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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+Brazil, the land of rubber
+
+
+
+
+                              [Illustration]
+
+                                  BRAZIL
+                                   THE
+                             LAND _of_ RUBBER
+
+                                  AT THE
+                      THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND
+                         ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION
+                                 NEW YORK
+                                   1912
+
+                         WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF
+                         THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT
+
+
+
+
+BRAZIL COURT
+
+
+Brazil occupies no less than ten thousand square feet of space on the
+Balcony Floor. The Exhibit is specially comprehensive. There is a fine
+archway to each entrance to the court dominated by the arms of the
+Federal Government. An Information Bureau is provided, at which all
+enquiries as to Brazilian rubber will be answered. The walls are hung
+with statistics and maps of the country. Close by are the offices of
+the Brazilian Commissioners and a refreshment kiosk, where the Federal
+Government dispenses Brazilian coffee to visitors. One of the first
+things to strike the eye is the huge recumbent figure of the Rubber
+Colossus, overlooking the mighty Amazon and its innumerable tributaries,
+all of them highways of the rubber collecting industry. From this point
+the visitor may, with the assistance of a number of pictures, 22 feet
+by 12 feet, take a bird’s eye view tour up the Amazon. Alongside these
+pictures is a unique collection from the different States of Brazil of
+rubber and other products, the preponderance of the rubber industry being
+illustrated by a fine pyramid of caoutchouc. Dotted here and there are
+life-sized models of Brazilian workmen in their native costumes. Arriving
+at the entrance to the Amazonas Section we find Dr. Pinto actually
+engaged in the coagulation of latex by his new smokeless process, which
+manufacturers have admitted turns out excellent rubber and which has the
+great advantage over the native system hitherto in vogue, of saving an
+enormous amount of both time and labor, whilst giving splendid results.
+A second series of pictures affords a vivid idea of the salient features
+of the State of Amazonas. In this section we have a mountain of rubber,
+and a ball which weighs 1,600 pounds. There is a fine picture of a
+native tapping a rubber tree and numerous very beautiful photographs.
+That nothing may be wanting to the completeness of the representation of
+Brazil’s great rubber industry a series of Moving Pictures is shown in
+the Main Hall of the Exhibition, which visitors will find particularly
+instructive after they have gone through the Brazilian Section on the
+Balcony Floor.
+
+[Illustration: MARECHAL HERMES DA FONSECA, President of Brazil.]
+
+
+
+
+BRAZILIAN DELEGATION _of the_ INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION, NEW YORK
+
+DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE
+
+
+FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMISSIONERS
+
+    _President_
+    DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA
+
+    _Assistant_
+    MAIRO BAPTISTA NUNES
+    Official representation, information and publicity
+
+    _Vice-President_
+    ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO
+
+    _Assistants_
+    DR. OSCAR SAYAO DE MORAES
+    ADALBERTO DE SOUSA ARANHA
+    Disposition of Exhibits, Decoration, Etc.
+
+    _General Secretary_
+    DR. EUGENIO DAHNE
+
+    _Assistant Secretary_
+    MR. DILLWYME M. HAZLETT
+
+    _Accountant_
+    MR. IVO GRACA CAMPOS
+    Reception of Exhibits, Correspondence, Purchasing,
+    Accounts, Payments, Etc.
+
+STATE COMMISSIONERS
+
+    _State of Amazonas_
+    DR. MANOEL LOBATO
+
+    _Commercial Association of Amazonas_
+    MR. A. W. STEADMAN, New York Commercial Co.
+    MR. J. LEVY, Manáos
+
+    _State of Pará_
+    _Commercial Association of Pará_
+    MR. GEORGE E. PELL, General Rubber Co., New York
+
+    _State of Bahia_
+    J. DO ARGOLLO
+
+    _State of Minas Geraes_
+    DR. I. SANTIAGO CARDWELL QUINN
+
+    _Rubber Demonstration_
+    DR. CARLOS CERQUEIRA PINTO
+
+    OFFICE HOURS—9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 5 P. M.
+    Committee Meeting of Delegation—Daily 3 to 4 P. M.
+
+[Illustration: DR. PEDRO DE TOLEDO,
+
+Minister of Agriculture of the Government of Brazil]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Brazil, with its vast and immeasurable virgin forests in the valley
+of the Amazon, undoubtedly the greatest in the world, traversed by
+innumerable tributaries, many of which are larger and deeper than many of
+the rivers in other countries, can be considered the largest storehouse
+of native rubber of the best quality, all ready to be extracted,
+coagulated and applied to all kinds of industries. No other investment of
+capital can be as remunerative as that invested in the extraction of the
+native rubber from full grown trees, already existing in large quantities
+of many millions, and in zones full of natural richness.
+
+For the culture of rubber trees of the various species, the whole
+northern and central portions of Brazil are well adapted, and will give
+magnificent results in the near future.
+
+Nature has prodigally provided easy means of communication by waterways
+broad and deep. The climate is equitable without great variations of
+temperature, which gives perpetual summer and produces large and nearly
+uninterrupted harvests of agricultural products.
+
+The difficulties which hinder the rapid development of the extraction
+of rubber are the obstructions in rivers in certain places, at certain
+seasons of the year when the water is low, and the fact that the
+production of rubber is so remunerative that all the vigorous men that
+are thus engaged do not care to engage in any other industry. Thus it is
+that living in the rubber regions is very expensive because everything
+must be brought there, even implements and foodstuffs.
+
+These difficulties, however, have been brought to the attention of the
+Federal Government of Brazil, and of the States, and in consequence
+an important Congress was called and presided over by the Minister of
+Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. The Legislative power also passed
+special laws providing measures urgently needed to better the existing
+conditions. These laws also provide for a department under the Minister
+of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, to be called “The Protection of
+Rubber,” which has already been formed and is at work.
+
+Among the various and important provisions of the law, is the
+establishment of various experimental stations for advancing the
+cultivation of the four different kinds of rubber trees found in Brazil,
+the Hevea braziliensis (seringa), castillôa (caucho), maniçoba, and
+mangabeira. These trees are all natives of Brazil and can be cultivated
+from the upper regions of the Amazon to the States of S. Paulo and
+Paraná. That is, from the extreme north to nearly the extreme south, one
+or other of these species can be cultivated, according to the climate and
+character of the soil in each region.
+
+Various concessions and money premiums are offered to attract capital
+and awaken activity in this industry. Certain services, such as the
+establishment of hospitals, medical attention and hygienic regulations
+are also provided by the Federal Government.
+
+In the pages of this book will be found, fully treated, the principal
+points of this important subject. From the statistical tables published
+and from the exhibits displayed at the International Rubber Exposition in
+New York, it can readily be seen that the rubber of Brazil is judged the
+best in the world, and that its production although already enormous is
+destined to be largely increased.
+
+                                           DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,
+                                           President Brazilian Commission.
+
+
+
+
+A MONOGRAPH UPON PARÁ RUBBER
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL NOTES ABOUT PARÁ RUBBER
+
+
+It is in our diaries of the voyage of the Genovese Columbus, that among
+the important occurrences of that notable crossing of the ocean, which
+gave him immortality, appeared the first references, made by Herrera, to
+the quality of a certain gum utilized by the aborigines.
+
+In 1536 Gonçalvo Fernandes d’Oviedo in his “Universal History of
+the Indies,” published in Madrid, also mentioned the uses which the
+indigenous tribes of North America made of rubber skins in their
+amusements.
+
+The Jesuit Charlevoix also refers to it and more fully yet does John
+Torquemada who in his “Indian Monarchy,” expresses himself thus: “There
+is a tree in this country (Mexico) known to the natives as =ulequahuitl=,
+to whom it is of the greatest value. This tree grows in the warm or
+torrid zone; and presents itself of a medium height with rounded leaves
+of an ashy color. It furnishes in abundance a species of glutinous white
+liquid like milk, which makes it of great utility to them.
+
+“The milk of the =ulequahuitl= is obtained by beating the tree with a
+small hatchet. The liquid is then seen to ooze out from the incision made
+like blood from a wound. The natives gather it into dry hollow gourds of
+various sizes. It gradually takes consistency in these receptacles, until
+it turns into a gummy mass, from which it is easy to adapt it to any form
+which may be required.
+
+“Those who have no gourds, besmear their bodies with the liquid
+substance, as it flows out from the tree; which in drying forms itself
+into a species of membrane, which is easily taken off and whose thickness
+varies according to the coating spread over the skin. Skins very
+much appreciated for their elasticity are made with this =ulli=. The
+ulli solidified serves for shields, which thus are proof against the
+sharpest-pointed arrows, owing without doubt to the pliability of the
+material, which does not affect its tenacity.
+
+“Kings and nobles habitually use shoes made of ulli. The Spaniards of
+Mexico, moreover, impregnate their capes with =ulli=, so as to make them
+water-proof, because it is proved that such substance resists water in a
+marvelous manner, but melts before the action of the sun.”
+
+[Illustration: COUNT CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,
+
+President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.]
+
+In Mexico and Central America, the name of =Ule= still denotes even
+to-day one of the rubber trees known as the elastic Castille.
+
+After the Spaniards, the French in 1736 occupied themselves with that
+substance, whose interesting properties had not up to that date come to
+deserve the attention of the Europeans.
+
+De la Condamine sent by the French Government to Perú, in order to
+measure a degree of the terrestrial meridian, was the first to refer
+to the Hevea of the Guyana. In a note that accompanied a small sample
+of resinous gum of a heavy dark color, almost black, he said to the
+Academy of Sciences: “There grows in the forests of the province of the
+Esmeraldas a tree known to the natives by the name of Hevé; a white
+resinous liquid something like milk runs out from it after making an
+incision; this substance is collected in a leaf that is laid close to the
+foot of the tree and afterwards is exposed to the sun, when it gets black
+at first upon its surface and afterwards by continuous exposure to the
+sun becomes black in all its mass. Torches, which burn admirably well,
+are made from it. It is known in Quito, that that tree grows also upon
+the banks of the Amazon and that the Mainas call it cautchú. They make
+earthen moulds in the form of bottles and cover them with that material.
+Afterwards when the resin gets hard, they break the mould and thereby
+obtain unbreakable water-jars much lighter than glass bottles.”
+
+Later on he wrote: “many are the uses which the Omaguas make of that
+resin in the central parts of South America, especially among the Indians
+of Pará where the Portuguese gave to the tree that produces it, the name
+of =Pauseringa=, because from it ‘seringas,’ much in vogue among the
+Omaguas, are manufactured; these being little hollow balloons in the
+shape of a pear, into which a tube is inserted.
+
+“In Pará it is moulded in still many different manners, they make
+=borracha=, faces of animals, hollow or solid balls and also apply it in
+the manufacture of boots which become quite water-proof and when smoked
+acquire the appearance of leather.”
+
+Fresneau, a collaborator of de la Condamine, sought to study the
+vegetable plants which produced that gum, obtaining as a result that
+Aublet, a French botanist, proceeded to interest himself in the question
+and completed de la Condamine’s studies, and then classifying the hevé
+under the domination of =Hevea Guyanensis=.
+
+It was only in 1798 that the =Ficus elastica=, the first Asiatic plant
+producer of rubber became known, and up till 1860 South America, English
+India and Java were the only rubber-producing countries in the world.
+
+[Illustration: ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO,
+
+Vice-President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.]
+
+Much later than this—in 1885, Africa commenced to export this article, an
+industry which reached its apogee after the creation by Leopold II of the
+Independent State of the Congo.
+
+In the meantime, in spite of the fact of some of the qualities of rubber
+and even its applications being known in Europe ever since the Sixteenth
+Century, it was only during the Nineteenth Century, that this product
+conquered that position as an article very much in evidence which it now
+occupies as an indispensable material in modern industry or even still
+yet for the necessities which civilization created.
+
+Hérissant and Macquer, in 1768, discovered the first dissolving
+processes; in 1770, Priestley vulgarized the property of the “borracha”
+in wiping out lead-pencil tracings from which the English name =Rubber=
+is derived; Berniard, Fourcroy, Berthollet, Grossart and others occupied
+themselves about this commodity, with more or less success. Madier,
+in 1820, found out a mechanical means of cutting the rubber-blocks in
+order to obtain elastic threads and three years afterwards, MacIntosh
+discovered that naphtha dissolved rubber and thus made cloth impervious
+to the action of water.
+
+The adaption of rubber to industrial purposes such as the manufacture of
+shoes, physical and surgical appliances, elastic cloths, railway-buffers,
+machine-springs, etc., was fairly in full swing when the discovery of the
+vulcanizing of rubber by Goodyear sprung up, an occurrence which came to
+revolutionize the incipient industry and enormously enlarge the scope of
+the commercial application of that product, which thence forward came to
+assume exceptional importance. The vulcanizing method consists in the
+mixing of a certain quantity of rubber with sulphur and in the exposure
+of that mixture to an elevated temperature and to a high pressure during
+a certain space of time. The rubber transforms itself considerably; the
+property of indefinite hardness is lost, but presents greater resistency
+to the forces of compression and lengthening-out, supports excessively
+low temperature and becomes less sensible to the action of ordinary
+dissolving ingredients.
+
+In Brazil already existed up to 1840, a rudimentary industry of shoe
+manufacturing and in the water-proofing of various objects. The great
+demand for rubber caused by the development of the industry in foreign
+countries and consequently the very high profits that the extraction of
+rubber in the Brazilian “seringaes” or native rubber-forests presented,
+destroyed all that initiative and Brazil passed into the position of
+a mere producer of the raw material. In order to appreciate with what
+devotion the country lent itself to this occupation, sufficient is it to
+contrast the 31 tons exported in 1827 with the 36,547 exported in 1911.
+
+[Illustration: DR. EUGENIO DAHNE,
+
+General Secretary of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.]
+
+
+
+
+RUBBER-PRODUCING PLANTS—BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION—PRODUCTIVENESS—REGIONS IN
+WHICH THEY EXIST
+
+
+At the present moment, more than 300 species of rubber-producing plants
+are known to exist, these being distributed among the tropical regions
+of the world. Trees of large size, climbing plants and flexible creepers
+containing the precious latex in their branches, trunk and roots, those
+vegetable growths from the double point view of quantity and quality
+of rubber produce have not an equal importance. The species worthy of
+mention belong to four great families:
+
+1.—Euphorbiacan, =Hevea=, =Micrandra=, =Manioh=. 2.—Ulmacean, =Castillôa=
+and =Ficus=. 3.—Apocynacean, =Landolphia=, =Hancornia=, =Kickxia=,
+=Carpodium= and =Clitandra=. 4.—Asclepiadaceas, =Callotropia=,
+=Cynanchum=.
+
+The production of rubber in America is principally furnished by the
+heveas, micandra, manioh, castillôa and hancornia; that of Asia by the
+ficus; and that of Africa by the landolphia, clitandra and kickxia.
+
+In the Amazonian region of Brazil, there exist about 21 species of
+heveas; of these the principal is the hevea braziliensis, which under
+the name of “the Pará rubber-tree” deserves to be classed in the front
+rank of all the other lactiferous plants in the world. The =hevea
+braziliensis= furnishes the most highly esteemed quality of rubber, and
+it is the value of that product which determines the prices of all the
+other species of rubber brought on to the market.
+
+The heveas are powerful trees of from 20 to 30 metres high, the trunk
+which is cylindric in form and of a light ashy color, generally attains
+a diameter of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ20; the branches only commence to grow
+at about 15 metres from the ground. The leaves fall in June, but are
+speedily substituted by others; it is during this period that the trees
+break into flower.
+
+They grow in the valley of the Amazon, which within Brazil embraces the
+State of the Amazonas, the federal territory of Acre, almost all the
+State of Pará, the North of Matto Grosso and of Goyaz and a part of the
+South of Maranhão, or say about 5,000,000 of square kilometres.
+
+Their =habitat= as a general rule is a low and warm region whose
+temperature varies between 25° and 30°; without sudden changes during
+the course of the year and they favor by preference the watery soils,
+just swampy, damp and even marshy; however, at the head-waters of some
+rivers, they also live and develop themselves perfectly well in dry and
+elevated land. In the Amazonic forests, the average proportion is of one
+hevea-tree for 80 trees of other species.
+
+The milky latex circulates from the root to the leaves, existing,
+however, in greater abundancy in the trunk, up to a height of about 2
+metres from the ground. The heveas in Brazil are generally known by
+the term “seringueiras” and the forests in which they are found are
+denominated “seringaes.”
+
+The average production of a “seringueira” during the harvest season,
+which extends over the space of 6 months, is of 5 kilos of fine rubber
+and 750 grs. of sernamby.
+
+The species most appreciated besides the =hevea braziliensis=, are the
+=hevea de terra firme=, of which Dr. E. Ule treats in his recent studies,
+and which are found on the frontiers of Matto Grosso, the =hevea do
+Rio Negro=, called “seringa verdadeira” (the real seringa), the =hevea
+benthamiana= and the =hevea dukei=, =Hub=, from the region of the Japurá,
+all of them furnishing excellent products.
+
+In the valley of the Amazon exist the =micandras=, belonging to the same
+family and producing a rubber of a superior quality, since it is sold
+under the name of Fine-Pará. The production of these trees goes to the
+market included in the category of hevea, owing to its similarity to
+this latter. The =micandra syshenoide= which is the most known species,
+is found on the Lower Amazon, in the innumerable islands at the estuary
+of the great Amazon River, in the valleys of the Madeira, the Solimões,
+the Japurá and the Purús; the natives give it the names of =tapurú=,
+=curupita=, =murupita= and =seringarana=. They are leafy trees whose
+trunk is of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ in diametre and from 20 to 25 metres high.
+They grow as well in the low lying marshy soil as in the elevated lands,
+whence comes their denomination of =tapurú da vargem= and =tapurú de
+terra firme=. The tapurú is as lactescent or milky as the hevea and the
+latex which it renders is equally rich, seeing that it gives 50 per cent
+of fine rubber.
+
+The trees whose product, the =caucho=, occupies the second place in the
+general exportation of rubber from Brazil although as a matter of fact
+it only commenced to come into the Brazilian markets in the year 1896,
+belong to the family of the Ulmaceas. These are the =Castillas= which up
+till a short time ago have been classed as of the same species as that
+which grows in Mexico and Central America—the Castilla elastica, but
+studies made by professor O. Warburg show that they are distinct species
+which was thence forward denominated =Castilla Ulei, Warb.=
+
+The “castillôa” is a tree of large proportions, reaching to a height of
+from 12 to 18 metres; its trunk with a diametre of from 0ᵐ60 to 0ᵐ90,
+is of an ashy gray color, smooth and sparingly branched. The leaves are
+large, greater, indeed, on the new plants than on the full grown trees
+and its fruit is of an oily nature.
+
+These trees grow in considerable quantities at the sources or head-waters
+of the affluents of the Amazon on the latter’s right bank, such as the
+Juruá, the Purús, the Madeira, the Tapajóz and the Xingú, and on its
+left bank in the valleys of the Japurá, the Iça, the Rio Negro and the
+Trombetas Rivers. Abundant “cauchaes” or forests of cautchou trees exist
+also in the region of the River Tocantins and of the Araguaya.
+
+The “castillôa” is found therefore in the same regions as those in which
+the “seringueiras” flourish; it exacts a warm climate, a clayey or
+clayey-silicious soil, but does not thrive in swampy ground or such as is
+easily inundated during the rainy season.
+
+The latex is found as much in the bark as in the alburno and each tree
+felled produces on an average about 50 litres of latex or say from 18 to
+20 kilos of rubber.
+
+“Ceará” is the mundial denomination of another quality of Brazilian
+rubber, the rubber of the =Maniçoba= tree. The maniçoba =manihot
+glaziovii= is a handsome tree 10 to 15 metres high, and a native of the
+Northeastern region of Brazil. Its trunk presents a diametre of from 20
+to 50 centimetres and it possesses few branches; its wood-fibres are weak
+and light. The cortex, which possesses lactiferous vessels in abundance,
+is protected by a silicose layer, easily removable. It is a plant of
+rapid growth.
+
+According to a classification made by Dr. Ule, there are four species
+of manioh, the =m. glaziovii=, the =m. piauhyensis=, the =m. dichotoma=
+and the =m. heptaphylla=, the which exist almost throughout all Central
+Brazil, being specially abundant in Ceará, Piauhy and Bahia.
+
+Little exigent, it thrives in regions where the temperature oscillates
+between 22° and 36°, on low-lying ground and it develops itself well in
+lands of great altitude, in which the thermometric average temperature is
+about 15°, resisting even the hoar-frost.
+
+It is indifferent to this tree whether the climate be damp or dry, as
+long as the soil is dry.
+
+The species most appreciated are those from Piauhy and the Jequié
+(“sertão” or back-woods of Bahia). Those of Piauhy present two varieties:
+the white and the black species, the white being the most renowned. They
+are of small size, with abundant foliage and thick bark and darkish stem
+and give plenty of the milky latex, the average being 1,200 grammes per
+tree. Those of the Jequié, which grow between the rivers Paraguassú to
+the north and of the Contas to the south, are a shrub-tree whose trunk
+does not exceed 30 centimetres in diametre. The bark is fine and of light
+clear color; it produces about 500 grammes of rubber.
+
+The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) is a slender and crooked shrub-tree,
+3 to 4 metres high, and abounds on the high-lying table-lands or plateaux
+in the interior of Brazil. The trunk has a diameter of from 0ᵐ30 to 0ᵐ35;
+is scantily leaved; the fruit is eatable and has a very agreeable taste.
+
+A plant of an extraordinary resisting power, it defies the inclemency
+of the climate, the absence of rains, the scarcity of humidity and of
+nourishment from the soil. It predominates in the =catingas= of the
+Northern States, in the =carrascaes= of Goyaz and in the =cerrados=
+of S. Paulo, which means to say, that it is found from Maranhão to S.
+Paulo, now in the Interior, as in the mountain-range of the Mangabeiras
+between Maranhão and Goyaz, in the central Chapada of Minas, in the
+Parecis of Matto Grosso and in S. Paulo in the zone comprised between the
+Paranápanema River and the Rio Grande, tributaries of the Paraná River,
+and again on the littoral, which is the case from Bahia northwards as far
+as Ceará.
+
+There are several different varieties of this plant, there being no
+indications, however, tending to point out any one of these preferable
+to another with regard to the question of its yield. The latex is of a
+bluish tint, its richness in rubber varying greatly. Each mangabeira
+supplies on an average one kilogram of rubber.
+
+Besides the plants mentioned, there are still many others in Brazil which
+furnish rubber, but which continue to grow without being taken advantage
+of, on account of the little profit they give.
+
+To speak only of those which exploited on a small scale have yet supplied
+the Brazilian markets with an appreciable product, we may yet mention
+the =Massaranduba=, =Mimosups elata=, and =Frei-Allem=, gigantic trees
+found from the Amazon and Pará to Rio de Janeiro and Minas, abundant in
+the milky latex, which being coagulated produces a rubber very similar to
+gutta-percha, to which it serves as a substitute in all the latter’s most
+important applications; and the =Sorva=, =Couma utilis=, =Muell. Arg.=,
+which grow in Pará and in the Amazon valley, the latex of which, the
+=leite de sorva=, enters, with a small coefficient into the production of
+rubber in these two States.
+
+
+
+
+EXTRACTION OF RUBBER, METHODS AND PROCESSES
+
+
+The great organic and biologic differences which exist between
+rubber-trees, exact divers processes of preparation in order to obtain a
+complete utilization of the productive capacity of each.
+
+It is, however, interesting before entering into a description of the
+different processes adopted in Brazil, to here state what the chemists
+think as to what rubber really is.
+
+Rubber is a carburate of hydrogen which in the shape of white globules
+more or less elongated, are found suspended in the milky latex. The
+composition of those globules, although even yet, badly defined, is
+represented by the formula (C¹⁰ H¹⁶)ⁿ. Rubber is generally considered
+as a derivative of the Isoprina, into which it transforms itself when
+submitted to the action of dry heat, as Bouchardat demonstrated by his
+experiments in 1879. Treating the isoprina in a strong solution of
+chloridic acid, an interesting body is obtained, which reminds one of
+rubber on account of its elastic properties. Wallach, Tilden, Weber,
+Harries and others gave themselves up to accurate studies upon the
+composition of rubber; nevertheless, up till to-day, however, no definite
+result has as yet been arrived at.
+
+The latex, a thick liquid which has the appearance of animal milk,
+circulates in special vessels, distributed diversely in the organism of
+certain plants.
+
+The following are the results of the analysis obtained from the latex of
+the =hevea braziliensis= by Seelingmann, Scott and Bamber:
+
+                    Seelingmann      Scott         Bamber
+    Water            55 a 56%      22 - 32%     55¹⁵ - 55⁵⁶%
+    Rubber                32%      37 - 13%     41²⁹ - 32  %
+    Proteine         2% to 3%            2⁷¹%    2¹⁸ -  2⁰³%
+    Resin              traces            3⁴⁴%        -  2⁰³%
+    Ash                                  0²³%        -  0⁴¹%
+    Sugar                                4¹⁷%        -  0³⁶%
+    Oily substances       9⁷%       traces           -
+
+Specific weight: Seelingmann, 1.019. Bamber: 1.018.
+
+It is advisable to note, that the proportion of water may vary a great
+deal, influenced sometimes by the season being either wet or dry, and at
+other times by the weakness or vigor of the tree at the occasion of its
+being tapped.
+
+The quantities of proteine, resin and ash are dependent on the chemical
+composition of the soil, those quantities affect the quality of the
+rubber, which is the more elastic, resistent and durable the smaller the
+proportion of those elements.
+
+In the coagulation of the latex, the resin incorporates itself in
+the rubber, it becoming difficult to separate it, which, however,
+is necessary; the proteine or albuminous matter is the cause of the
+developing of the bacteria which occasion the putrefaction of the
+manufactured article.
+
+The method employed in Brazil in the extraction of the latex and in the
+preparation of rubber from the heveas trees, is the same as that which
+was taught by the natives and it is a remarkable thing, that due to the
+excellency of the product resulting therefrom, it is considered even
+to-day as the best system.
+
+The great production of rubber in Brazil, is due to the exploitation
+of the natural seringaes. A “seringal” or, better said “seringaes” in
+the plural sense, are the forests where the hevea trees flourish among
+other numerous specimens of luxuriant vegetation, and in those regions
+everybody, i.e., all the able-bodied men, occupy themselves with the
+extraction of rubber and are known as “seringueiros.”
+
+In order to exploit the “seringal,” operations are commenced by the
+construction on the bank of the river, at a place easy of access for
+navigation, of a large rustic edifice with out-buildings and various
+sheds. The general edifice serves as a dwelling-place for the owner or
+his representative and includes a general store or shop with a tavern
+which does business in selling all the necessary articles required in
+or connected with the life of exploiting the “seringal,” a store-house
+for depositing the rubber and an office or counting-house. The sheds are
+the rudimentary habitation-huts of the “seringueiros” and are sometimes
+constructed in the interior of the forests, so as to facilitate to a
+greater degree the work which they have in hand.
+
+As soon as the forest is explored and the seringueiras discovered,
+=estrades= are opened, these being winding roads cut in the undergrowth
+and brush-wood with the “facão” (a species of large pruning-knife) and
+these roads connect a 100 or 150 rubber trees and they lead back to
+their original starting point. At sunrise, that is to say, at 6 o’clock
+in the morning, the seringueiro armed with a “terçado” a sort of spear,
+a fowling-piece or sporting-gun, a small axe or hatchet, a pail and a
+large number of “tigelinhas,” commences his work. The hatchet is the
+instrument employed for tapping the trees; it takes the form of a common
+pole-axe, being, however, generally of cast iron and with the edge of
+the blade blunt rather than sharp, and from 3 to 4 centimetres broad.
+The tigelinhas are small vessels or cups of tin-plate with a capacity of
+about one hundred grammes and of a conical shape cut off at the top.
+
+The seringueiro commences by striking the trees with the hatchet, whose
+handle is about a metre long, which permits of his making incisions at
+about from 3 to 3½ metres from the ground. That operation has for its
+object to make the latex ascend from the roots; the milk that oozes out
+is utilized as “sernamby.” Two days afterwards, the regular extraction
+commences, a hatchet with a shorter handle being then used.
+
+To bring this extraction about, “seringueiro” makes the first incision
+at two metres from the ground, but those incisions must not pierce the
+cambium and the wood and are as a general rule made at an inclination
+of 25°. At the lower part of the incisions made by the blows, the
+“tigelinhas” are fixed, whose sharp and cutting corner penetrates easily
+into the bark of the tree. The seringueiro operates thus upon all the
+trees of his road, and this work which occupies him about from 2 to 3
+hours being completed, he takes the pail capable of holding 10 litres and
+recommences his round, gathering into that receptacle the milk contained
+in the tapping cups, which now empty are boxed one into the other and
+deposited close to the trunk of each tree.
+
+After that second round and in order that the milk shall not become
+deteriorated, commences the most delicate operation, that of the smoking
+process.
+
+For that operation, the seringueiro is supplied with a “boião,” a kind of
+earthen funnel-shaped chimney, a form made like a spatula or putty-knife
+and a kind of basin “cuia,” like a dry gourd, made from the half of the
+fruit of the cabaceiro (crescencia cuyeté).
+
+The fire made with blocks of urucury (Ataléa speciosa Martius) or with
+fire-wood of massaranduba, rich in oily substances, being kindled, the
+seringueiro places the “boião” upon it, the function of this latter being
+to canalize the smoke so that it escapes at the top, which is open.
+
+Through the loop of a cord hanging near to the “boião” the form is passed
+and sustained by the “seringueiro” who gives it a gyratory movement;
+with the “cuya” or gourd, he pours the latex into the part scooped out
+of the spatula, which he carries off immediately to the smoke. The latex
+thickens and forming a thin skin upon the which another coating of latex
+is poured out, which is also passed to the smoke. Those successive and
+alternate operations form the skins, large balls of rubber, weighing from
+20 to 60 kilos, which are the type exported from Brazil. The smoke acting
+as a solidifyer and at the same time a disinfectant by the presence
+of creosote, acetic acid, etc., kills all the bacteria that produce
+putrefaction and hastens by its heat the evaporation of the water.
+
+The rubber thus formed is of a superior quality, but when, however, the
+curds still deposited in the basin, are incorporated with it, the quality
+becomes damaged, being then quoted as medium fine. The portion of milk
+which remains adhering to the receptacle or which surrounds the boião and
+which thickens freely, is reunited into one single skin, and constitutes
+the “sernamby.”
+
+On the following day the work recommences, the seringueiro making new
+incisions about 7 centimetres below the first, and continuing thus until
+he reaches the ground.
+
+To that series of blows in the vertical sense, 35 on the average, is
+given the name arreação. In each seringueira 2 of these arreações can be
+made per year.
+
+That process which with small variations is employed in all Amazonia,
+produces, as is known, the best rubber in the world. A seringal
+may contain in accordance with its size from 40 to 800 roads. Each
+seringueiro exploits 2 roads; in which he works alternatively. The
+daily gathering varies between 2 and 8 litres of milk, but an average
+of 5 litres can be taken for a road which contains 120 seringueiras
+of 35 centimetres diametre. As each arreação has 35 incisions and the
+seringueiras supporting 2 “arreações,” we have thus for each road 70 days
+or 140 days for the 2 roads; 700 litres of milk produce 400 kilos or in
+other words 1.666 grammes per tree.
+
+There are “seringaes,” however, in which that average is considerably
+greater, a medium of 3 kilos per tree not being an exaggeration in some
+rivers.
+
+Contrary to the almost sedentary life of the seringueiros, the extractors
+of the caucho (known as caucheiros) are of nomadic habits, and this is so
+by reason of the barbarous process employed in the exploitation of those
+trees which is a ruinous one.
+
+The extraction of the latex of the “castillôa” can be done in the same
+way as that of the latex of the heveas; the caucheiros allege, however,
+that the cupim introducing itself into the wounds made by the incisions
+soon causes the death of the plant. Thus they argue that if the tree is
+condemned, the best way is to cut it down so as to obtain the greatest
+benefit possible out of it, by the complete utilization of the latex
+which each tree contains. That reasoning, however, has no foundation in
+fact.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The exploitation of the castillôa is done in the following manner: the
+“caucheiro” penetrates into the forest and marks each castillôa tree that
+he finds, with a cut from his knife, which incisions correspond to a sign
+of possession for extraction later on. Once he has discovered a certain
+number of these trees, he constructs a temporary wooden hut for himself
+and then begins his work. In the first place he clears the brush-wood
+around each tree and cleans away the undergrowth from the ground, he then
+opens small cavities in the lower part of the trunk into which he fixes
+the “porringers,” small vessels made of tin, which are to receive the
+latex. This done he strikes the tree with oblique “entalhas” of from 1
+to 1½ metres in length, canalizing the latex which commences to run from
+the extensive wounds, by means of mud gutters. At the end of 24 hours the
+little tin vessels are full and their contents are then all poured into a
+pail, the “caucheiro” commencing thereafter to cut down the tree, so as
+to get the full benefit of the latex, existing in the superior part of
+its trunk. The tree as a general rule is cut at a point above that where
+the incisions were made, the tree thus remaining suspended above the
+ground at one end by the lower part of the trunk, where it remains fixed
+and at the other by its own branches. Along the whole length of the trunk
+at about a distance of an arm’s length from each other, new circular
+incisions are made and in corresponding cavities on the ground are placed
+the receiving cups. The latex thus gathered is collected into a pail.
+
+The thickening is done with a solution of common soap about 125 grammes
+to a pail of water, two pailfuls of that solution being necessary to
+thicken 30 litres of latex. They also employ the juice of a liane
+called =vetilla= which by the description given seems to belong to the
+convolvulas family—the =Ipomea patatas=.
+
+The thickening process takes place in rectangular holes of 1 metre long
+and half a metre broad, whose clayey sides are well paved and into them
+the latex is poured, care being taken that it is then covered up with
+palm leaves to prevent the entry of rain water. They thus obtain the
+caucho planks (rubber in cakes), which arrive in the market full of
+impurities, that depreciate its value very much and it is not at all a
+rare thing that water exists in cavities in the interior of it, thereby
+increasing the weight and making the transport dearer.
+
+The portions of the latex which flow out along the length of the trunk or
+fall into the cavities after that the cups have been taken away, thicken
+itself freely and form the “sernamby” of caucho, to-day much appreciated
+in the rubber markets, because of its being purer and not offering errors
+in weight.
+
+Each adult tree furnishes on the average from 50 to 56 litres of latex
+or in other words nearly 30 kilos of rubber. Each cake of the size above
+mentioned weighs nearly 60 kilos; it is thus necessary to cut down three
+trees so as to obtain one cake.
+
+The trees cut down sprout and commence to grow again, but eight years
+are necessary to elapse before they can be exploited anew.
+
+No accord has so far been established as to the best methods of
+extraction to be employed for the different species of maniçoba, nor as
+to the period most appropriate, the duration of the tapping or the yield
+of the wild trees or planted trees of different ages.
+
+The system adopted for the natural maniçoba, consisting in the tapping
+of the subterranean organs, has been applied to cultivated maniçoba; the
+incisions are made in a transversal sense and have the form of a V with
+the angle more or less rounded.
+
+The latex is gathered in the ground, at the bottom of a small cavity,
+opened up on the occasion of the discovery of the parts destined to be
+tapped; as a rule the worker covers the bottom of the cavity with a coat
+of clay in powder, in order to prevent the penetration of the latex and
+its mixing with the sandy soil; the employment of tigelinhas is desirable
+or of pots of glazed clay, refractory to rust.
+
+The latex thickens during the day, forming a sort of flat ball or
+biscuit of rubber, which goes on augmenting as the tapping process is
+multiplied. At the end of a week the rubber which has been obtained, is
+gathered together and washed in cold water, with a view of eliminating
+the remains of the serum and other impurities. This method, although
+primitive, permits of the production of pure rubber. The trunks and
+branches of the maniçoba are also cut; however, such system occasions
+great inconvenience. The extensive flaws heal up with difficulty, as the
+bark of the tree is relatively thin the lactiferous vessels are located
+in the deep layers; it is not a rare thing that the death of the tree
+is caused thereby or that the attack of rodent insects or mushrooms is
+thereby facilitated. It may be of importance to note, that the incisions
+made simultaneously on the trunk, the branches and the underground parts,
+speedily exhaust the maniçobeiras; and so the system of an alternate
+cutting is preferable.
+
+The tappings are practiced during the first six months of the year and
+extend themselves over a period of from 50 to 60 days. Owing to the lack
+of data, the average yield of production, which varies according to the
+age of the trees, cannot be determined, however, the average production
+of the planted maniçobas may under reserve, be calculated to reach during
+the space of 60 days 120, 180, 240, and 300 grammes per tree of 2, 3, 4
+and 5 years respectively, in accordance with a calculation made by Dr. L.
+Zehnter.
+
+The actual cost price in the plantations does not exceed 1$500 per kilo,
+and might be reduced through an improvement in the systems employed;
+the cost price of rubber from the native maniçoba is higher, due to the
+dearness of labor and of freights.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is so far no process which may be called the best for extracting
+rubber from the mangabeira; the process in use varies with the region,
+all of them, however, leading to the complete extinction of the plant.
+
+Under the pretext of the cupim destroying the plant, attacking the
+incisions that have been made, the latex is usually extracted at a small
+height from the ground. In the “sertões” or wild woodlands of Bahia,
+Pernambuco and Parahyba, the extraction is done by making a spiral
+cutting from the thickest branches to the ground, where the cavity is
+made for receiving the latex.
+
+Nevertheless, the incisions with the cup attached is now being employed,
+in the same manner as is customary with the seringueira; for that
+purpose, the exploiters make horizontal incisions or in shape of a V,
+with a small instrument called an =alegre=, penetrating the entire
+coating of the bark, in the full length of the trunk, from the thickest
+branches down to the base, about 45 centimetres distance one from another.
+
+The latex is thickened, sometimes simply with water in the proportion
+of 3 to 1, and at other times with chlorate of sodium alone, or with
+a mixture of alum, as is customary in Bahia and in S. Paulo, or now
+again by the action of alum-stone, double sulphate of aluminium and of
+potassium as is done in Pernambuco, Parahyba, and Rio Grande do Norte.
+All those processes present serious inconveniences, such as the entry of
+water augmenting the weight, the baneful effects and dampness arising
+from the use of a large proportion of salt, or the loss of elasticity
+due to the last mentioned process, which turns the rubber cracky and
+resinous. The smoking process seems in every way to be advisable whenever
+the richness of the milky-latex in rubber is perfectly comparable to that
+of the hevea.
+
+Whilst it is affirmed that the production per tree is from 3 to 5
+kilogrammes it is more prudent to calculate the average capacity of each
+tree as at 1 kilogramme.
+
+
+
+
+THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF RUBBER EXPLOITATION
+
+
+The economic organization of the exploitation of rubber in the Amazonic
+valley still remains in its rudimentary condition, continuing almost
+exactly on the same lines as those adopted when the production of this
+article—one of the principal sources of the wealth of Brazil—first began
+to open up.
+
+This unaltered condition of affairs in the modifying of the economical
+processes, is the consequence of the continuance of certain conditions
+such as the existence of vast regions still entirely unexplored, the
+progressive penetration of the seringueiros guided by the course of the
+rivers into far away regions where rapid means of communication are
+completely lacking, the scarcity of labor, and the necessity of capital
+being embarked in the extraction of rubber.
+
+The régime of private property is still limited, and does not extend
+beyond a few kilometres into the Interior, starting from the banks of
+the rivers, since the greater part of the lands still continue to be
+the property of the States either of Amazonas or of Pará, and—in the
+territory of the Acre—of the Federal Government.
+
+With the object of peopling the rubber-producing regions endeavors are
+being made to facilitate the acquiring of properties by furnishing their
+owners with adequate guarantees of protection, special Public Departments
+having already been created in the State of Amazonas and Pará devoted to
+the fiscalization of the régime of lands; and the régime of lands in the
+Acre Territory is about to be regulated at once by the Federal Government
+in accordance with the determinations set forth in the new economic
+measure known as the Rubber Defense Act.
+
+The proprietory question originated itself in the concession of
+lands granted under certain conditions such as that of its effective
+exploitation and cultivation, colonization, etc., and by the legitimation
+of the possession. These last were established in the following manner:
+
+The explorer who penetrated into the forest in search of seringaes,
+examined the banks of the river by which he went up and when he verified
+the existence of a favorable zone, he landed and after a careful
+exploration under the direction of specialist-workmen called “matteiros”
+(foresters) he settled down and gave himself up to the exploitation of
+the “seringal” he selected.
+
+That occupation of virgin ground and its being made use of constituted
+the act of possession, the first step towards acquiring the property. In
+order to definitely assure the dominion of the lands selected, it became
+necessary to obtain a title of ownership from the Government of the
+State in which these lands were located, this being drawn up only after
+that the respective marking out and survey by an authorized engineer or
+surveyor, the depositing of the respective plans, the verification that
+no anterior rights or claims existed on the part of third parties, as
+also the payment of the respective taxes being satisfied, which last
+averaged about 5$000 per hectare.
+
+Only after that all these formalities had been complied with, was the
+concession granted definitely, and the possession considered as complete.
+The title deeds of the property with the respective specifications is
+registered in special blocks, which will serve as proof in case of
+future dispute and will furnish authentic documents in place of the
+property-titles that may have been mislaid or lost. Once the concession
+is legalized and the possession marked out, the property rights are
+considered irrefutable.
+
+The dominion of the lands being assured, their usefulness will depend
+upon the co-existence of two essential factors—labor and capital.
+
+In the regions of the Amazonian valley, sparingly peopled by the want of
+direct immigration, the work is done by the natives and principally by
+Cearenses, people from Ceará.
+
+Under the general designation of =Cearenses= are comprised the
+populations of the northeast of the country from Bahia to Piauhy, a
+strong race endowed with rare energy. Having immigrated from their native
+state fleeing from privations to which the periodical dry seasons reduce
+them, they arrive completely without the means of subsistence, it being
+necessary for the owners of the “seringas” who contract their services
+to take measures for their transport, alimentation and maintenance in
+the seringaes until with the delivery of the rubber collected, they find
+themselves in a position to liquidate the debts that they have contracted
+and the expenses that have been occasioned.
+
+On the other hand in their turn the owners of seringaes not disposing of
+capital are placed under the necessity of raising loans with which to
+defray the exploitation of their lands. These resources are furnished
+them by the traders, part in money and part in merchandise, these traders
+being known as =aviadores= whilst the proprietors are called patrons or
+aviados.
+
+The extensive credits opened by the traders constitute acts of
+confidence, being guaranteed more by the activity and initiative of the
+proprietors of the seringaes, than by their respective properties; the
+heavy burdens with which these loanings or advances of money are weighed
+down, have their origin in the risk which is run by advancing such
+capital, due to the difficulties of collecting the debts contracted and
+the far distant nature of the lands given in guarantee. It frequently
+happens that the traders do not dispose of sufficient means for carrying
+out all these lending operations in which case they fall back upon
+the exporting houses, who advance them the necessary money, against
+a contract to hand over the rubber at a certain date and at prices
+previously fixed.
+
+Thus is established a successive dependency of the seringueiro on the
+owner of the property, this latter in his turn on the merchant-trader and
+finally of the merchant-trader upon the exporting house.
+
+Thereafter it is seen how grievously the system of want of capital acts
+on the whole system on the exportation of rubber and the long series of
+intermediaries.
+
+Let us see now what is the capital which the owner of the seringal
+requires to possess for an exploitation of say 200 roads.
+
+A seringal with 200 roads exacts altogether the work of 100 men, whose
+engagements in the region where they reside and their transport as far
+as the “seringal” costs on an average 40:000$000 and to each one of them
+is supplied a sum of 350$000 destined to defray the costs of purchase
+of the indispensable material for making a commencement with the work
+of exploitation; out of an initial sum estimated at from 75:000$000 to
+80:000$000 including casual expenses.
+
+Arrived at their destination, the seringueiros, as they find themselves
+completely without means, continue to be a burden on the budget of their
+contractors during the period of the clearing the forests of brush-wood
+and undergrowth, and the cutting of roads, which are the preliminaries to
+the gathering in of the rubber. Up till the date of the final delivery,
+which takes place from 6 to 7 months afterwards, the proprietor expends
+nearly 100:000$000 with the feeding and maintenance of the seringueiros,
+which is but the preface to a total sum of 180:000$000 inscribed on the
+books of the aviador or merchant-trader as being the indebtedness of the
+owner of the seringal.
+
+This latter in order to meet the charges of the up-keep of the
+seringueiros, establishes “vendas” or selling-stores, by means of which
+he supplies not only the goods of first necessity for consumption, but
+also the tools, utensils and, indeed, everything that is required for the
+proper exploitation of the “seringal.”
+
+These “vendas” or supply-stores are stocked by the merchant-trader
+of Belém and Manáos, who send them periodically in steamers or steam
+launches, the necessary merchandise. According to the season of the
+year, the rainy or the dry season, the greater or less the distance to
+be navigated, in short, in accordance with the condition of navigability
+of the rivers, the trips are made fortnightly, quarterly or perhaps only
+twice a year.
+
+The merchandise dispatched is debited to the owner of the “seringal” at
+the invoice price, augmented by the high expenses for insurance, freight
+and a commission which varies from 20 to 30 per cent according to the
+time-term stipulated for the payment in cash or the delivery of the
+rubber.
+
+The owner of the “seringal” in his turn re-sells in retail the
+merchandise received, putting on a high profit to its original price; the
+seringueiros who already pay interest at the rate of 20 per cent upon the
+advance of the 350$000 which is made to them at the time of their being
+contracted, are obliged to supply their needs exclusively in the store of
+the proprietor of the “seringal” and to hand him the rubber which they
+may have gathered in payment thereof.
+
+The initial supplying of the utensils amounting to 200$000 added to
+the cost of the journey which runs for account of the seringueiro
+himself, absorb the 350$000 of the advance; and his expenses, whilst
+the extraction of the rubber is proceeding—which lasts for 6 or 7
+months—totals up to about 1:000$000, so that when he comes to hand over
+the rubber, he is already responsible to the proprietor of the “seringal”
+for an amount of about 350$000 including the payment for the renting of
+the road explored.
+
+His production being on an average of about 400 kilos (in certain regions
+it is much greater), the worker finishes his enterprise with a very small
+profit and it is not a rare case that he is not able to satisfy all his
+indebtedness, a circumstance, this latter, which keeps him continually
+dependent upon the owner of the “seringal.”
+
+On handing over the rubber, the conditions of payment are adjusted and
+these are generally made in one of the two following ways: either the
+seringueiro sells the rubber directly to the proprietor of the “seringal”
+at a reduction of one-third upon the prices ruling in the markets of
+Belém or Manáos; or he encharges him to sell it in the referred-to market
+with a discount of 35 kilos of rubber or with a discount of from 10 to 15
+per cent of the net price of such sale, given in payment of the renting
+of the road exploited.
+
+This defective economic organization of the exploitation of rubber has,
+as its consequence, the high costs of production which to-day oscillate
+between 3$000 to 3$500 per kilo. This disadvantageous situation,
+however, is not a permanent one and may be remedied.
+
+We shall leave for a special chapter the explanation of the means
+recently adopted for bettering the condition of the seringueiros,
+augmenting their productive capacity and recompensing them more justly
+for their work.
+
+
+
+
+TRANSPORTS AND FREIGHTS
+
+
+The problem of transports and freight continues to be one of the most
+palpitating questions in Brazil, notwithstanding the great progress in
+this particular made during the last 10 years.
+
+The considerable increase in the mercantile marine and the incessant
+construction of the numerous railroads of penetration, have not been able
+to keep pace with the extraordinary development of the country and its
+notable economic expansion, the national commerce continuing to feel the
+want of further means of transport and to suffer from the very high rates
+of freights.
+
+In Amazonia, the difficulty of communication has become still more felt
+because of the vast region and territories embraced in this great State,
+sparingly peopled and whose centres of production are located so far
+distant from the exporting markets of Manáos and Belém de Pará.
+
+Watered in every direction by innumerable great rivers, tributaries
+of the great river—the Amazon—the greatest in the world, the Amazonic
+region still remains to a very great part unexplored, inestimable riches
+susceptible of being extracted, lying unutilized, in virtue of the
+deficiency in navigation; in fact, if the principal rivers are navigated
+regularly to some extent, even though sparingly, others leading to
+immensely rich regions are very rarely navigated by either ship or boats,
+which might assure the transport of the products gathered.
+
+Many and divers are the circumstances which concur towards bringing
+about this state of affairs, but the most important in resumé is that of
+the want of capital for the construction of ships and the establishment
+of regular lines of fluvial navigation as also the obstacles offered
+either by the irregular courses of some rivers obstructed by waterfalls,
+shoots and rapids, or simply obstructed by the trunks of trees and other
+materials or by the diminutive volume of water during the dry seasons
+which makes impossible navigation of even ordinary draught.
+
+One of the most interesting phases of the Amazonian problem is, however,
+in the regulating and increasing of the navigation of the rivers, with
+the object of assuring ample transport facilities and the approximation
+to the centres of production with the consuming markets. The opening up
+of the ways of fluvial communication is an essential condition to the
+progress of the Amazonic region, by the lesser expenditure required by
+transport upon water in comparison with land transportation which in
+those regions would be particularly difficult and costly.
+
+The steamers and boats which set out from Manáos or Belém for the
+Interior, make the passage generally, over-charged with merchandise
+which by reason of accumulation and its defective packing suffers not
+rarely serious damages which has the result of bringing about a notable
+increment in prices. As a general rule the cargo being greater than the
+space requisite to its accommodation, makes the navigation extremely
+difficult, the steamers thus not being able to make head-way against
+the current, which flows at the rate of from 3 to 5 miles an hour, or
+desiring to diminish the expense in the consumption of coal, seek out the
+waters the less agitated and approach as much as possible the banks of
+the river.
+
+The want of minute hydrographic charts and the imprudence of the
+captains, as also of the masters of steam launches and other floating
+material, have, as a consequence, the bringing about of frequent
+strandings, which even though they may not cause damage to the cargo
+involve interruptions in the trip sufficiently prejudicial.
+
+The unloadings are made frequently on the banks of the rivers under
+little favorable conditions, by reason of the want of wharves; are
+very slow and occasion besides lamentable delays, very heavy expenses
+principally for the packages of great weight.
+
+One of the causes which most determine the dearness of transport in
+Amazonia, is the supply of combustibles to the steamers, these latter
+taking in coal only at the port of departure in Belém or Manáos, and this
+being consumed, purchase wood fuel along the route just as they require
+it, and for a high price, subjecting themselves thus to the delays
+incident to loading, at times very great. Coal mines in the basin of the
+Caquetá have been discovered, but so far it has not been possible to
+derive any benefit from them, owing to the want of the necessary studies
+and analysis, which only now the Federal Government is beginning to have
+made.
+
+For the betterment of this state of things the Federal Government also
+pretends to contract with a large public company for the establishment of
+coal depots and combustible oil, at the most appropriate points of the
+rivers on which the greatest movement takes place in the valley of the
+Amazon, so that the steamers may be supplied for prices according to a
+tabular statement previously approved for each year.
+
+The descent of the floating material by the rivers is much less onerous,
+as the consumption of combustibles is thereby considerably diminished,
+thanks to the current which gives an easy impulsion to the floating
+material; the trips are notwithstanding slow, much time being lost in
+picking up cargo, almost exclusively rubber, on the banks of the rivers.
+
+The irregularity in the navigation either due to the deficiency of the
+floating material or by the natural obstacles that the flooding of the
+rivers bring about, cause extensive prejudice, as it obliges the large
+cargoes of merchandise upon whose price high interest is collected and
+occasions them considerable loss of goods deteriorated by their remaining
+for a long time in sheds and by the damaging effect of heat and dampness.
+
+From thence arises the lamentable dearness of life and the bad
+alimentation, with their evil results on the health of the inhabitants of
+those far-away-regions.
+
+The retention in the seringaes of large stocks of rubber deprived
+of the means of transport must also not be forgotten and its coming
+simultaneously on to the market at certain times, being taken advantage
+of by speculators is an important cause of the fall in prices which
+affects the interests of producers to an appreciable degree.
+
+Regularity and frequency in navigation, permitting successive and regular
+supplies of rubber would diminish in notable proportions the cost of
+production, since it would cheapen the cost of labor and avoid the great
+oscillations usual in the prices.
+
+In order to obtain that desideratum it is not sufficient to create new
+lines of navigation nor to augment the number of floating material
+or better their conditions, but it is necessary to adopt certain
+complementary measures. Thus in the impossibility of preparing from the
+outset minute hydrographic charts, a measure which would require great
+expenditure; it were advisable in order to make navigation more secure
+to indicate by means of small light houses and illuminated buoys of
+acetyline, the dangerous points which it is desirable to avoid.
+
+In order to obviate the difficulties created by the formation of sand
+banks, by the accumulation of trunks of trees, and of obstacles of all
+kinds, it is necessary that attention be paid constantly to the cleansing
+of the rivers and dragging them, in cases where the obstructions cannot
+be removed by other means and the construction of railways and wagon
+roads connecting the navigable points.
+
+It would be of the greatest utility to bring about the extension and
+opening up of telegraphic lines joining the producing centres with the
+central markets, such measures would have the most beneficient results
+as much for the owners of seringaes as for the shipowners, these latter
+being once aware of such facilities would cause their ships to be
+directed to the points where they were required to discharge merchandise
+or take in rubber or vice-versa and thus avoid all uncertainty upon
+the advantages to be reaped from those trips, because of the want of
+knowledge of the cargoes that are being reserved for them, and those who
+are in contact with them in the markets where the product is sold may be
+advised as to the quotations and the market prices of the merchandise so
+that they may take advantage of the most favorable times for effecting
+their transactions.
+
+The message presented by His Excellency Marchal Hermes da Fonseca,
+President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil on the third of
+May of this current year, made special reference to the services of the
+radio-telegraph in the territory of the Acre, expressing himself in the
+following terms:
+
+“The three radio-telegraphic stations that have been contracted for in
+December of 1910, are now in full working order, those of the Rio Branco
+and Senna Madueira having been inaugurated in September of 1911 and in
+February of this year that of Cruzeiro de Sul, which besides speaking
+with those two and therefore with Manáos, communicates also with Iquitos
+in the Republic of Perú.”
+
+In order to complete this very useful improvement ordered to be done in
+such a happy hour, there were also contracted for two other stations, one
+of these being in Xapury and the other in Tarauacá, places having a great
+future before them and already containing an appreciable population as
+well as a notable material development.
+
+With the installation of those two stations, the territory will be
+perfectly well equipped in regard to the question of telegraphic
+communications.
+
+As a consequence of the dearness and the difficulties in the means of
+transport we get the excessive rises in freight, which at times are equal
+to and are often greater than the value of the merchandise transported;
+the truth is that the crisis in rubber made them suffer a certain fall
+and we no longer see such a thing happen as that the shipowner pays for
+the price of his steamers in two round trips.
+
+The dominating principle is that of liberty of commerce. In order to
+assure regular services on the principal rivers, the Federal Government
+as well as the Governments of the States of Amazonas and Pará subsidize
+certain companies whose tables of freight charges are approved by the
+Public Powers. That these are still very high is shown by the fact of
+competition which in certain lines takes place between the subsidized
+companies and private shipowners; the latter, however, not being able
+to go beyond the tariff tables of the former, they nevertheless obtain
+freights and passengers which proportion them high profits, demonstrating
+thus that the tables of freight tariffs of the subsidized companies are
+still a long way from the maximum of reduction.
+
+The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress which took place
+in Manáos from the 22nd to 27th of February of 1910, considering this
+position, resolved to recommend to the Public Powers the remodelling of
+the actual freight tariffs principally in that part of them which relate
+to alimentary goods, necessary to the sustaining of the extractors of
+rubber and in the sense of their being substantially cheapened.
+
+Even to-day one of the best businesses in the Amazonic regions consists
+in chartering steamers for trafficking on the rivers.
+
+If the freight rates on the sections served by the subsidized lines
+are high, greater still are these on the less favored sections where
+the rapids of the rivers flowing among the seringaes, make navigation
+difficult, because in these latter there being no freight tables, they
+make the price according to their judgment, such prices of transport
+being contracted directly according to the circumstances of the occasion
+with the shipper, who has to pay the price as the masters of the steamers
+are pleased or resolved to charge.
+
+The owners of seringaes subject themselves to the heavy burdens which
+they are bound to put up with, in the hope of escaping the damage that
+the retention of their produce for want of transport would cause them.
+
+It is not only the fluvial navigation freights that are much too
+burdensome, for the freights for ocean navigation are also burdened with
+this grave defect and thus it is that despite the fact of the distance
+which separate Brazil from New York and from London, is only half that
+between the consuming markets and the east, the freights for the latter
+are incomparably less. It behooves the Governments of countries producing
+rubber in South America to come to an arrangement so as to confer
+adequate premiums on the navigation companies to Europe and to the United
+States, who cheapen their freights and cut down in a satisfactory manner
+the duration of the voyage.
+
+
+
+
+INTERNAL MARKETS FOR RUBBER—ORGANIZATION AND WORKING—TYPES AND QUOTATIONS
+
+
+Located in the centre of the most important rubber producing region of
+the world, Belém and Manáos, the capitals of the two great states of the
+north, are, in Brazil, the principal markets of that product. Nearly 90
+per cent of the Brazilian exportation proceeds from there, the 16,000
+tons of rubber which each of these markets export annually gives place to
+a considerable mass of business.
+
+If it be true that the commercial transactions gyrate around equal
+quantities of rubber, Belém has the advantage over Manáos, because it is
+the seat of a great part of the large exporting houses that operate in
+the two capitals. Its geographical situation which permits of more rapid
+communication with the markets of the south, and with foreign ports,
+contributes also towards its greater commercial importance.
+
+The uses and customs are identical in the two markets. Commerce obeys
+a rule above all unfavorable to the sellers who cannot put a value on
+their merchandise but are forced before all things to accept the price
+imposed by the buyers. That disadvantageous condition of dependency
+is the natural outcome of the deficient economic organization in the
+exploitation of the rubber industry in the valley of the Amazon.
+Reference has already been made in another place to the burdensome
+commercial relations between the seringueiros and the patrons or
+proprietors of seringaes and between the same patrons and the commercial
+traders. The same vices and defects are to be found in the relations
+between the commercial traders and the great exporting houses. Those
+latter, possessors of large capital and united together in the common
+interests, dominate the market, which, weakened by successive crises and
+always in a precarious state cannot oppose them an efficacious resistance.
+
+That situation can only be modified in the case of the actual economic
+and commercial methods, which place in the hands of the merchant-trader
+all the responsibility of the conduction of business in the place,
+without at the same time arming them with the means of defence against
+unrestricted speculations.
+
+The merchant-trader’s houses are the intermediaries between the
+seringueiros and the exporting houses. But, their principal function
+is that of furnishing the seringueiro during the year all the goods
+necessary to sustain him and his employes as well as supplying him with
+tools, utensils, wearing apparel and in fact, everything that may be
+necessary to his life in the seringaes.
+
+This supplying is done on credit, that is to say, against the remittance
+of rubber produced by the borrower and which is sold on its arrival by
+the merchant-trader to the exporting houses.
+
+The merchant-trader thus requires large capital so as to meet the
+engagements that he assumes in the market with the great and numerous
+supplies, which he is obliged to make.
+
+It is incumbent on him also to transport the same for which he nearly
+always employs steamers of his own, in order to bring the merchandise to
+its destination in far-away regions, bringing back on the return trip the
+rubber collected by his aviados, i.e., his borrowers of the seringaes.
+
+The responsibilities assumed become due on the occasion of the arrival
+of the cargoes of rubber. In fact, it is exactly at this moment that the
+merchant-trader is most in need of money, because besides the imperious
+duty of paying the amount of his debts and the immediate necessity which
+he has of furnishing new supplies to his clients the aviados, he has
+still yet expenses to disburse with the repair and fitting out of the
+steamers, which owing to the bad conditions in the navigation of the
+rivers return nearly always in a damaged condition; balances to pay to
+the seringueiros whose debts were relatively small or advances to make to
+those whose production was inferior in value to the supply sent, but who
+required a new resource under the danger of otherwise not being able ever
+to liquidate their debt.
+
+Thus it is that the aviador or merchant-trader has no other remedy, but
+to sell without delay the rubber which has been consigned to him and that
+is the psychological moment for the decided action of the buyers.
+
+Reduced as to number, well informed about the business and in the
+possession of daily and direct notices from the consuming markets,
+perfectly bound up to them by a question of mutual interest, they decide
+to make the price for the merchandise that is offered to them. It is not
+always that that price corresponds in reality to those of the foreign
+market, but the apprehension that seizes the merchant-trader that moved
+by their interests the buyers may resolve to retire the offer, does not
+permit him either to hesitate or resist. He hands over the merchandise
+with a small profit and not uncommonly with a loss.
+
+Treating of an article which up till to-day has been produced in a
+quantity inferior to the necessity of the industry, whose price was kept
+up high, much above that which might be called a remunerative price, that
+inversion of the law of economics is a very curious one, because, in this
+case, it is not the producer who imposes the price, but the buyer who
+does so.
+
+The difficulties which the merchant-trader had to fight against, have
+been increased lately with the advent of the “regatões,” a species of
+barter-commission travelers on the rivers. This trade is exercised by
+individuals acting for their own account or as agents of the merchants
+and who go up the rivers with merchandise, doing business at sight in
+exchange for money or rubber, diverting in this way a large part of
+the transactions until now exercised through the inter-medium of the
+merchant-traders.
+
+The principal causes of the precarious position of the “aviadores” or
+merchant-traders are the lack of adequate capital and the want of banking
+facilities and other establishments of credit which might come to their
+aid.
+
+The export houses, however, operate with the greatest firmness. They
+discount the drafts for the rubber bought, in the agencies of the English
+banks, and with the product of this operation pay the merchant-traders,
+and as these drafts are at 90 days sight, it is only after the rubber is
+sold in New York or in Liverpool that they satisfy their indebtedness,
+thus trafficking almost covered from any risk whatsoever.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The aviador or merchant-trader receives the rubber by the weight which
+it shows at the moment of being unloaded; if the trip is a long one the
+shortage in weight of the rubber may be as much as 15 per cent; if,
+on the other hand, there has been no time, owing to the shortness of
+the trip, for such a thing to happen, it is certain that on its being
+magazined or stored-up, it will continue to =quebrar=, i.e., diminish in
+weight. Thus, therefore, it is to the interest of all parties concerned
+to sell it and export it as soon after its arrival as possible, which,
+however, does not mean to say that the question of shortage is not an
+element which comes into play in making the estimate of its value.
+
+The classifying of the rubber is done upon the occasion of its sale, this
+being an operation which necessitates a long experience and practice in
+the knowledge of the article.
+
+Two workmen with iron instruments which they call “gatos,” take hold of
+the skin (smoke-cured roll or ball) by the orifice which is left in its
+shape on its being made, at the same time that a third workman cuts it
+down the middle with a sharp instrument called a “traçado.” By this means
+it is easy to ascertain if the manufacture of the internal coatings or
+layers has been done with the necessary care, and if the weight has been
+affected by water, or by any other extraneous body.
+
+If the rubber presents itself with an uniform aspect, perfectly smoked
+and sufficiently elastic, it is classed “fina.” If, however, any points
+present spongy parts proceeding from coagulation of the latex anterior to
+the smoking process, it is styled “entre-fina.” To the agglomeration of
+residue which congeals freely, the name of “sernamby” is given.
+
+There is still the “borracha fraca” little elastic, whose mercantile
+value is put in the same category as “sernamby” and which does not come
+from the latex of the hevea.
+
+This work being finished, the rubber is bought in accordance with the
+quotations of the day, based upon prices coming from England and from the
+United States, but as has already been explained, this quotation is not
+always respected.
+
+There is another anomaly to which it is advisable to refer: whilst the
+“entre-fina” and the sernamby are quoted abroad at least at 200 réis and
+1$800 réis less than the “fina” the markets of Belém and Manáos show a
+difference of 800 réis and 2$000.
+
+There are other abuses which also take place in the classifying of the
+rubber, which gives as a result that the buyers prefer to do business
+upon inferior qualities, because these offer a larger margin for profits.
+
+The rubber is exported in American pineboxes which can hold nearly 150
+Kilos. The dearness of manual labor in the Amazon territory makes it
+difficult to take advantage of the innumerable species of timber-woods in
+which the valley of the great river is so abundantly rich.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the remaining markets of the country where the rubber is negotiated,
+the price is regulated by the quotations in Pará. These local markets are
+of little importance and in nothing do they distinguish themselves as to
+the relative transactions in rubber, from the general mass of business.
+The class of =aviadores= or merchant-trader does not exist. Each producer
+sends his stock to his agent or representative or sells it to the first
+buyer. The rubber is collected from either maniçoba or mangabeira.
+
+In the commerce of those products, the markets of Bahia and Fortaleza
+stand out the most prominently, to which places a certain appreciable
+portion of cultivated plantation rubber converges every year besides a
+great quantity of native rubber.
+
+
+
+
+ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPORTANCE—FEDERAL AND STATE REVENUE—EXPORTATION
+TAX
+
+
+The most superficial examination of the actual economic position of
+Brazil demonstrates at once and in an incisive manner how important the
+rubber industry is to the national life of the country.
+
+Possessor of the innumerable riches distributed by the three Kingdoms of
+Nature, it is almost exclusively due to the cultivation of coffee and to
+the extraction of rubber that Brazil owes its extraordinary commercial
+development in these last twenty years.
+
+The great fortunes which the plantations of the famous red-bean of the
+coffee-tree created in the South and the considerable profits which
+the exploitation of the precious gum have produced in the North, were
+certainly the causes which most influenced the development of the
+production to such an extraordinary degree, relegating to a much lower
+schedule in the general tabular statement of Brazilian exportation, all
+the products, whose commerce although certainly remunerative, does not
+show such certain and speedy results.
+
+The general exportation of Brazilian merchandise was £63,724,440 in 1909,
+£63,091,547 in 1910 and £66,838,982 in 1911. To these totals, coffee
+and rubber contributed during each of the same three years £52,401,276,
+£51,342,278 and £55,458,221 respectively—totals these, sufficient by
+themselves, to guarantee with advantage the Brazilian international
+commercial equilibrium, when it is seen that in those said same years,
+the general importation of merchandise amounted to £37,139,354,
+£47,871,974 and £52,798,016.
+
+Rubber contributed to the general total of exportation with 29.70 per
+cent in 1909, 39.06 per cent in 1910 and 22.53 per cent in 1911, or in
+other words an average of 30.43 per cent per annum. It is worthy of
+note, that the great difference which took place in the above-mentioned
+percentages is explained in the fluctuations in the prices of rubber,
+since the production not only did not decrease, but, as a matter of fact,
+increased from year to year. Therefore it is seen that nearly one-third
+of Brazil’s export trade is supplied by rubber, and it is nearly twenty
+millions of pounds sterling that Brazil receives every year, and which
+goes far to provide for the sustentation, not only of the population of
+the Brazilian Northwest, comprised in the great States of Pará, Amazons
+and Matto-Grosso and the Federal Territory of the Acre, but for the
+prosperity of the North-east States, which get the benefit of a good
+part of that sum through the intermedium of their sons, who live by the
+exploitation of the rubber; the Southern States benefit in their turn
+by the abundance of money in the North, that most secure guarantee of
+their prosperity, since that being producers of cereals, xarque, coffee,
+sugar, textile goods, hats and shoes, for a long time already they have
+constituted themselves the principal furnishers of food-stuffs and
+wearing apparel to that region. Finally there is still to be considered
+the benefit to be brought indirectly to the whole country because that
+sum goes to increase the commerce of importation, thus powerfully
+augmenting the Federal Customs Revenue.
+
+The sum obtained by the States of the Amazons and Pará and by the Federal
+Territory of the Acre, is also considerable every year by the tribute
+paid on the rubber going out.
+
+This last Territory of the Acre, since its incorporation with Brazil by
+the Treaty of Petropolis concluded with Bolivia in 1903, cost the Union
+(including the expenses incident to the acquisition of the Territory and
+other resulting compromises of the said treaty, such as the arbitral
+Tribunal, loans to Bolivia, marking out of the frontier, construction of
+the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad and expenses for the mobilization of troops,
+etc.), up till 1909 the sum of Rs. 62,595:562$038; the revenue brought in
+during the same period attained the sum of Rs. 58,052:757$012, in 1910
+moreover the tax upon the rubber produced was Rs. 19,867:529$159 and in
+1911 Rs. 9,671:711$068, or in other words Rs. 29,539:240$227 more, which
+should be carried to the credit of that very rich region. The rubber of
+the Acre is exported through the intermedium of the markets of Belém and
+Manáos, the impost-tax of 20 per cent ad valorem being collected on the
+occasion of its shipment.
+
+The States of Amazonas and Pará cannot dispense quickly without very
+serious economic disturbance with the revenue receivable from the
+tribute paid on the exportation of rubber. As a matter of fact, the
+State of Amazonas collected the sum of Rs. 16,845:585$063 in 1909, Rs.
+18,069:162$372 in 1910 and Rs. 12,901:477$379 in 1911; the impost-tax
+upon rubber brought in those same years respectively Rs. 13,316:487$569,
+Rs. 14,836:235$238 and Rs. 9,999:031$526, which can also be reckoned by
+79.04 per cent, 82.11 per cent and 77.50 per cent.
+
+The State of Amazonas taxes rubber produced in the State itself, in 18
+per cent ad valorem, and that coming from the Javary, the boundary river
+with Perú, in 7 per cent.
+
+In its turn Pará has had in the form of revenue collected in those
+years, the amounts of Rs. 19,039:709$531, Rs. 20,255:070$604 and Rs.
+14,480:716$176, the import-tax on rubber rendering Rs. 14,602:759$269,
+Rs. 14,701:894$955 and Rs. 9,518:716$267, or 76.69 per cent, 72.58 per
+cent and 65.73 per cent.
+
+The taxes charged by Pará are 22 per cent ad valorem for Rubber “fina,”
+“entre-fina” and “sernamby,” and 15 per cent for whatever other kind.
+Besides those there is an additional tax of 2.5 per cent in benefit of
+the Santa Casa de Misericordia charged on the exportation taxes.
+
+These figures seem to show the importance for those States of questions
+concerning the production and consumption of the world’s rubber, and with
+greater reason still for Brazil as a whole. The ruin of one of the most
+promising regions on the face of the globe, the profound depreciation
+of Brazilian finances and the dreaded commercial crisis with which the
+country would have to fight, would be the disastrous effect of the
+indifference of the Federal and States Governments on such a matter.
+But that, however, is not the attitude of those Governments; they are
+decreeing various measures now in course of being carried out and which
+after minute studies were judged necessary, so that Brazil might continue
+to maintain her proud position of importance for the precious “black
+gold” (rubber) in the world’s market.
+
+
+
+
+RUBBER-CONSUMING MARKETS—COMPETITION OF OTHER RUBBER-PRODUCING COUNTRIES
+
+
+New York, Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Antwerp and Havre are at the
+present time, by their order of importance, the principal world’s markets
+for rubber.
+
+New York, by virtue of the extraordinary development of North American
+industries, which in a steadily increasing scale, are consuming
+constantly greater quantities of raw material, receives almost half of
+the rubber produced in all the world. Nearly 60 per cent of the rubber
+negotiated in New York is Brazilian. After this follow Central America
+and Mexico; but as rubber proceeding from all parts appears in the New
+York market it is evident that there is no specialty in this business.
+
+Liverpool, perhaps due to the fact of its being the port to which the
+lines of navigation that run to and from the Amazon are directed, has
+become the European emporium for Brazilian rubber. In fact, 40 per cent
+of the Brazilian production is directed towards that city. Liverpool
+also receives rubber of various qualities proceeding from the English and
+other European possessions in equatorial Africa.
+
+The increasing production of the Oriental plantations finds in London one
+of its principal markets for the precious gum. Although rubber proceeding
+from different parts appears in the market, it may be affirmed without
+hesitation, that London is the special centre for cultivated refined
+rubber (plantation) which is easily explained by the fact that the owners
+of the extensive plantations in the Malay States are nearly all of them
+London companies.
+
+Occidental and Oriental Africa, principally German Colonies, send to
+Hamburg the greater part of the rubber which is negotiated on that
+market. Brazil enters with about 20 per cent of the total amount of the
+business.
+
+Antwerp owes its rubber trade to the creation of the Congo Free State,
+whose production, now in decline, is practically all directed to this
+city. It also receives rubber from Brazil, and seeing that Belgian
+capital is employed in the Oriental plantations its future is promising.
+
+Havre, on the other hand, is of greater importance to Brazil; where 75
+per cent of the transactions are in Brazilian rubber. It also imports the
+Congo species, as also those of some of the French Colonies in Africa.
+However, the great bulk of the production of these latter colonies is
+directed to Bordeaux.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The methods of sale adopted in these markets, vary very much. From the
+slow old-fashioned process of sale by private treaty, to sales on time
+terms, passing through auctions and underwritings, in short all the
+commonly known modes of negotiating are in use.
+
+The most important market, that of New York, adheres to the old-fashioned
+method of personal contracts for immediate delivery, which certainly
+serves better the interests of buyers, than those of sellers; the
+agitation that was created round this question with a view to reform the
+market, gave no result whatsoever.
+
+Liverpool presents us the polymorphic type. Private sales, and sales on a
+fixed day for delivery, or sales by auctions, all take place, consulting
+thereby the preferences of both sellers and buyers, and establishing the
+free course of the values. The same happens in London, where, however,
+the Plantation companies have initiated more advanced transactions, such
+as sales of crops in anticipation.
+
+Hamburg and Antwerp also practice sales by auction and on delivery.
+However, in this latter the method of underwriting is that most in vogue
+and which among all the processes is the one that consults most the
+interest of the seller. This is carried out in the following manner: A
+broker advertises a certain quantity of rubber for sale, the particulars
+of which he supplies (name of seller, weight, quality, estimated price,
+etc.), about twenty days beforehand. On the day appointed, he receives
+the offers of purchase closed and sealed; these are then opened in a
+public place and the prices are inscribed on a schedule divided into
+columns, each one headed with the name of the house offering. Once this
+operation has finished, the rubber falls to the highest bidder. The
+seller has, however, the right to withdraw the goods in case the price
+that results does not satisfy him.
+
+The Antwerp market adopted this system with the view to competing against
+cognate markets. As the reducing of the expenses on the product, which
+corresponded to frs. 2.60 per 100 Kilos, the same being frs. 4.93 and
+frs. 7.30 in Hamburg and Liverpool respectively, did not suffice, it
+endeavored to attract the seller by offering the most advantageous
+prices, and it seems that it has succeeded in its desideratum.
+
+Havre followed its example and it is greatly to be desired that all the
+rubber markets adopt the same system, not only for the reasons set forth,
+but also because it is a safe precaution against the manipulations of
+speculators.
+
+Brazil has always maintained its predominating position in the world’s
+market for rubber, not only as the greatest producer, but also as the
+producer of the best quality.
+
+In 1827, the first year about which statistical data exist, Brazil
+exported 31 tons of rubber; in 1837, 289 tons, or say an increase of 932
+per cent; in 1847, 624 tons, or 216 per cent more; in 1857, 1,800 tons,
+which corresponds to an increase of 290 per cent; in 1867, 5,826 tons,
+or 322 per cent more; 1877, 9,215 tons, thus augmenting by 158 per cent;
+in 1887, 13,290 tons, or 144 per cent increase; in 1897, 21,256 tons,
+representing about 160 per cent more; and, finally, in 1907, 36,490 tons,
+or approximately an increase of 172 per cent.
+
+Within the last decade, that is to say, from 1902 to 1911 (vide
+statistical statements =in fine=), the exportation rose gradually to
+28,631 tons in 1902 and to 39,026 tons in 1909, the maximum ever reached
+so far, to descend immediately to 38,546 tons in 1910 and 36,547 tons in
+1911.
+
+Brazil has so far not had any serious competition to fear. It is true
+that the other producing countries in Central America, South Africa and
+Asia, send a considerable quantity of rubber on to the market, but this
+does not affect the Brazilian trade, because, besides being practically
+all of it of an inferior quality, such extra supply is not sufficient
+to occasion the harmful effects of an overproduction. It is curious
+to observe, that even within the last decade, the production of those
+regions which in 1901 was 21,547 tons increased even so far as to surpass
+the production of Brazil in the year of 1905, reaching then 35,428 tons;
+but it diminished as rapidly as it had increased and in 1911 we see it
+reduced to 23,747 tons. This decrease cannot be attributed to the effects
+of competition, for instance to the plantations of the Orient, whose
+production commenced to accentuate itself exactly in the year of 1905
+and henceforward. As a matter of fact, competition should bring forth a
+fall in prices, but however, on the contrary, such did not happen, the
+quotations reaching in the years of 1909 and 1910 such extremes as had
+never been seen in the rubber market. It will be sufficient to point out,
+that the refined rubber of Pará, which is the Standard regulating type
+of the market and whose average annual price has been 3, 4 and even 5
+shillings, went up in those years to 12s/6 per pound.
+
+However, a new competitor did appear, which had to be taken into
+consideration, and which induced the Government of Brazil to adopt some
+measures tending to protect its great article of export. The considerable
+and methodical plantations of the =hevea brasiliensis= made in the
+peninsula of Malacca in Malasia and on the island of Ceylon, commenced to
+produce rubber, which it was predicted would within a few years, due to
+the enormous quantity produced at a low figure, get the mastery of the
+market.
+
+These plantations, the initial experiments of which date from the year of
+1876, with 70,000 seeds sent from the Tapajóz river, an affluent of the
+Amazon, by Wickham to the Royal Botanical Garden of Kew, have taken an
+enormous increment since the year 1896, till to-day, due to the results
+obtained which indicated beyond possible doubt the advantages of the
+cultivation of hevea, this in view of the constantly increasing price
+of the product and the new applications which day after day the rubber
+industry has opened up.
+
+The cultivated-plantation rubber, which appeared on the market with 5
+tons in 1901, was represented by 646 tons five years later and at the end
+of another equal period, by 12,000 tons. It is estimated that if nothing
+unforeseen happens to the contrary, its production in 1916 will be 70,000
+tons, thus reaching the quantity which is at the present moment consumed
+each year by the necessities of the industry.
+
+It is believed that by that time the inferior qualities furnished
+by Africa, Central America and even by Brazil, will gradually have
+disappeared from the market. In order to meet the consumption which, if
+progression that hitherto has taken place, continues, will then be of
+98,603 tons, the production of Brazil and of the Orient together will
+surely render a quantity much superior to that demand.
+
+The average cost per Kilo of fine Pará rubber in the valley of the Amazon
+is from 3$000 to 3$500; in India of 2$650; however, this difference
+should disappear under the operation of the Rubber Defence Act, which
+is inserted further on, and the possible augmentation of the price in
+the Orient, where manual labor will become dearer later on when all its
+plantations are in full exploitation, and by the consequent scarcity of
+labor, against which agriculturists are already commencing to struggle.
+
+The industrial element still continues to give preference to the
+Brazilian rubber, this being better in quality, =nerve= and in
+elasticity—properties these which may probably be attributed to the
+process of curing, which is not employed in the Orient, or possibly to
+the meteorologic and climate conditions, the geological composition
+of the soil, etc. It is true that the quotation for planted rubber
+has been superior to that of wild rubber, but it is advisable not to
+forget, that while the former shrinks only 3 per cent, and has a much
+better appearance, the latter loses 18 per cent of its weight. The price
+difference is thus amply explained and when accounts are made up it is
+still the fine quality from Pará that is the better quoted.
+
+
+
+
+THE INDIA RUBBER PROBLEM—MEANS SUGGESTED AND RESOLVED BY THE STATES
+
+
+Threatened with losing the predominant position it has always occupied in
+the rubber market of the world, Brazil could not, without committing an
+economical suicide, remain inactive.
+
+The time having come when native rubber would enter into competition with
+planted rubber, Brazil had to defend its interests by becoming equipped
+for the struggle, making the cost of its product cheaper in order to
+ensure its occupying an advantageous position in the market.
+
+Many are the causes which at present contribute to the high cost of
+Brazilian rubber, but they may be united into three groups, as follows:
+1st, expensive labour; 2nd, heavy transport tariffs; and 3rd, excessive
+export taxes.
+
+The expensive labour is due to the scantiness of population in the Amazon
+valley, the want of foreign immigration to compensate it, and the high
+cost of food supplies.
+
+The rubber-producing trees (seringaes) of the Amazon are exploited
+by the natives, whose number is but small, and by the immigrants from
+the eastern States who, fleeing from the droughts which periodically
+befall those States and attracted by the liberal profits offered by the
+extraction of rubber, go there in thousands every year. This current of
+immigration is, however, insufficient; a proper remedy for such a state
+of things would perhaps be foreign labour which still keeps back from the
+North because it only knows it through garbled information. The bad food
+and the indifference for all that concerns health conditions, contribute
+every year to the invaliding of a considerable number of men.
+
+The extraction of India rubber being the occupation which pays best in
+the Amazon Valley, the pastoral industry, cattle-breeding and farming are
+altogether despised, so that all the articles of subsistence needed by
+the population, either come from the South of Brazil, burdened by cost of
+a long transport, or from abroad overloaded with high Brazilian Customs
+duties.
+
+The heavy transport tariffs are due to the numerous difficulties of all
+sorts that thwart navigation in the affluents and sub-affluents of the
+Amazon river and to the greediness of ship-owners, encouraged by the
+absence of competition. On the other hand, the existence of a complete
+river system has made the Brazilian Governments disregard the necessity
+of establishing railways which, by shortening distances, might bind the
+different affluents of the great river to each other.
+
+Finally, the excessive taxation imposed by the States of Amazonas and
+Pará on its almost only product of exportation is a consequence of the
+special conditions of life in that Brazilian region, which conditions we
+have just described. The Governmental and administrative system requires
+large sums for its maintenance, is unable to avail itself of any other
+sources of income because they hardly exist. The legislator has had to go
+on taxing the great product more and more.
+
+In order to cheapen the product, besides removing the causes which have
+just been shown, two other far-reaching measures have been suggested; the
+adoption of a process for coagulation of the latex which might decrease
+the production of inferior rubbers, and planting on a big scale.
