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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***
+
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber’s Note
+  Italic text displayed as: _italic_
+
+
+
+
+DEEDS OF HEROISM AND BRAVERY
+
+[Illustration: Decoration]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  By J. F. Bouchor
+
+Honor to the Brave]
+
+
+
+
+  DEEDS OF HEROISM
+  AND BRAVERY
+
+  _The Book of Heroes and
+  Personal Daring_
+
+  INTRODUCTION BY
+  RUPERT HUGHES
+
+  EDITED BY
+  ELWYN A. BARRON
+
+  _Profusely Illustrated_
+
+  [Illustration: Decoration]
+
+
+  HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS
+  NEW YORK AND LONDON
+  Established 1817
+
+
+
+
+  DEEDS OF HEROISM AND BRAVERY
+
+  Copyright, 1920, by Harper & Brothers
+  Printed in the United States of America
+
+  E-V
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+                                                                    PAGE
+
+  I. FIELD AND TRENCH ORDEALS
+
+  “And a Few Marines”                                                  1
+
+  Forward Lancers                                                     10
+
+  An Unparalleled Hero                                                13
+
+  The Nemesis of Flame                                                18
+
+  He Jests at Scars                                                   20
+
+  Epic of the Foreign Legion                                          27
+
+  “Doc” of the Fifth                                                  32
+
+  Couldn’t Stop Them                                                  35
+
+  One of Our Boys                                                     41
+
+  Guthrie of the Kilties                                              44
+
+  Not So Unspeakable                                                  47
+
+  The Medical Corps                                                   48
+
+  Some Red Cross Weaklings                                            49
+
+  “Eh! Men, ’Twas Grand!”                                             55
+
+  One Survived                                                        57
+
+  Tank Man Talks                                                      58
+
+  The Garibaldi Code                                                  62
+
+  The Bald Facts                                                      65
+
+  O’Leary Stepped In                                                  71
+
+  When the Yanks Went In                                              74
+
+  Humor and Heroism                                                   79
+
+  England’s Indian Warriors                                           85
+
+  A Lively Introduction                                               92
+
+  A Valiant Gentleman                                                 95
+
+  Where Denominations End                                            100
+
+  Buckeyes or Spearheads                                             103
+
+  Corporal Holmes’ Way                                               106
+
+  Not Dead But Fighting                                              109
+
+  When the Light Failed                                              114
+
+  The Cloud of Blacks                                                116
+
+  Hubbell Bagged ’Em                                                 121
+
+  Was He a Coward?                                                   123
+
+  Two Heroes of Hill 60                                              128
+
+  Colonel Freyberg, V. C.                                            131
+
+  One of the D. S. C. Men                                            133
+
+  Colored Troops Reach the Rhine                                     135
+
+  Good Old Potts                                                     138
+
+  It Was Up to Bill                                                  139
+
+  The Rendezvous                                                     142
+
+  Staying to the End                                                 146
+
+  Without the Glamour                                                147
+
+  Big Adam’s Hare Soup                                               156
+
+  A Blue Grass Canadian                                              158
+
+  Mistress “Razzle Dazzle”                                           165
+
+  The Painter Soldier                                                169
+
+
+  II.  WOMEN WHO DARED
+
+  Edith Cavell Martyr Heroine                                        172
+
+  A Picardy Heroine                                                  181
+
+  Girls of the Battalion                                             183
+
+  Her Ambulance Unit                                                 186
+
+  A True Heroine                                                     188
+
+  A Heroine of Humanity                                              190
+
+
+  III.  ADVENTURE IN THE AIR
+
+  One of the Great “Aces”                                            191
+
+  The Lafayette Escadrille                                           196
+
+  A Legendary Hero                                                   202
+
+  Worthy Citation                                                    207
+
+  A Challenge Duel                                                   209
+
+  An American Wonder                                                 211
+
+  One to Twenty-two                                                  215
+
+  From Saddle to CockPit                                             215
+
+  Dodging “Jack Death”                                               221
+
+  Warneford’s Triumph                                                223
+
+  One Minute Plus                                                    227
+
+  “The Pictures Are Good”                                            232
+
+  Subduing the Turk                                                  235
+
+  A Daring Pursuit                                                   237
+
+  The Roosevelt Boys                                                 238
+
+  Just What He Wanted                                                249
+
+  “The Red Battle Flyer”                                             253
+
+  Pat O’Brien Outwits the Hun                                        257
+
+  The Track and Trackless Winner                                     259
+
+  The Gunboat (Poem)                                                 264
+
+
+  IV.  SEA AND SUB-SEA STORIES
+
+  Captain Fryatt’s Murder                                            265
+
+  Jules Verne Vindicated                                             271
+
+  Weddigen’s Wonder Feat                                             274
+
+  Torpedoed                                                          281
+
+  The Valleys of the Blue Shrouds                                    288
+
+  Rizzo Sinks the _Wien_                                             290
+
+  Edith Cavell (Poem)                                                291
+
+  As of Old                                                          293
+
+  Death in a Submarine                                               295
+
+  A Notable Exploit                                                  297
+
+  Rescue Extraordinary                                               304
+
+  I Have a Rendezvous with Death (Poem)                              315
+
+  Tricking the Turk                                                  317
+
+  Canadians (Poem)                                                   318
+
+  First of Its Kind                                                  318
+
+  Not to Be Forgotten                                                322
+
+  Christmas in the Trenches                                          324
+
+
+  V. ESPIONAGE AND SPIES
+
+  Spying at Its Worst                                                326
+
+  As to Spies in England                                             348
+
+  Edith Cavell’s Betrayer                                            352
+
+  Edith Cavell                                                       354
+
+  The Spy Mill                                                       355
+
+  Alois the Silent                                                   357
+
+  Eye of the Morning                                                 360
+
+  Better Wrecker than Spy                                            363
+
+  Delicate Scruples                                                  368
+
+  Frustrated Diabolism                                               369
+
+  Here’s to Constable Richings                                       378
+
+  What Gilles Brought In                                             379
+
+
+  VI. AMERICA AT THE FRONT
+
+  The Rock of the Marne                                              381
+
+  America’s Highest War Honor                                        388
+
+
+
+
+ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR
+
+
+  Honors to the Brave                                     _Frontispiece_
+
+  The Sister of Mercy                                 _Facing page_   48
+
+  Sergeant George E. Burr      ”                                     102
+
+  Captain Douglass Campbell      ”                                   152
+
+  Corporal Walter E. Gaultney      ”                                 200
+
+  Sergeant Herman Korth      ”                                       254
+
+  Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore      ”                       304
+
+  Corporal John J. O’Brien      ”                                    354
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+_Bravery_
+
+By RUPERT HUGHES
+
+Formerly Major United States Army
+
+
+Bravery is the beautiful, impatient gesture of the soul at its highest
+reach, baring its own breast to a fatal wound in its eagerness to deal
+a fatal blow at something it abhors.
