numerous class
+of human ailments.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="spa1">The claims for No. 3 being so inclusive, it was deemed
+sufficient to analyse it only. The dose of all three was stated to be
+the same—a piece about the size of a small marble three or four times a
+day; as the package, costing 2s. 9d., contained 1⅓ oz., and as it was
+referred to as providing twenty ordinary doses, a single dose would be
+about 30 grains. The substance consisted of a dark stiff paste smelling
+strongly of camphor. Analysis showed it to contain, in addition to
+camphor, glycerine, powdered liquorice, a bitter extract agreeing in
+all respects with extract of gentian, calcium glycerophosphate, and a
+trace of alkaloid; there also appeared to be a second extract present.
+The alkaloid, which amounted to 0·06 per cent. only, could not be
+identified with any of the ordinary medicinal alkaloids. There was some
+evidence that the second extract was that of damiana, and a paste made
+up with this and the other ingredients agreed well with the original;
+but extract of damiana possesses no distinctive characters by which
+it can be identified in a mixture. Quantitative determinations were
+made of those ingredients capable of it, and the proportions of the
+others estimated by comparison. The results indicated the following
+formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Camphor</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Glycerine</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">24&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">40&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Calcium glycerophosphate&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·8</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of gentian</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">5·0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Extract of damiana (?)</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">8&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Alkaloid</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·06</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1">100&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span>
+In addition, there appeared to be present a slight trace of the oil of
+one of the umbelliferous fruits, probably anise or fennel. Disregarding
+the trace of alkaloid, the estimated cost of the ingredients for 1⅓ oz.
+is 2d.</p>
+
+<h3>PINK PILLS FOR<br> PALE PEOPLE.</h3>
+
+<p>These pills, sold by the Dr. Williams Medicine Company, from an address
+in London, are stated to be manufactured in the United States of
+America. The price is 2s. 9d. a box, containing 30 pills.</p>
+
+<p>The pills are advertised for a great variety of diseases, prominence
+being usually given to one disease in each advertisement; thus four
+long advertisements appearing simultaneously in different papers were
+respectively headed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Afraid of being touched. So sore with Rheumatism. A once-crippled
+victim tells how Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills cleansed his system of
+Rheumatism.</p>
+
+<p>Eczema expelled. Mr. John Chamberlain tells how his sufferings from
+Skin Disease were cured by Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills.</p>
+
+<p>Sciatica’s Swift Pains rendered this Lady helpless. Her case had
+defied treatment, but Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills succeeded by curing the
+cause of Sciatica.</p>
+
+<p>The Dark Days of Dyspepsia.... Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills go to the
+very cause of the mischief.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Each advertisement included a long description of a “case,” and as a
+rule a picture was introduced. The following is from the concluding
+paragraph of the first of these advertisements, and the others ended in
+a similar way.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b><span class="smcap">The Dr. Williams’ Way.</span></b></p>
+
+<p>When the muscles and nerves are tortured by poisons in the Blood,
+be the result Rheumatism, Sciatica, or Lumbago, the only way to a cure
+is to Enrich and Purify the Blood. Dr. Williams’ Pink Pills, in this
+way alone, have cured not only Rheumatism, but Anæmia, Indigestion,
+Palpitations, Influenza’s After-Effects, Eczema, Sciatica, St. Vitus’
+Dance, Spinal Weakness, the many forms of Nervous Disorders dreaded by
+men; also the special ailments of women.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The pills were ovoid in shape and coated with sugar, coloured pink;
+after removal of the coating they had an average weight of 3 grains.
+Analysis showed them to contain ferrous sulphate, potassium carbonate
+(these two having reacted more or less completely, and about one-third
+of the iron having become oxidized to the ferric state), magnesia,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span>
+powdered liquorice, and sugar. Since it has been stated that these
+pills contain arsenic, careful search was made for it, but it was not
+found, The pill is thus merely one of the many variations of Blaud’s
+pill. The quantities of the different ingredients found indicated the
+following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Exsiccated sulphate of iron</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·75</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Potassium carbonate, anhydrous&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·66</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Magnesia</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·09</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered liquorice</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">1·4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Sugar</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 30 pills is one-tenth of a
+penny.</p>
+
+<h3>BEECHAM’S PILLS.</h3>
+
+<p>A box of these pills, advertised to be worth a guinea, is sold for 1s.
+1½d., and the prime cost of the ingredients of the 56 pills it contains
+is about half a farthing.</p>
+
+<p>In a circular wrapped round the box it is stated that “these renowned
+pills are composed entirely of Medicinal Herbs,” and cure Constipation,
+Headache, Dizziness or Swimming in the Head, Wind, Pain, and Spasms at
+the Stomach, Pains in the Back, Restlessness, Insomnia, Indigestion,
+Want of Appetite, Fullness after Meals, Vomitings, Sickness of the
+Stomach, Bilious or Liver Complaints, Sick Headaches, Cold Chills,
+Flushings of Heat, Lowness of Spirits, and all Nervous Affections,
+Scurvy and Scorbutic Affections, Pimples and Blotches on the Skin, Bad
+Legs, Ulcers, Wounds, Maladies of Indiscretion, Kidney and Urinary
+Disorders, and Menstrual Derangements.</p>
+
+<p>The pills had an average weight of 1¼ grains, and analysis showed them
+to consist of aloes, ginger, and soap; no other medicinal ingredient
+was found. The quantities were approximately as follows:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aloes</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·5</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered ginger&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·55</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Powdered soap</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·18</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h3>NERVLETTES.</h3>
+
+<p>Of these pills, which are sold in a bottle, price 1s. 1½d., containing
+27 pills, a circular enclosed in the package said</p>
+
+<p class="blockquot">Coleman’s Nervlettes or Nerve Pills generate brain and nerve-force.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>
+The pills were coated with talc; after removal of the coating they had
+an average weight of about 1½ grains. Analysis showed them to contain
+free phosphorus, quinine sulphate, a little powdered liquorice, and
+about 20 per cent. of a powdered vegetable tissue, which could not be
+identified; the remainder of the pill appeared to be of the nature of
+excipient only. The amounts of phosphorus and quinine were determined,
+and indicated the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Phosphorus</td>
+      <td class="tdr">0·005</td>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;grain.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Quinine sulphate</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·07</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Vegetable powder&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">0·3&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl_ws2" colspan="3">In one pill.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<h3>MOTHER SEIGEL’S CURATIVE SYRUP.</h3>
+
+<p>The price of a bottle of Mother Seigel’s Syrup containing 3 fluid
+ounces is 2s. 6d.</p>
+
+<p>Although this was described on the wrapper as “for dyspepsia” so
+many disorders were stated to be due to this cause, and amenable to
+treatment with this preparation, that it may fairly be included in
+this chapter. On the other side of the wrapper it was called “A cure
+for impurities of the blood,” and “A cure for dyspepsia and liver
+complaints.” In a circular enclosed with the bottle it was stated:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>The symptoms mentioned above are the smoke of the fire of
+indigestion—a fire that will eat out your very vitals and sap your
+strength and vitality. For it can’t be too often repeated that
+indigestion is the root of a great deal of evil; the origin of a great
+many disorders which no man quite understands how he came by. And why
+this is can easily be explained. Disease is poison; its symptoms are
+the manifestation of the poison. Indigestion creates many dangerous
+poisons, and is therefore the cause of many diseases.</p>
+
+<p>So let us get rid of the smoke by putting out the fire, and purify
+our blood and system with Mother Seigel’s Syrup, which will sweep away
+the poisons and make us healthy and strong.</p>
+
+<p>Mother Seigel’s Syrup is a highly concentrated, purely vegetable
+compound, having a specific action on the stomach, liver, and kidneys.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Analysis showed the presence of free hydrochloric acid, which is not
+usually classified as a vegetable compound, tincture of capsicum, a
+bitter substance agreeing in its properties with aloes, and sugar
+(partly as invert sugar); the colouring and flavouring substances also
+present indicated that the sugar had been added in the form of treacle.