+
+At the present moment the exportation of rubber from the Amazon is
+composed of 50 per cent of rubber “fina,” 10 per cent of “entre-fina,”
+25 per cent of “sernamby,” and 15 per cent of “caucho.” Now, any process
+that can do away with or might at least diminish the percentage of
+entrefina and sernamby would be a means of cheapening the rubber of finer
+quality (fina). To apply the same activity to produce 70 or 75 Kilos of
+“fina” instead of 50 fina, 10 entrefina and 15 sernamby, is the same
+in reality as obtaining the first quality at a very much lower price.
+Such is the desideratum of the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira Pinto,
+a Brazilian doctor who has lived for a great number of years among the
+rubber districts where he has made a most accurate study of the subject.
+The results hitherto attained are very satisfactory, the Government of
+Brazil having aided the inventor with a view to spreading his invention
+once its advantages have been definitely proven.
+
+At the same time, the process of extracting the rubber from trees
+disseminated in the interior of the forests at a considerable distance
+one tree from the other, is against all principles of economy. The
+planting on a large scale, on the margin of the Amazon river, or of its
+big affluents, but in places of easy access, is an essential measure,
+especially seeing that the Government aims at maintaining for Brazil in
+future, the prominent position it now occupies in the trade. Therefore,
+whilst considering all the complex elements of the question thoroughly,
+a study had to be made of all the solutions presented. We shall now see
+what procedure was followed:
+
+In August, 1909, a Congress of seringueiros (rubber gatherers), assembled
+in Acre with a view to studying and discussing the situation of the
+rubber trade. In a message addressed to the President of the Republic at
+the closing of the proceedings, the members of the Congress suggested, as
+chief measures, easy communications, roads, railway lines, subventioned
+lines of steamers, colonization promoted by the Government and a
+reduction in the export duty.
+
+Later on, in the same year, the Pará Government enacted Laws Nos. 1,100
+and 1,109 of the 5th and 6th of November, both of which have great
+bearing on the solution of this most important problem.
+
+The first of said laws gives authority, in article 1st, to the State
+Government, to enter into agreements with one or more native or
+foreign companies, in regard to the plantation and exploitation of the
+seringueira (hevea brasiliensis) against the concession of the following
+favors:
+
+a. The concession of vacant lands up to twenty thousand hectares with
+proper demarkations for the Company’s plantings.
+
+b. Reduction in the export duty of planted rubber to the extent of 50 per
+cent in the first 10 years as from the date of the first exportation;
+of 40 per cent in the second decade; of 30 per cent thenceforward until
+completion of twenty years.
+
+c. Reduction of 30 per cent in the tariffs of the Bragança railway and in
+the freights of the line of steamers subventioned by the State, during a
+term of twenty years, for planted rubber produced by the Company.
+
+d. Transport free of charge by the Bragança railway and steamers under
+the States’ subsidy of all machinery and plant belonging to the Company
+and intended for the installation of its establishments; and of whatever
+colonists the Company may place in its premises as well as of seeds,
+manure plants and cattle.
+
+e. An advance, by way of guaranteed interest, of 5 per cent per annum on
+the capital issued by the company holding the concession to the extent of
+one-half of the paid up capital.
+
+Special paragraph.—This guarantee, whatsoever be the Company’s capital,
+shall not be paid on a sum exceeding £400,000 Sterling over and above
+£800,000 Sterling, or its equivalent in paper money.
+
+The advances, by way of guaranteed interest, thus conceded, will be
+discontinued once the Company’s profits attain 6 per cent, and on
+exceeding 7 per cent the Company will start amortizing the sums loaned by
+the State to the extent of 5 per cent on the total sum advanced.
+
+The concession of lands available will be made by way of emphyteusis for
+99 years.
+
+The Statutes will have to be approved by the Government, who will name
+one of the Company’s Directors and retain certain rights with a view to
+the due enforcement of the contract.
+
+Article Second of the Law describes the Company’s obligations, which are
+as follows:
+
+First. To plant at least twenty thousand rubber trees per year.
+
+Second. To carry out instructions from the Agriculture Department of the
+State in the planting.
+
+Third. To maintain a rural elementary school, with accommodation for the
+shelter of at least twenty destitute children, and a field of practical
+tuition of mechanical agriculture, experimental cultivation of tropical
+plants, experiments in manure, etc.
+
+Fourth. Accessory planting of rice, maize, haricot beans, etc., improving
+the quality of same by mechanical means.
+
+Fifth. Furnish accurate yearly statistics of the number of plantations
+made, their state and the general production of rubber and other articles.
+
+Sixth. Use on the bags, boxes and other receptacles containing the
+goods produced, a trade-mark duly registered at the Board of Trade as
+prescribed by law.
+
+Seventh. Allow the Government to control all the work carried out by the
+Company in such manner as the Government may think fit.
+
+Complementary to the former, the Law of November 6th concedes prizes and
+other favors to the agriculturists of the State, who, by themselves or
+associations formed by them, should fulfil the conditions set forth in
+same.
+
+The prizes are of five hundred mil réis for each plot of five hundred
+rubber trees properly planted; the favors consist of the distribution
+free of charge of chemical manure, seeds, plants, instructions and
+agricultural monographs, gratuitous tuition to all the laborer-planters,
+transport free by the Bragança Railway and steamers subsidized by the
+State, reduction of export duties, =etc.=
+
+Lastly, Law No. 1,115, of the 8th November, 1909, affords protection to
+the rubber trees that are actually yielding, with a view to improving
+their production.
+
+Article First authorizes the Government of the State to further the
+defence of the rubber industry as regards the latex and preparation of
+rubber, in order to prevent the destruction of the trees existing in the
+State, punishment being dealt to whomsoever manufactures the product by
+subversive means.
+
+Article second provides a prize of 50 contos of réis paper money at
+most, to be awarded at the Government’s discretion, to the discoverer or
+inventor of some process of manufacturing or preparing rubber, which may
+afford undeniable advantages as regards its manufacture and reduces the
+inferior classes to a single standard of rubber “fina,” ensuring a high
+price for the article.
+
+The State of Amazonas also, as per Law No. 675 of May 20, 1911,
+authorizes the Executive Power to concede any advisable favors to
+individuals or undertakings that may bind themselves to put up in Manáos
+factories for refinement of rubber by means of new and improved methods,
+so as to obtain a standard class of rubber for exportation.
+
+The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress held at Manáos
+in February, 1910, resolved in its final conclusions to recommend to
+the Brazilian Government and the immediate neighboring Republics, the
+reforming of their freights, especially as regards the food supplies;
+grant favors to navigation; free rivers from obstructions; construct
+railways; create colonial centres; admit of the pressing and absolute
+necessity to plant rubber trees in the Amazon valley and open new fields
+of plantation; suggests the establishment of permanent exhibitions of a
+highly educational character; advises the rubber extractors not to give
+up the process of curing by smoke and condemns entirely the use of acids
+or alum in the coagulation, and calls attention to the question of the
+commercial classes of rubber which should be properly defined. Going into
+details it requests numerous favors for the agriculturists that may go
+in for planting hevea rubber trees, cacao and cereals, cotton and other
+products, and that prizes be granted to cattle breeders, experimental
+fields be opened, as also laboratories of analysis and a service be
+established for dealing with the yellow fever and paludinous fevers, etc.
+
+Such an important matter could not be solved by half-measures; it was
+necessary and even indispensable to adopt a plan embracing all the
+solutions suggested and proclaimed as being elements of success, thus
+obtaining a united plan entailing some complexity in its execution, it is
+true, yet clear and simple in its combined purposes.
+
+And this desideratum was achieved by the Federal Law No. 2,543 A of the
+fifth of January, 1912.
+
+
+
+
+MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—RIO DE JANEIRO CONGRESS OF
+RUBBER—REGULATIONS OF THE NEW RUBBER DEFENSE ACT
+
+
+For a long time back the attention of the Brazilian Government has been
+drawn to the necessity of adopting a plan of defence for India rubber,
+which might solve in a practical and decisive manner the so-long-debated
+“problem of the North.”
+
+In August, 1911, the Minister of Agriculture, after a close study,
+made with the aid of specialists and persons having full knowledge of
+that region of the country, drew up a project in the above sense and,
+recognizing the necessity of still hearing those who are most directly
+interested in the matter, convened a meeting of representatives of the
+State Governments, Commercial Associations and other Institutions which
+might lead to a perfect understanding of what was most advisable to do.
+
+The first meeting was held on August 14, and the Government’s plan
+was hailed with great applause, the same being approved, with slight
+alterations, in the last session which took place on the twenty-second of
+the same month.
+
+By Message of September 14, 1911, Marshal Hermes da Fonseca, President of
+the Republic, sent to the National Congress for approval, the plan duly
+elaborated; after being carefully studied by Congress it was approved and
+converted into Law, under No. 2,543 A and was sanctioned on January 5,
+1912.
+
+On April 17, 1912, Decree No. 9,521 was enacted with the Regulation for
+carrying out the measures and services provided for in the law of January.
+
+The measures and services prescribed by Law No. 2,543 A of January,
+1912, for the economic defence of rubber, regulated by Decree No. 9,521
+of April 17, 1912, are as follows:
+
+I. To encourage the rubber extractor and the cultivator of the principal
+rubber-producing trees.
+
+II. To form industries for the refinement and manufacture of rubber
+articles.
+
+III. To aid immigrants, both from the country and those who have recently
+arrived from abroad, and the workmen already established in the Amazon
+valley.
+
+IV. To render transport easy and decrease the cost in the Amazon valley.
+
+V. To install productive centres of food supplies in the Amazon valley.
+
+VI. To hold three-yearly exhibitions in Rio de Janeiro, comprehending all
+that relates to the rubber industry of the country.
+
+The measures contained in the law in regard to making agreements with
+the States which produce rubber “seringa,” with a view to decreasing
+the export duties and protecting the rubber trade, will be dealt
+with separately, and with regard to the definition and legalization
+of freeholds in the Federal Territory in Acre and the revision and
+consolidation of regulations concerning the coasting service of steamers
+(included in No. IV) special By-Laws will be drawn up which shall be
+published in due course.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The measures in reference to the first group and whose object is to
+encourage the extracting industry and plantation of the principal rubber
+producing trees are: First, reduction of the cost of tools and materials
+employed in the rubber trade; second, granting of prizes in money to
+the planters of the principal rubber trees; third, installation of
+experimental stations for the cultivation of rubber.
+
+For the reduction in the cost of utensils and materials, free entrance is
+granted with exemption from any import duties, as well as to everything
+intended for the cultivation of the seringueira, caucho, maniçoba and
+mangabeira and the gathering-in and improving of rubber extracted from
+those trees; whether as regards the extracting industry or the plantation
+work.
+
+These pecuniary premiums for encouraging the industry, will be conceded
+to all those who plant entirely anew, or who devote themselves to
+replanting; in the first case and for every group of 12 hectares, the
+premiums will be Rs. 2:500$000 when the planting is of “seringueira”;
+Rs. 1:500$000 when it treats of “caucho” or “maniçoba”; and 900$000 when
+it is mangabeira; in the second case and for every group of 25 hectares
+the premiums will be 2:000$000, 1:000$000 and 720$000 respectively. The
+minimum number of trees for the new plantations will be 250 per hectare
+for the seringueira and caucho, and 400 for the maniçoba and mangabeira;
+in the case of re-planting, the distance to keep between the trees should
+be from 6 metres to 6m50 for the first mentioned case and 5 metres
+for the second. In order to obtain the payment of the premium, it is
+requisite that the trees be well cared for, and that not more than 15 per
+cent are damaged or useless.
+
+The subsidiary cultivation of alimentitious plants or of those useful for
+industrial purposes, will secure an annual gratuity corresponding to 5
+per cent of the value of the principal premium.
+
+For the cultivation of the seringueira, experimental stations will be
+localized in the Territory of the Acre, and in the States of Matto
+Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia and for the growing
+of the maniçoba conjointly with that of the mangabeira in the States of
+Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná
+and Matto Grosso.
+
+Each station will have an area of from 80 to 100 hectares, the land
+selected having to be suited to the climatic and agrological conditions
+exacted by the nature or quality of the plant to be cultivated.
+
+Besides the grounds for experimental cultivation, each station will
+possess laboratories of vegetable physiology for the testing of seeds
+and phytopathology, of agricultural entomology; of agricultural
+vegetable chemistry and bromotology and of microbiology and technology;
+an agricultural and woodlands museum; a gallery of machines and a
+meteorological post. Thus it will be properly equipped in order to
+serve those who may consult it upon any matter whatsoever, within the
+scope of its competency, carry out the analysis of manures and other
+chemical fertilizers, plants and waters, distribute plants and selected
+seeds, study the diseases common to growing plants and the means of
+combatting them, making commonly known by means of the publication of
+an official bulletin which will be distributed gratuitously to all
+interested parties, the results obtained relative to the most practical
+and economical means of carrying out the cultivation of rubber, the best
+means of bettering its condition, its preservation, the packing of the
+products, etc.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In order to stimulate the creation in Brazil of the industries for
+refining and manufacturing all kinds of articles made of rubber, monetary
+premiums will be instituted as well as exemption from taxes, the right
+of disappropriation for private individuals, that may be necessary
+for the installation and mounting of factories and the preference of
+the Government will be granted for such articles, which each factory
+produces, when supplies are made to the army and to the navy, as well as
+to other public departments.
+
+The premiums will be as high as 400:000$000 for the first factory for the
+refining of seringa rubber that may be established in each of the cities
+of Belém and Manáos; up to 100:000$000 for the first rubber-refining
+factory of “maniçoba” and of mangabeira, which may be installed in each
+one of the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco,
+Bahia, Minas Geraes and São Paulo; and finally of 500:000$000 for the
+first factory of rubber-made articles, which is inaugurated in Manáos,
+Belém, Recife, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
+
+The exemption from import duties embraces the rights of importation
+for the materials, machinery, utensils and the necessary tools for the
+construction and mounting of the factory and the chemical substances,
+textile articles and divers materials, combustibles and lubricants
+indispensable for the up-keep and working of the factory during the
+time-term of 25 years; and immunity from the State and Municipal taxes
+for the time term of the contract by reason of the factory being
+considered a Federal Service.
+
+The premium in cash shall only be considered when the capital of the
+factory is equivalent to 4 times its value. The payment of such premium
+will be effected immediately after the inauguration of the factory.
+
+The problem of assisting immigrants both national and foreign, who may
+have just arrived and the laborers established in the valley of the
+Amazon, is met by the installation of emigrant-hotels in Belém, in Manáos
+and in the Territory of the Acre, by the construction of hospitals in the
+Interior and by the creation of agricultural colonies adjacent to such
+hospitals.
+
+The hotels for the reception of immigrants shall follow the rule and be
+guided in their installation by that of the Ilha das Flores in Rio de
+Janeiro, that latter being considered a Model Institution, at the same
+time the modifications exacted by the conditions of each particular case,
+that of Belém having sufficient capacity to accommodate 1,500 immigrants;
+that of Manáos 1,200 and that of Acre 800. Close to each of these
+immigrant-quarters, a store-house will be erected which shall contain
+all kinds of special tools and utensils employed in the India rubber
+industry, the which will be sold to the immigrants, who desire to buy
+them at strictly cost price.
+
+The families of both national and foreign immigrants who do not
+expressly declare that they prefer another destination will be sent to
+the National Fazendas (ranches) of the Rio Branco, where they will be
+located and distributed among the different colonial centres in the
+different colonies.
+
+The hospitals in the Interior are created with a view of providing the
+inhabitants of the Amazon valley with a centre to which they may have
+recourse and where they may be treated, acquire medicine and protect
+themselves against contagious diseases. The points selected for these are
+Boa Vista of the Rio Branco, S. Gabriel on the Rio Negro, Teffé or Fonte
+Boa on the river Solimões, São Felippe on the river Juruá, Bocca do Acre
+on the Rio Purús, at the confluence of the river Arinos with the Juruéna,
+in the Alto Tapajóz, Conceição of the river Araguaya, and Montenegro on
+the Amapá.
+
+Each hospital will have accommodation for 100 sick people and will be
+divided into 5 pavillions, one of these latter being constructed with
+all the requisites necessary for the isolation of infectious diseases;
+there will also be a disinfecting house, a laboratory for chemical and
+microbiologic diagnosis, rooms for surgical operations and for autopsies,
+consulting rooms and pharmacy.
+
+There will also be a service of propaganda of the habits and hygienic
+measures necessary for the laborers who work and live in the Amazonian
+valley.
+
+Adjoining each hospital, agricultural centres will be founded wherein to
+localize 100 families at the least, these agricultural centres will have
+for their object the production of the alimenticiary products necessary
+for the supply of the said hospitals, the cultivation and extensive
+breeding of the plants and animals consumed as food by the neighboring
+population located all around, and the constitution of fixed centres of
+population which shall help towards the increased peopling of the region.
+The Government will assist the emigrants in the acquiring of lands and
+shall furnish them with food stuffs at a low price and their maintenance
+during the initial period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Amongst the improvements and means tending to facilitate transport and
+diminish its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the construction of
+systems of railways and the betterment of the navigability of the rivers
+most peopled, is of great importance.
+
+The network of iron roads will be of two different categories: systems
+of great lines forming an integral part of the general Federal system of
+railroads and a network of economic narrow-gauged railways having the
+character simply of penetration lines.
+
+Belonging to the first of these categories the following networks will
+be commenced at once, and constructed within the shortest space of time
+possible: 1º starting from Belém de Pará and joining onto the general
+railway system in Pirapóra, Minas Geraes and in Coroatá, in Maranhão,
+with the necessary branches to connect the initial or terminal point of
+navigation on the rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba and S. Francisco;
+2º starting point from the Madeira e Mamoré Railway in the proximity of
+the mouth of the Abunã, passing by the town of Rio Branco and by the most
+appropriate point between Senna Madueira and Catay and terminating in the
+town of Thaumaturgo, with branch line right up to the frontier of Perú,
+along the valley of the river Purús.
+
+The construction and renting out of these railways will be done in
+competition by Public Tender.
+
+The concession for the railways of the second category shall only be made
+to those who undertake to colonize and exploit in proportion as that may
+be justified, the respective marginal lands, i.e., the land lying along
+each side of such said lines. The Government will concede a subsidy of
+25:000$000 per kilometre constructed; the technical conditions are: a
+line of the Decauville portatil, the weight of the rails being 50 kilos
+per metre, with a gauge of 0.60 between the rails and the minimum radius
+of the curve 40 meters inclination 0.10 and weight of the locomotives in
+full working order, 18 to 20 tons.
+
+By way of experiment the Governments will bring about at once, the
+construction of 2 economic railway systems, 1º starting from Antiga
+Sauzel on the left bank of the river Xingú and going up the valley as
+far as the river Careahy, with a branch leading to the river Tapajóz,
+whose valley it will follow until the river S. Manoel and with other
+sub-branches; 2º starting from the confluent of the Rio Negro with the
+Rio Branco and following the valleys of Seruiny and the Caratimani
+passing over the water-shed and going on until it terminates in the Alto
+Uraricoera, with 2 branches, the one for the Alto Paduary and the other
+for the town of Boa Vista.
+
+The necessary improvements to be made towards effecting the navigability
+of the rivers at all seasons of the year, by steamers drawing up to 3
+feet of water, of the Rio Negro, between S. Isabel and Cucuhy, on the Rio
+Branco from its mouth as far as S. Joaquim; of the river Purús between
+Hiutanahã and Senna Madureira, and of the river Acre from its mouth as
+far as Riosinho de Pedras, will be contracted for by public-tender or by
+some public company which can prove itself sufficiently capable for the
+carrying out of the same. The maximum time-term for the termination of
+the improvements will be 7 years.
+
+As supplementary measures, the exemption from taxes is conceded to the
+floating material of whatever kind destined to fluvial navigation in
+the valley of the Amazon and floating depots for the supply of coal and
+oil-fuel will be established at different points of the river Amazon, its
+affluents and sub-affluents.
+
+The establishment of these depots and the business of supplying the
+combustibles will be done by signed contract, with the Minister of
+Agriculture, after the competition by public-tender, the concessioner
+enjoys besides other favors, exemption from import-duties for the
+floating material and for the combustible material imported as also full
+exemption from all State and Municipal taxes by reason of the object of
+his contract being considered a federal public service.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The creation of centres for producing food-stuffs in the valley of the
+Amazon being held as an element of the greatest urgency towards the
+successful issue of the plan elaborated, is assured by the following
+series of administrative measures: 1º, the renting out of the 2 national
+ranches on the Rio Branco, that of S. Bento and that of S. Marcus, to
+a public Company or undertaking which agrees to open up, and practice
+cattle-breeding of different kinds on a large scale and the cultivation
+of cereals commonly used as aliments, the establishment of a curing
+establishment for preparing dry meat, known as xarque, and a factory of
+alimenticiary conserved goods, a dairy establishment, a rice-mill and 2
+mandioca grinding-mills. The company in question will take charge of and
+localize the emigrants who desire to be placed upon the lands belonging
+to the said ranches in accordance with the Federal laws regulating such
+matters.
+
+The favors of exemption from duties for the imported material necessary
+to the mounting of the fazenda or ranch and the installation of the mills
+and factories will be conceded, as also for the stud-cattle and seeds
+imported and for the chemical manures and all materials necessary for the
+factories and for the cultivation during the whole of the time of the
+contract. They shall also enjoy the right to disappropriate for public
+utility and shall have preference for the contract to carry out the
+necessary works and improvements in the navigation of the Rio Branco.
+
+The colonization of the lands of the “fazenda” of São Marcus situated
+between the rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo on the frontier of
+British Guyana, will be made directly by the Ministry of Agriculture.
+2º Premiums and favors will be conceded to whomsoever may found great
+ranches for cattle breeding and for great agricultural purposes in
+territory of the Acre (between Rio Branco and Xapury), in the State of
+Amazonas (in the region of the Autaz), in the State of Pará (in the
+Island of Marajó), or in other more convenient points of the lower Amazon.
+
+These premiums are of 30:000$000 per group of 1,000 hectares of
+artificial pastures, planted and fenced round, of 100:000$000 per group
+of 1,000 hectares of lands effectively cultivated with rice, black
+haricot beans, Indian-corn and mandioca, and 100:000$000 per group of 500
+tons of manufactured goods, of dairy produce and of preserved meat and
+xarque, which may have been produced within a time-space of 5 years.
+
+The favors are those of exemption from import duties for everything
+whatsoever that may be necessary to the proper installation and
+maintenance of the fazenda or ranch during 5 years. 3º Concession of
+favors to a fishing company or undertaking, that shall be established
+either in Belém or in Manáos, for exercising that industry and all
+subsidiary industries connected therewith on a large scale on the rivers
+of Amazonia. The favors consist of the entry free from import duties for
+all the material belonging to the company as also for all the fittings of
+steamers and other floating material and factories that may be necessary
+during the first 15 years, encouragement premiums of 10:000$000 during 5
+consecutive years in the event of the production of fish either preserved
+or salted being maintained at a figure above 100 tons; the right of
+disappropriation for public utility of the lands or buildings that may
+be necessary for the undertaking, the exemption from state and municipal
+taxes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Recognizing the utility of periodical expositions which are held as
+centres of special studies, producing practical results by the sum of
+knowledge which may be derived from them, 3 yearly expositions shall be
+held in Rio de Janeiro, which shall embrace all and everything which has
+relation to the rubber-industry.
+
+
+
+
+THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK—THE EXPOSITION OF RUBBER IN RIO DE JANEIRO
+IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 1913
+
+
+The Superintendence Department of the Rubber-Defence, a provisional
+Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce on which
+is incumbent the direction and fiscalizing of all the services comprised
+under the Law No. 2543 of the fifth of January of 1912, has already
+initiated its works, undertaking the execution of the following measures.
+
+1. Resolution to hold a National Rubber Exhibition in Rio de Janeiro,
+opening on the thirteenth of May of 1913.
+
+2. Installation of experimental stations, 7 centres for the cultivation
+of the seringueira (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy, Bahia and
+Matto Grosso), and 6 for the cultivation of maniçoba and mangabeira
+(Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and São Paulo).
+
+3. Studies in the valley of the Amazon, in the basins of the rivers
+Negro, Solimões, Juruá, Purús, Tapajóz and Araguaya, and in the territory
+of Amapá for the establishment of interior hospitals surrounded by small
+agricultural colonies.
+
+4. Preliminary services for the construction of 4 of those hospitals
+situated respectively in Teffé or Fonte Boa on the river Solimões in S.
+Felippe on the river Juruá, in Bocca do Acre and in Montenegro of the
+Amapá.
+
+5. Drawing up of the plan and inventory of the cattle and buildings
+in the part to rent out of the National fazendas of the Rio Branco;
+idem of the part to be colonized by the Government and projects of the
+colonial centres model farm for cattle-breeding, horse and mule-raising,
+radiographic stations, etc.
+
+6. Laying of a Decauville line of railway along the rapids of the Rio
+Branco, in order to secure prompt communication with the national
+ranches, which are to be let out.
+
+7. Construction by contract or by administration of 3 dwelling quarters
+for immigrants in the Acre, in Manáos and in Belém.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The rubber exposition which is to take place in Rio de Janeiro, 1 every 3
+years, will have for its object to show the triennial balance of rubber
+in its various modalities, comparing it with the situation of the same
+industry in other countries.
+
+The first exhibition will be inaugurated on the thirteenth of May of the
+coming year and will be divided into four sections; 1º The cultivation;
+2º extraction; 3º improvement; 4º manufacture of articles.
+
+The sections will be divided into groups and classes comprising the
+native or cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, processes, commercial
+types, studies and statistics.
+
+Encouragement premiums will be conferred for the best processes
+of cultivation, extraction and preparing and for the objects best
+manufactured, whether of raw material constituting trade types for
+exportation or as manufactured articles.
+
+The sale of machinery, utensils and rubber articles and products of all
+kinds will be provided for against payment of a small percentage, fixed
+by the organizing commission.
+
+Foreign products may be admitted to the exhibition, but without having
+the right to a premium. They will enjoy full custom-house freedom from
+import-duty, but should they be sold they shall pay the respective
+import-duty on the occasion of their being handed over to the buyers.
+The re-exportation of the products not sold will run for account of the
+exhibitor.
+
+Lectures upon the rubber-industry will be given during the
+Exhibition-Congress.
+
+The Commission which will carry out the Exposition of the thirteenth of
+May, is constituted by their Excellencies Senhores Drs. Pedro de Toledo,
+Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, Raymondo Pereira da
+Silva, Superintendent of the Rubber-Defence Department, Miguel Calmon du
+Pin e Almeida, Representative of the National Agricultural Society, Jorge
+Street, President of the Centro Industrial of Brazil, Julho Furtado,
+Inspector of Forests, Gardens, Tree-planting, Hunting and Fishing of the
+Federal District, Representative of the Municipal Prefecture and Candido
+Mendes de Almeida, Director of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro,
+Secretary General.
+
+The site chosen for the exposition is in the Quinta de Boa Vista, perhaps
+the most beautiful park of Rio de Janeiro.
+
+The preparatory works, such as the ground-leveling, laying-out of
+gardens, adoption of pavillions already existing, etc., is now already in
+full course of being carried out.
+
+The opportuneness of this event, the interest evinced in it by the
+South and North and the United forces of the Institutions that form
+the organizing commission, will secure a very considerable number of
+exhibitors.
+
+The month of May, one of the pleasantest months as regards temperature
+in Rio de Janeiro, is the season chosen by those who desire to visit the
+beautiful capital and thus the gathering of visitors to the exhibition
+will certainly be notable.
+
+Thus appears certain the most brilliant success for the Rubber Exhibition
+of Rio de Janeiro.
+
+
+
+
+RUBBER EXPORTERS
+
+
+ESTADO DO AMAZONAS—MANÁOS
+
+    A. Santos Cardoso
+    Ahlers & Co.
+    Armazens Andresen
+    Albert H. Alden, Limited
+    Barbosa Tocantins
+    De Lagotellerie & Co.
+    E. Kingdon & Co.
+    Gruner & Co.
+    Gordon & Co.
+    J. G. Araujo
+    J. H. Barros
+    Leite & Co.
+    Mesquita & Co.
+    R. Suarez & Co.
+    Semper & Co.
+    Scholtz Hartze & Co.
+    Theodor Levy & Co.
+
+ESTADO DO PARÁ
+
+    A. Meirelles & Co.
+    A. de la Reviere & Co.
+    Alves Braga & Co.               Boulevard da Republica 34
+    Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd.         Boulevard da Republica 32
+    A. A. Antunes & Co.             Rua da Industria 27 e 29
+    Barboza & Tocantins             Rua 13 de Maio 21 e 23
+    Braga Sobrinho & Co.            Caixa do Correio 353
+    Coutinho & Co.
+    Candido José Rodrigues          Rua Senador Manoel Barata
+    De Lagotellerie & Co.           Boulevard da Republica 24
+    E. Pinto Alves & Co.
+    Gumer & Co.
+    Gordon & Co.
+    Guilherme Augusto de Mendonça   Rua da Industria 43
+    I. Serfaty & Co.
+    Jeronymo C. Botelho
+    José Furtado de Mendonça
+    J. Marques Braga                Travessa Campos Salles
+    Leite & Co.
+    Mello & Co.                     Boulevard da Republica 37
+    Pereira Bessa & Co.             Rua 15 de Novembro 30
+    Pires Teixeira & Co.            Travessa Marquez de Pombal 8
+    Pinho & Costa
+    Pereira Lemos & Co.             Rua 13 de Maio 46
+    Raymundo Vieira Lima
+    Rocha Silva & Co.
+    R. Ahlers & Co.
+    R. Suarez & Co.                 Rua da Industria 59
+    Santos Amaral & Co.
+    Cunock Schrader & Co.           Boulevard da Republica 36
+    D. Costa & Co.                  Boulevard da Republica 25
+    H. A. Astlett & Co.             Praça Visconde Rio Branco 20
+    J. Marques                      Boulevard da Republica 7
+    Neale & Staats                  Praça Visconde do Rio Branco
+    Sluglehurst Brocklehurst & Co.  Rua da Industria 5
+
+ESTADO DA BAHIA—S. SALVADOR
+
+    Ulmann & Co.                    Rua das Princezas 12
+    F. Benn & Co.
+    F. Stevenson & Co.
+    Hesse & Co.
+    Hirsch, Hes & Co.               Cães do Ouro 27
+    L. Costa & Co.                  Caixa do Correio 133
+    Ottens & Co.
+    Rosbach Brazil Company          Rua Corpo Santo
+    S. S. Schindler
+
+ESTADO DO MARANHÃO—S. LUIZ
+
+    Jorge & Santos
+    Joaquim Julio Correia & Co.     Rua da Estrella 25
+    Francisco Freitas & Co.
+    Oliveira Neves & Co.
+    Currha Santos & Co.             Rua Portugal 28
+
+ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO—CUYABÁ
+
+    Almeida & Co.
+    Alexandre Ador & Co.
+    Figueiredo & Oliveira
+    Lucas Borges & Co.
+    Orlando Irmãos & Co.
+    Ponce Azevedo & Co.
+
+CORUMBÁ
+
+    Yosetti & Co.
+    Pereira Sobrinho & Co.
+    Wanderley Bais & Co.
+    Pasques Fillio & Co.
+
+S. LUIZ DE CACERES
+
+    Benedicto R. Villas Boas
+    Joao Campos Vidal
+    José Dulce & Co.
+    Manoel Pedroso da Silva Bouden
+
+
+
+
+                   MINISTERIUM OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY
+                               AND COMMERCE
+
+                                  BRAZIL
+
+                       FEDERAL LAW AND REGULATIONS
+                       COVERING THE PROTECTION AND
+                        DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUBBER
+                            INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL
+
+                 Decree No. 2,542A of January 5, 1912 and
+                    Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912
+
+                 PUBLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONER
+         THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION
+                              NEW YORK, 1912
+
+[Illustration: HEVEA BRASILIENSIS.]
+
+
+
+
+ACT OF CONGRESS
+
+Decree No. 2542A of January 5, 1912
+
+
+Establishing measures destined to facilitate and develop the culture of
+rubber, Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira, and the gathering and treatment
+of the rubber extracted from these trees, and authorizing the executive
+power not only to open the credits necessary to carry out these measures,
+but also to contract such loans as may be necessary for that purpose.
+
+The President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil:
+
+Hereby makes known that the National Congress decreed and I hereby
+sanction the following resolution:
+
+Art. 1.—All utensils and materials destined for the culture of rubber
+(seringueira), Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira and for the collecting or
+treatment of rubber extracted from these trees, whether for the purpose
+of extracting or experimenting, shall be admitted free of all custom
+house duties, including fees.
+
+Only Section.—This exemption will have to be requisitioned of the
+inspectors at custom houses, who will grant it without delay after
+verifying the right of those seeking this favor.
+
+Art. 2.—Premiums will be granted to those who start regular and entirely
+new plantations of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba or Mangabeira, or
+replant old forests of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba or Mangabeira, as
+soon as the plantation has taken place, and will be paid on the following
+conditions:
+
+(a) For groups of 12 hectares (about 30 acres) of new culture, 2,500
+milreis if seringueira; 1,500 milreis if caucho or maniçoba; 900 milreis
+if mangabeira.
+
+(b) For groups of 25 hectares, the replanting of native seringueira,
+caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, 2,000 milreis; for the first, 1,000
+milreis; for the second and third, and 720 milreis for the fourth kind.
+
+Section 1. These premiums will be payable one year before the first
+gathering, when it is shown that the ground is entirely cultivated and
+the trees well cared for.
+
+Sec. 2. An increase of 5 per cent will be given annually in addition
+to the premium offered planters of seringa rubber (to count from the
+beginning of the planting), who prove that they have cultivated between
+the rows in all the ground planted, plants of alimentation or of
+industrial use.
+
+Art. 3. The Government will establish, at a selected convenient point,
+an experimental station, or field for demonstrating the culture of
+seringueira in the Territory of Acre, in each of the States of Matto
+Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia, and for the culture
+of maniçoba jointly with mangabeira, in each of the States of Piauhy,
+Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, or Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, São
+Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso.
+
+These stations will furnish gratuitously, selected seed to all those
+interested, also instructions as to the most practical and economic
+methods of culture and will supply information concerning general
+results, which will be verified at the end of each year.
+
+Art. 4.—In addition to the indirect favors which are mentioned in Art. 1
+and others which may seem reasonable and necessary, the Government will
+grant the right of premiums of encouragement, up to the sum of 400,000
+milreis to the first plant established for refining the seringa rubber,
+that reduces the different qualities to a uniform type and superior to
+that exported and which may be established in each of the cities of Belém
+(Pará), and Manáos; up to 100,000 milreis to the first refining plant of
+maniçoba and mangabeira rubber, that accomplishes the same purpose and is
+established in each of the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte,
+Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and São Paulo; and up to 500,000 milreis
+to the first factory of rubber articles which shall be established in
+Manáos, Belém (Pará), Recife (Pernambuco), Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.
+
+Only Section.—In order to have the right to the benefit of the above
+article it is necessary for the factory to have actually employed a
+capital four times as great as the value of the premium.
+
+Art. 5.—The Government will put up three buildings to house immigrants,
+to be of sufficient capacity and internally arranged, the same as
+those on Flores Island. In Belém, Manáos, at an appropriate place in
+the Territory of Acre, and also at places in the Valley of the Amazon,
+where they are considered to be the most necessary, hospitals are to be
+erected, surrounded by small agricultural colonies where the sick can be
+received for treatment, be vaccinated gratuitously, and where medicines
+of the first quality are kept for sale, especially sulphate of quinine.
+Pamphlets containing suggestions about hygiene, prevention of the
+diseases of that region and the practical remedies to use in the absence
+of a physician, will be distributed freely.
+
+The superintendence of these stations will be maintained by the Federal
+Government, but the hospitals will be entrusted to professionals of
+recognized ability, under a subvention or other favors, which the
+Government considers reasonable and rules will be enforced which will
+secure their proper regulation.
+
+[Illustration: “SERINGUEIRA” HEVEA BRASILIENSIS. MULL, ARG. (11).]
+
+Art. 6.—For the purpose of facilitating transportation and reducing its
+cost in the valley of the Amazon, the Government will cause to be made,
+as soon as possible, the following improvements:
+
+1. The construction by the Government of narrow gauge railroads along the
+Rivers Xingú, Tapajos and others in Pará, Matto Grosso, and of the Rio
+Negro and Rio Branco and others in Amazonas, through the valleys through
+which they flow, in accordance with the authorization of Congress, Law
+No. 1,126, December 13, 1903, at the price fixed per kilometer, according
+to the difficulties of the region, at the discretion of the Government.
+
+In case the State of Pará and Amazonas should contract for the
+construction of some of these railroads, the Federal Government for the
+more rapid completion of the work will concede an increase of 15 contos
+per kilometer.
+
+2. The construction of a railroad, which, parting at a convenient point
+of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, near the mouth of the River Abunã, passes
+by the village Rio Branco, and at a point between Senna Madureira and
+Caty, and terminates in the village Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the
+frontier of Perú, by the valley of the Purús River.
+
+The construction of this road shall be in accordance with the provisions
+of Law No. 1,126, of December 13, 1903. As soon as the first section
+of the trunk line is inaugurated to the village of Rio Branco, the
+Government will install a custom house at Porto Velho on the Madeira
+River and announce this port open to commerce with friendly nations.
+
+3. Construction of a railroad starting at the port of Belém of Pará and
+joining the net work of railroads of Central Brazil at Pirapóra, in the
+State of Minas Geraes, and of Northern Brazil at Coroatá, in the State
+of Maranhão, with the necessary branch lines to join the initial points
+or terminals of navigation on the Rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba
+and S. Francisco. The railroad shall be built according to the provisions
+of Law No. 1,126, December 13, 1903, and shall be leased by public
+competition.
+
+4. The execution of the works necessary for the effective navigation, at
+any season of the year, of steamers drawing three feet of water; on the
+Rio Negro, between Santa Isabel and Cucuhy; on the Rio Branco, from its
+mouth to Fort S. Joaquim; on the River Purús, from Hyutanahan to Senna
+Madureira; on the River Acre from its mouth to Riosinho das Pedras.
+
+The Government may contract for the execution of these works by public
+competition, or independent of competition, with one or more individuals
+or firms offering sufficient guaranty, applying the provisions
+established by the decree, No. 6,368, February 14, 1907, or others, which
+will not impose greater burdens, and which may be more economic.
+
+Art. 7.—For the same purpose as mentioned in the previous article, all
+vessels of any kind destined for river navigation, are declared exempt
+from all custom house duties, including fees, revision, rates.
+
+Art. 8.—The Government will grant the same exemption in addition to the
+indirect favors found convenient, to the contractor who will bind himself
+at a public competition, to establish coal depots at points in the valley
+of the Amazon previously indicated, and to supply steamers and launches
+with fuel at prices approved by the Government.
+
+Art. 9.—The Government will promote and aid the production of food stuffs
+in the valley of the Amazon through the following measures, or others
+which may be found convenient and promise satisfactory results.
+
+1. The leasing of two of the National Reservations on the Rio Branco,
+at a public auction or private competition to a reliable concern, which
+binds itself to develop on a large scale, the breeding of cattle of
+improved types, the production of cereals, and other foodstuffs, to
+establish packing houses, dairies, rice-shelling mills, flour and mandiok
+mills, etc.
+
+2. Direct colonization, through the Federal Government, on lands still
+belonging to the Union, on the S. Marcos Reservation, situated between
+the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo, with native families of
+farmers and stock-farmers, with a view of developing and increasing the
+production of foodstuffs, as well as horses and mules.
+
+3. Concession to concerns which propose to establish large plantations or
+colonies under the above mentioned conditions, one in the Territory of
+Acre (between the Rio Branco and Xapury), one in the State of Amazonas
+(in the region of the Autaz River), and one in the State of Pará (on the
+island of Marajó or other point more convenient on the lower Amazon),
+granting them the following favors:
+
+(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for all material
+imported, necessary for establishing the plantation, including buildings,
+corrals, pastures, fences, watering places, agricultural implements and
+machines for the cultivation, harvesting and treatment of cereals, the
+installation of factories treating dairy produce and packing houses, as
+well as cattle and seed which may be imported during the first five years
+after the plantation is started.
+
+(b) Premiums of 30,000 milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of cultivated
+pasture, planted and conveniently fenced, and of 100,000 milreis for
+lots of 1,000 hectares of improved land for farming and actually planted
+with rice, beans, corn or mandioca.
+
+(c) A premium of 100,000 milreis for lots of 500 tons of products made
+from milk, packed meats and dried beef, which were produced within five
+years.
+
+4. Exemption from all import duties, including that of fees, for the
+vessels, instruments, machinery, drugs and ingredients necessary for
+the installation and working, for a period of 15 years, of a fishing
+enterprise, including the salting and preserving of fish, that may be
+established on the Amazon rivers, and the concession of a premium of
+10:000$ for five consecutive years, when the production of salted and
+preserved fish shall be above 100 tons annually.
+
+Art. 10.—The Government shall proceed to the discrimination, and
+consequent acknowledgment of the owners of the lands in the Territory of
+Acre, for the confirmation of their respective property titles.
+
+Section 1.—In the verification the following should be considered as much
+as possible:
+
+(a) The titles granted by the Governors of the States of the Amazon, of
+Bolivia and the former independent State of Acre before the treaty of
+Petropolis.
+
+(b) The mild and pacific possessions acquired by first occupation, or
+from the first occupant, which shall be found in active exploration,
+or with its beginnings and habitual residence of the possessor, or his
+representatives.
+
+Sec. 2.—The maximum area of each lot shall be 10 kilometers square.
+
+Sec. 3.—The Government will review the arrangements of Law, No. 601,
+September 18, 1850, and Decree No. 1,318, January 30, 1854, expediting a
+new regulation of lands, with the modifications of the present law and
+those which appear more convenient to the actual situation of the Federal
+territories.
+
+Art. 11.—Every three years, the Government shall promote the realization,
+in Rio de Janeiro, of an exposition embracing all that pertains to
+the national rubber industry, and on these occasions it will grant
+premiums of encouragement, totaling an amount equal to that which shall
+be authorized by law of the budget in force, for the best processes of
+culture and treatment, and to the producers of the best manufactured
+articles.
+
+Art. 12.—The Executive Power is authorized to enter into an agreement
+with the States of Pará, Amazonas and Matto Grosso, for the purpose of
+obtaining an annual reduction of 10 per cent until the maximum limit of
+50 per cent of the actual value of the export duties placed by the States
+upon the seringa rubber produced in their territories, and the exemption
+from any export duty, for the space of 25 years, to begin from the date
+of this law, upon rubber of the same quality and derivation which may be
+gathered from cultivated seringaes.
+
+At the time the agreement is effected, the executive power shall issue a
+decree making such reduction which the States may make in the export duty
+collected on the rubber of the Federal Territory of Acre and conceding an
+equal exemption upon cultivated rubber.
+
+Art. 13.—In addition the Government is authorized to enter into
+an agreement with the above mentioned States for the purpose of
+establishing, in relation to the rubber of the Territory of Acre, the
+measures of protection and defense, which they have adopted in relation
+to the production, or other measures which may be thought better, and
+having the power to issue the decrees necessary for this purpose.
+
+Art. 14.—For the entire execution of this law and the realization of
+the measures decreed, the executive power shall issue, as quickly as
+possible, the necessary regulations; it shall open each year the credits
+that may be necessary, rendering an account to the Legislative power the
+year following, of the amounts expended, of the work done, of the results
+obtained and making the operations of credit which such services and
+measures demand.
+
+Art. 15.—All laws contrary to this are revoked.
+
+Rio de Janeiro, January 5, 1912, 91st year of Independence and the 24th
+year of the Republic.
+
+                                                     HERMES R. da FONSECA,
+                                                     PEDRO de TOLEDO.
+
+
+
+
+Order according to Federal Law, number 2,543A, Jan. 5, 1912
+
+Decree number 9,521, April 17, 1912
+
+
+Art. 1. The measures and services created by law number 2,543A, Jan. 5 of
+the present year, for the economic defense of rubber, has in view:
+
+1. The encouragement of the extractive and cultivating industry of the
+principal trees producing rubber.
+
+2. The creation of the refining and manufacturing industry of rubber
+articles.
+
+3. Assistance to immigrants, native and foreign, recently arrived, and to
+the laborers already established in the valley of the Amazon.
+
+4. To facilitate transportation and decrease its cost in the valley of
+the Amazon.
+
+5. To create central producers of alimentary foodstuffs in the valley of
+the Amazon.
+
+6. To discriminate and legalize the possessors of lands in the Federal
+Territory of Acre.
+
+7. To hold triennial expositions in Rio de Janeiro, embracing everything
+that relates to the national rubber industry.
+
+8. To authorize agreements with the States producing seringa rubber, for
+decreasing the duties of exportation and for the protection and aid of
+the rubber commerce.
+
+Sole Paragraph. It shall be the object of each of these measures and
+means referred to in number 8 and of the special rules, that they shall
+publish at opportune times, as well as those referred to in number 6 and
+that part of number 4 which speaks of the revision and consolidation of
+the regulations of the coast-wise merchant marine.
+
+
+TITLE I
+
+The means of encouragement of the extractive and cultivating industry of
+the principal rubber producing trees
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The reduction of the cost of implements and materials employed in the
+development of the rubber industry
+
+Art. 2. The implements and regular materials in the list annexed to
+this regulation, are free of all import duties, including the fees
+when employed for the cultivation of seringueira, caucho, maniçoba and
+mangabeira and the improved collection of the extracted rubber, from
+these trees, whether it treats of the development purely extractive, or
+of the development of cultivation.
+
+Sole Paragraph. Materials and machinery which shall be discovered or
+invented during the time this regulation is in force, which have special
+application to the rubber industry, shall enjoy the same exemption from
+import duties.
+
+Art. 3. The exemption shall be quickly granted by the custom house
+inspectors, from whom the claimants should require it, uniting all, or
+only those necessary as the case may be, the following documents:
+
+1. The last receipt of the duty of declarations of the Municipality or
+Mayor to whose jurisdiction it pertains, by which is proven that the
+claimant is developing on his own or rented property, the extractive or
+cultivating rubber industry, or that he is a merchant established with a
+house prepared for goods for rubber gatherers, when it treats of regular
+objects of the first group.
+
+2. Attested by the Municipality or Mayor to whose jurisdiction he
+belongs, that the claimant possesses proper land and that he is about to
+effectively undertake the culture of some of the trees above mentioned
+and treatment of their rubber or an authentic copy of the concession
+for this purpose, which he may have obtained from the Minister of
+Agriculture, in case he treats of regular objects of the second, third or
+fourth group.
+
+[Illustration: CASTILLÔA ELASTICA.]
+
+3. A detailed statement of the kind and quality of objects or material
+which it is necessary to import, or has been imported, which it is
+necessary to despatch.
+
+Sole Paragraph. The importer shall become responsible, during this
+period, to the exchequer for any errors that may have been made.
+
+Art. 4. The product, drug or object that may be similar to that produced
+in this country, will not be exempt from import duties, when the cost in
+this market in which he would have to buy it was equal to that of the
+imported merchandise, less the value of the import duty which he would
+have to pay in the custom houses.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The money premiums offered to those who cultivate the principal rubber
+producing trees
+
+Art. 5. To every one who makes an entirely new culture of Seringueira,
+caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, or replants seringaes, maniçobaes,
+couchaes or native mangabaes, shall be given, in the first case and
+for groups of 12 hectares, premiums of 2,500 milreis, when it is
+Seringueira; 1,500 milreis when caucho or maniçoba, and 900 milreis
+when mangabeira—and in the second case and for groups of 25 hectares,
+2,000 milreis when it is seringueiras, 1,000 milreis when couchaes or
+maniçobas and 720 milreis when mangabaes, when the following conditions
+are observed:
+
+1. Sending beforehand to the Minister of Agriculture a plan of the
+property in which he expects to make the culture, indicating the area,
+water courses navigable for steamers, launches or only canoes, and of
+the means of access from headquarters to the port (fluvial or maritime)
+or the nearest station on the railroad, mentioning these respective
+distances in case the property is situated in the interior. The plan
+shall be accompanied by a descriptive memorandum, containing as much
+detailed description as possible as to the nature of the soil and its
+adaptation to what shall be principally cultivated, and to those which
+may advantageously be subsidiary; the production of rubber for the last
+three years in case it treats of the property in development, and about
+the conditions of healthfulness.
+
+2. It shall declare whether it is new culture or replanting that is
+proposed to be done and in the second case the number of trees in
+development the property has already.
+
+3. When the cultivation is of Seringueiras one must declare whether
+he expects to make parallel cultivations or not, specifying which and
+whether they occupy the land planted to rubber, or land separate.
+
+4. To communicate to the official charged with the fiscalization the
+beginning and ending of the planting, with the necessary antecedence,
+the year in which the first harvest will be gathered, facilitating the
+examination of the property at any time, and as many times as desired.
+
+Art. 6. The least number of trees per hectare for new culture shall be
+250 for seringueira and caucho, and 400 for maniçoba and mangabeira. In
+the event of replanting, when possible, the distance between the trees
+should be 6 to 6.50 metres for seringueiras and caucho, and 5 metres for
+maniçoba and mangabeira.
+
+Art. 7. To those who cultivate with seringueiras plants of alimentation
+or industrial utility, in all the land improved, or in other land equal
+to one-third of the dimensions of the first, there will be conferred
+annually, from the beginning of the cultivation to the year of the first
+rubber harvest, a supplementary premium corresponding in value to 5 per
+cent of the principal premium.
+
+Art. 8. Premiums will not be paid for principal or subsidiary cultures
+which in the final inspections for the first and the annual inspections
+for the others, the trees show poor treatment or they contain an amount
+exceeding 15 per cent of flaws.
+
+Art. 9. The premiums shall be paid directly by the Delegacia Fiscal of
+the State where the property is situated, in the preceding first harvest
+of rubber, through the demand of the claimant, with certificate from the
+Government inspector, declaring that all the conditions required in this
+regulation were faithfully complied with.
+
+Sole Paragraph. The inspector who makes out the certificate shall
+immediately notify the Minister and will be held responsible at all times
+for the value of the premium paid, in case his information should be
+found false in whole or in part.
+
+Art. 10. At sight of the documents spoken of in Art. 5, and after
+examining them, the claimant shall be entered ex-officio in the general
+register of farmers, existing in the General Directory of Agriculture
+with the advantages and guarantees it offers him.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The Experimental Stations for the culture of rubber
+
+Art. 11. The experimental stations for the culture of seringueira in
+the Territory of Acre and the States of Matto-Grosso, Amazonas, Pará,
+Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia, and for the culture of maniçoba jointly with
+that of mangabeira, in the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia,
+Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso, have in view
+with the experimental study of all the factors relating to the regional
+culture of each of these trees, for the purpose of furnishing the
+cultivators with precise data for the adoption of methods and processes,
+which will make possible the economic and perfect production of their
+respective rubber.
+
+Art. 12. The experimental stations shall be established on lands that
+possess the following requisites:
+
+1. Climatic situation and agricultural conditions required by the nature
+or quality of the plant to be cultivated.
+
+2. The physical constitution and natural chemical composition which will
+permit conjunctly and parallel the culture of the principal food stuffs
+or plants of industrial utility.
+
+3. Localization at points easily accessible by good roads so that they
+can be visited and verified, as well in the fields as in the books of
+registry of the farmers and agricultural accounts of the practical
+results and economies of the different services and operations. The
+existence of permanent water courses, or dams with sufficient capacity to
+guarantee irrigation when necessary, and also other agricultural services.
+
+Art. 13. The total area of each experimental station shall be from 80
+to 100 hectares, so that there can be made at the same time in distinct
+partial areas the culture of the portions destined for experiments
+relative to each kind of tree and a demonstration of the normal
+systematic development of the respective culture, for comparison of the
+products and their revenue.
+
+Art. 14. In the area reserved for demonstration, there shall be included
+those which will serve as examples, being the first cultivated between
+the processes that shall have proven the most advantageous and which are
+sought to be introduced, and lastly of those generally adopted in that
+region.
+
+Art. 15. In each station there shall be reserved the land necessary for
+the establishment of a nursery of fruit trees and the production of
+selected seeds of alimentary plants or those of industrial utility, whose
+culture along with the principal plant shall be considered advantageous.
+
+Art. 16. Every experimental station shall have the following
+installations:
+
+1. A physiological vegetable laboratory, the proving of seeds and
+phytopathology.
+
+2. Laboratory of agricultural entomology.
+
+3. Laboratory of agricultural, vegetable and bromatological chemistry.
+
+[Illustration: FUMIGATING CAOUTCHOUC.]
+
+4. Laboratory of microbiological and technical agriculture.
+
+5. An agricultural and floral museum.
+
+6. A corridor for machines.
+
+7. A meteorological station.
+
+Sole Paragraph. A station that may be established in a region where
+there already exists a federal institution of similar kind, pertaining
+to agriculture in general, the installations above mentioned shall
+be reduced to numbers 5, 6, and 7 and shall be provided with a small
+laboratory for the mechanical analysis of the soil, and utensils and
+instruments necessary for the proving of seeds of useful vegetables,
+so that a choice or selection may be made and their identity, purity,
+quality and germinating energy may be verified, including in these
+experiments those which refer to plants that are injurious.
+
+Art. 17. To accomplish the ends proposed, the experimental stations ought
+to:
+
+1. Attend the consultations that may be held upon any agricultural
+question in their line.
+
+2. Execute gratuitously analysis of fertilizers, spices, plants and
+water, when required by the nearest federal institute, when it does not
+possess the necessary laboratories.
+
+3. Distribute selected plants and seeds.
+
+4. Study the diseases common to the plants cultivated and the means of
+combating them, and explaining these things to those interested.
+
+5. To publish yearly and distribute free of charge a bulletin devoted to
+the relation of the works done and the useful knowledge acquired relative
+to agricultural and rural industrial subjects, and especially the results
+obtained as to the most practical and economic method of cultivating the
+trees that produce rubber, and the most profitable subsidiary plants, as
+well as the best methods of the treatment, conservation and packing of
+the products.
+
+Art. 18. There shall be admitted to the experimental stations, persons
+who wish to gain a practical knowledge in any of the sections, at the
+discretion of the Director, who shall fix the number of students in
+agreement with the chief of the respective section.
+
+Sole Paragraph. On equal terms, apprentices between 15 and 18 years of
+age, shall be admitted, the numbers to be determined by the respective
+Director, with the approval of the Minister, who shall have daily tasks
+corresponding to their capacity and aptitude. The Director in the name
+of the Minister shall give a certificate, on which shall be indicated
+the work that has been done, to all those who have completed their
+apprenticeship.
+
+Art. 19. The plan of each station shall be organized to meet the peculiar
+necessities of the zone in which it may be established, conserving,
+however, the principal fundamentals already set forth.
+
+Art. 20. The position of Director shall be held by a person who is a
+specialist in any one of the technical sections, and at the same time
+shall be its chief, an indispensable condition being that in addition to
+his technical knowledge he shall have had a practical apprenticeship.
+
+Art. 21. The technical positions may be filled, by contract, by native or
+foreign professors of established ability.
+
+Art. 22. To each of the stations there shall be sent a special regulation
+determining for them their proportions according to the necessities of
+the case, fixing the term and salaries of their respective personnel and
+providing for the special necessities to come.
+
+
+TITLE II
+
+The creation of the Refining and Manufacturing Rubber Industries
+
+
+ONLY CHAPTER
+
+Art. 23. The first factory for the refining of seringa rubber that shall
+be established in each of the cities of Belém (Pará) and Manáos, and of
+maniçoba and mangabeira rubber which shall be established in the States
+of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes
+and S. Paulo, as well as the first factory of rubber articles which shall
+be established in Manáos, in Belém, in Recife (Pernambuco) in Bahia, and
+in Rio de Janeiro, there shall be conceded the following premiums and
+favors:
+
+(a) Up to 400,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining of
+seringa rubber;
+
+Up to 100,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining of maniçoba
+and mangabeira rubber;
+
+Up to 500,000 milreis in money for plants for manufacturing rubber
+articles.
+
+(b) Exemption from import duties, including fees in the manner and by
+the processes described in Articles 3 and 91 combined, as the case may
+require, for all material, machines, utensils and hardware necessary for
+the construction and complete equipment of the factory, as well as all
+chemical substances, cloth and different materials, combustibles and
+lubricants necessary for the working and maintenance of the factory,
+during a period of 25 years.
+
+(c) The right of appropriation for public use, according to the
+legislation in force, of the lands and improvements belonging to
+individuals that may be judged appropriate and necessary for the
+equipment of the factory and its dependencies.
+
+(d) A preference given by the Government for the purchase of the
+products used in the service of the Army and Navy and the federal public
+departments, which shall be manufactured by the factories, when they
+can compete in quality with similar foreign articles—the contract for
+furnishing the same, adjudicated every 3 years with each factory, for
+those of their products which were classified in the first place in the
+expositions mentioned in Article 95.
+
+(e) Exemption from all State and Municipal duties for the same time as
+in letter b, because the factory is considered to be of service to the
+Government.
+
+Art. 24. In order to claim these favors any company or organization that
+expects to erect one or more factories, should conform to the following
+formalities and conditions:
+
+1. Present to the Minister of Agriculture a previous request accompanied
+by the following documents:
+
+(a) General and detailed plan of the factories;
+
+(b) An estimate of the expenses for the first establishment;
+
+(c) A descriptive memorandum in which the capacity of production of the
+factory is declared the principal articles intended to be manufactured,
+the lowest price for which it is proposed to wash and refine rubber,
+which should be reduced, for each quality, to one type and superior for
+exportation, in general giving the Government all the information that
+will help it to form a correct opinion as to the nature and importance of
+the projected establishment;
+
+(d) Certificates and references which will prove the complete
+professional and financial ability of the suitor.
+
+2. To obligate himself in the contract made with the Minister of
+Agriculture, the clause of reversion at the end of the combined term.
+
+3. To allow the official appointed by the Government for the
+fiscalization, to visit the works during the period of construction, for
+the purpose of verifying the actual amount of expenses incurred for the
+first establishment and determining the value of the pecuniary premium,
+which shall be in any of the three cases, equal to a fourth part of the
+expense, not exceeding the limits fixed in letter a of Article 23, as
+well as to visit the establishment when he desires after it begins work,
+in order that he may be sure, that the materials imported free of duty
+are effectively and exclusively used in the products of the factory.
+
+4. To send annually to the Minister, through the said fiscal a prepared
+statement in which shall be specified:
+
+(a) The amount and quality and the place where produced of the rubber
+used as raw material;
+
+(b) The kind and quantity and value of the products of the factory used
+at home and exported;
+
+(c) The number of employes, native and foreign, effectively in service
+during the year, with specification of their respective classes.
+
+Art. 25. The premium in money shall be paid, as soon as the factory is
+inaugurated, at the National Treasury or at the Delegacia Fiscal of
+the State in which it is situated, when authorized by the Minister of
+Agriculture.
+
+
+TITLE III
+
+Assistance to immigrants, native or recently arrived foreigners and
+laborers already established in the valley of the Amazon.
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The Lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and the Territory of Acre
+
+Art. 26. The lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and the Territory of
+Acre, shall be establishments installed and maintained at the expense
+of the Union, intended to entertain immigrants, native and foreign, who
+arrive at those ports voluntarily or with their passage paid by the Union
+or by the States.
+
+Art. 27. The lodges at Belém shall have the capacity of caring for at
+least 1,500, that at Manáos 1,200 and that at Acre 800 immigrants.
+
+Art. 28. The plan of the respective buildings and the different
+installations of the lodges shall conform rigorously to the conditions
+required by the climate of that region and fitted for the special
+necessities of service for which they are intended.
+
+Art. 29. The construction shall be made by a public bidding.
+
+Sole Paragraph. If the first public bidding is not satisfactory, the
+Government can order the projected lodge built by the Administration.
+
+Art. 30. Annexed to each lodge there shall be an appropriate building,
+in which there shall be a special receiver of customs for the implements
+of workmen employed in agricultural and extractive industries, and
+indispensable for the carrying on of their work these implements to be
+sold strictly at cost price to those immigrants who desire to buy for
+their personal use.
+
+To those native immigrants who during the times of drought in the States
+of the northwest and going from there, may arrive at the lodges without
+resources, shall be furnished free, by authority of the Minister, with
+the implements indispensable for work.
+
+Art. 31. The families of native and foreign immigrants arriving at the
+lodges of Belém and Manáos, who do not expressly declare they prefer
+another destination, shall be transported at the expense of the Union or
+the lessee to the national plantations of Rio Branco, where according to
+their aptitude and ability, they shall be settled in colonies, founded by
+this one or that one.
+
+Art. 32. At the inauguration of each lodge, there shall be applied, with
+the modifications required by the special conditions of each case, the
+regulations of the lodge on the island of Flores.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Hospitals in the Interior
+
+Art. 33. For the purpose of reducing the distances and the time of the
+journey for the inhabitants of the interior in the valley of the Amazon,
+who must find a centre of supplies where they can be treated when sick,
+or provide excellent medicines for their domestic ills; of proportioning
+to all who may desire means of immuning themselves against contagious
+diseases, and of creating a propaganda service of the hygienic habits
+and practices necessary for everyone who must live and work in the
+Amazon regions, there shall be built a hospital surrounded by a small
+agricultural colony in Boa Vista do Rio Branco; S. Gabriel do Rio Negro;
+Teffé or Fonte Boa on the River Solimões; S. Felippe, on the River Juruá;
+Bocca do Acre, on the River Purús; at the confluence of the Rivers Arinos
+and Juruéna; on the Alto Tapajóz; Conceição on the River Araguaya and
+Montenegro on the Amapá.
+
+Art. 34. The hospitals shall be built in places that have the following
+requisites:
+
+1. To have a plain of low elevation, conveniently ventilated for the
+construction of the hospital buildings so-called and its dependencies,
+and houses of residence for the personnel.
+
+2. Existence around or close to the plain of dry lands, provided with
+good and abundant water, which serve for agriculture and cattle raising
+and of sufficient area for the founding of an agricultural community of
+at least 100 families.
+
+3. Facility for the establishment of rapid communication with a fluvial
+port, or one that must serve them.
+
+Art. 35. Each hospital shall have a capacity for 100 sick persons.
+
+Art. 36. Each hospital shall possess the following installations:
+
+(a) Five separate pavilions, each for 20 sick, each sick person having 5
+cubic metres and an area of 12 square metres.
+
+One of the pavilions should be installed with the necessary requisites
+for the isolation of infectious diseases; for this purpose it should be
+divided into rooms for isolation, independent and easily disinfected,
+with the proper sanitary apparatus.
+
+All the hospital buildings should have the windows protected by wire
+screening whose openings should never exceed 1½ millimeter and the doors
+provided with:
+
+(b) A disinfectory provided with an apparatus to disinfect in boiling lye
+and a stove for sterilization by the combined action of heat, vacuum and
+formal. Annexed to the disinfectory shall be the laundry.
+
+(c) A laboratory for the diagnostic clinics and microbiology.
+
+(d) Surgical operating room.
+
+(e) Clinic consulting room.
+
+(f) Room for autopsies.
+
+(g) Pharmacy.
+
+(h) Sanitary installation, in which should terminate all the drainage
+pipes of the hospital, destined for the bacteriological treatment of the
+water used, which not until after this operation must be allowed to flow
+into the natural river courses.
+
+(i) Dependencies for the administration and quarters of the personnel.
+
+Art. 37. In each hospital there shall be made in the respective
+pharmaceutical laboratory a preliminary study of all the remedies used
+by the people of that region to determine which are prejudicial and
+which inoffensive. The respective Director shall show the people in
+printed circulars, frequently and profusely distributed that their
+use is improper. Those which are found efficacious and susceptible of
+improvement, shall be sent for more complete studies in the chemical
+laboratories and federal pharmacies, letting the people know the results
+obtained.
+
+Art. 38. When the installation of each hospital is complete, a contract
+shall be made, by public bidding, or independent of it, as the Government
+may think best, with some professional of recognized ability, the
+direction and maintenance of the respective services, the contract
+including the following obligations:
+
+1. The reservation of one hour daily in the medical consultation room,
+where the sick known to be without means may freely receive examination
+and be furnished with the necessary medicines.
+
+2. The maintenance of a bureau for vaccination against smallpox and
+other contagious diseases by means considered efficacious, and to attend
+gratuitously to all who may wish it.
+
+3. To submit for the approval of the Government the regimen internal of
+the establishment and a table of prices for the treatment of the sick,
+which should be revised every 3 years.
+
+4. To expose for sale in the pharmacy only medicines of the best quality,
+especially sulphate of quinine and such other preparations, under penalty
+of having destroyed all drugs known to be impure in addition to the fine
+to suit the case that may be fixed in the contract.
+
+5. To give a bond in money, or policies of the public federal debt that
+will guarantee the good conservation of the establishment during the time
+of the contract.
+
+6. To distribute abundantly every six months leaflets containing advice
+about hygiene prevention of the sicknesses of that region, showing in
+clear language, within the reach of all, those that are improper and the
+danger in the use of alcoholic drinks, and teaching what measures to take
+and the common remedies which should be applied in different cases when
+there is no physician to be had.
+
+7. To be subject to the inspection of the Government which should be very
+minute and severe as to the condition of cleanliness and conservation of
+the establishment, the quality of the medicines employed and sold to the
+public and the care with which the sick are treated.
+
+Art. 39. The hospitals and all their dependencies and sections are not
+subject to any duties to the state or municipality, being the property of
+the Union and doing a federal public service.
+
+Art. 40. To each hospital there shall be given an annual pecuniary
+subvention, proportioned to the services to which it will have to attend,
+until the income of the establishment and all its dependencies derive
+a profit of 10 per cent, during 3 consecutive years on the respective
+capital invested, which amount shall be acknowledged and previously
+approved by the Government.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the hospitals
+
+Art. 41. The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the interior hospital
+shall be founded by the Union for the following purposes:
+
+1. The production of foodstuffs necessary for the support of the said
+hospitals.
+
+2. The intensive culture and breeding of the plants and animals of
+alimentation generally consumed by the neighboring population.
+
+3. The constituting of fixed centres of population economically
+equipped, which will serve as a point of parting for colonies of greater
+importance, capable of gradually attending to the necessities that the
+growing population of that region may be creating.
+
+Art. 42. The preliminary studies, the plan, the preparatory work and
+the different installations necessary for the founding of each nucleus
+as well as the colonization of the lots, and their administration in
+general, shall be done in accordance with dispositions of decree number
+9,081, Nov. 3, and number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911, observing the following
+alterations:
+
+1. The selling price of rural and urban lots shall be calculated on the
+prices established in the land laws of the States of Pará and Amazonas,
+as a base, applicable to the nucleuses situated respectively in each
+state:
+
+2. In failure of remunerating work, or when there is insufficient, the
+judge of the administration, to maintain numerous families, shall furnish
+them food, charging the same to the heads of the families, calculating
+this furnishing at the rate of from 2 milreis to 3 milreis daily at the
+highest, for adults and those over 7 years of age, and one half this for
+those between the age of 7 to 3 years.
+
+Art. 43. The indians and native workers localized in the agricultural
+nucleuses shall participate in the advantages and obligations contained
+in decree number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911.
+
+Art. 44. Having finished the preparatory work for each nucleus, the lots
+first colonized shall be those devoted to the production of the foods
+necessary for the support of the hospital which is in their neighborhood,
+so that it can count on, from the time of its inauguration, a regular and
+sufficient supply of these commodities.
+
+
+TITLE IV
+
+Improvements and measures tending to facilitate transportation and
+decrease its cost in the valley of the Amazon
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+Lines of railroad transportation
+
+Art. 45. There shall be constructed in the valley of the Amazon lines of
+railroad transportation of two classes:
+
+1. Large lines of transportation, making an integral part of the general
+line of Federal railroads, with identical characteristics and comprising
+the same principles.
+
+2. Economic lines of transportation, of reduced gauge, provisionally
+established for easy ways of penetration, whatever may be their
+development, sufficient to facilitate access to and permit the
+exploration of the virgin seringas and the good lands for cultivation
+situated on the upper banks of the Rivers Xingú, Tapajóz, Branco, Negro,
+and others situated in the States of Pará, Matto-Grosso and Amazonas.
+
+Art. 46. Those lines belonging to the first class shall be immediately
+begun and constructed as quickly as possible, the following:
+
+1. Parting from the Port of Belém (Pará) and joining the general line of
+railroad in Pirapóra, in the State of Minas Geraes and in Coroatá, in
+the State of Maranhão, with the necessary branches to unite the initial
+points or terminals of navigation on the Rivers Arguaya, Tocantins,
+Parnaluyba, and S. Francisco.
+
+2. Beginning at a convenient point chosen on the Madeira-Mamoré railroad,
+near the mouth of the River Abunã, passing by the Villa Rio Branco,
+and the point most appropriate between Senna Medureira and Catay and
+terminating in Villa Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Perú
+by the valley of the River Purús.
+
+Art. 47. The rules for the construction of these lines is prescribed by
+law, number 1,126, Dec. 15, 1903, and both shall be let at public bidding.
+
+Art. 48. The Minister of Transportation is to command the studies to
+be made, to contract for the construction and inspect the traffic of
+these roads, but he will furnish the Minister of Agriculture a copy
+of the plans relative to the route and give descriptive memoranda of
+the project, and when drawing up the papers for the bidding, shall
+include the clauses which he shall judge necessary and opportune for the
+colonization of the bordering lands and the development of the industries
+of the zone tributary to the line as well as to attend to the eventual
+necessities of the commerce.
+
+Art. 49. The construction and the concession for construction of the
+roads of the second class may be made by the Union or by the States
+interested.
+
+Art. 50. The Minister of Agriculture is the proper person to construct or
+permit the construction of those Government resolves to carry into effect
+at the account of the Union, as well as to authorize the payment of the
+subvention of 15,000 mibreis per kilometer to those which were contracted
+for by the States.
+
+Art. 51. The technical conditions of the railroads of which Art. 45
+treats in the second part, are the following:
+
+A portable line of the Decauville type.
+
+Weight of the rails, 15 kilos per metre.
+
+Gauge 0.60 cm between the rails, least radius of curvature 40 M. O.
+
+Greatest incline OmO10.
+
+Weight of locomotives 18 to 20 tons.
+
+Art. 52. The concessions for these roads shall be let at a public bidding
+according to the rule established in law number 1,126 of 1903, or
+independently of bidding with a person or corporation sufficiently able
+with the help of the payment of the maximum subvention of 25 contos per
+kilometer, according to the difficulties of the land it passes through,
+paid by sections of not less than 30 kilometers, completely ready and
+furnished with the necessary rolling stock, within 90 days of the date of
+the respective inaugurations.
+
+Art. 53. The concession for these railroads cannot be given to those who
+agree to build then simply as transportation enterprises, but only to
+those who will obligate themselves to colonize and explore, in proportion
+as they may be justified, the respective marginal lands.
+
+It is an essential condition for the validity of the concession, that
+the contractor presents to the Minister of Agriculture within the
+maximum term of one year, proof that he has disposed of the lands for
+colonization, and a descriptive memorandum of the character and extent of
+the industries he intends to develop.
+
+Art. 54. Those railroads of this type which in the future may be joined
+to any general line of transportation, shall be obliged as soon as its
+gross earnings amount to 10,000 mibreis per kilometer, to make its gauge
+conform to the same, and from then for all purposes becoming a part of
+the general federal transportation system.
+
+Independently of being joined to any railroad in general, these
+economical railroads shall pass to the jurisdiction of the Minister of
+Transportation and Public Works and shall be obliged to enlarge their
+gauge to 1 meter, without other favors from the Government, there not
+being a supplementary term of the contract, if it is wanting for its
+termination in less than 60 years, when the gross receipts have reached
+15,000 mibreis per kilometer during 3 successive years. Before this the
+railroad may pass to the Minister of Transportation and the gauge be
+widened, on his own account, when he shall think it to his interest, or
+by a new contract, when the Government thinks it necessary to have it
+done for the necessities of the administration or the defense of the
+country.
+
+Art. 55. In addition to the subvention per kilometer, there shall be
+given to these railroads all the indirect favors received by the other
+railroads of the country.
+
+Art. 56. The maximum term for a concession shall be 90 years, at the end
+of which the railroad will revert to the control of the Union.
+
+Art. 57. Under the right of experiment, the Government shall promote at
+once the following lines of economical railroads:
+
+1. Parting from “Antiga Souzel,” or other point more convenient on the
+left bank of the Xingú and ascending the left side of the valley to the
+margin of the River Cariahy, with a branch which parting at a convenient
+point, shall go to the Tapajóz and ascend the right hand side of the
+valley until it reaches the S. Manoel which may appear advantageous,
+ascending the secondary valley and continuing to the dividing of the
+waters of the two principal rivers.
+
+2. Parting from the confluence of the River Negro with the Branco and by
+the valley of the River Seruiny, gaining the right side of the valley
+by the Caratimani river and continuing to the upper Uraricoera, with a
+branch parting at a convenient point at the request of the upper Paduiry
+and a branch in the direction of the Villa Boa Vista.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+Improvements for the navigation of the Rivers Branco, Negro, Purús and
+Acre
+
+Art. 58. The improvements necessary for effective navigation at any
+season of the year, for steamers drawing 3 feet, on the River Negro,
+between Santa Izabel and Cucuhy, on the River Branco, from its mouth to
+São Joaquin, on the River Purús, between Hyutanhã and Senna Madureira,
+and on the River Acre, from its mouth to Riosinho de Pedros, shall be
+contracted for by public bidding, or independently of bidding, with
+corporations sufficiently able, under the rule established by decree,
+number 6,368, Feb. 14, 1907 or others which may not be more onerous and
+may permit the assurance of the opening of navigation more rapidly on the
+sections of the rivers to be improved.
+
+Art. 59. In none of the contracts shall a longer term than 7 years be
+granted the contracting party, to count from the date of its signing, so
+that safe and free passage is given steamers drawing 3 feet in the entire
+distance of the contract.
+
+Art. 60. The improvements in the Rio Branco, shall commence with the
+destruction and regulating of the Cujubim rapid, so that from now on
+navigation is assured during the Winter to Villa Boa Vista.
+
+Art. 61. The studies, plans, constructions, inspection and direct
+conservation of these works are under the supervision of the Minister of
+Transportation; but before the respective contract is signed, copies of
+the plans and descriptive memorandum referring to the project shall be
+furnished the Minister of Agriculture, so that he may be heard upon the
+opportunity and the order in which these works shall be executed, in the
+interest of the economic development of the region, and that they may be
+conveniently attended by those casually interested in the colonization
+and development of the industries along the banks of the rivers, or in
+commerce in general.
+
+In case it is found that the destruction and regulation of the Cujubim
+rapid cannot be done during one season of low water in the river, the
+Minister of Agriculture, by agreement with the State of Amazonas, can
+order to be constructed a Decauville line of the type described in
+articles 45, second part and 51, in the belt line constructed by that
+State along waterfalls, so that the leasing and colonization of the
+national plantations of Rio Branco is no longer delayed.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+Complementary measures
+
+Art. 62. All vessels of every kind intended for the fluvial navigation
+in the valley of the Amazon are free of all import duties, including the
+fees. This exemption shall be given by the custom houses of Belém (Pará)
+and Manáos, through a requisition to the Minister of Agriculture, which
+the importer shall have asked for, declaring in his request the number,
+class and tonnage, the draft and the cost and the purpose of each vessel.
+
+Art. 63. The vessel imported under this favor, if sold outside the valley
+of the Amazon, or even within it, to a foreign country, shall pay the
+proper duties according to the law of the budget in force in the year of
+its importation.
+
+Art. 64. Deposits of coal shall be established for supplying the steamers
+which navigate the Amazon rivers, and for others who care to use them, in
+the following places, or in others which be shown to be more convenient:
+Belém (Pará), Cametá, Breves, Chaves, Mazagão, Gurupá, Souzel, Prainha,
+Sautarem, Ponta Nova Brasileira, Obidos, Parintius, Itacoatiara, Manáos,
+Carvoeiro, Moreira, Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Carmo do Rio Branco,
+Caracarahy, Boca do Canumã, Baetas, Boca do Rio Machado, Boca do Purús,
+Campina, Nova Olinda, Canutama, Cachoeira de Hyutanahan, Boca do Pauhiny,
+Boca do Acre, Rio Branco, Seuna Madureira, Coary, Teffé, Boca do Juruá,
+Juruapeca, Mearary, Boca do Tarauacá, Cruzeiro do Sul, Boca do Jutahy, S.
+Paulo de Olivença, Benjamin Constant and Santo Antonio de Maripi.
+
+Art. 65. There shall be floating deposits, so that they can be moved from
+one place to another, as the growth of navigation in this or that place
+may require; they shall have sufficient capacity for the movement of
+steamers at the station they are serving and passes modern apparatus for
+discharging the coal, which will reduce to a minimum the raising of dust,
+and load the steamers as quickly as possible.
+
+Art. 66. At points where it may be thought necessary, the deposits shall
+be provided with tanks for fuel oil, which can be placed on the platform
+with coal, or on separate floating platforms.
+
+Art. 67. The establishment of the deposits and the business of furnishing
+fuel to the steamers, shall be by contract after a public bidding and
+signed by the Minister of Agriculture.
+
+Art. 68. The floating material for the depositories and the fuel imported
+shall be free of all import duties, including the fees.
+
+The fees in the custom houses shall be ordered through a requisition from
+the Minister of Agriculture, from whom the contracting party shall ask
+it, for each shipment, with the necessary data.
+
+Art. 69. The fuel imported by the corporation can only be sold for river
+navigation service.
+
+Art. 70. The maximum prices at which the party can sell fuel to steamers,
+shall be according to tables approved annually by the Minister. These
+may be altered during the year, when so necessary in the opinion of the
+Government.
+
+Art. 71. The contracting party shall not be subject to payment of any
+state or municipal duties, because the object is the public federal
+service.
+
+Art. 72. In places where the party has and the Government has not
+deposits of fuel, to him shall be given the preference for furnishing
+the quantity necessary for the national vessels of war, at the prices
+received when supplying the vessels of individuals.
+
+Art. 73. In extraordinary circumstances and at the requisition of the
+Government, the contracting party shall place at its disposition all the
+deposits of fuel on hand, being afterwards indemnified for a part or all
+of the fuel delivered, and afterwards another payment of the value of the
+deposits unused, corresponding to the profits lost during the time of
+the interruption of his business, calculated on an equal period of the
+preceding year.
+
+Art. 74. The bidding for the contract shall be upon the terms for the
+installation of the depositories, their reversion to the Union and the
+selling price of fuel for the first year.
+
+
+TITLE V
+
+The creation of centres producing foodstuffs in the valley of the Amazon
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+The leasing of the national plantations of Rio Branco
+
+Art. 75. The Minister of Agriculture can contract for the leasing of the
+two national plantations S. Bento and S. Marcos, except the part situated
+between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo, by public bidding,
+or independent of it, with a corporation or party sufficiently able,
+observing the following dispositions which shall be explained and assured
+in the clauses of the detailed contracts.
+
+1. The party will be obliged to:
+
+(a) Develop and practice on a large scale, by the best and most modern
+methods the breeding of cattle of different kinds and the cultivation of
+the usual alimentary cereals;
+
+(b) Establish a packing house for the preparation of dried beef and a
+factory for the canning of alimental animal and vegetable products.
+
+(c) Equip a factory for milk products, in which in addition to making
+cheese and butter, milk shall be prepared by the Pasteur system or some
+other that may be better, in condition to be supplied to the seringaes
+and estates of the interior.
+
+(d) Equip a central mill for the treatment of rice and other cereals
+and two improved factories for mandioca flour, as soon as the number of
+colonies localized can produce a sufficient supply of raw material for
+such establishment.
+
+(e) Receive and localize the immigrants who may desire to settle on the
+lands of the plantation, in accordance with the dispositions of this
+regulation and with the decrees number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911, referring to
+the peopling of the soil, and number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911, referring to
+the protection of the Indians and localization of native laborers, in the
+parts that may be proper.
+
+(f) Present to the Minister for approval the plans and descriptive
+memorandum, with as much detail as possible, of the agricultural nucleus
+which he shall be obliged to establish and all the installations
+referring to the factories and services necessary for the complete
+equipment of the plantations, within the maximum space of 2 years, to
+count from the signing of the contract.
+
+(g) Be subject to inspection by the Government for the faithful execution
+of the contract, on the terms therein established.
+
+Art. 76. To the party or corporation the following favors will be granted:
+
+(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, in the form and
+by the process referred to in article 91, for all the imported material
+necessary to complete the equipment of the plantations, including houses,
+barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, implements and machines for the
+culture, harvesting and treating the cereals, installation of mills and
+factories, improved cattle, seeds of alimentary and industrial plants,
+as well as for the materials and chemicals necessary to maintain the
+factories and husbandry, during the time of his contract.
+
+(b) Right of condemnation for public use, of the property or improvements
+of individuals, which may be necessary, in the opinion of the Government
+for any of the services of the enterprise.
+
+(c) All the favors specified in articles 131 and 132 of decree number
+9,081, Nov. 3, 1911, native and foreign colonies being made equal.
+
+(d) Preference for the contract of the works necessary for the
+improvement of the navigation of the Rio Branco, if the price is
+considered acceptable by the Government and the time for the completion
+of the work not more than 6 years.
+
+Art. 77. The term of the lease in the contract shall be 60 years, at the
+end of which all the cattle for breeding and all the improvements then
+possessed by the lessee shall revert to the dominion of the Union.
+
+Art. 78. Within the term of 1 year, to date from the signing of the
+contract, the Government will give to lessee a copy of the plans of
+the plantations, in which shall be marked the water courses with a
+specification of those navigable, the zone of forest and plain and the
+situations of the occupants who may be found.
+
+Art. 79. The plantations shall be turned over as soon as an inventory
+of the improvements, and the number of cattle of each kind then on the
+plantation can be made.
+
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+The colonization of the plantation of S. Marcos situated between the
+Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo
+
+Art. 80. The colonization of the lands of S. Marcos’ plantation, situated
+between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo, on the frontier of
+British Guiana shall be done directly by the Minister of Agriculture, who
+shall order, without delay, to prepare a plan with the necessary details,
+and afterwards carry them out as they may be necessary:
+
+(a) A town of the aborigines;
+
+(b) An agricultural centre;
+
+(c) A colonial nucleus;
+
+(d) An ambulant course of agriculture;
+
+(e) An agricultural apprenticeship;
+
+(f) A school of practical agriculture;
+
+(g) An experimental station.