+
+Bravery is poetry, drama in deed instead of word. It has always been
+lovable and beloved.
+
+There is distinguished valor as there is distinguished art, for there
+are degrees of courage as of intelligence and talent. Many people think
+beautiful thoughts: a few express them. Someone frames an old idea with
+an exquisite twist of phrase and a universal proverb results. So some
+one citizen expresses in one felicitous act an ideal of his people and
+is accepted as their national hero.
+
+Conspicuous bravery always owes part of its success to good fortune.
+At the cry of a leader—or in this war at the arrival of “zero hour”
+on the wrist watches—a whole regiment went forward, nearly every man
+doing his duty with complete courage. Some heroes were dogged and
+unimaginative; some revealed ingenuity or invention. But to a single
+man fell the opportunity and the inspiration to do some extra task
+with a certain picturesque felicity. His unluckier companions and his
+generals rejoiced to celebrate him, diminishing their own prestige to
+enhance his. And the story of his happy thought becomes the delight of
+his nation, and perhaps of many nations.
+
+There is a kind of injustice in it as there generally is in awards
+and preferments. Where all have forgotten selfishness and comfort and
+cast their lives into the furnace, it seems a pity that only a few
+should emerge with fame. And yet since we can no more remember all our
+heroes than we can call the roll of the stars in our sky, it would be a
+mistake to favor no one, to have no crosses of war.
+
+The schoolboys cherish the name of Leonidas and the 300 Spartans at
+Thermopylæ. But they ignore the 700 Platæans who perished also, and as
+bravely. This is regrettable, and yet it is better to make a watchword
+of the name Leonidas than to forget the whole event because it is more
+than the brain will carry.
+
+Fame is a lottery with a few capital prizes. The winners show perhaps
+no more wisdom, no more courage than all the other gamblers. In the
+baseball phrase they simply “luck in.” Yet they will get their names in
+the papers, people will boast of knowing them; prestige and fortune
+will be theirs and oblivion will absorb the others. But if you are
+going to have lotteries succeed, you must offer capital prizes and pay
+them. And war is the lottery of lotteries.
+
+There have always been wars and, unless hope shall triumph over
+experience at last, there always will be wars; and there will always be
+an appetite for tales of heroism. The earliest literature records them
+and so must the latest.
+
+Since no man has any more lives to give for his country than our
+schoolteacher spy had, all heroisms are in a sense equal; for, since a
+man risks the only life he has, it matters little how, whether from a
+cave-man’s axe or a shell that shoots eighty miles.
+
+Bravery is no new thing. It cannot be listed as one of the inventions
+of this war. It is matter for enough pride that there was no failure
+of it in quality, but rather an unheard-of versatility in it, and
+an unequaled quantity; for never before was there a war in which so
+many soldiers were engaged, or so incessantly engaged or under such
+hardships, or such varied dangers. To an extent unapproached hitherto,
+nations were mobilized _en masse_. For the first time they settled
+down at grips in continuous lines from frontier to frontier with no
+relaxation of vigilance or activity through long years of sun, snow,
+rain, and mud.
+
+It is curious to note that in this war, innumerable hosts of brave men
+were dragged into glory—one might say “kicked upstairs”—by conscription.
+
+In America we had the small Regular Army, the slightly larger and very
+irregular National Guard; then armies of volunteers, followed by armies
+recruited willy-nilly through the exemption boards. Not only did the
+draft compel enlistment, but the very prospect of it drove many men to
+volunteer before they were drawn. This is said in no derogation, for
+obligations vary and many a man who could not find the way to volunteer
+was glad to be coerced. And some of the men who volunteered at once
+would better have stayed at home.
+
+Though the American Armies began in various strata, in a very short
+time all distinctions were abolished and everybody was “U. S.”
+
+The glory was similarly shuffled. In the records of achievements in
+ground gained, prisoners taken, casualties endured, the Regular Army,
+the National Guard divisions and the draft divisions were rivals
+of such close conclusion that disputes continue as to the actual
+priorities. In any case the margins are narrow. Here also luck played
+its part, for the morale of the enemy and the ground to be taken varied
+enormously from day to day and from place to place.
+
+Curiously, the most successful American hero of the war, judging by the
+score, was a “conscientious objector,” Sergeant York. His conscience
+did not lead him to the fanatic lengths of many others who defied the
+government and refused to obey any commands whatever; strange perverse
+creatures who were such lovers of liberty that they would do nothing
+to defend it, men who abhorred the thought of killing their fellow
+creatures so utterly that they would not lift a finger to put a stop to
+slaughter and disarm the German butchers. Sergeant York’s religious
+scruples did not carry him so far, yet he was a reluctant and a tardy
+entrant into the war, and he was with difficulty persuaded to accept
+the immortal fame awaiting him.