+Quantitative determination of those ingredients capable of it, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span>
+estimation of the others by comparison with known mixtures, indicated
+the following formula:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Dilute hydrochloric acid (<i>B.P.</i>)&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">10&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">parts</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">by measure.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Tincture of capsicum</td>
+      <td class="tdr">1·7</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Aloes</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">2&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">parts.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Treacle</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">60&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp;</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100&#8199;</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">parts</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">by measure.</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients for 3 fluid ounces is one-third
+of a penny.</p>
+
+<h3>THE ILLS OF HUMANITY.</h3>
+
+<p>Several examples have been encountered in previous chapters of the
+system of getting into personal communication with a possible customer,
+and addressing to him a series of letters warning him of the dire
+consequences should he fail to purchase the advertiser’s “treatment.”
+Over and beyond the chance of frightening the customer, the system,
+which seems to have originated in the United States of America, has
+the advantages that a profession can be made of adapting the treatment
+to the individual case, that the price may be lowered if the charge
+first made is considered too high and that possibly, in return for
+this concession, testimonials and the names of other sufferers may be
+obtained. A letter-writing system of this kind is found at work behind
+the advertisement from which the following paragraphs are extracted:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p class="f110 spa1"><b>Free! Free!</b></p>
+
+<p>To the Sick and Ailing Everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The Cure for your Disease—Delivered Free—Free for the Asking—Free to
+You.</p>
+
+<p>To the sick—the suffering—to every man and woman victim of organic
+disease—local trouble or broken general health—Dr. Kidd’s offer of free
+treatments is given in the absolute faith and sincere belief that they
+can and will stop disease, cure it, and lift you up again to health and
+vigour....</p>
+
+<p>Rheumatism, kidney trouble, Bright’s disease, diabetes, heart
+disease, partial paralysis, bladder troubles, stomach and bowel
+troubles, piles, catarrh, bronchitis, weak lungs, consumption, asthma,
+chronic coughs, nervousness, all female troubles, lumbago, skin
+diseases, scrofula, impure blood, general debility, organic vital
+ailments, etc., are cured to remain and continue cured....</p>
+
+<p>Will you let me do this for you—will you let me prove it—brother and
+sister sufferers? Are you willing to trust a master physician, who not
+only MAKES this offer, but PUBLISHES it and then sends the test and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span>
+proof of his remedies without a penny of cost to anyone except
+himself?...</p>
+
+<p>My home office is at Fort Wayne, Indiana, U.S.A., but for the
+benefit of my thousands of English patients, I have established an
+office in London. Please address Dr. James W. Kidd, “Box” No. ____, E.C.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The advertisement was illustrated by the portrait of a man who, it
+might be assumed, was the “master physician” in question, but that
+in a book of some hundred pages, entitled “The Ills of Humanity, by
+Dr. James W. Kidd, Fort Wayne, Ind.,” issued apparently by “the J. W.
+Kidd Co.,” there is a portrait of Dr. James W. Kidd, which seems to
+represent a totally different person.</p>
+
+<p>The book is principally occupied with a series of paragraphs on
+different complaints, rather over a hundred being dealt with; in the
+majority of cases the description leads up to reference to Dr. Kidd’s
+treatment, or medicines, etc. Dr. James William Kidd, the book states,
+possesses a profound knowledge of medicine, a remarkable power over
+disease, and has “among his resources remedies that enable him to treat
+successfully many diseases that are generally considered incurable.”
+After this the fact disclosed by analysis that his remedies seem in
+reality sadly lacking in originality and novelty, must excite a mild
+surprise.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that persons writing to Dr. James W. Kidd, or the J. W.
+Kidd Co., receive a “Self-Examination and Consultation Blank.” In one
+instance in which the blank was filled up, the reply was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>Diagnosis and Case Record. By Dr. James W. Kidd, Fort Wayne, Ind.</p>
+
+<p>For a complete description of your case, the probable results and my
+method of treatment, see pages 46, 99, 29, 13, 9, of the pamphlet “The
+Ills of Humanity,” sent you under separate cover.</p>
+
+<p>I find that you are afflicted with Rheumatism, Scrofula, Catarrh,
+Dyspepsia and Gastritis.</p>
+
+<p>Rheumatism MEANS an excess of uric acid in the blood.</p>
+
+<p>Scrofula is a constitutional disease almost synonymous with
+tuberculosis.</p>
+
+<p>Catarrh is an excreting inflammation of the mucous membrane.</p>
+
+<p>Dyspepsia (Indigestion) MEANS impaired secretion of pepsin and
+consequent imperfect digestion.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</span></p>
+
+<p>Gastritis MEANS catarrh of the mucous membrane of the stomach.</p>
+
+<p>TAKE THE REMEDIES ACCORDING TO THE FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS:</p>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub3">One Tablet “A” before breakfast.</li>
+<li class="isub3">One Tablet “B” before dinner.</li>
+<li class="isub3">One Tablet No. 18 before supper.</li>
+<li class="isub3">One Tablet No. 7 after dinner and after supper.</li>
+<li class="isub3">One Tablet No. 45 on retiring.</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<p>This was accompanied by tablets marked “A,” “B,” and “18,” three of
+each, four marked “45,” and five marked “7”; also by a letter which
+appeared to be lithographed, and although the name and address were
+in the same writing and the same ink, they showed evidence of having
+been added afterwards. It seems probable, therefore, that, although
+professing to be a personal letter, it was one in regular use. It
+stated that Dr. James W. Kidd has “to-day selected and will forward to
+your address upon receipt of your remittance of 1<i>l.</i> the complete
+course of treatment,” the tablets sent being only samples. The letter
+apologizes for the smallness of the samples on the ground that the
+drugs “are very expensive.” The writer adds: “I have taken special
+interest in your case, because I want a cured patient in your immediate
+vicinity.” The tablets were analysed as completely as was possible with
+the small quantities sent, with the following results:</p>
+
+<p><i>Tablet A</i> (triangular) was coloured externally with a salmon-pink
+dye; the outer coating was of sugar, and below this was a rather
+thick coating of chalk, forming a very hard and resistant covering
+to the tablet. The decoated tablets weighed about 3-¼ grains each;
+they contained 52 per cent. of sodium bicarbonate, and the remainder
+consisted principally of a bitter extract agreeing in all respects with
+extract of gentian; small quantities of potato starch and a substance
+of resinoid nature, which could not be identified, were also present.