+
+Art. 81. The colonization of the lands whether in the agricultural
+centre, or colonial nucleus, shall be made so that each lot occupied by
+a foreign colonist corresponds to at least two occupied by families of
+native colonists, which preferably shall be chosen from those who arrive
+at the lodges of Belém and Manáos, proceeding from the states of the
+northwest.
+
+Art. 82. Gradually and opportunely there shall be installed in the colony
+lands, mills and factories, having in view the improvement and production
+on a large scale of cereals and other alimentary foods.
+
+Art. 83. In an appropriate locality there shall be established a model
+plantation for the breeding of cattle, horses and mules, in which there
+shall be made a comparative study of the native and foreign breeds,
+which best resist the climate of that region, to verify which may be
+most advantageously improved by the method of selection, crossing and
+formation of perfect types.
+
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+The premiums and favors to those who intend to found large plantations of
+agriculture and cattle raising
+
+Art. 84. To large plantations of agriculture and cattle raising that may
+be founded, one in the Territory of Acre (between the Rio Branco and
+Xapury) one in the State of Amazonas (in the region of the River Autaz),
+and one in the State of Pará (on the island of Marajó, or other point
+more convenient on the lower Amazon), the federal Government will grant
+the following favors:
+
+(a) Exemption from import duties, including the fees, in the form and
+by the process described, in article 91, for all the imported material
+necessary to complete the equipment of the plantation, including houses,
+barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs, implements and machines, for the
+culture, harvesting and treatment of cereals, and installation of
+factories for milk products, the preservation of meat, as well as for
+cattle and seed which are imported, within the first 5 years after the
+installation of the plantation;
+
+(b) Premiums of 30,000 mibreis for groups of a thousand hectores of
+pastures artificially planted and conveniently fenced and of 100,000
+hectores and of 100,000 mibreis for groups of a thousand hectores of land
+improved for agriculture, and actually cultivated with rice, beans, corn
+and mandicaco;
+
+(c) Premium of 100,000 milreis paid for groups of 500 tons of foodstuffs
+manufactured from milk, and canned or packed meat, which may be produced
+in 5 years.
+
+Art. 85. The claimant of a right to these premiums must make a previous
+contract with the Minister of Agriculture, in which he obligates himself
+to:
+
+1. Present within one year a plan of the plantation, in which should be
+mentioned the river port that would serve him, the courses of the rivers
+which wash it, with a specification of these navigable for steamers,
+launches or only for canoes, the zones of forest and plain, accompanied
+by the plan of installation to be made, a descriptive memorandum of
+the services, and industries that he intends to develop and a detailed
+relatorio, indicating the quality, the quantity and cost of the materials
+necessary to import for the first year’s work.
+
+2. Allow the plantation and all its dependencies to be visited by the
+official charged with the inspection, when he is performing his duties,
+to verify the proper use of the objects and materials imported exempt
+from duties, the area, the state and kind of culture and the quantity,
+class and quality of the goods manufactured and destined for foodstuffs.
+
+Art. 86. The premiums shall be paid at the National Treasury or at
+the Delegacias Fiscaes in Belém and Manáos, by a requisition from the
+Minister of Agriculture, which the claimant must ask, attaching to
+his request the certificate of the Government inspector that all the
+dispositions of this regulation have been faithfully fulfilled, and
+a statistical table of the workers employed during the year in each
+industry and the amount of the annual crop, with the specification of the
+quantity of each kind.
+
+Art. 87. The contractor can colonize the lands of the plantation under
+the order established in Chapter XII of the regulation under the decree,
+number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911; the national colonists coming from the states
+of the northwest are made equal to foreign colonists, for the purpose of
+the premiums of which articles 132 and 133 treat in the above mentioned
+regulation.
+
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+Favors to a fishing corporation
+
+Art. 88. The Minister of Agriculture shall contract with some person,
+syndicate or company, offering guarantees of sufficient ability, for
+the establishment of a fishing enterprise, which with headquarters in
+Belém (Pará) or Manáos, that can be conveniently equipped as quickly as
+possible, to begin this and its allied industries, on a large scale in
+the Amazon rivers.
+
+Art. 89. The following favors shall be given the enterprise:
+
+(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for the vessels,
+instruments and other maritime material; for all the material necessary
+for the installation, complete equipping and establishment of the
+enterprise on conditions which would enable it to be a going industry in
+all its phases, as well as the drugs, ingredients, cans and boxes, or
+materials to make them, and in general for all that it may be necessary
+to import from abroad, indispensable to the maintenance of its vessels
+and factories, during a term of 15 years, to count from the date of its
+operations;
+
+(b) Premium of animation in money to the amount of 10,000 mibreis during
+5 consecutive years, when the production of preserved and salted fish
+shall be annually more than 100 tons;
+
+(c) The right of condemnation for public use, of the lands and
+improvements belonging to individuals, judged appropriate and
+indispensable for the installation of any of the establishments that it
+is necessary to build on land;
+
+(d) Exemption from all state and municipal imports because the object of
+the contract is for the federal public service.
+
+Art. 90. All the property of the enterprise shall revert to the Union, at
+the end of the term for which the contract was granted.
+
+Art. 91. The exemptions from duties shall be given by the custom houses
+in Belém and Manáos, by a requisition from the Minister of Agriculture,
+from whom it shall be requested, attaching to the request a memorandum
+of the objects with specification of the qualities, quantities and ends
+for which they are needed, and what are imported for the services of
+the first establishment, and after this what must be imported for its
+maintenance.
+
+Art. 92. The enterprise shall be subject to inspection by the Government
+as to the safety of the steamers, and processes employed in fishing, the
+faithful use of the objects imported, the manufacture of preserving, in
+which substances hurtful to the public health shall not be employed, nor
+in the annual production of preserved or salted fish for the purpose of
+obtaining the premiums in money.
+
+Art. 93. Specimens of fish not well known, the party shall send one
+properly preserved to the Minister of Agriculture, accompanied by a small
+relatorio describing the place and conditions under which it was caught
+and noting anything particular that might be interesting in studying it.
+
+Art. 94. Every commander or master of the vessels of the enterprise,
+shall make a written communication to the directors for them to bring to
+the knowledge of the Government, the places where there is the existence
+of any obstacle to navigation, indicating the position in a good sketch
+of that stretch of the river, describing its nature and the route to be
+followed to avoid it. These communications shall be transmitted to the
+Minister of Transportation in order that he may place a signal on the
+obstacle, and as soon as possible remove it.
+
+
+TITLE VI
+
+The Triennial Expositions Embracing All That Relates to the National
+Rubber Industry
+
+
+Art. 95. The Rubber Expositions shall be held in Rio de Janeiro every
+three years, the first being on May 13, 1913; its object shall be to give
+the sum of the triennial movement of the national rubber industry in its
+various modifications, compared with the industry in other countries.
+
+Art. 96. The triennial expositions shall include the rubber industry in
+all its branches and shall include the following classifications:
+
+1. The Culture.
+
+2. The Extraction.
+
+3. The Improvement.
+
+4. The Manufacture of Articles.
+
+The classes shall be subdivided into groups including native and
+cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, processes, commercial type,
+studies and statistics.
+
+Art. 97. Premiums of encouragement shall be given for the best processes
+of culture, extraction and treatment, and to the best manufactured
+products, whether as raw material, constituting commercial types for
+exportation, or as to manufacture.
+
+Art. 98. The Government shall opportunely request the National Congress
+for the necessary enactments to make these premiums effective.
+
+Art. 99. The rubber expositions shall be true expositions held in
+relation to the machinery and utensils and products of rubber of all
+kinds, but the sale sought to be registered in a special book, by the
+payment of a fixed percentage to the organizing commission which shall
+apply this income to the interests of these same expositions.
+
+Art. 100. Foreign products can be admitted to these rubber expositions,
+for the purpose of permitting comparison and perfecting the national
+industry but shall receive no premium.
+
+Section 1. Foreign products destined for the rubber expositions shall
+be free of all custom house duties, as established in Law No. 2,544,
+January 4, 1912, Article 89, No. 6, but if they are sold, shall pay their
+respective import duties when given to the buyers.
+
+Sec. 2. Foreign products not sold shall be re-exported for the account of
+the respective expositors.
+
+Art. 101. The transportation of the national products destined for the
+rubber expositions shall be gratuitous.
+
+Art. 102. For these expositions there shall be prepared bound statistics
+and relatorios especially relative to the former period and as regards
+the rubber industry in Brazil, compared with the world movement.
+
+Art. 103. During the expositions there shall be held:
+
+1. National congresses specializing upon the rubber industry.
+
+2. Lectures upon subjects previously chosen and illustrated with
+stereopticon slides.
+
+For the carrying out of what is ordered in this article, the organizing
+commission shall provide for the respective programs and other measures
+for its entire success.
+
+Art. 104. From all the principle products exhibited some specimens
+shall be selected to constitute a permanent exhibit, which shall remain
+exhibited in the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, and in whose care
+shall also remain some reserves to be sent to similar Museums in Brazil
+and in foreign lands.
+
+
+TITLE VII
+
+The Direction and Inspection of the Service
+
+
+Art. 105. The direction and inspection of all the service for the
+economic defense of rubber, shall be in charge of a provisory department
+of the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, entitled
+“Superintendency of the Protection of Rubber.”
+
+Art. 106. The superintendency is charged with:
+
+1. To receive, to record, to prepare, and to inform the manuscripts which
+depend upon the despatch of the Minister.
+
+2. To see to the effective and integral execution of measures of an
+administrative character foreseen in the Regulation.
+
+3. The study, planning, calculating and execution of the work that must
+be done by the administration.
+
+4. The study, planning, calculating, and execution of the work that must
+be done by contract.
+
+5. The closing, with the approval of the Minister, of the contracts and
+the decrees relative to the concurrence of the States and Municipalities
+for the works and measures which they resolved to aid.
+
+Section 1. Each service that has been definitely installed and is in
+normal working condition, shall be given over to a section of the
+Ministry of Agriculture with which it harmonizes and incorporated or
+subordinated.
+
+Sec. 2. For the measure that is being executed as ordered in Sec. 1,
+the Government shall provide that the proper lawful budgets shall be
+apportioned of the means necessary for the maintenance, conservation and
+development of new settlements.
+
+Art. 107. The Superintendency of the “Protection of Rubber” shall be
+constituted of:
+
+A central section working in the Federal Capital.
+
+A district section with headquarters in the national plantations of Rio
+Branco.
+
+Partial commissions for services that may be indispensable.
+
+Districts of inspection embracing one or more States, in conformity with
+the number and importance of the services under way.
+
+Art. 108. The central section shall be composed of a superintendent, a
+secretary, a constructing engineer, an agricultural engineer, an engineer
+of the second class, two draughtsmen, two typewriters, a bookkeeper, two
+clerks, a messenger and two servants.
+
+The district section shall be composed of a chief engineer, an engineer
+of the first class, engineers of the second class, agricultural
+engineers, conductors of the first and second class, a draughtsman,
+a bookkeeper, a paymaster, a customs officer, technical assistants,
+journalists and a physician.
+
+The partial commissions shall be composed of a chief engineer, the
+technical and administrative personnel necessary, in conformity with the
+work to be done, and a physician.
+
+The districts for inspection shall consist of a chief engineer, an
+engineer of the second class, an agriculturist and assistants to the
+number necessary and sufficient.
+
+The staff of the employes shall not be fixed, but vary according to the
+development of the work, and will correspond well with the distribution
+of the respective work and the special instructions opportunely executed.
+
+Art. 109. The services relative to the triennial rubber expositions,
+shall be directed by a special commission presided over by the minister
+and composed of the superintendent, who shall take the place of the
+minister in his absence, and of the members of the Permanent Commission
+of Expositions, created by Article 89 of Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912.
+
+Art. 110. All the personnel of the superintendency shall be considered
+in commission and dismissed when the work is finished for which it was
+formed.
+
+Art. 111. There shall be appointed: by decree of the President of
+the Republic, the superintendent; by preferment of the Minister, the
+chief engineers, the secretary of the central section, the engineer
+of the first class and the paymaster of the district section; by the
+Superintendent, the engineers of the second class, the agriculturists,
+the physicians, the draughtsmen, the typewriters, the clerks and the
+customs officials; by the chief engineers, the personnel who work under
+their direction.
+
+Art. 112. The salaries of the employes shall be those fixed in the
+annexed table.
+
+For the employes in the services which were incident to the order in
+the first section of Article 106, the salaries are fixed in accord with
+tables for similar service already existing in the Minister’s department,
+increased from fifty to eighty per cent for those who shall be situated
+in the valley of the Amazon, while the high cost of living shall continue
+in that respective place.
+
+Art. 113. For services which shall be thought advantageous, and when
+they have good reputations, the Government may employ professional
+specialists, natives or foreigners, paying them annual salaries not
+greater than those in the table or a lump sum for the service rendered,
+as may be advisable in each case.
+
+Art. 114. To provide for the increase in the work of the Director
+General of Accounts, in consequence of the services mentioned in this
+regulation, there shall be added to the same Directorship, employees
+of the Treasury and other departments of recognized ability and the
+typewriters in commission accepted, under the proposal of the Director
+General; working overtime, whenever necessary, in accordance with
+Articles 68 and 71 of the Decree, No. 8,889, of August 11, 1911, the
+work of counting, examining, inspecting and recording the expenses,
+distribution of credits, advances, and other things of an urgent nature.
+
+The expenses resulting from the order in this article shall be met by
+the credits which were opened in accordance with Article 14 of Law No.
+2,543A, of January 5, 1912. It pertains to the Minister to fix the
+gratuities of the typewriters and the employes of the Department of
+Finance to which this same article refers.
+
+
+TABLE OF THE SALARIES OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE SUPERINTENDENCY “PROTECTION
+OF RUBBER”
+
+                                                            Monthly
+      Classes                                               Salaries
+
+    Superintendent                                         5,000$000
+    Chief Engineer of the Section Rio Branco               2,700$000
+    Physician                                              2,500$000
+    Constructing Engineer                                  1,500$000
+    Chief Engineer of the Partial Commission               1,250$000
+    Chief Engineer of the District of Inspection           1,250$000
+    Engineer of the first class of the Section Rio Branco  1,250$000
+    Agricultural Engineer                                  1,000$000
+    Engineer of the second class                           1,000$000
+    Secretary to the Superintendent                        1,000$000
+    Paymaster of the Section Rio Branco                    1,000$000
+    Conductor of the first class                             750$000
+    Customs Official of the Section Rio Branco               750$000
+    Conductor of the second class                            600$000
+    Draughtsman                                              600$000
+    Bookkeeper                                               500$000
+    Technical Aid                                            450$000
+    Clerk                                                    350$000
+    Typewriter                                               350$000
+    Messenger                                                200$000
+    Servant                                                  150$000
+
+The personnel in service in the Valley of the Amazon, with perhaps the
+exception of the Chief Engineer of the Rio Branco section, shall receive
+an increase over the salaries mentioned in the table, varying from fifty
+to eighty per cent according to the judgment of the Superintendent
+because of the high cost of living in their respective places.
+
+A third part of the annual salary shall be considered the gratuity of the
+office.
+
+To the technical personnel, to the paymaster, and to the physicians shall
+be adjudicated by the Superintendent a daily allowance of from 5$000 to
+30$000.
+
+Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.
+
+                                                          PEDRO DE TOLEDO.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+List of utensils and materials exempt from importation duties, to which
+Article 2 of Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, refers:
+
+FIRST GROUP
+
+Implements and Utensils for the Rubber Gatherer
+
+    Axes.
+    Hatchets.
+    Knives and special apparatus for the incision of trees.
+    Buckets, pails, basins of tin, zinc or other material.
+    Pitchers for smoking.
+    Machines destined for the coagulation of the milk.
+    Cylinders for pressing.
+    Colanders and their appurtenances.
+
+SECOND GROUP
+
+Implements and Material for Cultivation
+
+    Electric detoners and their accessories.
+    Dynamite.
+    Mining powder and other explosives.
+    Caps and fuses.
+    Decauville lines.
+    Mono rails.
+    Aerial transporters and their accessories.
+    Locomotives and stationary engines.
+    Chemical drugs, disinfectants and insecticides.
+
+THIRD GROUP
+
+Materials and Utensils Intended for the Culture of Trees and Treatment of
+Rubber, including:
+
+    Materials for the necessary installations for the mounting of
+      factories, construction of buildings, huts and houses of workmen,
+      box factory and factory for rubber articles.
+
+FOURTH GROUP
+
+Chemical Substances, Raw Material, Thin Cloth and Other Objects Used in
+the Treatment of and Manufacture of Rubber Articles
+
+a. =Coagulants=:
+
+    Acetic Acid.
+    Fluoric Acid.
+    Formic Acid.
+    Sulphuric Acid.
+    Hydrochloric Acid.
+
+b. =Dissolvents=:
+
+    Aceton.
+    Ethylic Alcohol.
+    Methylic Alcohol (C. H. 4 O).
+    Benzine.
+    Benzol.
+    Borax or
+    Borate of Sodium. (Na² B. ⁴O⁷ 10 H² O).
+    Chloruret of Carbon.
+    Chloroform.
+    Ether.
+    Essence of Therebentine.
+    Methylbenzol or Tolnol (C⁷ H⁸).
+    Solvent Naphtha.
+    Oil of Camphor (essence).
+    Oil of Dippel.
+    Parafin Oil.
+    Sulphuret of Carbon.
+    Tetrachloruret of Carbon.
+
+c. =Deodorizers and Disinfectants=:
+
+    Camphin or Camphene.
+    Animal Charcoal.
+    Porcupine Grape Yellow.
+    Anilines and their derivatives.
+    Arsenites and their derivatives.
+    Aureoline.
+    Cobalt Blue.
+    Methylen Blue.
+    Bistre.
+    Fixed White (Salts of Baryum, etc.).
+    Creosote.
+    Cresolin.
+    Essence of Lavender.
+    Essence of Lemon.
+    Essence of Peppermint.
+    Essence of Menthol (C¹⁰ H² O).
+    Essence of Eucalyptus.
+    Essence of Florence Lily.
+    Essence of Mustard.
+    Essence of Moss.
+    Essence of Rosemary.
+    Essence of Tomilho.
+    Essence of Thymol.
+    Farmol, Formaldehyde or Formalin.
+    Nitrobenzol.
+
+d. =Coloring Materials=:
+
+    Cassel’s Yellow.
+    Van Dyck and Bismarck Brown.
+    Yellow Brilliantine.
+    Bronze and its derivates.
+    Orange Bleu.
+    Brooksite (Mixture of rosin and oils).
+    Bukaramuguiana.
+    Pattison White.
+    Paris White.
+    Wax for cables (wax, asphalt and rosin).
+    Cachou.
+    Rosin Colors.
+    Massicot.
+    Minio.
+    Murexide (purple).
+    Paris Black.
+    Lamp Black.
+    Ivory Black.
+    Uranium Black.
+    Vine Black.
+    Nigramine.
+    Ochre of all colors.
+    Orange Neutral.
+    Salts of Mercury.
+    Sulfapone.
+    Terre d’Ombre.
+    Falladium Red.
+    Vermillion (sulphuret of mercury).
+
+e. =Hydrocarburets, Heavy Bodies and Oils=:
+
+    Stearic Acid.
+    Fish Oil.
+    Fichetelito (C¹⁸ H²²).
+    Vegetable Fibre.
+    Glycerin.
+    Heptana.
+    Idrialine (C³⁰ H⁵⁴ O²).
+    Lanoline.
+    Linoxine.
+    Marito Lard.
+    Naphthaline.
+    Arachyde Oil (Amendoim).
+    Cole Seed Oil.
+    Wood Oil, Chinese and Japanese.
+    Cotton Seed Oil.
+    Layos Oil.
+    Banba Oil.
+    Oil of Wool (fat of wool from sheep).
+    Linseed Oil.
+    Corn Oil.
+    Cod Liver Oil.
+    Nut Oil.
+    Olive Oil.
+    Palm Oil (Attalea Excelsis, Bertholetin Excelsis, Maximiliana regia).
+    Pine Oil.
+    Ricine Oil.
+    Soja Oil.
+    Calves’ Foot Oil.
+    Tung Oil.
+    Vulcanized Oils.
+    Nitrated Oils.
+    Parafin.
+    Pentan.
+    Petroleum and all its derivatives.
+    Stearine.
+    Vaseline.
+
+f. =Resin, Resinous Gums and Lacs=:
+
+    Yellow Amber.
+    Ambroid.
+    Natural Balsam.
+    Canada Balsam.
+    Chypre Balsam.
+    Sulphur Balsam.
+    Perú Balsam.
+    Therebentin Balsam.
+    Talu Balsam.
+    Benjoim.
+    Colophane.
+    Copal.
+    Banana Gum.
+    Lac Gum.
+    Kauri Gum.
+    Lacs separate.
+    Enamel Lacs and all their derivatives.
+    Rhus Lacs.
+    Mastick.
+    Rosin Oil.
+    Ammonia Rosin.
+    Bourgogue Rosin.
+    Damar Rosin.
+    Elemi Rosin.
+    Hymenea Courbaril.
+    Rosin (Copal).
+    Jalap Rosin.
+    Myrrh Rosin.
+    Xanthorea Rosin.
+    Sandarac.
+    Storax.
+    Therebentine.
+    Venice Therebentine and its derivatives.
+
+g. =Agents of Vulcanization=:
+
+    Metallic Antimony and its derivatives.
+    Bromurets and all their derivatives.
+    Calcium and its derivatives.
+    Caustic Lime.
+    Chlorine (Cl.) and all its derivatives.
+    Lead and all its derivatives.
+    Sulphur and all its derivatives.
+    Iodine and all its derivatives.
+    Sodium and its derivatives.
+    Zinc and its derivatives.
+
+h. =Fibres and Cloth=:
+
+    Cotton.
+    Brass.
+    Cabo Asbestos.
+    Maselig Asbestos.
+    Hemp.
+    Banana Hemp.
+    India Hemp.
+    Sisel Hemp.
+    Madrasta Hemp.
+    Manila Hemp.
+    Fibres of all kinds of vegetable or animal origin.
+    Vulcanized Fibres.
+    Raphia Fabrics.
+    Lace.
+    Flax Thread.
+    Jute.
+    Wool.
+    Flax.
+    Luffa.
+    Japan Lacs.
+    Nanking.
+    Cotton Cloth.
+    Asbestos Cloth.
+    Linen Cloth.
+    Paper Maché.
+    Parameta.
+    Rami.
+    Silk Cloth, animal and vegetable.
+    Taffetas.
+    Zaputtine and its derivatives.
+
+i. =Isolated Materials=:
+
+    Asbestos and all its derivatives.
+    Alexite.
+    Algina.
+    Amiante.
+    Asphalt.
+    Astrictum.
+    Russian.
+    Birch.
+    Animal and Vegetable Tar of lignite, hulha and all their derivatives.
+    Bitite.
+    Bitumen.
+    Colorifugos and all its derivatives.
+    Cerasine.
+    Cork.
+    Cellulose and all its derivatives.
+    Esbetine.
+    Eshalite.
+    Fermantine.
+    Fassilite.
+    Fucasine.
+    Gasoline.
+    Gelatine.
+    Gilsonite.
+    Hermetine.
+    Karphite.
+    Lava.
+    Ledererite.
+    Lithine.
+    Lithocarbon.
+    Manjak.
+    Marloid.
+    Mica.
+    Mecanite.
+    Oil of Tar.
+    Okonite.
+    Ouralite.
+    Ozocerite.
+    Ozotere.
+    Vegetable.
+
+j. =Divers Materials=:
+
+    Citric acid (C⁶ H⁸ O⁷).
+    Azotic acid (H. N. O³).
+    Salicylic acid.
+    Sehacic acid.
+    Oxalic acid (C² H² O⁴).
+    Oleic acid (C¹⁶ H³⁴ O²).
+    Tartaric acid.
+    Agalmatolite.
+    Areometers.
+    Alkalies.
+    Ammonia.
+    Salts of Ammonia.
+    Aluminum and its derivatives.
+    Alum.
+    Starch.
+    Auhydrite.
+    Autibenzine Pirine.
+    Astraline.
+    Atmold.
+    Whale Oil.
+    Balenite.
+    Balons.
+    Salts of Baryum.
+    Materials for bleaching.
+    Bolus.
+    Camptulikon.
+    Afridi Wax.
+    Japan Wax.
+    Caruabuba Wax.
+    Carbarundum.
+    Materials for
+    Beech Creosote.
+    Chlorhydrate of Quinine.
+    Cyanuret of Potassium.
+    Caseina.
+    Ceramyl.
+    Vegetable Coal.
+    Coal Dust.
+    Horn.
+    Mineral and Vegetable Waxes.
+    Fish Glue.
+    Coralline.
+    Caokaline.
+    Leather.
+    Copper and its derivatives.
+    Dextrina (C¹² A²⁰ O¹⁰).
+    Dextrose.
+    Diamond.
+    Dichlorohydrine.
+    Dielectrics.
+    Dielectrine.
+    Eburine.
+    Sponges.
+    Tin and its derivatives.
+    Eternite.
+    Flour.
+    Potato Sediment.
+    Felds Pathe.
+    Fibroleum.
+    Metallic Wires.
+    Sheets of Tin.
+    Lasts.
+    Fuller.
+    Fustian.
+    Galalithe.
+    Gas.
+    Gaze.
+    Fish Glue.
+    Glucose.
+    Glutin.
+    Graphite.
+    Mineral Oils.
+    Gypsum.
+    Hemalite.
+    Hatschetine.
+    Hydrofugine.
+    Koalin.
+    Kisselguhr.
+    Compound Kirrage.
+    Lactoleum.
+    Lederine.
+    Limeite.
+    Lactoite.
+    Lactites.
+    Material for Polishing.
+    Magnalium.
+    Magnesium and its compounds.
+    Magnesia.
+    Magnesia Calcinated.
+    Marble Dust.
+    Morocoline.
+    Nickel.
+    Salt of Nipa.
+    Nitronaphtaline.
+    Organdim.
+    Bones.
+    Pagodite.
+    Pantasote.
+    Petrifite.
+    Earth of Pipe.
+    Pumice Stone.
+    Phosphorus.
+    Plombago.
+    Pluviosine.
+    Salts of Potassium.
+    Poudre Rouge.
+    Anti-ronille.
+    Sand.
+    Salitre (Nitrate of Potash K. N. O³).
+    Soap.
+    Sawdust.
+    Silicates of Aluminum.
+    Bronze Silicium.
+    Hides.
+    Luberine.
+    Luberite.
+    Metallic Sulphuret.
+    Isinglass.
+    Tannico.
+    Metallic Cloth.
+    Turfa.
+    Tripoli.
+    Trichopiese.
+    Hulha Varnish.
+    Wood Vinegar.
+    Vulcoleina.
+    Wallasine.
+    Waterproof Varnish.
+    Whaleboline.
+    Xylolithe.
+
+                                           Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.
+
+                                                  PEDRO DE TOLEDO,
+                                                  Minister of Agriculture.
+
+[Illustration: GEORGE E. PELL, ESQ.
+
+Commissioner for the Commercial Association of Pará]
+
+
+
+
+PARÁ
+
+
+FURTHER DETAILS RELATING TO PARÁ HAVE NOT COME TO HAND UP TO THE TIME OF
+GOING TO PRESS
+
+
+COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, PARÁ (BRAZIL)
+
+DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS.
+
+                 Quality.                  Weight.        Procedence.
+
+  501 Biscuits   Fine Island Rubber,     net 1,037 ks.  From the Islands.
+
+  81 Biscuits    Fine Island Rubber,     net   804 ks.  From River Cajary,
+                   Cajary,                               & partly islands.
+
+  111 Biscuits   Fine Island Rubber,     net   756 ks.  From River Anapu
+                   Anapu,                                & partly islands.
+
+  235 Biscuits   Fine Island Rubber,     net 1,116 ks.  From Island of
+                   Cavianna,                             Cavianna.
+
+  145 Biscuits   Fine Low Xingú,         net   979 ks.  From Lower reaches
+                                                         of River Xingú
+                                                         (This parcel
+                                                         contains two
+                                                         lots, dry and
+                                                         fresh, should be
+                                                         separated and
+                                                         marked “Dry” and
+                                                         “New”).
+
+  44 Biscuits}  on sticks                net   937 ks.  From Lower reaches
+  10 Biscuits}  Fine Itaituba (Tap),                     of River Tapajos.
+
+  10 Biscuits   Fine High Xingú,         net   696 ks.  From Higher reaches
+                                                         of River Xingú,
+                                                         above rapids.
+
+   5 Biscuits}   on sticks               net 1,025 ks.  From Higher reaches
+  34 Biscuits}   Fine Itaituba                           of River Tapajos,
+                   (Tapajos) Cachoeira,                  above rapids,
+                                                         and state of
+                                                         Matto-Grosso.
+
+  68 Biscuits   Weak Fine Rubber,        net   650 ks.  From Lower Amazon.
+
+                Island Coarse Rubber,    net 1,000 ks.  From Islands and
+                                                         affluents of
+                                                         Lower Amazon.
+
+  110 Biscuits  Cametá Coarse,           net 1,515 ks.  From River Cametá
+                                                         and partly
+                                                         Islands.
+                Coarse Itaituba          net   302 ks.  From River Tapajos.
+                  (Tapajos),
+                Weak Coarse,             net   254 ks.  From Lower Amazon.
+                Tiras (Strips),          net   119 ks.  From River Tapajos.
+
+  20 Balls      Toc. Caucho Ball,        net   911 ks.  From River
+                                                         Tocantins & Rio
+                                                         Fresco.
+
+  30 Balls      Tap. Caucho Ball,        net 1,061 ks.  From Higher reaches
+                  Cachoeira,                             of River Tapajos,
+                                                         above rapids,
+                                                         and State of
+                                                         Matto-Grosso.
+
+  20 Balls      High Xingú Caucho Ball,  net 1,044 ks.  From Higher reaches
+                                                         of River Xingú.
+
+  2 Bags—1 Bag  Inaja Palm Nuts                         Used for curing
+                                                         Fine Rubber.
+         1 Bag  Urucuri Palm Nuts                       Used for curing
+                                                         Fine Rubber.
+
+  2 Boxes—4 & 5 Tin Cups, etc., for collecting Latex
+
+  1 Case—No. 3  Natural Woods—2 blocks of wood and shavings, used for
+                  curing rubber
+
+  1 Box         Machadinhos (Hatchets), collecting and curing utensils
+
+  1 Box         Wooden Stand used for curing large biscuits of rubber.
+
+
+
+
+The AMAZONAS Section
+
+
+AMAZON STATE IS THE LARGEST ONE IN BRAZIL
+
+Area in square kilometers, 1,894,724.
+
+Population, 600,000 inhabitants.
+
+Capital, Manáos; 60,000 inhabitants, 32ᵐ, 40ᵐ height from sea-level.
+
+It exports rubber and woods for construction and for other works, Pará
+nuts, Guaraná and some other products.
+
+Beans, corn, rice and almost every kind of cereals grow there beautifully.
+
+It is put in communication with Europe by one English and two German
+Steamship Companies, and by cable and wireless telegraphy. These
+companies have improved their steamers, which go to Europe. To the United
+States it is served only by the English company, every ten days. They are
+cargo boats.
+
+Principal cities: Stacoatiara, Manicoré, Humaythé, Teffé, Parintins and
+Labrea.
+
+Medium temperature, 27° 2′ centigrade.
+
+Rains—Evaporation in mm., 1592,0. Height, 1525,3 (in 202 days).
+
+Wind—Velocity in one second, 1ᵐ, 60. Direction, east.
+
+
+EXPORTS OF RUBBER FROM STATE OF AMAZONAS SINCE 1827 UP TO 1907
+
+    Years.  Kilograms.
+    1837      802,410
+    1847    4,286,570
+    1857    7,134,195
+    1867    2,969,070
+    1877   17,403,574
+    1887   43,454,671
+    1897  106,424,423
+    1907  120,434,947
+
+From 1827 to 1852 the exports belong to Pará and Amazonas together.
+
+[Illustration: COLONEL ANTONIO CLEMENTE RIBEIRO BITTENCOURT
+
+Governor of the State of the Amazonas, Brazil]
+
+[Illustration: PORT OF MANÁOS]
+
+[Illustration: DR. MANOEL LOBATO
+
+Commissioner for the State of the Amazonas, Brazil, also of Matto Grosso
+and the Federal Territory of Acre]
+
+
+RUBBER IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS
+
+General Ideas about the State. Progress in the Means of Transportation.
+Climatological Conditions.
+
+The State of the Amazonas is the largest one in the Brazilian Republic.
+Notwithstanding its well-known natural resources that are not limited,
+according to many persons, to the precious milk of the rubber tree—that
+wonderful tree of fortune—which is disputed by various producing centers,
+its vast territory is yet far from being completely and properly
+populated.
+
+The emigration currents towards that section have started lately, so that
+the population of hardly over two hundred thousand souls a few years ago,
+to-day is over six hundred thousand inhabitants, without any exaggeration.
+
+As such changes are taking place the conditions of life are being altered
+every day. It is true that there still prevails in the books of gay
+tourists who consider humbug as a condition of inexhaustible success, the
+impression that the native indians travel about half nude and armed with
+arches and arrows, chasing the lost Europeans through such outlandish
+regions of the world.
+
+The remark, however, is not based on real facts. The native Indians are
+not now to be found in very accessible places. The foreigner who lands in
+the Amazonas capital, for instance, may be sure that his habits and his
+civilization will not cause any fright.
+
+It is difficult to find among the natives who possess some education and
+means one who has not been through several European countries, especially
+France; so that as soon as the visitor lands he notices an atmosphere of
+modern improvements and all the novelty and gay spirit of Parisian life;
+the latest fashions are found at once in Manáos.
+
+The progress of that beautiful princess of the Rio Negro (Black River)
+is most remarkable, because it is at the most only twenty years. Until
+the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil, Manáos amounted to almost
+nothing. From 1889 to this date began its stupendous development,
+counting already over 60,000 inhabitants.
+
+[Illustration: A. W. STEDMAN, ESQ.
+
+Commissioner for the Commercial Association of the State of Manáos, Matto
+Grosso, and the Federal Territory of Acre, Brazil]
+
+To-day it has comfortable homes, good and solid buildings of artistic
+architecture. Its port is perfectly fitted to receive the visits of the
+large transatlantic steamers, which places it in communication with the
+leading European ports. The navigation line for the United States, served
+by an English company, is not yet of the required progress to insure all
+the necessary comfort to the passengers who venture to undertake the
+long trip. Furthermore, it is served by steamers that do not possess the
+modern requirements of speed, which at present is of first interest not
+only for the passengers who look for a pleasure resort as well as for the
+intercourse of commercial relations with the world’s markets. That is the
+reason why the interchange between Amazonas and New York has been rather
+slow, which interchange could be of greater magnitude than it is to-day
+if there was a more intimate knowledge between the parties.
+
+I would not want to end this information about the capital of the State
+of Amazonas without quoting some paragraphs from the excellent work, “The
+Rubber Country of the Amazon,” written by Mr. Henry C. Pearson, Editor of
+the “India Rubber World”:
+
+“When one considers that this city is a thousand miles from the seacoast,
+in the heart of a vast tropical jungle, with wild Indians within a
+hundred miles of it, its presence seems incredible. In a way, it is as
+modern as New York or Chicago. The latest Parisian fashions are there,
+and almost anything that civilized man desires is obtainable. Prices are
+high, to be sure, because both luxuries and necessities are imported and
+subject to a duty of 100 per cent. But when something besides rubber is
+produced by the magnificently fertile lands that surround it, Manáos
+will be one of the great and beautiful cities of the world and living as
+reasonable as anywhere.”
+
+That progress, although it has been made principally in Manáos, in some
+form is also affecting the interior of the State. The river navigation is
+made quicker than before and on elegant and up-to-date steamers, which
+navigate throughout all the tributaries of the Amazon River.
+
+Furthermore, the Madeira-Mamoré railroad has produced a great improvement
+in the transportation facilities adopted in the State for the quick
+delivery of merchandise in the interior.
+
+The most distant points of the territory are now connected by wireless
+telegraphy. The news of the world can be transmitted daily to the capital
+of the State by means of double river cable and by wireless telegraphy of
+the Marconi system.
+
+The climatic conditions are not so terrible as pictured in the minds
+of the outside people, who do not know the real facts and the true
+geographic situation of the State.
+
+[Illustration: CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 1.
+
+The Men Set to Work Bleeding the Base of the Castillôa.]
+
+Mr. A. R. Wallace, in his “Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio
+Negro,” and Captain Maury, in his book “The Amazon and the Atlantic Coast
+of South America,” show themselves so enthusiastic over the climate of
+Amazonas and recommend it “as one of the healthiest and mildest in the
+world.” That easy enthusiasm is not so good for us as the competent
+French engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe’s opinion, after many years in the
+northern part of Brazil. Thus he expresses himself:
+
+“The Amazonia, an immense tableland slightly concave, situated entirely
+in the tropics, crossed by rivers of colossal dimensions, with lakes
+and swamps, the remains of the original water basin, badly separated by
+modern alluvium land, covered with impenetrable forests from which emerge
+here and there some plains, ought to have a specially hot, damp and
+unhealthy climate.
+
+“That is the reputation which it has enjoyed for a long time and which
+has frightened away the European immigration; but it is not deserved in
+such an absolute manner; as a hot country is perhaps on the contrary the
+less deadly for the settler as well as for the traveler.”
+
+
+THE AMAZON AS RUBBER PRODUCER
+
+It is indeed very difficult if not absolutely impossible to limit the
+rubber producing region of Amazonas. In almost the whole of the vast
+territory of that State there are found rubber trees and where they do
+not grow, they certainly can be successfully planted. Over large tracts
+of lands on the banks of rivers not navigable, there are extensive rubber
+forests not explored on account of lack of population.
+
+That exuberance of the Amazonian flora, that arrangement of nature to
+furnish resources to the rubber extractor for many years, kept him away
+from any other occupation except that of raising the arm and wounding the
+tree of fortune in order to obtain prosperity. There was no necessity of
+planting that which the open road of the forest presents at each step;
+also why worry with a view to obtaining any other process of securing the
+“=hevea brasiliensis=” when its milk in the primitive state is obtained
+at the lowest price of exploitation and cultivation, preserving all the
+excellent qualities of the rubber?
+
+The presence of competitors in the world’s market, more than the damage
+caused to the health by the smoking process of coagulation, is the
+reason to establish new exploitation. The rubber plantation is now being
+conducted perhaps without obeying the scientific criterion, but more in
+the shape of facilitating the gathering of the =latex=.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER-WORKER PERREIRA AND WIFE IN THEIR SUNDAY CLOTHES.]
+
+One hears a good deal about high prices in the Amazonas, and careless
+observers state in opposition to that the cheapness of life in the
+Asiatic Islands and other points of the world. I do not think that a
+thoughtful person without any interest in connection with enterprises
+and plantations elsewhere in the world, would be able to use such an
+assertion, which is so unjust.
+
+The French engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe, who is an expert in the matter,
+writes the following:
+
+“For the work to be executed, the number of workmen required is much less
+where the production of those men is high, hence to calculate the price
+of hand work, the individual production is the factor that may become
+more important than the pay to the men who work by the day.
+
+“In the Far East, the workmen are paid from Fr. 75 to Fr. 1.25, equal to
+14 cents to 23 cents, approximately, including feeding. In the Amazonas,
+the pay per day amounts to Frs. 4.75, or that is, almost 91 cents for all
+the work, which is three to four times more.”
+
+Let us examine the cost in Asia and in the Amazonas for the different
+work required by the cultivation of the rubber trees.
+
+According to Mr. Stanley Arden, it is about 38 cents for each kilogram
+of rubber in the plantation (the data that I am presenting in connection
+with this matter is from the book of Mr. Le Cointe, entitled “Le
+Caoutchouc Amazonien et son Concurrent Asiatique”).
+
+Mr. Lamy Torrilhon speaks about the Kuala Lampur Rubber Company (Malay),
+which had in 1909, 404,012 rubber trees from one to six years old.
+Calculating the price of cultivation of that rubber at Fr. 4 per kilogram
+or approximately 76 cents, Mr. Stanley Arden also calculated that the
+cost of a hectar of plantation before reaching the period of exploitation
+(the sixth year, according to him) was only Fr. 816, or more or less
+$157, including the salaries and establishment of European employees, and
+Mr. M. G. Vernet, of the Pasteur Institute of Nha-Trang, calculated Fr.
+3,000, about $580.
+
+Mr. Le Cointe further states that Mr. Stanley Arden in his calculations
+of expense seems to presume the plantation in lands not thickly wooded,
+because he counts for the burning and clearing of the land, hardly
+one-third the cost of felling the trees, when in the forest it is about
+the same. Of course, lands not properly protected and in the virgin state
+in the tropical countries, are less fertile than those covered with thick
+forests, furthermore the lands that have been devoted to a prolonged
+cultivation of plants, like coffee, tea, etc., are to a large extent
+exhausted, and if rubber trees were attempted to be planted there, the
+result would be that it would largely lose the advantages by having to
+fell new trees.
+
+[Illustration: BRANDING RUBBER ON THE SAND-BAR.]
+
+Mr. Le Cointe also speaks of about 225 trees per kilogram, when
+practically that number can be doubled; besides this the calculation made
+by the same author of about $18 for the clearing of the hectar, at the
+rate of $14 per day for each workman shows that the price for that work
+in almost clean land will take sixty-two days, whereas in the Amazonas we
+only count on twenty-six days for each clearing of a hectar in a virgin
+forest.
+
+This argument, it seems to me, shows that there is a purpose to bring up
+a cheapness which is more apparent than real, with the determination of
+recommending the Asiatic plantations to the detriment of the Amazonas
+rubber plantations.
+
+This plan of attack is not the most correct one. We have the advantage
+of having workmen who easily adapt themselves to the producing land, and
+with the measures of protection that the Government is going to guarantee
+to the rubber planters, the life of the contractor is going to become
+easier.
+
+The tree which is planted in its own region, is less subject to ravages,
+being less persecuted by the destroying parasites, is not violently fell
+by hard winds.
+
+As every day increases the number of industries which requires rubber
+as a raw material, it is therefore necessary to exploit it in different
+centers, counting even with possible disaster, but nowhere in the world,
+in accordance with the most reliable statistics, is there more favorable
+land for the planting of rubber trees than in the various territories
+of the Amazonas. That territory has been placed by nature to be the
+emporium of that industry, and counts with all the means to preserve
+that privilege, and for the guarantee of the planter as soon as the
+rubber tree develops itself, it has other resinous trees suitable for
+construction, and excellent fibres which can be sold at a profit. The
+Brazilian walnut is so abundant there that it is a second source of
+income in the State of Amazonas.
+
+
+THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBER
+
+Only during the first six months of this year, notwithstanding that
+the time for the full crop was not as yet due, from Manáos there were
+exported to the United States 2,328,389 kilograms of fine rubber, 602,180
+medium quality, sernamby 991,088, caucho 798,024; to Europe, first
+quality 2,449,776, medium quality 407,278, sernamby 507,860, caucho
+1,368,489; from Itacoatiara, first quality 37,240, medium 3,858, sernamby
+26,237, caucho 11,405, that is for the Amazonas a total of 9,531,824
+kilograms, almost half of the export of 22,902,401 kilograms made in that
+period for that State, besides that of Pará and Iquitos. The production
+of Amazonas in 1910 was 10,466,231 kilograms; in 1911, 10,122,242; this
+year, it is expected that there will be an increase of more than 15 per
+cent of the production of last year.
+
+[Illustration: THE INTERIOR OF A RUBBER-WORKER’S HUT.
+
+There Were Always Two or Three Hammocks.]
+
+This is due only to the active work of a few thousand workmen. What would
+be the colossal production of that territory, when the work of the men
+will be facilitated by a rational distribution of rubber trees!
+
+Reflecting upon that, I am reminded of the words of Dr. T. Huber:
+
+“A regular planting industry will have a marked and salutary influence
+upon the extraction of wild rubber and the management of wild rubber
+forests.”
+
+Furthermore, I have the full conviction that the future of that industry
+competently managed will offer in Amazonas, and in order to be more
+exact, in Brazil, more guarantees of success than in any other region in
+the world.
+
+                                                                M. LOBATO.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER-WORKERS’ HOME NEAR LAKE INNOCENCE.]
+
+
+
+
+BRAZIL
+
+The States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and the Acre Territory
+
+
+The Commercial Association of Amazonas exhibits samples of rubber from
+the States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and from the Acre Territory,
+having been authorized by the respective Governments for this purpose.
+
+
+STATE OF AMAZONAS
+
+The main stream of the River Amazon flows through the entire territory of
+this State, and within its boundaries is joined by many tributaries.
+
+The boundary with the State of Pará is formed by the same river, and that
+with Matto-Grosso and the Republic of Bolivia by the Upper Madeira River.
+The River Javary, a tributary of the Solimões (or Upper Amazon), forms
+the boundary with Perú, as does the Upper Rio Negro (the waters of which
+connect with the Orinoco through the Cassiquari Canal), with Venezuela.
+Before the formation of the Federal Acre Territory, the upper reaches of
+the Rivers Acre, Purús, and Juruá also constituted the frontiers of the
+State of Amazonas with Perú and Bolivia.
+
+The capital of the State, Manáos, is situated in the bay of the Rio
+Negro, three days distant by steamer from the capital of the adjoining
+State, Pará. The nearest European port, Lisbon, can be reached in
+thirteen days, and New York in eighteen days.
+
+Manáos is the turning-point for ocean going steamers from the United
+States of America, and Europe, as well as from the South of Brazil.
+
+The companies engaged in the transatlantic service are:
+
+=The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd.= (British), with four sailings each way
+to and from Liverpool per month, calling at Itacoatiara, Pará, Madeira,
+Lisbon, Leixoes (Oporto), Vigo and Cherbourg, and three sailings to and
+from New York per month, calling at Pará and Barbadoes.
+
+=The Hamburg-Amerika Line= and =Hamburg-Sudamerikanische
+Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft= (German), with two sailings per month to
+and from Hamburg, calling at Pará, Madeira, Lisbon, Leixoes (Oporto),
+Havre and Antwerp. =The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd.=, also runs two lines,
+one from Liverpool and the other from New York, as far as Iquitos, the
+capital and principal port of the Loreto province of Perú. Maritime
+communication with Southern Brazil is maintained by the “=Lloyd
+Brazileiro=” and the “=Cia. de Commercio e Navegação=,” the former having
+six steamers per month, and the latter three. The voyage from Manáos to
+Rio de Janeiro occupies from 14 to 16 days.
+
+[Illustration: MAP OF MANÁOS]
+
+The river navigation is controlled by the Amazon River Navigation Co.
+(1911), Ltd., and numerous private steamers, which form a flotilla only
+to be compared with that of the River Mississippi. A new company “A
+Companhia Navegação do Amazonas” is about to commence operations. All
+these steamers call at Manáos, or have their headquarters there.
+
+Telegraphic communication is as follows: By means of the =Amazon
+Telegraph Co., Ltd.=, in combination with the Western Telegraph Co. to
+and from all parts of the world.
+
+=Wireless Telegraphy= (Marconi and Telefunken systems), is already making
+considerable headway. The Marconi station at Manáos, in the hands of the
+Madeira Mamoré Railway Co., receives and transmits messages to and from
+Porto Velho, on the Madeira River, the starting point and headquarters
+of the railroad, as well as to and from the Telefunken stations at Senna
+Madureira, Empreza and Cruzeiro do Sul (the capital towns of the three
+divisions of the Acre Territory).
+
+These last stations are not yet open for use by the public, and other
+intermediate stations are still in course of construction.
+
+Manáos has also a station of the =Amazon Wireless Telegraph & Telephone
+Co., Ltd.=, which transmits messages to Pará, and has lately been in
+regular communication with the station in Iquitos belonging to the
+Peruvian Government. By this route it is possible to send messages to
+Lima, the capital of Perú, on the Pacific Coast. However, the Company
+mentioned has so far not succeeded in obtaining the official permission
+of the Brazilian Government to operate in Brazil.
+
+Manáos has a permanent population of upwards of 70,000 inhabitants. Its
+houses and public buildings conform to modern architectural ideas, and
+some of its buildings, such as the State Theatre, the Public Library,
+the Palace of Justice and the “Benjamin Constant” Orphan Asylum are
+magnificent.
+
+The streets, squares and avenues are well lighted by electricity and
+the town possesses an excellent electric tramway system. The drainage
+scheme is almost completed, and the water supply is very satisfactory.
+The port works are in the hands of the Manáos Harbor, Ltd. There are some
+excellent hotels, and a splendid telephone service.
+
+The following banks carry on operations in Manáos:
+
+=The London & Brazilian Bank, Ltd.=, and =The London & River Plate Bank,
+Ltd.= (British), agencies.
+
+=Banco do Brazil= (Brazilian), agency.
+
+=Banco Amazonense= (Brazilian), Head Office.
+
+[Illustration: A “SERINGUEIRO” TAPPING A RUBBER TREE.]
+
+=Banking Firms=: Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German).
+
+=Life, Fire & Marine Insurance Companies=:
+
+Northern Insurance Co. (British), agency.
+
+Royal Insurance Co. (British), agency.
+
+“Mannheim” Insurance Co. (German), agency.
+
+Lloyd Amazonense (Brazilian), head office.
+
+And agencies of the following Brazilian companies: Garantia da Amazonia,
+Seguradora Paraense, Allianca da Bahia, Commercial Paraense, Lloyd
+Paraense, Allianca Paraense.
+
+Rubber is the chief industry of the State, being its principal product
+and source of income. The predominance of this industry dates from 1863,
+and within a few years it superseded entirely the planting of rice,
+coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, beans and maize.
+
+Up to 1870 rubber was generally exported in the form of roughly made
+shoes, hats and caps, as well as in sacks and in bulk, the greater part
+of it going to New York, via Pará. Later, the present system of biscuits
+or balls, cut and packed in cases, came into use.
+
+Considerable business has always been done in Amazon with the United
+States of America, although formerly the proportion shipped to America
+was greater than at present, as it was only in later years that the heavy
+competition by London and Liverpool came into being.
+
+The production of the various rivers during 1911 was:
+
+    River Solimões        865,000 kilos
+          Purús         3,019,000   ”
+          Acre            371,000   ”
+          Juruá         2,055,000   ”
+          Madeira       1,370,000   ”
+          Javary        1,420,000   ”
+          Japurá           70,000   ”
+          Jutahy          287,000   ”
+          Negro           679,000   ”
+          Branco           33,000   ”
+          Lower Amazon    194,000   ”
+
+The rubber exporting houses are:
+
+    Zarges Ohliger & Co. (German).
+    Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd. (American).
+    Ahlers & Co. (German).
+    General Rubber Co. of Brazil (American).
+    De Lagotellerie & Co. (French).
+
+[Illustration: “DEFUMADOR,” OR SMOKING-HUT.]
+
+
+STATE OF AMAZON EXHIBIT INCLUDES:
+
+    Pyramid of 50 tons rubber.
+    Models of River Steamers.
+    Rubber Milk.
+    Photographs and Maps.
+    Rubber Toys, etc., made by natives.
+    Basins, Pails, etc.
+    Large Rubber Tree Stump and several Young Rubber Trees.
+
+                       =Exhibited by Messrs. Asenei & Co., River Madeira.=
+
+    Rubber Milk.
+    Nuts and Appliances for Smoking Rubber.
+
+                           =Exhibited by Sno. Raymundo Monteiro da Costa.=
+
+
+COMPARATIVE RUBBER STATISTICS
+
+            Comparative Rates of Fine Pará.
+             Liverpool.          New York.
+
+           s. d.     s. d.
+    1894   2  9  to  3  1     $0.64½ to $0.73
+    1895   3  0¼ to  3  4¼      .70  to   .81½
+    1896   3  0½ to  3  8¾      .71  to   .85
+    1897   3  5  to  3  9       .79½ to   .89
+    1898   3  7½ to  4  5       .82  to  1.06
+    1899   3 10  to  4  7¼      .91  to  1.10
+    1900   3  8½ to  4  9       .83  to  1.11½
+    1901   3  4  to  3 11½      .76  to   .95
+    1902   2 10  to  3  9½      .66  to   .92
+    1903   3  6¼ to  4  8       .78  to  1.13
+    1904   3 10¾ to  5  6       .89  to  1.32
+    1905   4 10¼ to  5  8¾     1.13  to  1.35
+    1906   4 11½ to  5  5½     1.16  to  1.28
+    1907   2 11¾ to  5  3       .69  to  1.24
+    1908   2  9¼ to  5  5       .65  to  1.30
+    1909   4 10  to  9  2      1.13  to  2.15
+    1910   4 10  to 12  4½     1.16  to  2.90
+    1911   3 10  to  7  1       .90  to  1.67
+
+
+
+
+FEDERAL TERRITORY OF ACRE
+
+[Illustration: SERINGUEIRO SMOKING RUBBER AT ALTO ACRE.]
+
+
+
+
+THE ACRE
+
+THE FLUVIAL REGION THAT IS RICHEST IN RUBBER
+
+
+As far as the wealth of rubber obtained from natural sources is
+concerned, Brazil ranks first among all the world’s rubber producing
+countries. While the East Indian section, with its plantation grown
+product, has already outstripped her in the quantity of its annual
+plantation output, the superior excellence of genuine Pará rubber has not
+been attained. The “fine rubber” that comes from the inundated region of
+the lower river country is best known. In the upper districts of various
+southern affluents, fine rubber trees grow, but no longer in the lowlands
+that have long been subject to inundation, they occur rather in forests
+that are overflowed seldom, if at all, that even extend over the hilly
+districts. The method of collection and the entire operation of rubber
+production varies in many respects from the more familiar methods of
+the inundated districts. This applies particularly to Acre, with its
+characteristic and peculiar river section.
+
+To explore this section, from economic and scientific points of view, I
+undertook a journey last year, 1911, at the instance of the Associação
+Commercial.
+
+The results of this journey will be embodied in a detail report, it is at
+present proposed to make only a brief summary to supplement the pictures
+shown in the exhibition.
+
+Our better knowledge of Acre dates back barely a quarter of a century. At
+that period uncertainty prevailed as to which of the countries adjoining
+Acre, Brazil, Bolivia and Perú, were the owners of the territory. In
+more recent times these conditions have been adjusted, the greater part
+having been awarded to Brazil, while Bolivia received a portion of the
+left bank of the upper Acre. The boundary between Bolivia and Perú is as
+yet undecided. The latter country includes the uppermost left bank of the
+source section which contains but few fine rubber trees.
+
+[Illustration: DR. CARLOS DE CERQUEIRA PINTO,
+
+Inventor of a Smokeless Process for Curing Rubber.]
+
+[Illustration: LANDSCAPE ON THE BANKS OF THE ALTO ACRE.]
+
+The Acre is a right affluent of the larger tributaries of the Purús,
+entering above the mouth of the Rio Negro and coming from the Southwest,
+and flows, like these, through the boundless forest tracts of the Amazon
+River country. It rises in elevated ground, East of the Andes, in a
+still partly explored territory, very difficult of access, at about
+the eleventh degree of southern latitude and 70½ longitude and flows
+at first eastward, to the Bolivian boundary at 69°. From this point,
+the Acre flows first Northeast, with a constantly increasing northerly
+inclination, until it enters the Central Purús at 8⅔ South latitude and
+67½ longitude. The small steamers run from this point to the junction
+with the Amazon and on to Manáos in six to eight days.
+
+In November more than 40 large and small steamers are despatched from
+Pará and Manáos. They carry supplies for the rubber district and load,
+for the return trip, fine rubber and other caoutchouc varieties. Such
+steamers have, as a rule, a cargo capacity of 100 to 300 tons. The
+largest, taking as much as 500 tons, are at most 50 to 60 meters in
+length.
+
+The journey from Manáos to the Purús, is usually accomplished in one day.
+The Purús is a stately river, which, in its lower reaches often attains
+a breadth of 1,000 meters and although it gradually narrows, it always
+retains, until its confluence with the Acre, a breadth of several hundred
+meters.
+
+The trip to that point takes, as a rule, 12 to 16 days and except for the
+last stretch of about three days, is open all the year. Here is the place
+called Cochoeiras, where there are rapids, which during the dry season of
+about four months, obstruct steam navigation on the Purús. The Acre, on
+the other hand, has a narrow but deep bed, is rarely over 100 meters wide
+and often contracts to 50 to 60 meters. In the dense forests, there may
+be seen, from time to time, clearings on the banks with the =Baracâos=
+that are the stations for the fine rubber business. Also occasional
+larger places of residence, villages and little towns, where longer stops
+are often made, are encountered.
+
+We first pass Antimary, at the mouth of a river similarly named. Then we
+soon reach Porto de Acre, a large residential place, where the steamers
+must have their papers passed and pay duties.
+
+This is the beginning of the Federal territory, which is separate from
+the State of Amazonas and is subject to the central government in Rio
+de Janeiro. Hardly a day’s journey up stream lies the little town of
+Empreza, with its picturesque houses embowered in foliage. It is the most
+important place on the lower Acre and the second largest residential town
+in Acre Territory.
+
+About three days’ journey up the river the town of Hapury is reached,
+which contains several thousand inhabitants and enjoys a considerable
+trade. It is the largest and most important town in the entire Acre
+territory.
+
+[Illustration: ON THE LOWER ACRE.]
+
+When at times in the river’s narrow water course there are a dozen
+large steamers lying and a lively business intercourse is everywhere in
+progress, the scene, in the depth of the primeval forest, creates quite
+an imposing impression. Hapury is considered already in the district of
+Alta Acre and from this point, the difficulty of navigation increases,
+the breadth and volume of water of the river alike decreasing. Very
+rapidly during long, rainless periods, the river water level lowers
+and the further progress of the steamers becomes impossible. They must
+anchor at a convenient place and wait until the river rises again. In
+lower Acre, where water is more plentiful, such interruptions are less
+frequent, but in upper Acre they are the rule. The farther the river is
+ascended the more frequent are these compulsory stoppages, often lasting
+eight to fourteen days. High-water in the river often lasts but a few
+days, so that the steamers must stop again. Then too, the many windings
+of the river make navigation exceedingly difficult. On the upper Acre
+travel is by day only, boats laying to at night.
+
+Following the course of the river, 85 kilometers above Hapury, Igarapé
+de Bahia is reached, on the Bolivian border and then the little town of
+Cobija. It is situated on the right bank and belongs to Bolivia, whereas
+on the left bank, Brazilian territory continues. The steamers here are
+subject to the Bolivian customs regulations and must pay duty on all
+goods destined for Bolivia.
+
+A large number of the steamers that start from Manáos, go only as far as
+this or as Hapury, only a few venture to penetrate further and are not
+deterred by the great loss of time.
+
+Above Cobija are some of the most productive rubber sections where there
+are goods to discharge and rubber to be loaded. A few steamers follow
+the Bolivian border up to the terminal station, Tacna. Here, as a small
+affluent from the right, the Taverija flows into the Acre, forming at the
+same time the boundary between Bolivia and Perú.
+
+Bolivia maintains here a small military post, whereas there is only a
+commissioner for Perú. If the steamer has met with favorable conditions,
+the trip from Manáos may have been made in a month; ordinarily, however,
+it takes two or three months. The return trip is made much faster, some
+steamers, that do not stop, make Manáos from upper Acre in fourteen days.
+
+Above Tacna there are but two rubber forest districts or seringaes as
+they are termed, the Seringal Auristella on the Peruvian side and the
+Seringal St. Francisco on the Brazilian side. The latter is a very
+productive and still young rubber forest, farther up the river the fine
+rubber trees suddenly cease and their output is no longer remunerative.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER TREE AT HAPURY.]
+
+The climate, like that of the Amazon country, is humid and hot, with
+a rainy and a dry season. The southerly situation, however, causes a
+somewhat more marked difference between the two seasons. In April, the
+rains become less frequent and then, until October, there are no or but
+very few heavy precipitations; some times the fallen leaves on the ground
+in the woods are dried out and even the dew is absent. There then occur,
+however, especially in the months of June, July and August, steady cold
+spells, when the thermometer, in the morning, sinks to 8° C. and often
+does not go above 12° C. during the day. These so-called =Friazens= last
+several days and are recurrent, but cease in September. Thunder storms
+and violent rain storms begin in October, so that in November the rivers
+are usually navigable again. In December the first steamships arrive. In
+January and February a rainless period is frequent, which is followed, in
+March and April again, by a rainy spell. Many steamers undertake, usually
+at this time, their second voyage and if they have good fortune they make
+three trips to upper Acre.
+
+The copious precipitation, the heat and the fertile soil have produced
+in Acre a luxuriant primeval forest, which is higher and more densely
+overgrown than that of the lower river courses of the Amazon country.
+Trees of 40 to 50 meters in height are not infrequent, they form a forest
+of varied composition. There may be found here representatives of the
+most diverse plant families; some of which, in the cool season, lose
+their foliage. The forest is densely overgrown with plants, shoots and
+shrubs. Where a thorny growth, Tapoea and other underbrush gets the upper
+hand, a macheté or axe is necessary in forcing a path through the virgin
+forest.
+
+Various kinds of trees are used by the natives for building houses,
+fashioning canoes and other purposes. For export, however, neither these
+useful woods nor many other products of the forest, have attained any
+importance. The fruit of the cacao tree and Pará nuts, rot on the ground,
+transportation to Manáos being too costly. The caoutchouc products are,
+however, present in such abundance and possess such great value, that
+their acquisition and transportation recompenses every effort and have
+been the cause of the development in these distant primeval forests of a
+busy life.
+
+The water in the deeply hollowed bed of the Acre, swells in flood time
+and submerges the land on the adjacent shores and some sand banks, but
+for the most part does not penetrate into the forest or only for a short
+period. The flooded forests of the lower water courses, often miles in
+extent, are lacking and the fine rubber trees grown on land free from
+inundation, often reaches up into the hills in the hilly or mountainous
+district.
+
+[Illustration: JUNCTION OF THE ACRE RIVER WITH THE PURÚS.]
+
+The fine rubber tree belongs to the Hevea brasiliensis, Mull. Arg. or to
+their near families. It is higher and more vigorous than the trees in
+the inundated districts and has somewhat larger and longer seeds. Trees
+of more than 40 meters in height and up to five meters in circumference,
+are not rare. Whether the Acre fine rubber tree is a special species
+or a variety of Hevea Braziliensis, can be determined only by a very
+painstaking investigation. In yield of rubber and quality of product, the
+Acre tree surpasses that of the inundated districts.
+
+Of other Hevea varieties Hevea cuneata Hub. the Seringa vermelha, occurs
+but rarely, also sapium tapurú, Ule, is found but rarely. Castillôa Ulei,
+Warb., the “caucho” of the Peruvians, is quite plentiful and is generally
+utilized, its exploitation being regarded sometimes as more profitable
+than the fine rubber. Just as in the Amazon country, under the title
+“caoutchouc,” the product of castillôa is mainly understood, so, in Acre,
+for the yield of the Hevea, the name “fine rubber” is used.
+
+At present, there are on the Acre no unowned, unused lands, but some of
+the seringaes in operation are capable of further development. In lower
+Acre there are many seringaes that are badly exhausted and furnish but a
+small yield. The rubber collectors too, who, as is well-known, cut down
+the Castillôa trees, are compelled to go further into upper Acre all the
+time to find profitable work.
+
+Acre territory is regarded as the most productive fine rubber section,
+especially on its borders; on the little river Hapury and towards the
+Taurumano, which belongs to the water-shed of the Madeira, the output is
+said to be exceedingly rich. In proportion to their longitudinal extent,
+the extent of the woods belonging to Acre, in breadth, is comparatively
+small, for in a one or two days’ journey, it is possible to reach the
+district of another river. The rubber forest properties are consequently
+all measured from the river and include usually, a territory of several
+hundred square kilometers, often in fact, equal to small principalities.
+Many owners have also several seringaes, often in Bolivia and Brazil
+simultaneously.
+
+In such a seringal on the river bank, the dwelling with warehouse
+accommodations and sales-place, is erected, known as the Baracâo in
+contradistinction to the small Baraken of the work people.
+
+About the Baracâo the forest is usually cleared to afford land for
+planting and pasture for the cattle.
+
+The management of the seringal and its entire business, proceeds from the
+Baracâo. According to the extent of the seringal, from twenty to several
+hundred work people are employed on it. Through the entire forest, paths,
+known as =estradas=, are laid out, from which all obstructive brush and
+hanging creepers, are cut away with the macheté. These =estradas=, where
+possible, are laid out in loops, so that they lead back to the starting
+point and are so planned as to include from 100 to 150 fine rubber trees.
+
+[Illustration: SERINGAL WITH THE RUBBER ON THE ALTO ACRE.]
+
+Every seringueiro is allotted two or three =estradas= to work. These
+seringueiros live in the interior of the forest in special =baraken=,
+either with their families, or usually several together. The different
+=baraken= are connected by broader roads that can be traversed by mules.
+
+In May or June, after the =estradas= have previously been put in order,
+the gathering of fine rubber commences. The seringueiro proceeds in the
+early morning into the forest, taps the trees in the customary manner
+with the little axe Maschadi, attaches the tin cups and afterwards
+collects the accumulated milk. It is afternoon when he reaches home with
+the milk he has collected in a rubber bag or in tin cans, to be smoked.
+In a little hut, roofed with palm-straw, the smoking is proceeded with.
+Pieces of wood that give a copious smoke are burned and over the fire
+is placed a tin cylinder, known as a =Boião=. The seringueiro first
+collects, in the middle of a round, strong stick, some coagulated rubber
+milk and pours the still fluid milk, which he has in a large tin dish,
+over this place, turning the stick so that the smoke can impregnate the
+coagulating caoutchouc. He continues this operation until the milk in the
+tin pan is all used up.
+
+By this means, a rubber ball is produced which is enlarged in the
+succeeding days until it weighs about 50 kilos. The stick is then
+withdrawn and the ball, stored with others, until the mule train
+comes for it. A mule can carry on each side of him 50 kilos without
+over-exerting himself.
+
+If, however, the weight of the ball exceeds sixty kilos, the mules are
+overloaded and the seringueiro who made the balls pays a fine. Where the
+dwelling place of the seringueiro is near a river and the fine rubber can
+be transported by canoe, larger balls, that often weigh more than 100
+kilos are made.
+
+This gathering and preparation of the fine rubber differs materially
+from that practiced on the lower water courses where the milk is smoked
+with much greater care, on the shovel shaped mould and the balls, as a
+rule, weigh but 10 to 30 kilos. On the Acre, the seringueiro will gather
+in a day 15 to 25 liters of milk, which will yield 7 to 12 kilos of dry
+rubber, whereas in the inundated section he will be able to gather but
+one-half or one-third as much. Of course the seringueiro can smoke the
+milk much more carefully and take certain precautions, as for instance,
+that the rubber-milk is never heated. On the Acre on the other hand, the
+milk is warmed as a rule, because otherwise the large mass is difficult
+to manage. There is no question but that in this manner the quality of
+the rubber, which is prepared from the best material and certainly would
+yield the best product, suffers. Nevertheless the rubber balls from Acre,
+prepared in the primitive manner, furnish a good and much sought for
+rubber. The tapping of the trees also is often effected with less care,
+small steel axes being used that make wounds that are too deep and as a
+result, the seringaes in the Acre are exhausted more quickly than those
+in the inundated district.
+
+[Illustration: A HUT ON THE UPPER ACRE IN WHICH RUBBER IS SMOKED.]
+
+From the =baracâos=, the stations on the banks of the river, small mule
+trains proceed to the interior to bring in the rubber balls, which are
+laid in rows, usually in the open air, so that they will be thoroughly
+dried before loading them on the steamer. By the same mules, food and
+supplies are sent to the seringueiros in the forest. When the rubber
+gathering ceases in December or January, the seringueiro has other
+important work to do. Roads must be opened and repaired, clearings made
+in the forest, huts erected, wood cut and finally the paths set in order
+for the approaching harvest. During the rainy season, the steamer brings
+new supplies and food, which the seringueiro must buy at the =Baracâo=.
+
+Concerning the duties the seringueiro has to perform, there are special
+regulations, which prevail in most seringaes and of which written or
+printed copies are often furnished.
+
+To each seringueiro is allotted two or three estradas, each with 120
+to 200 trees. For this he pays 15 per cent of his gathering of fine
+rubber to the owner of the forest and an additional 10 per cent if he
+uses the mules for transportation. The remaining rubber belongs to the
+seringueiro in so far as he does not have to pay it for goods purchased.
+As a rule, the owner purchases a portion of the product on the spot at
+a price that is, of course, somewhat lower than is paid in Manáos, the
+remaining portion is shipped, for account of the seringueiro, to Pará
+and Manáos, and he receives the full market price for it, of course,
+after deducting freight and duties. The balance is placed to the credit
+of the seringueiro and paid to the firm representing the owner in Manáos
+or Pará. Certain items, for instance, the price of Sernamby, consisting
+of residual scraps of rubber, the seringueiro also receives in Acre. In
+some cases payments are made in rubber products, a form of payment quite
+common in other transactions.
+
+On the upper Acre, a seringueiro will usually collect in a day as much
+milk as will yield from 6 to 15 kilos of fine rubber. Two liters of this
+milk yield a kilo of dry rubber, whereas with Manihot Glaziovi, 3 liters
+are required for this. Exceptional cases occur where the seringueiro
+furnishes milk for 20 to 25 kilos of fine rubber in one day. Daily
+collections of more than 40 liters, however, a single worker can hardly
+control and he must then have an assistant for carrying and smoking. The
+yearly production of a seringueiro amounts, in the better rubber forest
+properties, to upwards of 1,000 kilos of dry rubber.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER TREE OF NEARLY FIVE METERS IN CIRCUMFERENCE.]
+
+Some owners offer a reward, such as for instance, a gold watch, for the
+most industrious and luckiest seringueiro. On the Seringal S. Francisco,
+for the crop year 1911-1912, a seringueiro won the gold watch who had
+collected 2,500 kilos. The annual highest yield of caoutchouc from
+the Castillôa was only 1,700 kilos, for the forest there in regard to
+Castillôa is already very much exhausted. Otherwise the yields of this
+rubber are more variable and higher than those of fine rubber.
+
+If the price of rubber rules high, a seringueiro has quite a considerable
+income and with a little frugality can acquire a property.
+
+If, on the other hand, the price of rubber drops below five milreis, the
+seringueiro has trouble to make both ends meet with his income and easily
+gets into debt. The supplies that he must purchase from the proprietor
+or his representative (lessee) are very expensive. The customs duties,
+the long haul and consequently high freight, the risk, the different
+losses, which the proprietor suffers through debtor workmen, and the
+occasional high price of fine rubber, which forces all prices upward,
+makes everything in upper Acre very dear.
+
+The prices of some of the most necessary supplies and goods are about as
+follows.
+
+    1 kilo mandioka flour, 2½ milreis.
+    1 kilo coffee, 4 milreis.
+    1 kilo sugar, 3 milreis.
+    1 kilo beans, 3 milreis.
+    1 kilo rice, 2½ milreis.
+    1 kilo dried meat, 5 milreis.
+    1 kilo fresh meat, 4 milreis.
+    1 chicken, 30 milreis.
+    1 dozen eggs, 10 milreis.
+    1 bottle brandy, 8 milreis.
+    1 meter goods, 3 to 6 milreis.
+    1 woolen quilt, 120 to 140 milreis.
+    1 pair boots, 40 to 60 milreis.
+    1 cake washing soap, 3½ milreis.
+    1 piece fine soap, 5 milreis.
+    1 macheté, 14 to 22 milreis.
+    1 package matches, 3 milreis.
+    1 carbine, 200 milreis.
+    1 kilo powder, 28 milreis.
+    1 kilo shot, 4 milreis.
+
+[Illustration: THE MOUTH OF THE ACRE.]
+
+1 pound sterling is now worth about 15 milreis, so that four shillings
+(about one dollar U. S.)=3 milreis.
+
+On the lower Acre, goods are much cheaper and they fall still lower down
+to Manáos, where many articles only cost one-third or one-fourth as much,
+or even less, but Manáos is nevertheless an expensive city.
+
+The large profits which fine rubber often yields, make all labor very
+dear. For this reason agriculture has developed but slowly and most food
+supplies must therefore be imported. Nevertheless cattle raising is
+constantly growing, stock being brought in from Bolivia. Bananas, the
+tubers of the sweet mandiola, beans and some vegetables are extensively
+grown, especially by Peruvians and Bolivians. Often the seringueiro will
+plant some bananas and cultivate a small patch of cleared land, but this
+is not favorably regarded by the proprietor. In some seringaes, even the
+marriage of the seringueiros is opposed; everything is directed towards
+obtaining the largest possible quantity of fine rubber.
+
+Although the Acre is not very full of fish, fishing, in the dry season,
+is attended with some success, which particularly benefits dwellers
+on the banks of the river. Hunting also, in some sections, furnishes
+residents with fresh meat. As animals of the chase may be enumerated,
+monkeys, Taca, Aguti, wild swine, small varieties of deer, sloths,
+tapirs, various wood fowl and ducks.
+
+Very different from the arrangements customary, as a rule, in the Acre,
+are the conditions in the Bolivian rubber districts, which for the most
+part are owned by a single proprietor, N. Suarez y Hermanos. He is said
+to produce 1,500 tons of fine rubber per year, and could produce more
+than four times the quantity if the entire forest concession, which
+is probably as large as South Germany, was all put in operation. One
+portion of this rubber forest is situated on the Acre, but the greater
+part includes the Southwestern tributaries of the Rio Madeira. In the
+properties on the Acre, the working methods are adapted to Brazilian
+customs, especially where Brazilian seringueiros are employed.
+
+While in the Seringaes, trade is conducted mostly through the Baracâos,
+there are in some places, notably in Cobija, Hapury and Empreza, various
+business houses, through which the owners of seringaes, captains of
+ships and other persons, can supply their wants, for before the steamer
+returns, there is often a scarcity in some products.
+
+[Illustration: THE ACRE SEEN FROM COBIJA ON THE BOLIVIAN FRONTIER.]
+
+The retail trade is mainly in the hands of so-called Turks, various
+Orientals, from Syria, Arabia, Tunis and Morocco. They have large boats,
+propelled by poles and oars and which contain the goods in a covered
+space. These Turks travel as pedlars for years about on the rivers,
+selling their goods for money or rubber. This commerce is designated
+=Regatao= and is not favored by proprietors, who sometimes forbid
+stopping in their territory. The seringueiro can not only buy cheaper of
+them, but can dispose of caoutchouc surreptitiously.
+
+Those who encounter favorable conditions on the Acre, who are diligent
+and economical, can, by working in the rubber industry, or in any other
+field of activity, soon acquire a property. The majority, however,
+squander their earnings on trips to Manáos, Pará or Ceará, or suffer from
+sickness.
+
+Although hygienic conditions on the Acre have improved with the times
+and there are numerous healthy localities, malaria still prevails there
+a great deal, and other diseases, notably beriberi, are often fatally
+prevalent. Many privations, caused by the difficulties of travel, and
+a certain amount of luxury, made possible by the large earnings, often
+contrast with one another.
+
+From Acre, during the year, about 5,000 tons of fine rubber, inclusive of
+other rubber products, are exported, of which certainly a portion comes
+from the adjacent territory.
+
+This quantity, according to the price of rubber, will represent a value
+of 20,000 to 75,000 contos of réis, about $5,000,000 to $15,000,000.
+These are figures that play a part in the total output of rubber, the
+importance of which is increased by its quality.
+
+
+THE ACRE TERRITORY.
+
+Previous to the Treaty of Petropolis, in 1903, between Brazil and
+Bolivia, the Acre Territory formed part of the State of Amazonas, one
+portion being, in fact, still in dispute. By virtue of this treaty the
+Acre Territory became Brazilian, Brazil in exchange paying £2,000,000
+to Bolivia, an indemnity to an American syndicate, and undertaking to
+construct the Madeira Mamoré Railway.
+
+The Congress then empowered the Federal authorities to administer the
+Territory until the question should be finally settled.
+
+The administration is much the same as that of the other States. Recent
+laws have tended to decentralize the administration, the latest being one
+giving municipal independence. The three provinces of the Territory are:
+
+    Upper Purús (capital Senna Madureira),
+    Upper Juruá (capital Cruzeiro do Sul), and
+    Upper Acre (capital Empreza).
+
+[Illustration: TRANSPORT OF RUBBER BISCUITS.]
+
+The only product and export is rubber, the proportions during 1911 being:
+
+    Upper Purús  4,042,000 kilos
+    Upper Juruá  3,008,000 kilos
+    Upper Acre   3,526,000 kilos
+
+One of the most serious questions has been that relating to the ownership
+of land. The Federal Congress is prepared to solve this problem
+satisfactorily, by recognizing bona-fide holdings dating from before the
+Treaty of Petropolis, giving preference to property deeds granted by the
+State of Amazonas, next to those given by the Republic of Bolivia during
+its brief occupation, and then to any possession obtained in good faith
+during the whole interregnum, up to the date of the last law passed.
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
+
+For the protection of Brazilian rubber, and in order to facilitate and
+develop its culture, as well as its final handling, a Federal law was
+passed on January 5th of the current year. (No. 2513 A.)
+
+Its principal measures are especially concerned with Amazon rubber and
+the country in which it is produced, viz.: the States of Amazonas and
+Matto-Grosso and the Acre Territory. The scheme embraces the construction
+of railways and roads, the clearing of rivers, reduction of import duties
+and of dues on river navigation, the establishing of coal depots, living
+accommodation for laborers, centres for the production of foodstuff,
+model cattle farms, prizes to rubber planters and exemption from import
+duties on all material for rubber working.
+
+Besides the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which benefits principally the
+Madeira River district of Matto-Grosso, and a further branch of the same
+railway, now in course of construction, and which is intended to open
+up the Bolivian district of the Beni River, the Brazilian Government
+will construct another railroad (in the route of which the Commercial
+Association has suggested some alterations) to commence from Manáos and
+to work through the region of the Rio Branco, to link up with the English
+railroad already constructed in British Guiana up to the Brazilian
+boundary. This railway will open up to the State of Amazonas a huge
+tract of country admirably suited to agriculture of all kinds, and to
+colonization by Europeans.
+
+The Association Commercial will also propose the construction of a
+further railroad to communicate by means of branch lines with the various
+provinces of the Acre Territory, in order to bring the product of that
+region to the lower Purús River, at a point which will admit of free
+access to steamers of deep draft to and from Manáos.
+
+[Illustration: THE UPPER ACRE SEEN FROM PATAGONIA.]
+
+
+DR. CERQUEIRA PINTO’S PROCESS
+
+
+EXTRA FINE PARÁ
+
+This rubber was cured for export in the rubber estate “IRACEMA,” in the
+Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, by Dr. Cerqueira Pinto’s process of
+smokeless coagulation. (See The India Rubber World, August 1, 1909, page
+396, and copy of the same journal of 1st September, the same year, page
+435.)
+
+The enclosed sample contains 68 kilos and belongs to the lot of 5,000
+kilos (11,025 lbs.) that Dr. Cerqueira Pinto holds to be sold in New York.
+
+Dr. Cerqueira Pinto’s process is one of coagulation of the latex of
+the “=Hevea Brasiliensis=” by an ingredient patented by the Brazilian
+Government—“=LACTINA=”—absolutely free of any acid.
+
+The latex after the coagulation is pressed through a cylinder in order to
+dry out.
+
+This rubber was tested and classified as of STANDARD type by the
+Government of the United States of America.
+
+It offers the resistance of 2,010 pounds per square inch according to
+the experiments made by The Manhattan Rubber Company in July, 1909. This
+rubber means a saving to the manufacturer of at least 20 per cent, in the
+opinion of the Favorite Rubber Mfg. Co. of New Jersey and of 25 per cent,
+as per the analysis made in London.
+
+The author of this process calls the Jury’s attention to his rubbers and
+is willing to furnish with the sufficient quantity in order to prove to
+the entire satisfaction of his assertions. It vulcanizes as well by acid
+as by vapor. Dr. Cerqueira Pinto will prepare, during the Exposition,
+in September, before the public and the manufacturers, his rubbers with
+both Hevea and Castillôa latexes, yield of the trees in October, 1911,
+in the Federal Acre, Brazil. He shall present as well a large quantity
+of similar rubbers cured by the author on different occasions. They are
+true rubbers of commerce cured for export. They are clothed by a vegetal
+varnish, soluble in water, which is also a discovery of Dr. Cerqueira
+Pinto, to prevent the mould.
+
+
+CASTILLÔA OR CAUCHO.
+
+Prepared by the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira Pinto. (See the India
+Rubber World of September 1st, 1909, page 435).
+
+The included sample weighs 68 kilos. The author holds 1,400 pounds of
+this quality to be sold in New York market.
+
+The article was cured by rubber laborers of the estate “Iracema” in the
+Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, during the months of July to December,
+1911. They are rubbers of commerce and cured for export.
+
+[Illustration: COURTYARD OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE MESSRS. SUAREZ Y
+HERMANOS, FILLED WITH RUBBER BISCUITS READY FOR SHIPMENT.]
+
+[Illustration: THE TOWN OF HAPURY.]
+
+[Illustration: SETTLEMENT OF PORTO AUCAO WITH MULES CARRYING MERCHANDISE
+TO THE INTERIOR.]
+
+[Illustration: SETTLEMENT OF MONTE MO.]
+
+[Illustration: SERINGUEIRO CARRYING LATEX.]
+
+
+
+
+THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO
+
+[Illustration: BALLS OF RUBBER.]
+
+
+
+
+THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO IN THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXPOSITION IN
+NEW YORK, 1912
+
+BY LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS
+
+Dr. Joaquim Augusto da Costa Marques, President of the State of Matto
+Grosso, 1911-1915
+
+The State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, at the Third International Rubber
+Exposition in New York, 1912
+
+
+Of the twenty states composing the Republic of the United States of
+Brazil, Matto Grosso is second to the largest in its territorial
+extension. It is situated south of the States Amazon and Pará, having
+on the East the States of Goyaz, S. Paulo and Paraná, on the South the
+Republic of Paraguay, and on the West Bolivia.