+
+Sergeant York was a straight-shooting open-living mountaineer. Yet
+there were city-bred heroes whose impetuosity led them to plunge into
+the war long before it spread to America. One of these was an actor and
+a dancer. Wallace McCutcheon, who pretended to British citizenship, got
+in at the start, and by sheer bravery and persistence rose from private
+to major. He would indeed have been a colonel if his second wound had
+caught him fifteen minutes later, for his colonel was killed then and
+he would have been automatically promoted.
+
+There were sons of wealthy parents and sons of humble parents who
+joined the French, the Canadian or the British forces and fought in
+the skies, or on land or sea for years before the rest of the nation
+decided to follow them overseas.
+
+This was a world war indeed, a universal struggle, and there was no
+race, color, condition, creed, or trade that was not represented and
+brilliantly represented. Clergymen, priests, waiters, polo-players,
+convicts, negroes, musicians, ditch-diggers, gunmen, farmers,
+chorusmen, gamblers—the entire list of heroes would exhaust any
+classification of the human race or its activities. A complete beadroll
+of heroes would fill a city directory, and make the most dismal reading.
+
+The only way in which justice can be done to anybody at all, is by
+omitting even to mention the vast majority, and to select a few at
+random, like a clutch of sample red apples from an enormous harvest.
+
+It is not feasible to attempt internationalism or non-partisanship. We
+must ignore the splendid heroism of other nations and leave them to the
+celebration of their own heroes and the neglect of ours.
+
+Of our own there remains too great a multitude to permit a systematic
+selection of examples. Some are here because they had the luck to
+be observed by skillful observers and recorders, as many kings are
+remembered because their historians or poets were superior to those of
+other kings.
+
+This volume, then, has all the faults of any other anthology. Yet
+the most imperfect anthology is better than no bouquet at all; and a
+bouquet is the happiest representative of a garden, as a framed canvas
+is the best memorial of a sunset.
+
+In this connection, there is a quaint poem of Emily Dickinson’s; she
+attached it to some flowers she selected from her garden:
+
+    I send two sunsets—
+    Day and I in competition ran.
+    I finished two, and several stars,
+    While He was making one.
+    His own is ample—
+    But as I was saying to a friend,
+    Mine is the more convenient
+    To carry in the hand.
+
+So it may be said of this volume: it does not contain the entire
+star-crowded firmament of the War of Wars, but it is “more convenient
+to carry in the hand.”
+
+It would be belittling the bravery of our own men and the men of the
+Allies to pretend that the enemy lacked courage. The Germans and
+Austrians fought brilliantly, scientifically, ruthlessly. Individuals
+displayed the purest heroism and chivalry. But since it is impossible
+to catalogue everybody, I imagine that this omission, at least, will be
+indulgently regarded.
+
+America entered the war late but at a time of peculiar desperation. Her
+appearance on the field changed the whole balance of power.
+
+Before this time, the _generalissimo_, Foch, was like a gambler trying
+to break the bank with his last remaining gold pieces. Immediately
+after, he was a man with an inexhaustible supply of remittances. What
+would have been insane recklessness before now became good strategy,
+and he could at last follow out his life-motto: “Attack, attack,
+attack!”
+
+On the other hand the Germans, having entered the war as cold-blooded
+business men, and conducted it with all the soullessness of the
+proverbial corporation, realized speedily that the investment was a
+failure and made every effort to get out as cheaply as possible.
+
+The Allies realized that their victory would be wasted if Germany were
+permitted to retire with any prestige. A crushing and undeniable defeat
+was of the utmost importance. Hence the Americans were called upon to
+attack with human sledgehammers the hinges of the German defense and
+the strong points of rearguard action. Their losses were therefore huge
+for the brief time of engagement, since they ran to meet danger with an
+amazing fire.
+
+Heroes sprang up, as from sown dragon’s teeth; so fast that there was
+no recording them. In air, on land and sea, and under the land and the
+sea, our men wrought so godlike well that it is pitiful to leave any of
+them without his meed of praise.
+
+A word ought to be said also, for the prevented heroes, the unwilling
+absentees from the battle, those who ate their hearts out in America as
+instructors in camps, as dealers in supplies, plodders in paper work.
+
+Of the Regular Army officers, who had dedicated their lives to valor,
+made bravery their profession, hardly more than one-third were even
+enabled to cross the sea, and a large mass of the small portion that
+got across was never permitted to come within earshot of the fighting
+line. War has no bitterer cruelties than the fate of such men.
+
+There were National Guard men and officers, too, who had given a large
+part of their leisure to military training only to find themselves
+condemned to inaction. There was a vast amount of plucking by surgeons,
+for disabilities that had not prevented men from earning success in
+civil life. But trench life was so searching a test of strength that
+youth was almost as essential as in the prize ring.
+
+Many of the stay-at-homes had a rightful share in the glory of the men
+they trained and sent as their delegates to the victory. Conspicuously
+absent were Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, who did so much to inspire his
+countrymen with battle-ardor, and General Leonard Wood, who built up
+the whole system of officers’ training camps, advancing us incalculably
+along the road to preparedness.
+
+Then there was the thwarted courage of the countless men who tried to
+volunteer from civil life and were refused in droves, or furnished with
+an almost ironical uniform to emphasize their domesticity. This was the
+swivel-chair army, and the badge of service was the silver chevron. At
+first granted as an honor, it proved so unwelcome that it had to be
+enforced by order.
+
+Uniforms of a sort were worn also by Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Knights
+of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army, and other
+semi-civilians, thousands of whom reached the battle front and many of
+whom displayed perfect gallantry.