+No other medicinal substance could be found.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tablet B</i> (triangular) was coloured externally with a
+bluish-purple dye; the coating and the material of the tablets agreed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span>
+in all respects with Tablet A, and the two were apparently identical.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tablet 18</i> (circular) was white; the coating was of similar
+composition to that of A. The decoated tablets weighed about 3·8 grains
+each; analysis showed the presence of about 1 grain of sodium benzoate
+in each, together with a small quantity of a greenish, moderately
+bitter resin which could not be identified, and a trace of oil of
+wintergreen. Faint indications were obtained of a trace of an alkaloid,
+but not enough to amount to positive evidence. No other medicinal
+substance could be found; the remainder was of “extractive” nature.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tablet 45</i> (circular) was coloured externally with a pink dye;
+the coating was of similar composition to that of A. The decoated
+tablets weighed about 1·1 grain each; the chief constituent was aloes,
+and there was also present a very small quantity of ginger extract,
+and a small quantity of a resin, which was probably jalap or scammony
+resin; also a moderate trace of alkaloid, which was not the alkaloid of
+nux vomica, belladonna, or hyoscyamus, but was not present in quantity
+sufficient to be identified; the only other ingredient found was a
+little potato starch.</p>
+
+<p><i>Tablet 7</i> (circular) was not coated. The average weight of these
+was 6·5 grains each, and they consisted principally of charcoal, with
+some sugar and a very little saccharin.</p>
+
+<p class="center">“These special remedies are very expensive!”</p>
+
+<h3>BURGESS’S LION OINTMENT.</h3>
+
+<p>The results of an examination of Burgess’s Lion Ointment may be given
+here inasmuch as it will be seen that it is recommended for the cure of
+a great number of disorders. It is supplied in boxes at 1s. 1½d., 2s.
+9d., 4s. 6d., 11s., and jars at 22s.; the 1s. 1½d. box contains 1 oz.,
+and the next size 3 oz.</p>
+
+<p>A circular wrapped round the box was headed “Amputation avoided—the
+knife superseded,” and continued:
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot">
+<p>E. Burgess’s Lion Ointment and Pills Have deservedly become the
+popular remedies for curing all diseases of the Skin, Old Wounds,
+Ulcers, Abscesses, (including Tuberculous), Tumours, Polypuses, Piles,
+Fistulas, Shingles, Venerea Sores, Whitlows, Broken Breasts, Bad Legs,
+Boils, Scurvy, Scrofula (<i>King’s Evil</i>), Scorbutic Eruptions,
+Poisoned Wounds <i>of all kinds</i>, Stings, Venomous Bites,
+Scurf, Ringworm, Itch, Corns, Chilblains, Chapped Hands, Cracked
+Lips, Cuts, Burns, Scalds, Gatherings in the Ear, Toothache, Earache,
+Neuralgia, Rheumatism, Gout, Sciatica, Quinsey, Bronchitis, Asthma,
+Deafness, etc.; also Ulcerous Affections of the Womb, for the treatment
+of which apply to the Proprietor, personally, or by letter, <i>in all
+cases free</i>. These invaluable medicines have not been introduced as
+remedies for any of the above complaints, or diseases, until they have
+in each case <span class="allsmcap">PRACTICALLY</span> proved
+<span class="allsmcap">EFFECTUAL</span>. To those who are suffering from
+diseases <i>apparently</i> rendering amputation necessary, they are
+especially recommended, as they entirely do away with the necessity
+for the same by drawing all the cause of the disease from the affected
+part, cleansing the blood, and restoring the system to a sound, healthy
+condition.</p>
+
+<p>They are vegetable preparations, and the Ointment can be applied
+with perfect confidence to the most tender skin. It is entirely
+free from all poisonous ingredients, a great recommendation for the
+nursery—for which it is invaluable.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>In spite of the ointment being a “vegetable preparation,” analysis
+showed the principal ingredient to be lead oleate (lead plaster);
+this is blended with resin, wax, and fatty ingredients; vegetable
+extracts and active principles were found to be absent. It is not
+possible to separate the ingredients of an ointment like this sharply
+one from another; and, since the ingredients are not themselves simple
+bodies but mixtures liable to rather wide variations, they can only
+be approximately determined, and, as regards the lard and oil, even
+identification cannot be placed beyond doubt nor can small quantities
+of some other fats be certainly stated to be absent. These, however,
+are matters of minor importance. The composition given below has been
+checked by varying the analytical methods, as well as by comparison of
+various ointments prepared according to formulæ suggested by analysis.