+
+It embraces on the map that portion of the earth’s surface which
+extends, approximately from the fourth degree South of the Equator
+to the Tropic of Capricorn. Its immense area is about 50,175 square
+leagues, or according to Mr. Candido Mendes it has an area of 1,379,651
+square meters. Its population is actually about 350,000, not including
+a considerable number of uncivilized Indians, whose improvement is
+carried steadily forward by the united efforts of the State and Federal
+Governments.
+
+Without mentioning its capital, the principal cities of the State are
+Corumbá, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioae, Focoué, Santa Aunade
+Paranabyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento, and the new and recently
+incorporated municipality, S. Antonio de Rio Madeira. Its capital,
+Cuyabá, is situated on the left bank of the river of the same name, 288
+meters above sea level, and owes its origin to the Paulistas, who formed
+colonies in the western part of Brazil during the first part of the
+Eighteenth Century.
+
+In 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral ascending the River Coxipé Mirim, founded
+on the left bank of this stream a village which was called Forquilha,
+but to-day is the city of Cuyabá, where in those early days a rich gold
+mine was discovered. In those days, according to Elysée Reclus, the vast
+region of Matto Grosso, was hardly anything except a narrow, ordinary
+zone, nothing more than an immense solitude of undefined limits and
+unknown, but given over to Indians and wild beasts. It was joined to the
+rest of Brazil by the lonely paths of hunters, and by channels of the
+rivers that had their origin there. Really in those days communication
+with the remainder of Brazil was as difficult as with Matto Grosso. It
+is within the memory of many and known to those who read the history
+of Brazil, that it was impossible for the troops who were enrolled and
+equipped in the coast provinces, to go directly to the aid of their
+compatriots in Matto Grosso, when the Brazilian people had to respond to
+the declaration of war by Paraguay.
+
+With the thousands of obstructions in their path, a portion of the army
+composed of 3,000 men, which left Rio de Janeiro in April, 1865, and
+which could only be organized in Uberaba, in the upper basin of Paraná,
+was reduced to about 700, when it arrived at that safe and impregnable
+place.
+
+The war with Paraguay being ended, there is no doubt that the victory
+gained by Brazil opened wide the ports of Matto Grosso, for the natural
+declivity of the soil, the course of the streams, with the free river
+navigation, guaranteed by her triumph, established a regular line of
+packets between Rio de Janeiro, Corumbá and Cuyabá, by way of the River
+La Plata, passing by Montevideo, Buenos Ayres and Assumption.
+
+The fluvial ways of the Guaporé, Madeira and Amazon were constantly
+used in the Eighteenth Century, after the exploration made by Manoel de
+Lima in 1742. Navigation by the Guaporé river to the Madeira, in short
+to S. Antonio, which is the initial point of navigation on this last
+mentioned river, is long and full of difficulties. Withal, Matto Grosso
+is gradually approaching the coasts of Brazil by means of railroads,
+such as the Northwestern Road, which will shortly unite it with Rio de
+Janeiro, and the railroad, already projected, which, parting from S. Luiz
+de Caceres, will reach the old city of Matto Grosso, where the Guaporé
+begins to be navigable, to Guajará-Mirim, the terminal point of the great
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway.
+
+In a short time, as can readily be seen, these roads will be a reality,
+the navigable rivers being united by the stretches of railroads between
+them. The Paranápanema and the Ivahy in the States of Paraná and S.
+Paulo, continue on the one side of the Paraná River, ascending the
+Ivanhema, and the Brilhante, as far as the neighboring mountains of
+Miranda, in the meridional part of Matto Grosso.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER FROM JACY PARANÁ OF FIDEL BACA & CO. READY TO BE
+PUT IN BOATS TO BE TAKEN TO A STATION OF THE MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+The magnificent regions of Matto Grosso promise in the near future,
+to be great centers of population and consequently a future focus of
+civilization by probable fusion of the different elements of immigration,
+which will certainly come together there in the flight of time, and the
+increased facilities in the way of transportation. Somewhere it has been
+said, that colonization without doubt will come from the South, from
+Paraguay and Argentina; but at the present time, with the completion
+of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway, undoubtedly colonization will also come
+from the North, communication being facilitated by the Amazon River,
+the Madeira being one of its tributaries, on the right bank of which is
+situated Porto Velho, the initial point of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway.
+These effects are already commencing to produce results as may be seen
+from founding of a new municipality and district of Matto Grosso, called
+the municipality of St. Antonio of the River Madeira, reached by the
+above-mentioned railway and to which region we will devote a special
+chapter later on.
+
+Already one sees the farthest northern side of Matto Grosso filling with
+people, while the southern side really contains the greater number of
+inhabitants.
+
+Matto Grosso is one of the regions of least roughness on the continent of
+South America. There are no elevations of the land which constitute real
+mountains.
+
+The elevated lands have their points of culmination in the western
+bases of the Mantiqueira, the Aymorés, and the Espinhaço, and continue,
+gradually lowering from this side to the West of Goyaz, and on the other
+side are the elevated lands at the base of the Andes, which incline to
+the East with its supports. Elysée Reclus says that an intermediary
+plain, separating the two geographical districts, goes winding in the
+form of a valley, that in other ages certainly was a maritime strait
+separating the two islands—Western Brazil and the Andes.
+
+To-day rivers run in the depression where formerly there was a sea and
+the plain is actually full of alluvial soil. The true center of South
+America is between the two cities of Cuyabá and Corumbá.
+
+To those who do not know the region, the slopes of the hills are mistaken
+for mountains and geographical maps show a chain of mountains more or
+less continuous, between the basins of the Tapajóz and the Madeira,
+between the head waters of the same Tapajóz and Paraguay and finally
+between the Tapajóz and the Araguaya. Nevertheless this semi-circular
+plain exists only in fragments, because the elevations which are found
+in the plains of the upper Paraguay and its tributaries are only a high,
+level ground of horizontal sections or slight elevations and worn away by
+the rivers which flow into the great Amazon.
+
+[Illustration: REMOVING THE BALL OF RUBBER AFTER IT HAS BEEN SMOKED.]
+
+They are rather tablelands than mountains, for they do not reach an
+elevation, except in some parts of the tableland, of more than 100
+meters, while the mean elevation of a range of mountains is 500 meters.
+
+This geographic district in the State of Matto Grosso is indifferently
+called the cordillara of Parecys, but does not present a mountainous
+aspect except on the South side. On this scarred side, the rock is
+cut into peaks, or cut away into obelisks. On the other side towards
+the Tapajóz and Xingú, a long range extends and gradually declines
+into the plains of the State of Amazonas. D’Orbiguy found in the high
+northern part of Matto Grosso, the existence of beds pertaining to the
+carboniferous age and corresponding to rocks of the same nature which
+on the opposite side of that region are found in the Bolivian bases of
+the Sierra of Santa Cruz. After this Hart and Derby verified the fact
+that the southern parts of the Araxá, which are the elevated borders of
+the tableland, date probably from paleozoic epochs, and there are found
+the carboniferous, devonian and silurian beds. Fossil beds found by the
+Geologist Smith below the hillocks of the plains, 50 kilometers east of
+Cuyabá, place these facts beyond doubt. More to the North is the zone
+of the rocky places, which in links cut the Madeira, Tapajóz, Xingú,
+Tocatius and their tributaries, the walls denuded by erosion, are all
+of the crystalline formation, granite, gueis, porphory and quartzite.
+The elevations that unroll in the direction of the South, between the
+sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya, following between the Paraguay and
+the Paraná, do not present the same characteristics as the tablelands of
+the North. The high parts of Western Matto Grosso were separated from
+the East and West sides and devastated by lateral excavations, take in
+certain places the aspects of true mountain chains, and for this reason
+they are named, from the North to the South, the Sierras of S. Jeronimo,
+Maracajú and Anhauhaly.
+
+Eruptive rocks, called basaltic in this country, probably porphyritic
+rend the beds of sandstone, of which the mountains are composed and
+appear to form by their disintegration “red lands,” similar to those
+which give the farmers of S. Paulo their abundant harvests of coffee.
+
+In a sort of circle limited by a semicircle of elevations isolated
+masses have been lifted up, rocks whose outlines, seen from a distance,
+have a perfect regularity. The hills proper, for the greater part, have
+geometrical forms, which it should be said, great forces have crumbled,
+leaving smooth walls like the sides of pyramids. The tops of the
+tablelands, as well as summits, have been maimed by a force certainly
+corresponding to the other summits, which now may be seen as part of
+the same prairie. According to Taunay, who traveled over the country,
+these masses of sandstone in horizontal beds regularly placed one above
+another, are formed of marshy sediment deposited by the sea of fresh
+water, which in former times covered this region.
+
+[Illustration: COLLECTING THE LATEX.]
+
+The ruins of these hills and slopes contributed also to change the
+physiognomy of the landscape. These excoriations were picked up and
+dragged by the rivers, to form new beds and soil, and much rock
+disappeared below the continued crumbling of the mountains. Others
+show nothing except their summits above the land of recent formation.
+Masses that held them to the tablelands and the chains of the interior
+are separated from them, because their bases are buried and they emerge
+abruptly from the soil. These distinctive peaks to which the name of
+=itambea= has been given, raise their heads above a sea of trees, like
+some great buildings erected by the hand of man. To the East, the
+southern part of Matto Grosso, they range themselves in files and group
+themselves in archipelagoes, each time becoming higher and more numerous.
+The part that goes towards the West are solitary peaks on the circle of
+the horizon and may be seen along the banks of the River Paraguay, and
+even on the other side of the same.
+
+The Upper Guaporé, Itenez of the Bolivians, although situated in the
+immense basin of the Amazon as a tributary to the Madeira River by the
+Mamoré, belongs to the State of Matto Grosso, for the city of this name
+was founded on its banks and nearly the whole population of the state
+accumulated in this depression, through whose western half the river
+finds its way. Its principal source is very obscure. It rises in a grotto
+along the border of the Araxá, and takes first a southerly course,
+parallel to other rivers which descend towards Paraguay. On leaving the
+last hills it curves to the West, and afterwards to the Northwest, where
+already enlarged by numerous tributaries it crosses the plain, where
+there is found the city named at its founding Villa Bella and to-day
+called Matto Grosso.
+
+The Paraguay is one of the most known rivers of South America, as a way
+of navigation, as Elysée Reclus affirms. Few rivers have such a slight
+declination in proportion to their length. Castelnaw says that it rises
+at an altitude of 305 meters, in places where tranquil waters glide
+slowly to the sea, the altitude of the land being scarcely 200 meters.
+At a point 4,000 kilometers from the sea, the declination is scarcely 5
+centimeters. Therefore, steamers of light draft can freely ascend to the
+confines of Brazil, far to the North of the two Republics of Argentine
+and Paraguay and arrive at the base of the tableland by the principal
+river and its tributaries, Jaurú, Sepotuba, Cuyabá, S. Lourenço and
+Taquary. The Paraguay presents another notable phenomenon, which is the
+crossing its sources with those of the tributaries of the Amazon.
+
+[Illustration: SMOKING RUBBER.]
+
+The River Jaurú approaches the Guaporé so closely that it would be easy
+to make a canal from the waters of this western river to a tributary
+of the Jaurú. Another tributary of the Paraguay, the Aguapehy, is only
+separated from the Alegre River, which flows by the old city of Villa
+Bella, to-day called Matto Grosso, by a low and narrow isthmus, which
+according to Leverger measures 5,280 meters. During 1772, and even later,
+it was proposed to cut a canal at different places in this isthmus, but
+the work was never done because of the little commerce of that locality.
+Certainly, railroads, in the near future, will supply the absence of a
+canal and will join Montevideo to Pará, passing through the larger part
+of the State of Matto Grosso, and by a continental navigable water way of
+8,300 kilometers, as Bartholomo Bossi says.
+
+The Paraguay River has as its principal tributaries the S. Lourenço,
+enlarged by the waters of the Cuyabá, the Taquary, the Mondego, and
+the Apá, the last marking the boundary between Brazil and the Republic
+of Paraguay. At the time of the floods, its level, and that of its
+tributaries, rises 10 to 11 meters and overflows to the right and the
+left, forming a temporary sea, which extends to great distances, being
+lost to sight and continuing in lakes. The first Spanish explorers gave
+it the name of Lake Xarayes, in its lower section, where it receives the
+nearly dormant waters of its principal tributaries. This lake is about
+600 kilometers in length from North to South, between the mouths of Jaurú
+and the hills of “Fecho-dos-Morros,” and in certain places reaches a
+width of 250 kilometers.
+
+It is not permanent, as you already know, but at certain seasons of the
+year there are overflows, which the Indians called bays and rightly, for
+here there were bays of an ancient sea, which to-day are nearly dry,
+and most of these lakes are in constant communication with the Paraguay
+River, either by underground openings, or by long canals. These latter
+are called the lakes of Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. Some
+of these lakes contain only fresh water from the overflowing rivers,
+while others being ancient cavities are now filled with salt water, and
+have in their depths beds of salt, which give to the liquid a soapy
+characteristic. It is singular that this contrast by nature of fresh and
+salt water is also found in the lands of the vast plains, and thus it is,
+that these extensive fields, covered by a rich alluvial soil, bear heavy
+forests. Here the agriculturist can certainly obtain marvelous harvests.
+It is certainly true that these fields of Matto Grosso will serve for
+agriculture as well as pastoral industry.
+
+The height of the lands, formed in the center of this vast valley,
+hinders the tributary from remaining in a regular channel, and the waters
+escaping from both sides ramify in a labyrinth of rivers and false
+rivers. The lateral branches follow in the zones of the lakes, to the
+confluence of the Taquary and Miranda Rivers, which descend from the
+mountains on the East. These receive in the upper region, a tributary
+called the Coxim, which travelers consider one of the most picturesque
+rivers of Brazil. It is curious to see, in some places, the waters of the
+Coxim crowded between perpendicular walls 50 meters in height and the
+small vessels floating on their bosom at the bottom of an opening not
+more than 10 or 12 meters in width.
+
+
+THE CLIMATE
+
+The climate of Matto Grosso is relatively warm in the lower parts and
+those overflowed by the high waters of the Paraguay and other rivers.
+In the region of the tablelands the climate is cool and healthy. The
+movement of the air columns is determined by the open passage way between
+the Andes mountains and the highlands of Brazil, as well as in the center
+of the South American continent, and are held by it. The warm winds,
+coming from the region of the Amazon, are succeeded in the Winter time
+by the winds which blow from the cool pampas. In the high parts of the
+circle of hills and mountains which surround the tablelands of Matto
+Grosso, the cold goes below the freezing point. The copious rains brought
+by the cooling winds refresh the central tablelands of Brazil and then
+dash themselves against the sides of the Andes. They fall with great
+regularity in the Summer and are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms.
+According to observations taken by some, the annual fall of water is 3
+meters, and in Cuyabá about 135 days of the ordinary year are rainy ones.
+
+
+ITS SITUATION
+
+The State of Matto Grosso, from its geographical situation in the
+Continent of South America, placed at the point of separation of the
+two great basins of Brazil, contains at the same time the flowers and
+faunae of the Amazon and Plata regions. Nevertheless, the tropical flora
+predominates with its infinite variety of vegetable forms in all the
+forest regions, that is to say, along the banks of the rivers, and among
+the famous species found along the shores of the River-Sea, there are few
+which are not found in the region of the Upper Guaporé, and specimens of
+which may not be seen.
+
+In no other parts, like here, will the development of Cipo’s palm be
+found. In 1875, a boundary commission discovered one of these palms
+=Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) or Des Moncus rudentum de Martins=, of
+more than 20 meters in length, with hardly the thickness of a centimeter.
+The cotton tree, tobacco, ipecac, there called “poya,” grow spontaneously
+on the plains and in the forests. The last grows abundantly in the
+forests of the Upper Jaurú and the neighboring rivers. Maté, the most
+notable product of the tablelands of the South, and which has made some
+regions rich, as the State of Paraná, grows here spontaneously between
+the Rivers Miranda and Apá, without speaking of the seringa, which is
+found in immense and thick forests in a district that extends from Cuyabá
+to Madeira and which will be the special subject of this leaflet.
+
+The woods for building are very abundant and of a great variety, such as
+Brazil wood, Jacarandá, Peroba, Canella, Cedro, Jequitibá, Massaran-duba,
+Arco, Ferro, Setim and Vinhatico.
+
+Among the animals are found deer, tapir, panther, and also a large number
+of small animals usually found in tropical regions. The fowls and birds
+along the streams and the songsters in the forests are, because of their
+variety, almost innumerable. The ostrich is found in the region of the
+pampas and on the margins of the upper Paraguay. There are many varieties
+of fish in the large and small rivers.
+
+In the mineral kingdom, the State of Matto Grosso has numerous mines
+of gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, mercury, coal, iron, precious
+stones, diamonds, etc. There are already four English companies
+developing gold mines. There is also granite, crystal, malacacheta,
+limestone, sal-geunna, etc. Finally, in the region of the Araxá, there
+are sulphur mineral springs.
+
+In Matto Grosso are found the largest cattle ranches, not only as to
+their territorial extent, but also as to the number of horses and cattle,
+some of them numbering 100,000 head. The number of cattle is calculated
+to be 2,000,500,000 head. Although the transportation of cattle from
+Matto Grosso to Rio de Janeiro is difficult, it is generally done by
+a road running West to Uberaba, where they pass the Winter season of
+two or three months and being recuperated are sent by railroad to Rio
+de Janeiro. Hence it is easy to see that with the completion of the
+Northwestern Railway of Brazil, the problem of transportation to the
+coast will be solved. Also with the completion of the Madeira-Mamoré
+Railway the navigable rivers of Matto Grosso, will in short time, be
+linked with the port of Pará. Before long another railway will extend
+from S. Luiz de Caceres, the ancient city of Matto Grosso, where the
+River Guaporé commences to be navigable to Guajará-Mirim, the terminal
+point of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway. This will solve the problem of the
+transportation of cattle to the States of Amazonas, Pará, etc.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER BEING SHIPPED ON MADEIRA-MAMORÉ RAILWAY AT THE
+ESTATES OF FIDEL BACA & CO., JACY PARANÁ RIVER]
+
+From this brief exposition one concludes that the State of Matto Grosso
+is very rich in cattle and gold, diamonds and coffee, tobacco and maté,
+rubber and ipecac, and all other products of the tropical and temperate
+zone. Without doubt it will come to be one of the largest and richest
+empires of the world.
+
+Endowed with a warm climate in the North, it has in other regions
+a temperate and even cold climate. The tablelands contain a rare
+accumulation of wealth, yet little explored. Naturally people, in their
+activities and progressive conflict for a livelihood, will come here from
+all parts of the world. By their intelligence and endeavors they will
+make that part of Brazil an industrial, commercial and maritime mart.
+Here from the fusion of the different races, a great civilization will
+arise, and mankind will progress onward and upward to the final conquest
+of the land.
+
+
+RUBBER
+
+The rubber sent to this Exposition, comes from the vast regions served by
+the Rivers Machados, or Dgy-Paraná, Jamary, Jacy-Paraná, Mutum-Paraná,
+Paca-Nova and Guaporé and their tributaries, which in turn are
+tributaries of the great Madeira River, on whose right bank is situated
+the new municipality St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, installed July 2, 1912.
+
+The new municipality has the following limits: Starting at the falls of
+St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, on parallel 8° 48′, the River Madeira above;
+the River Madeira above to the mouth of the Guaporé on parallel of 12°,
+and on this parallel to its intersection with the River Camararé; on
+this river below to its confluence with the Juruema; on this river below
+to the point where it unites with the Arinos; on the parallel at this
+point which passes to its intersection with S. Manuel River; it follows
+this river down to its confluence with the Tapajóz; and from this point
+back to St. Antonio Falls, along the line that divides Matto Grosso from
+the Amazonas. All this immense territory of the new municipality is
+traversed on the North by the Madeira-Mamoré Railway, which was completed
+and opened for traffic, September 7, 1912. It starts at Porto Velho and
+terminates at Guajará-Mirim, a distance of 390 kilometers.
+
+The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, in addition to the stations already opened
+in Porto Velho, Candelaria, St. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná, Abunã, Villa
+Murtinho, and Guajará-Mirim has 46 places of stopping, which corresponds
+to the number of camps.
+
+Among the ways of communication that St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, the
+new municipality, has with the neighboring States of Amazonas and Pará,
+as well as with the capital and other cities of Matto Grosso, we would
+mention the telegraph line which the Federal Government is constructing
+along with its public road ways. There are two gangs of engineers and
+workmen engaged in the construction of the telegraph line. One started
+at St. Antonio in the North, and the other at Diamantina in the South.
+Leaving St. Antonio the telegraph line follows parallel 8° 48′ until it
+comes to the River Jamary, a distance of about 60 kilometers. Arriving
+there its course is changed to the headwaters of the Dgy-Paraná River,
+to a place called Urupá. Here it will meet and be joined to the line
+coming from the South. On June 3, 1912, at the very headwaters of the
+Dgy-Paraná River, the telegraph station of José Bonifacio was opened,
+by the gang from the South, while those from the North had, previous to
+this, opened the stations of St. Antonio do Rio Madeira and Jamary. This
+notable undertaking is under the efficient and extraordinary devotion
+of the Colonel of Engineers of the Brazilian army, Candido Roudon, who
+has a record for the construction of telegraph lines in Brazil and South
+America.
+
+Within a year, more or less, the telegraph line will follow along a
+roadway 40 meters wide, and about 200 leagues in length, extending
+from Cuyabá to St. Antonio on the Madeira River. This immense roadway
+of communication cutting all this vast interior, rich in rubber and
+gold, will have a telegraph station every 10 leagues. In Porto Velho,
+the initial point of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway, there is already
+working a wireless telegraph station of the Marconi system. There is
+daily communication with Manáos. Also with Iquitos and with the Federal
+department at Acre, Purús and Juruá.
+
+Transportation from Manáos to St. Antonio on the Madeira River is made
+in good condition and comfortable vessels. During the time of low water,
+that is during the dry season of the great Amazon and its tributaries,
+only vessels of 500 tons can ascend to those places from Manáos. In the
+time of high waters, when the valley of the entire Amazon is overflowed,
+the trans-Atlantic steamers of 7,000 to 9,000 tons, ascend in four days
+from Manáos. This has been done in the transportation of materials for
+the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway. The vessels easily
+approached and made fast to the two wharves made of wood, one of which
+is in front of the offices at Porto Velho and the other at Candelaria.
+The Government of the Republic, however, has determined to build of stone
+and lime the wharves between Porto Velho and St. Antonio on the River
+Madeira.
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER ON THE BEACH READY FOR SHIPMENT.]
+
+The small steamers which navigate during the dry season, have
+accommodations for first and third class passengers, are lighted by
+electricity, have an artificial ice plant and make the voyage from Manáos
+to Porto Velho and St. Antonio in about five days, at the average speed
+of ten miles an hour, calling at the small Amazonian ports and cities
+situated on the banks of the Madeira River. In descending the river both
+the large and small steamers make the voyage in from three to four days.
+
+The rubber from St. Antonio on the Madeira River is of the same physical
+and chemical constituents as all the rubber of the Amazon Valley. This is
+worth remembering, when we think of this new municipality in the State of
+Matto Grosso, being the frontier of the States of Amazonas and Pará.
+
+In the Manáos market, where the rubber comes by way of the Madeira River,
+and in that of Pará, which it reaches by way of River Tapajóz, it is
+always quoted at the same price and under the same conditions as those
+produced in the regions of the Amazon proper.
+
+The production has been increasing annually since 1906 and is actually
+about 2,000,000 of kilos annually. This will certainly increase to an
+amount that cannot be foretold, with the completion of the Madeira-Mamoré
+Railway, the wagon road and telegraph line and the constant improvements
+in navigation.
+
+During the first six months of the current year, the production of rubber
+was greater than for the same length of time in any year since 1907, as
+can be verified from the report annexed.
+
+In those regions, between Cuyabá and the new municipality, there exist
+rubber (seringa) forests capable of producing in one year, more than
+40,000,000 of kilos of rubber.
+
+To attain this ideal, it is only necessary that the captains of industry
+should join in the development of extraction. This fountain shoots forth
+from the earth spontaneously without the necessity of cultivation. To
+encourage and stimulate those who wish to employ there, their endeavors
+and capital, the law of the State of Matto Grosso offers special favors.
+These are offered to those who wish to develop the vast forests of
+rubber existing, as well as to those who wish to plant and cultivate the
+=Syphonia elastica=.
+
+Speaking of the Rubber Exposition soon to be held in New York, it
+is proper to call attention to the well-known fact that already the
+capitalists of North America have begun the development of that region.
+
+The large capitalist, Percival Farquhar, of North America, has already
+incorporated two rubber companies, the Muller and Guaporé, under the
+social terms of July, for the purpose not only of developing the
+extraction industry of the =hevea= braziliensis, but also for the
+different branches of agriculture necessary for the making of sugar,
+cotton cloth, etc.
+
+Actually the extraction of rubber in the vast seringaes of the
+municipality of St. Antonio of the River Madeira employ about 5,000
+workmen. This number will constantly increase, as the said municipality
+becomes the center of the currents of commerce, industry and agriculture,
+from Matto Grosso and the Republic of Bolivia.
+
+This is easy to imagine, when we see that the Madeira-Mamoré Railway
+will place it in communication to the South with S. Luiz de Caceres, by
+means of the River Guaporé, and by the railway, which, from S. Luiz de
+Caceres will extend to the ancient city of Matto Grosso, thus joining the
+basin of the Plata—by means of the Paraguay River, to the basin of the
+River Amazon. And to the West the same Madeira-Mamoré Railway, reaching
+to Ribeira-Alta, will bind the vast and rich regions of the Bolivian
+Republic to the basin of the Amazon, by means of the Madeira River.
+Presently the chief engineer and director of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway,
+Mr. H. Dose, will leave for that region, to begin the construction of the
+branch Guajará Mirim—Matto Grosso, to Ribeira Alta, Bolivia, which will
+be finished within a year and a half, and be about 100 meters long.
+
+In addition to this with the prompt construction within a year of the
+wagon—telegraphic line—roadway from Cuyabá to St. Antonio on the Madeira
+River, we can easily conclude, that the municipality of St. Antonio on
+the Madeira River, will indeed become the converging point of these great
+and strong currents of development of progress and of civilization.
+
+In conclusion it should not be forgotten that this territory herein
+described serves not only for the production of rubber, which there, as
+in the whole valley of the Amazon, is native and grows according to the
+laws of nature. It also should be mentioned that cacao and cotton are
+native, while there can be planted and cultivated, sugar cane, coffee,
+vanilla, corn, beans, rice, tobacco, potatoes, brazil nut, etc. The
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway Company has the concession of a vast amount of
+land along its line, which it proposes to plant in cacao, sugar cane,
+etc., thus improving these lands.
+
+From this description, in which we have endeavored to set forth only the
+truth, giving the facts concerning the region in question, it can be
+concluded that the new municipality of St. Antonio on the River Madeira,
+which actually exports to the markets of the world, via Pará and Manáos,
+about 2,000,000 kilos of rubber, will in a few years, with immigration
+and from other causes, export from 10 to 15,000,000 kilos.
+
+The author of this article asks indulgence for any shortcomings it may
+contain, as it was written in the spare moments he could find, while
+laboriously collecting the samples of rubber and putting them on board
+the steamer at Manáos for New York.
+
+[Illustration: PUTTING THE LAST LAYERS OF MILK ON THE BALL.]
+
+The samples of rubber from the State of Matto Grosso, which are seen in
+this International Rubber Exposition, have been exhibited by order of
+the Government and at the expense of the Commercial Association of the
+Amazonas.
+
+
+STATE OF MATTO GROSSO
+
+Inspection Department of the North
+
+Table showing the production of rubber in the valleys of the Madeira and
+upper Tapajóz, for the years 1907-1912, in comparison with the first six
+months of 1912:
+
+          Origin                            1907       1908       1909
+    Machado and Jamary                   1,092,454  1,252,194    910,982
+    Jacy-Paraná, Upper Madeira and Moré     98,464    152,713    150,759
+    Upper Tapajóz                          156,034    167,841    107,458
+                                         ---------  ---------  ---------
+                                         1,190,918  1,560,941  1,229,582
+
+          Origin                            1910       1911       1912
+    Machado and Jamary                   1,295,605  1,317,917  1,315,995
+    Jacy-Paraná, Upper Madeira and Moré    142,458    201,562    259,612
+    Upper Tapajóz                           73,688    113,453
+                                         ---------  ---------  ---------
+                                         1,545,521  1,593,167  1,689,060
+
+[Illustration: TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.]
+
+
+STATE OF MATTO-GROSSO
+
+The capital, Cuyabá, and the principal port, Corumbá, belong to the
+hydrographical system of the Paraguay River.
+
+The boundaries of this State, formed by the Amazon River, embrace the
+upper basin of the Madeira River, which as the result of an agreement
+with the State of Amazonas appertains to Matto-Grosso, whereas it
+previously belonged to the former State.
+
+This territory constitutes the judicial and administrative province of
+Santo Antonio do Madeira.
+
+The executive and fiscal administration is entrusted to a Fiscal Delegate
+in Manáos. The collection of duties is attended to by the State Customs
+of Amazonas.
+
+The rubber producing rivers, with total production of Matto-Grosso, are:
+
+                             1908      1909      1910       1911
+                             Kilos     Kilos     Kilos      Kilos
+    Machado and Jamary    1,253,000  911,000  1,296,000  1,318,000
+    Jacy Paraná, Upper
+      Madeira & Mamoré      153,000  150,000    143,000    202,000
+
+During the first half of the current year the production has shown
+a considerable increase, this being largely due to the opening and
+developing of the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which passes through the whole
+region of these rivers.
+
+[Illustration: BOATS GOING TO THE UPPER JACY PARANÁ RIVER TO GET RUBBER]
+
+[Illustration: WALKING THROUGH THE FOREST ESTATE OF FIDEL BACA & CO.,
+JACY PARANÁ RIVER.]
+
+
+
+
+                        ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA
+                        EXPOSIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE
+                       BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK
+
+                                   POR
+                            LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS
+
+                              NEW-YORK, 1912
+
+                   DR. JOAQUIM AUGUSTO DA COSTA MARQUES
+                   PRESIDENTE DO ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO
+                                1911-1915
+
+
+
+
+O ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA EXPOSIÇÃO DE BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK
+
+
+Dos vinte Estados que compõem a Republica dos Estados Unidos do Brasil,
+Matto-Grosso está collocado em segundo plano, pela sua extensão
+territorial situado ao Sul dos Estados do Amazonas e Pará, tendo a Leste
+os Estados de Goyaz, S. Paulo e Paraná, ao Sul a Republica do Paraguay e
+a Oeste a Republica da Bolivia.
+
+Abrange no mappa uma porção que vae approximadamente desde o 14° grao ao
+Sul do Equador até o Tropico do Capricornio. Sua área immensa é de cerca
+de 50175 leguas quadradas, segundo Candido Mendes, ou melhor, tern uma
+superficie de 1379651 kilometros quadrados.
+
+Sua população é actualmente de cerca de 350,000 habitantes, não incluindo
+consideravel numero de indios bravios, cuja cathechese se procede com
+afinco, dia a dia, com o concurso simultaneo dos Governos Federal e
+Estadoal.
+
+Sem contar a Capital, as cidades principaes do Estado são Corumbá, S.
+Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioac, Poconé, Sant’ Anna de Paranahyba,
+Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento e o novo Municipio recentemente
+installado de Sto. Antonio do Rio Madeira.
+
+Cuyabá, sua capital, está situada á margem esquerda do rio do mesmo nome,
+a 288 metros acima do nivel do mar, e deve as suas origens aos Paulistas
+que formaram as legendarias bandeiras e que percorreram o Brasil
+Occidental no começo do seculo XVIII.
+
+Em 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral subindo o Rio Coxipó Mirim, fundou á
+margem esquerda d’esta corrente uma povoação que denominou Forquilha,
+hoje a cidade de Cuyabá, onde naquelles tempos se descobriu uma rica mina
+de ouro.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Em outros tempos, conforme Elysée Reclus, a vastissima região de
+Matto-Grosso era apenas, salvo uma estreita zona mediana, não mais que
+uma immensa solidão de limites indecisos e senão desconhecidos pelo
+menos ainda entregues aos indios e ás feras, a qual se ligava ao resto
+do Brasil por simples picadas de caçadores e pelos cursos dos rios que
+ali nascem. Realmente em outros tempos eram tamanhas as difficuldades de
+communicação do resto do paiz com Matto-Grosso, que ainda está na memoria
+de muitos e no conhecimento dos que leem as paginas da Historia do
+Brasil, a impossibilidade que tiveram as tropas reunidas nas provincias
+do littoral para irem soccorrer directamente seus compatriotas de
+Matto-Grosso, quando a nação brazileira teve de responder á declaração de
+guerra do Paraguay.
+
+[Illustration: A RUBBER GATHERER MAKING A RUBBER SACK BY COVERING CANVAS
+WITH LIQUID RUBBER.]
+
+Com os mil estorvos da travessia, o corpo de exercito composto de 3000
+homens que partiu em Abril de 1865 do Rio de Janeiro e que só poude
+organisarse em Uberaba, na bacia superior do Paraná, estava reduzido
+apenas a 700 homens quando chegou a ponto inatacavel e seguro.
+
+Vencida, porem, a guerra com o Paraguay, não ha nenhuma duvida que a
+victoria do Brasil escancarou-lhe as portas de Matto-Grosso, pois que o
+declive natural do solo e o curso das aguas com a liberdade da navegação
+fluvial, garantida pelo triumpho, estabeleceu um serviço regular de
+paquetes do Rio de Janeiro a Corumbá e Cuyabá, pela via do Rio da Prata,
+passando por Montevideo, Buenos Ayres e Assumpção.
+
+O caminho fluvial do Guaporé, Madeira e Amazonas foi muito utilisado no
+seculo XVIII, depois da exploração feita por Manoel de Lima em 1742. A
+navegação pelo Rio Guaporé até o Rio Madeira, até enfim Sto. Antonio,
+que é o ponto inicial da navegação d’este ultimo rio, é longa e cheia de
+fadiga.
+
+Comtudo Matto-Grosso vae gradualmente se approximando do litoral do
+Brasil por meio de estradas de ferro, taes como a Noroeste do Brasil
+que ligal-o-á dentro em breve ao Rio de Janeiro e a estrada de ferro
+já projectada que partindo de S. Luiz de Caceres irá até a antiga
+cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde o rio Guaporé começa a ser navegavel até
+Guajará-Mirim, ponto terminal da grande via Madeira-Mamoré Railway.
+
+Dentro de pouco tempo, como se vê, as estradas mixtas serão una
+realidade, comprehendendo rios navegaveis por vapores e os trechos de
+communicação entre estes rios. O Paranápanema e o Ivahy, nos Estados
+do Paraná e S. Paulo continuam para outro lado do rio Paraná subindo
+o Ivinhema e o Brilhante, até as visinhas montanhas de Miranda, na
+parte meridional de Matto-Grosso. As magnificas regiões de Matto-Grosso
+promettem ser de futuro, e futuro já bem proximo, um grande centro de
+povoamento, e conseguintemente um futuro foco de civilisação, pela
+provavel fusão dos diversos elementos de immigração que para alli
+certamente concorrorem com o correr dos tempos e a facilidade que forem
+apresentando cada vez mais os meios de communicação. Algures se disse,
+que a colonisação far-se-ha sem duvida pelo Sul, pelo lado do Paraguay e
+da Argentina; mas nos dias que correm, com a presença da Madeira Mamoré
+Railway, indubitavelmente a colonisação darse-á tambem pelo Norte,
+facilitada a communicação pelo Rio Amazonas, de que é um dos affluentes
+o Madeira, á margem direita do qual está Porto Velho, ponto inicial da
+mesma Madeira Mamoré Railway. E estes effeitos já se começam a produzir
+com a fundação de um novo Municipio e Comarca de Matto-Grosso, que é
+o Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, cortado pela referida via
+ferrea e a cuja região dedicaremos adiante um capitulo especial.
+
+Já vae portanto se enchendo de população a extremidade da vertente
+septentrional do territorio de Matto-Grosso, postoque a da vertente
+meridional é realmente a que contem maior numero de habitantes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Matto-Grosso é uma das regiões de menor relevo do continente da America
+do Sul; alli não se encontram elevações de terreno que constituam
+verdadeiras montanhas.
+
+As terras elevadas do Brasil tem os seus pontos de culminancia nas
+cadeias orientaes da Mantiqueira, dos Aymorés e de Espinhaço e vão-se
+abaixando proporcionalmente d’este lado para o Oeste do Estado de Goyaz e
+do outro lado são as elevadas massas da cadeia dos Andes que se inclinam
+para Leste com os seus contrafortes. Diz Elysée Reclus, que separando os
+dois systemas orographicos, vae serpeando em forma de valle uma planicie
+intermediaria, que certamente foi outr’ora um estreito maritimo separando
+as duas ilhas—Brasil Oriental e Andes.
+
+Hoje correm aguas fluviaes na depressão por onde passaram outr’ora as
+aguas marinhas e a planicie está cheia actualmente de suas alluviôes. O
+verdadeiro centro da America do Sul está entre as duas cidades de Cuyabá
+e Corumbá.
+
+Pará os que desconhecem a região, as vertentes são as vezes confundidas
+com as serras, e em cartas geographicas se desenha uma cadeia de
+montanhas mais ou menos continua, entre as bacias do Tapajóz e do
+Madeira, entre as nascentes do mesmo Tapajóz e do Paraguay em seguida,
+e finalmente entre ainda o Tapajóz e o Araguaya. Comtudo este relevo
+semicircular não existe senão fragmentado, pois que as elevações que
+dominam as planicies do alto Paraguay e seus affluentes são na realidade
+um alto =chapadao= de extractos horisontaes ou mui ligeiramente
+inclinados e carcomidos pelos rios que descem para o grande Amazonas.
+
+São antes =taboleiros= que montanhas, ou ao menos estas não se elevam
+senão em alguns pontos do grande planalto, attingindo, aqui e alem, uns
+mil metros de altura, emquanto a elevação media do proprio paredão é de
+quinhentos metros.
+
+Assim, o conjuncto orographico do Estado de Matto-Grosso chamado
+indifferentemente cordilheira dos Parecys, não apresenta aspecto
+montanhoso senão para o lado do Sul; n’esta face escarpada, a rocha
+é talhada a pique ou recortada em agulhas, mas do outro lado para o
+Tapajóz e Xingú, uma encosta longa se estende e vae morrer gradualmente
+nas planicies do Estado do Amazonas.
+
+D’Orbigny reconheceu na eminencia da parte septentrional do Estado de
+Matto-Grosso a existencia de camadas pertencentes á edade carbonifera
+e correspondendo ás rochas da mesma natureza, que do lado opposto da
+região se apresenta nos contrafortes bolivianos de Santa Cruz de la
+Sierra. Depois d’este, Hart e Derby verificaram que as partes meridionaes
+do Araxá, que são as bordas elevadas do planalto, datam provavelmente
+das epochas paleozoicas, e que alli estão representadas as camadas
+carboniferas devonianas e siluricas. Leitos fossiliferos encontrados
+pelo geologo Smith abaixo das collinas da Chapada, 50 kilometros á Leste
+de Cuyabá, puzeram fora de duvida estes factos. Mais ao Norte, na zona
+de rochedos que em travessões cortam o Madeira, o Tapajóz, o Xingú, o
+Tocantins e seus affluentes, as paredes desnudadas pela erosão são todas
+de formação crystallina: granitos, gneis, porphiros e quartzitos.
+
+As elevações que se desenvolvem na direcção do Sul entre as nascentes
+do Paraguay e as do Araguaya, em seguida entre o Paraguay e o Paraná,
+não apresentam as mesmas caracteristicas dos planaltos do Norte. As
+eminencias da parte Oriental do Estado de Matto-Grosso foram esbarancadas
+dos dois lados a Leste e Oeste e devastadas por estas excavações
+lateraes, tomam em certos pontos o aspecto de verdadeiras cadeias de
+montanhas, e assim é que desenham-se do Norte ao Sul as serras de S.
+Jeronymo, do Maracajú e Anhanbahy.
+
+Rochas eruptivas, chamadas no paiz =bassaltos=, provavelmente
+porphyricas, romperam as camadas de grez que compõem as montanhas e
+parece que formaram pela sua desaggregação “terras roxas,” analogas ás
+que dão aos fazendeiros de S. Paulo tão copiosas colheitas de café.
+
+Na especie de circo limitado pelo semi-circulo das elevações levantam
+se massiços isolados, rochas, cujos extractos, visiveis de longe, têm
+uma regularidade perfeita. Os proprios morros têm pela maior parte
+formas geometricas: dir-se-ia que se esboroaram vastos lanços, deixando
+paredões lisos, eguaes aos flancos de uma pyramide. Os cumes horizontaes
+como se as pontas tivessem sido decepadas por um instrumento cortante
+correspondem a outros cumes, e vê se que outr’ora faziam parte de um
+mesmo =chapadao=. Segundo Taunay, que percorreu o paiz, estes massiços de
+grez, de camadas horizontaes e regularmente superpostas, são formados de
+sedimentos lacustres coados pelo mar de agua doce que outr’ora cobriu a
+região.
+
+[Illustration: HUT OF RUBBER GATHERERS ON THE UPPER ACRE.]
+
+As ruinas d’estes paredões e das escarpas contribuiram tambem para mudar
+a phisionomia da paysagem. Os escombros, apanhados e arrastados pelos
+rios, foram revestir de camadas novas o solo, e muitas saliencias de
+pedras desappareceram debaixo dos restos esmigalhados das montanhas e
+outras não mostram senão as pontas por cima doz terrenos de formação mais
+recente. Massiços que se prendiam aos planaltos e ás cadeias do interior
+estão agora separados d’ellas, porque suas bases se acham soterradas e
+elles emergem abruptamente do solo. Estes picos distinctos aos quaes se
+deu o nome de =itambés=, erigem seus cabeços por cima dum mar de arvores
+comparaveis a gigantescos edificios erguidos pela mão do homem. A Leste
+da parte meridional de Matto-Grosso, elles enfileiramse e agrupam-se em
+archipelagos, depois cada vez mais altos e menos numerosos, á proporção
+que se caminha para Oeste, ou completamente solitarios no circulo do
+horizonte, apparecem até nas margens do rio Paraguay e ainda do outro
+lado do mesmo.
+
+O alto Guaporé, Itenez dos Bolivianos, posto que comprehendido na bacia
+do immenso Amazonas, como affluente do Madeira pelo Mamoré, pertence
+especialmente ao Estado de Matto-Grosso, pois que a cidade d’este nome
+foi fundada nas suas margens e quasi toda a população de Estado se
+accumulou na depressão, cuja metade occidental este rio percorre. Sua
+principal nascente, muito ferruginosa, desponta n’uma grota junto á borda
+do Araxá, e corre primeiro na direcção do Sul, parallellamente a outros
+rios que descem para o Paraguay; mas ao deixar as ultimas collinas o
+ribeirão curva-se para Oeste, depois para Noroeste e já engrossado por
+numerosos affluentes atravessa a planicie, em que está a cidade que se
+chamou na sua fundação Villa-Bella e hoje se denomina Matto-Grosso.
+
+O Paraguay é um dos rios mais notaveis da Terra como via de navegação,
+segundo affirma Elysée Reclus; poucos têm um declive mais suave e fraco
+proporcionalmente a sua extensão. Affirma Castelnau que elle nasce na
+altitude de 305 metros; nos lugares onde as aguas tranquillas deslizam
+lentamente para o mar, a altitude dos campos é apenas de 200 metros, e
+a partir de um ponto situado a quatro mil kilometros do mar, o declive
+é apenas de cinco centimetros. D’este modo, vapores de pequeno calado
+podem subir livremente até os confins do Brasil, muito ao Norte das duas
+Republicas da Argentina e Paraguay e chegar á base do planalto pelo rio
+principal e pelos seus affluentes, Jaurú, Sepotuba, Cuyabá, S. Lourenço
+e Taquary. O Paraguay apresenta ainda um phenomeno notavel, que é o do
+cruzamento de suas nascentes com as dos affluentes do Rio Amazonas.
+
+O Jaurú approxima-se tanto do Guaporé, que seria facil passar por um
+canal as aguas do rio Occidental para um affluente do Jaurú. Outro
+tributario do Paraguay, o Aguapehy, só está separado do rio Alegre, que
+desce para a antiga cidade de Villa-Bella, hoje Matto-Grosso, por um
+isthmo de pouca largura, de fraco relevo, que segundo Leverger, mede
+2400 braças ou 5280 metros. No anno de 1772, e depois, tentou-se cavar
+um canal em pontos diversos do isthmo, masas obras não chegaram a termo
+por falta de commercio na localidade. Certamente estradas de ferro, em
+mais ou menos dias, supprirão a ausencia do canal que ligaria Montevideo
+ao Pará, passando em grande parte do Estado de Matto-Grosso, e por uma
+via continental navegavel de 8300 kilometros, segundo refere Bartholomeu
+Bossi.
+
+O rio Paraguay tern como affluentez principaes os rios S. Lourenço,
+engrossado pelas aguas do Cuyabá, o Taquary, o Mondego e o Apá, limite
+este ultimo entre o Brasil e a Republica do Paraguay.
+
+Por occasião das enchentes, seu nivel e o dos seus affluentes eleva-se
+de dez e onze metros e derrama-se á esquerda e á direita, formando um
+mar ephemero que se estende ao longe, a perder de vista e se prolonga
+em =banhados=. Os primeiros viajantes hespanhoes deram o nome de lago
+Xarayes á baixada onde se esparramam as aguas quasi dormentes dos braços
+principaes do rio. Este lago tern de extensão cerca de 600 kilometros de
+Sul a Norte, entre as boccas do Jaurú e as collinas do Fecho-dos-Morros e
+em certos pontos chega a 250 de largura.
+
+Elle não é permanente, como se pensava outr’ora, mas em qualquer epocha
+do anno ha trechos alagados que os indios denominam bahias e com razão,
+pois que são bahias de um antigo mar, que hoje está meio secco, e a maior
+parte de taes lagoas está em communicação constante com o rio Paraguay,
+ora por furos lateraes, ora por longos canaes, taes como os denominados
+lagos de Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. D’entre estes lagos,
+uns não contem senão agua doce trazida pela innundação fluvial, emquanto
+outros, que são antigas cavidades outr’ora occupadas por agua do mar,
+conservam no fundo de seus leitos camadas salinas, que dão ao liquido
+um sabor caracteristico. É singular que este contraste da natureza das
+aguas doces ou salinas tambem se produza nos terrenos da vasta planicie,
+e assim é que campos extensos, cobertos de ricas alluviôes, deram
+nascimento a mattas cerradas, e o agricultor pode muito bem alli obter
+colheitas maravilhosas. É certamente por este motivo que os campos de
+Matto-Grosso tanto se prestam á industria pastoril.
+
+[Illustration: FAMILIES OF THE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES, MADEIRA MAMORÉ
+RAILWAY.]
+
+A horizontalidade do terreno, formada pelo centro da depressão do
+immenso valle, impede que o confluente se conserve em um leito regular,
+e as aguas escapando por ambos os lados ramificam-se n’um labirintho
+do rios e falsos rios. Os ramos lateraes seguem por entre as zonas dos
+=banhados=, até á confluencia do rio Taquary e do rio Miranda, que
+descem das montanhas de Leste, recebendo o primeiro d’estes, na região
+superior, um affluente, o Coxim, considerado pelos viajantes como um
+dos mais pittorescos rios do Brasil. É curioso ver em alguns lugares o
+Coxim estreitara-se entre paredões a pique, de 50 metros de altura, e as
+pequenas embarcações correrem sobre elle como no fundo de um vallão que
+não tem mais de 10 ou 12 metros de largura.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O clima de Matto-Grosso é relativamente quente nas regiões baixas e
+alagadas pelas enchentes dos rios, taes como Paraguay; nas regiões dos
+planaltos o clima é salubre e frio. O movimento das columnas de ar é
+determinada pela forma de corredor aberto entre a cordilheira dos Andes
+e as terras altas do Brasil, bem no centro do continente Sul Americano,
+e por elle são arrastadas; aos ventos tepidos proveniente da região
+da Amazonia, succedem no inverno ventos que sopram do frio pampa. Nas
+alturas do circo de chapadões e montanhas que rodeiam a planicie do
+Estado de Matto-Grosso, o frio desce abaixo do ponto de congelação. As
+copiosas chuvas trazidas pelo rebojo dos ventos que contornam o planalto
+central do Brasil e vem esbarrar nos primeiros contrafortes dos Andes,
+cahem com muita regularidade no verão e são frequentemente acompanhadas
+de trovoadas.
+
+Consoante alguns observadores, a queda da agua annual é de 3 metros, e em
+Cuyabá contam-se mais ou menos 135 dias de chuva por anno medio.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O Estado de Matto-Grosso, pela sua situação geographica no continente Sul
+Americano, collocado no ponto de separação das duas grandes bacias do
+Brasil, reune ao mesmo tempo as floras e as faunas da região da Amazonia
+e das regiões Platinas. Entretanto, a flora tropical predomina com sua
+infinita variedade de formas vegetaes em todas as regiões das florestas,
+isto é, á beira dos rios, e entre as especies famosas habitantes das
+margens do Rio Mar, poucas ha que não estejam representadas na região do
+alto Guaporé, ou das quaes se não encontrem congeneres.
+
+Em nenhuma parte se desenvolve como alli as palmeiras Cipós, e em 1875
+uma commissão de limites descobriu uma d’estas palmeiras =Urumbamba
+(Calamus procumbeus) ou Desmoncus rudentum= de Martius, com mais de
+200 metros de comprimento e apenas com a grossura de um centimetro!
+O algodoeiro o tabacco, a ipeccacuanha, chamada alli =poaya= nascem
+espontaneamente nas planicies e nas florestas; esta ultima sobretudo
+colhem-na nas florestas do alto Jaurú e dos rios visinhos. O mate, a
+mais notavel das plantas da zona meridional e que faz a riqueza de
+algumas regiões como do Estado do Paraná, cresce alli espontaneamente
+entre Miranda e o rio Apá, sem fallar propriamente da seringueira, que é
+encontrada em immensas e cerradas florestas n’uma extensão comprehendida
+desde Cuyabá até o Madeira, e a qual fará o assumpto especial d’este
+ligeiro exposto.
+
+[Illustration: EXCAVATING FOR THE MAMORÉ RAILWAY AT KILOMETER 263.2.]
+
+[Illustration: HOSPITAL FOR EMPLOYEES OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+As madeiras de construcção são abundantissimas e em grande variedade,
+podendo-se citar o pao-brasil, o jacarandá, a peroba, a canella, o cedro,
+o jequitibá, a massaranduba, o pao-d’arco, o pao-ferro, o pao-setim, o
+vinhatico, etc.
+
+Entre os animaes, encontram-se os veados, as antas e as onças, alem de
+um grande numero de outros pequenos, proprios das regiões tropicaes. As
+aves e os passaros, aves ribeirinhas e passaros cantores das florestas,
+são pela sua variedade quasi innumeros. A avestruz vinda das regiões dos
+pampas chegou as planicies marginaes do alto Paraguay; os peixes abundam
+n’uma riquissima e magnifica variedade nos grandes e pequenos rios.
+
+No reino mineral, o Estado de Matto-Grosso possúe minas numerosas de
+ouro, prata, platina, cobre, estanho, chumbo, mercurio, carvão de pedra,
+ferro, pedras, preciosas, diamantes, &c., existindo já quatro companhias
+inglezas na exploração de minas de ouro. Ha tambem granitos, crystal de
+rocha, malacacheta, pedra calcaria, sal-gemma, &c. Finalmente nas regiões
+do Araxá, ha fontes de aguas mineraes sulphurosas.
+
+O Estado de Matto-Grosso é a região do Brasil onde se encontram as
+maiores fazendas de gado, não só em extensão territorial, como em numero
+de cabeças de gado vaccum e cavallar, havendo algumas que contam cem mil
+cabeças. Calcula-se o numero de cabeças de gado vaccum em Matto-Grosso em
+dois bilhões e quinhentas mil.
+
+Nos dias que correm, ainda é um pouco difficil o transporte de gado de
+Matto-Grosso para o Rio de Janeiro, principalmente, e a exportação é
+feita pelo caminho de Oeste até Uberaba, onde a invernada se faz em dois
+ou trez mezes, até que os animaes se refaçam e possam ser conduzidos em
+caminho de ferro até o littoral do Rio de Janeiro. Vê-se, entretanto
+que, com a terminação da via ferrea Noroeste do Brasil, o problema do
+transporte para o littoral será resolvido, assim como a Madeira Mamoré
+Railway, contando Matto-Grosso presentemente com rios navegaveis e dentro
+de bem pouco tempo com a via ferrea de que já fallamos, de S. Luiz de
+Caceres á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde começa a ser navegavel o
+rio Guaporé até Guajará-Mirim, ponto terminal da Madeira Mamoré Railway,
+resolverá tambem o problema da exportação de gado para os Estados do
+Amazonas, Pará, &c.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+D’este leve exposto conclue-se que o territorio do Estado de Matto-Grosso
+é grandemente rico de gado e ouro, de diamante e café, de tabaco e mate,
+de borracha e ipecacuanha e de todos os productos dos tropicos e das
+zonas temperadas:—elle só bastaria para constituir um dos mais vastos e
+mais opulentos imperios do mundo!
+
+[Illustration: RUBBER STATION ON THE UPPER MADEIRA RIVER ALONGSIDE
+MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+Dotado de um clima, se bem que quente ao Norte, porem temperado e mesmo
+frio nas demais regiões, como a dos planaltos, apresentando um accumulo
+de riquezas raro e ainda pouco explorado como está, forçosamente para lá
+o homem das diversas partes da Terra, na sua constante actividade, na sua
+crescente lucta pela vida, immigrará e concorrerá com a intelligencia
+e com o esforço do trabalho, para fazer d’aquella parte do Brasil um
+grande emporio de industrias, commercio, navegação, caminhos de ferro e
+conseguintemente uma grande nascente de civilisação, donde, pela fusão
+das diversas raças, o mesmo homem surgirá sempre grande, sempre vencedor
+no immenso concerto e na elevada harmonia da Vida e da Terra!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A borracha que se vê n’esta Exposição é extrahida e vinda toda das vastas
+regiões cortadas pelos rios Machados, ou Dgy-Paraná, Jamary, Jacy-Paraná,
+Mutum-Paraná, Paca-Nova e Guaporé com seus affluentes, aquelles a seu
+turno affluentes do grande rio Madeira, em cuja margem direita está
+situado o novo Municipio e Comarca de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira,
+installado em 2 de Julho do anno corrente.
+
+O novo Municipio tem os seguintes limites: partindo da cachoeira de Sto.
+Antonio no rio Madeira, no parallelo de 8° 48′, o rio Madeira acima; o
+rio Mamoré acima até a foz do Guaporé no parallelo de 12, este parallelo
+até a sua intersecção com o rio Camararé; este rio abaixo até a sua
+confluencia no Juruema; este rio abaixo até o ponto em que se reune ao
+Arinos; o parallelo que n’este ponto passa até a sua intersecção com o
+rio S. Manuel; este rio abaixo até sua confluencia no Tapajóz; e d’este
+ponto até encontrar a cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no Rio Madeira a linha
+que extrema os territorios dos Estados de Matto-Grosso e do Amazonas.
+
+Todo o immenso territorio do novo Municipio é cortado ao Norte pela
+Madeira Mamoré Railway, que conta 365 kilometros de via ferrea já
+construidos, partindo de Porto Velho no Estado do Amazonas, distante 7
+kilometros da sede propriamente do Municipio, até Guajará-Mirim.
+
+A via ferrea Madeira Mamoré, alem das estações já construidas, em Porto
+Velho, Candelaria, Sto. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná, Abunã, Villa Murtinho e
+Guajará-Mirim, tem 46 pontos de parada que correspondem ao numero dos
+seus acampamentos.
+
+[Illustration: PORTO VELHO INITIAL POINT OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+Entre as vias de communicação do novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio
+Madeira com os visinhos Estados do Amazonas e Pará e tambem com a capital
+e outras cidades do Estado de Matto-Grosso, comecemos por dizer algo da
+linha telegraphica ora ainda em construcção por conta do Governo Federal
+e da respectiva estrada de rodagem. São duas as turmas de engenheiros e
+operarios que constroem a linha telegraphica, uma partida do Norte—Sto.
+Antonio—e outra do Sul—Diamantina. Partindo de Sto. Antonio, a linha
+telegraphica segue o parallelo 8° 48′ até encontrar o rio Jamary, n’uma
+extensão de cerca de sessenta kilometros; ahi chegando desvia se para o
+rumo das cabeceiras do rio Dgy-Paraná, no lugar denominado Urupá, onde
+se deve encontrar com a turma do Sul e onde a ligação será feita. A 3 de
+Junho de 1912 na mais alta cabeceira do rio Dgy-Paraná, já foi inaugurada
+a estação telegraphica de José Bonifacio, pela turma do Sul, emquanto
+a do Norte tambem já inaugurou em data anterior as estações de Sto.
+Antonio do rio Madeira e Jamary. Este emprehendimento notavel está sob a
+intelligencia e extraordinaria dedicação do snr. Coronel de Engenheiros
+do Exercito Brazileiro, Candido Rondon, que tem o record das construcções
+de linhas telegraphicas no Brasil e quiçá na America do Sul.
+
+Prompta dentro de um anno, mais ou menos, a linha telegraphica
+marginará uma estrada de rodagem de 40 metros de largura, de cerca de
+duzentas leguas de extensão a partir de Cuyabá até Sto. Antonio do rio
+Madeira. Esta immensa via de communicação cortando todo um vasto sertão
+sobretudo rico em borracha e ouro, terá de dez em dez leguas uma estação
+telegraphica.
+
+Em Porto Velho, ponto inicial da Madeira Mamoré Railway, ha já por sua
+vez funccionando uma poderosa estação radiographica do systema Marconi e
+que se communica diariamente com Manáos e já se tem communicado mesmo com
+Iquitos e com os Departamentos Federaes do Acre, do Purús e do Juruá.
+
+Quanto á navegação de Manáos até Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, ella é
+feita em boas condições e em navios confortaveis. Nas aguas baixas,
+isto é, nos tempos da secca do grande rio Amazonas e seus affluentes,
+sobem de Manáos até aquelles pontos os navios de tonelagem até 500,
+nos tempos de aguas altas, em que o valle do Amazonas todo se alaga,
+navios transantlaticos de 7 mil a nove mil toneladas sobem de Manáos
+até alli, em quatro dias de viagem, como já tem succedido no transporte
+de materiaes para construcção da Madeira Mamoré Railway, acostando
+facilmente em 2 caes feitos de madeira de lei, o primeiro construido em
+frente as officinas de Porto Velho e o segundo em Candelaria. Por sua vez
+o Governo da Republica está resolvido a construir um caes de pedra e cal
+entre Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio.
+
+[Illustration: IRON BRIDGE ON PARANÁ RIVER.]
+
+Os pequenos navios que navegam durante a secca dos rios, teem
+accomodações para passageiros de 1.ª e 3.ª classe, são illuminados á
+luz electrica, possuem fabricas de gelo e fazem bem a viagem de Manáos
+a Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio em cerca de 5 dias, com uma media de
+velocidade de 10 milhas por hora, fazendo escala por pequenos portos e
+cidades amazonenses, situadas nas margens do rio Madeira. Na descida
+tanto dos grandes transantlaticos como dos pequenos navios de 500
+toneladas, a viagem se faz mais rapidamente, em 3 e 4 dias.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A borracha de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira é da mesma natureza phisica
+e chimica de toda borracha do valle do Amazonas, e esta asserção salta
+á vista, quando nos lembramos que a parte do Estado de Matto-Grosso
+occupada pelo novo Municipio é justamente aquella limitrophe dos Estados
+do Amazonas e do Pará.
+
+Na parça de Manáos, para onde vem o producto pela via do rio Madeira,
+e na de Belém do Pará onde é enviada pela via do rio Tapajóz, ella é
+sempre cotada pelos mesmos preços e nas mesmas condições das produzidas
+propriamente nas regiões da Amazonia.
+
+A sua producção, que vem num crescendo desde o anno de 1906, é
+actualmente de cerca de 2 milhões de kilos annuaes, que augmentará
+certamente numa proporção—impossivel desde já de ser prevista—com a
+presença e o desenvolvimento da Madeira Mamoré Railway, da estrada de
+rodagem da linha telegraphica e os progressos constantes da navegação.
+
+No. 1ro. semestre do anno fluente a producção da borracha foi superior
+a de não importa qual seja o anno desde 1907, conforme se verifica do
+quadro estatistico annexo.
+
+N’aquellas regiões, comprehendidas desde Cuyabá até a sede do novo
+Municipio, existem seringaes capazes de produzir por si sós dentro do
+periodo de um anno, mais de quarenta milhões de kilos de borracha.
+
+Pará attingir a este ideal, bastaria que os capitaes concorressem para
+exploração de uma industria extractiva, cuja fonte brota espontaneamente
+da terra sem carencia de cultivo e para animar e estimular aquelles que
+desejam ali empregar os seus esforços e capitaes, ahi está a lei do
+Governo do Estado de Matto-Grosso, que offerece favores especiaes aos
+que, alem propriamente da exploração dos vastos seringaes já existentes,
+se quizerem dedicar ao plantio e cultivo da mesma =syphonia= elastica.
+
+Tratando-se uma exposição de borracha em New-York, é justo chamarmos
+a attenção dos que nos queiram ler para o facto bem importante da
+concorrencia que já começa dos capitaes norte-americanos para a
+exploração d’aquella região.
+
+O grande capitalists Percival Farquhar, americano do Norte, já incorporou
+duas companhias sob as razões sociaes de Julio Muller Rubber, e Guaporé
+Rubber, com o fim não só de explorar a industria extractiva de =hevea
+brasiliensis=, como tambem para os diversos ramos de agricultura
+attinentes ao fabrico do assucar, dos tecidos de algodão &c. &c.
+
+[Illustration: KILOMETER 212 MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+Actualmente a extracção da borracha nos vastos seringaes do Municipio
+de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira occupa cerca de cinco mil trabalhadores,
+mas este numero augmentará cada vez mais, positivamente, á proporção que
+o referido Municipio se for tornando o ponto de convergencia para onde
+affluirão as correntes commerciaes, industriaes e agricolas dos centros
+de Matto-Grosso e da Republica da Bolivia.
+
+Isto é facil de imaginar, quando vemos que a estrada de ferro Madeira
+Mamoré por seá em communicação para o Sul com S. Luiz de Caceres por
+meio do rio Guaporé e da estrada de ferro que de S. Luiz de Caceres irá
+até á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, ligando assim a bacia do Prata de
+intermedio o rio Paraguay—á bacia do rio Amazonas, e para Leste, a mesma
+Madeira Mamoré Railway levará os seus trilhos até Ribeira-Alta, ligando
+as vastas e riquissimas regiões da Republica Boliviana tambem á bacia do
+Amazonas, de intermedio o rio Madeira. Presentemente, parte para aquella
+região o Engenheiro chefe e Director da Madeira Mamoré Railway, Mr. H.
+Dose, que vai dar começo a construcção do referido ramal de Guajará
+Mirim—Matto-Grosso—á Ribeira Alta-Bolivia—, que ficará concluida dentro
+do praso de um anno e meio e terá cerca de cem kilometros de extensão.
+
+Accrescendo a isto ainda a construcção prompta, dentro de um anno, da
+grande estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica de Cuyabá até Sto.
+Antonio do rio Madeira, poderemos facilmente imaginar o que n’um futuro,
+que nada faz pensar será muito remoto, irá ser o novo Municipio de
+Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, como um verdadeiro e incontestavel ponto
+de convergencia de tão fortes e ricas correntes de desenvolvimento de
+progresso e de civilisação.
+
+Antes de terminar, não devemos esquecer que o territorio em questão não
+se presta somente á producção da gomma elastica, que aliás como em todo
+o valle do Amazonas é agreste e nasce á lei da natureza. Convem dizer
+que alli, alem do cacao e do algodão, que tambem são agrestes, podem ser
+plantados e cultivados a canna de assucar, o café, a baunilha, o milho, o
+feijão, o arroz, o tabaco, a batata, a castanha, &c.
+
+A propria Madeira Mamoré Railway Co., concessionaria de uma vasta faixa
+de terra á margem de sua linha ferrea, pensa em fazer o plantio do cacao,
+da canna de assucar, &c., &c., aproveitando os referidos terrenos.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+[Illustration: SECTION OF A ROAD IN USE FOR CONSTRUCTION OF MADEIRA
+MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+De tudo o que fica exposto em linhas bem ligeiras e nas quaes procuramos
+nos approximar sempre da verdade, dando noticias sobre a região em
+questão, pode-se concluir facilmente que só o novo Municipio de Sto.
+Antonio do rio Madeira, que exporta actualmente para o commercio mundial,
+via Pará e Manáos, cerca de 2 milhões de kilos de borracha, passará a
+exportar dentro de poucos annos, sobretudo com a immigração que todos os
+factores nos levam esperar, de 10 a 15 milhões.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+O auctor d’este exposto pede indulgencia para as lacunas que nelle forem
+encontradas:—foi escripto nos raros momentos livres ao trabalho fatigante
+de organisar a exposição das amostras de borracha até o respectivo
+embarque em Manáos para New-York.
+
+As amostras da borracha de Matto-Grosso que figuram no recinto da
+Exposição, são expostas por ordem do Governo, pela benemerita Associação
+Commercial do Amazonas.
+
+
+ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO
+
+DELEGACIA FISCAL DO NORTE
+
+QUADRO DEMONSTRATIVO DA PRODUCÇÃO DA BORRACHA DOS VALLES DO MADEIRA
+E ALTO TAPAJÓZ NOS ANNOS de 1907 a 1912, EM COMPARAÇÃO COM A MESMA
+PRODUCÇÃO NO PRIMEIRO SEMESTRE DE 1912.
+
+    Procedencia                        1907      1908       1909
+
+    Machado e Jamary                 1.092454  1.252194    910982
+    Jacy Paraná Alto Madeira e Moré     98464    152713    150759
+    Alto Tapajóz                                 156034    167841
+                                     --------  --------  --------
+                                     1.190918  1.560941  1.229582
+
+    Procedencia                        1910      1911      1912
+                                                         só o lo.
+                                                         semestre
+    Machado e Jamary                 1.295605  1.317917  1.315995
+    Jacy Paraná Alto Madeira e Moré    142458    201562    259612
+    Alto Tapajóz                       107458     73688    113453
+                                     --------  --------  --------
+                                     1.545521  1.593167  1.689060
+
+[Illustration: LAST CAMP IN CONSTRUCTION OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.]
+
+[Illustration: PORTO VELHO.]
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF BAHIA
+
+
+
+
+EXHIBITS OF THE STATE OF BAHIA AT THE INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION IN
+NEW YORK, 1912
+
+
+STATE OF BAHIA.
+
+1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of 100 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of 100 kilos of second quality maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of 50 kilos of superior mangabeira rubber.
+
+1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality of mangabeira rubber.
+
+1 package of 20 kilos of caucho rubber.
+
+Various statistical tables, photographs, diagrams and a panoramic view of
+the City of Bahia.
+
+Books and pamphlets concerning the natural resources of the state.
+
+
+BY S. HESS & COMPANY.
+
+Samples of the various kinds of native rubber of Bahia.
+
+Two sacks of the seed of the maniçoba rubber tree cultivated in Bahia.
+
+Specimens of the maniçoba tree.
+
+
+BY F. STEVENSON & COMPANY, LTD.
+
+1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber from Jequié.
+
+
+BY M. ULMANN & COMPANY.
+
+1 bale of 50 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of superior mangabeira rubber.
+
+1 package of caucho rubber from the State of Bahia.
+
+
+BY VON DER LINDE & COMPANY.
+
+Specimens of the various kinds of rubber, from the State of Bahia, in a
+glass case.
+
+
+BY MORAES & COMPANY.
+
+1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.
+
+
+By JOSÉ C. DA COSTA SANTOS.
+
+1 bale of superior maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of first quality maniçoba rubber.
+
+1 bale of second quality maniçoba rubber.
+
+Specimens of the various kinds of rubber of Bahia.
+
+
+STATE OF ALAGOAS.
+
+Specimens of various kinds of rubber.
+
+Specimens of the rubber grown in JARAGUA.
+
+These specimens were sent by Mr. Americo Mello, representative of the
+Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State of Alagoas.
+
+
+STATE OF PERNAMBUCO.
+
+Two large packages of the various kinds of rubber grown in the State.
+These were sent by Dr. Antonio Valenca, representative of the Commercial
+Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State of Pernambuco.
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF MINAS GERAES
+
+
+
+
+STATE OF MINAS GERAES—PROVISIONAL NOTE
+
+
+EXHIBITS
+
+1. Wild Manisoba (Manihot) Rubber in the raw and cleaned market condition.
+
+2. Planted Manisoba Rubber, viz.: (a) Fine; (b) Seconds; (c) Scrap.
+
+3. Photographs taken on the San Francisco River, the rubber region of the
+“Highlands of Brazil.”
+
+4. Photographs of Rubber Trees, viz.: (a) Manihot Glaziovii; (b) Manihot
+Heptaphylla; (c) Manihot Piauhyensis.
+
+5. Photographs of Bello Horisonte, capital of the State of Minas Geraes,
+and of other localities of importance and general interest. Maps of the
+State and Climatological Charts.
+
+
+
+
+BRAZIL DAY
+
+Saturday, September 28
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***
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+      Brazil, the land of rubber | Project Gutenberg
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***</div>
+
+<h1>Brazil, the land of rubber</h1>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="brazil-seal" style="max-width: 15.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/brazil-seal.jpg" alt="">
+</figure>
+
+<p class="titlepage larger">BRAZIL<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE</span><br>
+LAND <i>of</i> RUBBER</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smcap"><span class="smaller">at the</span><br>
+Third International Rubber and<br>
+Allied Trades Exhibition<br>
+New York<br>
+1912</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">WITH THE COMPLIMENTS OF</span><br>
+THE BRAZILIAN GOVERNMENT</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL_COURT">BRAZIL COURT</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Brazil occupies no less than ten thousand square feet of space
+on the Balcony Floor. The Exhibit is specially comprehensive.
+There is a fine archway to each entrance to the court dominated
+by the arms of the Federal Government. An Information
+Bureau is provided, at which all enquiries as to Brazilian rubber
+will be answered. The walls are hung with statistics and maps
+of the country. Close by are the offices of the Brazilian Commissioners
+and a refreshment kiosk, where the Federal Government
+dispenses Brazilian coffee to visitors. One of the first
+things to strike the eye is the huge recumbent figure of the
+Rubber Colossus, overlooking the mighty Amazon and its innumerable
+tributaries, all of them highways of the rubber collecting
+industry. From this point the visitor may, with the
+assistance of a number of pictures, 22 feet by 12 feet, take a
+bird’s eye view tour up the Amazon. Alongside these pictures
+is a unique collection from the different States of Brazil of rubber
+and other products, the preponderance of the rubber industry
+being illustrated by a fine pyramid of caoutchouc. Dotted here
+and there are life-sized models of Brazilian workmen in their
+native costumes. Arriving at the entrance to the Amazonas Section
+we find Dr. Pinto actually engaged in the coagulation of
+latex by his new smokeless process, which manufacturers have
+admitted turns out excellent rubber and which has the great
+advantage over the native system hitherto in vogue, of saving an
+enormous amount of both time and labor, whilst giving splendid
+results. A second series of pictures affords a vivid idea of the
+salient features of the State of Amazonas. In this section we
+have a mountain of rubber, and a ball which weighs 1,600
+pounds. There is a fine picture of a native tapping a rubber
+tree and numerous very beautiful photographs. That nothing
+may be wanting to the completeness of the representation of
+Brazil’s great rubber industry a series of Moving Pictures is
+shown in the Main Hall of the Exhibition, which visitors will
+find particularly instructive after they have gone through the
+Brazilian Section on the Balcony Floor.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp52" id="illus01" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus01.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>MARECHAL HERMES DA FONSECA,<br>
+  President of Brazil.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZILIAN_DELEGATION">BRAZILIAN DELEGATION <i>of the</i> INTERNATIONAL
+RUBBER EXHIBITION, NEW YORK</h2>
+
+<p class="center smaller">DISTRIBUTION OF SERVICE</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>FEDERAL GOVERNMENT COMMISSIONERS</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>President</i><br>
+DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Assistant</i><br>
+MAIRO BAPTISTA NUNES<br>
+Official representation, information and publicity</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Vice-President</i><br>
+ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Assistants</i><br>
+DR. OSCAR SAYAO DE MORAES<br>
+ADALBERTO DE SOUSA ARANHA<br>
+Disposition of Exhibits, Decoration, Etc.</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>General Secretary</i><br>
+DR. EUGENIO DAHNE</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Assistant Secretary</i><br>
+MR. DILLWYME M. HAZLETT</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Accountant</i><br>
+MR. IVO GRACA CAMPOS<br>
+Reception of Exhibits, Correspondence, Purchasing, Accounts, Payments, Etc.</p>
+
+<h3>STATE COMMISSIONERS</h3>
+
+<p class="center"><i>State of Amazonas</i><br>
+DR. MANOEL LOBATO</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Commercial Association of Amazonas</i><br>
+MR. A. W. STEADMAN, New York Commercial Co.<br>
+MR. J. LEVY, Manáos</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>State of Pará</i><br>
+<i>Commercial Association of Pará</i><br>
+MR. GEORGE E. PELL, General Rubber Co., New York</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>State of Bahia</i><br>
+J. DO ARGOLLO</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>State of Minas Geraes</i><br>
+DR. I. SANTIAGO CARDWELL QUINN</p>
+
+<p class="center"><i>Rubber Demonstration</i><br>
+DR. CARLOS CERQUEIRA PINTO</p>
+
+<p class="center">OFFICE HOURS—9 to 12 A. M. and 2 to 5 P. M.<br>
+Committee Meeting of Delegation—Daily 3 to 4 P. M.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus02" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus02.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. PEDRO DE TOLEDO,<br>
+  Minister of Agriculture of the Government of Brazil</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Brazil, with its vast and immeasurable virgin forests in the
+valley of the Amazon, undoubtedly the greatest in the world,
+traversed by innumerable tributaries, many of which are larger
+and deeper than many of the rivers in other countries, can be
+considered the largest storehouse of native rubber of the best
+quality, all ready to be extracted, coagulated and applied to all
+kinds of industries. No other investment of capital can be as
+remunerative as that invested in the extraction of the native rubber
+from full grown trees, already existing in large quantities of
+many millions, and in zones full of natural richness.</p>
+
+<p>For the culture of rubber trees of the various species, the
+whole northern and central portions of Brazil are well adapted,
+and will give magnificent results in the near future.</p>
+
+<p>Nature has prodigally provided easy means of communication
+by waterways broad and deep. The climate is equitable
+without great variations of temperature, which gives perpetual
+summer and produces large and nearly uninterrupted harvests of
+agricultural products.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties which hinder the rapid development of the
+extraction of rubber are the obstructions in rivers in certain
+places, at certain seasons of the year when the water is low, and
+the fact that the production of rubber is so remunerative that all
+the vigorous men that are thus engaged do not care to engage
+in any other industry. Thus it is that living in the rubber regions
+is very expensive because everything must be brought there,
+even implements and foodstuffs.</p>
+
+<p>These difficulties, however, have been brought to the attention
+of the Federal Government of Brazil, and of the States,
+and in consequence an important Congress was called and presided
+over by the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce.
+The Legislative power also passed special laws providing
+measures urgently needed to better the existing conditions.
+These laws also provide for a department under the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span>
+Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, to be called
+“The Protection of Rubber,” which has already been formed
+and is at work.</p>
+
+<p>Among the various and important provisions of the law, is
+the establishment of various experimental stations for advancing
+the cultivation of the four different kinds of rubber trees found
+in Brazil, the Hevea braziliensis (seringa), castillôa (caucho),
+maniçoba, and mangabeira. These trees are all natives of Brazil
+and can be cultivated from the upper regions of the Amazon to
+the States of S. Paulo and Paraná. That is, from the extreme
+north to nearly the extreme south, one or other of these species
+can be cultivated, according to the climate and character of the
+soil in each region.</p>
+
+<p>Various concessions and money premiums are offered to attract
+capital and awaken activity in this industry. Certain services,
+such as the establishment of hospitals, medical attention
+and hygienic regulations are also provided by the Federal Government.</p>
+
+<p>In the pages of this book will be found, fully treated, the
+principal points of this important subject. From the statistical
+tables published and from the exhibits displayed at the International
+Rubber Exposition in New York, it can readily be seen
+that the rubber of Brazil is judged the best in the world, and that
+its production although already enormous is destined to be
+largely increased.</p>
+
+<p class="right">DR. CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,<br>
+President Brazilian Commission.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_MONOGRAPH_UPON_PARA_RUBBER">A MONOGRAPH UPON PARÁ RUBBER</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="HISTORICAL_NOTES">HISTORICAL NOTES ABOUT PARÁ RUBBER</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>It is in our diaries of the voyage of the Genovese Columbus,
+that among the important occurrences of that notable crossing
+of the ocean, which gave him immortality, appeared the first
+references, made by Herrera, to the quality of a certain gum
+utilized by the aborigines.</p>
+
+<p>In 1536 Gonçalvo Fernandes d’Oviedo in his “Universal
+History of the Indies,” published in Madrid, also mentioned the
+uses which the indigenous tribes of North America made of
+rubber skins in their amusements.</p>
+
+<p>The Jesuit Charlevoix also refers to it and more fully yet
+does John Torquemada who in his “Indian Monarchy,” expresses
+himself thus: “There is a tree in this country (Mexico)
+known to the natives as <b>ulequahuitl</b>, to whom it is of the greatest
+value. This tree grows in the warm or torrid zone; and presents
+itself of a medium height with rounded leaves of an ashy
+color. It furnishes in abundance a species of glutinous white
+liquid like milk, which makes it of great utility to them.</p>
+
+<p>“The milk of the <b>ulequahuitl</b> is obtained by beating the tree
+with a small hatchet. The liquid is then seen to ooze out from
+the incision made like blood from a wound. The natives gather
+it into dry hollow gourds of various sizes. It gradually takes
+consistency in these receptacles, until it turns into a gummy
+mass, from which it is easy to adapt it to any form which may
+be required.</p>
+
+<p>“Those who have no gourds, besmear their bodies with the
+liquid substance, as it flows out from the tree; which in drying
+forms itself into a species of membrane, which is easily taken
+off and whose thickness varies according to the coating spread
+over the skin. Skins very much appreciated for their elasticity
+are made with this <b>ulli</b>. The ulli solidified serves for shields,
+which thus are proof against the sharpest-pointed arrows, owing
+without doubt to the pliability of the material, which does not
+affect its tenacity.</p>
+
+<p>“Kings and nobles habitually use shoes made of ulli. The
+Spaniards of Mexico, moreover, impregnate their capes with
+<b>ulli</b>, so as to make them water-proof, because it is proved that
+such substance resists water in a marvelous manner, but melts
+before the action of the sun.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus03" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus03.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>COUNT CANDIDO MENDES DE ALMEIDA,<br>
+  President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span></p>
+
+<p>In Mexico and Central America, the name of <b>Ule</b> still
+denotes even to-day one of the rubber trees known as the
+elastic Castille.</p>
+
+<p>After the Spaniards, the French in 1736 occupied themselves
+with that substance, whose interesting properties had not up
+to that date come to deserve the attention of the Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>De la Condamine sent by the French Government to Perú,
+in order to measure a degree of the terrestrial meridian, was
+the first to refer to the Hevea of the Guyana. In a note that
+accompanied a small sample of resinous gum of a heavy dark
+color, almost black, he said to the Academy of Sciences: “There
+grows in the forests of the province of the Esmeraldas a tree
+known to the natives by the name of Hevé; a white resinous
+liquid something like milk runs out from it after making an
+incision; this substance is collected in a leaf that is laid close
+to the foot of the tree and afterwards is exposed to the sun,
+when it gets black at first upon its surface and afterwards by
+continuous exposure to the sun becomes black in all its mass.
+Torches, which burn admirably well, are made from it. It is
+known in Quito, that that tree grows also upon the banks of the
+Amazon and that the Mainas call it cautchú. They make
+earthen moulds in the form of bottles and cover them with that
+material. Afterwards when the resin gets hard, they break the
+mould and thereby obtain unbreakable water-jars much lighter
+than glass bottles.”</p>
+
+<p>Later on he wrote: “many are the uses which the Omaguas
+make of that resin in the central parts of South America,
+especially among the Indians of Pará where the Portuguese
+gave to the tree that produces it, the name of <b>Pauseringa</b>, because
+from it ‘seringas,’ much in vogue among the Omaguas,
+are manufactured; these being little hollow balloons in the shape
+of a pear, into which a tube is inserted.</p>
+
+<p>“In Pará it is moulded in still many different manners, they
+make <b>borracha</b>, faces of animals, hollow or solid balls and also
+apply it in the manufacture of boots which become quite water-proof
+and when smoked acquire the appearance of leather.”</p>
+
+<p>Fresneau, a collaborator of de la Condamine, sought to
+study the vegetable plants which produced that gum, obtaining
+as a result that Aublet, a French botanist, proceeded to interest
+himself in the question and completed de la Condamine’s
+studies, and then classifying the hevé under the domination of
+<b>Hevea Guyanensis</b>.</p>
+
+<p>It was only in 1798 that the <b>Ficus elastica</b>, the first Asiatic
+plant producer of rubber became known, and up till 1860 South
+America, English India and Java were the only rubber-producing
+countries in the world.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus04" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus04.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>ADMIRAL JOSÉ CARLOS DE CARVALHO,<br>
+  Vice-President of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span></p>
+
+<p>Much later than this—in 1885, Africa commenced to export
+this article, an industry which reached its apogee after the
+creation by Leopold II of the Independent State of the Congo.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, in spite of the fact of some of the qualities
+of rubber and even its applications being known in Europe
+ever since the Sixteenth Century, it was only during the
+Nineteenth Century, that this product conquered that position
+as an article very much in evidence which it now occupies as an
+indispensable material in modern industry or even still yet for
+the necessities which civilization created.</p>
+
+<p>Hérissant and Macquer, in 1768, discovered the first dissolving
+processes; in 1770, Priestley vulgarized the property of the
+“borracha” in wiping out lead-pencil tracings from which the
+English name <b>Rubber</b> is derived; Berniard, Fourcroy, Berthollet,
+Grossart and others occupied themselves about this commodity,
+with more or less success. Madier, in 1820, found out a mechanical
+means of cutting the rubber-blocks in order to obtain
+elastic threads and three years afterwards, MacIntosh discovered
+that naphtha dissolved rubber and thus made cloth impervious
+to the action of water.</p>
+
+<p>The adaption of rubber to industrial purposes such as the
+manufacture of shoes, physical and surgical appliances, elastic
+cloths, railway-buffers, machine-springs, etc., was fairly in full
+swing when the discovery of the vulcanizing of rubber by
+Goodyear sprung up, an occurrence which came to revolutionize
+the incipient industry and enormously enlarge the scope of the
+commercial application of that product, which thence forward
+came to assume exceptional importance. The vulcanizing
+method consists in the mixing of a certain quantity of rubber
+with sulphur and in the exposure of that mixture to an elevated
+temperature and to a high pressure during a certain space of time.