+
+Women to an extraordinary degree took part in this war. The Russian
+Battalion of Death was the most startling verification of the Amazonian
+myths, but in every country there were women unnumbered who courted
+danger with a superb consecration to duty.
+
+There is no stranger or more persistent falsehood than the claim that
+women are less belligerent than men. It has been constantly reiterated
+that if women had the vote, or even the say, there would be no more
+wars. As if history had not abounded in women whose native ferocity or
+patriotism inspired them to frenzies of wrath, or self-sacrifice!
+
+In this war as in all wars, mothers surrendered their boys with
+fortitude, or compelled them into the ranks. Mothers without sons to
+give envied their luckier sisters. Women made speeches, posters, wrote
+articles, poems, songs, did office work, drove ambulances, trucks, and
+toiled in munitions factories where danger was more unceasing than on
+the battle front.
+
+The Red Cross women and their untrained aids, many of them women of
+noble birth or of the most delicate heritages, shared the hardships of
+the men. The Salvation Army women made doughnuts and pies in the front
+line trenches. The Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., and numerous other
+organizations crowded to the front. Actors and actresses faced death in
+order to make cheer for the soldiers about to die.
+
+The difficulty was always to keep the throngs back from the
+fighting-lines rather than to whip them forward.
+
+The fighting-line was indeed a vague term, for children were killed in
+their cradles in cities far distant from the battle front. Worshipers
+in a Paris church were killed on a Good Friday by a shot from a German
+cannon fired eighty miles away.
+
+The raids by Zeppelins and aeroplanes, the planting of explosives in
+factories, the sowing of mines in seas, the activities of spies and
+_saboteurs_ made it uncertain just where danger was. There was courage
+everywhere.
+
+The variety of dangers was beyond anything hitherto recorded, and a
+certain supremacy in dauntlessness might be claimed by our generation;
+for men are most easily frightened by risks they are not used to, and
+every month seemed to bring some new astonishment. The submarine and
+the flying machine had never been employed in wars before. They were as
+terrifying to their passengers as to their targets. They brought remote
+civilians and non-combatants into their field of fire by intention or
+indifference.
+
+The air-raids over London and Paris and the sinking of the _Lusitania_
+and various hospital ships horrified the world. The first gas attacks
+added a new shudder to war. The prolonged and hideous imprisonment
+in the trenches where men stood to arms in icy mud kept the soul and
+the body on the rack. The hand grenade came again into fashion with
+a new deadliness. The machine-gun literally sprayed the field with
+bullets, mowing men down as with the scythe of death. The tanks were
+such a prodigy as the first elephants brought into battle. Depth bombs
+for submarines, land-mines, cannon on railroad tracks, trench-knives,
+incendiary bullets, barbed wire charged with lightning—it would be
+impossible to enumerate the new devices for inflicting wounds and death.
+
+Yet science could not invent a way to frighten men out of their wits or
+out of their patriotism. The men in danger simply took what came and
+held on while the scientists in the rear devised some new defense for
+the new offense.
+
+Nothing was more spectacular than the development of the air-duel and
+the air-battle by whole fleets of airships. The penalty for bad luck in
+such an encounter was to fall thousands of feet in a blazing machine.
+But candidates for these super-chivalrous jousts were innumerable.
+
+Naval warfare had its novelties in frightfulness as well. Vessels were
+subject to destruction by a planted or a drifting mine or by a torpedo
+shot from an unseen submersible. The destruction of a populous ship
+was like the cataclysm that annihilates a city. The tortures of patrol
+duty, the management or the pursuit of submarines, the combats with
+airships, the protection of convoys, and numberless new-fangled terrors
+were all superimposed on the ancient dangers of seafaring.
+
+Besides the fighting navy there was the mercantile marine charged with
+the transportation of incredible amounts of supplies and millions of
+soldiers. With these ships the submarine worked fearful havoc, filling
+the Seven Seas with hulks and corpses.
+
+Yet in spite of all the surprises of science, this war, like all other
+wars of the past—and it is safe to say of the future—was waged upon
+the most ancient lines, and its battle-technic was reducible to simple
+terms.
+
+A, B and C attack D, E and F. A superiority in weapons must be met by
+a superiority in morale or a superiority in tactics. Ability to attack
+and to endure attack are the proofs of fitness to survive. The victor
+will be the latter one to quit fighting. While the war must be won by
+masses of men, the quality of the mass is the algebraic total of the
+individual qualities.
+
+A hero is a man plus. A coward is a man minus. A few heroes will
+counteract the influence of many cowards or even lend them strength
+enough to become heroes also.
+
+In its individual heroes, moral, spiritual and physical, lies therefore
+the prosperity of a nation. It is well that a nation should keep its
+eye on its heroes, and reward them well, at least with fame.
+
+This volume devoted to accounts of individual achievements is something
+more than picturesque. It is as important to the record as the
+consideration of any of the larger aspects of war. It strikes the human
+note, and the human note is vital in so human a thing as a war; since
+war gives humanity its widest and fiercest vibration from the utmost
+baseness to the supreme nobility.
+
+
+
+
+THE SOLDIER
+
+_By_
+
+Rupert Brooke
+
+
+    If I should die, think only this of me:
+      That there’s some corner of a foreign field
+    That is for ever England. There shall be
+      In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;
+    A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,
+      Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roam,
+    A body of England’s, breathing English air,
+      Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.
+
+    And think this heart, all evil shed away,
+      A pulse in the eternal mind, no less
+        Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;
+    Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;
+      And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,
+        In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.
+
+ From _The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke_, Copyright, 1915, by John
+ Lane Company.