+As a result of the investigation, the following formula was arrived at,
+which gives an ointment similar to the “Lion” ointment:</p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lead plaster&emsp;&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">13</td>
+      <td class="tdl_wsp">parts.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Beeswax</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">20</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Resin</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">11</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Olive oil</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Water</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">Lard, to</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp">100</td>
+      <td class="tdc">”</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The estimated cost of the ingredients is about 1Od. per lb. of ointment.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">APPENDIX.<br>
+<span class="h_subtitle">STAMP DUTY ON<br> SECRET REMEDIES.</span></h2>
+</div>
+
+<p>The duty on secret medicines is regulated by the Stamp Act of 1804 as
+amended by the Stamp Act Amendment Act of 1812. The Act of 1804 was
+itself in part an amending Act and regulated the duties to be paid
+on paper, on books, on advertisements, and imposed <i>ad valorem</i>
+duties on hats and proprietary medicines. The tax on proprietary
+medicines remains, but that on advertisements through and by which they
+continue to exist and flourish has gone the way of the duties on hats,
+and books, and paper. The Act of 1804 contained a schedule of medicines
+to the number of some 450. In the Act of 1812 this was replaced by a
+new schedule in which about 550 proprietary medicines were mentioned
+by name. The final clause of this Act, however, is expressed in very
+general terms, for it includes “all other pills, powders, lozenges,
+tinctures, potions, cordials, electuaries, plasters, unguents,
+salves, ointments, drops, lotions, oils, spirits, medicated herbs and
+waters, chemical and officinal preparations whatsoever, to be used
+or applied externally or internally as medicines or medicaments for
+the prevention, cure, or relief of any disorder or complaint incident
+to or in any wise affecting the human body,” if the person making or
+selling these various preparations claim to have any occult secret or
+art for making them or claim to have any exclusive right or title to
+make them, or prepares and sells them under the authority of letters
+patent, or if by public notice or advertisement, or by papers or labels
+on, or with, the enclosures, bottles, or cases in which the preparation
+is sold, the maker vendor, or proprietor recommend them as “nostrums,
+or as proprietary medicines, or as specifics, or as beneficial to
+the prevention, cure, or relief of any distemper, malady, ailment,
+disorder, or complaint incident to or in any wise affecting the human body.”</p>
+
+<p>The Inland Revenue returns show that during the last ten years the
+amount received by the State from the stamp duty on patent medicines
+so-called has increased from £266,403 10s. 3d. in the year ending March
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span>
+31, 1899, to £334,141 19s. 2½d. in the year ending March 31st, 1908.
+The net receipts are the gross receipts after deducting repayments
+and allowances, but the aggregates of these deductions are small. The
+following table shows the net receipts in each of the ten years, and
+the average for the two quinquennial periods, 1899-1903 and 1904-1908:—</p>
+
+<p class="f110 no-wrap"><b><span class="smcap">Table showing net Receipts from
+Stamps on<br> “Patent Medicines” for Ten Years, 1899-1908.</span></b></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <thead><tr>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb">&nbsp; Year. &nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="3">Yearly.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="3">&nbsp;Quinquennial&nbsp;<br> average.</th>
+   </tr></thead>
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">£</td>
+      <td class="tdc">s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">d.</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">£</td>
+      <td class="tdc">s.</td>
+      <td class="tdc">d.</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1899</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">&nbsp; 266,403 &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp; 10 &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&nbsp; &#8199;3 &nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="5">298,483</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">18</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">&#8199;3</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1900</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">288,827</td>
+      <td class="tdc">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc">1½</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1901</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">297,479</td>
+      <td class="tdc">19</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;8</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1902</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">306,337</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;5</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;5</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl bb">1903</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">333,371</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&#8199;7</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&#8199;9</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1904</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">323,445</td>
+      <td class="tdc">14</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb" rowspan="5">328,048</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">16</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb" rowspan="5">&#8199;0</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1905</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">331,438</td>
+      <td class="tdc">17</td>
+      <td class="tdc">6½</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1906</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">324,111</td>
+      <td class="tdc">14</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;2</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl">1907</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">327,105</td>
+      <td class="tdc">15</td>
+      <td class="tdc">3½</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdl bb">1908</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl bb">334,141</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">19</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">2½</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p>The value of the stamp which the vendor must affix to the bottle or
+package varies according to the price charged for the medicine, and the
+returns show the number of articles for which the several rates are
+paid. The following table gives the amount of the stamp duty on the
+several prices, the number of articles stamped in the fiscal year 1908,
+and the amount of the stamp. An attempt has also been made to estimate
+the total amount paid by the public for the articles stamped:—</p>
+
+<p class="f110 spa1 no-wrap"><b><span class="smcap">Table showing Rates of Duty, Number of Articles Stamped<br>
+and Approximate Sum paid by the Public in the Year<br>
+ending March 31st, 1908.</span></b></p>
+
+<table class="spb1">
+   <thead><tr>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb" colspan="3">&nbsp;Price of Article&nbsp;<br>without stamp.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="2">&nbsp;Stamp.&nbsp;</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl">&nbsp;Number of articles&nbsp;<br>stamped.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bt2 bb bl" colspan="3">&nbsp;Price paid by public.&nbsp;</th>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <th class="tdc">£</th>
+      <th class="tdc">s.</th>
+      <th class="tdc">d.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bl">s.</th>
+      <th class="tdc">d.</th>
+      <th class="tdc bl"></th>
+      <th class="tdc bl">£</th>
+      <th class="tdc">s.</th>
+      <th class="tdc">d.</th>
+   </tr></thead>
+   <tbody><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">1½</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">33,037,202</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,858,342</td>
+      <td class="tdc">12</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">6</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">3</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">7,565,822</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">1,040,300</td>
+      <td class="tdc">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">6</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">1,002,549</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">225,573</td>
+      <td class="tdc">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">6</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">122,249</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">67,236</td>
+      <td class="tdc">19</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;0</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">2</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">18,445</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">20,289</td>
+      <td class="tdc">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+   </tr><tr class="bb">
+      <td class="tdc">1</td>
+      <td class="tdc">10</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdc bl">3</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl">11,308</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl">18,658</td>
+      <td class="tdc">&#8199;4</td>
+      <td class="tdc">0</td>
+   </tr><tr>
+      <td class="tdc" colspan="5">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="tdr_ws1 bl bb">41,757,575</td>
+      <td class="tdr_wsp bl bb">3,230,401</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">&#8199;5</td>
+      <td class="tdc bb">6</td>
+   </tr>
+ </tbody>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>
+This estimate of the total amount paid by the public must be too high.