+The rubber transforms itself considerably; the property of indefinite
+hardness is lost, but presents greater resistency to the
+forces of compression and lengthening-out, supports excessively
+low temperature and becomes less sensible to the action of
+ordinary dissolving ingredients.</p>
+
+<p>In Brazil already existed up to 1840, a rudimentary industry
+of shoe manufacturing and in the water-proofing of various
+objects. The great demand for rubber caused by the development
+of the industry in foreign countries and consequently
+the very high profits that the extraction of rubber in the
+Brazilian “seringaes” or native rubber-forests presented, destroyed
+all that initiative and Brazil passed into the position
+of a mere producer of the raw material. In order to appreciate
+with what devotion the country lent itself to this occupation,
+sufficient is it to contrast the 31 tons exported in 1827 with the
+36,547 exported in 1911.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus05" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus05.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. EUGENIO DAHNE,<br>
+  General Secretary of the Federal Government of Brazil Commission.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER-PRODUCING_PLANTS">RUBBER-PRODUCING PLANTS—BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION—PRODUCTIVENESS—REGIONS
+IN WHICH THEY EXIST</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>At the present moment, more than 300 species of rubber-producing
+plants are known to exist, these being distributed
+among the tropical regions of the world. Trees of large size,
+climbing plants and flexible creepers containing the precious
+latex in their branches, trunk and roots, those vegetable growths
+from the double point view of quantity and quality of rubber
+produce have not an equal importance. The species worthy of
+mention belong to four great families:</p>
+
+<p>1.—Euphorbiacan, <b>Hevea</b>, <b>Micrandra</b>, <b>Manioh</b>. 2.—Ulmacean,
+<b>Castillôa</b> and <b>Ficus</b>. 3.—Apocynacean, <b>Landolphia</b>, <b>Hancornia</b>,
+<b>Kickxia</b>, <b>Carpodium</b> and <b>Clitandra</b>. 4.—Asclepiadaceas, <b>Callotropia</b>,
+<b>Cynanchum</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The production of rubber in America is principally furnished
+by the heveas, micandra, manioh, castillôa and hancornia; that
+of Asia by the ficus; and that of Africa by the landolphia,
+clitandra and kickxia.</p>
+
+<p>In the Amazonian region of Brazil, there exist about 21
+species of heveas; of these the principal is the hevea braziliensis,
+which under the name of “the Pará rubber-tree” deserves to be
+classed in the front rank of all the other lactiferous plants in
+the world. The <b>hevea braziliensis</b> furnishes the most highly
+esteemed quality of rubber, and it is the value of that product
+which determines the prices of all the other species of rubber
+brought on to the market.</p>
+
+<p>The heveas are powerful trees of from 20 to 30 metres high,
+the trunk which is cylindric in form and of a light ashy color,
+generally attains a diameter of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ20; the branches
+only commence to grow at about 15 metres from the ground.
+The leaves fall in June, but are speedily substituted by others;
+it is during this period that the trees break into flower.</p>
+
+<p>They grow in the valley of the Amazon, which within
+Brazil embraces the State of the Amazonas, the federal territory
+of Acre, almost all the State of Pará, the North of Matto
+Grosso and of Goyaz and a part of the South of Maranhão, or say
+about 5,000,000 of square kilometres.</p>
+
+<p>Their <b>habitat</b> as a general rule is a low and warm region
+whose temperature varies between 25° and 30°; without sudden
+changes during the course of the year and they favor by preference
+the watery soils, just swampy, damp and even marshy;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span>
+however, at the head-waters of some rivers, they also live and
+develop themselves perfectly well in dry and elevated land. In
+the Amazonic forests, the average proportion is of one hevea-tree
+for 80 trees of other species.</p>
+
+<p>The milky latex circulates from the root to the leaves, existing,
+however, in greater abundancy in the trunk, up to a height
+of about 2 metres from the ground. The heveas in Brazil are
+generally known by the term “seringueiras” and the forests in
+which they are found are denominated “seringaes.”</p>
+
+<p>The average production of a “seringueira” during the
+harvest season, which extends over the space of 6 months, is
+of 5 kilos of fine rubber and 750 grs. of sernamby.</p>
+
+<p>The species most appreciated besides the <b>hevea braziliensis</b>,
+are the <b>hevea de terra firme</b>, of which Dr. E. Ule treats in his
+recent studies, and which are found on the frontiers of Matto
+Grosso, the <b>hevea do Rio Negro</b>, called “seringa verdadeira”
+(the real seringa), the <b>hevea benthamiana</b> and the <b>hevea dukei</b>,
+<b>Hub</b>, from the region of the Japurá, all of them furnishing excellent
+products.</p>
+
+<p>In the valley of the Amazon exist the <b>micandras</b>, belonging
+to the same family and producing a rubber of a superior quality,
+since it is sold under the name of Fine-Pará. The production
+of these trees goes to the market included in the category of
+hevea, owing to its similarity to this latter. The <b>micandra
+syshenoide</b> which is the most known species, is found on the
+Lower Amazon, in the innumerable islands at the estuary of
+the great Amazon River, in the valleys of the Madeira, the
+Solimões, the Japurá and the Purús; the natives give it the
+names of <b>tapurú</b>, <b>curupita</b>, <b>murupita</b> and <b>seringarana</b>. They
+are leafy trees whose trunk is of from 0ᵐ80 to 1ᵐ in diametre and
+from 20 to 25 metres high. They grow as well in the low lying
+marshy soil as in the elevated lands, whence comes their denomination
+of <b>tapurú da vargem</b> and <b>tapurú de terra firme</b>. The
+tapurú is as lactescent or milky as the hevea and the latex
+which it renders is equally rich, seeing that it gives 50 per cent
+of fine rubber.</p>
+
+<p>The trees whose product, the <b>caucho</b>, occupies the second
+place in the general exportation of rubber from Brazil although
+as a matter of fact it only commenced to come into the Brazilian
+markets in the year 1896, belong to the family of the
+Ulmaceas. These are the <b>Castillas</b> which up till a short time
+ago have been classed as of the same species as that which
+grows in Mexico and Central America—the Castilla elastica,
+but studies made by professor O. Warburg show that they are
+distinct species which was thence forward denominated
+<b>Castilla Ulei, Warb.</b></p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span></p>
+
+<p>The “castillôa” is a tree of large proportions, reaching to
+a height of from 12 to 18 metres; its trunk with a diametre of
+from 0ᵐ60 to 0ᵐ90, is of an ashy gray color, smooth and sparingly
+branched. The leaves are large, greater, indeed, on the
+new plants than on the full grown trees and its fruit is of an
+oily nature.</p>
+
+<p>These trees grow in considerable quantities at the sources
+or head-waters of the affluents of the Amazon on the latter’s
+right bank, such as the Juruá, the Purús, the Madeira, the
+Tapajóz and the Xingú, and on its left bank in the valleys of
+the Japurá, the Iça, the Rio Negro and the Trombetas Rivers.
+Abundant “cauchaes” or forests of cautchou trees exist also in
+the region of the River Tocantins and of the Araguaya.</p>
+
+<p>The “castillôa” is found therefore in the same regions as
+those in which the “seringueiras” flourish; it exacts a warm
+climate, a clayey or clayey-silicious soil, but does not thrive in
+swampy ground or such as is easily inundated during the
+rainy season.</p>
+
+<p>The latex is found as much in the bark as in the alburno
+and each tree felled produces on an average about 50 litres of
+latex or say from 18 to 20 kilos of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>“Ceará” is the mundial denomination of another quality of
+Brazilian rubber, the rubber of the <b>Maniçoba</b> tree. The maniçoba
+<b>manihot glaziovii</b> is a handsome tree 10 to 15 metres high,
+and a native of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Its trunk
+presents a diametre of from 20 to 50 centimetres and it possesses
+few branches; its wood-fibres are weak and light. The cortex,
+which possesses lactiferous vessels in abundance, is protected
+by a silicose layer, easily removable. It is a plant of rapid
+growth.</p>
+
+<p>According to a classification made by Dr. Ule, there are
+four species of manioh, the <b>m. glaziovii</b>, the <b>m. piauhyensis</b>, the
+<b>m. dichotoma</b> and the <b>m. heptaphylla</b>, the which exist almost
+throughout all Central Brazil, being specially abundant in
+Ceará, Piauhy and Bahia.</p>
+
+<p>Little exigent, it thrives in regions where the temperature
+oscillates between 22° and 36°, on low-lying ground and it
+develops itself well in lands of great altitude, in which the
+thermometric average temperature is about 15°, resisting even
+the hoar-frost.</p>
+
+<p>It is indifferent to this tree whether the climate be damp or
+dry, as long as the soil is dry.</p>
+
+<p>The species most appreciated are those from Piauhy and
+the Jequié (“sertão” or back-woods of Bahia). Those of Piauhy
+present two varieties: the white and the black species, the white
+being the most renowned. They are of small size, with abundant<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
+foliage and thick bark and darkish stem and give plenty of
+the milky latex, the average being 1,200 grammes per tree.
+Those of the Jequié, which grow between the rivers Paraguassú
+to the north and of the Contas to the south, are a shrub-tree
+whose trunk does not exceed 30 centimetres in diametre. The
+bark is fine and of light clear color; it produces about 500
+grammes of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>The mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) is a slender and
+crooked shrub-tree, 3 to 4 metres high, and abounds on the
+high-lying table-lands or plateaux in the interior of Brazil.
+The trunk has a diameter of from 0ᵐ30 to 0ᵐ35; is scantily
+leaved; the fruit is eatable and has a very agreeable taste.</p>
+
+<p>A plant of an extraordinary resisting power, it defies the
+inclemency of the climate, the absence of rains, the scarcity of
+humidity and of nourishment from the soil. It predominates in
+the <b>catingas</b> of the Northern States, in the <b>carrascaes</b> of Goyaz
+and in the <b>cerrados</b> of S. Paulo, which means to say, that it is
+found from Maranhão to S. Paulo, now in the Interior, as in the
+mountain-range of the Mangabeiras between Maranhão and
+Goyaz, in the central Chapada of Minas, in the Parecis of
+Matto Grosso and in S. Paulo in the zone comprised between
+the Paranápanema River and the Rio Grande, tributaries of the
+Paraná River, and again on the littoral, which is the case from
+Bahia northwards as far as Ceará.</p>
+
+<p>There are several different varieties of this plant, there being
+no indications, however, tending to point out any one of these
+preferable to another with regard to the question of its yield.
+The latex is of a bluish tint, its richness in rubber varying
+greatly. Each mangabeira supplies on an average one kilogram
+of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the plants mentioned, there are still many others
+in Brazil which furnish rubber, but which continue to grow
+without being taken advantage of, on account of the little profit
+they give.</p>
+
+<p>To speak only of those which exploited on a small scale
+have yet supplied the Brazilian markets with an appreciable
+product, we may yet mention the <b>Massaranduba</b>, <b>Mimosups
+elata</b>, and <b>Frei-Allem</b>, gigantic trees found from the Amazon and
+Pará to Rio de Janeiro and Minas, abundant in the milky latex,
+which being coagulated produces a rubber very similar to gutta-percha,
+to which it serves as a substitute in all the latter’s most
+important applications; and the <b>Sorva</b>, <b>Couma utilis</b>, <b>Muell. Arg.</b>,
+which grow in Pará and in the Amazon valley, the latex of
+which, the <b>leite de sorva</b>, enters, with a small coefficient into the
+production of rubber in these two States.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="EXTRACTION_OF_RUBBER">EXTRACTION OF RUBBER, METHODS AND PROCESSES</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The great organic and biologic differences which exist between
+rubber-trees, exact divers processes of preparation in
+order to obtain a complete utilization of the productive capacity
+of each.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, interesting before entering into a description
+of the different processes adopted in Brazil, to here state what
+the chemists think as to what rubber really is.</p>
+
+<p>Rubber is a carburate of hydrogen which in the shape of
+white globules more or less elongated, are found suspended in
+the milky latex. The composition of those globules, although
+even yet, badly defined, is represented by the formula (C¹⁰ H¹⁶)ⁿ.
+Rubber is generally considered as a derivative of the Isoprina,
+into which it transforms itself when submitted to the action of
+dry heat, as Bouchardat demonstrated by his experiments in
+1879. Treating the isoprina in a strong solution of chloridic
+acid, an interesting body is obtained, which reminds one of
+rubber on account of its elastic properties. Wallach, Tilden,
+Weber, Harries and others gave themselves up to accurate
+studies upon the composition of rubber; nevertheless, up till
+to-day, however, no definite result has as yet been arrived at.</p>
+
+<p>The latex, a thick liquid which has the appearance of animal
+milk, circulates in special vessels, distributed diversely in the
+organism of certain plants.</p>
+
+<p>The following are the results of the analysis obtained from
+the latex of the <b>hevea braziliensis</b> by Seelingmann, Scott and Bamber:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th colspan="3">Seelingmann</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Scott</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Bamber</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Water</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55</td>
+    <td class="tdc">a</td>
+    <td class="tdr">56%</td>
+    <td class="tdr">22</td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32%</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55¹⁵</td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">55⁵⁶%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rubber</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">32%</td>
+    <td class="tdr">37</td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">13%</td>
+    <td class="tdr">41²⁹</td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">32&nbsp;&nbsp;%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Proteine</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2%</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3%</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">2⁷¹%</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2¹⁸</td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2⁰³%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Resin</td>
+    <td colspan="3" class="tdc">traces</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">3⁴⁴%</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2⁰³%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ash</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">0²³%</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0⁴¹%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sugar</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">4¹⁷%</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0³⁶%</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oily substances</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">9⁷%</td>
+    <td colspan="3" class="tdc">traces</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdc">-</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="center">Specific weight: Seelingmann, 1.019. Bamber: 1.018.</p>
+
+<p>It is advisable to note, that the proportion of water may
+vary a great deal, influenced sometimes by the season being
+either wet or dry, and at other times by the weakness or vigor
+of the tree at the occasion of its being tapped.</p>
+
+<p>The quantities of proteine, resin and ash are dependent on
+the chemical composition of the soil, those quantities affect the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
+quality of the rubber, which is the more elastic, resistent and
+durable the smaller the proportion of those elements.</p>
+
+<p>In the coagulation of the latex, the resin incorporates itself
+in the rubber, it becoming difficult to separate it, which, however,
+is necessary; the proteine or albuminous matter is the
+cause of the developing of the bacteria which occasion the
+putrefaction of the manufactured article.</p>
+
+<p>The method employed in Brazil in the extraction of the latex
+and in the preparation of rubber from the heveas trees, is the
+same as that which was taught by the natives and it is a remarkable
+thing, that due to the excellency of the product resulting
+therefrom, it is considered even to-day as the best system.</p>
+
+<p>The great production of rubber in Brazil, is due to the exploitation
+of the natural seringaes. A “seringal” or, better said
+“seringaes” in the plural sense, are the forests where the hevea
+trees flourish among other numerous specimens of luxuriant
+vegetation, and in those regions everybody, i.e., all the able-bodied
+men, occupy themselves with the extraction of rubber
+and are known as “seringueiros.”</p>
+
+<p>In order to exploit the “seringal,” operations are commenced
+by the construction on the bank of the river, at a place easy of
+access for navigation, of a large rustic edifice with out-buildings
+and various sheds. The general edifice serves as a dwelling-place
+for the owner or his representative and includes a general
+store or shop with a tavern which does business in selling all
+the necessary articles required in or connected with the life
+of exploiting the “seringal,” a store-house for depositing the
+rubber and an office or counting-house. The sheds are the
+rudimentary habitation-huts of the “seringueiros” and are sometimes
+constructed in the interior of the forests, so as to facilitate
+to a greater degree the work which they have in hand.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the forest is explored and the seringueiras discovered,
+<b>estrades</b> are opened, these being winding roads cut in
+the undergrowth and brush-wood with the “facão” (a species of
+large pruning-knife) and these roads connect a 100 or 150 rubber
+trees and they lead back to their original starting point. At
+sunrise, that is to say, at 6 o’clock in the morning, the seringueiro
+armed with a “terçado” a sort of spear, a fowling-piece
+or sporting-gun, a small axe or hatchet, a pail and a large number
+of “tigelinhas,” commences his work. The hatchet is the
+instrument employed for tapping the trees; it takes the form
+of a common pole-axe, being, however, generally of cast iron
+and with the edge of the blade blunt rather than sharp, and
+from 3 to 4 centimetres broad. The tigelinhas are small vessels
+or cups of tin-plate with a capacity of about one hundred
+grammes and of a conical shape cut off at the top.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
+
+<p>The seringueiro commences by striking the trees with the
+hatchet, whose handle is about a metre long, which permits of
+his making incisions at about from 3 to 3½ metres from the
+ground. That operation has for its object to make the latex
+ascend from the roots; the milk that oozes out is utilized as
+“sernamby.” Two days afterwards, the regular extraction commences,
+a hatchet with a shorter handle being then used.</p>
+
+<p>To bring this extraction about, “seringueiro” makes the
+first incision at two metres from the ground, but those incisions
+must not pierce the cambium and the wood and are as a general
+rule made at an inclination of 25°. At the lower part of the
+incisions made by the blows, the “tigelinhas” are fixed, whose
+sharp and cutting corner penetrates easily into the bark of the
+tree. The seringueiro operates thus upon all the trees of his
+road, and this work which occupies him about from 2 to 3 hours
+being completed, he takes the pail capable of holding 10 litres
+and recommences his round, gathering into that receptacle the
+milk contained in the tapping cups, which now empty are boxed
+one into the other and deposited close to the trunk of each tree.</p>
+
+<p>After that second round and in order that the milk shall not
+become deteriorated, commences the most delicate operation,
+that of the smoking process.</p>
+
+<p>For that operation, the seringueiro is supplied with a
+“boião,” a kind of earthen funnel-shaped chimney, a form
+made like a spatula or putty-knife and a kind of basin “cuia,”
+like a dry gourd, made from the half of the fruit of the
+cabaceiro (crescencia cuyeté).</p>
+
+<p>The fire made with blocks of urucury (Ataléa speciosa
+Martius) or with fire-wood of massaranduba, rich in oily substances,
+being kindled, the seringueiro places the “boião” upon
+it, the function of this latter being to canalize the smoke so that
+it escapes at the top, which is open.</p>
+
+<p>Through the loop of a cord hanging near to the “boião” the
+form is passed and sustained by the “seringueiro” who gives
+it a gyratory movement; with the “cuya” or gourd, he pours
+the latex into the part scooped out of the spatula, which he
+carries off immediately to the smoke. The latex thickens and
+forming a thin skin upon the which another coating of latex is
+poured out, which is also passed to the smoke. Those successive
+and alternate operations form the skins, large balls of rubber,
+weighing from 20 to 60 kilos, which are the type exported from
+Brazil. The smoke acting as a solidifyer and at the same time
+a disinfectant by the presence of creosote, acetic acid, etc., kills
+all the bacteria that produce putrefaction and hastens by its heat
+the evaporation of the water.</p>
+
+<p>The rubber thus formed is of a superior quality, but when,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
+however, the curds still deposited in the basin, are incorporated
+with it, the quality becomes damaged, being then quoted as
+medium fine. The portion of milk which remains adhering to
+the receptacle or which surrounds the boião and which thickens
+freely, is reunited into one single skin, and constitutes the
+“sernamby.”</p>
+
+<p>On the following day the work recommences, the seringueiro
+making new incisions about 7 centimetres below the first, and
+continuing thus until he reaches the ground.</p>
+
+<p>To that series of blows in the vertical sense, 35 on the
+average, is given the name arreação. In each seringueira 2
+of these arreações can be made per year.</p>
+
+<p>That process which with small variations is employed in all
+Amazonia, produces, as is known, the best rubber in the world.
+A seringal may contain in accordance with its size from 40
+to 800 roads. Each seringueiro exploits 2 roads; in which he
+works alternatively. The daily gathering varies between 2
+and 8 litres of milk, but an average of 5 litres can be taken
+for a road which contains 120 seringueiras of 35 centimetres
+diametre. As each arreação has 35 incisions and the seringueiras
+supporting 2 “arreações,” we have thus for each road 70 days or
+140 days for the 2 roads; 700 litres of milk produce 400 kilos
+or in other words 1.666 grammes per tree.</p>
+
+<p>There are “seringaes,” however, in which that average is
+considerably greater, a medium of 3 kilos per tree not being an
+exaggeration in some rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Contrary to the almost sedentary life of the seringueiros, the
+extractors of the caucho (known as caucheiros) are of nomadic
+habits, and this is so by reason of the barbarous process employed
+in the exploitation of those trees which is a ruinous one.</p>
+
+<p>The extraction of the latex of the “castillôa” can be done in
+the same way as that of the latex of the heveas; the caucheiros
+allege, however, that the cupim introducing itself into the
+wounds made by the incisions soon causes the death of the
+plant. Thus they argue that if the tree is condemned, the best
+way is to cut it down so as to obtain the greatest benefit possible
+out of it, by the complete utilization of the latex which each
+tree contains. That reasoning, however, has no foundation
+in fact.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The exploitation of the castillôa is done in the following
+manner: the “caucheiro” penetrates into the forest and marks
+each castillôa tree that he finds, with a cut from his knife, which
+incisions correspond to a sign of possession for extraction later
+on. Once he has discovered a certain number of these trees, he
+constructs a temporary wooden hut for himself and then begins<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span>
+his work. In the first place he clears the brush-wood around
+each tree and cleans away the undergrowth from the ground, he
+then opens small cavities in the lower part of the trunk into
+which he fixes the “porringers,” small vessels made of tin, which
+are to receive the latex. This done he strikes the tree with
+oblique “entalhas” of from 1 to 1½ metres in length, canalizing
+the latex which commences to run from the extensive wounds, by
+means of mud gutters. At the end of 24 hours the little tin
+vessels are full and their contents are then all poured into a pail,
+the “caucheiro” commencing thereafter to cut down the tree,
+so as to get the full benefit of the latex, existing in the superior
+part of its trunk. The tree as a general rule is cut at a point
+above that where the incisions were made, the tree thus remaining
+suspended above the ground at one end by the lower
+part of the trunk, where it remains fixed and at the other
+by its own branches. Along the whole length of the trunk at
+about a distance of an arm’s length from each other, new circular
+incisions are made and in corresponding cavities on the
+ground are placed the receiving cups. The latex thus gathered
+is collected into a pail.</p>
+
+<p>The thickening is done with a solution of common soap
+about 125 grammes to a pail of water, two pailfuls of that solution
+being necessary to thicken 30 litres of latex. They also
+employ the juice of a liane called <b>vetilla</b> which by the description
+given seems to belong to the convolvulas family—the <b>Ipomea
+patatas</b>.</p>
+
+<p>The thickening process takes place in rectangular holes of
+1 metre long and half a metre broad, whose clayey sides are
+well paved and into them the latex is poured, care being taken
+that it is then covered up with palm leaves to prevent the entry
+of rain water. They thus obtain the caucho planks (rubber in
+cakes), which arrive in the market full of impurities, that depreciate
+its value very much and it is not at all a rare thing
+that water exists in cavities in the interior of it, thereby increasing
+the weight and making the transport dearer.</p>
+
+<p>The portions of the latex which flow out along the length
+of the trunk or fall into the cavities after that the cups have
+been taken away, thicken itself freely and form the “sernamby”
+of caucho, to-day much appreciated in the rubber markets, because
+of its being purer and not offering errors in weight.</p>
+
+<p>Each adult tree furnishes on the average from 50 to 56 litres
+of latex or in other words nearly 30 kilos of rubber. Each cake
+of the size above mentioned weighs nearly 60 kilos; it is thus
+necessary to cut down three trees so as to obtain one cake.</p>
+
+<p>The trees cut down sprout and commence to grow again, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span>
+eight years are necessary to elapse before they can be exploited
+anew.</p>
+
+<p>No accord has so far been established as to the best methods
+of extraction to be employed for the different species of maniçoba,
+nor as to the period most appropriate, the duration of the
+tapping or the yield of the wild trees or planted trees of different
+ages.</p>
+
+<p>The system adopted for the natural maniçoba, consisting in
+the tapping of the subterranean organs, has been applied to cultivated
+maniçoba; the incisions are made in a transversal sense
+and have the form of a V with the angle more or less rounded.</p>
+
+<p>The latex is gathered in the ground, at the bottom of a small
+cavity, opened up on the occasion of the discovery of the parts
+destined to be tapped; as a rule the worker covers the bottom
+of the cavity with a coat of clay in powder, in order to prevent
+the penetration of the latex and its mixing with the sandy
+soil; the employment of tigelinhas is desirable or of pots of
+glazed clay, refractory to rust.</p>
+
+<p>The latex thickens during the day, forming a sort of flat
+ball or biscuit of rubber, which goes on augmenting as the
+tapping process is multiplied. At the end of a week the rubber
+which has been obtained, is gathered together and washed in
+cold water, with a view of eliminating the remains of the serum
+and other impurities. This method, although primitive, permits
+of the production of pure rubber. The trunks and branches
+of the maniçoba are also cut; however, such system occasions
+great inconvenience. The extensive flaws heal up with difficulty,
+as the bark of the tree is relatively thin the lactiferous
+vessels are located in the deep layers; it is not a rare thing
+that the death of the tree is caused thereby or that the attack
+of rodent insects or mushrooms is thereby facilitated. It may
+be of importance to note, that the incisions made simultaneously
+on the trunk, the branches and the underground parts, speedily
+exhaust the maniçobeiras; and so the system of an alternate
+cutting is preferable.</p>
+
+<p>The tappings are practiced during the first six months of the
+year and extend themselves over a period of from 50 to 60 days.
+Owing to the lack of data, the average yield of production, which
+varies according to the age of the trees, cannot be determined,
+however, the average production of the planted maniçobas may
+under reserve, be calculated to reach during the space of 60 days
+120, 180, 240, and 300 grammes per tree of 2, 3, 4 and 5 years
+respectively, in accordance with a calculation made by Dr. L.
+Zehnter.</p>
+
+<p>The actual cost price in the plantations does not exceed 1$500
+per kilo, and might be reduced through an improvement in the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span>
+systems employed; the cost price of rubber from the native maniçoba
+is higher, due to the dearness of labor and of freights.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>There is so far no process which may be called the best for
+extracting rubber from the mangabeira; the process in use varies
+with the region, all of them, however, leading to the complete
+extinction of the plant.</p>
+
+<p>Under the pretext of the cupim destroying the plant, attacking
+the incisions that have been made, the latex is usually
+extracted at a small height from the ground. In the “sertões”
+or wild woodlands of Bahia, Pernambuco and Parahyba, the
+extraction is done by making a spiral cutting from the thickest
+branches to the ground, where the cavity is made for receiving
+the latex.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the incisions with the cup attached is now
+being employed, in the same manner as is customary with the
+seringueira; for that purpose, the exploiters make horizontal
+incisions or in shape of a V, with a small instrument called an
+<b>alegre</b>, penetrating the entire coating of the bark, in the full
+length of the trunk, from the thickest branches down to the
+base, about 45 centimetres distance one from another.</p>
+
+<p>The latex is thickened, sometimes simply with water in the
+proportion of 3 to 1, and at other times with chlorate of sodium
+alone, or with a mixture of alum, as is customary in Bahia and
+in S. Paulo, or now again by the action of alum-stone, double
+sulphate of aluminium and of potassium as is done in Pernambuco,
+Parahyba, and Rio Grande do Norte. All those processes
+present serious inconveniences, such as the entry of water
+augmenting the weight, the baneful effects and dampness arising
+from the use of a large proportion of salt, or the loss of elasticity
+due to the last mentioned process, which turns the rubber cracky
+and resinous. The smoking process seems in every way to
+be advisable whenever the richness of the milky-latex in rubber
+is perfectly comparable to that of the hevea.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst it is affirmed that the production per tree is from 3
+to 5 kilogrammes it is more prudent to calculate the average
+capacity of each tree as at 1 kilogramme.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25"></a>[25]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_ECONOMIC_ORGANIZATION_OF_RUBBER_EXPLOITATION">THE ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION OF RUBBER EXPLOITATION</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The economic organization of the exploitation of rubber in
+the Amazonic valley still remains in its rudimentary condition,
+continuing almost exactly on the same lines as those adopted
+when the production of this article—one of the principal sources
+of the wealth of Brazil—first began to open up.</p>
+
+<p>This unaltered condition of affairs in the modifying of the
+economical processes, is the consequence of the continuance of
+certain conditions such as the existence of vast regions still
+entirely unexplored, the progressive penetration of the seringueiros
+guided by the course of the rivers into far away regions
+where rapid means of communication are completely lacking,
+the scarcity of labor, and the necessity of capital being embarked
+in the extraction of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>The régime of private property is still limited, and does not
+extend beyond a few kilometres into the Interior, starting from
+the banks of the rivers, since the greater part of the lands still
+continue to be the property of the States either of Amazonas or
+of Pará, and—in the territory of the Acre—of the Federal
+Government.</p>
+
+<p>With the object of peopling the rubber-producing regions
+endeavors are being made to facilitate the acquiring of properties
+by furnishing their owners with adequate guarantees of
+protection, special Public Departments having already been
+created in the State of Amazonas and Pará devoted to the fiscalization
+of the régime of lands; and the régime of lands in the
+Acre Territory is about to be regulated at once by the Federal
+Government in accordance with the determinations set forth in
+the new economic measure known as the Rubber Defense Act.</p>
+
+<p>The proprietory question originated itself in the concession
+of lands granted under certain conditions such as that of its
+effective exploitation and cultivation, colonization, etc., and by
+the legitimation of the possession. These last were established
+in the following manner:</p>
+
+<p>The explorer who penetrated into the forest in search of
+seringaes, examined the banks of the river by which he went
+up and when he verified the existence of a favorable zone, he
+landed and after a careful exploration under the direction of
+specialist-workmen called “matteiros” (foresters) he settled
+down and gave himself up to the exploitation of the “seringal” he
+selected.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26"></a>[26]</span></p>
+
+<p>That occupation of virgin ground and its being made use of
+constituted the act of possession, the first step towards acquiring
+the property. In order to definitely assure the dominion of
+the lands selected, it became necessary to obtain a title of ownership
+from the Government of the State in which these lands
+were located, this being drawn up only after that the respective
+marking out and survey by an authorized engineer or surveyor,
+the depositing of the respective plans, the verification
+that no anterior rights or claims existed on the part of third
+parties, as also the payment of the respective taxes being satisfied,
+which last averaged about 5$000 per hectare.</p>
+
+<p>Only after that all these formalities had been complied with,
+was the concession granted definitely, and the possession considered
+as complete. The title deeds of the property with the
+respective specifications is registered in special blocks, which
+will serve as proof in case of future dispute and will furnish
+authentic documents in place of the property-titles that may
+have been mislaid or lost. Once the concession is legalized and
+the possession marked out, the property rights are considered
+irrefutable.</p>
+
+<p>The dominion of the lands being assured, their usefulness
+will depend upon the co-existence of two essential factors—labor
+and capital.</p>
+
+<p>In the regions of the Amazonian valley, sparingly peopled
+by the want of direct immigration, the work is done by the
+natives and principally by Cearenses, people from Ceará.</p>
+
+<p>Under the general designation of <b>Cearenses</b> are comprised
+the populations of the northeast of the country from Bahia to
+Piauhy, a strong race endowed with rare energy. Having
+immigrated from their native state fleeing from privations to
+which the periodical dry seasons reduce them, they arrive completely
+without the means of subsistence, it being necessary for
+the owners of the “seringas” who contract their services to take
+measures for their transport, alimentation and maintenance in the
+seringaes until with the delivery of the rubber collected, they
+find themselves in a position to liquidate the debts that they
+have contracted and the expenses that have been occasioned.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand in their turn the owners of seringaes not
+disposing of capital are placed under the necessity of raising
+loans with which to defray the exploitation of their lands. These
+resources are furnished them by the traders, part in money and
+part in merchandise, these traders being known as <b>aviadores</b>
+whilst the proprietors are called patrons or aviados.</p>
+
+<p>The extensive credits opened by the traders constitute acts of
+confidence, being guaranteed more by the activity and initiative
+of the proprietors of the seringaes, than by their respective<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27"></a>[27]</span>
+properties; the heavy burdens with which these loanings or
+advances of money are weighed down, have their origin in the
+risk which is run by advancing such capital, due to the difficulties
+of collecting the debts contracted and the far distant
+nature of the lands given in guarantee. It frequently happens
+that the traders do not dispose of sufficient means for carrying
+out all these lending operations in which case they fall back
+upon the exporting houses, who advance them the necessary
+money, against a contract to hand over the rubber at a certain
+date and at prices previously fixed.</p>
+
+<p>Thus is established a successive dependency of the seringueiro
+on the owner of the property, this latter in his turn on the
+merchant-trader and finally of the merchant-trader upon the
+exporting house.</p>
+
+<p>Thereafter it is seen how grievously the system of want of
+capital acts on the whole system on the exportation of rubber
+and the long series of intermediaries.</p>
+
+<p>Let us see now what is the capital which the owner of the
+seringal requires to possess for an exploitation of say 200 roads.</p>
+
+<p>A seringal with 200 roads exacts altogether the work of 100
+men, whose engagements in the region where they reside and
+their transport as far as the “seringal” costs on an average
+40:000$000 and to each one of them is supplied a sum of 350$000
+destined to defray the costs of purchase of the indispensable
+material for making a commencement with the work of exploitation;
+out of an initial sum estimated at from 75:000$000 to
+80:000$000 including casual expenses.</p>
+
+<p>Arrived at their destination, the seringueiros, as they find
+themselves completely without means, continue to be a burden
+on the budget of their contractors during the period of the clearing
+the forests of brush-wood and undergrowth, and the cutting
+of roads, which are the preliminaries to the gathering in of the
+rubber. Up till the date of the final delivery, which takes place
+from 6 to 7 months afterwards, the proprietor expends nearly
+100:000$000 with the feeding and maintenance of the seringueiros,
+which is but the preface to a total sum of 180:000$000
+inscribed on the books of the aviador or merchant-trader as
+being the indebtedness of the owner of the seringal.</p>
+
+<p>This latter in order to meet the charges of the up-keep of the
+seringueiros, establishes “vendas” or selling-stores, by means of
+which he supplies not only the goods of first necessity for consumption,
+but also the tools, utensils and, indeed, everything
+that is required for the proper exploitation of the “seringal.”</p>
+
+<p>These “vendas” or supply-stores are stocked by the merchant-trader
+of Belém and Manáos, who send them periodically
+in steamers or steam launches, the necessary merchandise. According<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28"></a>[28]</span>
+to the season of the year, the rainy or the dry season,
+the greater or less the distance to be navigated, in short, in
+accordance with the condition of navigability of the rivers, the
+trips are made fortnightly, quarterly or perhaps only twice a
+year.</p>
+
+<p>The merchandise dispatched is debited to the owner of the
+“seringal” at the invoice price, augmented by the high expenses
+for insurance, freight and a commission which varies from
+20 to 30 per cent according to the time-term stipulated for the
+payment in cash or the delivery of the rubber.</p>
+
+<p>The owner of the “seringal” in his turn re-sells in retail the
+merchandise received, putting on a high profit to its original
+price; the seringueiros who already pay interest at the rate of
+20 per cent upon the advance of the 350$000 which is made to
+them at the time of their being contracted, are obliged to supply
+their needs exclusively in the store of the proprietor of the
+“seringal” and to hand him the rubber which they may have
+gathered in payment thereof.</p>
+
+<p>The initial supplying of the utensils amounting to 200$000
+added to the cost of the journey which runs for account of the
+seringueiro himself, absorb the 350$000 of the advance; and
+his expenses, whilst the extraction of the rubber is proceeding—which
+lasts for 6 or 7 months—totals up to about
+1:000$000, so that when he comes to hand over the rubber, he
+is already responsible to the proprietor of the “seringal” for an
+amount of about 350$000 including the payment for the renting
+of the road explored.</p>
+
+<p>His production being on an average of about 400 kilos (in
+certain regions it is much greater), the worker finishes his enterprise
+with a very small profit and it is not a rare case that he
+is not able to satisfy all his indebtedness, a circumstance, this
+latter, which keeps him continually dependent upon the owner
+of the “seringal.”</p>
+
+<p>On handing over the rubber, the conditions of payment are
+adjusted and these are generally made in one of the two following
+ways: either the seringueiro sells the rubber directly to
+the proprietor of the “seringal” at a reduction of one-third upon
+the prices ruling in the markets of Belém or Manáos; or he encharges
+him to sell it in the referred-to market with a discount
+of 35 kilos of rubber or with a discount of from 10 to 15 per cent
+of the net price of such sale, given in payment of the renting of
+the road exploited.</p>
+
+<p>This defective economic organization of the exploitation of
+rubber has, as its consequence, the high costs of production
+which to-day oscillate between 3$000 to 3$500 per kilo. This<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29"></a>[29]</span>
+disadvantageous situation, however, is not a permanent one and
+may be remedied.</p>
+
+<p>We shall leave for a special chapter the explanation of the
+means recently adopted for bettering the condition of the seringueiros,
+augmenting their productive capacity and recompensing
+them more justly for their work.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TRANSPORTS_AND_FREIGHTS">TRANSPORTS AND FREIGHTS</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The problem of transports and freight continues to be one of
+the most palpitating questions in Brazil, notwithstanding the
+great progress in this particular made during the last 10 years.</p>
+
+<p>The considerable increase in the mercantile marine and the
+incessant construction of the numerous railroads of penetration,
+have not been able to keep pace with the extraordinary development
+of the country and its notable economic expansion, the
+national commerce continuing to feel the want of further means
+of transport and to suffer from the very high rates of freights.</p>
+
+<p>In Amazonia, the difficulty of communication has become
+still more felt because of the vast region and territories embraced
+in this great State, sparingly peopled and whose centres
+of production are located so far distant from the exporting markets
+of Manáos and Belém de Pará.</p>
+
+<p>Watered in every direction by innumerable great rivers,
+tributaries of the great river—the Amazon—the greatest in the
+world, the Amazonic region still remains to a very great part
+unexplored, inestimable riches susceptible of being extracted,
+lying unutilized, in virtue of the deficiency in navigation; in fact,
+if the principal rivers are navigated regularly to some extent,
+even though sparingly, others leading to immensely rich regions
+are very rarely navigated by either ship or boats, which might
+assure the transport of the products gathered.</p>
+
+<p>Many and divers are the circumstances which concur towards
+bringing about this state of affairs, but the most important in
+resumé is that of the want of capital for the construction of
+ships and the establishment of regular lines of fluvial navigation
+as also the obstacles offered either by the irregular courses of
+some rivers obstructed by waterfalls, shoots and rapids, or simply
+obstructed by the trunks of trees and other materials or by the
+diminutive volume of water during the dry seasons which makes
+impossible navigation of even ordinary draught.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most interesting phases of the Amazonian problem
+is, however, in the regulating and increasing of the navigation
+of the rivers, with the object of assuring ample transport facilities<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30"></a>[30]</span>
+and the approximation to the centres of production with the
+consuming markets. The opening up of the ways of fluvial communication
+is an essential condition to the progress of the
+Amazonic region, by the lesser expenditure required by transport
+upon water in comparison with land transportation which in
+those regions would be particularly difficult and costly.</p>
+
+<p>The steamers and boats which set out from Manáos or Belém
+for the Interior, make the passage generally, over-charged with
+merchandise which by reason of accumulation and its defective
+packing suffers not rarely serious damages which has the result
+of bringing about a notable increment in prices. As a general
+rule the cargo being greater than the space requisite to its
+accommodation, makes the navigation extremely difficult, the
+steamers thus not being able to make head-way against the current,
+which flows at the rate of from 3 to 5 miles an hour, or
+desiring to diminish the expense in the consumption of coal,
+seek out the waters the less agitated and approach as much as
+possible the banks of the river.</p>
+
+<p>The want of minute hydrographic charts and the imprudence
+of the captains, as also of the masters of steam launches and
+other floating material, have, as a consequence, the bringing
+about of frequent strandings, which even though they may not
+cause damage to the cargo involve interruptions in the trip
+sufficiently prejudicial.</p>
+
+<p>The unloadings are made frequently on the banks of the
+rivers under little favorable conditions, by reason of the want of
+wharves; are very slow and occasion besides lamentable delays,
+very heavy expenses principally for the packages of great weight.</p>
+
+<p>One of the causes which most determine the dearness of
+transport in Amazonia, is the supply of combustibles to the
+steamers, these latter taking in coal only at the port of departure
+in Belém or Manáos, and this being consumed, purchase wood
+fuel along the route just as they require it, and for a high price,
+subjecting themselves thus to the delays incident to loading, at
+times very great. Coal mines in the basin of the Caquetá have
+been discovered, but so far it has not been possible to derive any
+benefit from them, owing to the want of the necessary studies
+and analysis, which only now the Federal Government is beginning
+to have made.</p>
+
+<p>For the betterment of this state of things the Federal Government
+also pretends to contract with a large public company for
+the establishment of coal depots and combustible oil, at the most
+appropriate points of the rivers on which the greatest movement
+takes place in the valley of the Amazon, so that the steamers
+may be supplied for prices according to a tabular statement
+previously approved for each year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31"></a>[31]</span></p>
+
+<p>The descent of the floating material by the rivers is much
+less onerous, as the consumption of combustibles is thereby considerably
+diminished, thanks to the current which gives an easy
+impulsion to the floating material; the trips are notwithstanding
+slow, much time being lost in picking up cargo, almost exclusively
+rubber, on the banks of the rivers.</p>
+
+<p>The irregularity in the navigation either due to the deficiency
+of the floating material or by the natural obstacles that the
+flooding of the rivers bring about, cause extensive prejudice, as
+it obliges the large cargoes of merchandise upon whose price
+high interest is collected and occasions them considerable loss
+of goods deteriorated by their remaining for a long time in sheds
+and by the damaging effect of heat and dampness.</p>
+
+<p>From thence arises the lamentable dearness of life and the
+bad alimentation, with their evil results on the health of the
+inhabitants of those far-away-regions.</p>
+
+<p>The retention in the seringaes of large stocks of rubber deprived
+of the means of transport must also not be forgotten and
+its coming simultaneously on to the market at certain times,
+being taken advantage of by speculators is an important cause
+of the fall in prices which affects the interests of producers to
+an appreciable degree.</p>
+
+<p>Regularity and frequency in navigation, permitting successive
+and regular supplies of rubber would diminish in notable proportions
+the cost of production, since it would cheapen the cost
+of labor and avoid the great oscillations usual in the prices.</p>
+
+<p>In order to obtain that desideratum it is not sufficient to
+create new lines of navigation nor to augment the number of
+floating material or better their conditions, but it is necessary
+to adopt certain complementary measures. Thus in the impossibility
+of preparing from the outset minute hydrographic
+charts, a measure which would require great expenditure; it were
+advisable in order to make navigation more secure to indicate
+by means of small light houses and illuminated buoys of acetyline,
+the dangerous points which it is desirable to avoid.</p>
+
+<p>In order to obviate the difficulties created by the formation
+of sand banks, by the accumulation of trunks of trees, and of
+obstacles of all kinds, it is necessary that attention be paid constantly
+to the cleansing of the rivers and dragging them, in
+cases where the obstructions cannot be removed by other means
+and the construction of railways and wagon roads connecting
+the navigable points.</p>
+
+<p>It would be of the greatest utility to bring about the extension
+and opening up of telegraphic lines joining the producing
+centres with the central markets, such measures would have
+the most beneficient results as much for the owners of seringaes<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32"></a>[32]</span>
+as for the shipowners, these latter being once aware of such
+facilities would cause their ships to be directed to the points
+where they were required to discharge merchandise or take in
+rubber or vice-versa and thus avoid all uncertainty upon the
+advantages to be reaped from those trips, because of the want
+of knowledge of the cargoes that are being reserved for them,
+and those who are in contact with them in the markets where
+the product is sold may be advised as to the quotations and the
+market prices of the merchandise so that they may take advantage
+of the most favorable times for effecting their transactions.</p>
+
+<p>The message presented by His Excellency Marchal Hermes
+da Fonseca, President of the Republic of the United States of
+Brazil on the third of May of this current year, made special
+reference to the services of the radio-telegraph in the territory of
+the Acre, expressing himself in the following terms:</p>
+
+<p>“The three radio-telegraphic stations that have been contracted
+for in December of 1910, are now in full working order,
+those of the Rio Branco and Senna Madueira having been inaugurated
+in September of 1911 and in February of this year
+that of Cruzeiro de Sul, which besides speaking with those two
+and therefore with Manáos, communicates also with Iquitos in
+the Republic of Perú.”</p>
+
+<p>In order to complete this very useful improvement ordered to
+be done in such a happy hour, there were also contracted for
+two other stations, one of these being in Xapury and the other
+in Tarauacá, places having a great future before them and already
+containing an appreciable population as well as a notable material
+development.</p>
+
+<p>With the installation of those two stations, the territory will
+be perfectly well equipped in regard to the question of telegraphic
+communications.</p>
+
+<p>As a consequence of the dearness and the difficulties in the
+means of transport we get the excessive rises in freight, which
+at times are equal to and are often greater than the value
+of the merchandise transported; the truth is that the crisis in
+rubber made them suffer a certain fall and we no longer see such
+a thing happen as that the shipowner pays for the price of his
+steamers in two round trips.</p>
+
+<p>The dominating principle is that of liberty of commerce. In
+order to assure regular services on the principal rivers, the
+Federal Government as well as the Governments of the States of
+Amazonas and Pará subsidize certain companies whose tables of
+freight charges are approved by the Public Powers. That these
+are still very high is shown by the fact of competition which
+in certain lines takes place between the subsidized companies
+and private shipowners; the latter, however, not being able to go<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33"></a>[33]</span>
+beyond the tariff tables of the former, they nevertheless obtain
+freights and passengers which proportion them high profits,
+demonstrating thus that the tables of freight tariffs of the subsidized
+companies are still a long way from the maximum of
+reduction.</p>
+
+<p>The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress which
+took place in Manáos from the 22nd to 27th of February of
+1910, considering this position, resolved to recommend to the
+Public Powers the remodelling of the actual freight tariffs
+principally in that part of them which relate to alimentary goods,
+necessary to the sustaining of the extractors of rubber and in
+the sense of their being substantially cheapened.</p>
+
+<p>Even to-day one of the best businesses in the Amazonic
+regions consists in chartering steamers for trafficking on the
+rivers.</p>
+
+<p>If the freight rates on the sections served by the subsidized
+lines are high, greater still are these on the less favored sections
+where the rapids of the rivers flowing among the seringaes,
+make navigation difficult, because in these latter there being no
+freight tables, they make the price according to their judgment,
+such prices of transport being contracted directly according to
+the circumstances of the occasion with the shipper, who has to
+pay the price as the masters of the steamers are pleased or resolved
+to charge.</p>
+
+<p>The owners of seringaes subject themselves to the heavy
+burdens which they are bound to put up with, in the hope of
+escaping the damage that the retention of their produce for
+want of transport would cause them.</p>
+
+<p>It is not only the fluvial navigation freights that are much
+too burdensome, for the freights for ocean navigation are also
+burdened with this grave defect and thus it is that despite the
+fact of the distance which separate Brazil from New York and
+from London, is only half that between the consuming markets
+and the east, the freights for the latter are incomparably
+less. It behooves the Governments of countries producing
+rubber in South America to come to an arrangement so as to
+confer adequate premiums on the navigation companies to
+Europe and to the United States, who cheapen their freights
+and cut down in a satisfactory manner the duration of the
+voyage.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34"></a>[34]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="INTERNAL_MARKETS_FOR_RUBBER">INTERNAL MARKETS FOR RUBBER—ORGANIZATION AND WORKING—TYPES
+AND QUOTATIONS</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Located in the centre of the most important rubber producing
+region of the world, Belém and Manáos, the capitals of
+the two great states of the north, are, in Brazil, the principal
+markets of that product. Nearly 90 per cent of the Brazilian
+exportation proceeds from there, the 16,000 tons of rubber
+which each of these markets export annually gives place to a
+considerable mass of business.</p>
+
+<p>If it be true that the commercial transactions gyrate around
+equal quantities of rubber, Belém has the advantage over
+Manáos, because it is the seat of a great part of the large exporting
+houses that operate in the two capitals. Its geographical
+situation which permits of more rapid communication with the
+markets of the south, and with foreign ports, contributes also
+towards its greater commercial importance.</p>
+
+<p>The uses and customs are identical in the two markets.
+Commerce obeys a rule above all unfavorable to the sellers who
+cannot put a value on their merchandise but are forced before
+all things to accept the price imposed by the buyers. That disadvantageous
+condition of dependency is the natural outcome of
+the deficient economic organization in the exploitation of the
+rubber industry in the valley of the Amazon. Reference has
+already been made in another place to the burdensome commercial
+relations between the seringueiros and the patrons or
+proprietors of seringaes and between the same patrons and
+the commercial traders. The same vices and defects are to
+be found in the relations between the commercial traders and
+the great exporting houses. Those latter, possessors of large
+capital and united together in the common interests, dominate
+the market, which, weakened by successive crises and always
+in a precarious state cannot oppose them an efficacious resistance.</p>
+
+<p>That situation can only be modified in the case of the actual
+economic and commercial methods, which place in the hands of
+the merchant-trader all the responsibility of the conduction of
+business in the place, without at the same time arming them
+with the means of defence against unrestricted speculations.</p>
+
+<p>The merchant-trader’s houses are the intermediaries between
+the seringueiros and the exporting houses. But, their principal
+function is that of furnishing the seringueiro during the year<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35"></a>[35]</span>
+all the goods necessary to sustain him and his employes as well
+as supplying him with tools, utensils, wearing apparel and in
+fact, everything that may be necessary to his life in the
+seringaes.</p>
+
+<p>This supplying is done on credit, that is to say, against the
+remittance of rubber produced by the borrower and which is
+sold on its arrival by the merchant-trader to the exporting
+houses.</p>
+
+<p>The merchant-trader thus requires large capital so as to meet
+the engagements that he assumes in the market with the great
+and numerous supplies, which he is obliged to make.</p>
+
+<p>It is incumbent on him also to transport the same for which
+he nearly always employs steamers of his own, in order to bring
+the merchandise to its destination in far-away regions, bringing
+back on the return trip the rubber collected by his aviados, i.e.,
+his borrowers of the seringaes.</p>
+
+<p>The responsibilities assumed become due on the occasion of
+the arrival of the cargoes of rubber. In fact, it is exactly at
+this moment that the merchant-trader is most in need of
+money, because besides the imperious duty of paying the
+amount of his debts and the immediate necessity which he has of
+furnishing new supplies to his clients the aviados, he has still
+yet expenses to disburse with the repair and fitting out of the
+steamers, which owing to the bad conditions in the navigation
+of the rivers return nearly always in a damaged condition;
+balances to pay to the seringueiros whose debts were relatively
+small or advances to make to those whose production was inferior
+in value to the supply sent, but who required a new resource
+under the danger of otherwise not being able ever to
+liquidate their debt.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it is that the aviador or merchant-trader has no other
+remedy, but to sell without delay the rubber which has been
+consigned to him and that is the psychological moment for the
+decided action of the buyers.</p>
+
+<p>Reduced as to number, well informed about the business
+and in the possession of daily and direct notices from the consuming
+markets, perfectly bound up to them by a question of
+mutual interest, they decide to make the price for the merchandise
+that is offered to them. It is not always that that price
+corresponds in reality to those of the foreign market, but the
+apprehension that seizes the merchant-trader that moved by their
+interests the buyers may resolve to retire the offer, does not
+permit him either to hesitate or resist. He hands over the merchandise
+with a small profit and not uncommonly with a loss.</p>
+
+<p>Treating of an article which up till to-day has been produced
+in a quantity inferior to the necessity of the industry, whose<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36"></a>[36]</span>
+price was kept up high, much above that which might be called
+a remunerative price, that inversion of the law of economics is
+a very curious one, because, in this case, it is not the producer
+who imposes the price, but the buyer who does so.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulties which the merchant-trader had to fight
+against, have been increased lately with the advent of the
+“regatões,” a species of barter-commission travelers on the rivers.
+This trade is exercised by individuals acting for their own account
+or as agents of the merchants and who go up the rivers
+with merchandise, doing business at sight in exchange for
+money or rubber, diverting in this way a large part of the transactions
+until now exercised through the inter-medium of the
+merchant-traders.</p>
+
+<p>The principal causes of the precarious position of the
+“aviadores” or merchant-traders are the lack of adequate capital
+and the want of banking facilities and other establishments of
+credit which might come to their aid.</p>
+
+<p>The export houses, however, operate with the greatest firmness.
+They discount the drafts for the rubber bought, in the
+agencies of the English banks, and with the product of this
+operation pay the merchant-traders, and as these drafts are at
+90 days sight, it is only after the rubber is sold in New York
+or in Liverpool that they satisfy their indebtedness, thus trafficking
+almost covered from any risk whatsoever.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The aviador or merchant-trader receives the rubber by the
+weight which it shows at the moment of being unloaded; if the
+trip is a long one the shortage in weight of the rubber may be
+as much as 15 per cent; if, on the other hand, there has been
+no time, owing to the shortness of the trip, for such a thing to
+happen, it is certain that on its being magazined or stored-up,
+it will continue to <b>quebrar</b>, i.e., diminish in weight. Thus, therefore,
+it is to the interest of all parties concerned to sell it and
+export it as soon after its arrival as possible, which, however,
+does not mean to say that the question of shortage is not an
+element which comes into play in making the estimate of its
+value.</p>
+
+<p>The classifying of the rubber is done upon the occasion of
+its sale, this being an operation which necessitates a long experience
+and practice in the knowledge of the article.</p>
+
+<p>Two workmen with iron instruments which they call “gatos,”
+take hold of the skin (smoke-cured roll or ball) by the orifice
+which is left in its shape on its being made, at the same time that
+a third workman cuts it down the middle with a sharp instrument
+called a “traçado.” By this means it is easy to ascertain
+if the manufacture of the internal coatings or layers has been<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37"></a>[37]</span>
+done with the necessary care, and if the weight has been affected
+by water, or by any other extraneous body.</p>
+
+<p>If the rubber presents itself with an uniform aspect, perfectly
+smoked and sufficiently elastic, it is classed “fina.” If,
+however, any points present spongy parts proceeding from
+coagulation of the latex anterior to the smoking process, it is
+styled “entre-fina.” To the agglomeration of residue which congeals
+freely, the name of “sernamby” is given.</p>
+
+<p>There is still the “borracha fraca” little elastic, whose
+mercantile value is put in the same category as “sernamby” and
+which does not come from the latex of the hevea.</p>
+
+<p>This work being finished, the rubber is bought in accordance
+with the quotations of the day, based upon prices coming from
+England and from the United States, but as has already been
+explained, this quotation is not always respected.</p>
+
+<p>There is another anomaly to which it is advisable to refer:
+whilst the “entre-fina” and the sernamby are quoted abroad at
+least at 200 réis and 1$800 réis less than the “fina” the markets
+of Belém and Manáos show a difference of 800 réis and 2$000.</p>
+
+<p>There are other abuses which also take place in the classifying
+of the rubber, which gives as a result that the buyers prefer
+to do business upon inferior qualities, because these offer a
+larger margin for profits.</p>
+
+<p>The rubber is exported in American pineboxes which can
+hold nearly 150 Kilos. The dearness of manual labor in the
+Amazon territory makes it difficult to take advantage of the
+innumerable species of timber-woods in which the valley of the
+great river is so abundantly rich.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>In the remaining markets of the country where the rubber is
+negotiated, the price is regulated by the quotations in Pará.
+These local markets are of little importance and in nothing do
+they distinguish themselves as to the relative transactions in
+rubber, from the general mass of business. The class of <b>aviadores</b>
+or merchant-trader does not exist. Each producer sends his
+stock to his agent or representative or sells it to the first buyer.
+The rubber is collected from either maniçoba or mangabeira.</p>
+
+<p>In the commerce of those products, the markets of Bahia and
+Fortaleza stand out the most prominently, to which places a certain
+appreciable portion of cultivated plantation rubber converges
+every year besides a great quantity of native rubber.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38"></a>[38]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="ECONOMIC_AND_FINANCIAL_IMPORTANCE">ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL IMPORTANCE—FEDERAL AND STATE REVENUE—EXPORTATION TAX</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The most superficial examination of the actual economic position
+of Brazil demonstrates at once and in an incisive manner
+how important the rubber industry is to the national life of the
+country.</p>
+
+<p>Possessor of the innumerable riches distributed by the three
+Kingdoms of Nature, it is almost exclusively due to the cultivation
+of coffee and to the extraction of rubber that Brazil owes
+its extraordinary commercial development in these last twenty
+years.</p>
+
+<p>The great fortunes which the plantations of the famous red-bean
+of the coffee-tree created in the South and the considerable
+profits which the exploitation of the precious gum have produced
+in the North, were certainly the causes which most influenced
+the development of the production to such an extraordinary
+degree, relegating to a much lower schedule in the general
+tabular statement of Brazilian exportation, all the products,
+whose commerce although certainly remunerative, does not show
+such certain and speedy results.</p>
+
+<p>The general exportation of Brazilian merchandise was £63,724,440
+in 1909, £63,091,547 in 1910 and £66,838,982 in 1911. To
+these totals, coffee and rubber contributed during each of the
+same three years £52,401,276, £51,342,278 and £55,458,221 respectively—totals
+these, sufficient by themselves, to guarantee
+with advantage the Brazilian international commercial equilibrium,
+when it is seen that in those said same years, the general
+importation of merchandise amounted to £37,139,354, £47,871,974
+and £52,798,016.</p>
+
+<p>Rubber contributed to the general total of exportation with
+29.70 per cent in 1909, 39.06 per cent in 1910 and 22.53 per cent
+in 1911, or in other words an average of 30.43 per cent per annum.
+It is worthy of note, that the great difference which took
+place in the above-mentioned percentages is explained in
+the fluctuations in the prices of rubber, since the production not
+only did not decrease, but, as a matter of fact, increased from
+year to year. Therefore it is seen that nearly one-third of Brazil’s
+export trade is supplied by rubber, and it is nearly twenty
+millions of pounds sterling that Brazil receives every year, and
+which goes far to provide for the sustentation, not only of the
+population of the Brazilian Northwest, comprised in the great<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39"></a>[39]</span>
+States of Pará, Amazons and Matto-Grosso and the Federal Territory
+of the Acre, but for the prosperity of the North-east
+States, which get the benefit of a good part of that sum
+through the intermedium of their sons, who live by the exploitation
+of the rubber; the Southern States benefit in their turn by
+the abundance of money in the North, that most secure guarantee
+of their prosperity, since that being producers of cereals, xarque,
+coffee, sugar, textile goods, hats and shoes, for a long time already
+they have constituted themselves the principal furnishers
+of food-stuffs and wearing apparel to that region. Finally there
+is still to be considered the benefit to be brought indirectly to
+the whole country because that sum goes to increase the commerce
+of importation, thus powerfully augmenting the Federal
+Customs Revenue.</p>
+
+<p>The sum obtained by the States of the Amazons and Pará and
+by the Federal Territory of the Acre, is also considerable every
+year by the tribute paid on the rubber going out.</p>
+
+<p>This last Territory of the Acre, since its incorporation with
+Brazil by the Treaty of Petropolis concluded with Bolivia in
+1903, cost the Union (including the expenses incident to the acquisition
+of the Territory and other resulting compromises of the
+said treaty, such as the arbitral Tribunal, loans to Bolivia, marking
+out of the frontier, construction of the Madeira-Mamoré
+Railroad and expenses for the mobilization of troops, etc.),
+up till 1909 the sum of Rs. 62,595:562$038; the revenue brought
+in during the same period attained the sum of Rs. 58,052:757$012,
+in 1910 moreover the tax upon the rubber produced
+was Rs. 19,867:529$159 and in 1911 Rs. 9,671:711$068, or in
+other words Rs. 29,539:240$227 more, which should be carried
+to the credit of that very rich region. The rubber of the Acre
+is exported through the intermedium of the markets of Belém
+and Manáos, the impost-tax of 20 per cent ad valorem being
+collected on the occasion of its shipment.</p>
+
+<p>The States of Amazonas and Pará cannot dispense quickly
+without very serious economic disturbance with the revenue
+receivable from the tribute paid on the exportation of rubber. As
+a matter of fact, the State of Amazonas collected the sum of Rs.
+16,845:585$063 in 1909, Rs. 18,069:162$372 in 1910 and Rs. 12,901:477$379
+in 1911; the impost-tax upon rubber brought in those
+same years respectively Rs. 13,316:487$569, Rs. 14,836:235$238
+and Rs. 9,999:031$526, which can also be reckoned by 79.04 per
+cent, 82.11 per cent and 77.50 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The State of Amazonas taxes rubber produced in the State
+itself, in 18 per cent ad valorem, and that coming from the Javary,
+the boundary river with Perú, in 7 per cent.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40"></a>[40]</span></p>
+
+<p>In its turn Pará has had in the form of revenue collected in
+those years, the amounts of Rs. 19,039:709$531, Rs. 20,255:070$604
+and Rs. 14,480:716$176, the import-tax on rubber rendering
+Rs. 14,602:759$269, Rs. 14,701:894$955 and Rs. 9,518:716$267,
+or 76.69 per cent, 72.58 per cent and 65.73 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>The taxes charged by Pará are 22 per cent ad valorem for
+Rubber “fina,” “entre-fina” and “sernamby,” and 15 per cent for
+whatever other kind. Besides those there is an additional tax
+of 2.5 per cent in benefit of the Santa Casa de Misericordia
+charged on the exportation taxes.</p>
+
+<p>These figures seem to show the importance for those
+States of questions concerning the production and consumption
+of the world’s rubber, and with greater reason still for Brazil
+as a whole. The ruin of one of the most promising regions on
+the face of the globe, the profound depreciation of Brazilian
+finances and the dreaded commercial crisis with which the country
+would have to fight, would be the disastrous effect of the
+indifference of the Federal and States Governments on such a
+matter. But that, however, is not the attitude of those Governments;
+they are decreeing various measures now in course of being
+carried out and which after minute studies were judged necessary,
+so that Brazil might continue to maintain her proud position
+of importance for the precious “black gold” (rubber) in
+the world’s market.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER-CONSUMING_MARKETS">RUBBER-CONSUMING MARKETS—COMPETITION OF OTHER RUBBER-PRODUCING COUNTRIES</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>New York, Liverpool, London, Hamburg, Antwerp and
+Havre are at the present time, by their order of importance, the
+principal world’s markets for rubber.</p>
+
+<p>New York, by virtue of the extraordinary development of
+North American industries, which in a steadily increasing scale,
+are consuming constantly greater quantities of raw material, receives
+almost half of the rubber produced in all the world.
+Nearly 60 per cent of the rubber negotiated in New York is
+Brazilian. After this follow Central America and Mexico; but
+as rubber proceeding from all parts appears in the New York
+market it is evident that there is no specialty in this business.</p>
+
+<p>Liverpool, perhaps due to the fact of its being the port to
+which the lines of navigation that run to and from the Amazon
+are directed, has become the European emporium for Brazilian
+rubber. In fact, 40 per cent of the Brazilian production is directed<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41"></a>[41]</span>
+towards that city. Liverpool also receives rubber of various
+qualities proceeding from the English and other European
+possessions in equatorial Africa.</p>
+
+<p>The increasing production of the Oriental plantations finds in
+London one of its principal markets for the precious gum. Although
+rubber proceeding from different parts appears in the
+market, it may be affirmed without hesitation, that London is
+the special centre for cultivated refined rubber (plantation)
+which is easily explained by the fact that the owners of the extensive
+plantations in the Malay States are nearly all of them
+London companies.</p>
+
+<p>Occidental and Oriental Africa, principally German Colonies,
+send to Hamburg the greater part of the rubber which is negotiated
+on that market. Brazil enters with about 20 per cent of
+the total amount of the business.</p>
+
+<p>Antwerp owes its rubber trade to the creation of the Congo
+Free State, whose production, now in decline, is practically all
+directed to this city. It also receives rubber from Brazil, and
+seeing that Belgian capital is employed in the Oriental plantations
+its future is promising.</p>
+
+<p>Havre, on the other hand, is of greater importance to Brazil;
+where 75 per cent of the transactions are in Brazilian rubber.
+It also imports the Congo species, as also those of some
+of the French Colonies in Africa. However, the great bulk of
+the production of these latter colonies is directed to Bordeaux.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The methods of sale adopted in these markets, vary very
+much. From the slow old-fashioned process of sale by private
+treaty, to sales on time terms, passing through auctions and underwritings,
+in short all the commonly known modes of negotiating
+are in use.</p>
+
+<p>The most important market, that of New York, adheres to
+the old-fashioned method of personal contracts for immediate delivery,
+which certainly serves better the interests of buyers, than
+those of sellers; the agitation that was created round this question
+with a view to reform the market, gave no result whatsoever.</p>
+
+<p>Liverpool presents us the polymorphic type. Private sales,
+and sales on a fixed day for delivery, or sales by auctions, all take
+place, consulting thereby the preferences of both sellers and
+buyers, and establishing the free course of the values. The same
+happens in London, where, however, the Plantation companies
+have initiated more advanced transactions, such as sales of crops
+in anticipation.</p>
+
+<p>Hamburg and Antwerp also practice sales by auction and on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42"></a>[42]</span>
+delivery. However, in this latter the method of underwriting is
+that most in vogue and which among all the processes is the one
+that consults most the interest of the seller. This is carried out
+in the following manner: A broker advertises a certain quantity
+of rubber for sale, the particulars of which he supplies (name of
+seller, weight, quality, estimated price, etc.), about twenty days
+beforehand. On the day appointed, he receives the offers of purchase
+closed and sealed; these are then opened in a public place
+and the prices are inscribed on a schedule divided into columns,
+each one headed with the name of the house offering. Once this
+operation has finished, the rubber falls to the highest bidder. The
+seller has, however, the right to withdraw the goods in case the
+price that results does not satisfy him.</p>
+
+<p>The Antwerp market adopted this system with the view to
+competing against cognate markets. As the reducing of the expenses
+on the product, which corresponded to frs. 2.60 per 100
+Kilos, the same being frs. 4.93 and frs. 7.30 in Hamburg and Liverpool
+respectively, did not suffice, it endeavored to attract the
+seller by offering the most advantageous prices, and it seems that
+it has succeeded in its desideratum.</p>
+
+<p>Havre followed its example and it is greatly to be desired that
+all the rubber markets adopt the same system, not only for the
+reasons set forth, but also because it is a safe precaution against
+the manipulations of speculators.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil has always maintained its predominating position in
+the world’s market for rubber, not only as the greatest producer,
+but also as the producer of the best quality.</p>
+
+<p>In 1827, the first year about which statistical data exist,
+Brazil exported 31 tons of rubber; in 1837, 289 tons, or say an
+increase of 932 per cent; in 1847, 624 tons, or 216 per cent more;
+in 1857, 1,800 tons, which corresponds to an increase of 290 per
+cent; in 1867, 5,826 tons, or 322 per cent more; 1877, 9,215 tons,
+thus augmenting by 158 per cent; in 1887, 13,290 tons, or 144
+per cent increase; in 1897, 21,256 tons, representing about 160
+per cent more; and, finally, in 1907, 36,490 tons, or approximately
+an increase of 172 per cent.</p>
+
+<p>Within the last decade, that is to say, from 1902 to 1911 (vide
+statistical statements <b>in fine</b>), the exportation rose gradually to
+28,631 tons in 1902 and to 39,026 tons in 1909, the maximum ever
+reached so far, to descend immediately to 38,546 tons in 1910 and
+36,547 tons in 1911.</p>
+
+<p>Brazil has so far not had any serious competition to fear. It
+is true that the other producing countries in Central America,
+South Africa and Asia, send a considerable quantity of rubber
+on to the market, but this does not affect the Brazilian trade, because,
+besides being practically all of it of an inferior quality,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43"></a>[43]</span>
+such extra supply is not sufficient to occasion the harmful effects
+of an overproduction. It is curious to observe, that even within
+the last decade, the production of those regions which in 1901
+was 21,547 tons increased even so far as to surpass the production
+of Brazil in the year of 1905, reaching then 35,428 tons; but
+it diminished as rapidly as it had increased and in 1911 we see it
+reduced to 23,747 tons. This decrease cannot be attributed to
+the effects of competition, for instance to the plantations of the
+Orient, whose production commenced to accentuate itself exactly
+in the year of 1905 and henceforward. As a matter of fact, competition
+should bring forth a fall in prices, but however, on the
+contrary, such did not happen, the quotations reaching in the
+years of 1909 and 1910 such extremes as had never been seen in
+the rubber market. It will be sufficient to point out, that the
+refined rubber of Pará, which is the Standard regulating type of
+the market and whose average annual price has been 3, 4 and
+even 5 shillings, went up in those years to 12s/6 per pound.</p>
+
+<p>However, a new competitor did appear, which had to be taken
+into consideration, and which induced the Government of
+Brazil to adopt some measures tending to protect its great article
+of export. The considerable and methodical plantations of the
+<b>hevea brasiliensis</b> made in the peninsula of Malacca in Malasia
+and on the island of Ceylon, commenced to produce rubber,
+which it was predicted would within a few years, due to the
+enormous quantity produced at a low figure, get the mastery of
+the market.</p>
+
+<p>These plantations, the initial experiments of which date from
+the year of 1876, with 70,000 seeds sent from the Tapajóz
+river, an affluent of the Amazon, by Wickham to the Royal Botanical
+Garden of Kew, have taken an enormous increment
+since the year 1896, till to-day, due to the results obtained
+which indicated beyond possible doubt the advantages of the
+cultivation of hevea, this in view of the constantly increasing
+price of the product and the new applications which day after
+day the rubber industry has opened up.</p>
+
+<p>The cultivated-plantation rubber, which appeared on the market
+with 5 tons in 1901, was represented by 646 tons five years
+later and at the end of another equal period, by 12,000 tons.
+It is estimated that if nothing unforeseen happens to the contrary,
+its production in 1916 will be 70,000 tons, thus reaching
+the quantity which is at the present moment consumed each
+year by the necessities of the industry.</p>
+
+<p>It is believed that by that time the inferior qualities furnished
+by Africa, Central America and even by Brazil, will gradually
+have disappeared from the market. In order to meet the consumption
+which, if progression that hitherto has taken place,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44"></a>[44]</span>
+continues, will then be of 98,603 tons, the production of Brazil
+and of the Orient together will surely render a quantity much superior
+to that demand.</p>
+
+<p>The average cost per Kilo of fine Pará rubber in the valley
+of the Amazon is from 3$000 to 3$500; in India of 2$650; however,
+this difference should disappear under the operation
+of the Rubber Defence Act, which is inserted further on,
+and the possible augmentation of the price in the Orient,
+where manual labor will become dearer later on when all its
+plantations are in full exploitation, and by the consequent scarcity
+of labor, against which agriculturists are already commencing
+to struggle.</p>
+
+<p>The industrial element still continues to give preference to
+the Brazilian rubber, this being better in quality, <b>nerve</b> and in
+elasticity—properties these which may probably be attributed to
+the process of curing, which is not employed in the Orient, or
+possibly to the meteorologic and climate conditions, the geological
+composition of the soil, etc. It is true that the quotation for
+planted rubber has been superior to that of wild rubber, but it is
+advisable not to forget, that while the former shrinks only 3 per
+cent, and has a much better appearance, the latter loses 18 per
+cent of its weight. The price difference is thus amply explained
+and when accounts are made up it is still the fine quality from
+Pará that is the better quoted.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_INDIA_RUBBER_PROBLEM">THE INDIA RUBBER PROBLEM—MEANS SUGGESTED AND RESOLVED BY THE STATES</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Threatened with losing the predominant position it has always
+occupied in the rubber market of the world, Brazil could
+not, without committing an economical suicide, remain inactive.</p>
+
+<p>The time having come when native rubber would enter into
+competition with planted rubber, Brazil had to defend its interests
+by becoming equipped for the struggle, making the cost of its
+product cheaper in order to ensure its occupying an advantageous
+position in the market.</p>
+
+<p>Many are the causes which at present contribute to the high
+cost of Brazilian rubber, but they may be united into three
+groups, as follows: 1st, expensive labour; 2nd, heavy transport
+tariffs; and 3rd, excessive export taxes.</p>
+
+<p>The expensive labour is due to the scantiness of population
+in the Amazon valley, the want of foreign immigration to compensate
+it, and the high cost of food supplies.</p>
+
+<p>The rubber-producing trees (seringaes) of the Amazon are exploited<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45"></a>[45]</span>
+by the natives, whose number is but small, and by the
+immigrants from the eastern States who, fleeing from the
+droughts which periodically befall those States and attracted by
+the liberal profits offered by the extraction of rubber, go there
+in thousands every year. This current of immigration is, however,
+insufficient; a proper remedy for such a state of things
+would perhaps be foreign labour which still keeps back from the
+North because it only knows it through garbled information.
+The bad food and the indifference for all that concerns health
+conditions, contribute every year to the invaliding of a considerable
+number of men.</p>
+
+<p>The extraction of India rubber being the occupation which
+pays best in the Amazon Valley, the pastoral industry, cattle-breeding
+and farming are altogether despised, so that all the articles
+of subsistence needed by the population, either come from the
+South of Brazil, burdened by cost of a long transport, or from
+abroad overloaded with high Brazilian Customs duties.</p>
+
+<p>The heavy transport tariffs are due to the numerous difficulties
+of all sorts that thwart navigation in the affluents and sub-affluents
+of the Amazon river and to the greediness of ship-owners,
+encouraged by the absence of competition. On the other hand,
+the existence of a complete river system has made the Brazilian
+Governments disregard the necessity of establishing railways
+which, by shortening distances, might bind the different affluents
+of the great river to each other.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, the excessive taxation imposed by the States of Amazonas
+and Pará on its almost only product of exportation is a
+consequence of the special conditions of life in that Brazilian region,
+which conditions we have just described. The Governmental
+and administrative system requires large sums for its maintenance,
+is unable to avail itself of any other sources of income
+because they hardly exist. The legislator has had to go on taxing
+the great product more and more.</p>
+
+<p>In order to cheapen the product, besides removing the causes
+which have just been shown, two other far-reaching measures
+have been suggested; the adoption of a process for coagulation
+of the latex which might decrease the production of inferior rubbers,
+and planting on a big scale.</p>
+
+<p>At the present moment the exportation of rubber from the
+Amazon is composed of 50 per cent of rubber “fina,” 10 per cent
+of “entre-fina,” 25 per cent of “sernamby,” and 15 per cent of
+“caucho.” Now, any process that can do away with or might
+at least diminish the percentage of entrefina and sernamby would
+be a means of cheapening the rubber of finer quality (fina). To
+apply the same activity to produce 70 or 75 Kilos of “fina” instead
+of 50 fina, 10 entrefina and 15 sernamby, is the same in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46"></a>[46]</span>
+reality as obtaining the first quality at a very much lower price.
+Such is the desideratum of the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira
+Pinto, a Brazilian doctor who has lived for a great number
+of years among the rubber districts where he has made
+a most accurate study of the subject. The results hitherto attained
+are very satisfactory, the Government of Brazil having
+aided the inventor with a view to spreading his invention once
+its advantages have been definitely proven.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, the process of extracting the rubber from
+trees disseminated in the interior of the forests at a considerable
+distance one tree from the other, is against all principles of economy.
+The planting on a large scale, on the margin of the
+Amazon river, or of its big affluents, but in places of easy
+access, is an essential measure, especially seeing that the
+Government aims at maintaining for Brazil in future, the prominent
+position it now occupies in the trade. Therefore, whilst
+considering all the complex elements of the question thoroughly,
+a study had to be made of all the solutions presented. We shall
+now see what procedure was followed:</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1909, a Congress of seringueiros (rubber gatherers),
+assembled in Acre with a view to studying and discussing
+the situation of the rubber trade. In a message addressed
+to the President of the Republic at the closing of the proceedings,
+the members of the Congress suggested, as chief measures, easy
+communications, roads, railway lines, subventioned lines of
+steamers, colonization promoted by the Government and a reduction
+in the export duty.</p>
+
+<p>Later on, in the same year, the Pará Government enacted
+Laws Nos. 1,100 and 1,109 of the 5th and 6th of November, both
+of which have great bearing on the solution of this most important
+problem.</p>
+
+<p>The first of said laws gives authority, in article 1st, to the
+State Government, to enter into agreements with one or more
+native or foreign companies, in regard to the plantation and exploitation
+of the seringueira (hevea brasiliensis) against the
+concession of the following favors:</p>
+
+<p>a. The concession of vacant lands up to twenty thousand
+hectares with proper demarkations for the Company’s plantings.</p>
+
+<p>b. Reduction in the export duty of planted rubber to the extent
+of 50 per cent in the first 10 years as from the date of the
+first exportation; of 40 per cent in the second decade; of 30 per
+cent thenceforward until completion of twenty years.</p>
+
+<p>c. Reduction of 30 per cent in the tariffs of the Bragança
+railway and in the freights of the line of steamers subventioned
+by the State, during a term of twenty years, for planted rubber
+produced by the Company.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47"></a>[47]</span></p>
+
+<p>d. Transport free of charge by the Bragança railway and
+steamers under the States’ subsidy of all machinery and plant
+belonging to the Company and intended for the installation of
+its establishments; and of whatever colonists the Company may
+place in its premises as well as of seeds, manure plants and
+cattle.</p>
+
+<p>e. An advance, by way of guaranteed interest, of 5 per cent
+per annum on the capital issued by the company holding the
+concession to the extent of one-half of the paid up capital.</p>
+
+<p>Special paragraph.—This guarantee, whatsoever be the Company’s
+capital, shall not be paid on a sum exceeding £400,000
+Sterling over and above £800,000 Sterling, or its equivalent in
+paper money.</p>
+
+<p>The advances, by way of guaranteed interest, thus conceded,
+will be discontinued once the Company’s profits attain 6 per
+cent, and on exceeding 7 per cent the Company will start amortizing
+the sums loaned by the State to the extent of 5 per cent
+on the total sum advanced.</p>
+
+<p>The concession of lands available will be made by way of
+emphyteusis for 99 years.</p>
+
+<p>The Statutes will have to be approved by the Government,
+who will name one of the Company’s Directors and retain certain
+rights with a view to the due enforcement of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>Article Second of the Law describes the Company’s obligations,
+which are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>First. To plant at least twenty thousand rubber trees per
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Second. To carry out instructions from the Agriculture Department
+of the State in the planting.</p>
+
+<p>Third. To maintain a rural elementary school, with accommodation
+for the shelter of at least twenty destitute children,
+and a field of practical tuition of mechanical agriculture, experimental
+cultivation of tropical plants, experiments in manure, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Fourth. Accessory planting of rice, maize, haricot beans,
+etc., improving the quality of same by mechanical means.</p>
+
+<p>Fifth. Furnish accurate yearly statistics of the number of
+plantations made, their state and the general production of rubber
+and other articles.</p>
+
+<p>Sixth. Use on the bags, boxes and other receptacles containing
+the goods produced, a trade-mark duly registered at the
+Board of Trade as prescribed by law.</p>
+
+<p>Seventh. Allow the Government to control all the work
+carried out by the Company in such manner as the Government
+may think fit.</p>
+
+<p>Complementary to the former, the Law of November 6th
+concedes prizes and other favors to the agriculturists of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48"></a>[48]</span>
+State, who, by themselves or associations formed by them, should
+fulfil the conditions set forth in same.</p>
+
+<p>The prizes are of five hundred mil réis for each plot of five
+hundred rubber trees properly planted; the favors consist of
+the distribution free of charge of chemical manure, seeds, plants,
+instructions and agricultural monographs, gratuitous tuition to
+all the laborer-planters, transport free by the Bragança Railway
+and steamers subsidized by the State, reduction of export duties,
+<b>etc.</b></p>
+
+<p>Lastly, Law No. 1,115, of the 8th November, 1909, affords
+protection to the rubber trees that are actually yielding, with a
+view to improving their production.</p>
+
+<p>Article First authorizes the Government of the State to further
+the defence of the rubber industry as regards the latex and
+preparation of rubber, in order to prevent the destruction of the
+trees existing in the State, punishment being dealt to whomsoever
+manufactures the product by subversive means.</p>
+
+<p>Article second provides a prize of 50 contos of réis paper
+money at most, to be awarded at the Government’s discretion,
+to the discoverer or inventor of some process of manufacturing
+or preparing rubber, which may afford undeniable advantages as
+regards its manufacture and reduces the inferior classes to a
+single standard of rubber “fina,” ensuring a high price for the
+article.</p>
+
+<p>The State of Amazonas also, as per Law No. 675 of May 20,
+1911, authorizes the Executive Power to concede any advisable
+favors to individuals or undertakings that may bind themselves
+to put up in Manáos factories for refinement of rubber by means
+of new and improved methods, so as to obtain a standard class
+of rubber for exportation.</p>
+
+<p>The Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural Congress held
+at Manáos in February, 1910, resolved in its final conclusions
+to recommend to the Brazilian Government and the immediate
+neighboring Republics, the reforming of their freights, especially
+as regards the food supplies; grant favors to navigation; free
+rivers from obstructions; construct railways; create colonial
+centres; admit of the pressing and absolute necessity to plant
+rubber trees in the Amazon valley and open new fields of plantation;
+suggests the establishment of permanent exhibitions of a
+highly educational character; advises the rubber extractors not
+to give up the process of curing by smoke and condemns entirely
+the use of acids or alum in the coagulation, and calls attention to
+the question of the commercial classes of rubber which should
+be properly defined. Going into details it requests numerous
+favors for the agriculturists that may go in for planting hevea
+rubber trees, cacao and cereals, cotton and other products, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49"></a>[49]</span>
+that prizes be granted to cattle breeders, experimental fields be
+opened, as also laboratories of analysis and a service be established
+for dealing with the yellow fever and paludinous fevers, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Such an important matter could not be solved by half-measures;
+it was necessary and even indispensable to adopt a
+plan embracing all the solutions suggested and proclaimed as
+being elements of success, thus obtaining a united plan entailing
+some complexity in its execution, it is true, yet clear and simple
+in its combined purposes.</p>
+
+<p>And this desideratum was achieved by the Federal Law No.