+
+
+
+
+Deeds of Heroism and Daring
+
+
+
+
+“AND A FEW MARINES”
+
+Eye-witness Account of the Belleau Wood Action in the Marne Salient
+Beginning June 6th, 1918
+
+
+It has been insisted that more than their share of glory was bestowed
+upon the Marines for their work at Château-Thierry, other units of
+the A.E.F. being entitled to share the honors of those terrible but
+wonderful days when the barbarians were stopped. That is of course
+true, for the battle generally described as Château-Thierry had to do
+with a region, not merely a town, and it was in Belleau Wood and at
+Bouresches that the Marines fought so splendidly and so successfully to
+save Paris. Honors conferred in the early and censored dispatches have
+since been more properly distributed, and the various divisions—the 1st
+and 2d, the 3d, the 26th and the 42d—engaged at different points and
+at different times, have had the just recognition of the honors due
+them. But the distribution has not in any degree diminished the proud
+record of the Marines in maintaining the place of honor to which they
+were assigned June 6th. A very voluminous and authoritative account of
+the 6th Regiment, 2d Division, and its service in France was written by
+its commander, Brig. Gen. A. W. Catlin under the title _With the Help
+of God and a Few Marines_. In that volume one may find the authentic
+details of the heroic exploits of the Marines. But we are now concerned
+only with the incidents and events that caused the French to change
+the name of Belleau Wood (Bois de Belleau) to “Bois de la Brigade de
+Marine.”
+
+The first spring drive of the Germans began March 21, 1918. It swept
+across the Somme and over the plains of Picardy irresistibly. Foch
+seemed unable to check the advance and there was consternation among
+the Allied nations, and the men in the trenches were anxious and
+restless. The enemy were sweeping everything before them. “With forty
+divisions, including some 400,000 of their best troops, and with
+the greatest auxiliary force of tanks, machine guns and poison gas
+projectiles ever mobilized,” says Gen. Catlin, “they rolled on for
+thirty miles in spite of enormous losses, advancing at the rate of six
+or eight miles a day, capturing men and guns by the wholesale, and
+occupying 650 square miles of territory. There were simply not enough
+French and British to stop them. The Allies resisted heroically, but
+they were forced to yield to the unanswerable argument of superior
+weight. And where was the American aid that the French people had been
+building their failing hopes upon?
+
+“Held at Rheims and west of Soissons, the Germans thrust a U-shaped
+salient clear down to the Marne, its rounded apex resting on a
+contracted six-mile front between Château-Thierry and Dormans, but
+thirty-five scant miles from Paris.
+
+“Then the harried soldiers of France arose in their might for a last
+grim stand. The name of the Marne was a rallying cry for them. ‘They
+shall not,’ they muttered between gritted teeth; and they did not pass.”
+
+Fighting shoulder to shoulder with the French on the Marne at
+Château-Thierry was the 3rd Division of Regular troops who had
+arrived on May 31st in the nick of time in support of the French. On
+this occasion the 7th Machine Gun Battalion defended the bridge at
+Château-Thierry with the greatest heroism, suffering very heavy losses,
+and to them especially belongs the credit of checking the enemy’s
+attempt to cross the river.
+
+To the northwest of the town lay Belleau Wood, a natural fortress which
+was full of Germans. Although the enemy had been checked in the attempt
+to cross the Marne, his position in Belleau Wood was a very strong one,
+constituting an excellent point of vantage for a sudden thrust against
+the Allied line along the river. Foch now decided to call upon American
+troops and the Marines of the 2nd Division were ordered up and sent
+into the line to capture Belleau Wood.
+
+
+IN THE AMERICAN WAY
+
+The delay occasioned by the French-American resistance at
+Château-Thierry gave time for the organization of the defensive
+strategy which culminated in the battle of Belleau Wood. It is
+interesting to know in connection with Château-Thierry that the
+Americans entered under the direction of the French. General Catlin
+says apropos of the Belleau Wood preparation:
+
+“I think the French hesitated to trust us too far in this crisis. We
+were without tanks, gas shells, or flame projectors. We were untried in
+open warfare. But General Harbord begged to be allowed to tackle the
+job.
+
+“‘Let us fight in our own way,’ said he, ‘and we’ll stop them.’
+
+“The situation was acute; there seemed to be no alternative. General
+Harbord was given free rein, and in that moment we passed out from our
+French tutelage and acted as an American army fighting side by side
+with our hard-pressed Allies. The battle of Belleau Wood was fought by
+American troops, under American officers, supported by American guns,
+in a typically American manner. And the battle was won.”
+
+The details of this battle in the wood are not to be given here. One
+or two of the facts that stand out must serve as illustrative of the
+whole splendid performance. The advance began with the 5th Battalion
+under Major Berry and the 6th Battalion under Major Holcomb holding
+the center, the French on the left and the 23d Infantry on the right,
+Sibley’s battalion supporting.
+
+
+FACING THE MYSTERY
+
+“We stood facing the dark, sullen mystery of Belleau Wood. It was
+a mystery, for we knew not what terrible destruction the Hun might
+be preparing for us within its baleful borders, nor at what moment
+it might be launched in all its fury against us. That the wood was
+strongly held we knew, and so we waited.
+
+“No one knows how many Germans were in those woods. I have seen the
+estimate placed at 1,000, but there were certainly more than that. It
+had been impossible to get patrols into the woods, but we knew they
+were full of machine guns and that the enemy had trench mortars there.
+We captured five of their minenwerfers later. So far as we knew, there
+might have been any number of men in there, but we had to attack just
+the same, and with but a handful. Sibley and Berry had a thousand men
+each, but only half of these could be used for the first rush, and as
+Berry’s position was problematical, it was Sibley’s stupendous task to
+lead his 500 through the southern end of the wood clear to the eastern
+border if the attack was not to be a total failure. Even to a Marine it
+seemed hardly men enough.
+
+“Orders had been given to begin the attack at 5 o’clock. The men knew
+in a general way what was expected of them and what they were up
+against, but I think only the officers realized the almost impossible
+task that lay before them. I knew, and the knowledge left me little
+comfort. But I had perfect confidence in the men; that never faltered.