+In the first place it will be seen that the stamp duty does not rise by
+regular increments <i>ad valorem</i>. An article, the nominal price of
+which is 1s., must bear a stamp of 1½d., but if the nominal price be
+1s. 6d., the stamp is 3d., and for an article of the nominal price of
+2s. 6d. it is the same. In the second place, a large proportion of all
+the articles, probably the great majority of those at 1s., are sold at
+a discount, “store prices.” In the above table the maximum price for
+each rate of stamp duty and the full nominal prices are assumed. If a
+deduction of 25 per cent. is made to meet these sources of error, we
+have a sum of £2,422,800 19s. 1½d., as an estimate of the amount
+spent by the public on patent medicine in the financial year ending
+March 31, 1908.</p>
+
+<p>At one time some of the vendors of nostrums took to inserting in their
+advertisements phrases intended to suggest that the Inland Revenue
+stamp upon their packages implied some sort of Government guarantee
+of the efficacy of the remedy. Though the Inland Revenue authorities
+do not as a rule display any anxiety with regard to the welfare of
+the public in the matter of the sale of nostrums, their efforts being
+confined to the collection of the duty, and the enforcement of the
+provisions of the Act should any vendor show a disposition to evade
+them, the stamp in recent years has borne the statement “This stamp
+implies no Government guarantee.” In spite of this vendors still
+sometimes contrive to convey the suggestion that the stamp conveys some
+sort of government guarantee; the suggestion looks the more plausible
+if the vendor has his name or autograph printed on the stamp by the
+government authorities; this will be done for him if he pays the cost
+of the die, and by the use of such an endorsement the incautious buyer
+may be led to assume that the Inland Revenue in some way shares the
+vendors’ responsibility for the genuineness of the article, that is
+to say for the genuineness of its claims. It has been suggested that
+the Legislature might go further and require the composition and
+ingredients of any secret remedy to be stated upon the label, box,
+or package, and looking to the nature of the facts disclosed by the
+analyses published in this book, it may well be believed that such
+publications on the labels would act to a certain extent as a warning
+to the public, for it would be apparent even to the least instructed
+that the claims in the vendors’ circulars were not quite consonant with
+the commonplace nature of the ingredients of the mixture, powder, pill,
+lotion, or ointment.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<ul class="index">
+<li class="isub15">PAGE</li>
+<li class="isub2">Absorbit Reducing Paste, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Absorptive Pile Treatment, Van Vleck’s, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Acetanilide (antifebrin), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub12"><a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Acetic acid, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">&nbsp;”  &emsp;ether, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Acetyl-salicylic acid, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Act, Stamp, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Alcohol, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Allan’s Anti-fat, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Almond, oil of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Aloes, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Aloin, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Alum, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Aluminium oleate, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     sulphate, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ammoniacum, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ammoniated mercury, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ammonium bromide, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws3">carbonate,</span> <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws3">chloride,</span> <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws3">citrate,</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Aniseed, oil of, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     powdered, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     Powell’s Balsam of, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antexema, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anthylla, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-cataract Mixture, Pomie’s, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-catarrh, Birley’s, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anticelta Tablets  <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-corpulent Preparation, Russell’s, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antidipso, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-epileptic Medicine, W. and J. Taylor’s, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antiépileptique (Uten), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-fat, Allan’s, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antifebrin (<i>see</i> Acetanilide).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Antigout soap, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antimony oxide, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Antipon, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Anti-rheumatic Pearls, Baring Gould’s, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Appendix, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Aspirin (<i>see</i> Acetyl-salicylic acid).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Assmann’s Whooping Cough Remedy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Atropine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Augenwol, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">“Bacillentod” (G. Pohl’s Family Tea), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Baldness, Medicines for (internal), <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Capsuloids, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Haemoglobin Capsules, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Balsam of Peru, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Balsamic Cough Mixture, Crosby’s, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Balsamic Elixir, Congreve’s, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Baring Gould’s Anti-rheumatic Pearls, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Barium sulphate, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Beans, Bile, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bearberry (<i>Uvœ ursi</i>), <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Beeoham’s Cough Pills, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">&nbsp;Pills,</span> <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Beeswax, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bell’s Fairy Cure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Benzoate, Sodium, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Benzoin, compound tincture of, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Berberine, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Berendorf’s Powder for Epilepsy, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Betony, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bile Beans, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Birley’s Anti-catarrh, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bishop’s Gout Varalettes, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bladderwrack, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub8"><a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Blair’s Gout and Rheumatic Pills, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Blood Cure, Munyon’s, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;Mixture, Clarke’s, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;Pills, Harvey’s, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">”</span>    Hughes’s, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Blood Purifiers, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Clarke’s World-Famed Mixture, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Harvey’s Pills, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Hood’s Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Hughes’s Pills, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Munyon’s Cure, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Phelps Brown’s Purifier, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Steven’s Consumption Cure, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Townsend’s American Sarsaparilla, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Blue dye, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Borax, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Boric acid, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bostock’s Eye Ointment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Brixa Tablets, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bromide, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    in Tuberculozyne, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Brompton Consumption and Cough Specific, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Brown’s Vervain Restorative Assimilant, O. Phelps, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Bryony, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Buckthorn, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Buer’s Mul’la, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Buer’s Piles Cure, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Burdock, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Burgess’s Lion Ointment, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Caffeine, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Calcium carbonate, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    glycerophosphate, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    phosphate, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    sulphate, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Calling in the doctor, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Calomel, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Camomile, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Camphor, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cancer remedies, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Cardigan Cancer Curers, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Caustics and Cancer, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Canexia preparations, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Capsicum, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Capsulated Haemoglobin Ovals, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Capsuloids, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Carbolic acid (<i>see</i> Phenol).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Cardigan Cancer Curers, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Carmine, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cascara, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cascarilla, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cassia, oil of, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Catarrh Balm, Van Vleck’s, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Catarrh Cures, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Birley’s, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lane’s, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Munyon’s, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Van Vleck’s, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Catarrh and Cold Cures, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Birley’s, <a href="#Page_7">7</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Keene’s “One Night”, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lane’s, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Mackenzie’s “One Day”, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Munyon’s, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Van Vleck’s, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Caulophyllin, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Caustics and cancer, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">C.B.Q. Tablets, Post’s, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">“Century Thermal” Bath Cabinet, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Charcoal, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">“Chijitse”, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Children’s Cooling Powders, Fenning’s, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Chiretta, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Chloroform, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>,
+            <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">spirits</span> of  <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Chlorophyll, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cimicifuga, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cinchonine, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cinnamon, powdered, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Citric Acid, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Clarke’s Blood Mixture, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Clifton’s Treatment for Deafness, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cochineal, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cocoa, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cocoa butter (<i>see</i> Theobroma, oil of).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Cod Liver Oil, Pastor Felke’s Honey, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Colchicin, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Colchicum, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cold Cures, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Keene’s “One Night”, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Mackenzie’s “One Day”, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Colds in the head, <a href="#Page_1">1</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Coleman’s Nervlettes, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Collie’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Colza, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Consumption Cures, <a href="#Page_20">20</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“Bacillentod” (Pohl’s Family Tea), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Brompton specific, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Congreve’s Balsamic Elixir, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil, Pastor, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Kefyr Ferment, <a href="#Page_24">24</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Körber’s, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lieber’s Tea, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Pohl’s Family Tea (“Bacillentod”), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Star Tonic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Steven’s (Sacco or Lungsava), <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Tuberculozyne, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Weidhaas Hygienic Institute, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Consumption, Körber’s Cure for, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Consumption and Cough specific, Brompton , <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cooling Powders for Infants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Fenning’s Children’s Powders, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Copper in Tuberculozyne, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”   oleate, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Corpulence (<i>see</i> Obesity Cures).