+2,543 A of the fifth of January, 1912.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="MEASURES_ADOPTED_BY_THE_FEDERAL_GOVERNMENT">MEASURES ADOPTED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT—RIO DE JANEIRO CONGRESS OF
+RUBBER—REGULATIONS OF THE NEW RUBBER DEFENSE ACT</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>For a long time back the attention of the Brazilian Government
+has been drawn to the necessity of adopting a plan of defence
+for India rubber, which might solve in a practical and
+decisive manner the so-long-debated “problem of the North.”</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1911, the Minister of Agriculture, after a close
+study, made with the aid of specialists and persons having
+full knowledge of that region of the country, drew up a project
+in the above sense and, recognizing the necessity of still hearing
+those who are most directly interested in the matter, convened a
+meeting of representatives of the State Governments, Commercial
+Associations and other Institutions which might lead to
+a perfect understanding of what was most advisable to do.</p>
+
+<p>The first meeting was held on August 14, and the Government’s
+plan was hailed with great applause, the same being
+approved, with slight alterations, in the last session which took
+place on the twenty-second of the same month.</p>
+
+<p>By Message of September 14, 1911, Marshal Hermes da
+Fonseca, President of the Republic, sent to the National Congress
+for approval, the plan duly elaborated; after being carefully
+studied by Congress it was approved and converted into
+Law, under No. 2,543 A and was sanctioned on January 5, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>On April 17, 1912, Decree No. 9,521 was enacted with the
+Regulation for carrying out the measures and services provided
+for in the law of January.</p>
+
+<p>The measures and services prescribed by Law No. 2,543 A<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50"></a>[50]</span>
+of January, 1912, for the economic defence of rubber, regulated
+by Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>I. To encourage the rubber extractor and the cultivator of
+the principal rubber-producing trees.</p>
+
+<p>II. To form industries for the refinement and manufacture
+of rubber articles.</p>
+
+<p>III. To aid immigrants, both from the country and those
+who have recently arrived from abroad, and the workmen
+already established in the Amazon valley.</p>
+
+<p>IV. To render transport easy and decrease the cost in the
+Amazon valley.</p>
+
+<p>V. To install productive centres of food supplies in the
+Amazon valley.</p>
+
+<p>VI. To hold three-yearly exhibitions in Rio de Janeiro, comprehending
+all that relates to the rubber industry of the country.</p>
+
+<p>The measures contained in the law in regard to making agreements
+with the States which produce rubber “seringa,” with a
+view to decreasing the export duties and protecting the rubber
+trade, will be dealt with separately, and with regard to the definition
+and legalization of freeholds in the Federal Territory in
+Acre and the revision and consolidation of regulations concerning
+the coasting service of steamers (included in No. IV) special
+By-Laws will be drawn up which shall be published in due
+course.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The measures in reference to the first group and whose object
+is to encourage the extracting industry and plantation of the
+principal rubber producing trees are: First, reduction of the
+cost of tools and materials employed in the rubber trade; second,
+granting of prizes in money to the planters of the principal rubber
+trees; third, installation of experimental stations for the cultivation
+of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>For the reduction in the cost of utensils and materials, free
+entrance is granted with exemption from any import duties, as
+well as to everything intended for the cultivation of the
+seringueira, caucho, maniçoba and mangabeira and the gathering-in
+and improving of rubber extracted from those trees;
+whether as regards the extracting industry or the plantation
+work.</p>
+
+<p>These pecuniary premiums for encouraging the industry, will
+be conceded to all those who plant entirely anew, or who devote
+themselves to replanting; in the first case and for every group
+of 12 hectares, the premiums will be Rs. 2:500$000 when the
+planting is of “seringueira”; Rs. 1:500$000 when it treats of
+“caucho” or “maniçoba”; and 900$000 when it is mangabeira; in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51"></a>[51]</span>
+the second case and for every group of 25 hectares the premiums
+will be 2:000$000, 1:000$000 and 720$000 respectively. The
+minimum number of trees for the new plantations will be 250
+per hectare for the seringueira and caucho, and 400 for the maniçoba
+and mangabeira; in the case of re-planting, the distance to
+keep between the trees should be from 6 metres to 6m50 for
+the first mentioned case and 5 metres for the second. In order
+to obtain the payment of the premium, it is requisite that the
+trees be well cared for, and that not more than 15 per cent are
+damaged or useless.</p>
+
+<p>The subsidiary cultivation of alimentitious plants or of those
+useful for industrial purposes, will secure an annual gratuity
+corresponding to 5 per cent of the value of the principal
+premium.</p>
+
+<p>For the cultivation of the seringueira, experimental stations
+will be localized in the Territory of the Acre, and in the States
+of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia
+and for the growing of the maniçoba conjointly with that of the
+mangabeira in the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia,
+Minas Geraes, S. Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso.</p>
+
+<p>Each station will have an area of from 80 to 100 hectares, the
+land selected having to be suited to the climatic and agrological
+conditions exacted by the nature or quality of the plant to
+be cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the grounds for experimental cultivation, each
+station will possess laboratories of vegetable physiology for the
+testing of seeds and phytopathology, of agricultural entomology;
+of agricultural vegetable chemistry and bromotology and of
+microbiology and technology; an agricultural and woodlands
+museum; a gallery of machines and a meteorological post.
+Thus it will be properly equipped in order to serve those
+who may consult it upon any matter whatsoever, within
+the scope of its competency, carry out the analysis of manures
+and other chemical fertilizers, plants and waters, distribute
+plants and selected seeds, study the diseases common to
+growing plants and the means of combatting them, making commonly
+known by means of the publication of an official bulletin
+which will be distributed gratuitously to all interested parties,
+the results obtained relative to the most practical and economical
+means of carrying out the cultivation of rubber, the best means
+of bettering its condition, its preservation, the packing of the
+products, etc.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>In order to stimulate the creation in Brazil of the industries
+for refining and manufacturing all kinds of articles made of
+rubber, monetary premiums will be instituted as well as exemption<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52"></a>[52]</span>
+from taxes, the right of disappropriation for private individuals,
+that may be necessary for the installation and mounting
+of factories and the preference of the Government will be
+granted for such articles, which each factory produces, when
+supplies are made to the army and to the navy, as well as to
+other public departments.</p>
+
+<p>The premiums will be as high as 400:000$000 for the first
+factory for the refining of seringa rubber that may be established
+in each of the cities of Belém and Manáos; up to 100:000$000 for
+the first rubber-refining factory of “maniçoba” and of mangabeira,
+which may be installed in each one of the States of Piauhy,
+Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes
+and São Paulo; and finally of 500:000$000 for the first factory of
+rubber-made articles, which is inaugurated in Manáos, Belém,
+Recife, Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+<p>The exemption from import duties embraces the rights of
+importation for the materials, machinery, utensils and the necessary
+tools for the construction and mounting of the factory and
+the chemical substances, textile articles and divers materials,
+combustibles and lubricants indispensable for the up-keep and
+working of the factory during the time-term of 25 years; and
+immunity from the State and Municipal taxes for the time term
+of the contract by reason of the factory being considered a
+Federal Service.</p>
+
+<p>The premium in cash shall only be considered when the
+capital of the factory is equivalent to 4 times its value. The
+payment of such premium will be effected immediately after the
+inauguration of the factory.</p>
+
+<p>The problem of assisting immigrants both national and
+foreign, who may have just arrived and the laborers established
+in the valley of the Amazon, is met by the installation of emigrant-hotels
+in Belém, in Manáos and in the Territory of the
+Acre, by the construction of hospitals in the Interior and by the
+creation of agricultural colonies adjacent to such hospitals.</p>
+
+<p>The hotels for the reception of immigrants shall follow the
+rule and be guided in their installation by that of the Ilha das
+Flores in Rio de Janeiro, that latter being considered a Model
+Institution, at the same time the modifications exacted by the
+conditions of each particular case, that of Belém having sufficient
+capacity to accommodate 1,500 immigrants; that of Manáos
+1,200 and that of Acre 800. Close to each of these immigrant-quarters,
+a store-house will be erected which shall contain all
+kinds of special tools and utensils employed in the India rubber
+industry, the which will be sold to the immigrants, who desire
+to buy them at strictly cost price.</p>
+
+<p>The families of both national and foreign immigrants who do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53"></a>[53]</span>
+not expressly declare that they prefer another destination will
+be sent to the National Fazendas (ranches) of the Rio Branco,
+where they will be located and distributed among the different
+colonial centres in the different colonies.</p>
+
+<p>The hospitals in the Interior are created with a view of providing
+the inhabitants of the Amazon valley with a centre to
+which they may have recourse and where they may be treated,
+acquire medicine and protect themselves against contagious diseases.
+The points selected for these are Boa Vista of the Rio
+Branco, S. Gabriel on the Rio Negro, Teffé or Fonte Boa on the
+river Solimões, São Felippe on the river Juruá, Bocca do Acre on
+the Rio Purús, at the confluence of the river Arinos with the
+Juruéna, in the Alto Tapajóz, Conceição of the river Araguaya,
+and Montenegro on the Amapá.</p>
+
+<p>Each hospital will have accommodation for 100 sick people
+and will be divided into 5 pavillions, one of these latter being
+constructed with all the requisites necessary for the isolation of
+infectious diseases; there will also be a disinfecting house, a
+laboratory for chemical and microbiologic diagnosis, rooms for
+surgical operations and for autopsies, consulting rooms and
+pharmacy.</p>
+
+<p>There will also be a service of propaganda of the habits and
+hygienic measures necessary for the laborers who work and live
+in the Amazonian valley.</p>
+
+<p>Adjoining each hospital, agricultural centres will be founded
+wherein to localize 100 families at the least, these agricultural
+centres will have for their object the production of the
+alimenticiary products necessary for the supply of the said
+hospitals, the cultivation and extensive breeding of the plants
+and animals consumed as food by the neighboring population
+located all around, and the constitution of fixed centres of population
+which shall help towards the increased peopling of the
+region. The Government will assist the emigrants in the
+acquiring of lands and shall furnish them with food stuffs at a
+low price and their maintenance during the initial period.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Amongst the improvements and means tending to facilitate
+transport and diminish its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the
+construction of systems of railways and the betterment of the
+navigability of the rivers most peopled, is of great importance.</p>
+
+<p>The network of iron roads will be of two different categories:
+systems of great lines forming an integral part of the general
+Federal system of railroads and a network of economic narrow-gauged
+railways having the character simply of penetration lines.</p>
+
+<p>Belonging to the first of these categories the following networks<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54"></a>[54]</span>
+will be commenced at once, and constructed within the
+shortest space of time possible: 1º starting from Belém de Pará
+and joining onto the general railway system in Pirapóra, Minas
+Geraes and in Coroatá, in Maranhão, with the necessary branches
+to connect the initial or terminal point of navigation on the
+rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba and S. Francisco; 2º
+starting point from the Madeira e Mamoré Railway in the
+proximity of the mouth of the Abunã, passing by the town of
+Rio Branco and by the most appropriate point between Senna
+Madueira and Catay and terminating in the town of Thaumaturgo,
+with branch line right up to the frontier of Perú, along the
+valley of the river Purús.</p>
+
+<p>The construction and renting out of these railways will be
+done in competition by Public Tender.</p>
+
+<p>The concession for the railways of the second category shall
+only be made to those who undertake to colonize and exploit
+in proportion as that may be justified, the respective
+marginal lands, i.e., the land lying along each side of such said
+lines. The Government will concede a subsidy of 25:000$000
+per kilometre constructed; the technical conditions are: a line of
+the Decauville portatil, the weight of the rails being 50 kilos per
+metre, with a gauge of 0.60 between the rails and the minimum
+radius of the curve 40 meters inclination 0.10 and weight of the
+locomotives in full working order, 18 to 20 tons.</p>
+
+<p>By way of experiment the Governments will bring about at
+once, the construction of 2 economic railway systems, 1º starting
+from Antiga Sauzel on the left bank of the river Xingú and going
+up the valley as far as the river Careahy, with a branch leading
+to the river Tapajóz, whose valley it will follow until the river
+S. Manoel and with other sub-branches; 2º starting from the confluent
+of the Rio Negro with the Rio Branco and following the
+valleys of Seruiny and the Caratimani passing over the water-shed
+and going on until it terminates in the Alto Uraricoera,
+with 2 branches, the one for the Alto Paduary and the other for
+the town of Boa Vista.</p>
+
+<p>The necessary improvements to be made towards effecting
+the navigability of the rivers at all seasons of the year, by
+steamers drawing up to 3 feet of water, of the Rio Negro, between
+S. Isabel and Cucuhy, on the Rio Branco from its mouth
+as far as S. Joaquim; of the river Purús between Hiutanahã and
+Senna Madureira, and of the river Acre from its mouth as far
+as Riosinho de Pedras, will be contracted for by public-tender
+or by some public company which can prove itself sufficiently
+capable for the carrying out of the same. The maximum time-term
+for the termination of the improvements will be 7 years.</p>
+
+<p>As supplementary measures, the exemption from taxes is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55"></a>[55]</span>
+conceded to the floating material of whatever kind destined to
+fluvial navigation in the valley of the Amazon and floating
+depots for the supply of coal and oil-fuel will be established
+at different points of the river Amazon, its affluents and sub-affluents.</p>
+
+<p>The establishment of these depots and the business of supplying
+the combustibles will be done by signed contract, with
+the Minister of Agriculture, after the competition by public-tender,
+the concessioner enjoys besides other favors, exemption
+from import-duties for the floating material and for the combustible
+material imported as also full exemption from all State
+and Municipal taxes by reason of the object of his contract being
+considered a federal public service.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The creation of centres for producing food-stuffs in the valley
+of the Amazon being held as an element of the greatest urgency
+towards the successful issue of the plan elaborated, is assured
+by the following series of administrative measures: 1º, the renting
+out of the 2 national ranches on the Rio Branco, that of S.
+Bento and that of S. Marcus, to a public Company or undertaking
+which agrees to open up, and practice cattle-breeding
+of different kinds on a large scale and the cultivation of cereals
+commonly used as aliments, the establishment of a curing establishment
+for preparing dry meat, known as xarque, and a factory
+of alimenticiary conserved goods, a dairy establishment, a rice-mill
+and 2 mandioca grinding-mills. The company in question
+will take charge of and localize the emigrants who desire to
+be placed upon the lands belonging to the said ranches in accordance
+with the Federal laws regulating such matters.</p>
+
+<p>The favors of exemption from duties for the imported material
+necessary to the mounting of the fazenda or ranch and the installation
+of the mills and factories will be conceded, as also
+for the stud-cattle and seeds imported and for the chemical
+manures and all materials necessary for the factories and for
+the cultivation during the whole of the time of the contract.
+They shall also enjoy the right to disappropriate for public
+utility and shall have preference for the contract to carry out
+the necessary works and improvements in the navigation of the
+Rio Branco.</p>
+
+<p>The colonization of the lands of the “fazenda” of São Marcus
+situated between the rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo
+on the frontier of British Guyana, will be made directly by the
+Ministry of Agriculture. 2º Premiums and favors will be conceded<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56"></a>[56]</span>
+to whomsoever may found great ranches for cattle
+breeding and for great agricultural purposes in territory of the
+Acre (between Rio Branco and Xapury), in the State of Amazonas
+(in the region of the Autaz), in the State of Pará (in
+the Island of Marajó), or in other more convenient points of the
+lower Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>These premiums are of 30:000$000 per group of 1,000 hectares
+of artificial pastures, planted and fenced round, of 100:000$000
+per group of 1,000 hectares of lands effectively cultivated with
+rice, black haricot beans, Indian-corn and mandioca, and 100:000$000
+per group of 500 tons of manufactured goods, of dairy
+produce and of preserved meat and xarque, which may have been
+produced within a time-space of 5 years.</p>
+
+<p>The favors are those of exemption from import duties for
+everything whatsoever that may be necessary to the proper installation
+and maintenance of the fazenda or ranch during
+5 years. 3º Concession of favors to a fishing company or undertaking,
+that shall be established either in Belém or in Manáos,
+for exercising that industry and all subsidiary industries connected
+therewith on a large scale on the rivers of Amazonia.
+The favors consist of the entry free from import duties for all
+the material belonging to the company as also for all the fittings
+of steamers and other floating material and factories that may
+be necessary during the first 15 years, encouragement premiums
+of 10:000$000 during 5 consecutive years in the event of the production
+of fish either preserved or salted being maintained at
+a figure above 100 tons; the right of disappropriation for public
+utility of the lands or buildings that may be necessary for the
+undertaking, the exemption from state and municipal taxes.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Recognizing the utility of periodical expositions which are
+held as centres of special studies, producing practical results by
+the sum of knowledge which may be derived from them, 3 yearly
+expositions shall be held in Rio de Janeiro, which shall embrace
+all and everything which has relation to the rubber-industry.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57"></a>[57]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_COMMENCEMENT_OF_THE_WORK">THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK—THE EXPOSITION OF RUBBER IN RIO DE
+JANEIRO IN THE MONTH OF MAY, 1913</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Superintendence Department of the Rubber-Defence, a
+provisional Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry
+and Commerce on which is incumbent the direction and fiscalizing
+of all the services comprised under the Law No. 2543 of the
+fifth of January of 1912, has already initiated its works, undertaking
+the execution of the following measures.</p>
+
+<p>1. Resolution to hold a National Rubber Exhibition in Rio
+de Janeiro, opening on the thirteenth of May of 1913.</p>
+
+<p>2. Installation of experimental stations, 7 centres for the
+cultivation of the seringueira (Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão,
+Piauhy, Bahia and Matto Grosso), and 6 for the cultivation of
+maniçoba and mangabeira (Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia,
+Minas Geraes and São Paulo).</p>
+
+<p>3. Studies in the valley of the Amazon, in the basins of the
+rivers Negro, Solimões, Juruá, Purús, Tapajóz and Araguaya,
+and in the territory of Amapá for the establishment of interior
+hospitals surrounded by small agricultural colonies.</p>
+
+<p>4. Preliminary services for the construction of 4 of those
+hospitals situated respectively in Teffé or Fonte Boa on the river
+Solimões in S. Felippe on the river Juruá, in Bocca do Acre and
+in Montenegro of the Amapá.</p>
+
+<p>5. Drawing up of the plan and inventory of the cattle and
+buildings in the part to rent out of the National fazendas of the
+Rio Branco; idem of the part to be colonized by the Government
+and projects of the colonial centres model farm for
+cattle-breeding, horse and mule-raising, radiographic stations,
+etc.</p>
+
+<p>6. Laying of a Decauville line of railway along the rapids
+of the Rio Branco, in order to secure prompt communication
+with the national ranches, which are to be let out.</p>
+
+<p>7. Construction by contract or by administration of 3
+dwelling quarters for immigrants in the Acre, in Manáos and
+in Belém.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The rubber exposition which is to take place in Rio de
+Janeiro, 1 every 3 years, will have for its object to show the
+triennial balance of rubber in its various modalities, comparing
+it with the situation of the same industry in other countries.</p>
+
+<p>The first exhibition will be inaugurated on the thirteenth of
+May of the coming year and will be divided into four sections;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58"></a>[58]</span>
+1º The cultivation; 2º extraction; 3º improvement; 4º manufacture
+of articles.</p>
+
+<p>The sections will be divided into groups and classes comprising
+the native or cultivated plants, machinery, utensils,
+processes, commercial types, studies and statistics.</p>
+
+<p>Encouragement premiums will be conferred for the best processes
+of cultivation, extraction and preparing and for the
+objects best manufactured, whether of raw material constituting
+trade types for exportation or as manufactured articles.</p>
+
+<p>The sale of machinery, utensils and rubber articles and products
+of all kinds will be provided for against payment of a small
+percentage, fixed by the organizing commission.</p>
+
+<p>Foreign products may be admitted to the exhibition, but
+without having the right to a premium. They will enjoy full
+custom-house freedom from import-duty, but should they be
+sold they shall pay the respective import-duty on the occasion
+of their being handed over to the buyers. The re-exportation of
+the products not sold will run for account of the exhibitor.</p>
+
+<p>Lectures upon the rubber-industry will be given during the
+Exhibition-Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission which will carry out the Exposition of the
+thirteenth of May, is constituted by their Excellencies Senhores
+Drs. Pedro de Toledo, Minister of Agriculture, Industry and
+Commerce, Raymondo Pereira da Silva, Superintendent of the
+Rubber-Defence Department, Miguel Calmon du Pin e Almeida,
+Representative of the National Agricultural Society, Jorge
+Street, President of the Centro Industrial of Brazil, Julho
+Furtado, Inspector of Forests, Gardens, Tree-planting, Hunting
+and Fishing of the Federal District, Representative of the
+Municipal Prefecture and Candido Mendes de Almeida, Director
+of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Secretary General.</p>
+
+<p>The site chosen for the exposition is in the Quinta de Boa
+Vista, perhaps the most beautiful park of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+<p>The preparatory works, such as the ground-leveling, laying-out
+of gardens, adoption of pavillions already existing, etc.,
+is now already in full course of being carried out.</p>
+
+<p>The opportuneness of this event, the interest evinced in it
+by the South and North and the United forces of the Institutions
+that form the organizing commission, will secure a very
+considerable number of exhibitors.</p>
+
+<p>The month of May, one of the pleasantest months as regards
+temperature in Rio de Janeiro, is the season chosen by those
+who desire to visit the beautiful capital and thus the gathering
+of visitors to the exhibition will certainly be notable.</p>
+
+<p>Thus appears certain the most brilliant success for the Rubber
+Exhibition of Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59"></a>[59]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="RUBBER_EXPORTERS">RUBBER EXPORTERS</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO AMAZONAS—MANÁOS</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>A. Santos Cardoso</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ahlers &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Armazens Andresen</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Albert H. Alden, Limited</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barbosa Tocantins</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>De Lagotellerie &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>E. Kingdon &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gruner &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gordon &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>J. G. Araujo</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>J. H. Barros</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Leite &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mesquita &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>R. Suarez &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Semper &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Scholtz Hartze &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Theodor Levy &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO PARÁ</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>A. Meirelles &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>A. de la Reviere &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alves Braga &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 34</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 32</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>A. A. Antunes &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua da Industria 27 e 29</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Barboza &amp; Tocantins</td>
+    <td>Rua 13 de Maio 21 e 23</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Braga Sobrinho &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Caixa do Correio 353</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Coutinho &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Candido José Rodrigues</td>
+    <td>Rua Senador Manoel Barata</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>De Lagotellerie &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 24</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>E. Pinto Alves &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gumer &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Gordon &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Guilherme Augusto de Mendonça</td>
+    <td>Rua da Industria 43</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>I. Serfaty &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jeronymo C. Botelho</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>José Furtado de Mendonça</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>J. Marques Braga</td>
+    <td>Travessa Campos Salles</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Leite &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Mello &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 37</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pereira Bessa &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua 15 de Novembro 30</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pires Teixeira &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Travessa Marquez de Pombal 8</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pinho &amp; Costa</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pereira Lemos &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua 13 de Maio 46</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Raymundo Vieira Lima</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rocha Silva &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>R. Ahlers &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>R. Suarez &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua da Industria 59</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Santos Amaral &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Cunock Schrader &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 36</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>D. Costa &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 25</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>H. A. Astlett &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Praça Visconde Rio Branco 20</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>J. Marques</td>
+    <td>Boulevard da Republica 7</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Neale &amp; Staats</td>
+    <td>Praça Visconde do Rio Branco</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Sluglehurst Brocklehurst &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua da Industria 5<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60"></a>[60]</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">ESTADO DA BAHIA—S. SALVADOR</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ulmann &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua das Princezas 12</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>F. Benn &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>F. Stevenson &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hesse &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Hirsch, Hes &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Cães do Ouro 27</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>L. Costa &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Caixa do Correio 133</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ottens &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Rosbach Brazil Company</td>
+    <td>Rua Corpo Santo</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>S. S. Schindler</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">ESTADO DO MARANHÃO—S. LUIZ</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Jorge &amp; Santos</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Joaquim Julio Correia &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua da Estrella 25</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Francisco Freitas &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Oliveira Neves &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Currha Santos &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td>Rua Portugal 28</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO—CUYABÁ</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Almeida &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alexandre Ador &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Figueiredo &amp; Oliveira</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Lucas Borges &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Orlando Irmãos &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Ponce Azevedo &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">CORUMBÁ</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Yosetti &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pereira Sobrinho &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Wanderley Bais &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Pasques Fillio &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2">S. LUIZ DE CACERES</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Benedicto R. Villas Boas</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Joao Campos Vidal</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>José Dulce &amp; Co.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Manoel Pedroso da Silva Bouden</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61"></a>[61]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p class="center">MINISTERIUM OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY<br>
+AND COMMERCE</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage larger">BRAZIL</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">FEDERAL LAW AND REGULATIONS<br>
+<span class="smaller">COVERING THE PROTECTION AND<br>
+DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUBBER<br>
+INDUSTRY IN BRAZIL</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">Decree No. 2,542A of January 5, 1912 and<br>
+Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage smaller">PUBLISHED BY THE BRAZILIAN COMMISSIONER<br>
+THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER AND ALLIED TRADES EXHIBITION<br>
+NEW YORK, 1912</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62"></a>[62]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus06" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus06.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HEVEA BRASILIENSIS.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63"></a>[63]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ACT_OF_CONGRESS">ACT OF CONGRESS</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Decree No. 2542A of January 5, 1912</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Establishing measures destined to facilitate and develop the
+culture of rubber, Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira, and the
+gathering and treatment of the rubber extracted from these trees,
+and authorizing the executive power not only to open the credits
+necessary to carry out these measures, but also to contract such
+loans as may be necessary for that purpose.</p>
+
+<p>The President of the Republic of the United States of Brazil:</p>
+
+<p>Hereby makes known that the National Congress decreed
+and I hereby sanction the following resolution:</p>
+
+<p>Art. 1.—All utensils and materials destined for the culture
+of rubber (seringueira), Caucho, Maniçoba and Mangabeira
+and for the collecting or treatment of rubber extracted from these
+trees, whether for the purpose of extracting or experimenting,
+shall be admitted free of all custom house duties, including fees.</p>
+
+<p>Only Section.—This exemption will have to be requisitioned
+of the inspectors at custom houses, who will grant it without
+delay after verifying the right of those seeking this favor.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 2.—Premiums will be granted to those who start regular
+and entirely new plantations of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba or
+Mangabeira, or replant old forests of Seringueira, Caucho, Maniçoba
+or Mangabeira, as soon as the plantation has taken place,
+and will be paid on the following conditions:</p>
+
+<p>(a) For groups of 12 hectares (about 30 acres) of new culture,
+2,500 milreis if seringueira; 1,500 milreis if caucho or maniçoba;
+900 milreis if mangabeira.</p>
+
+<p>(b) For groups of 25 hectares, the replanting of native seringueira,
+caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, 2,000 milreis; for the
+first, 1,000 milreis; for the second and third, and 720 milreis for
+the fourth kind.</p>
+
+<p>Section 1. These premiums will be payable one year before
+the first gathering, when it is shown that the ground is entirely
+cultivated and the trees well cared for.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2. An increase of 5 per cent will be given annually in
+addition to the premium offered planters of seringa rubber (to
+count from the beginning of the planting), who prove that they
+have cultivated between the rows in all the ground planted,
+plants of alimentation or of industrial use.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 3. The Government will establish, at a selected convenient
+point, an experimental station, or field for demonstrating<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64"></a>[64]</span>
+the culture of seringueira in the Territory of Acre, in each of the
+States of Matto Grosso, Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and
+Bahia, and for the culture of maniçoba jointly with mangabeira,
+in each of the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte,
+or Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, São Paulo, Goyaz, Paraná
+and Matto Grosso.</p>
+
+<p>These stations will furnish gratuitously, selected seed to all
+those interested, also instructions as to the most practical and
+economic methods of culture and will supply information concerning
+general results, which will be verified at the end of each
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 4.—In addition to the indirect favors which are mentioned
+in Art. 1 and others which may seem reasonable and necessary,
+the Government will grant the right of premiums of encouragement,
+up to the sum of 400,000 milreis to the first plant
+established for refining the seringa rubber, that reduces the different
+qualities to a uniform type and superior to that exported
+and which may be established in each of the cities of Belém
+(Pará), and Manáos; up to 100,000 milreis to the first refining
+plant of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber, that accomplishes
+the same purpose and is established in each of the States of
+Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas
+Geraes and São Paulo; and up to 500,000 milreis to the first factory
+of rubber articles which shall be established in Manáos,
+Belém (Pará), Recife (Pernambuco), Bahia and Rio de Janeiro.</p>
+
+<p>Only Section.—In order to have the right to the benefit of
+the above article it is necessary for the factory to have actually
+employed a capital four times as great as the value of the
+premium.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 5.—The Government will put up three buildings to house
+immigrants, to be of sufficient capacity and internally arranged,
+the same as those on Flores Island. In Belém, Manáos, at an
+appropriate place in the Territory of Acre, and also at places in
+the Valley of the Amazon, where they are considered to be the
+most necessary, hospitals are to be erected, surrounded by small
+agricultural colonies where the sick can be received for treatment,
+be vaccinated gratuitously, and where medicines of the first
+quality are kept for sale, especially sulphate of quinine. Pamphlets
+containing suggestions about hygiene, prevention of the
+diseases of that region and the practical remedies to use in the
+absence of a physician, will be distributed freely.</p>
+
+<p>The superintendence of these stations will be maintained by
+the Federal Government, but the hospitals will be entrusted to
+professionals of recognized ability, under a subvention or other
+favors, which the Government considers reasonable and rules
+will be enforced which will secure their proper regulation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65"></a>[65]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus07" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus07.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>“SERINGUEIRA” HEVEA BRASILIENSIS.
+  MULL, ARG. (11).</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66"></a>[66]</span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 6.—For the purpose of facilitating transportation and
+reducing its cost in the valley of the Amazon, the Government
+will cause to be made, as soon as possible, the following improvements:</p>
+
+<p>1. The construction by the Government of narrow gauge
+railroads along the Rivers Xingú, Tapajos and others in Pará,
+Matto Grosso, and of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco and others
+in Amazonas, through the valleys through which they flow, in
+accordance with the authorization of Congress, Law No. 1,126,
+December 13, 1903, at the price fixed per kilometer, according
+to the difficulties of the region, at the discretion of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>In case the State of Pará and Amazonas should contract for
+the construction of some of these railroads, the Federal Government
+for the more rapid completion of the work will concede
+an increase of 15 contos per kilometer.</p>
+
+<p>2. The construction of a railroad, which, parting at a convenient
+point of the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, near the mouth of
+the River Abunã, passes by the village Rio Branco, and at a
+point between Senna Madureira and Caty, and terminates in the
+village Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Perú, by
+the valley of the Purús River.</p>
+
+<p>The construction of this road shall be in accordance with
+the provisions of Law No. 1,126, of December 13, 1903. As
+soon as the first section of the trunk line is inaugurated to the
+village of Rio Branco, the Government will install a custom house
+at Porto Velho on the Madeira River and announce this port
+open to commerce with friendly nations.</p>
+
+<p>3. Construction of a railroad starting at the port of Belém of
+Pará and joining the net work of railroads of Central Brazil at
+Pirapóra, in the State of Minas Geraes, and of Northern Brazil
+at Coroatá, in the State of Maranhão, with the necessary branch
+lines to join the initial points or terminals of navigation on the
+Rivers Araguaya, Tocantins, Parahyba and S. Francisco. The
+railroad shall be built according to the provisions of Law No.
+1,126, December 13, 1903, and shall be leased by public competition.</p>
+
+<p>4. The execution of the works necessary for the effective
+navigation, at any season of the year, of steamers drawing three
+feet of water; on the Rio Negro, between Santa Isabel and
+Cucuhy; on the Rio Branco, from its mouth to Fort S. Joaquim;
+on the River Purús, from Hyutanahan to Senna Madureira; on
+the River Acre from its mouth to Riosinho das Pedras.</p>
+
+<p>The Government may contract for the execution of these
+works by public competition, or independent of competition, with
+one or more individuals or firms offering sufficient guaranty,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67"></a>[67]</span>
+applying the provisions established by the decree, No. 6,368, February
+14, 1907, or others, which will not impose greater burdens,
+and which may be more economic.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 7.—For the same purpose as mentioned in the previous
+article, all vessels of any kind destined for river navigation, are
+declared exempt from all custom house duties, including fees,
+revision, rates.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 8.—The Government will grant the same exemption in
+addition to the indirect favors found convenient, to the contractor
+who will bind himself at a public competition, to establish coal
+depots at points in the valley of the Amazon previously indicated,
+and to supply steamers and launches with fuel at prices approved
+by the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 9.—The Government will promote and aid the production
+of food stuffs in the valley of the Amazon through the following
+measures, or others which may be found convenient and promise
+satisfactory results.</p>
+
+<p>1. The leasing of two of the National Reservations on the Rio
+Branco, at a public auction or private competition to a reliable
+concern, which binds itself to develop on a large scale, the breeding
+of cattle of improved types, the production of cereals, and
+other foodstuffs, to establish packing houses, dairies, rice-shelling
+mills, flour and mandiok mills, etc.</p>
+
+<p>2. Direct colonization, through the Federal Government, on
+lands still belonging to the Union, on the S. Marcos Reservation,
+situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo,
+with native families of farmers and stock-farmers, with a view
+of developing and increasing the production of foodstuffs, as well
+as horses and mules.</p>
+
+<p>3. Concession to concerns which propose to establish large
+plantations or colonies under the above mentioned conditions,
+one in the Territory of Acre (between the Rio Branco and Xapury),
+one in the State of Amazonas (in the region of the Autaz
+River), and one in the State of Pará (on the island of Marajó
+or other point more convenient on the lower Amazon), granting
+them the following favors:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for all
+material imported, necessary for establishing the plantation, including
+buildings, corrals, pastures, fences, watering places, agricultural
+implements and machines for the cultivation, harvesting
+and treatment of cereals, the installation of factories treating
+dairy produce and packing houses, as well as cattle and seed
+which may be imported during the first five years after the plantation
+is started.</p>
+
+<p>(b) Premiums of 30,000 milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of
+cultivated pasture, planted and conveniently fenced, and of 100,000<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68"></a>[68]</span>
+milreis for lots of 1,000 hectares of improved land for farming
+and actually planted with rice, beans, corn or mandioca.</p>
+
+<p>(c) A premium of 100,000 milreis for lots of 500 tons of products
+made from milk, packed meats and dried beef, which were
+produced within five years.</p>
+
+<p>4. Exemption from all import duties, including that of fees,
+for the vessels, instruments, machinery, drugs and ingredients
+necessary for the installation and working, for a period of 15
+years, of a fishing enterprise, including the salting and preserving
+of fish, that may be established on the Amazon rivers, and the
+concession of a premium of 10:000$ for five consecutive years,
+when the production of salted and preserved fish shall be above
+100 tons annually.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 10.—The Government shall proceed to the discrimination,
+and consequent acknowledgment of the owners of the lands in
+the Territory of Acre, for the confirmation of their respective
+property titles.</p>
+
+<p>Section 1.—In the verification the following should be considered
+as much as possible:</p>
+
+<p>(a) The titles granted by the Governors of the States of the
+Amazon, of Bolivia and the former independent State of Acre
+before the treaty of Petropolis.</p>
+
+<p>(b) The mild and pacific possessions acquired by first occupation,
+or from the first occupant, which shall be found in active
+exploration, or with its beginnings and habitual residence of the
+possessor, or his representatives.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2.—The maximum area of each lot shall be 10 kilometers
+square.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 3.—The Government will review the arrangements of
+Law, No. 601, September 18, 1850, and Decree No. 1,318, January
+30, 1854, expediting a new regulation of lands, with the modifications
+of the present law and those which appear more convenient
+to the actual situation of the Federal territories.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 11.—Every three years, the Government shall promote
+the realization, in Rio de Janeiro, of an exposition embracing all
+that pertains to the national rubber industry, and on these occasions
+it will grant premiums of encouragement, totaling an
+amount equal to that which shall be authorized by law of the
+budget in force, for the best processes of culture and treatment,
+and to the producers of the best manufactured articles.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 12.—The Executive Power is authorized to enter into an
+agreement with the States of Pará, Amazonas and Matto Grosso,
+for the purpose of obtaining an annual reduction of 10 per cent
+until the maximum limit of 50 per cent of the actual value of the
+export duties placed by the States upon the seringa rubber produced
+in their territories, and the exemption from any export
+duty, for the space of 25 years, to begin from the date of this law,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69"></a>[69]</span>
+upon rubber of the same quality and derivation which may be
+gathered from cultivated seringaes.</p>
+
+<p>At the time the agreement is effected, the executive power
+shall issue a decree making such reduction which the States may
+make in the export duty collected on the rubber of the Federal
+Territory of Acre and conceding an equal exemption upon cultivated
+rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 13.—In addition the Government is authorized to enter
+into an agreement with the above mentioned States for the purpose
+of establishing, in relation to the rubber of the Territory
+of Acre, the measures of protection and defense, which they
+have adopted in relation to the production, or other measures
+which may be thought better, and having the power to issue the
+decrees necessary for this purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 14.—For the entire execution of this law and the realization
+of the measures decreed, the executive power shall issue,
+as quickly as possible, the necessary regulations; it shall open
+each year the credits that may be necessary, rendering an account
+to the Legislative power the year following, of the amounts expended,
+of the work done, of the results obtained and making the
+operations of credit which such services and measures demand.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 15.—All laws contrary to this are revoked.</p>
+
+<p>Rio de Janeiro, January 5, 1912, 91st year of Independence
+and the 24th year of the Republic.</p>
+
+<p class="right">HERMES R. da FONSECA,<br>
+PEDRO de TOLEDO.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ORDER">Order according to Federal Law, number 2,543A, Jan. 5, 1912</h2>
+
+<p class="center">Decree number 9,521, April 17, 1912</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Art. 1. The measures and services created by law number
+2,543A, Jan. 5 of the present year, for the economic defense of
+rubber, has in view:</p>
+
+<p>1. The encouragement of the extractive and cultivating industry
+of the principal trees producing rubber.</p>
+
+<p>2. The creation of the refining and manufacturing industry
+of rubber articles.</p>
+
+<p>3. Assistance to immigrants, native and foreign, recently arrived,
+and to the laborers already established in the valley of
+the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>4. To facilitate transportation and decrease its cost in the
+valley of the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>5. To create central producers of alimentary foodstuffs in
+the valley of the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>6. To discriminate and legalize the possessors of lands in
+the Federal Territory of Acre.</p>
+
+<p>7. To hold triennial expositions in Rio de Janeiro, embracing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70"></a>[70]</span>
+everything that relates to the national rubber industry.</p>
+
+<p>8. To authorize agreements with the States producing seringa
+rubber, for decreasing the duties of exportation and for the
+protection and aid of the rubber commerce.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. It shall be the object of each of these measures
+and means referred to in number 8 and of the special rules,
+that they shall publish at opportune times, as well as those referred
+to in number 6 and that part of number 4 which speaks
+of the revision and consolidation of the regulations of the coast-wise
+merchant marine.</p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_I">TITLE I<br>
+<span class="smaller">The means of encouragement of the extractive and cultivating
+industry of the principal rubber producing trees</span></h3>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I<br>
+<span class="smaller">The reduction of the cost of implements and materials employed
+in the development of the rubber industry</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 2. The implements and regular materials in the list annexed
+to this regulation, are free of all import duties, including
+the fees when employed for the cultivation of seringueira,
+caucho, maniçoba and mangabeira and the improved collection
+of the extracted rubber, from these trees, whether it treats of
+the development purely extractive, or of the development of cultivation.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. Materials and machinery which shall be discovered
+or invented during the time this regulation is in force,
+which have special application to the rubber industry, shall enjoy
+the same exemption from import duties.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 3. The exemption shall be quickly granted by the custom
+house inspectors, from whom the claimants should require
+it, uniting all, or only those necessary as the case may be, the
+following documents:</p>
+
+<p>1. The last receipt of the duty of declarations of the Municipality
+or Mayor to whose jurisdiction it pertains, by which is
+proven that the claimant is developing on his own or rented
+property, the extractive or cultivating rubber industry, or that
+he is a merchant established with a house prepared for goods
+for rubber gatherers, when it treats of regular objects of the
+first group.</p>
+
+<p>2. Attested by the Municipality or Mayor to whose jurisdiction
+he belongs, that the claimant possesses proper land and
+that he is about to effectively undertake the culture of some of
+the trees above mentioned and treatment of their rubber or an
+authentic copy of the concession for this purpose, which he may
+have obtained from the Minister of Agriculture, in case he treats
+of regular objects of the second, third or fourth group.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71"></a>[71]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus08" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus08.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>CASTILLÔA ELASTICA.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72"></a>[72]</span></p>
+
+<p>3. A detailed statement of the kind and quality of objects
+or material which it is necessary to import, or has been imported,
+which it is necessary to despatch.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. The importer shall become responsible, during
+this period, to the exchequer for any errors that may have
+been made.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 4. The product, drug or object that may be similar to
+that produced in this country, will not be exempt from import
+duties, when the cost in this market in which he would have
+to buy it was equal to that of the imported merchandise, less
+the value of the import duty which he would have to pay in the
+custom houses.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II<br>
+<span class="smaller">The money premiums offered to those who cultivate the principal
+rubber producing trees</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 5. To every one who makes an entirely new culture of
+Seringueira, caucho, maniçoba or mangabeira, or replants seringaes,
+maniçobaes, couchaes or native mangabaes, shall be
+given, in the first case and for groups of 12 hectares, premiums
+of 2,500 milreis, when it is Seringueira; 1,500 milreis when
+caucho or maniçoba, and 900 milreis when mangabeira—and in
+the second case and for groups of 25 hectares, 2,000 milreis
+when it is seringueiras, 1,000 milreis when couchaes or maniçobas
+and 720 milreis when mangabaes, when the following conditions
+are observed:</p>
+
+<p>1. Sending beforehand to the Minister of Agriculture a plan
+of the property in which he expects to make the culture, indicating
+the area, water courses navigable for steamers, launches or
+only canoes, and of the means of access from headquarters to
+the port (fluvial or maritime) or the nearest station on the railroad,
+mentioning these respective distances in case the property
+is situated in the interior. The plan shall be accompanied by a
+descriptive memorandum, containing as much detailed description
+as possible as to the nature of the soil and its adaptation to
+what shall be principally cultivated, and to those which may
+advantageously be subsidiary; the production of rubber for the
+last three years in case it treats of the property in development,
+and about the conditions of healthfulness.</p>
+
+<p>2. It shall declare whether it is new culture or replanting
+that is proposed to be done and in the second case the number
+of trees in development the property has already.</p>
+
+<p>3. When the cultivation is of Seringueiras one must declare<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73"></a>[73]</span>
+whether he expects to make parallel cultivations or not, specifying
+which and whether they occupy the land planted to rubber,
+or land separate.</p>
+
+<p>4. To communicate to the official charged with the fiscalization
+the beginning and ending of the planting, with the necessary
+antecedence, the year in which the first harvest will be gathered,
+facilitating the examination of the property at any time, and as
+many times as desired.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 6. The least number of trees per hectare for new culture
+shall be 250 for seringueira and caucho, and 400 for maniçoba
+and mangabeira. In the event of replanting, when possible,
+the distance between the trees should be 6 to 6.50 metres
+for seringueiras and caucho, and 5 metres for maniçoba and
+mangabeira.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 7. To those who cultivate with seringueiras plants of
+alimentation or industrial utility, in all the land improved, or
+in other land equal to one-third of the dimensions of the first,
+there will be conferred annually, from the beginning of the cultivation
+to the year of the first rubber harvest, a supplementary
+premium corresponding in value to 5 per cent of the principal
+premium.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 8. Premiums will not be paid for principal or subsidiary
+cultures which in the final inspections for the first and the annual
+inspections for the others, the trees show poor treatment
+or they contain an amount exceeding 15 per cent of flaws.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 9. The premiums shall be paid directly by the Delegacia
+Fiscal of the State where the property is situated, in the
+preceding first harvest of rubber, through the demand of
+the claimant, with certificate from the Government inspector,
+declaring that all the conditions required in this regulation were
+faithfully complied with.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. The inspector who makes out the certificate
+shall immediately notify the Minister and will be held responsible
+at all times for the value of the premium paid, in case his information
+should be found false in whole or in part.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 10. At sight of the documents spoken of in Art. 5, and
+after examining them, the claimant shall be entered ex-officio in
+the general register of farmers, existing in the General Directory
+of Agriculture with the advantages and guarantees it offers him.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III<br>
+<span class="smaller">The Experimental Stations for the culture of rubber</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 11. The experimental stations for the culture of seringueira
+in the Territory of Acre and the States of Matto-Grosso,
+Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauhy and Bahia, and for the culture<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74"></a>[74]</span>
+of maniçoba jointly with that of mangabeira, in the States of
+Piauhy, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes, S. Paulo,
+Goyaz, Paraná and Matto Grosso, have in view with the experimental
+study of all the factors relating to the regional culture of
+each of these trees, for the purpose of furnishing the cultivators
+with precise data for the adoption of methods and processes,
+which will make possible the economic and perfect production
+of their respective rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 12. The experimental stations shall be established on
+lands that possess the following requisites:</p>
+
+<p>1. Climatic situation and agricultural conditions required by
+the nature or quality of the plant to be cultivated.</p>
+
+<p>2. The physical constitution and natural chemical composition
+which will permit conjunctly and parallel the culture of the
+principal food stuffs or plants of industrial utility.</p>
+
+<p>3. Localization at points easily accessible by good roads so
+that they can be visited and verified, as well in the fields as in
+the books of registry of the farmers and agricultural accounts
+of the practical results and economies of the different services
+and operations. The existence of permanent water courses, or
+dams with sufficient capacity to guarantee irrigation when necessary,
+and also other agricultural services.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 13. The total area of each experimental station shall
+be from 80 to 100 hectares, so that there can be made at the
+same time in distinct partial areas the culture of the portions
+destined for experiments relative to each kind of tree and a
+demonstration of the normal systematic development of the respective
+culture, for comparison of the products and their
+revenue.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 14. In the area reserved for demonstration, there shall
+be included those which will serve as examples, being the first
+cultivated between the processes that shall have proven the most
+advantageous and which are sought to be introduced, and lastly
+of those generally adopted in that region.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 15. In each station there shall be reserved the land
+necessary for the establishment of a nursery of fruit trees and
+the production of selected seeds of alimentary plants or those
+of industrial utility, whose culture along with the principal
+plant shall be considered advantageous.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 16. Every experimental station shall have the following
+installations:</p>
+
+<p>1. A physiological vegetable laboratory, the proving of seeds
+and phytopathology.</p>
+
+<p>2. Laboratory of agricultural entomology.</p>
+
+<p>3. Laboratory of agricultural, vegetable and bromatological
+chemistry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75"></a>[75]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus09" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus09.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>FUMIGATING CAOUTCHOUC.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76"></a>[76]</span></p>
+
+<p>4. Laboratory of microbiological and technical agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>5. An agricultural and floral museum.</p>
+
+<p>6. A corridor for machines.</p>
+
+<p>7. A meteorological station.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. A station that may be established in a
+region where there already exists a federal institution of similar
+kind, pertaining to agriculture in general, the installations above
+mentioned shall be reduced to numbers 5, 6, and 7 and shall be
+provided with a small laboratory for the mechanical analysis of
+the soil, and utensils and instruments necessary for the proving
+of seeds of useful vegetables, so that a choice or selection may be
+made and their identity, purity, quality and germinating energy
+may be verified, including in these experiments those which
+refer to plants that are injurious.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 17. To accomplish the ends proposed, the experimental
+stations ought to:</p>
+
+<p>1. Attend the consultations that may be held upon any agricultural
+question in their line.</p>
+
+<p>2. Execute gratuitously analysis of fertilizers, spices, plants
+and water, when required by the nearest federal institute, when
+it does not possess the necessary laboratories.</p>
+
+<p>3. Distribute selected plants and seeds.</p>
+
+<p>4. Study the diseases common to the plants cultivated and
+the means of combating them, and explaining these things to
+those interested.</p>
+
+<p>5. To publish yearly and distribute free of charge a bulletin
+devoted to the relation of the works done and the useful knowledge
+acquired relative to agricultural and rural industrial subjects,
+and especially the results obtained as to the most practical
+and economic method of cultivating the trees that produce rubber,
+and the most profitable subsidiary plants, as well as the best
+methods of the treatment, conservation and packing of the
+products.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 18. There shall be admitted to the experimental
+stations, persons who wish to gain a practical knowledge in any
+of the sections, at the discretion of the Director, who shall fix
+the number of students in agreement with the chief of the respective
+section.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. On equal terms, apprentices between 15
+and 18 years of age, shall be admitted, the numbers to be
+determined by the respective Director, with the approval of the
+Minister, who shall have daily tasks corresponding to their
+capacity and aptitude. The Director in the name of the Minister
+shall give a certificate, on which shall be indicated the work that
+has been done, to all those who have completed their apprenticeship.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77"></a>[77]</span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 19. The plan of each station shall be organized to meet
+the peculiar necessities of the zone in which it may be established,
+conserving, however, the principal fundamentals already
+set forth.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 20. The position of Director shall be held by a person
+who is a specialist in any one of the technical sections, and at the
+same time shall be its chief, an indispensable condition being that
+in addition to his technical knowledge he shall have had a practical
+apprenticeship.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 21. The technical positions may be filled, by contract,
+by native or foreign professors of established ability.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 22. To each of the stations there shall be sent a special
+regulation determining for them their proportions according to
+the necessities of the case, fixing the term and salaries of their
+respective personnel and providing for the special necessities
+to come.</p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_II">TITLE II<br>
+<span class="smaller">The creation of the Refining and Manufacturing Rubber
+Industries</span></h3>
+
+<h4>ONLY CHAPTER</h4>
+
+<p>Art. 23. The first factory for the refining of seringa rubber
+that shall be established in each of the cities of Belém (Pará)
+and Manáos, and of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber which
+shall be established in the States of Piauhy, Ceará, Rio Grande
+do Norte, Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Geraes and S. Paulo, as
+well as the first factory of rubber articles which shall be established
+in Manáos, in Belém, in Recife (Pernambuco) in Bahia,
+and in Rio de Janeiro, there shall be conceded the following
+premiums and favors:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Up to 400,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining
+of seringa rubber;</p>
+
+<p>Up to 100,000 milreis in money to the plants for the refining
+of maniçoba and mangabeira rubber;</p>
+
+<p>Up to 500,000 milreis in money for plants for manufacturing
+rubber articles.</p>
+
+<p>(b) Exemption from import duties, including fees in the
+manner and by the processes described in Articles 3 and 91
+combined, as the case may require, for all material, machines,
+utensils and hardware necessary for the construction and complete
+equipment of the factory, as well as all chemical substances,
+cloth and different materials, combustibles and lubricants
+necessary for the working and maintenance of the factory,
+during a period of 25 years.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78"></a>[78]</span></p>
+
+<p>(c) The right of appropriation for public use, according to
+the legislation in force, of the lands and improvements belonging
+to individuals that may be judged appropriate and necessary
+for the equipment of the factory and its dependencies.</p>
+
+<p>(d) A preference given by the Government for the purchase
+of the products used in the service of the Army and Navy and
+the federal public departments, which shall be manufactured by
+the factories, when they can compete in quality with similar
+foreign articles—the contract for furnishing the same, adjudicated
+every 3 years with each factory, for those of their products
+which were classified in the first place in the expositions mentioned
+in Article 95.</p>
+
+<p>(e) Exemption from all State and Municipal duties for the
+same time as in letter b, because the factory is considered to be
+of service to the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 24. In order to claim these favors any company or
+organization that expects to erect one or more factories, should
+conform to the following formalities and conditions:</p>
+
+<p>1. Present to the Minister of Agriculture a previous request
+accompanied by the following documents:</p>
+
+<p>(a) General and detailed plan of the factories;</p>
+
+<p>(b) An estimate of the expenses for the first establishment;</p>
+
+<p>(c) A descriptive memorandum in which the capacity of
+production of the factory is declared the principal articles intended
+to be manufactured, the lowest price for which it is proposed
+to wash and refine rubber, which should be reduced, for
+each quality, to one type and superior for exportation, in general
+giving the Government all the information that will help
+it to form a correct opinion as to the nature and importance
+of the projected establishment;</p>
+
+<p>(d) Certificates and references which will prove the complete
+professional and financial ability of the suitor.</p>
+
+<p>2. To obligate himself in the contract made with the
+Minister of Agriculture, the clause of reversion at the end of
+the combined term.</p>
+
+<p>3. To allow the official appointed by the Government for
+the fiscalization, to visit the works during the period of construction,
+for the purpose of verifying the actual amount of expenses
+incurred for the first establishment and determining the value
+of the pecuniary premium, which shall be in any of the three
+cases, equal to a fourth part of the expense, not exceeding the
+limits fixed in letter a of Article 23, as well as to visit the establishment
+when he desires after it begins work, in order that he
+may be sure, that the materials imported free of duty are effectively
+and exclusively used in the products of the factory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79"></a>[79]</span></p>
+
+<p>4. To send annually to the Minister, through the said fiscal
+a prepared statement in which shall be specified:</p>
+
+<p>(a) The amount and quality and the place where produced
+of the rubber used as raw material;</p>
+
+<p>(b) The kind and quantity and value of the products of the
+factory used at home and exported;</p>
+
+<p>(c) The number of employes, native and foreign, effectively
+in service during the year, with specification of their respective
+classes.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 25. The premium in money shall be paid, as soon as
+the factory is inaugurated, at the National Treasury or at the
+Delegacia Fiscal of the State in which it is situated, when authorized
+by the Minister of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_III">TITLE III<br>
+<span class="smaller">Assistance to immigrants, native or recently arrived foreigners
+and laborers already established in the valley of the Amazon.</span></h3>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I<br>
+<span class="smaller">The Lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and the Territory
+of Acre</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 26. The lodges for immigrants in Belém, Manáos and
+the Territory of Acre, shall be establishments installed and
+maintained at the expense of the Union, intended to entertain
+immigrants, native and foreign, who arrive at those ports voluntarily
+or with their passage paid by the Union or by the States.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 27. The lodges at Belém shall have the capacity of
+caring for at least 1,500, that at Manáos 1,200 and that at Acre
+800 immigrants.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 28. The plan of the respective buildings and the different
+installations of the lodges shall conform rigorously to
+the conditions required by the climate of that region and fitted
+for the special necessities of service for which they are intended.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 29. The construction shall be made by a public bidding.</p>
+
+<p>Sole Paragraph. If the first public bidding is not satisfactory,
+the Government can order the projected lodge built by the
+Administration.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 30. Annexed to each lodge there shall be an appropriate
+building, in which there shall be a special receiver of customs
+for the implements of workmen employed in agricultural
+and extractive industries, and indispensable for the carrying on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80"></a>[80]</span>
+of their work these implements to be sold strictly at cost price
+to those immigrants who desire to buy for their personal use.</p>
+
+<p>To those native immigrants who during the times of drought
+in the States of the northwest and going from there, may arrive
+at the lodges without resources, shall be furnished free, by
+authority of the Minister, with the implements indispensable
+for work.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 31. The families of native and foreign immigrants arriving
+at the lodges of Belém and Manáos, who do not expressly
+declare they prefer another destination, shall be transported at
+the expense of the Union or the lessee to the national plantations
+of Rio Branco, where according to their aptitude and ability,
+they shall be settled in colonies, founded by this one or that one.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 32. At the inauguration of each lodge, there shall be
+applied, with the modifications required by the special conditions
+of each case, the regulations of the lodge on the island of Flores.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II<br>
+<span class="smaller">Hospitals in the Interior</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 33. For the purpose of reducing the distances and the
+time of the journey for the inhabitants of the interior in the
+valley of the Amazon, who must find a centre of supplies where
+they can be treated when sick, or provide excellent medicines
+for their domestic ills; of proportioning to all who may desire
+means of immuning themselves against contagious diseases,
+and of creating a propaganda service of the hygienic habits and
+practices necessary for everyone who must live and work in the
+Amazon regions, there shall be built a hospital surrounded by a
+small agricultural colony in Boa Vista do Rio Branco; S. Gabriel
+do Rio Negro; Teffé or Fonte Boa on the River Solimões; S.
+Felippe, on the River Juruá; Bocca do Acre, on the River Purús;
+at the confluence of the Rivers Arinos and Juruéna; on the Alto
+Tapajóz; Conceição on the River Araguaya and Montenegro
+on the Amapá.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 34. The hospitals shall be built in places that have the
+following requisites:</p>
+
+<p>1. To have a plain of low elevation, conveniently ventilated
+for the construction of the hospital buildings so-called and its
+dependencies, and houses of residence for the personnel.</p>
+
+<p>2. Existence around or close to the plain of dry lands, provided
+with good and abundant water, which serve for agriculture
+and cattle raising and of sufficient area for the founding
+of an agricultural community of at least 100 families.</p>
+
+<p>3. Facility for the establishment of rapid communication
+with a fluvial port, or one that must serve them.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81"></a>[81]</span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 35. Each hospital shall have a capacity for 100 sick
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 36. Each hospital shall possess the following installations:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Five separate pavilions, each for 20 sick, each sick person
+having 5 cubic metres and an area of 12 square metres.</p>
+
+<p>One of the pavilions should be installed with the necessary
+requisites for the isolation of infectious diseases; for this purpose
+it should be divided into rooms for isolation, independent and
+easily disinfected, with the proper sanitary apparatus.</p>
+
+<p>All the hospital buildings should have the windows protected
+by wire screening whose openings should never exceed 1½
+millimeter and the doors provided with:</p>
+
+<p>(b) A disinfectory provided with an apparatus to disinfect
+in boiling lye and a stove for sterilization by the combined
+action of heat, vacuum and formal. Annexed to the disinfectory
+shall be the laundry.</p>
+
+<p>(c) A laboratory for the diagnostic clinics and microbiology.</p>
+
+<p>(d) Surgical operating room.</p>
+
+<p>(e) Clinic consulting room.</p>
+
+<p>(f) Room for autopsies.</p>
+
+<p>(g) Pharmacy.</p>
+
+<p>(h) Sanitary installation, in which should terminate all the
+drainage pipes of the hospital, destined for the bacteriological
+treatment of the water used, which not until after this operation
+must be allowed to flow into the natural river courses.</p>
+
+<p>(i) Dependencies for the administration and quarters of the
+personnel.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 37. In each hospital there shall be made in the respective
+pharmaceutical laboratory a preliminary study of all the
+remedies used by the people of that region to determine which
+are prejudicial and which inoffensive. The respective Director
+shall show the people in printed circulars, frequently and profusely
+distributed that their use is improper. Those which are
+found efficacious and susceptible of improvement, shall be sent
+for more complete studies in the chemical laboratories and
+federal pharmacies, letting the people know the results obtained.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 38. When the installation of each hospital is complete, a
+contract shall be made, by public bidding, or independent of it,
+as the Government may think best, with some professional of
+recognized ability, the direction and maintenance of the respective
+services, the contract including the following obligations:</p>
+
+<p>1. The reservation of one hour daily in the medical consultation
+room, where the sick known to be without means may
+freely receive examination and be furnished with the necessary
+medicines.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82"></a>[82]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. The maintenance of a bureau for vaccination against
+smallpox and other contagious diseases by means considered
+efficacious, and to attend gratuitously to all who may wish it.</p>
+
+<p>3. To submit for the approval of the Government the
+regimen internal of the establishment and a table of prices for
+the treatment of the sick, which should be revised every 3 years.</p>
+
+<p>4. To expose for sale in the pharmacy only medicines of
+the best quality, especially sulphate of quinine and such other
+preparations, under penalty of having destroyed all drugs known
+to be impure in addition to the fine to suit the case that may be
+fixed in the contract.</p>
+
+<p>5. To give a bond in money, or policies of the public
+federal debt that will guarantee the good conservation of the
+establishment during the time of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>6. To distribute abundantly every six months leaflets containing
+advice about hygiene prevention of the sicknesses of
+that region, showing in clear language, within the reach of all,
+those that are improper and the danger in the use of alcoholic
+drinks, and teaching what measures to take and the common
+remedies which should be applied in different cases when there
+is no physician to be had.</p>
+
+<p>7. To be subject to the inspection of the Government which
+should be very minute and severe as to the condition of cleanliness
+and conservation of the establishment, the quality of the
+medicines employed and sold to the public and the care with
+which the sick are treated.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 39. The hospitals and all their dependencies and
+sections are not subject to any duties to the state or municipality,
+being the property of the Union and doing a federal public
+service.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 40. To each hospital there shall be given an annual
+pecuniary subvention, proportioned to the services to which it
+will have to attend, until the income of the establishment and
+all its dependencies derive a profit of 10 per cent, during 3 consecutive
+years on the respective capital invested, which amount
+shall be acknowledged and previously approved by the Government.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III<br>
+<span class="smaller">The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the hospitals</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 41. The agricultural nucleuses adjacent to the interior
+hospital shall be founded by the Union for the following purposes:</p>
+
+<p>1. The production of foodstuffs necessary for the support of
+the said hospitals.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83"></a>[83]</span></p>
+
+<p>2. The intensive culture and breeding of the plants and
+animals of alimentation generally consumed by the neighboring
+population.</p>
+
+<p>3. The constituting of fixed centres of population economically
+equipped, which will serve as a point of parting for colonies
+of greater importance, capable of gradually attending to the
+necessities that the growing population of that region may be
+creating.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 42. The preliminary studies, the plan, the preparatory
+work and the different installations necessary for the founding
+of each nucleus as well as the colonization of the lots, and their
+administration in general, shall be done in accordance with dispositions
+of decree number 9,081, Nov. 3, and number 9,214,
+Dec. 15, 1911, observing the following alterations:</p>
+
+<p>1. The selling price of rural and urban lots shall be calculated
+on the prices established in the land laws of the States
+of Pará and Amazonas, as a base, applicable to the nucleuses
+situated respectively in each state:</p>
+
+<p>2. In failure of remunerating work, or when there is insufficient,
+the judge of the administration, to maintain numerous
+families, shall furnish them food, charging the same to the
+heads of the families, calculating this furnishing at the rate of
+from 2 milreis to 3 milreis daily at the highest, for adults and
+those over 7 years of age, and one half this for those between
+the age of 7 to 3 years.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 43. The indians and native workers localized in the
+agricultural nucleuses shall participate in the advantages and
+obligations contained in decree number 9,214, Dec. 15, 1911.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 44. Having finished the preparatory work for each
+nucleus, the lots first colonized shall be those devoted to the
+production of the foods necessary for the support of the hospital
+which is in their neighborhood, so that it can count on, from
+the time of its inauguration, a regular and sufficient supply of
+these commodities.</p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84"></a>[84]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_IV">TITLE IV<br>
+<span class="smaller">Improvements and measures tending to facilitate transportation
+and decrease its cost in the valley of the Amazon</span></h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I<br>
+<span class="smaller">Lines of railroad transportation</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 45. There shall be constructed in the valley of the
+Amazon lines of railroad transportation of two classes:</p>
+
+<p>1. Large lines of transportation, making an integral part
+of the general line of Federal railroads, with identical characteristics
+and comprising the same principles.</p>
+
+<p>2. Economic lines of transportation, of reduced gauge, provisionally
+established for easy ways of penetration, whatever
+may be their development, sufficient to facilitate access to and
+permit the exploration of the virgin seringas and the good lands
+for cultivation situated on the upper banks of the Rivers Xingú,
+Tapajóz, Branco, Negro, and others situated in the States of
+Pará, Matto-Grosso and Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 46. Those lines belonging to the first class shall be
+immediately begun and constructed as quickly as possible, the
+following:</p>
+
+<p>1. Parting from the Port of Belém (Pará) and joining the
+general line of railroad in Pirapóra, in the State of Minas
+Geraes and in Coroatá, in the State of Maranhão, with the
+necessary branches to unite the initial points or terminals of
+navigation on the Rivers Arguaya, Tocantins, Parnaluyba, and
+S. Francisco.</p>
+
+<p>2. Beginning at a convenient point chosen on the Madeira-Mamoré
+railroad, near the mouth of the River Abunã, passing
+by the Villa Rio Branco, and the point most appropriate between
+Senna Medureira and Catay and terminating in Villa
+Thaumaturgo, with a branch to the frontier of Perú by the
+valley of the River Purús.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 47. The rules for the construction of these lines is
+prescribed by law, number 1,126, Dec. 15, 1903, and both shall
+be let at public bidding.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 48. The Minister of Transportation is to command the
+studies to be made, to contract for the construction and inspect
+the traffic of these roads, but he will furnish the Minister
+of Agriculture a copy of the plans relative to the route and give
+descriptive memoranda of the project, and when drawing up the
+papers for the bidding, shall include the clauses which he shall
+judge necessary and opportune for the colonization of the bordering
+lands and the development of the industries of the zone<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85"></a>[85]</span>
+tributary to the line as well as to attend to the eventual necessities
+of the commerce.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 49. The construction and the concession for construction
+of the roads of the second class may be made by the Union
+or by the States interested.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 50. The Minister of Agriculture is the proper person
+to construct or permit the construction of those Government
+resolves to carry into effect at the account of the Union, as well
+as to authorize the payment of the subvention of 15,000 mibreis
+per kilometer to those which were contracted for by the States.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 51. The technical conditions of the railroads of which
+Art. 45 treats in the second part, are the following:</p>
+
+<p>A portable line of the Decauville type.</p>
+
+<p>Weight of the rails, 15 kilos per metre.</p>
+
+<p>Gauge 0.60 cm between the rails, least radius of curvature
+40 M. O.</p>
+
+<p>Greatest incline OmO10.</p>
+
+<p>Weight of locomotives 18 to 20 tons.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 52. The concessions for these roads shall be let at a
+public bidding according to the rule established in law number
+1,126 of 1903, or independently of bidding with a person or corporation
+sufficiently able with the help of the payment of the
+maximum subvention of 25 contos per kilometer, according to
+the difficulties of the land it passes through, paid by sections of
+not less than 30 kilometers, completely ready and furnished with
+the necessary rolling stock, within 90 days of the date of the
+respective inaugurations.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 53. The concession for these railroads cannot be given
+to those who agree to build then simply as transportation enterprises,
+but only to those who will obligate themselves to
+colonize and explore, in proportion as they may be justified, the
+respective marginal lands.</p>
+
+<p>It is an essential condition for the validity of the concession,
+that the contractor presents to the Minister of Agriculture
+within the maximum term of one year, proof that he has disposed
+of the lands for colonization, and a descriptive memorandum
+of the character and extent of the industries he intends
+to develop.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 54. Those railroads of this type which in the future
+may be joined to any general line of transportation, shall be
+obliged as soon as its gross earnings amount to 10,000 mibreis
+per kilometer, to make its gauge conform to the same, and from
+then for all purposes becoming a part of the general federal
+transportation system.</p>
+
+<p>Independently of being joined to any railroad in general,
+these economical railroads shall pass to the jurisdiction of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86"></a>[86]</span>
+Minister of Transportation and Public Works and shall be
+obliged to enlarge their gauge to 1 meter, without other favors
+from the Government, there not being a supplementary term
+of the contract, if it is wanting for its termination in less than
+60 years, when the gross receipts have reached 15,000 mibreis
+per kilometer during 3 successive years. Before this the railroad
+may pass to the Minister of Transportation and the gauge
+be widened, on his own account, when he shall think it to his
+interest, or by a new contract, when the Government thinks it
+necessary to have it done for the necessities of the administration
+or the defense of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 55. In addition to the subvention per kilometer, there
+shall be given to these railroads all the indirect favors received
+by the other railroads of the country.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 56. The maximum term for a concession shall be 90
+years, at the end of which the railroad will revert to the control
+of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 57. Under the right of experiment, the Government
+shall promote at once the following lines of economical railroads:</p>
+
+<p>1. Parting from “Antiga Souzel,” or other point more convenient
+on the left bank of the Xingú and ascending the left
+side of the valley to the margin of the River Cariahy, with a
+branch which parting at a convenient point, shall go to the
+Tapajóz and ascend the right hand side of the valley until it
+reaches the S. Manoel which may appear advantageous, ascending
+the secondary valley and continuing to the dividing of the
+waters of the two principal rivers.</p>
+
+<p>2. Parting from the confluence of the River Negro with the
+Branco and by the valley of the River Seruiny, gaining the right
+side of the valley by the Caratimani river and continuing to the
+upper Uraricoera, with a branch parting at a convenient point
+at the request of the upper Paduiry and a branch in the direction
+of the Villa Boa Vista.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II<br>
+<span class="smaller">Improvements for the navigation of the Rivers Branco, Negro,
+Purús and Acre</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 58. The improvements necessary for effective navigation
+at any season of the year, for steamers drawing 3 feet, on
+the River Negro, between Santa Izabel and Cucuhy, on the
+River Branco, from its mouth to São Joaquin, on the River
+Purús, between Hyutanhã and Senna Madureira, and on the
+River Acre, from its mouth to Riosinho de Pedros, shall be contracted
+for by public bidding, or independently of bidding, with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87"></a>[87]</span>
+corporations sufficiently able, under the rule established by
+decree, number 6,368, Feb. 14, 1907 or others which may not
+be more onerous and may permit the assurance of the opening
+of navigation more rapidly on the sections of the rivers to be
+improved.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 59. In none of the contracts shall a longer term than
+7 years be granted the contracting party, to count from the date
+of its signing, so that safe and free passage is given steamers
+drawing 3 feet in the entire distance of the contract.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 60. The improvements in the Rio Branco, shall commence
+with the destruction and regulating of the Cujubim
+rapid, so that from now on navigation is assured during the
+Winter to Villa Boa Vista.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 61. The studies, plans, constructions, inspection and
+direct conservation of these works are under the supervision of
+the Minister of Transportation; but before the respective contract
+is signed, copies of the plans and descriptive memorandum
+referring to the project shall be furnished the Minister of Agriculture,
+so that he may be heard upon the opportunity and the
+order in which these works shall be executed, in the interest of
+the economic development of the region, and that they may be
+conveniently attended by those casually interested in the colonization
+and development of the industries along the banks of the
+rivers, or in commerce in general.</p>
+
+<p>In case it is found that the destruction and regulation of the
+Cujubim rapid cannot be done during one season of low water
+in the river, the Minister of Agriculture, by agreement with the
+State of Amazonas, can order to be constructed a Decauville
+line of the type described in articles 45, second part and 51,
+in the belt line constructed by that State along waterfalls, so
+that the leasing and colonization of the national plantations of
+Rio Branco is no longer delayed.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III<br>
+<span class="smaller">Complementary measures</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 62. All vessels of every kind intended for the fluvial
+navigation in the valley of the Amazon are free of all import
+duties, including the fees. This exemption shall be given by the
+custom houses of Belém (Pará) and Manáos, through a requisition
+to the Minister of Agriculture, which the importer shall
+have asked for, declaring in his request the number, class and
+tonnage, the draft and the cost and the purpose of each vessel.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 63. The vessel imported under this favor, if sold outside
+the valley of the Amazon, or even within it, to a foreign<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88"></a>[88]</span>
+country, shall pay the proper duties according to the law of the
+budget in force in the year of its importation.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 64. Deposits of coal shall be established for supplying
+the steamers which navigate the Amazon rivers, and for others
+who care to use them, in the following places, or in others which
+be shown to be more convenient: Belém (Pará), Cametá, Breves,
+Chaves, Mazagão, Gurupá, Souzel, Prainha, Sautarem, Ponta
+Nova Brasileira, Obidos, Parintius, Itacoatiara, Manáos,
+Carvoeiro, Moreira, Santa Izabel do Rio Negro, Carmo do Rio
+Branco, Caracarahy, Boca do Canumã, Baetas, Boca do Rio
+Machado, Boca do Purús, Campina, Nova Olinda, Canutama,
+Cachoeira de Hyutanahan, Boca do Pauhiny, Boca do Acre,
+Rio Branco, Seuna Madureira, Coary, Teffé, Boca do Juruá,
+Juruapeca, Mearary, Boca do Tarauacá, Cruzeiro do Sul, Boca do
+Jutahy, S. Paulo de Olivença, Benjamin Constant and Santo
+Antonio de Maripi.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 65. There shall be floating deposits, so that they can
+be moved from one place to another, as the growth of navigation
+in this or that place may require; they shall have sufficient
+capacity for the movement of steamers at the station they are
+serving and passes modern apparatus for discharging the coal,
+which will reduce to a minimum the raising of dust, and load
+the steamers as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 66. At points where it may be thought necessary, the
+deposits shall be provided with tanks for fuel oil, which can be
+placed on the platform with coal, or on separate floating
+platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 67. The establishment of the deposits and the business
+of furnishing fuel to the steamers, shall be by contract after a
+public bidding and signed by the Minister of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 68. The floating material for the depositories and
+the fuel imported shall be free of all import duties, including
+the fees.</p>
+
+<p>The fees in the custom houses shall be ordered through a
+requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, from whom the
+contracting party shall ask it, for each shipment, with the necessary
+data.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 69. The fuel imported by the corporation can only be
+sold for river navigation service.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 70. The maximum prices at which the party can sell
+fuel to steamers, shall be according to tables approved annually
+by the Minister. These may be altered during the year, when
+so necessary in the opinion of the Government.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 71. The contracting party shall not be subject to payment
+of any state or municipal duties, because the object is the
+public federal service.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89"></a>[89]</span></p>
+
+<p>Art. 72. In places where the party has and the Government
+has not deposits of fuel, to him shall be given the preference for
+furnishing the quantity necessary for the national vessels of war,
+at the prices received when supplying the vessels of individuals.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 73. In extraordinary circumstances and at the requisition
+of the Government, the contracting party shall place at
+its disposition all the deposits of fuel on hand, being afterwards
+indemnified for a part or all of the fuel delivered, and afterwards
+another payment of the value of the deposits unused,
+corresponding to the profits lost during the time of the interruption
+of his business, calculated on an equal period of the preceding
+year.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 74. The bidding for the contract shall be upon the
+terms for the installation of the depositories, their reversion to
+the Union and the selling price of fuel for the first year.</p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_V">TITLE V<br>
+<span class="smaller">The creation of centres producing foodstuffs in the valley
+of the Amazon</span></h3>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER I<br>
+<span class="smaller">The leasing of the national plantations of Rio Branco</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 75. The Minister of Agriculture can contract for the
+leasing of the two national plantations S. Bento and S. Marcos,
+except the part situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú,
+Surumú and Cotingo, by public bidding, or independent of it,
+with a corporation or party sufficiently able, observing the following
+dispositions which shall be explained and assured in the
+clauses of the detailed contracts.</p>
+
+<p>1. The party will be obliged to:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Develop and practice on a large scale, by the best and
+most modern methods the breeding of cattle of different kinds
+and the cultivation of the usual alimentary cereals;</p>
+
+<p>(b) Establish a packing house for the preparation of dried
+beef and a factory for the canning of alimental animal and
+vegetable products.</p>
+
+<p>(c) Equip a factory for milk products, in which in addition
+to making cheese and butter, milk shall be prepared by the
+Pasteur system or some other that may be better, in condition
+to be supplied to the seringaes and estates of the interior.</p>
+
+<p>(d) Equip a central mill for the treatment of rice and other
+cereals and two improved factories for mandioca flour, as soon
+as the number of colonies localized can produce a sufficient
+supply of raw material for such establishment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90"></a>[90]</span></p>
+
+<p>(e) Receive and localize the immigrants who may desire to
+settle on the lands of the plantation, in accordance with the dispositions
+of this regulation and with the decrees number 9,081,
+Nov. 3, 1911, referring to the peopling of the soil, and number
+9,214, Dec. 15, 1911, referring to the protection of the Indians
+and localization of native laborers, in the parts that may be
+proper.</p>
+
+<p>(f) Present to the Minister for approval the plans and
+descriptive memorandum, with as much detail as possible, of
+the agricultural nucleus which he shall be obliged to establish
+and all the installations referring to the factories and services
+necessary for the complete equipment of the plantations, within
+the maximum space of 2 years, to count from the signing of the
+contract.</p>
+
+<p>(g) Be subject to inspection by the Government for the
+faithful execution of the contract, on the terms therein
+established.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 76. To the party or corporation the following favors
+will be granted:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, in
+the form and by the process referred to in article 91, for all the
+imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the
+plantations, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs,
+implements and machines for the culture, harvesting and treating
+the cereals, installation of mills and factories, improved
+cattle, seeds of alimentary and industrial plants, as well as for
+the materials and chemicals necessary to maintain the factories
+and husbandry, during the time of his contract.</p>
+
+<p>(b) Right of condemnation for public use, of the property
+or improvements of individuals, which may be necessary, in the
+opinion of the Government for any of the services of the
+enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>(c) All the favors specified in articles 131 and 132 of decree
+number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911, native and foreign colonies being
+made equal.</p>
+
+<p>(d) Preference for the contract of the works necessary for
+the improvement of the navigation of the Rio Branco, if the
+price is considered acceptable by the Government and the time
+for the completion of the work not more than 6 years.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 77. The term of the lease in the contract shall be 60
+years, at the end of which all the cattle for breeding and all
+the improvements then possessed by the lessee shall revert to the
+dominion of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 78. Within the term of 1 year, to date from the signing
+of the contract, the Government will give to lessee a copy of the
+plans of the plantations, in which shall be marked the water<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91"></a>[91]</span>
+courses with a specification of those navigable, the zone of
+forest and plain and the situations of the occupants who may
+be found.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 79. The plantations shall be turned over as soon as
+an inventory of the improvements, and the number of cattle of
+each kind then on the plantation can be made.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER II<br>
+<span class="smaller">The colonization of the plantation of S. Marcos situated between
+the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and Cotingo</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 80. The colonization of the lands of S. Marcos’ plantation,
+situated between the Rivers Mahú, Takutú, Surumú and
+Cotingo, on the frontier of British Guiana shall be done directly
+by the Minister of Agriculture, who shall order, without delay,
+to prepare a plan with the necessary details, and afterwards
+carry them out as they may be necessary:</p>
+
+<p>(a) A town of the aborigines;</p>
+
+<p>(b) An agricultural centre;</p>
+
+<p>(c) A colonial nucleus;</p>
+
+<p>(d) An ambulant course of agriculture;</p>
+
+<p>(e) An agricultural apprenticeship;</p>
+
+<p>(f) A school of practical agriculture;</p>
+
+<p>(g) An experimental station.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 81. The colonization of the lands whether in the agricultural
+centre, or colonial nucleus, shall be made so that each
+lot occupied by a foreign colonist corresponds to at least two
+occupied by families of native colonists, which preferably shall
+be chosen from those who arrive at the lodges of Belém and
+Manáos, proceeding from the states of the northwest.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 82. Gradually and opportunely there shall be installed
+in the colony lands, mills and factories, having in view the improvement
+and production on a large scale of cereals and other
+alimentary foods.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 83. In an appropriate locality there shall be established
+a model plantation for the breeding of cattle, horses and mules,
+in which there shall be made a comparative study of the native
+and foreign breeds, which best resist the climate of that region,
+to verify which may be most advantageously improved by the
+method of selection, crossing and formation of perfect types.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER III<br>
+<span class="smaller">The premiums and favors to those who intend to found large
+plantations of agriculture and cattle raising</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 84. To large plantations of agriculture and cattle raising
+that may be founded, one in the Territory of Acre (between<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92"></a>[92]</span>
+the Rio Branco and Xapury) one in the State of Amazonas (in
+the region of the River Autaz), and one in the State of Pará
+(on the island of Marajó, or other point more convenient on
+the lower Amazon), the federal Government will grant the following
+favors:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Exemption from import duties, including the fees, in
+the form and by the process described, in article 91, for all the
+imported material necessary to complete the equipment of the
+plantation, including houses, barns, pastures, fences, reservoirs,
+implements and machines, for the culture, harvesting and treatment
+of cereals, and installation of factories for milk products,
+the preservation of meat, as well as for cattle and seed which
+are imported, within the first 5 years after the installation of the
+plantation;</p>
+
+<p>(b) Premiums of 30,000 mibreis for groups of a thousand
+hectores of pastures artificially planted and conveniently fenced
+and of 100,000 hectores and of 100,000 mibreis for groups of a
+thousand hectores of land improved for agriculture, and actually
+cultivated with rice, beans, corn and mandicaco;</p>
+
+<p>(c) Premium of 100,000 milreis paid for groups of 500
+tons of foodstuffs manufactured from milk, and canned or packed
+meat, which may be produced in 5 years.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 85. The claimant of a right to these premiums must
+make a previous contract with the Minister of Agriculture, in
+which he obligates himself to:</p>
+
+<p>1. Present within one year a plan of the plantation, in which
+should be mentioned the river port that would serve him, the
+courses of the rivers which wash it, with a specification of these
+navigable for steamers, launches or only for canoes, the zones
+of forest and plain, accompanied by the plan of installation to
+be made, a descriptive memorandum of the services, and industries
+that he intends to develop and a detailed relatorio, indicating
+the quality, the quantity and cost of the materials
+necessary to import for the first year’s work.</p>
+
+<p>2. Allow the plantation and all its dependencies to be visited
+by the official charged with the inspection, when he is performing
+his duties, to verify the proper use of the objects and materials
+imported exempt from duties, the area, the state and
+kind of culture and the quantity, class and quality of the goods
+manufactured and destined for foodstuffs.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 86. The premiums shall be paid at the National
+Treasury or at the Delegacias Fiscaes in Belém and Manáos, by
+a requisition from the Minister of Agriculture, which the claimant
+must ask, attaching to his request the certificate of the
+Government inspector that all the dispositions of this regulation
+have been faithfully fulfilled, and a statistical table of the workers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93"></a>[93]</span>
+employed during the year in each industry and the amount
+of the annual crop, with the specification of the quantity of
+each kind.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 87. The contractor can colonize the lands of the plantation
+under the order established in Chapter XII of the regulation
+under the decree, number 9,081, Nov. 3, 1911; the national
+colonists coming from the states of the northwest are made
+equal to foreign colonists, for the purpose of the premiums of
+which articles 132 and 133 treat in the above mentioned
+regulation.</p>
+
+<h4>CHAPTER IV<br>
+<span class="smaller">Favors to a fishing corporation</span></h4>
+
+<p>Art. 88. The Minister of Agriculture shall contract with
+some person, syndicate or company, offering guarantees of
+sufficient ability, for the establishment of a fishing enterprise,
+which with headquarters in Belém (Pará) or Manáos, that can
+be conveniently equipped as quickly as possible, to begin this
+and its allied industries, on a large scale in the Amazon rivers.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 89. The following favors shall be given the enterprise:</p>
+
+<p>(a) Exemption from all import duties, including fees, for
+the vessels, instruments and other maritime material; for all the
+material necessary for the installation, complete equipping and
+establishment of the enterprise on conditions which would enable
+it to be a going industry in all its phases, as well as the
+drugs, ingredients, cans and boxes, or materials to make them,
+and in general for all that it may be necessary to import from
+abroad, indispensable to the maintenance of its vessels and factories,
+during a term of 15 years, to count from the date of its
+operations;</p>
+
+<p>(b) Premium of animation in money to the amount of
+10,000 mibreis during 5 consecutive years, when the production
+of preserved and salted fish shall be annually more than 100 tons;</p>
+
+<p>(c) The right of condemnation for public use, of the lands
+and improvements belonging to individuals, judged appropriate
+and indispensable for the installation of any of the establishments
+that it is necessary to build on land;</p>
+
+<p>(d) Exemption from all state and municipal imports because
+the object of the contract is for the federal public service.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 90. All the property of the enterprise shall revert to the
+Union, at the end of the term for which the contract was granted.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 91. The exemptions from duties shall be given by the
+custom houses in Belém and Manáos, by a requisition from the
+Minister of Agriculture, from whom it shall be requested, attaching<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94"></a>[94]</span>
+to the request a memorandum of the objects with specification
+of the qualities, quantities and ends for which they are
+needed, and what are imported for the services of the first establishment,
+and after this what must be imported for its maintenance.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 92. The enterprise shall be subject to inspection by the
+Government as to the safety of the steamers, and processes employed
+in fishing, the faithful use of the objects imported, the
+manufacture of preserving, in which substances hurtful to the
+public health shall not be employed, nor in the annual production
+of preserved or salted fish for the purpose of obtaining the
+premiums in money.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 93. Specimens of fish not well known, the party shall
+send one properly preserved to the Minister of Agriculture, accompanied
+by a small relatorio describing the place and conditions
+under which it was caught and noting anything particular
+that might be interesting in studying it.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 94. Every commander or master of the vessels of the
+enterprise, shall make a written communication to the directors
+for them to bring to the knowledge of the Government, the places
+where there is the existence of any obstacle to navigation, indicating
+the position in a good sketch of that stretch of the river,
+describing its nature and the route to be followed to avoid it.