+That they might break never once entered my head. They might be wiped
+out, I knew, but they would never break.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+Where the Marines Made Their Début
+
+This is the road where the Marines in the name of America served notice
+on the German war lords that they could not capture Paris.]
+
+“It was a clear, bright day. At that season of the year it did not
+get dark till about 8.30, so we had three hours of daylight ahead of us.
+
+“As soon as I received the orders I got Holcomb and Sibley together at
+the former’s headquarters, some 500 yards back of the line.
+
+“With map in hand, I explained the situation to them without trying to
+gloss over any of its difficulties, and gave them their orders. The men
+seemed cool, in good spirits and ready for the word to start. Some one
+has asked me what I said, what final word of inspiration I gave those
+men about to face sudden death.
+
+“I am no speech maker. If the truth must be told, I think what I
+said was, ‘Give ’em Hell, boys!’ It was the sort of thing the Marine
+understands. And that is about what they did.
+
+
+A BULLET THROUGH THE LUNG
+
+“Just about the time Sibley’s men struck the woods a sniper’s bullet
+hit me in the chest. It felt exactly as though some one had struck me
+heavily with a sledge. It swung me clear around and toppled me over
+on the ground. When I tried to get up I found that my right side was
+paralyzed.
+
+“Beside me stood Captain Tribot-Laspierre, that splendid fellow who
+stuck to me through thick and thin. He had been begging me to get back
+to a safer place, but I was obstinate and he never once thought of
+leaving me. When I fell he came out of his cover and rushed to my side.
+He is a little man and I am not, but he dragged me head first back to
+the shelter trench some twenty or twenty-five feet away. My life has
+been spared and I owe much to that Frenchman.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+The Bridge Across the Marne at Château-Thierry
+
+Where the 7th Machine Gun Battalion of the 3rd Division Checked the
+German Drive.]
+
+“I have heard of men getting wounded who said that it felt like a
+red-hot iron being jammed through them before the world turned black.
+None of these things happened to me. I suffered but little pain and I
+never for a moment lost consciousness. Nor did any thought of death
+occur to me, though I knew I had been hit in a vital spot. I was merely
+annoyed at my inability to move and carry on.
+
+“The bullet went clean through my right lung, in at the front and out
+at the back, drilling a hole straight through me.
+
+“No orders as to the adjustment of rifle sights had been given, as
+the range was point blank. Watches had been synchronized and no
+further orders were given. As the hands touched the zero hour there
+was a single shout, and at exactly 5 o’clock the whole line leaped up
+simultaneously and started forward, Berry’s 500 and Sibley’s 500, with
+the others in support.
+
+“Instantly the beast in the wood bared his claws. The Boches were ready
+and let loose a sickening machine gun and rifle fire into the teeth of
+which the Marines advanced. The German artillery in the woods increased
+the fury of its fire, and the big guns at Belleau and Torcy, a mile and
+a half away, pounded our advancing lines.
+
+“On Berry’s front there was the open wheat field, 400 yards or more
+wide—winter wheat, still green but tall and headed out. Other cover
+there was none. On Sibley’s left there was open grass land perhaps 200
+yards wide; his right was close to the woods.
+
+“Owing to the poor communications, the two battalions engaged in what
+were virtually independent actions, and, as I had feared, Berry got the
+worst end of it. He had to face that wide open space, swept by machine
+gun fire, with a flanking fire from the direction of Torcy.
+
+
+AS SIBLEY’S MEN ADVANCED
+
+“My eyes were on what Sibley’s men were doing, and I only knew in a
+general way what was happening to the battalion of the 5th. But Floyd
+Gibbons, the correspondent of the Chicago _Tribune_, was with Berry and
+saw it all. He was, in fact, seriously wounded himself, and has lost an
+eye as a result. Gibbons says that the platoons started in good order
+and advanced steadily into the field between clumps of woods. It was
+flat country with no protection of any sort except the bending wheat.
+The enemy opened up at once and it seemed, he says, as if the air were
+full of red-hot nails. The losses were terrific. Men fell on every hand
+there in the open, leaving great gaps in the line. Berry was wounded in
+the arm, but pressed on with the blood running down his sleeve.
+
+“Into a veritable hell of hissing bullets, into that death-dealing
+torrent, with heads bent as though facing a March gale, the shattered
+lines of Marines pushed on. The headed wheat bowed and waved in that
+metal cloudburst like meadow grass in a summer breeze. The advancing
+lines wavered, and the voice of a Sergeant was heard above the uproar:
+
+“‘Come on, you —— — ——! Do you want to live forever?’
+
+“The ripping fire grew hotter. The machine guns at the edge of the
+woods were now a bare hundred yards away, and the enemy gunners could
+scarcely miss their targets. It was more than flesh and blood could
+stand. Our men were forced to throw themselves flat on the ground or
+be annihilated, and there they remained in that terrible hail till
+darkness made it possible for them to withdraw to their original
+position.
+
+“Berry’s men did not win that first encounter in the attack on Belleau
+Wood, but it was not their fault. Never did men advance more gallantly
+in the face of certain death; never did men deserve greater honor for
+valor.
+
+“Sibley, meanwhile, was having better luck. I watched his men go in
+and it was one of the most beautiful sights I have ever witnessed.
+The battalion pivoted on its right, the left sweeping across the open
+ground in four waves, as steadily and correctly as though on parade.
+There were two companies of them, deployed in four skirmish lines,
+the men placed five yards apart and the waves fifteen to twenty yards
+behind each other.