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Corpulin, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cough Cure, Kilmer’s Indian, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">”</span>&emsp;Veno’s Lightning, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">Drops,</span> Lauser’s, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws3">”</span>    Reichel’s, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”  Lozenges, Keating’s, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cough Medicines, <a href="#Page_9">9</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Assmann’s Whooping Cough Remedy, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Beecham’s Cough Pills, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Crosby’s Balsamic Elixir, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Kay’s Linseed Compound, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Keating’s Lozenges, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Kilmer’s Indian Cure, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lauser’s Drops, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Owbridge’s Lung Tonic, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Reichel’s Drops, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Tussothym, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Veno’s Lightning Cure, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cough Medicines, Morphine in, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws4">”</span>      Opium in, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">Pills,</span> Beecham’s, <a href="#Page_18">18</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">Specific,</span> Brompton, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Coza Powder, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Creasote, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Crompton’s Specific for Deafness, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Crosby’s Balsamic Cough Elixir, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cummin, powdered, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Curative Syrup, Mother Seigel’s, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cure Alls, <a href="#Page_170">170</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Beecham’s Pills, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Martin’s Miracletts, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Nervlettes, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Seigel’s Curative Syrup, Mother, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Therapion, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Williams’ Pink Pills for Pale People, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Curic Wafers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cuticura remedies, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Cystamin (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Cystogen (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Daisy Powders, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Dalloff’s Tea, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Damiana, extract of, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Daturine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Deafness, remedies for ear disease and, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Clifton’s Treatment, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Crompton’s Specific, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Dellar’s Essence, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Nazaseptic, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Ohraseptic, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Ohrsorb Compound, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Dellar’s Essence for Deafness, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Diabetes Cures, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">A Lancashire nostrum, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Dill’s Mixture. <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Pesqui’s Uranium Wine (Vin Urané Pesqui), <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Diabetic foods, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     Mixture, Dill’s, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Dill’s Diabetic Mixture, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Dipsocure, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Doan’s Backache Kidney Pills, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    &emsp;Pile Ointment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Dodd’s Kidney Pills, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Drug Cures for Inebriety, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Duboisine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Duty on Secret Remedies, Stamp, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Ear disease (<i>see</i> Deafness, Remedies for).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Ekzemin Cream, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Electricum, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Eosin, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Epilepsy, Remedies for, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Antiépileptique (Uten), <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Berendorf’s Powder, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lamma Powder, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Osborne’s Mixture, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Ozerine, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Phelps Brown’s Vervain Restorative Assimilant, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Taylor’s Anti-epileptic Medicine, W. and J., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Trench’s Remedy, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Essence for Deafness, Dellar’s, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Eucalyptus, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Eye diseases, Remedies for, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Augenwol, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Bostock’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“New and Marvellous Remedy”, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Okterin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Opthalmol, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Pomie’s Anti-cataract Mixture, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Singleton’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Wisbech Remedy, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Eye Ointment, Bostock’s, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”  Singleton’s, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Fairy Cure, Bell’s, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Felke’s Honey Cod Liver Oil, Pastor, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fell Reducing Treatment, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fenning’s Children’s Cooling Powders, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fenugreek, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ferric chloride, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”   oxide, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ferrous sulphate, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fever Powders, Pritchard’s Teething and, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Figuroids, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fitch’s Kidney and Liver Cooler, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fits, Trench’s Remedy for Epilepsy and, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Fluorescein, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Formaldehyde, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Formamine, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></li>
+<li class="isub2"><i>Fucus vesiculosus</i> (<i>see</i> Bladderwrack).</li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Galeopsidis, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gall stones, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Galls, powdered, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gaultheria, oil of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gelsemium, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Genoform Tablets, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gentian, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Germicides, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ginger, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gloria Tonic, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gloria Treatment for Rheumatism, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gluten flour, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Glycerine, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Glycerophosphate, calcium, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gout, Rheumatism, and Neuralgia, remedies for, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Baring Gould’s Pearls, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Bishop’s Varalettes, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Blair’s Pills, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Collie’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Electricum, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Genoform Tablets, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Gloria Treatment, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Gower’s Green Pill, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Hamm’s Cure, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Laville’s Remedies, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Lazarus Soap, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Oquit, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Pistoia Powders, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Portland Powder, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Post’s C.B.Q. Tablets, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Rheuma Tabakolin, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Rheumacid, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Uricedin, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Weigand’s Spirit, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Zox, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gout and Rheumatic Pills, Blair’s, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gout and Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s Rheumatic, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gout Powders, Pistoia, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">”</span><span class="ws2">Portland,</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”  Varalettes, Bishop’s, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Gower’s Green Pills, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Graziana Reducing Treatment (Zehrkur), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Green Pills, Gower’s, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></li>
+<li class="isub2"><i>Grindelia robusta</i>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Guaiacum, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Guarantee bonds, <a href="#Page_30">30</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Haemoglobin, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”       Capsules, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”       Ovals, Capsulated, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hæmorrhoids (<i>see</i> Piles, Remedies for).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Hair (<i>see</i> Baldness).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Hamamelidis, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hamamelin, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hamamelis (witch hazel), <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hamm’s Rheumatic, Gout, and Sciatica Cure, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hargreave’s Reducing Wafers, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Harmless Headache Powders, Hoffman’s, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Harvey’s Blood Pills, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Headache, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”      Cure, Stearns’s, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Headache Powders, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Bell’s Fairy Cure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Curic Wafers, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Daisy, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“Good as Gold”, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Hoffman’s Harmless, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Kaputine, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Retailers supplying, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Stearns’s Cure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Healine Treatment for Rupture, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hemlock pitch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hemotora, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Henbane, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hexamethylene-tetramine (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Hoffman’s Harmless Headache Powders, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Homatropine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hood’s Compound Extract of Sarsaparilla, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hughes’s Blood Pills, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hydrastine, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hydrastis, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hydrochloric acid, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hyoscine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Hyoscyamine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Icthyol, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ills of humanity, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Burgess’s Lion Ointment, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Kidd’s Treatment, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Indian Cough Cure, Kilmer’s, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Inebriety, cures for, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Antidipso, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Coza