+These communications shall be transmitted to the Minister of
+Transportation in order that he may place a signal on the obstacle,
+and as soon as possible remove it.</p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_VI">TITLE VI<br>
+<span class="smaller">The Triennial Expositions Embracing All That Relates to the
+National Rubber Industry</span></h3>
+
+<p>Art. 95. The Rubber Expositions shall be held in Rio de
+Janeiro every three years, the first being on May 13, 1913; its
+object shall be to give the sum of the triennial movement of the
+national rubber industry in its various modifications, compared
+with the industry in other countries.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 96. The triennial expositions shall include the rubber
+industry in all its branches and shall include the following classifications:</p>
+
+<p>1. The Culture.</p>
+
+<p>2. The Extraction.</p>
+
+<p>3. The Improvement.</p>
+
+<p>4. The Manufacture of Articles.</p>
+
+<p>The classes shall be subdivided into groups including native<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95"></a>[95]</span>
+and cultivated plants, machinery, utensils, processes, commercial
+type, studies and statistics.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 97. Premiums of encouragement shall be given for the
+best processes of culture, extraction and treatment, and to the
+best manufactured products, whether as raw material, constituting
+commercial types for exportation, or as to manufacture.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 98. The Government shall opportunely request the National
+Congress for the necessary enactments to make these premiums
+effective.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 99. The rubber expositions shall be true expositions held
+in relation to the machinery and utensils and products of rubber
+of all kinds, but the sale sought to be registered in a special
+book, by the payment of a fixed percentage to the organizing
+commission which shall apply this income to the interests of
+these same expositions.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 100. Foreign products can be admitted to these rubber
+expositions, for the purpose of permitting comparison and perfecting
+the national industry but shall receive no premium.</p>
+
+<p>Section 1. Foreign products destined for the rubber expositions
+shall be free of all custom house duties, as established in
+Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912, Article 89, No. 6, but if they are
+sold, shall pay their respective import duties when given to the
+buyers.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2. Foreign products not sold shall be re-exported for the
+account of the respective expositors.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 101. The transportation of the national products destined
+for the rubber expositions shall be gratuitous.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 102. For these expositions there shall be prepared
+bound statistics and relatorios especially relative to the former
+period and as regards the rubber industry in Brazil, compared
+with the world movement.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 103. During the expositions there shall be held:</p>
+
+<p>1. National congresses specializing upon the rubber industry.</p>
+
+<p>2. Lectures upon subjects previously chosen and illustrated
+with stereopticon slides.</p>
+
+<p>For the carrying out of what is ordered in this article, the
+organizing commission shall provide for the respective programs
+and other measures for its entire success.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 104. From all the principle products exhibited some
+specimens shall be selected to constitute a permanent exhibit,
+which shall remain exhibited in the Commercial Museum of Rio
+de Janeiro, and in whose care shall also remain some reserves
+to be sent to similar Museums in Brazil and in foreign lands.</p>
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96"></a>[96]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="TITLE_VII">TITLE VII<br>
+<span class="smaller">The Direction and Inspection of the Service</span></h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Art. 105. The direction and inspection of all the service for
+the economic defense of rubber, shall be in charge of a provisory
+department of the Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce,
+entitled “Superintendency of the Protection of Rubber.”</p>
+
+<p>Art. 106. The superintendency is charged with:</p>
+
+<p>1. To receive, to record, to prepare, and to inform the manuscripts
+which depend upon the despatch of the Minister.</p>
+
+<p>2. To see to the effective and integral execution of measures
+of an administrative character foreseen in the Regulation.</p>
+
+<p>3. The study, planning, calculating and execution of the work
+that must be done by the administration.</p>
+
+<p>4. The study, planning, calculating, and execution of the
+work that must be done by contract.</p>
+
+<p>5. The closing, with the approval of the Minister, of the
+contracts and the decrees relative to the concurrence of the
+States and Municipalities for the works and measures which
+they resolved to aid.</p>
+
+<p>Section 1. Each service that has been definitely installed
+and is in normal working condition, shall be given over to a
+section of the Ministry of Agriculture with which it harmonizes
+and incorporated or subordinated.</p>
+
+<p>Sec. 2. For the measure that is being executed as ordered
+in Sec. 1, the Government shall provide that the proper lawful
+budgets shall be apportioned of the means necessary for the
+maintenance, conservation and development of new settlements.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 107. The Superintendency of the “Protection of Rubber”
+shall be constituted of:</p>
+
+<p>A central section working in the Federal Capital.</p>
+
+<p>A district section with headquarters in the national plantations
+of Rio Branco.</p>
+
+<p>Partial commissions for services that may be indispensable.</p>
+
+<p>Districts of inspection embracing one or more States, in conformity
+with the number and importance of the services under
+way.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 108. The central section shall be composed of a superintendent,
+a secretary, a constructing engineer, an agricultural
+engineer, an engineer of the second class, two draughtsmen, two
+typewriters, a bookkeeper, two clerks, a messenger and two
+servants.</p>
+
+<p>The district section shall be composed of a chief engineer, an
+engineer of the first class, engineers of the second class, agricultural<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97"></a>[97]</span>
+engineers, conductors of the first and second class, a
+draughtsman, a bookkeeper, a paymaster, a customs officer, technical
+assistants, journalists and a physician.</p>
+
+<p>The partial commissions shall be composed of a chief engineer,
+the technical and administrative personnel necessary, in
+conformity with the work to be done, and a physician.</p>
+
+<p>The districts for inspection shall consist of a chief engineer,
+an engineer of the second class, an agriculturist and assistants
+to the number necessary and sufficient.</p>
+
+<p>The staff of the employes shall not be fixed, but vary according
+to the development of the work, and will correspond well
+with the distribution of the respective work and the special instructions
+opportunely executed.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 109. The services relative to the triennial rubber expositions,
+shall be directed by a special commission presided over by
+the minister and composed of the superintendent, who shall take
+the place of the minister in his absence, and of the members of
+the Permanent Commission of Expositions, created by Article
+89 of Law No. 2,544, January 4, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 110. All the personnel of the superintendency shall be
+considered in commission and dismissed when the work is finished
+for which it was formed.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 111. There shall be appointed: by decree of the President
+of the Republic, the superintendent; by preferment of the
+Minister, the chief engineers, the secretary of the central section,
+the engineer of the first class and the paymaster of the
+district section; by the Superintendent, the engineers of the
+second class, the agriculturists, the physicians, the draughtsmen,
+the typewriters, the clerks and the customs officials; by the chief
+engineers, the personnel who work under their direction.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 112. The salaries of the employes shall be those fixed in
+the annexed table.</p>
+
+<p>For the employes in the services which were incident to the
+order in the first section of Article 106, the salaries are fixed
+in accord with tables for similar service already existing in the
+Minister’s department, increased from fifty to eighty per cent
+for those who shall be situated in the valley of the Amazon,
+while the high cost of living shall continue in that respective
+place.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 113. For services which shall be thought advantageous,
+and when they have good reputations, the Government may employ
+professional specialists, natives or foreigners, paying them
+annual salaries not greater than those in the table or a lump
+sum for the service rendered, as may be advisable in each case.</p>
+
+<p>Art. 114. To provide for the increase in the work of the Director
+General of Accounts, in consequence of the services mentioned<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98"></a>[98]</span>
+in this regulation, there shall be added to the same Directorship,
+employees of the Treasury and other departments of
+recognized ability and the typewriters in commission accepted,
+under the proposal of the Director General; working overtime,
+whenever necessary, in accordance with Articles 68 and 71 of
+the Decree, No. 8,889, of August 11, 1911, the work of counting,
+examining, inspecting and recording the expenses, distribution
+of credits, advances, and other things of an urgent nature.</p>
+
+<p>The expenses resulting from the order in this article shall
+be met by the credits which were opened in accordance with
+Article 14 of Law No. 2,543A, of January 5, 1912. It pertains
+to the Minister to fix the gratuities of the typewriters and the
+employes of the Department of Finance to which this same article
+refers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99"></a>[99]</span></p>
+
+<h4>TABLE OF THE SALARIES OF THE PERSONNEL OF THE SUPERINTENDENCY “PROTECTION
+OF RUBBER”</h4>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Classes</th>
+    <th>Monthly Salaries</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Superintendent</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5,000$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chief Engineer of the Section Rio Branco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,700$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Physician</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,500$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Constructing Engineer</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,500$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chief Engineer of the Partial Commission</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Chief Engineer of the District of Inspection</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Engineer of the first class of the Section Rio Branco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,250$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Agricultural Engineer</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Engineer of the second class</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Secretary to the Superintendent</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Paymaster of the Section Rio Branco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Conductor of the first class</td>
+    <td class="tdr">750$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Customs Official of the Section Rio Branco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">750$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Conductor of the second class</td>
+    <td class="tdr">600$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Draughtsman</td>
+    <td class="tdr">600$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Bookkeeper</td>
+    <td class="tdr">500$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Technical Aid</td>
+    <td class="tdr">450$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Clerk</td>
+    <td class="tdr">350$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Typewriter</td>
+    <td class="tdr">350$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Messenger</td>
+    <td class="tdr">200$000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Servant</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150$000</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The personnel in service in the Valley of the Amazon, with perhaps
+the exception of the Chief Engineer of the Rio Branco
+section, shall receive an increase over the salaries mentioned in
+the table, varying from fifty to eighty per cent according to the
+judgment of the Superintendent because of the high cost of living
+in their respective places.</p>
+
+<p>A third part of the annual salary shall be considered the
+gratuity of the office.</p>
+
+<p>To the technical personnel, to the paymaster, and to the
+physicians shall be adjudicated by the Superintendent a daily
+allowance of from 5$000 to 30$000.</p>
+
+<p>Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="right">PEDRO DE TOLEDO.</p>
+
+<h3>List of utensils and materials exempt from importation duties,
+to which Article 2 of Decree No. 9,521 of April 17, 1912, refers:</h3>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100"></a>[100]</span></p>
+
+<h4>FIRST GROUP<br>
+Implements and Utensils for the Rubber Gatherer</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Axes.</li>
+<li>Hatchets.</li>
+<li>Knives and special apparatus for the incision of trees.</li>
+<li>Buckets, pails, basins of tin, zinc or other material.</li>
+<li>Pitchers for smoking.</li>
+<li>Machines destined for the coagulation of the milk.</li>
+<li>Cylinders for pressing.</li>
+<li>Colanders and their appurtenances.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>SECOND GROUP<br>
+Implements and Material for Cultivation</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Electric detoners and their accessories.</li>
+<li>Dynamite.</li>
+<li>Mining powder and other explosives.</li>
+<li>Caps and fuses.</li>
+<li>Decauville lines.</li>
+<li>Mono rails.</li>
+<li>Aerial transporters and their accessories.</li>
+<li>Locomotives and stationary engines.</li>
+<li>Chemical drugs, disinfectants and insecticides.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>THIRD GROUP<br>
+Materials and Utensils Intended for the Culture of Trees and
+Treatment of Rubber, including:</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Materials for the necessary installations for the mounting of factories, construction of buildings, huts and houses of workmen, box factory and factory for rubber articles.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>FOURTH GROUP<br>
+Chemical Substances, Raw Material, Thin Cloth and Other
+Objects Used in the Treatment of and Manufacture
+of Rubber Articles</h4>
+
+<p>a. <b>Coagulants</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Acetic Acid.</li>
+<li>Fluoric Acid.</li>
+<li>Formic Acid.</li>
+<li>Sulphuric Acid.</li>
+<li>Hydrochloric Acid.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>b. <b>Dissolvents</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Aceton.</li>
+<li>Ethylic Alcohol.</li>
+<li>Methylic Alcohol (C. H. 4 O).</li>
+<li>Benzine.</li>
+<li>Benzol.</li>
+<li>Borax or</li>
+<li>Borate of Sodium. (Na² B. ⁴O⁷ 10 H² O).</li>
+<li>Chloruret of Carbon.</li>
+<li>Chloroform.</li>
+<li>Ether.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101"></a>[101]</span></p></li>
+<li>Essence of Therebentine.</li>
+<li>Methylbenzol or Tolnol (C⁷ H⁸).</li>
+<li>Solvent Naphtha.</li>
+<li>Oil of Camphor (essence).</li>
+<li>Oil of Dippel.</li>
+<li>Parafin Oil.</li>
+<li>Sulphuret of Carbon.</li>
+<li>Tetrachloruret of Carbon.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>c. <b>Deodorizers and Disinfectants</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Camphin or Camphene.</li>
+<li>Animal Charcoal.</li>
+<li>Porcupine Grape Yellow.</li>
+<li>Anilines and their derivatives.</li>
+<li>Arsenites and their derivatives.</li>
+<li>Aureoline.</li>
+<li>Cobalt Blue.</li>
+<li>Methylen Blue.</li>
+<li>Bistre.</li>
+<li>Fixed White (Salts of Baryum, etc.).</li>
+<li>Creosote.</li>
+<li>Cresolin.</li>
+<li>Essence of Lavender.</li>
+<li>Essence of Lemon.</li>
+<li>Essence of Peppermint.</li>
+<li>Essence of Menthol (C¹⁰ H² O).</li>
+<li>Essence of Eucalyptus.</li>
+<li>Essence of Florence Lily.</li>
+<li>Essence of Mustard.</li>
+<li>Essence of Moss.</li>
+<li>Essence of Rosemary.</li>
+<li>Essence of Tomilho.</li>
+<li>Essence of Thymol.</li>
+<li>Farmol, Formaldehyde or Formalin.</li>
+<li>Nitrobenzol.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>d. <b>Coloring Materials</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Cassel’s Yellow.</li>
+<li>Van Dyck and Bismarck Brown.</li>
+<li>Yellow Brilliantine.</li>
+<li>Bronze and its derivates.</li>
+<li>Orange Bleu.</li>
+<li>Brooksite (Mixture of rosin and oils).</li>
+<li>Bukaramuguiana.</li>
+<li>Pattison White.</li>
+<li>Paris White.</li>
+<li>Wax for cables (wax, asphalt and rosin).</li>
+<li>Cachou.</li>
+<li>Rosin Colors.</li>
+<li>Massicot.</li>
+<li>Minio.</li>
+<li>Murexide (purple).</li>
+<li>Paris Black.</li>
+<li>Lamp Black.</li>
+<li>Ivory Black.</li>
+<li>Uranium Black.</li>
+<li>Vine Black.</li>
+<li>Nigramine.</li>
+<li>Ochre of all colors.</li>
+<li>Orange Neutral.</li>
+<li>Salts of Mercury.</li>
+<li>Sulfapone.</li>
+<li>Terre d’Ombre.</li>
+<li>Falladium Red.</li>
+<li>Vermillion (sulphuret of mercury).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>e. <b>Hydrocarburets, Heavy Bodies and Oils</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Stearic Acid.</li>
+<li>Fish Oil.</li>
+<li>Fichetelito (C¹⁸ H²²).</li>
+<li>Vegetable Fibre.</li>
+<li>Glycerin.</li>
+<li>Heptana.</li>
+<li>Idrialine (C³⁰ H⁵⁴ O²).</li>
+<li>Lanoline.</li>
+<li>Linoxine.</li>
+<li>Marito Lard.</li>
+<li>Naphthaline.</li>
+<li>Arachyde Oil (Amendoim).</li>
+<li>Cole Seed Oil.</li>
+<li>Wood Oil, Chinese and Japanese.</li>
+<li>Cotton Seed Oil.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102"></a>[102]</span></p></li>
+<li>Layos Oil.</li>
+<li>Banba Oil.</li>
+<li>Oil of Wool (fat of wool from sheep).</li>
+<li>Linseed Oil.</li>
+<li>Corn Oil.</li>
+<li>Cod Liver Oil.</li>
+<li>Nut Oil.</li>
+<li>Olive Oil.</li>
+<li>Palm Oil (Attalea Excelsis, Bertholetin Excelsis, Maximiliana regia).</li>
+<li>Pine Oil.</li>
+<li>Ricine Oil.</li>
+<li>Soja Oil.</li>
+<li>Calves’ Foot Oil.</li>
+<li>Tung Oil.</li>
+<li>Vulcanized Oils.</li>
+<li>Nitrated Oils.</li>
+<li>Parafin.</li>
+<li>Pentan.</li>
+<li>Petroleum and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Stearine.</li>
+<li>Vaseline.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>f. <b>Resin, Resinous Gums and Lacs</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Yellow Amber.</li>
+<li>Ambroid.</li>
+<li>Natural Balsam.</li>
+<li>Canada Balsam.</li>
+<li>Chypre Balsam.</li>
+<li>Sulphur Balsam.</li>
+<li>Perú Balsam.</li>
+<li>Therebentin Balsam.</li>
+<li>Talu Balsam.</li>
+<li>Benjoim.</li>
+<li>Colophane.</li>
+<li>Copal.</li>
+<li>Banana Gum.</li>
+<li>Lac Gum.</li>
+<li>Kauri Gum.</li>
+<li>Lacs separate.</li>
+<li>Enamel Lacs and all their derivatives.</li>
+<li>Rhus Lacs.</li>
+<li>Mastick.</li>
+<li>Rosin Oil.</li>
+<li>Ammonia Rosin.</li>
+<li>Bourgogue Rosin.</li>
+<li>Damar Rosin.</li>
+<li>Elemi Rosin.</li>
+<li>Hymenea Courbaril.</li>
+<li>Rosin (Copal).</li>
+<li>Jalap Rosin.</li>
+<li>Myrrh Rosin.</li>
+<li>Xanthorea Rosin.</li>
+<li>Sandarac.</li>
+<li>Storax.</li>
+<li>Therebentine.</li>
+<li>Venice Therebentine and its derivatives.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>g. <b>Agents of Vulcanization</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Metallic Antimony and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Bromurets and all their derivatives.</li>
+<li>Calcium and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Caustic Lime.</li>
+<li>Chlorine (Cl.) and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Lead and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Sulphur and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Iodine and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Sodium and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Zinc and its derivatives.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>h. <b>Fibres and Cloth</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Cotton.</li>
+<li>Brass.</li>
+<li>Cabo Asbestos.</li>
+<li>Maselig Asbestos.</li>
+<li>Hemp.</li>
+<li>Banana Hemp.</li>
+<li>India Hemp.</li>
+<li>Sisel Hemp.</li>
+<li>Madrasta Hemp.</li>
+<li>Manila Hemp.</li>
+<li>Fibres of all kinds of vegetable or animal origin.</li>
+<li>Vulcanized Fibres.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103"></a>[103]</span></p></li>
+<li>Raphia Fabrics.</li>
+<li>Lace.</li>
+<li>Flax Thread.</li>
+<li>Jute.</li>
+<li>Wool.</li>
+<li>Flax.</li>
+<li>Luffa.</li>
+<li>Japan Lacs.</li>
+<li>Nanking.</li>
+<li>Cotton Cloth.</li>
+<li>Asbestos Cloth.</li>
+<li>Linen Cloth.</li>
+<li>Paper Maché.</li>
+<li>Parameta.</li>
+<li>Rami.</li>
+<li>Silk Cloth, animal and vegetable.</li>
+<li>Taffetas.</li>
+<li>Zaputtine and its derivatives.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>i. <b>Isolated Materials</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Asbestos and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Alexite.</li>
+<li>Algina.</li>
+<li>Amiante.</li>
+<li>Asphalt.</li>
+<li>Astrictum.</li>
+<li>Russian.</li>
+<li>Birch.</li>
+<li>Animal and Vegetable Tar of lignite, hulha and all their derivatives.</li>
+<li>Bitite.</li>
+<li>Bitumen.</li>
+<li>Colorifugos and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Cerasine.</li>
+<li>Cork.</li>
+<li>Cellulose and all its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Esbetine.</li>
+<li>Eshalite.</li>
+<li>Fermantine.</li>
+<li>Fassilite.</li>
+<li>Fucasine.</li>
+<li>Gasoline.</li>
+<li>Gelatine.</li>
+<li>Gilsonite.</li>
+<li>Hermetine.</li>
+<li>Karphite.</li>
+<li>Lava.</li>
+<li>Ledererite.</li>
+<li>Lithine.</li>
+<li>Lithocarbon.</li>
+<li>Manjak.</li>
+<li>Marloid.</li>
+<li>Mica.</li>
+<li>Mecanite.</li>
+<li>Oil of Tar.</li>
+<li>Okonite.</li>
+<li>Ouralite.</li>
+<li>Ozocerite.</li>
+<li>Ozotere.</li>
+<li>Vegetable.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>j. <b>Divers Materials</b>:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Citric acid (C⁶ H⁸ O⁷).</li>
+<li>Azotic acid (H. N. O³).</li>
+<li>Salicylic acid.</li>
+<li>Sehacic acid.</li>
+<li>Oxalic acid (C² H² O⁴).</li>
+<li>Oleic acid (C¹⁶ H³⁴ O²).</li>
+<li>Tartaric acid.</li>
+<li>Agalmatolite.</li>
+<li>Areometers.</li>
+<li>Alkalies.</li>
+<li>Ammonia.</li>
+<li>Salts of Ammonia.</li>
+<li>Aluminum and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Alum.</li>
+<li>Starch.</li>
+<li>Auhydrite.</li>
+<li>Autibenzine Pirine.</li>
+<li>Astraline.</li>
+<li>Atmold.</li>
+<li>Whale Oil.</li>
+<li>Balenite.</li>
+<li>Balons.</li>
+<li>Salts of Baryum.</li>
+<li>Materials for bleaching.</li>
+<li>Bolus.</li>
+<li>Camptulikon.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104"></a>[104]</span></p></li>
+<li>Afridi Wax.</li>
+<li>Japan Wax.</li>
+<li>Caruabuba Wax.</li>
+<li>Carbarundum.</li>
+<li>Materials for</li>
+<li>Beech Creosote.</li>
+<li>Chlorhydrate of Quinine.</li>
+<li>Cyanuret of Potassium.</li>
+<li>Caseina.</li>
+<li>Ceramyl.</li>
+<li>Vegetable Coal.</li>
+<li>Coal Dust.</li>
+<li>Horn.</li>
+<li>Mineral and Vegetable Waxes.</li>
+<li>Fish Glue.</li>
+<li>Coralline.</li>
+<li>Caokaline.</li>
+<li>Leather.</li>
+<li>Copper and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Dextrina (C¹² A²⁰ O¹⁰).</li>
+<li>Dextrose.</li>
+<li>Diamond.</li>
+<li>Dichlorohydrine.</li>
+<li>Dielectrics.</li>
+<li>Dielectrine.</li>
+<li>Eburine.</li>
+<li>Sponges.</li>
+<li>Tin and its derivatives.</li>
+<li>Eternite.</li>
+<li>Flour.</li>
+<li>Potato Sediment.</li>
+<li>Felds Pathe.</li>
+<li>Fibroleum.</li>
+<li>Metallic Wires.</li>
+<li>Sheets of Tin.</li>
+<li>Lasts.</li>
+<li>Fuller.</li>
+<li>Fustian.</li>
+<li>Galalithe.</li>
+<li>Gas.</li>
+<li>Gaze.</li>
+<li>Fish Glue.</li>
+<li>Glucose.</li>
+<li>Glutin.</li>
+<li>Graphite.</li>
+<li>Mineral Oils.</li>
+<li>Gypsum.</li>
+<li>Hemalite.</li>
+<li>Hatschetine.</li>
+<li>Hydrofugine.</li>
+<li>Koalin.</li>
+<li>Kisselguhr.</li>
+<li>Compound Kirrage.</li>
+<li>Lactoleum.</li>
+<li>Lederine.</li>
+<li>Limeite.</li>
+<li>Lactoite.</li>
+<li>Lactites.</li>
+<li>Material for Polishing.</li>
+<li>Magnalium.</li>
+<li>Magnesium and its compounds.</li>
+<li>Magnesia.</li>
+<li>Magnesia Calcinated.</li>
+<li>Marble Dust.</li>
+<li>Morocoline.</li>
+<li>Nickel.</li>
+<li>Salt of Nipa.</li>
+<li>Nitronaphtaline.</li>
+<li>Organdim.</li>
+<li>Bones.</li>
+<li>Pagodite.</li>
+<li>Pantasote.</li>
+<li>Petrifite.</li>
+<li>Earth of Pipe.</li>
+<li>Pumice Stone.</li>
+<li>Phosphorus.</li>
+<li>Plombago.</li>
+<li>Pluviosine.</li>
+<li>Salts of Potassium.</li>
+<li>Poudre Rouge.</li>
+<li>Anti-ronille.</li>
+<li>Sand.</li>
+<li>Salitre (Nitrate of Potash K. N. O³).</li>
+<li>Soap.</li>
+<li>Sawdust.</li>
+<li>Silicates of Aluminum.</li>
+<li>Bronze Silicium.</li>
+<li>Hides.</li>
+<li>Luberine.</li>
+<li>Luberite.</li>
+<li>Metallic Sulphuret.</li>
+<li>Isinglass.</li>
+<li>Tannico.<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105"></a>[105]</span></p></li>
+<li>Metallic Cloth.</li>
+<li>Turfa.</li>
+<li>Tripoli.</li>
+<li>Trichopiese.</li>
+<li>Hulha Varnish.</li>
+<li>Wood Vinegar.</li>
+<li>Vulcoleina.</li>
+<li>Wallasine.</li>
+<li>Waterproof Varnish.</li>
+<li>Whaleboline.</li>
+<li>Xylolithe.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Rio de Janeiro, April 17, 1912.</p>
+
+<p class="right"><span style="margin-right: 1.5em;">PEDRO DE TOLEDO,</span><br>
+Minister of Agriculture.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106"></a>[106]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus10" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus10.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>GEORGE E. PELL, ESQ.<br>
+  Commissioner for the Commercial Association of Pará</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107"></a>[107]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="PARA">PARÁ</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>FURTHER DETAILS RELATING TO PARÁ HAVE NOT COME
+TO HAND UP TO THE TIME OF GOING TO PRESS</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108"></a>[108]</span></p>
+
+<h3>COMMERCIAL ASSOCIATION, PARÁ (BRAZIL)<br>
+DESCRIPTION OF EXHIBITS.</h3>
+
+<table class="big">
+  <tr>
+    <th colspan="2"></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>Quality.</th>
+    <th colspan="3">Weight.</th>
+    <th>Procedence.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">501</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine Island Rubber,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,037</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From the Islands.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">81</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine Island Rubber, Cajary,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">804</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Cajary, &amp; partly islands.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">111</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine Island Rubber, Anapu,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">756</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Anapu &amp; partly islands.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">235</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine Island Rubber, Cavianna,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,116</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Island of Cavianna.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">145</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine Low Xingú,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">979</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Lower reaches of River Xingú (This parcel contains two lots, dry and fresh, should be separated and marked “Dry” and “New”).</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">44</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">} on sticks</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">Fine Itaituba (Tap),</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">net</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="tdr valign">937</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">ks.</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">From Lower reaches of River Tapajos.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">10</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Fine High Xingú,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">696</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Higher reaches of River Xingú, above rapids.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">} on sticks</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="nw valign">Fine Itaituba (Tapajos) Cachoeira,</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">net</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="tdr valign">1,025</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">ks.</td>
+    <td rowspan="2" class="valign">From Higher reaches of River Tapajos, above rapids, and state of Matto-Grosso.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">34</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">68</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Weak Fine Rubber,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">650</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Lower Amazon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Island Coarse Rubber,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,000</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Islands and affluents of Lower Amazon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">110</td>
+    <td>Biscuits</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Cametá Coarse,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,515</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Cametá and partly Islands.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Coarse Itaituba (Tapajos),</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">302</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Tapajos.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Weak Coarse,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">254</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Lower Amazon.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Tiras (Strips),</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">119</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Tapajos.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td>Balls</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Toc. Caucho Ball,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">911</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From River Tocantins &amp; Rio Fresco.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">30</td>
+    <td>Balls</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Tap. Caucho Ball, Cachoeira,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,061</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Higher reaches of River Tapajos, above rapids, and State of Matto-Grosso.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="tdr">20</td>
+    <td>Balls</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>High Xingú Caucho Ball,</td>
+    <td>net</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,044</td>
+    <td>ks.</td>
+    <td>From Higher reaches of River Xingú.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3">2 Bags—1 Bag</td>
+    <td>Inaja Palm Nuts</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Used for curing Fine Rubber.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3"><span style="margin-left: 4em;">1 Bag</span></td>
+    <td>Urucuri Palm Nuts</td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Used for curing Fine Rubber.</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3">2 Boxes—4 &amp; 5</td>
+    <td colspan="4">Tin Cups, etc., for collecting Latex</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3">1 Case—No. 3</td>
+    <td colspan="4">Natural Woods—2 blocks of wood and shavings, used for curing rubber</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3">1 Box</td>
+    <td colspan="4">Machadinhos (Hatchets), collecting and curing utensils</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td colspan="3">1 Box</td>
+    <td colspan="4">Wooden Stand used for curing large biscuits of rubber.</td>
+    <td></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109"></a>[109]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110"></a>[110]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="The_AMAZONAS_Section">The AMAZONAS Section</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<h3>AMAZON STATE IS THE LARGEST ONE IN BRAZIL</h3>
+
+<p>Area in square kilometers, 1,894,724.</p>
+
+<p>Population, 600,000 inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Capital, Manáos; 60,000 inhabitants, 32ᵐ, 40ᵐ height from sea-level.</p>
+
+<p>It exports rubber and woods for construction and for other
+works, Pará nuts, Guaraná and some other products.</p>
+
+<p>Beans, corn, rice and almost every kind of cereals grow there
+beautifully.</p>
+
+<p>It is put in communication with Europe by one English and
+two German Steamship Companies, and by cable and wireless
+telegraphy. These companies have improved their steamers,
+which go to Europe. To the United States it is served only by
+the English company, every ten days. They are cargo boats.</p>
+
+<p>Principal cities: Stacoatiara, Manicoré, Humaythé, Teffé,
+Parintins and Labrea.</p>
+
+<p>Medium temperature, 27° 2′ centigrade.</p>
+
+<p>Rains—Evaporation in mm., 1592,0. Height, 1525,3 (in 202
+days).</p>
+
+<p>Wind—Velocity in one second, 1ᵐ, 60. Direction, east.</p>
+
+<h3>EXPORTS OF RUBBER FROM STATE OF AMAZONAS SINCE 1827 UP TO 1907</h3>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Years.</th>
+    <th>Kilograms.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1837</td>
+    <td class="tdr">802,410</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1847</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,286,570</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1857</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7,134,195</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1867</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,969,070</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1877</td>
+    <td class="tdr">17,403,574</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1887</td>
+    <td class="tdr">43,454,671</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1897</td>
+    <td class="tdr">106,424,423</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1907</td>
+    <td class="tdr">120,434,947</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>From 1827 to 1852 the exports belong to Pará and Amazonas
+together.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111"></a>[111]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp52" id="illus11" style="max-width: 21.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus11.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>COLONEL ANTONIO CLEMENTE RIBEIRO BITTENCOURT<br>
+  Governor of the State of the Amazonas, Brazil</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112"></a>[112]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus12" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus12.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORT OF MANÁOS</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113"></a>[113]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus13" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus13.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. MANOEL LOBATO<br>
+  Commissioner for the State of the Amazonas, Brazil, also of
+  Matto Grosso and the Federal Territory of Acre</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114"></a>[114]</span></p>
+
+<h3>RUBBER IN THE STATE OF AMAZONAS</h3>
+
+<p class="center">General Ideas about the State. Progress in the Means of Transportation.
+Climatological Conditions.</p>
+
+<p>The State of the Amazonas is the largest one in the Brazilian
+Republic. Notwithstanding its well-known natural resources that
+are not limited, according to many persons, to the precious milk
+of the rubber tree—that wonderful tree of fortune—which is disputed
+by various producing centers, its vast territory is yet far
+from being completely and properly populated.</p>
+
+<p>The emigration currents towards that section have started
+lately, so that the population of hardly over two hundred thousand
+souls a few years ago, to-day is over six hundred thousand
+inhabitants, without any exaggeration.</p>
+
+<p>As such changes are taking place the conditions of life are
+being altered every day. It is true that there still prevails in
+the books of gay tourists who consider humbug as a condition
+of inexhaustible success, the impression that the native indians
+travel about half nude and armed with arches and arrows, chasing
+the lost Europeans through such outlandish regions of the world.</p>
+
+<p>The remark, however, is not based on real facts. The native
+Indians are not now to be found in very accessible places. The
+foreigner who lands in the Amazonas capital, for instance, may
+be sure that his habits and his civilization will not cause any
+fright.</p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to find among the natives who possess some
+education and means one who has not been through several
+European countries, especially France; so that as soon as the
+visitor lands he notices an atmosphere of modern improvements
+and all the novelty and gay spirit of Parisian life; the latest
+fashions are found at once in Manáos.</p>
+
+<p>The progress of that beautiful princess of the Rio Negro
+(Black River) is most remarkable, because it is at the most only
+twenty years. Until the proclamation of the Republic in Brazil,
+Manáos amounted to almost nothing. From 1889 to this date
+began its stupendous development, counting already over 60,000
+inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115"></a>[115]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus14" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus14.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>A. W. STEDMAN, ESQ.<br>
+  Commissioner for the Commercial Association of the State of
+  Manáos, Matto Grosso, and the Federal Territory of Acre, Brazil</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116"></a>[116]</span></p>
+
+<p>To-day it has comfortable homes, good and solid buildings
+of artistic architecture. Its port is perfectly fitted to receive
+the visits of the large transatlantic steamers, which places it
+in communication with the leading European ports. The navigation
+line for the United States, served by an English company,
+is not yet of the required progress to insure all the necessary
+comfort to the passengers who venture to undertake the long
+trip. Furthermore, it is served by steamers that do not possess
+the modern requirements of speed, which at present is of first
+interest not only for the passengers who look for a pleasure
+resort as well as for the intercourse of commercial relations with
+the world’s markets. That is the reason why the interchange
+between Amazonas and New York has been rather slow, which
+interchange could be of greater magnitude than it is to-day if
+there was a more intimate knowledge between the parties.</p>
+
+<p>I would not want to end this information about the capital
+of the State of Amazonas without quoting some paragraphs
+from the excellent work, “The Rubber Country of the Amazon,”
+written by Mr. Henry C. Pearson, Editor of the “India Rubber
+World”:</p>
+
+<p>“When one considers that this city is a thousand miles from
+the seacoast, in the heart of a vast tropical jungle, with wild
+Indians within a hundred miles of it, its presence seems incredible.
+In a way, it is as modern as New York or Chicago. The
+latest Parisian fashions are there, and almost anything that
+civilized man desires is obtainable. Prices are high, to be sure,
+because both luxuries and necessities are imported and subject
+to a duty of 100 per cent. But when something besides rubber
+is produced by the magnificently fertile lands that surround it,
+Manáos will be one of the great and beautiful cities of the world
+and living as reasonable as anywhere.”</p>
+
+<p>That progress, although it has been made principally in
+Manáos, in some form is also affecting the interior of the State.
+The river navigation is made quicker than before and on elegant
+and up-to-date steamers, which navigate throughout all the tributaries
+of the Amazon River.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the Madeira-Mamoré railroad has produced a
+great improvement in the transportation facilities adopted in the
+State for the quick delivery of merchandise in the interior.</p>
+
+<p>The most distant points of the territory are now connected
+by wireless telegraphy. The news of the world can be transmitted
+daily to the capital of the State by means of double river
+cable and by wireless telegraphy of the Marconi system.</p>
+
+<p>The climatic conditions are not so terrible as pictured in
+the minds of the outside people, who do not know the real facts
+and the true geographic situation of the State.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117"></a>[117]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus15" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus15.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>CAOUTCHOUC PROCESS No. 1.</p>
+  <p>The Men Set to Work Bleeding the Base of the Castillôa.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118"></a>[118]</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. A. R. Wallace, in his “Narrative of Travels on the Amazon
+and Rio Negro,” and Captain Maury, in his book “The
+Amazon and the Atlantic Coast of South America,” show themselves
+so enthusiastic over the climate of Amazonas and recommend
+it “as one of the healthiest and mildest in the world.” That
+easy enthusiasm is not so good for us as the competent French
+engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe’s opinion, after many years in the
+northern part of Brazil. Thus he expresses himself:</p>
+
+<p>“The Amazonia, an immense tableland slightly concave, situated
+entirely in the tropics, crossed by rivers of colossal dimensions,
+with lakes and swamps, the remains of the original water
+basin, badly separated by modern alluvium land, covered with
+impenetrable forests from which emerge here and there some
+plains, ought to have a specially hot, damp and unhealthy
+climate.</p>
+
+<p>“That is the reputation which it has enjoyed for a long time
+and which has frightened away the European immigration; but
+it is not deserved in such an absolute manner; as a hot country
+is perhaps on the contrary the less deadly for the settler as
+well as for the traveler.”</p>
+
+<h3>THE AMAZON AS RUBBER PRODUCER</h3>
+
+<p>It is indeed very difficult if not absolutely impossible to limit
+the rubber producing region of Amazonas. In almost the whole
+of the vast territory of that State there are found rubber trees
+and where they do not grow, they certainly can be successfully
+planted. Over large tracts of lands on the banks of rivers not
+navigable, there are extensive rubber forests not explored on
+account of lack of population.</p>
+
+<p>That exuberance of the Amazonian flora, that arrangement of
+nature to furnish resources to the rubber extractor for many
+years, kept him away from any other occupation except that of
+raising the arm and wounding the tree of fortune in order to
+obtain prosperity. There was no necessity of planting that which
+the open road of the forest presents at each step; also why
+worry with a view to obtaining any other process of securing
+the “<b>hevea brasiliensis</b>” when its milk in the primitive state is
+obtained at the lowest price of exploitation and cultivation, preserving
+all the excellent qualities of the rubber?</p>
+
+<p>The presence of competitors in the world’s market, more
+than the damage caused to the health by the smoking process
+of coagulation, is the reason to establish new exploitation. The
+rubber plantation is now being conducted perhaps without obeying
+the scientific criterion, but more in the shape of facilitating
+the gathering of the <b>latex</b>.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119"></a>[119]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus16" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus16.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER-WORKER PERREIRA AND WIFE IN
+  THEIR SUNDAY CLOTHES.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120"></a>[120]</span></p>
+
+<p>One hears a good deal about high prices in the Amazonas,
+and careless observers state in opposition to that the cheapness
+of life in the Asiatic Islands and other points of the world. I
+do not think that a thoughtful person without any interest in
+connection with enterprises and plantations elsewhere in the
+world, would be able to use such an assertion, which is so
+unjust.</p>
+
+<p>The French engineer, Mr. Paul Le Cointe, who is an expert
+in the matter, writes the following:</p>
+
+<p>“For the work to be executed, the number of workmen required
+is much less where the production of those men is high,
+hence to calculate the price of hand work, the individual production
+is the factor that may become more important than the pay
+to the men who work by the day.</p>
+
+<p>“In the Far East, the workmen are paid from Fr. 75 to Fr.
+1.25, equal to 14 cents to 23 cents, approximately, including feeding.
+In the Amazonas, the pay per day amounts to Frs. 4.75,
+or that is, almost 91 cents for all the work, which is three to four
+times more.”</p>
+
+<p>Let us examine the cost in Asia and in the Amazonas for
+the different work required by the cultivation of the rubber
+trees.</p>
+
+<p>According to Mr. Stanley Arden, it is about 38 cents for
+each kilogram of rubber in the plantation (the data that I am
+presenting in connection with this matter is from the book of
+Mr. Le Cointe, entitled “Le Caoutchouc Amazonien et son Concurrent
+Asiatique”).</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Lamy Torrilhon speaks about the Kuala Lampur Rubber
+Company (Malay), which had in 1909, 404,012 rubber trees
+from one to six years old. Calculating the price of cultivation of
+that rubber at Fr. 4 per kilogram or approximately 76 cents,
+Mr. Stanley Arden also calculated that the cost of a hectar of
+plantation before reaching the period of exploitation (the sixth
+year, according to him) was only Fr. 816, or more or less $157,
+including the salaries and establishment of European employees,
+and Mr. M. G. Vernet, of the Pasteur Institute of Nha-Trang,
+calculated Fr. 3,000, about $580.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Le Cointe further states that Mr. Stanley Arden in his
+calculations of expense seems to presume the plantation in lands
+not thickly wooded, because he counts for the burning and clearing
+of the land, hardly one-third the cost of felling the trees,
+when in the forest it is about the same. Of course, lands not
+properly protected and in the virgin state in the tropical countries,
+are less fertile than those covered with thick forests, furthermore
+the lands that have been devoted to a prolonged cultivation
+of plants, like coffee, tea, etc., are to a large extent exhausted,
+and if rubber trees were attempted to be planted there,
+the result would be that it would largely lose the advantages by
+having to fell new trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121"></a>[121]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus17" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus17.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>BRANDING RUBBER ON THE SAND-BAR.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122"></a>[122]</span></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Le Cointe also speaks of about 225 trees per kilogram,
+when practically that number can be doubled; besides this the
+calculation made by the same author of about $18 for the clearing
+of the hectar, at the rate of $14 per day for each workman
+shows that the price for that work in almost clean land will take
+sixty-two days, whereas in the Amazonas we only count on
+twenty-six days for each clearing of a hectar in a virgin forest.</p>
+
+<p>This argument, it seems to me, shows that there is a purpose
+to bring up a cheapness which is more apparent than real, with
+the determination of recommending the Asiatic plantations to
+the detriment of the Amazonas rubber plantations.</p>
+
+<p>This plan of attack is not the most correct one. We have
+the advantage of having workmen who easily adapt themselves
+to the producing land, and with the measures of protection that
+the Government is going to guarantee to the rubber planters,
+the life of the contractor is going to become easier.</p>
+
+<p>The tree which is planted in its own region, is less subject
+to ravages, being less persecuted by the destroying parasites, is
+not violently fell by hard winds.</p>
+
+<p>As every day increases the number of industries which requires
+rubber as a raw material, it is therefore necessary to
+exploit it in different centers, counting even with possible disaster,
+but nowhere in the world, in accordance with the most
+reliable statistics, is there more favorable land for the planting
+of rubber trees than in the various territories of the Amazonas.
+That territory has been placed by nature to be the emporium of
+that industry, and counts with all the means to preserve that
+privilege, and for the guarantee of the planter as soon as the
+rubber tree develops itself, it has other resinous trees suitable for
+construction, and excellent fibres which can be sold at a profit.
+The Brazilian walnut is so abundant there that it is a second
+source of income in the State of Amazonas.</p>
+
+<h3>THE PRODUCTION OF RUBBER</h3>
+
+<p>Only during the first six months of this year, notwithstanding
+that the time for the full crop was not as yet due, from Manáos
+there were exported to the United States 2,328,389 kilograms of
+fine rubber, 602,180 medium quality, sernamby 991,088, caucho
+798,024; to Europe, first quality 2,449,776, medium quality 407,278,
+sernamby 507,860, caucho 1,368,489; from Itacoatiara, first
+quality 37,240, medium 3,858, sernamby 26,237, caucho 11,405,
+that is for the Amazonas a total of 9,531,824 kilograms, almost
+half of the export of 22,902,401 kilograms made in that period
+for that State, besides that of Pará and Iquitos. The production
+of Amazonas in 1910 was 10,466,231 kilograms; in 1911, 10,122,242;
+this year, it is expected that there will be an increase of
+more than 15 per cent of the production of last year.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123"></a>[123]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus18" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus18.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE INTERIOR OF A RUBBER-WORKER’S HUT.</p>
+  <p>There Were Always Two or Three Hammocks.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124"></a>[124]</span></p>
+
+<p>This is due only to the active work of a few thousand workmen.
+What would be the colossal production of that territory,
+when the work of the men will be facilitated by a rational distribution
+of rubber trees!</p>
+
+<p>Reflecting upon that, I am reminded of the words of Dr.
+T. Huber:</p>
+
+<p>“A regular planting industry will have a marked and salutary
+influence upon the extraction of wild rubber and the management
+of wild rubber forests.”</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, I have the full conviction that the future of
+that industry competently managed will offer in Amazonas, and
+in order to be more exact, in Brazil, more guarantees of success
+than in any other region in the world.</p>
+
+<p class="right">M. LOBATO.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125"></a>[125]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus19" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus19.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER-WORKERS’ HOME NEAR LAKE INNOCENCE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126"></a>[126]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL">BRAZIL<br>
+<span class="smaller">The States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and the
+Acre Territory</span></h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>The Commercial Association of Amazonas exhibits samples
+of rubber from the States of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso, and
+from the Acre Territory, having been authorized by the respective
+Governments for this purpose.</p>
+
+<h3>STATE OF AMAZONAS</h3>
+
+<p>The main stream of the River Amazon flows through the
+entire territory of this State, and within its boundaries is joined
+by many tributaries.</p>
+
+<p>The boundary with the State of Pará is formed by the same
+river, and that with Matto-Grosso and the Republic of Bolivia by
+the Upper Madeira River. The River Javary, a tributary of the
+Solimões (or Upper Amazon), forms the boundary with Perú, as
+does the Upper Rio Negro (the waters of which connect with
+the Orinoco through the Cassiquari Canal), with Venezuela.
+Before the formation of the Federal Acre Territory, the upper
+reaches of the Rivers Acre, Purús, and Juruá also constituted
+the frontiers of the State of Amazonas with Perú and Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>The capital of the State, Manáos, is situated in the bay of the
+Rio Negro, three days distant by steamer from the capital of
+the adjoining State, Pará. The nearest European port, Lisbon,
+can be reached in thirteen days, and New York in eighteen days.</p>
+
+<p>Manáos is the turning-point for ocean going steamers from
+the United States of America, and Europe, as well as from the
+South of Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>The companies engaged in the transatlantic service are:</p>
+
+<p><b>The Booth Steamship Co., Ltd.</b> (British), with four sailings
+each way to and from Liverpool per month, calling at Itacoatiara,
+Pará, Madeira, Lisbon, Leixoes (Oporto), Vigo and Cherbourg,
+and three sailings to and from New York per month, calling at
+Pará and Barbadoes.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Hamburg-Amerika Line</b> and <b>Hamburg-Sudamerikanische
+Dampfschiffahrts-Gesellschaft</b> (German), with two sailings per
+month to and from Hamburg, calling at Pará, Madeira, Lisbon,
+Leixoes (Oporto), Havre and Antwerp. <b>The Booth Steamship
+Co., Ltd.</b>, also runs two lines, one from Liverpool and the other
+from New York, as far as Iquitos, the capital and principal port
+of the Loreto province of Perú. Maritime communication with
+Southern Brazil is maintained by the “<b>Lloyd Brazileiro</b>” and the
+“<b>Cia. de Commercio e Navegação</b>,” the former having six steamers
+per month, and the latter three. The voyage from Manáos to
+Rio de Janeiro occupies from 14 to 16 days.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127"></a>[127]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp56" id="illus20" style="max-width: 46.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus20.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>MAP OF MANÁOS</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128"></a>[128]</span></p>
+
+<p>The river navigation is controlled by the Amazon River Navigation
+Co. (1911), Ltd., and numerous private steamers, which
+form a flotilla only to be compared with that of the River Mississippi.
+A new company “A Companhia Navegação do Amazonas”
+is about to commence operations. All these steamers call at
+Manáos, or have their headquarters there.</p>
+
+<p>Telegraphic communication is as follows: By means of the
+<b>Amazon Telegraph Co., Ltd.</b>, in combination with the Western
+Telegraph Co. to and from all parts of the world.</p>
+
+<p><b>Wireless Telegraphy</b> (Marconi and Telefunken systems), is
+already making considerable headway. The Marconi station
+at Manáos, in the hands of the Madeira Mamoré Railway Co.,
+receives and transmits messages to and from Porto Velho, on
+the Madeira River, the starting point and headquarters of the
+railroad, as well as to and from the Telefunken stations at Senna
+Madureira, Empreza and Cruzeiro do Sul (the capital towns of
+the three divisions of the Acre Territory).</p>
+
+<p>These last stations are not yet open for use by the public,
+and other intermediate stations are still in course of construction.</p>
+
+<p>Manáos has also a station of the <b>Amazon Wireless Telegraph
+&amp; Telephone Co., Ltd.</b>, which transmits messages to Pará, and
+has lately been in regular communication with the station in
+Iquitos belonging to the Peruvian Government. By this route
+it is possible to send messages to Lima, the capital of Perú, on
+the Pacific Coast. However, the Company mentioned has so
+far not succeeded in obtaining the official permission of the
+Brazilian Government to operate in Brazil.</p>
+
+<p>Manáos has a permanent population of upwards of 70,000
+inhabitants. Its houses and public buildings conform to modern
+architectural ideas, and some of its buildings, such as the State
+Theatre, the Public Library, the Palace of Justice and the “Benjamin
+Constant” Orphan Asylum are magnificent.</p>
+
+<p>The streets, squares and avenues are well lighted by electricity
+and the town possesses an excellent electric tramway system.
+The drainage scheme is almost completed, and the water supply
+is very satisfactory. The port works are in the hands of the
+Manáos Harbor, Ltd. There are some excellent hotels, and a
+splendid telephone service.</p>
+
+<p>The following banks carry on operations in Manáos:</p>
+
+<p><b>The London &amp; Brazilian Bank, Ltd.</b>, and <b>The London &amp;
+River Plate Bank, Ltd.</b> (British), agencies.</p>
+
+<p><b>Banco do Brazil</b> (Brazilian), agency.</p>
+
+<p><b>Banco Amazonense</b> (Brazilian), Head Office.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129"></a>[129]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus21" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus21.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>A “SERINGUEIRO” TAPPING A RUBBER TREE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130"></a>[130]</span></p>
+
+<p><b>Banking Firms</b>: Zarges Ohliger &amp; Co. (German).</p>
+
+<p><b>Life, Fire &amp; Marine Insurance Companies</b>:</p>
+
+<p>Northern Insurance Co. (British), agency.</p>
+
+<p>Royal Insurance Co. (British), agency.</p>
+
+<p>“Mannheim” Insurance Co. (German), agency.</p>
+
+<p>Lloyd Amazonense (Brazilian), head office.</p>
+
+<p>And agencies of the following Brazilian companies: Garantia
+da Amazonia, Seguradora Paraense, Allianca da Bahia, Commercial
+Paraense, Lloyd Paraense, Allianca Paraense.</p>
+
+<p>Rubber is the chief industry of the State, being its principal
+product and source of income. The predominance of this industry
+dates from 1863, and within a few years it superseded entirely
+the planting of rice, coffee, cocoa, sugar cane, beans and maize.</p>
+
+<p>Up to 1870 rubber was generally exported in the form of
+roughly made shoes, hats and caps, as well as in sacks and in
+bulk, the greater part of it going to New York, via Pará. Later,
+the present system of biscuits or balls, cut and packed in cases,
+came into use.</p>
+
+<p>Considerable business has always been done in Amazon with
+the United States of America, although formerly the proportion
+shipped to America was greater than at present, as it was only
+in later years that the heavy competition by London and Liverpool
+came into being.</p>
+
+<p>The production of the various rivers during 1911 was:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>River</td>
+    <td>Solimões</td>
+    <td class="tdr">865,000</td>
+    <td>kilos</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Purús</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,019,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Acre</td>
+    <td class="tdr">371,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Juruá</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2,055,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Madeira</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,370,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Javary</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,420,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Japurá</td>
+    <td class="tdr">70,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Jutahy</td>
+    <td class="tdr">287,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Negro</td>
+    <td class="tdr">679,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Branco</td>
+    <td class="tdr">33,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td>Lower Amazon</td>
+    <td class="tdr">194,000</td>
+    <td class="tdc">”</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The rubber exporting houses are:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Zarges Ohliger &amp; Co. (German).</li>
+<li>Adelbert H. Alden, Ltd. (American).</li>
+<li>Ahlers &amp; Co. (German).</li>
+<li>General Rubber Co. of Brazil (American).</li>
+<li>De Lagotellerie &amp; Co. (French).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131"></a>[131]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus22" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus22.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>“DEFUMADOR,” OR SMOKING-HUT.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132"></a>[132]</span></p>
+
+<h4>STATE OF AMAZON EXHIBIT INCLUDES:</h4>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Pyramid of 50 tons rubber.</li>
+<li>Models of River Steamers.</li>
+<li>Rubber Milk.</li>
+<li>Photographs and Maps.</li>
+<li>Rubber Toys, etc., made by natives.</li>
+<li>Basins, Pails, etc.</li>
+<li>Large Rubber Tree Stump and several Young Rubber Trees.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="right"><b>Exhibited by Messrs. Asenei &amp; Co., River Madeira.</b></p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Rubber Milk.</li>
+<li>Nuts and Appliances for Smoking Rubber.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p class="right"><b>Exhibited by Sno. Raymundo Monteiro da Costa.</b></p>
+
+<h4>COMPARATIVE RUBBER STATISTICS</h4>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th colspan="8">Comparative Rates of Fine Pará.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th colspan="5">Liverpool.</th>
+    <th colspan="3">New York.</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>s.</th>
+    <th>d.</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>s.</th>
+    <th>d.</th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+    <th></th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1894</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr">$0.64½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">$0.73</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1895</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0¼</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4¼</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.70</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">.81½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1896</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">0½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8¾</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.71</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.85</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1897</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr">.79½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.89</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1898</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.82</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.06</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1899</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7¼</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.91</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.10</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1900</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">9</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.83</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.11½</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1901</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">4</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11½</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.76</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.95</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1902</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9½</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.66</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.92</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1903</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">6¼</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">8</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.78</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1904</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10¾</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">6</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.89</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.32</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1905</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">10¼</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">8¾</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.35</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1906</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11½</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5½</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.16</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.28</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1907</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">11¾</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">3</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.69</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.24</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1908</td>
+    <td class="tdr">2</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9¼</td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">5</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">5</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.65</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.30</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1909</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">9</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.13</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2.15</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1910</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">12</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4½</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.16</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">2.90</span></td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>1911</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">10</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr">7</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1</span></td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">.90</span></td>
+    <td class="tdc">to</td>
+    <td class="tdr"><span class="frac">1.67</span></td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133"></a>[133]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134"></a>[134]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="FEDERAL_TERRITORY_OF_ACRE">FEDERAL TERRITORY OF ACRE</h3>
+</div>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus23" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus23.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGUEIRO SMOKING RUBBER AT ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135"></a>[135]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="THE_ACRE">THE ACRE<br>
+<span class="smaller">THE FLUVIAL REGION THAT IS RICHEST IN RUBBER</span></h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>As far as the wealth of rubber obtained from natural sources
+is concerned, Brazil ranks first among all the world’s rubber
+producing countries. While the East Indian section, with its
+plantation grown product, has already outstripped her in the
+quantity of its annual plantation output, the superior excellence
+of genuine Pará rubber has not been attained. The “fine rubber”
+that comes from the inundated region of the lower river country
+is best known. In the upper districts of various southern affluents,
+fine rubber trees grow, but no longer in the lowlands that
+have long been subject to inundation, they occur rather in forests
+that are overflowed seldom, if at all, that even extend over the
+hilly districts. The method of collection and the entire operation
+of rubber production varies in many respects from the
+more familiar methods of the inundated districts. This applies
+particularly to Acre, with its characteristic and peculiar river
+section.</p>
+
+<p>To explore this section, from economic and scientific points
+of view, I undertook a journey last year, 1911, at the instance
+of the Associação Commercial.</p>
+
+<p>The results of this journey will be embodied in a detail report,
+it is at present proposed to make only a brief summary to supplement
+the pictures shown in the exhibition.</p>
+
+<p>Our better knowledge of Acre dates back barely a quarter of
+a century. At that period uncertainty prevailed as to which of
+the countries adjoining Acre, Brazil, Bolivia and Perú, were the
+owners of the territory. In more recent times these conditions
+have been adjusted, the greater part having been awarded to
+Brazil, while Bolivia received a portion of the left bank of the
+upper Acre. The boundary between Bolivia and Perú is as yet
+undecided. The latter country includes the uppermost left bank
+of the source section which contains but few fine rubber trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136"></a>[136]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus24" style="max-width: 26.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus24.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>DR. CARLOS DE CERQUEIRA PINTO,<br>
+  Inventor of a Smokeless Process for Curing Rubber.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137"></a>[137]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus25" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus25.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>LANDSCAPE ON THE BANKS OF THE ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138"></a>[138]</span></p>
+
+<p>The Acre is a right affluent of the larger tributaries of
+the Purús, entering above the mouth of the Rio Negro and coming
+from the Southwest, and flows, like these, through the
+boundless forest tracts of the Amazon River country. It rises
+in elevated ground, East of the Andes, in a still partly explored
+territory, very difficult of access, at about the eleventh
+degree of southern latitude and 70½ longitude and flows at
+first eastward, to the Bolivian boundary at 69°. From this point,
+the Acre flows first Northeast, with a constantly increasing
+northerly inclination, until it enters the Central Purús at 8⅔
+South latitude and 67½ longitude. The small steamers run
+from this point to the junction with the Amazon and on to
+Manáos in six to eight days.</p>
+
+<p>In November more than 40 large and small steamers are
+despatched from Pará and Manáos. They carry supplies for the
+rubber district and load, for the return trip, fine rubber and
+other caoutchouc varieties. Such steamers have, as a rule, a
+cargo capacity of 100 to 300 tons. The largest, taking as much
+as 500 tons, are at most 50 to 60 meters in length.</p>
+
+<p>The journey from Manáos to the Purús, is usually accomplished
+in one day. The Purús is a stately river, which, in its
+lower reaches often attains a breadth of 1,000 meters and although
+it gradually narrows, it always retains, until its confluence
+with the Acre, a breadth of several hundred meters.</p>
+
+<p>The trip to that point takes, as a rule, 12 to 16 days and except
+for the last stretch of about three days, is open all the year.
+Here is the place called Cochoeiras, where there are rapids,
+which during the dry season of about four months, obstruct steam
+navigation on the Purús. The Acre, on the other hand, has a
+narrow but deep bed, is rarely over 100 meters wide and often
+contracts to 50 to 60 meters. In the dense forests, there may
+be seen, from time to time, clearings on the banks with the
+<b>Baracâos</b> that are the stations for the fine rubber business. Also
+occasional larger places of residence, villages and little towns,
+where longer stops are often made, are encountered.</p>
+
+<p>We first pass Antimary, at the mouth of a river similarly
+named. Then we soon reach Porto de Acre, a large residential
+place, where the steamers must have their papers passed and
+pay duties.</p>
+
+<p>This is the beginning of the Federal territory, which is separate
+from the State of Amazonas and is subject to the central
+government in Rio de Janeiro. Hardly a day’s journey up stream
+lies the little town of Empreza, with its picturesque houses embowered
+in foliage. It is the most important place on the lower
+Acre and the second largest residential town in Acre Territory.</p>
+
+<p>About three days’ journey up the river the town of Hapury
+is reached, which contains several thousand inhabitants and
+enjoys a considerable trade. It is the largest and most important
+town in the entire Acre territory.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139"></a>[139]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus26" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus26.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>ON THE LOWER ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140"></a>[140]</span></p>
+
+<p>When at times in the river’s narrow water course there are
+a dozen large steamers lying and a lively business intercourse
+is everywhere in progress, the scene, in the depth of the primeval
+forest, creates quite an imposing impression. Hapury is
+considered already in the district of Alta Acre and from this
+point, the difficulty of navigation increases, the breadth and
+volume of water of the river alike decreasing. Very rapidly
+during long, rainless periods, the river water level lowers and
+the further progress of the steamers becomes impossible. They
+must anchor at a convenient place and wait until the river rises
+again. In lower Acre, where water is more plentiful, such interruptions
+are less frequent, but in upper Acre they are the rule.
+The farther the river is ascended the more frequent are these
+compulsory stoppages, often lasting eight to fourteen days. High-water
+in the river often lasts but a few days, so that the steamers
+must stop again. Then too, the many windings of the river
+make navigation exceedingly difficult. On the upper Acre travel
+is by day only, boats laying to at night.</p>
+
+<p>Following the course of the river, 85 kilometers above Hapury,
+Igarapé de Bahia is reached, on the Bolivian border and
+then the little town of Cobija. It is situated on the right bank
+and belongs to Bolivia, whereas on the left bank, Brazilian territory
+continues. The steamers here are subject to the Bolivian
+customs regulations and must pay duty on all goods destined
+for Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>A large number of the steamers that start from Manáos, go
+only as far as this or as Hapury, only a few venture to penetrate
+further and are not deterred by the great loss of time.</p>
+
+<p>Above Cobija are some of the most productive rubber sections
+where there are goods to discharge and rubber to be loaded.
+A few steamers follow the Bolivian border up to the terminal
+station, Tacna. Here, as a small affluent from the right, the
+Taverija flows into the Acre, forming at the same time the
+boundary between Bolivia and Perú.</p>
+
+<p>Bolivia maintains here a small military post, whereas there
+is only a commissioner for Perú. If the steamer has met with
+favorable conditions, the trip from Manáos may have been made
+in a month; ordinarily, however, it takes two or three months.
+The return trip is made much faster, some steamers, that do
+not stop, make Manáos from upper Acre in fourteen days.</p>
+
+<p>Above Tacna there are but two rubber forest districts or
+seringaes as they are termed, the Seringal Auristella on the
+Peruvian side and the Seringal St. Francisco on the Brazilian
+side. The latter is a very productive and still young rubber
+forest, farther up the river the fine rubber trees suddenly cease
+and their output is no longer remunerative.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_141"></a>[141]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus27" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus27.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER TREE AT HAPURY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142"></a>[142]</span></p>
+
+<p>The climate, like that of the Amazon country, is humid and
+hot, with a rainy and a dry season. The southerly situation,
+however, causes a somewhat more marked difference between
+the two seasons. In April, the rains become less frequent and
+then, until October, there are no or but very few heavy precipitations;
+some times the fallen leaves on the ground in the woods
+are dried out and even the dew is absent. There then occur,
+however, especially in the months of June, July and August,
+steady cold spells, when the thermometer, in the morning, sinks
+to 8° C. and often does not go above 12° C. during the day.
+These so-called <b>Friazens</b> last several days and are recurrent, but
+cease in September. Thunder storms and violent rain storms
+begin in October, so that in November the rivers are usually
+navigable again. In December the first steamships arrive. In
+January and February a rainless period is frequent, which is
+followed, in March and April again, by a rainy spell. Many
+steamers undertake, usually at this time, their second voyage
+and if they have good fortune they make three trips to upper
+Acre.</p>
+
+<p>The copious precipitation, the heat and the fertile soil have
+produced in Acre a luxuriant primeval forest, which is higher
+and more densely overgrown than that of the lower river courses
+of the Amazon country. Trees of 40 to 50 meters in height
+are not infrequent, they form a forest of varied composition.
+There may be found here representatives of the most diverse
+plant families; some of which, in the cool season, lose their
+foliage. The forest is densely overgrown with plants, shoots
+and shrubs. Where a thorny growth, Tapoea and other underbrush
+gets the upper hand, a macheté or axe is necessary in
+forcing a path through the virgin forest.</p>
+
+<p>Various kinds of trees are used by the natives for building
+houses, fashioning canoes and other purposes. For export, however,
+neither these useful woods nor many other products of
+the forest, have attained any importance. The fruit of the cacao
+tree and Pará nuts, rot on the ground, transportation to Manáos
+being too costly. The caoutchouc products are, however, present
+in such abundance and possess such great value, that their acquisition
+and transportation recompenses every effort and have
+been the cause of the development in these distant primeval
+forests of a busy life.</p>
+
+<p>The water in the deeply hollowed bed of the Acre, swells
+in flood time and submerges the land on the adjacent shores
+and some sand banks, but for the most part does not penetrate
+into the forest or only for a short period. The flooded forests of
+the lower water courses, often miles in extent, are lacking and
+the fine rubber trees grown on land free from inundation, often
+reaches up into the hills in the hilly or mountainous district.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143"></a>[143]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus28" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus28.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>JUNCTION OF THE ACRE RIVER WITH THE PURÚS.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144"></a>[144]</span></p>
+
+<p>The fine rubber tree belongs to the Hevea brasiliensis, Mull.
+Arg. or to their near families. It is higher and more vigorous
+than the trees in the inundated districts and has somewhat larger
+and longer seeds. Trees of more than 40 meters in height and
+up to five meters in circumference, are not rare. Whether the
+Acre fine rubber tree is a special species or a variety of Hevea
+Braziliensis, can be determined only by a very painstaking investigation.
+In yield of rubber and quality of product, the Acre
+tree surpasses that of the inundated districts.</p>
+
+<p>Of other Hevea varieties Hevea cuneata Hub. the Seringa
+vermelha, occurs but rarely, also sapium tapurú, Ule, is found
+but rarely. Castillôa Ulei, Warb., the “caucho” of the Peruvians,
+is quite plentiful and is generally utilized, its exploitation
+being regarded sometimes as more profitable than the fine rubber.
+Just as in the Amazon country, under the title “caoutchouc,”
+the product of castillôa is mainly understood, so, in
+Acre, for the yield of the Hevea, the name “fine rubber” is used.</p>
+
+<p>At present, there are on the Acre no unowned, unused lands,
+but some of the seringaes in operation are capable of further
+development. In lower Acre there are many seringaes that are
+badly exhausted and furnish but a small yield. The rubber collectors
+too, who, as is well-known, cut down the Castillôa trees,
+are compelled to go further into upper Acre all the time to find
+profitable work.</p>
+
+<p>Acre territory is regarded as the most productive fine rubber
+section, especially on its borders; on the little river Hapury and
+towards the Taurumano, which belongs to the water-shed of the
+Madeira, the output is said to be exceedingly rich. In proportion
+to their longitudinal extent, the extent of the woods belonging
+to Acre, in breadth, is comparatively small, for in a one or
+two days’ journey, it is possible to reach the district of another
+river. The rubber forest properties are consequently all measured
+from the river and include usually, a territory of several
+hundred square kilometers, often in fact, equal to small principalities.
+Many owners have also several seringaes, often in
+Bolivia and Brazil simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>In such a seringal on the river bank, the dwelling with warehouse
+accommodations and sales-place, is erected, known as the
+Baracâo in contradistinction to the small Baraken of the work
+people.</p>
+
+<p>About the Baracâo the forest is usually cleared to afford land
+for planting and pasture for the cattle.</p>
+
+<p>The management of the seringal and its entire business, proceeds
+from the Baracâo. According to the extent of the seringal,
+from twenty to several hundred work people are employed on it.
+Through the entire forest, paths, known as <b>estradas</b>, are laid out,
+from which all obstructive brush and hanging creepers, are cut
+away with the macheté. These <b>estradas</b>, where possible, are laid
+out in loops, so that they lead back to the starting point and are
+so planned as to include from 100 to 150 fine rubber trees.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145"></a>[145]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus29" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus29.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGAL WITH THE RUBBER ON THE ALTO ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146"></a>[146]</span></p>
+
+<p>Every seringueiro is allotted two or three <b>estradas</b> to work.
+These seringueiros live in the interior of the forest in special
+<b>baraken</b>, either with their families, or usually several together.
+The different <b>baraken</b> are connected by broader roads that can
+be traversed by mules.</p>
+
+<p>In May or June, after the <b>estradas</b> have previously been put
+in order, the gathering of fine rubber commences. The seringueiro
+proceeds in the early morning into the forest, taps the
+trees in the customary manner with the little axe Maschadi, attaches
+the tin cups and afterwards collects the accumulated
+milk. It is afternoon when he reaches home with the milk he
+has collected in a rubber bag or in tin cans, to be smoked. In a
+little hut, roofed with palm-straw, the smoking is proceeded with.
+Pieces of wood that give a copious smoke are burned and over
+the fire is placed a tin cylinder, known as a <b>Boião</b>. The seringueiro
+first collects, in the middle of a round, strong stick, some
+coagulated rubber milk and pours the still fluid milk, which he
+has in a large tin dish, over this place, turning the stick so that
+the smoke can impregnate the coagulating caoutchouc. He continues
+this operation until the milk in the tin pan is all used up.</p>
+
+<p>By this means, a rubber ball is produced which is enlarged
+in the succeeding days until it weighs about 50 kilos. The stick
+is then withdrawn and the ball, stored with others, until the
+mule train comes for it. A mule can carry on each side of him
+50 kilos without over-exerting himself.</p>
+
+<p>If, however, the weight of the ball exceeds sixty kilos, the
+mules are overloaded and the seringueiro who made the balls
+pays a fine. Where the dwelling place of the seringueiro is near
+a river and the fine rubber can be transported by canoe, larger
+balls, that often weigh more than 100 kilos are made.</p>
+
+<p>This gathering and preparation of the fine rubber differs
+materially from that practiced on the lower water courses where
+the milk is smoked with much greater care, on the shovel shaped
+mould and the balls, as a rule, weigh but 10 to 30 kilos. On the
+Acre, the seringueiro will gather in a day 15 to 25 liters of milk,
+which will yield 7 to 12 kilos of dry rubber, whereas in the
+inundated section he will be able to gather but one-half or one-third
+as much. Of course the seringueiro can smoke the milk
+much more carefully and take certain precautions, as for instance,
+that the rubber-milk is never heated. On the Acre on
+the other hand, the milk is warmed as a rule, because otherwise
+the large mass is difficult to manage. There is no question but
+that in this manner the quality of the rubber, which is prepared
+from the best material and certainly would yield the best product,
+suffers. Nevertheless the rubber balls from Acre, prepared in
+the primitive manner, furnish a good and much sought for rubber.
+The tapping of the trees also is often effected with less care,
+small steel axes being used that make wounds that are too deep
+and as a result, the seringaes in the Acre are exhausted more
+quickly than those in the inundated district.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147"></a>[147]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus30" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus30.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>A HUT ON THE UPPER ACRE IN WHICH RUBBER IS SMOKED.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148"></a>[148]</span></p>
+
+<p>From the <b>baracâos</b>, the stations on the banks of the river,
+small mule trains proceed to the interior to bring in the rubber
+balls, which are laid in rows, usually in the open air, so that they
+will be thoroughly dried before loading them on the steamer. By
+the same mules, food and supplies are sent to the seringueiros
+in the forest. When the rubber gathering ceases in December
+or January, the seringueiro has other important work to do.
+Roads must be opened and repaired, clearings made in the forest,
+huts erected, wood cut and finally the paths set in order for the
+approaching harvest. During the rainy season, the steamer brings
+new supplies and food, which the seringueiro must buy at the
+<b>Baracâo</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the duties the seringueiro has to perform, there
+are special regulations, which prevail in most seringaes and of
+which written or printed copies are often furnished.</p>
+
+<p>To each seringueiro is allotted two or three estradas, each
+with 120 to 200 trees. For this he pays 15 per cent of his gathering
+of fine rubber to the owner of the forest and an additional
+10 per cent if he uses the mules for transportation. The remaining
+rubber belongs to the seringueiro in so far as he does not
+have to pay it for goods purchased. As a rule, the owner purchases
+a portion of the product on the spot at a price that is, of
+course, somewhat lower than is paid in Manáos, the remaining
+portion is shipped, for account of the seringueiro, to Pará and
+Manáos, and he receives the full market price for it, of course,
+after deducting freight and duties. The balance is placed to the
+credit of the seringueiro and paid to the firm representing the
+owner in Manáos or Pará. Certain items, for instance, the price
+of Sernamby, consisting of residual scraps of rubber, the seringueiro
+also receives in Acre. In some cases payments are made
+in rubber products, a form of payment quite common in other
+transactions.</p>
+
+<p>On the upper Acre, a seringueiro will usually collect in a
+day as much milk as will yield from 6 to 15 kilos of fine rubber.
+Two liters of this milk yield a kilo of dry rubber, whereas with
+Manihot Glaziovi, 3 liters are required for this. Exceptional
+cases occur where the seringueiro furnishes milk for 20 to 25
+kilos of fine rubber in one day. Daily collections of more than
+40 liters, however, a single worker can hardly control and he
+must then have an assistant for carrying and smoking. The
+yearly production of a seringueiro amounts, in the better rubber
+forest properties, to upwards of 1,000 kilos of dry rubber.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149"></a>[149]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus31" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus31.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER TREE OF NEARLY FIVE METERS IN CIRCUMFERENCE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150"></a>[150]</span></p>
+
+<p>Some owners offer a reward, such as for instance, a gold
+watch, for the most industrious and luckiest seringueiro. On
+the Seringal S. Francisco, for the crop year 1911-1912, a seringueiro
+won the gold watch who had collected 2,500 kilos. The
+annual highest yield of caoutchouc from the Castillôa was only
+1,700 kilos, for the forest there in regard to Castillôa is already
+very much exhausted. Otherwise the yields of this rubber are
+more variable and higher than those of fine rubber.</p>
+
+<p>If the price of rubber rules high, a seringueiro has quite a
+considerable income and with a little frugality can acquire a
+property.</p>
+
+<p>If, on the other hand, the price of rubber drops below five
+milreis, the seringueiro has trouble to make both ends meet
+with his income and easily gets into debt. The supplies that he
+must purchase from the proprietor or his representative (lessee)
+are very expensive. The customs duties, the long haul and
+consequently high freight, the risk, the different losses, which
+the proprietor suffers through debtor workmen, and the occasional
+high price of fine rubber, which forces all prices upward, makes
+everything in upper Acre very dear.</p>
+
+<p>The prices of some of the most necessary supplies and goods
+are about as follows.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>1 kilo mandioka flour, 2½ milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo coffee, 4 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo sugar, 3 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo beans, 3 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo rice, 2½ milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo dried meat, 5 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo fresh meat, 4 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 chicken, 30 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 dozen eggs, 10 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 bottle brandy, 8 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 meter goods, 3 to 6 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 woolen quilt, 120 to 140 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 pair boots, 40 to 60 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 cake washing soap, 3½ milreis.</li>
+<li>1 piece fine soap, 5 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 macheté, 14 to 22 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 package matches, 3 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 carbine, 200 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo powder, 28 milreis.</li>
+<li>1 kilo shot, 4 milreis.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151"></a>[151]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus32" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus32.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE MOUTH OF THE ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152"></a>[152]</span></p>
+
+<p>1 pound sterling is now worth about 15 milreis, so that four
+shillings (about one dollar U. S.)=3 milreis.</p>
+
+<p>On the lower Acre, goods are much cheaper and they fall
+still lower down to Manáos, where many articles only cost one-third
+or one-fourth as much, or even less, but Manáos is nevertheless
+an expensive city.</p>
+
+<p>The large profits which fine rubber often yields, make all
+labor very dear. For this reason agriculture has developed but
+slowly and most food supplies must therefore be imported.
+Nevertheless cattle raising is constantly growing, stock being
+brought in from Bolivia. Bananas, the tubers of the sweet mandiola,
+beans and some vegetables are extensively grown, especially
+by Peruvians and Bolivians. Often the seringueiro will
+plant some bananas and cultivate a small patch of cleared land,
+but this is not favorably regarded by the proprietor. In some
+seringaes, even the marriage of the seringueiros is opposed;
+everything is directed towards obtaining the largest possible
+quantity of fine rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Although the Acre is not very full of fish, fishing, in the dry
+season, is attended with some success, which particularly benefits
+dwellers on the banks of the river. Hunting also, in some
+sections, furnishes residents with fresh meat. As animals of the
+chase may be enumerated, monkeys, Taca, Aguti, wild swine,
+small varieties of deer, sloths, tapirs, various wood fowl and
+ducks.</p>
+
+<p>Very different from the arrangements customary, as a rule, in
+the Acre, are the conditions in the Bolivian rubber districts,
+which for the most part are owned by a single proprietor, N.
+Suarez y Hermanos. He is said to produce 1,500 tons of fine
+rubber per year, and could produce more than four times the
+quantity if the entire forest concession, which is probably as
+large as South Germany, was all put in operation. One portion
+of this rubber forest is situated on the Acre, but the greater part
+includes the Southwestern tributaries of the Rio Madeira. In
+the properties on the Acre, the working methods are adapted to
+Brazilian customs, especially where Brazilian seringueiros are
+employed.</p>
+
+<p>While in the Seringaes, trade is conducted mostly through
+the Baracâos, there are in some places, notably in Cobija, Hapury
+and Empreza, various business houses, through which the
+owners of seringaes, captains of ships and other persons, can
+supply their wants, for before the steamer returns, there is often
+a scarcity in some products.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153"></a>[153]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus33" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus33.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE ACRE SEEN FROM COBIJA ON THE BOLIVIAN FRONTIER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154"></a>[154]</span></p>
+
+<p>The retail trade is mainly in the hands of so-called Turks,
+various Orientals, from Syria, Arabia, Tunis and Morocco. They
+have large boats, propelled by poles and oars and which contain
+the goods in a covered space. These Turks travel as pedlars
+for years about on the rivers, selling their goods for money or
+rubber. This commerce is designated <b>Regatao</b> and is not favored
+by proprietors, who sometimes forbid stopping in their territory.
+The seringueiro can not only buy cheaper of them, but can dispose
+of caoutchouc surreptitiously.</p>
+
+<p>Those who encounter favorable conditions on the Acre, who
+are diligent and economical, can, by working in the rubber industry,
+or in any other field of activity, soon acquire a property.
+The majority, however, squander their earnings on trips to
+Manáos, Pará or Ceará, or suffer from sickness.</p>
+
+<p>Although hygienic conditions on the Acre have improved with
+the times and there are numerous healthy localities, malaria
+still prevails there a great deal, and other diseases, notably beriberi,
+are often fatally prevalent. Many privations, caused by
+the difficulties of travel, and a certain amount of luxury, made
+possible by the large earnings, often contrast with one another.</p>
+
+<p>From Acre, during the year, about 5,000 tons of fine rubber,
+inclusive of other rubber products, are exported, of which certainly
+a portion comes from the adjacent territory.</p>
+
+<p>This quantity, according to the price of rubber, will represent
+a value of 20,000 to 75,000 contos of réis, about $5,000,000 to
+$15,000,000. These are figures that play a part in the total output
+of rubber, the importance of which is increased by its quality.</p>
+
+<h4>THE ACRE TERRITORY.</h4>
+
+<p>Previous to the Treaty of Petropolis, in 1903, between Brazil
+and Bolivia, the Acre Territory formed part of the State of
+Amazonas, one portion being, in fact, still in dispute. By virtue
+of this treaty the Acre Territory became Brazilian, Brazil in
+exchange paying £2,000,000 to Bolivia, an indemnity to an American
+syndicate, and undertaking to construct the Madeira Mamoré
+Railway.</p>
+
+<p>The Congress then empowered the Federal authorities to administer
+the Territory until the question should be finally settled.</p>
+
+<p>The administration is much the same as that of the other
+States. Recent laws have tended to decentralize the administration,
+the latest being one giving municipal independence. The
+three provinces of the Territory are:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Upper Purús (capital Senna Madureira),</li>
+<li>Upper Juruá (capital Cruzeiro do Sul), and</li>
+<li>Upper Acre (capital Empreza).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155"></a>[155]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp53" id="illus34" style="max-width: 31.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus34.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>TRANSPORT OF RUBBER BISCUITS.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156"></a>[156]</span></p>
+
+<p>The only product and export is rubber, the proportions during
+1911 being:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Upper Purús</td>
+    <td class="tdr">4,042,000</td>
+    <td>kilos</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Upper Juruá</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,008,000</td>
+    <td>kilos</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Upper Acre</td>
+    <td class="tdr">3,526,000</td>
+    <td>kilos</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>One of the most serious questions has been that relating to
+the ownership of land. The Federal Congress is prepared to
+solve this problem satisfactorily, by recognizing bona-fide holdings
+dating from before the Treaty of Petropolis, giving preference
+to property deeds granted by the State of Amazonas, next
+to those given by the Republic of Bolivia during its brief occupation,
+and then to any possession obtained in good faith during
+the whole interregnum, up to the date of the last law passed.</p>
+
+<h4>GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.</h4>
+
+<p>For the protection of Brazilian rubber, and in order to facilitate
+and develop its culture, as well as its final handling, a Federal
+law was passed on January 5th of the current year. (No.