+
+“I say they went in as if on parade, and that is literally true. There
+was no yell and wild rush, but a deliberate forward march, with the
+lines at right dress. They walked at the regulation pace, because a man
+is of little use in a hand-to-hand bayonet struggle after a hundred
+yards dash. My hands were clenched and all my muscles taut as I
+watched that cool, intrepid, masterful defiance of the German spite.
+And still there was no sign of wavering or breaking.
+
+
+THE RIGHT QUALITIES THERE
+
+“Oh, it took courage and steady nerves to do that in the face of the
+enemy’s machine gun fire. Men fell there in the open, but the advance
+kept steadily on to the woods. It was then that discipline and training
+counted. Their minds were concentrated not on the enemy’s fire but on
+the thing they had to do and the necessity for doing it right. They
+were listening for orders and obeying them. In this frame of mind the
+soldier can perhaps walk with even more coolness and determination than
+he can run. In any case it was an admirable exhibition of military
+precision and it gladdened their Colonel’s heart.
+
+“The Marines have a war cry that they can use to advantage when there
+is need of it. It is a blood-curdling yell calculated to carry terror
+to the heart of the waiting Hun. I am told that there were wild
+yells in the woods that night, when the Marines charged the machine
+gun nests, but there was no yelling when they went in. Some one has
+reported that they advanced on those woods crying, ‘Remember the
+_Lusitania_!’ If they did so, I failed to hear it. Somehow that doesn’t
+sound like the sort of things the Marine says under the conditions. So
+far as I could observe not a sound was uttered throughout the length
+of those four lines. The men were saving their breath for what was to
+follow.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+What American Artillery Fire Did to Vaux
+
+ Captured German officers declared that the American fire was the most
+ deadly and concentrated they had ever faced.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+American Soldiers in Vaux
+
+The capture of Vaux, situated on the Château-Thierry-Paris highway,
+marked the beginning of the check to the Germans in their drive to the
+Marne in 1918. One of the big guns which fired on Paris was situated
+near here.]
+
+“I am afraid I have given but a poor picture of that splendid advance.
+There was nothing dashing about it like a cavalry charge, but it was
+one of the finest things I have ever seen men do. They were men who had
+never before been called upon to attack a strongly held enemy position.
+Before them were the dense woods effectively sheltering armed and
+highly trained opponents of unknown strength. Within its depths the
+machine guns snarled and rattled and spat forth a leaden death. It was
+like some mythical monster belching smoke and fire from its lair. And
+straight against it marched the United States Marines, with heads up
+and the light of battle in their eyes.
+
+“Well, they made it. They reached the woods without breaking. They
+had the advantage of slightly better cover than Berry’s men and the
+defensive positions at the lower end of the woods had not been so well
+organized by the Germans as those on the western side. The first wave
+reached the low growth at the edge of the woods and plunged in. Then
+the second wave followed, and the third and the fourth, and disappeared
+from view.”
+
+About an hour later Catlin had the attention of a surgeon, but while he
+lay there gas shells began bursting nearby and they put the gas mask on
+him. “I never knew before how uncomfortable one of those things could
+be. It is hard enough for a man to breathe with a lung full of blood
+without having one of those smothering masks clapped over his face.” He
+was got to Lucy for treatment and then taken to Paris, where quarts of
+blood were drawn from his pleural cavity. The wonder is that he came
+through it at all.
+
+
+IN THE BELLEAU WOOD
+
+“The action was all in the hands of the platoon officers. Success or
+failure rested on their shoulders. It is not the general who wins such
+a battle as that, but the captain, the sergeant, the private.
+
+“It has been called an exaggerated riot, that desperate conflict in the
+wood. It was hand-to-hand fighting from the first, and those Germans,
+hating cold steel as they do, soon learned what American muscle and
+determination are like. From tree to tree fought our Marines, from rock
+to rock, like the wild Indians of their native land. It is the sort of
+fighting the Marine has always gloried in. And in that fighting they
+beat the Germans on two points—initiative and daring, and accuracy
+of rifle fire. They picked the German gunners out of the trees like
+squirrels, and in innumerable fierce onslaughts that took place at the
+machine gun nests the Marines always struck the first blow and it
+was usually a knock-out. It was a wild, tempestuous, rough-and-tumble
+scrap, with no quarter asked or given. Rifles grew hot from constant
+firing and bayonets reeked with German gore. It was man to man, there
+in the dark recesses of the woods, with no gallery to cheer the
+gladiators, and it was the best man that won.
+
+“The thick woods made the fighting a matter of constant ambuscades
+and nerve-racking surprises, but the Marines tore on. With Sibley at
+their head nothing could stop them. Machine gun nests whose crews held
+out formed little islands in the welter about which the Marine flood
+swept, eventually to engulf them. Some of the Germans turned and fled,
+abandoning their guns; others waited till caught in the rear and then
+threw up their hands and surrendered; some waited in huddled groups in
+the ravines till the gleaming-eyed devil dogs should leap upon them;
+some stuck to their guns till an American bullet or an American bayonet
+laid them low. One by one the guns were silenced or were turned in the
+opposite direction.
+
+“They started in at 5 o’clock. At 6:45 the report was sent to
+headquarters that the machine gun fire at the lower end of the woods
+had been practically silenced. At 7:30 German prisoners began to come
+in.
+
+“Night fell with the fighting still going on and only the flash of
+shooting to see by. But at 9 o’clock word came from Sibley by runner
+that he had got through and had attained the first objective, the
+eastern edge of the wood. In four hours he and his men had passed clear
+through the lower quarter of Belleau Wood, traversing nearly a mile,
+and had cleaned things up as they went. And only 500 of them started; I
+hesitate to mention the number that finished.
+
+“At 10 o’clock reinforcements were sent in with orders to consolidate
+the position.”