Powder, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Dipsocure, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Drug cures, some other, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Teetolia Treatment, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Inebriety, drug cures for, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Iodine, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    tincture, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ipecacuanha, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub8"><a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Iridin, <a href="#Page_157">157</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Iron, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;chloride, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;phosphate, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;sulphate, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Jalap, &nbsp; <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub5"><a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Jaundice, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Juniper, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;preparations, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">J.Z. Obesity Tablets, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Kaolin, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kaputine, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kay’s Linseed Compound, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;Linum Catharticum Pills, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Keating’s Cough Lozenges, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Keene’s “One Night” Cold Cure, <a href="#Page_5">5</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kefyr, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kidd’s Treatment, James W., <a href="#Page_178">178</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kidney medicines, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Doan’s Pills, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Dodd’s Pills, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Fitch’s Kidney and Liver Cooler, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Munyon’s Cure, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Var’s American Pills, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Veno’s Seaweed Tonic, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Warner’s Cure, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kidney Pills, Doan’s Backache, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kilmer’s Indian Cough Cure, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kino, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Körber’s Cure for Consumption, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Krameria, decoction of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Kupfinn, “Dr.”, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Lactose (<i>see</i> Milk sugar).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Lamma Powder, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lancashire Nostrum, A, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lane’s Catarrh Cure, <a href="#Page_2">2</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lanoline, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lauser’s Cough Drops, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lavender, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Laville’s Antigout remedies, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Laxatol (<i>see</i> Phenolphthalein).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Laxen (<i>see</i> Phenolphthalein).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Laxoin (<i>see</i> Phenolphthalein).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic Soap, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lead, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”   acetate, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”   oleate, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”   oxide (litharge), <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”   plaster, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”   sub-acetate, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lemon, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;grass, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;oil, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Leptandrin, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lieber’s Tea for Consumption, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lime-juice, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Linseed compound, Kay’s, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lion Ointment, Burgess’s, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Liquorice, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lithium citrate, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Liver Cooler, Fitch’s Kidney and, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lloyd Reducing Treatment, Nelson, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lotion, X.L. Reducing Pills and, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lungsava, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lung Tonic, Owbridge’s, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lycopodium, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Lymphol, Rice’s, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Mackenzie’s “One Day” Cold Cure, <a href="#Page_4">4</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Magnesia, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”      calcined, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Magnesium, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Malachite green, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mandelyl-tropeine (<i>see</i> Homatropine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Marmola, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Martin’s Miracletts, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Medicine Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Medi-cone Pile Treatment, Oxien, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Menthol, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mercuric oxide, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mercury, ammoniated, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Methyl, orange, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Metramine (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Milk sugar (lactose), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub10"><a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Miracletts, Martin’s, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mixture for Epilepsy, Osborne’s, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mother Seigel’s Curative Syrup, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Muco-Food Cones (Van Vleck’s), <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Mul’la, Buer’s, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Munyon’s Catarrh Tablets, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">Catarrh Cure,</span> <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">Blood Cure,</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">Kidney Cure,</span> <a href="#Page_75">75</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">Pile Ointment,</span> <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Nazaseptic, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nelson Lloyd Reducing Treatment, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nerve stimulators, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nervlettes, Coleman’s, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nettle, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Neuralgia (<i>see</i> Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia, remedies for).</li>
+<li class="isub2">“New and Marvellous Remedy for the Eyes”, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nitre (<i>see</i> Potassium nitrate).</li>
+<li class="isub2">“No cure no pay”, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Nostrum, A Lancashire, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Obesity cures, <a href="#Page_83">83</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Absorbit Paste and J. Z. Tablets (Zobiede), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Allan’s Anti-fat, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Anticelta Tablets, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Antipon, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Corpulin and Dalloff’s Tea, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Dalloff’s Tea and Corpulin, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Fell Treatment, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Figuroids, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Graziana Treatment (Zehrkur), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Hargreave’s Wafers, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">J. Z. Tablets and Absorbit Paste, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Marmola, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Nelson Lloyd Treatment, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Russell’s Anti-corpulent Preparation, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Trilene Tablets, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">X.L. Pills and Lotion, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Zehrkur (Graziana Treatment), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Zobiede (Absorbit Paste and J. Z. Tablets), <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Obesity Tablets, J. Z., <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ohraseptic, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ohrsorb Compound, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Oil, Pastor Felke’s Honey Cod Liver, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ointment, Collie’s, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Okterin, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Oleic acid, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Opthalmol, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Oquit, <a href="#Page_59">59</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Origanum, oil of (<i>see</i> Thyme).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Osborne’s Mixture for Epilepsy, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Owbridge’s Lung Tonic, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ox-bile, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Oxien Medi-cone Pile Treatment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Ozerine, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Paciderma Blood Wafers, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">cream,</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">powder,</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">preparations,</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pale People, Williams’ Pink Pills for, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Paraffin, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub6"><a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Patients’ names, obtaining, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Peppermint, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub8"><a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pepsin, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pesqui’s Uranium Wine, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Petroleum jelly, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phelps Brown’s Blood Purifier, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”      ”     Vervain Restorative Assimilant, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phenacetin, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phenol (carbolic acid), <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>,
+             <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phenolphthalein, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,
+          <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pheun Skin Paste, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phosphoric acid, <a href="#Page_8">8</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phosphorus, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Phytolaccin, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pile Ointment, Doan’s, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”  Munyon’s, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Piles, remedies for, <a href="#Page_147">147</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Buer’s Cure, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+<li class="isub5">”&emsp;&nbsp; Mul’la, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Doan’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Hemotora, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Muco-food cones (Van Vleck’s), <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Munyon’s Ointment, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Oxien Medi-cone Treatment, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Rollo’s Remedy, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Van Vleck’s Absorptive Treatment, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pills, Kay’s Linum Catharticum, <a href="#Page_12">12</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pine preparations, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Piperazine, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pistoia Gout Powders, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Plasma, Van Vleck’s, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Podophyllin, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pohl’s Family Tea (“Bacillentod”), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pomies Anti-cataract Mixture, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Portland Gout Powder, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Post’s C.B.Q. Tablets, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Potassium bromide, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>,
+     <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">carbonate,</span> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">chlorate,</span> <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">chloride,</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">iodide,</span> <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>,
+        <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub10"><a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>,
+           <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”<span class="ws2">nitrate,</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>,
+            <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Powders, headache, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Daisy, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“Good as Gold”, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Hoffman’s Harmless, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Powell’s Balsam of Aniseed, <a href="#Page_14">14</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Prescriptions, secret remedies said to be made</li>