+2513 A.)</p>
+
+<p>Its principal measures are especially concerned with Amazon
+rubber and the country in which it is produced, viz.: the States
+of Amazonas and Matto-Grosso and the Acre Territory. The
+scheme embraces the construction of railways and roads, the
+clearing of rivers, reduction of import duties and of dues on river
+navigation, the establishing of coal depots, living accommodation
+for laborers, centres for the production of foodstuff, model cattle
+farms, prizes to rubber planters and exemption from import
+duties on all material for rubber working.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which benefits principally
+the Madeira River district of Matto-Grosso, and a further
+branch of the same railway, now in course of construction, and
+which is intended to open up the Bolivian district of the Beni
+River, the Brazilian Government will construct another railroad
+(in the route of which the Commercial Association has suggested
+some alterations) to commence from Manáos and to work through
+the region of the Rio Branco, to link up with the English railroad
+already constructed in British Guiana up to the Brazilian boundary.
+This railway will open up to the State of Amazonas a huge
+tract of country admirably suited to agriculture of all kinds, and
+to colonization by Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>The Association Commercial will also propose the construction
+of a further railroad to communicate by means of branch
+lines with the various provinces of the Acre Territory, in order
+to bring the product of that region to the lower Purús River, at
+a point which will admit of free access to steamers of deep draft
+to and from Manáos.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157"></a>[157]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus35" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus35.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE UPPER ACRE SEEN FROM PATAGONIA.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158"></a>[158]</span></p>
+
+<h4>DR. CERQUEIRA PINTO’S PROCESS</h4>
+
+<h5>EXTRA FINE PARÁ</h5>
+
+<p>This rubber was cured for export in the rubber estate “IRACEMA,”
+in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, by Dr. Cerqueira
+Pinto’s process of smokeless coagulation. (See The India Rubber
+World, August 1, 1909, page 396, and copy of the same journal
+of 1st September, the same year, page 435.)</p>
+
+<p>The enclosed sample contains 68 kilos and belongs to the lot
+of 5,000 kilos (11,025 lbs.) that Dr. Cerqueira Pinto holds to be
+sold in New York.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Cerqueira Pinto’s process is one of coagulation of the
+latex of the “<b>Hevea Brasiliensis</b>” by an ingredient patented by
+the Brazilian Government—“<b>LACTINA</b>”—absolutely free of any
+acid.</p>
+
+<p>The latex after the coagulation is pressed through a cylinder
+in order to dry out.</p>
+
+<p>This rubber was tested and classified as of STANDARD type
+by the Government of the United States of America.</p>
+
+<p>It offers the resistance of 2,010 pounds per square inch according
+to the experiments made by The Manhattan Rubber Company
+in July, 1909. This rubber means a saving to the manufacturer
+of at least 20 per cent, in the opinion of the Favorite
+Rubber Mfg. Co. of New Jersey and of 25 per cent, as per the
+analysis made in London.</p>
+
+<p>The author of this process calls the Jury’s attention to his
+rubbers and is willing to furnish with the sufficient quantity in
+order to prove to the entire satisfaction of his assertions. It
+vulcanizes as well by acid as by vapor. Dr. Cerqueira Pinto will
+prepare, during the Exposition, in September, before the public
+and the manufacturers, his rubbers with both Hevea and Castillôa
+latexes, yield of the trees in October, 1911, in the Federal Acre,
+Brazil. He shall present as well a large quantity of similar rubbers
+cured by the author on different occasions. They are true
+rubbers of commerce cured for export. They are clothed by a
+vegetal varnish, soluble in water, which is also a discovery of
+Dr. Cerqueira Pinto, to prevent the mould.</p>
+
+<h5>CASTILLÔA OR CAUCHO.</h5>
+
+<p>Prepared by the process of Dr. Carlos de Cerqueira Pinto.
+(See the India Rubber World of September 1st, 1909, page 435).</p>
+
+<p>The included sample weighs 68 kilos. The author holds 1,400
+pounds of this quality to be sold in New York market.</p>
+
+<p>The article was cured by rubber laborers of the estate “Iracema”
+in the Federal Acre, Amazonia, Brazil, during the months
+of July to December, 1911. They are rubbers of commerce and
+cured for export.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159"></a>[159]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus36" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus36.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>COURTYARD OF THE SETTLEMENT OF THE
+  MESSRS. SUAREZ Y HERMANOS, FILLED WITH RUBBER BISCUITS READY FOR
+  SHIPMENT.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160"></a>[160]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus37" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus37.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>THE TOWN OF HAPURY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161"></a>[161]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus38" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus38.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SETTLEMENT OF PORTO AUCAO WITH MULES
+  CARRYING MERCHANDISE TO THE INTERIOR.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162"></a>[162]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus39" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus39.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SETTLEMENT OF MONTE MO.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163"></a>[163]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus40" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus40.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SERINGUEIRO CARRYING LATEX.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164"></a>[164]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165"></a>[165]</span></p>
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="THE_STATE_OF_MATTO_GROSSO">THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166"></a>[166]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus41" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus41.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>BALLS OF RUBBER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167"></a>[167]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="MATTO_GROSSO">THE STATE OF MATTO GROSSO IN THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXPOSITION
+IN NEW YORK, 1912</h4>
+
+<p class="center">BY<br>
+LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS</p>
+
+<p class="center">Dr. Joaquim Augusto da Costa Marques, President of the State
+of Matto Grosso, 1911-1915</p>
+
+<p class="center">The State of Matto Grosso, Brazil, at the Third International
+Rubber Exposition in New York, 1912</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Of the twenty states composing the Republic of the United States
+of Brazil, Matto Grosso is second to the largest in its territorial
+extension. It is situated south of the States Amazon and Pará,
+having on the East the States of Goyaz, S. Paulo and Paraná,
+on the South the Republic of Paraguay, and on the West Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>It embraces on the map that portion of the earth’s surface
+which extends, approximately from the fourth degree South of
+the Equator to the Tropic of Capricorn. Its immense area is
+about 50,175 square leagues, or according to Mr. Candido Mendes
+it has an area of 1,379,651 square meters. Its population is
+actually about 350,000, not including a considerable number of
+uncivilized Indians, whose improvement is carried steadily forward
+by the united efforts of the State and Federal Governments.</p>
+
+<p>Without mentioning its capital, the principal cities of the
+State are Corumbá, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioae, Focoué,
+Santa Aunade Paranabyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento,
+and the new and recently incorporated municipality, S. Antonio
+de Rio Madeira. Its capital, Cuyabá, is situated on the left bank
+of the river of the same name, 288 meters above sea level, and
+owes its origin to the Paulistas, who formed colonies in the
+western part of Brazil during the first part of the Eighteenth
+Century.</p>
+
+<p>In 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral ascending the River Coxipé
+Mirim, founded on the left bank of this stream a village which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168"></a>[168]</span>
+was called Forquilha, but to-day is the city of Cuyabá, where
+in those early days a rich gold mine was discovered. In those
+days, according to Elysée Reclus, the vast region of Matto
+Grosso, was hardly anything except a narrow, ordinary zone,
+nothing more than an immense solitude of undefined limits and
+unknown, but given over to Indians and wild beasts. It was
+joined to the rest of Brazil by the lonely paths of hunters, and by
+channels of the rivers that had their origin there. Really in
+those days communication with the remainder of Brazil was as
+difficult as with Matto Grosso. It is within the memory of many
+and known to those who read the history of Brazil, that it was
+impossible for the troops who were enrolled and equipped in the
+coast provinces, to go directly to the aid of their compatriots in
+Matto Grosso, when the Brazilian people had to respond to the
+declaration of war by Paraguay.</p>
+
+<p>With the thousands of obstructions in their path, a portion
+of the army composed of 3,000 men, which left Rio de Janeiro
+in April, 1865, and which could only be organized in Uberaba,
+in the upper basin of Paraná, was reduced to about 700, when it
+arrived at that safe and impregnable place.</p>
+
+<p>The war with Paraguay being ended, there is no doubt that
+the victory gained by Brazil opened wide the ports of Matto
+Grosso, for the natural declivity of the soil, the course of the
+streams, with the free river navigation, guaranteed by her triumph,
+established a regular line of packets between Rio de
+Janeiro, Corumbá and Cuyabá, by way of the River La Plata,
+passing by Montevideo, Buenos Ayres and Assumption.</p>
+
+<p>The fluvial ways of the Guaporé, Madeira and Amazon
+were constantly used in the Eighteenth Century, after the exploration
+made by Manoel de Lima in 1742. Navigation by
+the Guaporé river to the Madeira, in short to S. Antonio, which
+is the initial point of navigation on this last mentioned river, is
+long and full of difficulties. Withal, Matto Grosso is gradually
+approaching the coasts of Brazil by means of railroads, such as
+the Northwestern Road, which will shortly unite it with Rio de
+Janeiro, and the railroad, already projected, which, parting from
+S. Luiz de Caceres, will reach the old city of Matto Grosso,
+where the Guaporé begins to be navigable, to Guajará-Mirim, the
+terminal point of the great Madeira-Mamoré Railway.</p>
+
+<p>In a short time, as can readily be seen, these roads will be a
+reality, the navigable rivers being united by the stretches of railroads
+between them. The Paranápanema and the Ivahy in the
+States of Paraná and S. Paulo, continue on the one side of the
+Paraná River, ascending the Ivanhema, and the Brilhante, as
+far as the neighboring mountains of Miranda, in the meridional
+part of Matto Grosso.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169"></a>[169]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus42" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus42.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER FROM JACY PARANÁ OF FIDEL BACA
+  &amp; CO. READY TO BE PUT IN BOATS TO BE TAKEN TO A STATION OF THE
+  MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170"></a>[170]</span></p>
+
+<p>The magnificent regions of Matto Grosso promise in the
+near future, to be great centers of population and consequently
+a future focus of civilization by probable fusion of the different
+elements of immigration, which will certainly come together
+there in the flight of time, and the increased facilities in the way
+of transportation. Somewhere it has been said, that colonization
+without doubt will come from the South, from Paraguay and
+Argentina; but at the present time, with the completion of the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway, undoubtedly colonization will also
+come from the North, communication being facilitated by the
+Amazon River, the Madeira being one of its tributaries, on the
+right bank of which is situated Porto Velho, the initial point of the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway. These effects are already commencing
+to produce results as may be seen from founding of a new
+municipality and district of Matto Grosso, called the municipality
+of St. Antonio of the River Madeira, reached by the above-mentioned
+railway and to which region we will devote a special
+chapter later on.</p>
+
+<p>Already one sees the farthest northern side of Matto Grosso
+filling with people, while the southern side really contains the
+greater number of inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>Matto Grosso is one of the regions of least roughness on the
+continent of South America. There are no elevations of the
+land which constitute real mountains.</p>
+
+<p>The elevated lands have their points of culmination in the
+western bases of the Mantiqueira, the Aymorés, and the Espinhaço,
+and continue, gradually lowering from this side to the
+West of Goyaz, and on the other side are the elevated lands at
+the base of the Andes, which incline to the East with its supports.
+Elysée Reclus says that an intermediary plain, separating
+the two geographical districts, goes winding in the form of a
+valley, that in other ages certainly was a maritime strait separating
+the two islands—Western Brazil and the Andes.</p>
+
+<p>To-day rivers run in the depression where formerly there
+was a sea and the plain is actually full of alluvial soil. The true
+center of South America is between the two cities of Cuyabá and
+Corumbá.</p>
+
+<p>To those who do not know the region, the slopes of the hills
+are mistaken for mountains and geographical maps show a chain
+of mountains more or less continuous, between the basins of the
+Tapajóz and the Madeira, between the head waters of the same
+Tapajóz and Paraguay and finally between the Tapajóz and the
+Araguaya. Nevertheless this semi-circular plain exists only in
+fragments, because the elevations which are found in the plains
+of the upper Paraguay and its tributaries are only a high, level
+ground of horizontal sections or slight elevations and worn away
+by the rivers which flow into the great Amazon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171"></a>[171]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus43" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus43.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>REMOVING THE BALL OF RUBBER AFTER IT
+  HAS BEEN SMOKED.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172"></a>[172]</span></p>
+
+<p>They are rather tablelands than mountains, for they do not
+reach an elevation, except in some parts of the tableland, of more
+than 100 meters, while the mean elevation of a range of mountains
+is 500 meters.</p>
+
+<p>This geographic district in the State of Matto Grosso is indifferently
+called the cordillara of Parecys, but does not present a
+mountainous aspect except on the South side. On this scarred
+side, the rock is cut into peaks, or cut away into obelisks. On
+the other side towards the Tapajóz and Xingú, a long range extends
+and gradually declines into the plains of the State of
+Amazonas. D’Orbiguy found in the high northern part of Matto
+Grosso, the existence of beds pertaining to the carboniferous age
+and corresponding to rocks of the same nature which on the
+opposite side of that region are found in the Bolivian bases of
+the Sierra of Santa Cruz. After this Hart and Derby verified
+the fact that the southern parts of the Araxá, which are the
+elevated borders of the tableland, date probably from paleozoic
+epochs, and there are found the carboniferous, devonian and
+silurian beds. Fossil beds found by the Geologist Smith below
+the hillocks of the plains, 50 kilometers east of Cuyabá, place
+these facts beyond doubt. More to the North is the zone of
+the rocky places, which in links cut the Madeira, Tapajóz, Xingú,
+Tocatius and their tributaries, the walls denuded by erosion, are
+all of the crystalline formation, granite, gueis, porphory and
+quartzite. The elevations that unroll in the direction of the
+South, between the sources of the Paraguay and Araguaya, following
+between the Paraguay and the Paraná, do not present the
+same characteristics as the tablelands of the North. The high
+parts of Western Matto Grosso were separated from the East
+and West sides and devastated by lateral excavations, take in
+certain places the aspects of true mountain chains, and for this
+reason they are named, from the North to the South, the Sierras
+of S. Jeronimo, Maracajú and Anhauhaly.</p>
+
+<p>Eruptive rocks, called basaltic in this country, probably porphyritic
+rend the beds of sandstone, of which the mountains are
+composed and appear to form by their disintegration “red lands,”
+similar to those which give the farmers of S. Paulo their abundant
+harvests of coffee.</p>
+
+<p>In a sort of circle limited by a semicircle of elevations isolated
+masses have been lifted up, rocks whose outlines, seen
+from a distance, have a perfect regularity. The hills proper, for
+the greater part, have geometrical forms, which it should be
+said, great forces have crumbled, leaving smooth walls like the
+sides of pyramids. The tops of the tablelands, as well as summits,
+have been maimed by a force certainly corresponding to
+the other summits, which now may be seen as part of the same
+prairie. According to Taunay, who traveled over the country,
+these masses of sandstone in horizontal beds regularly placed
+one above another, are formed of marshy sediment deposited
+by the sea of fresh water, which in former times covered this
+region.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173"></a>[173]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus44" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus44.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>COLLECTING THE LATEX.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174"></a>[174]</span></p>
+
+<p>The ruins of these hills and slopes contributed also to change
+the physiognomy of the landscape. These excoriations were
+picked up and dragged by the rivers, to form new beds and
+soil, and much rock disappeared below the continued crumbling
+of the mountains. Others show nothing except their summits
+above the land of recent formation. Masses that held them to
+the tablelands and the chains of the interior are separated from
+them, because their bases are buried and they emerge abruptly
+from the soil. These distinctive peaks to which the name of
+<b>itambea</b> has been given, raise their heads above a sea of trees,
+like some great buildings erected by the hand of man. To the
+East, the southern part of Matto Grosso, they range themselves
+in files and group themselves in archipelagoes, each time becoming
+higher and more numerous. The part that goes towards the
+West are solitary peaks on the circle of the horizon and may be
+seen along the banks of the River Paraguay, and even on the
+other side of the same.</p>
+
+<p>The Upper Guaporé, Itenez of the Bolivians, although situated
+in the immense basin of the Amazon as a tributary to the
+Madeira River by the Mamoré, belongs to the State of Matto
+Grosso, for the city of this name was founded on its banks and
+nearly the whole population of the state accumulated in this depression,
+through whose western half the river finds its way. Its
+principal source is very obscure. It rises in a grotto along the
+border of the Araxá, and takes first a southerly course, parallel
+to other rivers which descend towards Paraguay. On leaving
+the last hills it curves to the West, and afterwards to the Northwest,
+where already enlarged by numerous tributaries it crosses
+the plain, where there is found the city named at its founding
+Villa Bella and to-day called Matto Grosso.</p>
+
+<p>The Paraguay is one of the most known rivers of South
+America, as a way of navigation, as Elysée Reclus affirms. Few
+rivers have such a slight declination in proportion to their length.
+Castelnaw says that it rises at an altitude of 305 meters, in
+places where tranquil waters glide slowly to the sea, the altitude
+of the land being scarcely 200 meters. At a point 4,000 kilometers
+from the sea, the declination is scarcely 5 centimeters.
+Therefore, steamers of light draft can freely ascend to the confines
+of Brazil, far to the North of the two Republics of Argentine
+and Paraguay and arrive at the base of the tableland by
+the principal river and its tributaries, Jaurú, Sepotuba, Cuyabá,
+S. Lourenço and Taquary. The Paraguay presents another notable
+phenomenon, which is the crossing its sources with those of
+the tributaries of the Amazon.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175"></a>[175]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus45" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus45.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SMOKING RUBBER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176"></a>[176]</span></p>
+
+<p>The River Jaurú approaches the Guaporé so closely that it
+would be easy to make a canal from the waters of this western
+river to a tributary of the Jaurú. Another tributary of the Paraguay,
+the Aguapehy, is only separated from the Alegre River,
+which flows by the old city of Villa Bella, to-day called Matto
+Grosso, by a low and narrow isthmus, which according to
+Leverger measures 5,280 meters. During 1772, and even later,
+it was proposed to cut a canal at different places in this isthmus,
+but the work was never done because of the little commerce of
+that locality. Certainly, railroads, in the near future, will supply
+the absence of a canal and will join Montevideo to Pará, passing
+through the larger part of the State of Matto Grosso, and by a
+continental navigable water way of 8,300 kilometers, as Bartholomo
+Bossi says.</p>
+
+<p>The Paraguay River has as its principal tributaries the S.
+Lourenço, enlarged by the waters of the Cuyabá, the Taquary,
+the Mondego, and the Apá, the last marking the boundary between
+Brazil and the Republic of Paraguay. At the time of
+the floods, its level, and that of its tributaries, rises 10 to 11
+meters and overflows to the right and the left, forming a temporary
+sea, which extends to great distances, being lost to sight
+and continuing in lakes. The first Spanish explorers gave it the
+name of Lake Xarayes, in its lower section, where it receives
+the nearly dormant waters of its principal tributaries. This lake is
+about 600 kilometers in length from North to South, between
+the mouths of Jaurú and the hills of “Fecho-dos-Morros,” and in
+certain places reaches a width of 250 kilometers.</p>
+
+<p>It is not permanent, as you already know, but at certain
+seasons of the year there are overflows, which the Indians called
+bays and rightly, for here there were bays of an ancient sea,
+which to-day are nearly dry, and most of these lakes are in constant
+communication with the Paraguay River, either by underground
+openings, or by long canals. These latter are called
+the lakes of Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. Some of
+these lakes contain only fresh water from the overflowing rivers,
+while others being ancient cavities are now filled with salt water,
+and have in their depths beds of salt, which give to the liquid a
+soapy characteristic. It is singular that this contrast by nature
+of fresh and salt water is also found in the lands of the vast
+plains, and thus it is, that these extensive fields, covered by a
+rich alluvial soil, bear heavy forests. Here the agriculturist can
+certainly obtain marvelous harvests. It is certainly true that
+these fields of Matto Grosso will serve for agriculture as well as
+pastoral industry.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177"></a>[177]</span></p>
+
+<p>The height of the lands, formed in the center of this vast
+valley, hinders the tributary from remaining in a regular channel,
+and the waters escaping from both sides ramify in a labyrinth of
+rivers and false rivers. The lateral branches follow in the zones
+of the lakes, to the confluence of the Taquary and Miranda
+Rivers, which descend from the mountains on the East. These
+receive in the upper region, a tributary called the Coxim, which
+travelers consider one of the most picturesque rivers of Brazil.
+It is curious to see, in some places, the waters of the Coxim
+crowded between perpendicular walls 50 meters in height and
+the small vessels floating on their bosom at the bottom of an
+opening not more than 10 or 12 meters in width.</p>
+
+<h5>THE CLIMATE</h5>
+
+<p>The climate of Matto Grosso is relatively warm in the lower
+parts and those overflowed by the high waters of the Paraguay
+and other rivers. In the region of the tablelands the climate
+is cool and healthy. The movement of the air columns is determined
+by the open passage way between the Andes mountains
+and the highlands of Brazil, as well as in the center of the
+South American continent, and are held by it. The warm winds,
+coming from the region of the Amazon, are succeeded in the
+Winter time by the winds which blow from the cool pampas.
+In the high parts of the circle of hills and mountains which surround
+the tablelands of Matto Grosso, the cold goes below the
+freezing point. The copious rains brought by the cooling winds
+refresh the central tablelands of Brazil and then dash themselves
+against the sides of the Andes. They fall with great regularity
+in the Summer and are frequently accompanied by thunderstorms.
+According to observations taken by some, the annual
+fall of water is 3 meters, and in Cuyabá about 135 days of the
+ordinary year are rainy ones.</p>
+
+<h5>ITS SITUATION</h5>
+
+<p>The State of Matto Grosso, from its geographical situation
+in the Continent of South America, placed at the point of separation
+of the two great basins of Brazil, contains at the same time
+the flowers and faunae of the Amazon and Plata regions. Nevertheless,
+the tropical flora predominates with its infinite variety
+of vegetable forms in all the forest regions, that is to say, along
+the banks of the rivers, and among the famous species found
+along the shores of the River-Sea, there are few which are not
+found in the region of the Upper Guaporé, and specimens of
+which may not be seen.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178"></a>[178]</span></p>
+
+<p>In no other parts, like here, will the development of Cipo’s
+palm be found. In 1875, a boundary commission discovered
+one of these palms <b>Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) or Des
+Moncus rudentum de Martins</b>, of more than 20 meters in length,
+with hardly the thickness of a centimeter. The cotton tree, tobacco,
+ipecac, there called “poya,” grow spontaneously on the
+plains and in the forests. The last grows abundantly in the
+forests of the Upper Jaurú and the neighboring rivers. Maté,
+the most notable product of the tablelands of the South, and
+which has made some regions rich, as the State of Paraná, grows
+here spontaneously between the Rivers Miranda and Apá, without
+speaking of the seringa, which is found in immense and thick
+forests in a district that extends from Cuyabá to Madeira and
+which will be the special subject of this leaflet.</p>
+
+<p>The woods for building are very abundant and of a great
+variety, such as Brazil wood, Jacarandá, Peroba, Canella, Cedro,
+Jequitibá, Massaran-duba, Arco, Ferro, Setim and Vinhatico.</p>
+
+<p>Among the animals are found deer, tapir, panther, and also
+a large number of small animals usually found in tropical regions.
+The fowls and birds along the streams and the songsters in the
+forests are, because of their variety, almost innumerable. The
+ostrich is found in the region of the pampas and on the margins
+of the upper Paraguay. There are many varieties of fish in
+the large and small rivers.</p>
+
+<p>In the mineral kingdom, the State of Matto Grosso has
+numerous mines of gold, silver, platinum, copper, tin, mercury,
+coal, iron, precious stones, diamonds, etc. There are already
+four English companies developing gold mines. There is also
+granite, crystal, malacacheta, limestone, sal-geunna, etc. Finally,
+in the region of the Araxá, there are sulphur mineral springs.</p>
+
+<p>In Matto Grosso are found the largest cattle ranches, not only
+as to their territorial extent, but also as to the number of horses
+and cattle, some of them numbering 100,000 head. The number
+of cattle is calculated to be 2,000,500,000 head. Although the
+transportation of cattle from Matto Grosso to Rio de Janeiro
+is difficult, it is generally done by a road running West to
+Uberaba, where they pass the Winter season of two or three
+months and being recuperated are sent by railroad to Rio de
+Janeiro. Hence it is easy to see that with the completion of the
+Northwestern Railway of Brazil, the problem of transportation
+to the coast will be solved. Also with the completion of the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway the navigable rivers of Matto Grosso,
+will in short time, be linked with the port of Pará. Before long
+another railway will extend from S. Luiz de Caceres, the ancient
+city of Matto Grosso, where the River Guaporé commences to
+be navigable to Guajará-Mirim, the terminal point of the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway. This will solve the problem of the
+transportation of cattle to the States of Amazonas, Pará, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179"></a>[179]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus46" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus46.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER BEING SHIPPED ON MADEIRA-MAMORÉ
+  RAILWAY AT THE ESTATES OF FIDEL BACA &amp; CO., JACY PARANÁ RIVER</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180"></a>[180]</span></p>
+
+<p>From this brief exposition one concludes that the State of
+Matto Grosso is very rich in cattle and gold, diamonds and coffee,
+tobacco and maté, rubber and ipecac, and all other products
+of the tropical and temperate zone. Without doubt it will come
+to be one of the largest and richest empires of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Endowed with a warm climate in the North, it has in other
+regions a temperate and even cold climate. The tablelands
+contain a rare accumulation of wealth, yet little explored. Naturally
+people, in their activities and progressive conflict for a livelihood,
+will come here from all parts of the world. By their intelligence
+and endeavors they will make that part of Brazil an industrial,
+commercial and maritime mart. Here from the fusion
+of the different races, a great civilization will arise, and mankind
+will progress onward and upward to the final conquest of
+the land.</p>
+
+<h5>RUBBER</h5>
+
+<p>The rubber sent to this Exposition, comes from the vast
+regions served by the Rivers Machados, or Dgy-Paraná, Jamary,
+Jacy-Paraná, Mutum-Paraná, Paca-Nova and Guaporé and their
+tributaries, which in turn are tributaries of the great Madeira
+River, on whose right bank is situated the new municipality St.
+Antonio do Rio Madeira, installed July 2, 1912.</p>
+
+<p>The new municipality has the following limits: Starting at
+the falls of St. Antonio do Rio Madeira, on parallel 8° 48′, the
+River Madeira above; the River Madeira above to the mouth
+of the Guaporé on parallel of 12°, and on this parallel to its intersection
+with the River Camararé; on this river below to its confluence
+with the Juruema; on this river below to the point where
+it unites with the Arinos; on the parallel at this point which
+passes to its intersection with S. Manuel River; it follows this
+river down to its confluence with the Tapajóz; and from this
+point back to St. Antonio Falls, along the line that divides
+Matto Grosso from the Amazonas. All this immense territory
+of the new municipality is traversed on the North by the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway, which was completed and opened
+for traffic, September 7, 1912. It starts at Porto Velho and
+terminates at Guajará-Mirim, a distance of 390 kilometers.</p>
+
+<p>The Madeira-Mamoré Railroad, in addition to the stations
+already opened in Porto Velho, Candelaria, St. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná,
+Abunã, Villa Murtinho, and Guajará-Mirim has 46 places
+of stopping, which corresponds to the number of camps.</p>
+
+<p>Among the ways of communication that St. Antonio do Rio<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181"></a>[181]</span>
+Madeira, the new municipality, has with the neighboring States
+of Amazonas and Pará, as well as with the capital and other
+cities of Matto Grosso, we would mention the telegraph line
+which the Federal Government is constructing along with its
+public road ways. There are two gangs of engineers and workmen
+engaged in the construction of the telegraph line. One
+started at St. Antonio in the North, and the other at Diamantina
+in the South. Leaving St. Antonio the telegraph line follows
+parallel 8° 48′ until it comes to the River Jamary, a distance of
+about 60 kilometers. Arriving there its course is changed to the
+headwaters of the Dgy-Paraná River, to a place called Urupá.
+Here it will meet and be joined to the line coming from the
+South. On June 3, 1912, at the very headwaters of the Dgy-Paraná
+River, the telegraph station of José Bonifacio was opened,
+by the gang from the South, while those from the North had,
+previous to this, opened the stations of St. Antonio do Rio
+Madeira and Jamary. This notable undertaking is under the
+efficient and extraordinary devotion of the Colonel of Engineers
+of the Brazilian army, Candido Roudon, who has a record for
+the construction of telegraph lines in Brazil and South America.</p>
+
+<p>Within a year, more or less, the telegraph line will follow
+along a roadway 40 meters wide, and about 200 leagues in length,
+extending from Cuyabá to St. Antonio on the Madeira River.
+This immense roadway of communication cutting all this vast
+interior, rich in rubber and gold, will have a telegraph station
+every 10 leagues. In Porto Velho, the initial point of the Madeira-Mamoré
+Railway, there is already working a wireless
+telegraph station of the Marconi system. There is daily communication
+with Manáos. Also with Iquitos and with the Federal
+department at Acre, Purús and Juruá.</p>
+
+<p>Transportation from Manáos to St. Antonio on the Madeira
+River is made in good condition and comfortable vessels. During
+the time of low water, that is during the dry season of the
+great Amazon and its tributaries, only vessels of 500 tons can
+ascend to those places from Manáos. In the time of high waters,
+when the valley of the entire Amazon is overflowed, the trans-Atlantic
+steamers of 7,000 to 9,000 tons, ascend in four days
+from Manáos. This has been done in the transportation of
+materials for the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway.
+The vessels easily approached and made fast to the two wharves
+made of wood, one of which is in front of the offices at Porto
+Velho and the other at Candelaria. The Government of the
+Republic, however, has determined to build of stone and lime
+the wharves between Porto Velho and St. Antonio on the River
+Madeira.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182"></a>[182]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus47" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus47.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER ON THE BEACH READY FOR SHIPMENT.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183"></a>[183]</span></p>
+
+<p>The small steamers which navigate during the dry season,
+have accommodations for first and third class passengers, are
+lighted by electricity, have an artificial ice plant and make the
+voyage from Manáos to Porto Velho and St. Antonio in about
+five days, at the average speed of ten miles an hour, calling at
+the small Amazonian ports and cities situated on the banks of
+the Madeira River. In descending the river both the large and
+small steamers make the voyage in from three to four days.</p>
+
+<p>The rubber from St. Antonio on the Madeira River is of the
+same physical and chemical constituents as all the rubber of the
+Amazon Valley. This is worth remembering, when we think
+of this new municipality in the State of Matto Grosso, being
+the frontier of the States of Amazonas and Pará.</p>
+
+<p>In the Manáos market, where the rubber comes by way of
+the Madeira River, and in that of Pará, which it reaches by way
+of River Tapajóz, it is always quoted at the same price and
+under the same conditions as those produced in the regions of
+the Amazon proper.</p>
+
+<p>The production has been increasing annually since 1906 and
+is actually about 2,000,000 of kilos annually. This will certainly
+increase to an amount that cannot be foretold, with the
+completion of the Madeira-Mamoré Railway, the wagon road
+and telegraph line and the constant improvements in navigation.</p>
+
+<p>During the first six months of the current year, the production
+of rubber was greater than for the same length of time in
+any year since 1907, as can be verified from the report annexed.</p>
+
+<p>In those regions, between Cuyabá and the new municipality,
+there exist rubber (seringa) forests capable of producing in one
+year, more than 40,000,000 of kilos of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>To attain this ideal, it is only necessary that the captains of
+industry should join in the development of extraction. This
+fountain shoots forth from the earth spontaneously without the
+necessity of cultivation. To encourage and stimulate those who
+wish to employ there, their endeavors and capital, the law of the
+State of Matto Grosso offers special favors. These are offered
+to those who wish to develop the vast forests of rubber existing,
+as well as to those who wish to plant and cultivate the <b>Syphonia
+elastica</b>.</p>
+
+<p>Speaking of the Rubber Exposition soon to be held in New
+York, it is proper to call attention to the well-known fact that
+already the capitalists of North America have begun the development
+of that region.</p>
+
+<p>The large capitalist, Percival Farquhar, of North America,
+has already incorporated two rubber companies, the Muller and
+Guaporé, under the social terms of July, for the purpose not
+only of developing the extraction industry of the <b>hevea</b> braziliensis,
+but also for the different branches of agriculture necessary
+for the making of sugar, cotton cloth, etc.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184"></a>[184]</span></p>
+
+<p>Actually the extraction of rubber in the vast seringaes of
+the municipality of St. Antonio of the River Madeira employ
+about 5,000 workmen. This number will constantly increase, as
+the said municipality becomes the center of the currents of commerce,
+industry and agriculture, from Matto Grosso and the
+Republic of Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>This is easy to imagine, when we see that the Madeira-Mamoré
+Railway will place it in communication to the South with
+S. Luiz de Caceres, by means of the River Guaporé, and by the
+railway, which, from S. Luiz de Caceres will extend to the ancient
+city of Matto Grosso, thus joining the basin of the Plata—by
+means of the Paraguay River, to the basin of the River Amazon.
+And to the West the same Madeira-Mamoré Railway, reaching
+to Ribeira-Alta, will bind the vast and rich regions of the Bolivian
+Republic to the basin of the Amazon, by means of the Madeira
+River. Presently the chief engineer and director of the
+Madeira-Mamoré Railway, Mr. H. Dose, will leave for that
+region, to begin the construction of the branch Guajará Mirim—Matto
+Grosso, to Ribeira Alta, Bolivia, which will be finished
+within a year and a half, and be about 100 meters long.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to this with the prompt construction within a year
+of the wagon—telegraphic line—roadway from Cuyabá to St.
+Antonio on the Madeira River, we can easily conclude, that the
+municipality of St. Antonio on the Madeira River, will indeed
+become the converging point of these great and strong currents
+of development of progress and of civilization.</p>
+
+<p>In conclusion it should not be forgotten that this territory
+herein described serves not only for the production of rubber,
+which there, as in the whole valley of the Amazon, is native
+and grows according to the laws of nature. It also should be
+mentioned that cacao and cotton are native, while there can
+be planted and cultivated, sugar cane, coffee, vanilla, corn, beans,
+rice, tobacco, potatoes, brazil nut, etc. The Madeira-Mamoré
+Railway Company has the concession of a vast amount of land
+along its line, which it proposes to plant in cacao, sugar cane,
+etc., thus improving these lands.</p>
+
+<p>From this description, in which we have endeavored to set
+forth only the truth, giving the facts concerning the region in
+question, it can be concluded that the new municipality of St.
+Antonio on the River Madeira, which actually exports to the markets
+of the world, via Pará and Manáos, about 2,000,000 kilos
+of rubber, will in a few years, with immigration and from other
+causes, export from 10 to 15,000,000 kilos.</p>
+
+<p>The author of this article asks indulgence for any shortcomings
+it may contain, as it was written in the spare moments
+he could find, while laboriously collecting the samples of rubber
+and putting them on board the steamer at Manáos for New York.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185"></a>[185]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus48" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus48.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PUTTING THE LAST LAYERS OF MILK ON THE BALL.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186"></a>[186]</span></p>
+
+<p>The samples of rubber from the State of Matto Grosso, which
+are seen in this International Rubber Exposition, have been exhibited
+by order of the Government and at the expense of the
+Commercial Association of the Amazonas.</p>
+
+<h5>STATE OF MATTO GROSSO<br>
+Inspection Department of the North<br>
+Table showing the production of rubber in the valleys of the
+Madeira and upper Tapajóz, for the years 1907-1912, in comparison
+with the first six months of 1912:</h5>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Origin</th>
+    <th>1907</th>
+    <th>1908</th>
+    <th>1909</th>
+    <th>1910</th>
+    <th>1911</th>
+    <th>1912</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Machado and Jamary</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,092,454</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,252,194</td>
+    <td class="tdr">910,982</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,295,605</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,317,917</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,315,995</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Jacy-Paraná, Upper Madeira and Moré</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98,464</td>
+    <td class="tdr">152,713</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150,759</td>
+    <td class="tdr">142,458</td>
+    <td class="tdr">201,562</td>
+    <td class="tdr">259,612</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Upper Tapajóz</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">156,034</td>
+    <td class="tdr">167,841</td>
+    <td class="tdr">107,458</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73,688</td>
+    <td class="tdr">113,453</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,190,918</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,560,941</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,229,582</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,545,521</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,593,167</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1,689,060</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187"></a>[187]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus49" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus49.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>TAPPING THE RUBBER TREE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188"></a>[188]</span></p>
+
+<h5>STATE OF MATTO-GROSSO</h5>
+
+<p>The capital, Cuyabá, and the principal port, Corumbá, belong
+to the hydrographical system of the Paraguay River.</p>
+
+<p>The boundaries of this State, formed by the Amazon River,
+embrace the upper basin of the Madeira River, which as the result
+of an agreement with the State of Amazonas appertains to Matto-Grosso,
+whereas it previously belonged to the former State.</p>
+
+<p>This territory constitutes the judicial and administrative province
+of Santo Antonio do Madeira.</p>
+
+<p>The executive and fiscal administration is entrusted to a Fiscal
+Delegate in Manáos. The collection of duties is attended to
+by the State Customs of Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>The rubber producing rivers, with total production of Matto-Grosso,
+are:</p>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>1908</th>
+    <th>1909</th>
+    <th>1910</th>
+    <th>1911</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <th></th>
+    <th>Kilos</th>
+    <th>Kilos</th>
+    <th>Kilos</th>
+    <th>Kilos</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Machado and Jamary</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,253,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">911,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,296,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1,318,000</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Jacy Paraná, Upper Madeira &amp; Mamoré</td>
+    <td class="tdr">153,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">143,000</td>
+    <td class="tdr">202,000</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>During the first half of the current year the production has
+shown a considerable increase, this being largely due to the opening
+and developing of the Madeira Mamoré Railway, which passes
+through the whole region of these rivers.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189"></a>[189]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus50" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus50.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>BOATS GOING TO THE UPPER JACY PARANÁ RIVER TO GET RUBBER</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190"></a>[190]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus51" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus51.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>WALKING THROUGH THE FOREST ESTATE OF
+  FIDEL BACA &amp; CO., JACY PARANÁ RIVER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191"></a>[191]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p class="center">ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA<br>
+EXPOSIÇÃO INTERNACIONAL DE<br>
+BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">POR</span><br>
+<span class="larger">LEOPOLDO DE MATTOS</span></p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">NEW-YORK, 1912</p>
+
+<p class="titlepage">DR. JOAQUIM AUGUSTO DA COSTA MARQUES<br>
+<span class="smaller">PRESIDENTE DO ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO<br>
+1911-1915</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192"></a>[192]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="nobreak" id="O_ESTADO_DE_MATTO-GROSSO">O ESTADO DE MATTO-GROSSO NA EXPOSIÇÃO DE BORRACHA DE 1912 EM NEW-YORK</h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>Dos vinte Estados que compõem a Republica dos Estados
+Unidos do Brasil, Matto-Grosso está collocado em segundo
+plano, pela sua extensão territorial situado ao Sul dos Estados
+do Amazonas e Pará, tendo a Leste os Estados de Goyaz, S.
+Paulo e Paraná, ao Sul a Republica do Paraguay e a Oeste a
+Republica da Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>Abrange no mappa uma porção que vae approximadamente
+desde o 14° grao ao Sul do Equador até o Tropico do Capricornio.
+Sua área immensa é de cerca de 50175 leguas quadradas, segundo
+Candido Mendes, ou melhor, tern uma superficie de 1379651 kilometros
+quadrados.</p>
+
+<p>Sua população é actualmente de cerca de 350,000 habitantes,
+não incluindo consideravel numero de indios bravios, cuja
+cathechese se procede com afinco, dia a dia, com o concurso simultaneo
+dos Governos Federal e Estadoal.</p>
+
+<p>Sem contar a Capital, as cidades principaes do Estado são
+Corumbá, S. Luiz de Caceres, Miranda, Nioac, Poconé,
+Sant’ Anna de Paranahyba, Diamantina, Rosario, Livramento e o
+novo Municipio recentemente installado de Sto. Antonio do Rio
+Madeira.</p>
+
+<p>Cuyabá, sua capital, está situada á margem esquerda do rio
+do mesmo nome, a 288 metros acima do nivel do mar, e deve
+as suas origens aos Paulistas que formaram as legendarias
+bandeiras e que percorreram o Brasil Occidental no começo do
+seculo XVIII.</p>
+
+<p>Em 1719 Paschoal Moreira Cabral subindo o Rio Coxipó
+Mirim, fundou á margem esquerda d’esta corrente uma povoação
+que denominou Forquilha, hoje a cidade de Cuyabá, onde
+naquelles tempos se descobriu uma rica mina de ouro.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Em outros tempos, conforme Elysée Reclus, a vastissima
+região de Matto-Grosso era apenas, salvo uma estreita zona
+mediana, não mais que uma immensa solidão de limites indecisos
+e senão desconhecidos pelo menos ainda entregues aos indios e
+ás feras, a qual se ligava ao resto do Brasil por simples picadas
+de caçadores e pelos cursos dos rios que ali nascem. Realmente
+em outros tempos eram tamanhas as difficuldades de communicação
+do resto do paiz com Matto-Grosso, que ainda está na
+memoria de muitos e no conhecimento dos que leem as paginas
+da Historia do Brasil, a impossibilidade que tiveram as tropas
+reunidas nas provincias do littoral para irem soccorrer directamente
+seus compatriotas de Matto-Grosso, quando a nação
+brazileira teve de responder á declaração de guerra do Paraguay.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193"></a>[193]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus52" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus52.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>A RUBBER GATHERER MAKING A RUBBER SACK BY
+  COVERING CANVAS WITH LIQUID RUBBER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194"></a>[194]</span></p>
+
+<p>Com os mil estorvos da travessia, o corpo de exercito composto
+de 3000 homens que partiu em Abril de 1865 do Rio de Janeiro
+e que só poude organisarse em Uberaba, na bacia superior
+do Paraná, estava reduzido apenas a 700 homens quando chegou
+a ponto inatacavel e seguro.</p>
+
+<p>Vencida, porem, a guerra com o Paraguay, não ha nenhuma
+duvida que a victoria do Brasil escancarou-lhe as portas de
+Matto-Grosso, pois que o declive natural do solo e o curso das
+aguas com a liberdade da navegação fluvial, garantida pelo triumpho,
+estabeleceu um serviço regular de paquetes do Rio de
+Janeiro a Corumbá e Cuyabá, pela via do Rio da Prata, passando
+por Montevideo, Buenos Ayres e Assumpção.</p>
+
+<p>O caminho fluvial do Guaporé, Madeira e Amazonas foi muito
+utilisado no seculo XVIII, depois da exploração feita por Manoel
+de Lima em 1742. A navegação pelo Rio Guaporé até o Rio
+Madeira, até enfim Sto. Antonio, que é o ponto inicial da navegação
+d’este ultimo rio, é longa e cheia de fadiga.</p>
+
+<p>Comtudo Matto-Grosso vae gradualmente se approximando
+do litoral do Brasil por meio de estradas de ferro, taes como a
+Noroeste do Brasil que ligal-o-á dentro em breve ao Rio de
+Janeiro e a estrada de ferro já projectada que partindo de S.
+Luiz de Caceres irá até a antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde
+o rio Guaporé começa a ser navegavel até Guajará-Mirim, ponto
+terminal da grande via Madeira-Mamoré Railway.</p>
+
+<p>Dentro de pouco tempo, como se vê, as estradas mixtas serão
+una realidade, comprehendendo rios navegaveis por vapores e
+os trechos de communicação entre estes rios. O Paranápanema
+e o Ivahy, nos Estados do Paraná e S. Paulo continuam para
+outro lado do rio Paraná subindo o Ivinhema e o Brilhante, até
+as visinhas montanhas de Miranda, na parte meridional de
+Matto-Grosso. As magnificas regiões de Matto-Grosso promettem
+ser de futuro, e futuro já bem proximo, um grande centro
+de povoamento, e conseguintemente um futuro foco de civilisação,
+pela provavel fusão dos diversos elementos de immigração
+que para alli certamente concorrorem com o correr
+dos tempos e a facilidade que forem apresentando cada vez mais
+os meios de communicação. Algures se disse, que a colonisação
+far-se-ha sem duvida pelo Sul, pelo lado do Paraguay e da
+Argentina; mas nos dias que correm, com a presença da Madeira
+Mamoré Railway, indubitavelmente a colonisação darse-á
+tambem pelo Norte, facilitada a communicação pelo Rio<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195"></a>[195]</span>
+Amazonas, de que é um dos affluentes o Madeira, á margem
+direita do qual está Porto Velho, ponto inicial da mesma
+Madeira Mamoré Railway. E estes effeitos já se começam a
+produzir com a fundação de um novo Municipio e Comarca de
+Matto-Grosso, que é o Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira,
+cortado pela referida via ferrea e a cuja região dedicaremos
+adiante um capitulo especial.</p>
+
+<p>Já vae portanto se enchendo de população a extremidade da
+vertente septentrional do territorio de Matto-Grosso, postoque
+a da vertente meridional é realmente a que contem maior numero
+de habitantes.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Matto-Grosso é uma das regiões de menor relevo do continente
+da America do Sul; alli não se encontram elevações de
+terreno que constituam verdadeiras montanhas.</p>
+
+<p>As terras elevadas do Brasil tem os seus pontos de culminancia
+nas cadeias orientaes da Mantiqueira, dos Aymorés e de
+Espinhaço e vão-se abaixando proporcionalmente d’este lado
+para o Oeste do Estado de Goyaz e do outro lado são as elevadas
+massas da cadeia dos Andes que se inclinam para Leste com os
+seus contrafortes. Diz Elysée Reclus, que separando os dois
+systemas orographicos, vae serpeando em forma de valle uma
+planicie intermediaria, que certamente foi outr’ora um estreito
+maritimo separando as duas ilhas—Brasil Oriental e Andes.</p>
+
+<p>Hoje correm aguas fluviaes na depressão por onde passaram
+outr’ora as aguas marinhas e a planicie está cheia actualmente de
+suas alluviôes. O verdadeiro centro da America do Sul está entre
+as duas cidades de Cuyabá e Corumbá.</p>
+
+<p>Pará os que desconhecem a região, as vertentes são as vezes
+confundidas com as serras, e em cartas geographicas se desenha
+uma cadeia de montanhas mais ou menos continua, entre as
+bacias do Tapajóz e do Madeira, entre as nascentes do mesmo
+Tapajóz e do Paraguay em seguida, e finalmente entre ainda o Tapajóz
+e o Araguaya. Comtudo este relevo semicircular não existe
+senão fragmentado, pois que as elevações que dominam as planicies
+do alto Paraguay e seus affluentes são na realidade um alto <b>chapadao</b>
+de extractos horisontaes ou mui ligeiramente inclinados e carcomidos
+pelos rios que descem para o grande Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>São antes <b>taboleiros</b> que montanhas, ou ao menos estas não se
+elevam senão em alguns pontos do grande planalto, attingindo,
+aqui e alem, uns mil metros de altura, emquanto a elevação media
+do proprio paredão é de quinhentos metros.</p>
+
+<p>Assim, o conjuncto orographico do Estado de Matto-Grosso
+chamado indifferentemente cordilheira dos Parecys, não apresenta
+aspecto montanhoso senão para o lado do Sul; n’esta face escarpada,
+a rocha é talhada a pique ou recortada em agulhas, mas do<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196"></a>[196]</span>
+outro lado para o Tapajóz e Xingú, uma encosta longa se estende
+e vae morrer gradualmente nas planicies do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>D’Orbigny reconheceu na eminencia da parte septentrional do
+Estado de Matto-Grosso a existencia de camadas pertencentes á
+edade carbonifera e correspondendo ás rochas da mesma natureza,
+que do lado opposto da região se apresenta nos contrafortes
+bolivianos de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Depois d’este, Hart e
+Derby verificaram que as partes meridionaes do Araxá, que são
+as bordas elevadas do planalto, datam provavelmente das epochas
+paleozoicas, e que alli estão representadas as camadas carboniferas
+devonianas e siluricas. Leitos fossiliferos encontrados pelo
+geologo Smith abaixo das collinas da Chapada, 50 kilometros á
+Leste de Cuyabá, puzeram fora de duvida estes factos. Mais ao
+Norte, na zona de rochedos que em travessões cortam o Madeira,
+o Tapajóz, o Xingú, o Tocantins e seus affluentes, as paredes
+desnudadas pela erosão são todas de formação crystallina: granitos,
+gneis, porphiros e quartzitos.</p>
+
+<p>As elevações que se desenvolvem na direcção do Sul entre
+as nascentes do Paraguay e as do Araguaya, em seguida entre o
+Paraguay e o Paraná, não apresentam as mesmas caracteristicas dos
+planaltos do Norte. As eminencias da parte Oriental do Estado de
+Matto-Grosso foram esbarancadas dos dois lados a Leste e Oeste e
+devastadas por estas excavações lateraes, tomam em certos pontos
+o aspecto de verdadeiras cadeias de montanhas, e assim é que
+desenham-se do Norte ao Sul as serras de S. Jeronymo, do Maracajú
+e Anhanbahy.</p>
+
+<p>Rochas eruptivas, chamadas no paiz <b>bassaltos</b>, provavelmente
+porphyricas, romperam as camadas de grez que compõem as montanhas
+e parece que formaram pela sua desaggregação “terras
+roxas,” analogas ás que dão aos fazendeiros de S. Paulo tão
+copiosas colheitas de café.</p>
+
+<p>Na especie de circo limitado pelo semi-circulo das elevações
+levantam se massiços isolados, rochas, cujos extractos, visiveis
+de longe, têm uma regularidade perfeita. Os proprios morros
+têm pela maior parte formas geometricas: dir-se-ia que se
+esboroaram vastos lanços, deixando paredões lisos, eguaes aos
+flancos de uma pyramide. Os cumes horizontaes como se as
+pontas tivessem sido decepadas por um instrumento cortante
+correspondem a outros cumes, e vê se que outr’ora faziam parte
+de um mesmo <b>chapadao</b>. Segundo Taunay, que percorreu o paiz,
+estes massiços de grez, de camadas horizontaes e regularmente
+superpostas, são formados de sedimentos lacustres coados pelo
+mar de agua doce que outr’ora cobriu a região.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197"></a>[197]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp48" id="illus53" style="max-width: 28.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus53.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HUT OF RUBBER GATHERERS ON THE UPPER ACRE.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198"></a>[198]</span></p>
+
+<p>As ruinas d’estes paredões e das escarpas contribuiram tambem
+para mudar a phisionomia da paysagem. Os escombros,
+apanhados e arrastados pelos rios, foram revestir de camadas
+novas o solo, e muitas saliencias de pedras desappareceram debaixo
+dos restos esmigalhados das montanhas e outras não
+mostram senão as pontas por cima doz terrenos de formação mais
+recente. Massiços que se prendiam aos planaltos e ás cadeias do
+interior estão agora separados d’ellas, porque suas bases se acham
+soterradas e elles emergem abruptamente do solo. Estes picos
+distinctos aos quaes se deu o nome de <b>itambés</b>, erigem seus cabeços
+por cima dum mar de arvores comparaveis a gigantescos
+edificios erguidos pela mão do homem. A Leste da parte meridional
+de Matto-Grosso, elles enfileiramse e agrupam-se em archipelagos,
+depois cada vez mais altos e menos numerosos, á proporção
+que se caminha para Oeste, ou completamente solitarios
+no circulo do horizonte, apparecem até nas margens do rio Paraguay
+e ainda do outro lado do mesmo.</p>
+
+<p>O alto Guaporé, Itenez dos Bolivianos, posto que comprehendido
+na bacia do immenso Amazonas, como affluente do
+Madeira pelo Mamoré, pertence especialmente ao Estado de
+Matto-Grosso, pois que a cidade d’este nome foi fundada nas suas
+margens e quasi toda a população de Estado se accumulou na
+depressão, cuja metade occidental este rio percorre. Sua principal
+nascente, muito ferruginosa, desponta n’uma grota junto á borda
+do Araxá, e corre primeiro na direcção do Sul, parallellamente a
+outros rios que descem para o Paraguay; mas ao deixar as ultimas
+collinas o ribeirão curva-se para Oeste, depois para Noroeste
+e já engrossado por numerosos affluentes atravessa a planicie,
+em que está a cidade que se chamou na sua fundação Villa-Bella
+e hoje se denomina Matto-Grosso.</p>
+
+<p>O Paraguay é um dos rios mais notaveis da Terra como via
+de navegação, segundo affirma Elysée Reclus; poucos têm um
+declive mais suave e fraco proporcionalmente a sua extensão.
+Affirma Castelnau que elle nasce na altitude de 305 metros; nos
+lugares onde as aguas tranquillas deslizam lentamente para o mar,
+a altitude dos campos é apenas de 200 metros, e a partir de um
+ponto situado a quatro mil kilometros do mar, o declive é apenas
+de cinco centimetros. D’este modo, vapores de pequeno calado
+podem subir livremente até os confins do Brasil, muito ao Norte
+das duas Republicas da Argentina e Paraguay e chegar á base do
+planalto pelo rio principal e pelos seus affluentes, Jaurú, Sepotuba,
+Cuyabá, S. Lourenço e Taquary. O Paraguay apresenta
+ainda um phenomeno notavel, que é o do cruzamento de suas
+nascentes com as dos affluentes do Rio Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>O Jaurú approxima-se tanto do Guaporé, que seria facil passar
+por um canal as aguas do rio Occidental para um affluente do
+Jaurú. Outro tributario do Paraguay, o Aguapehy, só está separado
+do rio Alegre, que desce para a antiga cidade de Villa-Bella,
+hoje Matto-Grosso, por um isthmo de pouca largura, de<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199"></a>[199]</span>
+fraco relevo, que segundo Leverger, mede 2400 braças ou 5280
+metros. No anno de 1772, e depois, tentou-se cavar um canal em
+pontos diversos do isthmo, masas obras não chegaram a termo por
+falta de commercio na localidade. Certamente estradas de ferro,
+em mais ou menos dias, supprirão a ausencia do canal que ligaria
+Montevideo ao Pará, passando em grande parte do Estado de
+Matto-Grosso, e por uma via continental navegavel de 8300 kilometros,
+segundo refere Bartholomeu Bossi.</p>
+
+<p>O rio Paraguay tern como affluentez principaes os rios S.
+Lourenço, engrossado pelas aguas do Cuyabá, o Taquary, o Mondego
+e o Apá, limite este ultimo entre o Brasil e a Republica do
+Paraguay.</p>
+
+<p>Por occasião das enchentes, seu nivel e o dos seus affluentes
+eleva-se de dez e onze metros e derrama-se á esquerda e á direita,
+formando um mar ephemero que se estende ao longe, a perder de
+vista e se prolonga em <b>banhados</b>. Os primeiros viajantes hespanhoes
+deram o nome de lago Xarayes á baixada onde se esparramam
+as aguas quasi dormentes dos braços principaes do rio.
+Este lago tern de extensão cerca de 600 kilometros de Sul a
+Norte, entre as boccas do Jaurú e as collinas do Fecho-dos-Morros
+e em certos pontos chega a 250 de largura.</p>
+
+<p>Elle não é permanente, como se pensava outr’ora, mas em
+qualquer epocha do anno ha trechos alagados que os indios denominam
+bahias e com razão, pois que são bahias de um antigo mar,
+que hoje está meio secco, e a maior parte de taes lagoas está em
+communicação constante com o rio Paraguay, ora por furos
+lateraes, ora por longos canaes, taes como os denominados lagos
+de Uberaba, Gaiaba, Mandioré, Caceres, etc. D’entre estes lagos,
+uns não contem senão agua doce trazida pela innundação fluvial,
+emquanto outros, que são antigas cavidades outr’ora occupadas
+por agua do mar, conservam no fundo de seus leitos camadas
+salinas, que dão ao liquido um sabor caracteristico. É singular
+que este contraste da natureza das aguas doces ou salinas tambem
+se produza nos terrenos da vasta planicie, e assim é que campos
+extensos, cobertos de ricas alluviôes, deram nascimento a mattas
+cerradas, e o agricultor pode muito bem alli obter colheitas
+maravilhosas. É certamente por este motivo que os campos de
+Matto-Grosso tanto se prestam á industria pastoril.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200"></a>[200]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus54" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus54.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>FAMILIES OF THE AMERICAN EMPLOYEES,
+  MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201"></a>[201]</span></p>
+
+<p>A horizontalidade do terreno, formada pelo centro da depressão
+do immenso valle, impede que o confluente se conserve em
+um leito regular, e as aguas escapando por ambos os lados ramificam-se
+n’um labirintho do rios e falsos rios. Os ramos lateraes
+seguem por entre as zonas dos <b>banhados</b>, até á confluencia do rio
+Taquary e do rio Miranda, que descem das montanhas de Leste,
+recebendo o primeiro d’estes, na região superior, um affluente, o
+Coxim, considerado pelos viajantes como um dos mais pittorescos
+rios do Brasil. É curioso ver em alguns lugares o Coxim
+estreitara-se entre paredões a pique, de 50 metros de altura, e as
+pequenas embarcações correrem sobre elle como no fundo de um
+vallão que não tem mais de 10 ou 12 metros de largura.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>O clima de Matto-Grosso é relativamente quente nas regiões
+baixas e alagadas pelas enchentes dos rios, taes como Paraguay;
+nas regiões dos planaltos o clima é salubre e frio. O movimento
+das columnas de ar é determinada pela forma de corredor aberto
+entre a cordilheira dos Andes e as terras altas do Brasil, bem no
+centro do continente Sul Americano, e por elle são arrastadas;
+aos ventos tepidos proveniente da região da Amazonia, succedem
+no inverno ventos que sopram do frio pampa. Nas alturas do
+circo de chapadões e montanhas que rodeiam a planicie do Estado
+de Matto-Grosso, o frio desce abaixo do ponto de congelação. As
+copiosas chuvas trazidas pelo rebojo dos ventos que contornam o
+planalto central do Brasil e vem esbarrar nos primeiros contrafortes
+dos Andes, cahem com muita regularidade no verão e são
+frequentemente acompanhadas de trovoadas.</p>
+
+<p>Consoante alguns observadores, a queda da agua annual é de
+3 metros, e em Cuyabá contam-se mais ou menos 135 dias de
+chuva por anno medio.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>O Estado de Matto-Grosso, pela sua situação geographica no
+continente Sul Americano, collocado no ponto de separação das
+duas grandes bacias do Brasil, reune ao mesmo tempo as floras
+e as faunas da região da Amazonia e das regiões Platinas. Entretanto,
+a flora tropical predomina com sua infinita variedade
+de formas vegetaes em todas as regiões das florestas, isto é, á
+beira dos rios, e entre as especies famosas habitantes das margens
+do Rio Mar, poucas ha que não estejam representadas na região
+do alto Guaporé, ou das quaes se não encontrem congeneres.</p>
+
+<p>Em nenhuma parte se desenvolve como alli as palmeiras Cipós,
+e em 1875 uma commissão de limites descobriu uma d’estas palmeiras
+<b>Urumbamba (Calamus procumbeus) ou Desmoncus
+rudentum</b> de Martius, com mais de 200 metros de comprimento e
+apenas com a grossura de um centimetro! O algodoeiro o tabacco,
+a ipeccacuanha, chamada alli <b>poaya</b> nascem espontaneamente nas
+planicies e nas florestas; esta ultima sobretudo colhem-na nas
+florestas do alto Jaurú e dos rios visinhos. O mate, a mais notavel
+das plantas da zona meridional e que faz a riqueza de algumas
+regiões como do Estado do Paraná, cresce alli espontaneamente
+entre Miranda e o rio Apá, sem fallar propriamente da seringueira,
+que é encontrada em immensas e cerradas florestas n’uma extensão
+comprehendida desde Cuyabá até o Madeira, e a qual fará
+o assumpto especial d’este ligeiro exposto.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202"></a>[202]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus55" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus55.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>EXCAVATING FOR THE MAMORÉ RAILWAY AT KILOMETER 263.2.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203"></a>[203]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus56" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus56.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>HOSPITAL FOR EMPLOYEES OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204"></a>[204]</span></p>
+
+<p>As madeiras de construcção são abundantissimas e em grande
+variedade, podendo-se citar o pao-brasil, o jacarandá, a peroba, a
+canella, o cedro, o jequitibá, a massaranduba, o pao-d’arco, o pao-ferro,
+o pao-setim, o vinhatico, etc.</p>
+
+<p>Entre os animaes, encontram-se os veados, as antas e as onças,
+alem de um grande numero de outros pequenos, proprios das regiões
+tropicaes. As aves e os passaros, aves ribeirinhas e passaros
+cantores das florestas, são pela sua variedade quasi innumeros. A
+avestruz vinda das regiões dos pampas chegou as planicies marginaes
+do alto Paraguay; os peixes abundam n’uma riquissima e
+magnifica variedade nos grandes e pequenos rios.</p>
+
+<p>No reino mineral, o Estado de Matto-Grosso possúe minas
+numerosas de ouro, prata, platina, cobre, estanho, chumbo, mercurio,
+carvão de pedra, ferro, pedras, preciosas, diamantes, &amp;c.,
+existindo já quatro companhias inglezas na exploração de minas
+de ouro. Ha tambem granitos, crystal de rocha, malacacheta,
+pedra calcaria, sal-gemma, &amp;c. Finalmente nas regiões do Araxá,
+ha fontes de aguas mineraes sulphurosas.</p>
+
+<p>O Estado de Matto-Grosso é a região do Brasil onde se encontram
+as maiores fazendas de gado, não só em extensão territorial,
+como em numero de cabeças de gado vaccum e cavallar, havendo
+algumas que contam cem mil cabeças. Calcula-se o numero de
+cabeças de gado vaccum em Matto-Grosso em dois bilhões e
+quinhentas mil.</p>
+
+<p>Nos dias que correm, ainda é um pouco difficil o transporte de
+gado de Matto-Grosso para o Rio de Janeiro, principalmente, e a
+exportação é feita pelo caminho de Oeste até Uberaba, onde a
+invernada se faz em dois ou trez mezes, até que os animaes se
+refaçam e possam ser conduzidos em caminho de ferro até o
+littoral do Rio de Janeiro. Vê-se, entretanto que, com a terminação
+da via ferrea Noroeste do Brasil, o problema do transporte para o
+littoral será resolvido, assim como a Madeira Mamoré Railway,
+contando Matto-Grosso presentemente com rios navegaveis e dentro
+de bem pouco tempo com a via ferrea de que já fallamos, de S. Luiz
+de Caceres á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, donde começa a
+ser navegavel o rio Guaporé até Guajará-Mirim, ponto terminal
+da Madeira Mamoré Railway, resolverá tambem o problema da
+exportação de gado para os Estados do Amazonas, Pará, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>D’este leve exposto conclue-se que o territorio do Estado de
+Matto-Grosso é grandemente rico de gado e ouro, de diamante e
+café, de tabaco e mate, de borracha e ipecacuanha e de todos os
+productos dos tropicos e das zonas temperadas:—elle só bastaria
+para constituir um dos mais vastos e mais opulentos imperios do
+mundo!</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205"></a>[205]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus57" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus57.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>RUBBER STATION ON THE UPPER MADEIRA
+  RIVER ALONGSIDE MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206"></a>[206]</span></p>
+
+<p>Dotado de um clima, se bem que quente ao Norte, porem
+temperado e mesmo frio nas demais regiões, como a dos planaltos,
+apresentando um accumulo de riquezas raro e ainda pouco explorado
+como está, forçosamente para lá o homem das diversas
+partes da Terra, na sua constante actividade, na sua crescente lucta
+pela vida, immigrará e concorrerá com a intelligencia e com o
+esforço do trabalho, para fazer d’aquella parte do Brasil um grande
+emporio de industrias, commercio, navegação, caminhos de ferro e
+conseguintemente uma grande nascente de civilisação, donde, pela
+fusão das diversas raças, o mesmo homem surgirá sempre grande,
+sempre vencedor no immenso concerto e na elevada harmonia da
+Vida e da Terra!</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>A borracha que se vê n’esta Exposição é extrahida e vinda toda
+das vastas regiões cortadas pelos rios Machados, ou Dgy-Paraná,
+Jamary, Jacy-Paraná, Mutum-Paraná, Paca-Nova e Guaporé com
+seus affluentes, aquelles a seu turno affluentes do grande rio
+Madeira, em cuja margem direita está situado o novo Municipio
+e Comarca de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, installado em 2 de
+Julho do anno corrente.</p>
+
+<p>O novo Municipio tem os seguintes limites: partindo da
+cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no rio Madeira, no parallelo de 8° 48′,
+o rio Madeira acima; o rio Mamoré acima até a foz do Guaporé
+no parallelo de 12, este parallelo até a sua intersecção com o rio
+Camararé; este rio abaixo até a sua confluencia no Juruema; este
+rio abaixo até o ponto em que se reune ao Arinos; o parallelo que
+n’este ponto passa até a sua intersecção com o rio S. Manuel; este
+rio abaixo até sua confluencia no Tapajóz; e d’este ponto até encontrar
+a cachoeira de Sto. Antonio no Rio Madeira a linha que
+extrema os territorios dos Estados de Matto-Grosso e do Amazonas.</p>
+
+<p>Todo o immenso territorio do novo Municipio é cortado ao
+Norte pela Madeira Mamoré Railway, que conta 365 kilometros
+de via ferrea já construidos, partindo de Porto Velho no Estado
+do Amazonas, distante 7 kilometros da sede propriamente do
+Municipio, até Guajará-Mirim.</p>
+
+<p>A via ferrea Madeira Mamoré, alem das estações já construidas,
+em Porto Velho, Candelaria, Sto. Antonio, Jacy-Paraná, Abunã,
+Villa Murtinho e Guajará-Mirim, tem 46 pontos de parada que
+correspondem ao numero dos seus acampamentos.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207"></a>[207]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus58" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus58.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORTO VELHO INITIAL POINT OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208"></a>[208]</span></p>
+
+<p>Entre as vias de communicação do novo Municipio de Sto.
+Antonio do rio Madeira com os visinhos Estados do Amazonas e
+Pará e tambem com a capital e outras cidades do Estado de Matto-Grosso,
+comecemos por dizer algo da linha telegraphica ora ainda
+em construcção por conta do Governo Federal e da respectiva
+estrada de rodagem. São duas as turmas de engenheiros e
+operarios que constroem a linha telegraphica, uma partida do
+Norte—Sto. Antonio—e outra do Sul—Diamantina. Partindo de
+Sto. Antonio, a linha telegraphica segue o parallelo 8° 48′ até encontrar
+o rio Jamary, n’uma extensão de cerca de sessenta kilometros;
+ahi chegando desvia se para o rumo das cabeceiras do rio
+Dgy-Paraná, no lugar denominado Urupá, onde se deve encontrar
+com a turma do Sul e onde a ligação será feita. A 3 de Junho de
+1912 na mais alta cabeceira do rio Dgy-Paraná, já foi inaugurada a
+estação telegraphica de José Bonifacio, pela turma do Sul, emquanto
+a do Norte tambem já inaugurou em data anterior as estações de
+Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira e Jamary. Este emprehendimento
+notavel está sob a intelligencia e extraordinaria dedicação do snr.
+Coronel de Engenheiros do Exercito Brazileiro, Candido Rondon,
+que tem o record das construcções de linhas telegraphicas no Brasil
+e quiçá na America do Sul.</p>
+
+<p>Prompta dentro de um anno, mais ou menos, a linha telegraphica
+marginará uma estrada de rodagem de 40 metros de largura, de
+cerca de duzentas leguas de extensão a partir de Cuyabá até Sto.
+Antonio do rio Madeira. Esta immensa via de communicação
+cortando todo um vasto sertão sobretudo rico em borracha e ouro,
+terá de dez em dez leguas uma estação telegraphica.</p>
+
+<p>Em Porto Velho, ponto inicial da Madeira Mamoré Railway,
+ha já por sua vez funccionando uma poderosa estação radiographica
+do systema Marconi e que se communica diariamente com Manáos
+e já se tem communicado mesmo com Iquitos e com os Departamentos
+Federaes do Acre, do Purús e do Juruá.</p>
+
+<p>Quanto á navegação de Manáos até Sto. Antonio do rio
+Madeira, ella é feita em boas condições e em navios confortaveis.
+Nas aguas baixas, isto é, nos tempos da secca do grande rio Amazonas
+e seus affluentes, sobem de Manáos até aquelles pontos os
+navios de tonelagem até 500, nos tempos de aguas altas, em que
+o valle do Amazonas todo se alaga, navios transantlaticos de 7
+mil a nove mil toneladas sobem de Manáos até alli, em quatro dias
+de viagem, como já tem succedido no transporte de materiaes para
+construcção da Madeira Mamoré Railway, acostando facilmente
+em 2 caes feitos de madeira de lei, o primeiro construido em frente
+as officinas de Porto Velho e o segundo em Candelaria. Por sua
+vez o Governo da Republica está resolvido a construir um caes
+de pedra e cal entre Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209"></a>[209]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus59" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus59.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>IRON BRIDGE ON PARANÁ RIVER.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210"></a>[210]</span></p>
+
+<p>Os pequenos navios que navegam durante a secca dos rios, teem
+accomodações para passageiros de 1.ª e 3.ª classe, são illuminados
+á luz electrica, possuem fabricas de gelo e fazem bem a viagem de
+Manáos a Porto Velho e Sto. Antonio em cerca de 5 dias, com uma
+media de velocidade de 10 milhas por hora, fazendo escala por
+pequenos portos e cidades amazonenses, situadas nas margens do
+rio Madeira. Na descida tanto dos grandes transantlaticos como
+dos pequenos navios de 500 toneladas, a viagem se faz mais rapidamente,
+em 3 e 4 dias.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>A borracha de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira é da mesma
+natureza phisica e chimica de toda borracha do valle do Amazonas,
+e esta asserção salta á vista, quando nos lembramos que a parte
+do Estado de Matto-Grosso occupada pelo novo Municipio é
+justamente aquella limitrophe dos Estados do Amazonas e do Pará.</p>
+
+<p>Na parça de Manáos, para onde vem o producto pela via do rio
+Madeira, e na de Belém do Pará onde é enviada pela via do rio
+Tapajóz, ella é sempre cotada pelos mesmos preços e nas mesmas
+condições das produzidas propriamente nas regiões da Amazonia.</p>
+
+<p>A sua producção, que vem num crescendo desde o anno de 1906,
+é actualmente de cerca de 2 milhões de kilos annuaes, que augmentará
+certamente numa proporção—impossivel desde já de ser prevista—com
+a presença e o desenvolvimento da Madeira Mamoré Railway,
+da estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica e os progressos constantes
+da navegação.</p>
+
+<p>No. 1ro. semestre do anno fluente a producção da borracha foi
+superior a de não importa qual seja o anno desde 1907, conforme
+se verifica do quadro estatistico annexo.</p>
+
+<p>N’aquellas regiões, comprehendidas desde Cuyabá até a sede
+do novo Municipio, existem seringaes capazes de produzir por si
+sós dentro do periodo de um anno, mais de quarenta milhões de
+kilos de borracha.</p>
+
+<p>Pará attingir a este ideal, bastaria que os capitaes concorressem
+para exploração de uma industria extractiva, cuja fonte brota espontaneamente
+da terra sem carencia de cultivo e para animar e
+estimular aquelles que desejam ali empregar os seus esforços e
+capitaes, ahi está a lei do Governo do Estado de Matto-Grosso, que
+offerece favores especiaes aos que, alem propriamente da exploração
+dos vastos seringaes já existentes, se quizerem dedicar ao plantio e
+cultivo da mesma <b>syphonia</b> elastica.</p>
+
+<p>Tratando-se uma exposição de borracha em New-York, é
+justo chamarmos a attenção dos que nos queiram ler para o facto
+bem importante da concorrencia que já começa dos capitaes norte-americanos
+para a exploração d’aquella região.</p>
+
+<p>O grande capitalists Percival Farquhar, americano do Norte, já
+incorporou duas companhias sob as razões sociaes de Julio Muller
+Rubber, e Guaporé Rubber, com o fim não só de explorar a industria
+extractiva de <b>hevea brasiliensis</b>, como tambem para os diversos
+ramos de agricultura attinentes ao fabrico do assucar, dos tecidos
+de algodão &amp;c. &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211"></a>[211]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus60" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus60.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>KILOMETER 212 MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212"></a>[212]</span></p>
+
+<p>Actualmente a extracção da borracha nos vastos seringaes do
+Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira occupa cerca de cinco
+mil trabalhadores, mas este numero augmentará cada vez mais,
+positivamente, á proporção que o referido Municipio se for tornando
+o ponto de convergencia para onde affluirão as correntes commerciaes,
+industriaes e agricolas dos centros de Matto-Grosso e da
+Republica da Bolivia.</p>
+
+<p>Isto é facil de imaginar, quando vemos que a estrada de ferro
+Madeira Mamoré por seá em communicação para o Sul com S. Luiz
+de Caceres por meio do rio Guaporé e da estrada de ferro que de S.
+Luiz de Caceres irá até á antiga cidade de Matto-Grosso, ligando
+assim a bacia do Prata de intermedio o rio Paraguay—á bacia do rio
+Amazonas, e para Leste, a mesma Madeira Mamoré Railway levará
+os seus trilhos até Ribeira-Alta, ligando as vastas e riquissimas
+regiões da Republica Boliviana tambem á bacia do Amazonas, de
+intermedio o rio Madeira. Presentemente, parte para aquella região
+o Engenheiro chefe e Director da Madeira Mamoré Railway, Mr. H.
+Dose, que vai dar começo a construcção do referido ramal de Guajará
+Mirim—Matto-Grosso—á Ribeira Alta-Bolivia—, que ficará concluida
+dentro do praso de um anno e meio e terá cerca de cem kilometros
+de extensão.</p>
+
+<p>Accrescendo a isto ainda a construcção prompta, dentro de um
+anno, da grande estrada de rodagem da linha telegraphica de
+Cuyabá até Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, poderemos facilmente
+imaginar o que n’um futuro, que nada faz pensar será muito remoto,
+irá ser o novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, como um
+verdadeiro e incontestavel ponto de convergencia de tão fortes e
+ricas correntes de desenvolvimento de progresso e de civilisação.</p>
+
+<p>Antes de terminar, não devemos esquecer que o territorio
+em questão não se presta somente á producção da gomma
+elastica, que aliás como em todo o valle do Amazonas é agreste e
+nasce á lei da natureza. Convem dizer que alli, alem do cacao e do
+algodão, que tambem são agrestes, podem ser plantados e cultivados
+a canna de assucar, o café, a baunilha, o milho, o feijão, o arroz, o
+tabaco, a batata, a castanha, &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>A propria Madeira Mamoré Railway Co., concessionaria de
+uma vasta faixa de terra á margem de sua linha ferrea, pensa em
+fazer o plantio do cacao, da canna de assucar, &amp;c., &amp;c., aproveitando
+os referidos terrenos.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213"></a>[213]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus61" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus61.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>SECTION OF A ROAD IN USE FOR CONSTRUCTION
+  OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214"></a>[214]</span></p>
+
+<p>De tudo o que fica exposto em linhas bem ligeiras e nas quaes
+procuramos nos approximar sempre da verdade, dando noticias
+sobre a região em questão, pode-se concluir facilmente que só o
+novo Municipio de Sto. Antonio do rio Madeira, que exporta
+actualmente para o commercio mundial, via Pará e Manáos, cerca
+de 2 milhões de kilos de borracha, passará a exportar dentro de
+poucos annos, sobretudo com a immigração que todos os factores
+nos levam esperar, de 10 a 15 milhões.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>O auctor d’este exposto pede indulgencia para as lacunas que
+nelle forem encontradas:—foi escripto nos raros momentos livres
+ao trabalho fatigante de organisar a exposição das amostras de
+borracha até o respectivo embarque em Manáos para New-York.</p>
+
+<p>As amostras da borracha de Matto-Grosso que figuram no
+recinto da Exposição, são expostas por ordem do Governo, pela
+benemerita Associação Commercial do Amazonas.</p>
+
+<h5>ESTADO DE MATTO GROSSO<br>
+DELEGACIA FISCAL DO NORTE<br>
+QUADRO DEMONSTRATIVO DA PRODUCÇÃO DA BORRACHA DOS VALLES
+DO MADEIRA E ALTO TAPAJÓZ NOS ANNOS de 1907 a 1912, EM COMPARAÇÃO
+COM A MESMA PRODUCÇÃO NO PRIMEIRO SEMESTRE DE 1912.</h5>
+
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <th>Procedencia</th>
+    <th>1907</th>
+    <th>1908</th>
+    <th>1909</th>
+    <th>1910</th>
+    <th>1911</th>
+    <th>1912<br>só o lo. semestre</th>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Machado e Jamary</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.092454</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.252194</td>
+    <td class="tdr">910982</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.295605</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.317917</td>
+    <td class="tdr">1.315995</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td class="nw">Jacy Paraná Alto Madeira e Moré</td>
+    <td class="tdr">98464</td>
+    <td class="tdr">152713</td>
+    <td class="tdr">150759</td>
+    <td class="tdr">142458</td>
+    <td class="tdr">201562</td>
+    <td class="tdr">259612</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td>Alto Tapajóz</td>
+    <td class="tdr"></td>
+    <td class="tdr">156034</td>
+    <td class="tdr">167841</td>
+    <td class="tdr">107458</td>
+    <td class="tdr">73688</td>
+    <td class="tdr">113453</td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td></td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.190918</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.560941</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.229582</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.545521</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.593167</td>
+    <td class="tdr bt">1.689060</td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215"></a>[215]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus62" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus62.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>LAST CAMP IN CONSTRUCTION OF MADEIRA MAMORÉ RAILWAY.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216"></a>[216]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="illus63" style="max-width: 43.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/illus63.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p>PORTO VELHO.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217"></a>[217]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218"></a>[218]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="STATE_OF_BAHIA">STATE OF BAHIA</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3 class="nobreak" id="EXHIBITS_OF_THE_STATE_OF_BAHIA">EXHIBITS OF THE STATE OF BAHIA AT THE INTERNATIONAL RUBBER EXHIBITION
+IN NEW YORK, 1912</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<h4>STATE OF BAHIA.</h4>
+
+<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of second quality maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of superior mangabeira rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality of mangabeira rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 package of 20 kilos of caucho rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Various statistical tables, photographs, diagrams and a panoramic
+view of the City of Bahia.</p>
+
+<p>Books and pamphlets concerning the natural resources of the
+state.</p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY S. HESS &amp; COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>Samples of the various kinds of native rubber of Bahia.</p>
+
+<p>Two sacks of the seed of the maniçoba rubber tree cultivated
+in Bahia.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of the maniçoba tree.</p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY F. STEVENSON &amp; COMPANY, LTD.</h4>
+
+<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber from
+Jequié.</p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY M. ULMANN &amp; COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of 50 kilos of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of superior mangabeira rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 package of caucho rubber from the State of Bahia.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219"></a>[219]</span></p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY VON DER LINDE &amp; COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>Specimens of the various kinds of rubber, from the State of
+Bahia, in a glass case.</p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY MORAES &amp; COMPANY.</h4>
+
+<p>1 bale of 100 kilos of superior maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<h4 class="x-ebookmaker-important">BY JOSÉ C. DA COSTA SANTOS.</h4>
+
+<p>1 bale of superior maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of first quality maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>1 bale of second quality maniçoba rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of the various kinds of rubber of Bahia.</p>
+
+<h4>STATE OF ALAGOAS.</h4>
+
+<p>Specimens of various kinds of rubber.</p>
+
+<p>Specimens of the rubber grown in JARAGUA.</p>
+
+<p>These specimens were sent by Mr. Americo Mello, representative
+of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State
+of Alagoas.</p>
+
+<h4>STATE OF PERNAMBUCO.</h4>
+
+<p>Two large packages of the various kinds of rubber grown in
+the State. These were sent by Dr. Antonio Valenca, representative
+of the Commercial Museum of Rio de Janeiro, in the State
+of Pernambuco.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220"></a>[220]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221"></a>[221]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="STATE_OF_MINAS_GERAES">STATE OF MINAS GERAES</h2>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<h3>STATE OF MINAS GERAES—PROVISIONAL NOTE</h3>
+
+</div>
+
+<h4>EXHIBITS</h4>
+
+<p>1. Wild Manisoba (Manihot) Rubber in the raw and cleaned
+market condition.</p>
+
+<p>2. Planted Manisoba Rubber, viz.: (a) Fine; (b) Seconds;
+(c) Scrap.</p>
+
+<p>3. Photographs taken on the San Francisco River, the rubber
+region of the “Highlands of Brazil.”</p>
+
+<p>4. Photographs of Rubber Trees, viz.: (a) Manihot
+Glaziovii; (b) Manihot Heptaphylla; (c) Manihot Piauhyensis.</p>
+
+<p>5. Photographs of Bello Horisonte, capital of the State of
+Minas Geraes, and of other localities of importance and general
+interest. Maps of the State and Climatological Charts.</p>
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222"></a>[222]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BRAZIL_DAY">BRAZIL DAY</h2>
+
+<p class="center larger">Saturday, September 28</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75473 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #75473 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75473)