+<li class="isub6">from physicians’, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Pumilio pine, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Purgen (<i>see</i> Phenolphthalein).</li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Quinine, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“     sulphate, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“     valerianate, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Rapeseed (<i>see</i> Colza).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Reducing Paste, Absorbit, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“<span class="ws2">Pills and Lotion, X.L.,</span> <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“<span class="ws2">Treatment, Fell,</span> <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“<span class="ws4">“</span>       Graziana (Zehrkur), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Reducing Treatment, Nelson Lloyd, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Reducing Wafers, Hargreave’s, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Reichel’s Cough Drops, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Resin, black, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“    (colophony), <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“    plasters, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Retailers, headache powders supplied by, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheuma Tabakolin, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumacid, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumatic, Gout, and Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumatic and Gout Spirit, Weigand’s, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumatic Pills, Blair’s Gout and, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumatism (<i>see</i> Gout, Rheumatism, and Neuralgia, remedies for).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Rheumatism, Gloria Treatment for, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rhubarb, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rice’s Lymphol, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“    Treatment for Rupture, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rino Ointment, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rock Rose, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rollo’s Remedy for Piles, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Rupture, preparations for, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Healine Treatment, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Rice’s Treatment, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Russell’s Anti-corpulent Preparation, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Saccharin, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sacco, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Salicylate, alkaline, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“       sodium, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Salicylic acid, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“     Methylene-glycol-ester of, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Saltpetre (<i>see</i> Potassium nitrate).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Sal volatile, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sarsaparilla, compound solution of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sarsaparilla, Hood’s Extract of, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“        Townsend’s American, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sassafras, oil of, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Scammony, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sciatica (<i>see</i> Gout, Rheumatism and Neuralgia, remedies for).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Sciatica Cure, Hamm’s Rheumatic, Gout, and, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Scopolamine, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Seaweed Tonic, Veno’s, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Seigel’s Curative Syrup, Mother, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Senna, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Singleton’s Eye Ointment, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Skin diseases, cures for, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Antexema, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Cuticura Remedies, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Ekzemin Cream, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Juniper preparations, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Paciderma preparations, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Pheun Skin Paste, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Rino Ointment, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Zam-buk, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Zip Ointment, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Skin Paste, Pheun, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Soap, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub4"><a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“   Antigout, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“   Lazarus Gout and Rheumatic, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Soda alum, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sodium benzoate (<i>see</i> Benzoate).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Sodium bicarbonate, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>,
+           <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“&emsp;bromide, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“&emsp;chloride, <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>,
+              <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“&emsp;phosphate, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“&emsp;sulphate, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Soothing powders for infants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Steedman’s Powders, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Soothing, teething and cooling powders for infants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Fenning’s Children’s Powders, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Pritchard’s Powders, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Stedman’s Powders, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">Steedman’s Powders, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Spearmint, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Specific for Deafness, Crompton’s, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Spirit, Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Stamp Act, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">“&emsp;on secret remedies, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Star Tonic, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Stearns’s Headache Cure, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Stedman’s Teething Powders, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Steedman’s Soothing Powders, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Steven’s Consumption Cure, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Stillingia, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Storax, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">“    Stramonine“, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sulphur, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     precipitated, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Sulphuric acid, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Tabakolin, Rheuma, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tablets, Munyon’s Catarrh, <a href="#Page_6">6</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”     Trilene, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Talc, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>,</li>
+<li class="isub4"><a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tannin, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tar, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Taraxacum, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tartaric acid, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Taylor’s anti-epileptic medicine, W. and J., <a href="#Page_126">126</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tea, Dalloff’s “Contre l’Obesité”, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tea, Lieber’s (for Consumption), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">&nbsp; “&emsp;Pohl’s Family (“Bacillentod”), <a href="#Page_36">36</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Teething powders for infants, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Pritchard’s Teething and Fever Powders, <a href="#Page_132">132</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">Stedman’s Powders, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Teetolia Treatment, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Terebene, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Theobroma, oil of (cocoa butter), <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Therapion, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Thermal Bath Cabinet “Century”, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Thyme (oil of Origanum), <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Thyroid Extract, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tolu, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tonic, Gloria, <a href="#Page_52">52</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    Owbridge’s Lung, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    Star, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    Veno’s Seaweed, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    Zox, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Townsend’s American Sarsaparilla, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tragacanth, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Trench’s Remedy for Epilepsy and Fits, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Trilene Tablets, <a href="#Page_90">90</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tropyltropeine (<i>see</i> Atropine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Tuberculozyne, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tumenol, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Turmeric, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Turpentine, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Tussothym, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">“Umckaloabo”, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Uranium nitrate, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></li>
+<li class="isub4">”    Wine, Pesqui’s, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Uricedin, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Urisol (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Urotropine (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Valerianate, Quinine, Zinc, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Van Vleck’s Absorptive Pile Treatment, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Van Vleck’s Catarrh Balm, <a href="#Page_3">3</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;&nbsp; ”&emsp;&nbsp; Muco-food Cones (Pile Treatment),  <a href="#Page_148">148</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Van Vleck’s Pile Pills, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;&nbsp; ”&emsp;&nbsp; Plasma (Pile Treatment), <a href="#Page_155">155</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Var’s American Kidney Pills, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Varalettes, Bishop’s, Gout, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Varicocele, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Varicose veins, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Veno’s Lightning Cough Cure, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”    Seaweed Tonic, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></li>
+<li class="isub2"><i>Verbena officinalis</i> (<i>see</i> Vervain).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Vervain Restorative Assimilant, O. Phelps Brown’s, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Vervain (<i>Verbena officinalis</i>), <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Vesalvine (<i>see</i> Formamine).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Vin Urané Pesqui, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Wafers, Curic, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">Hargreave’s Reducing,</span> <a href="#Page_91">91</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”<span class="ws2">Paciderma Blood,</span> <a href="#Page_109">109</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Warner’s Cure, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Weidhaas Hygienic Institute, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Weigand’s Rheumatic and Gout Spirit, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">White precipitate (<i>see</i> Ammoniated mercury).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Whooping Cough Remedy, Assmann’s, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Williams’ Pink Pills for Pale People, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Wine, Pesqui’s Uranium, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;spirit of, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Wintergreen, oil of, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Wisbech Remedy for the Eyes, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Witch hazel (<i>see</i> Hamamelis).</li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Xaxa (<i>see</i> Acetyl-salicylic acid).</li>
+<li class="isub2">X.L. Reducing Pills and Lotion, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Yonkerman Company (Tuberculozyne), <a href="#Page_32">32</a></li>
+
+<li class="isub2 ifrst">Zam-buk, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Zehrkur (<i>see</i> Graziana Reducing Treatment), <a href="#Page_103">103</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Zinc, <a href="#Page_156">156</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;chloride, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;oxide, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;sulphate, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></li>
+<li class="isub3">”&emsp;valerianate, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Zip Ointment, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Zobeida (<i>see</i> Zobeide).</li>
+<li class="isub2">Zobeide, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></li>
+<li class="isub2">Zox, <a href="#Page_58">58</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<div class="transnote bbox spa2">
+<p class="f120 spa1">Transcriber’s Notes:</p>
+<hr class="r10">
+<p>Antiquated spellings or ancient words were not corrected.</p>
+<p>Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected.</p>
+</div></div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75168 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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