+
+
+THE TAKING OF BOURESCHES
+
+In the meantime other Marines, the 96th Company of Major Holcomb’s
+battalion and one of Sibley’s reserve companies, were engaged with the
+task of ejecting the Germans from Bouresches, the town just east of the
+woods, as necessary to be cleared as Belleau Wood itself. Holcomb’s
+men got to Bouresches first and went in.
+
+“Half of this little force was under Captain Duncan and the other half
+under Lieutenant Robertson. The enemy’s fire, as they neared the town,
+was frightful, and more men fell than kept going. Duncan was shot down
+while coolly advancing with his pipe in his mouth. Robertson, who, by
+the way, was afterward shot through the neck near Soissons, led the
+remnant on and entered the town.
+
+“There were probably 300 to 400 Germans in that town and the place
+bristled with machine guns. There were guns at the street corners,
+behind barricades, and even on the housetops, but the Marines kept on.
+They attacked those machine guns with rifle, bayonet, and grenade in
+their bitter struggle for a foothold. They were outnumbered when they
+started, and one by one they were put out of the fighting. But they
+kept going, taking gun after gun, until the Germans, for all their
+numbers and advantage of position, began to fall back. And Lieutenant
+Robertson took Bouresches with twenty men!
+
+“He sent back word at 9:45 that he had got in and asked for
+reinforcements, but he did not wait for them. Those twenty men started
+in to clean up that town in the approved Marine fashion, and he was
+well on his way when Captain Zane’s company of Holcomb’s battalion
+arrived to support him. Then Engineers were sent in to help consolidate
+the position.
+
+“But the town was not yet fully won. The Germans began displaying
+counter-activity, and the Marines sent back word that they were running
+short of ammunition. Lieutenant William B. Moore, the Princeton
+athlete, and Sergeant Major John Quick (of whom more anon) volunteered
+to take in a truck load. With a small crew chosen from fifty who wanted
+to go, they started with their precious, perilous freight, over a torn
+road under a terrific fire. The whole way was brilliantly lighted by
+enemy flares and the solitary truck offered a shining mark to the
+German gunners. It rolled and careened fearfully over the gullies and
+craters, shells shrieked and whistled over their heads and burst on
+every hand, and as they neared the town they drove straight into the
+fire of the spouting machine guns. But John Quick bears a charmed life
+and they got through unscathed.
+
+“That ammunition truck saved the day at Bouresches, for after it got
+in, Zane’s men proceeded to clean up the town. At 11 o’clock that night
+the report was sent in to headquarters to the effect that the Germans
+had been driven out of Bouresches. At 2:30 a.m. they made an attempt to
+get in again, but the counter-attack was smothered by our machine gun
+fire.
+
+“The next day, with the help of the Engineers, our position in the town
+was made secure.
+
+
+GERMAN TREACHERY
+
+“There were evidences everywhere, during this fighting, of German
+treachery. Those Prussians were nasty fighters. The following is quoted
+from the letter of a quartermaster’s sergeant who talked with a number
+of our wounded in the hospital:
+
+“‘If evidence were lacking of ingrained German untrustworthiness and
+treachery, the following from the lips of three men, one an officer,
+would be ample. During the progress of a hot engagement a number of
+Germans, hands aloft and crying “Kamerad!” approached a platoon of
+Marines who, justifiedly assuming it meant surrender, waited for the
+Germans to come into their lines as prisoners. When about three hundred
+yards distant, the first line of Germans suddenly fell flat upon their
+faces, disclosing that they had been dragging machine guns by means of
+ropes attached to their belts.
+
+“‘With these guns the rear lines immediately opened fire and nearly
+thirty Marines went down before, with a yell of rage, their comrades
+swept forward, bent upon revenge. I am happy to state that not a German
+survived, for those who would have really surrendered when their
+dastardly ruse failed were bayoneted without mercy.
+
+“‘As stated, I talked separately with three different Marines at
+different times, and have no doubt of the truth of the story. When it
+spreads through the Corps, it will be safe to predict that the Marines
+will never take a prisoner.
+
+“‘Can they be blamed? As one man remarked, “A good German is a dead
+German.” Another said, “They are like wolves and can only hunt in
+packs. Get one alone, and he is easy meat.”
+
+“‘Little of this sounds uplifting, and smacks of calloused
+sensibilities. But the business that brought these men to France is not
+a refined one. It is kill or be killed, perhaps both, and the duty of
+each man in the American army is to kill as many of the enemy as may
+be, before he, in turn, is killed.
+
+“‘I will not deny that my nerves are tense with horror at what I have
+seen, and with pride at what our boys have done, even while my soul is
+sick with this closer view of the red monster, War.’”
+
+The Marine brigade was cited by the French army for its work in the
+capture of Bouresches and Belleau Wood and the regimental colors have
+the Croix de Guerre with the palm; but, let it be recorded as evidence
+of what the Marines were that there were 518 individual citations
+for conspicuous valor and extraordinary heroism in action, including
+officers and privates.
+
+
+
+
+“FORWARD, LANCERS!”
+
+And Captain Grenfell’s Cavalry Troops Lived Over “the Charge of the
+Light Brigade”
+
+
+The first officer in the British Army to win the Victoria Cross in
+the great war was Captain Francis O. Grenfell. He gained the coveted
+reward on August 24, 1914, almost at the commencement of the British
+fighting in Belgium, it was at the time of the great battle at Mons and
+the perhaps more momentous retreat that followed. The gallant little
+English army was struggling desperately to escape from the superior
+force of Germans, who gave it no rest. The cavalry was ordered to
+charge the enemy—to delay, head off and harass him as much as possible.
+Foremost among the Lancers—mounted soldiers carrying lances—who were
+always to the front in this dangerous and difficult undertaking, was
+Captain Grenfell of the 9th.
+
+The German guns caused terrible execution. The German infantry came
+on in dense columns—like peas thrown out of a sack, as one soldier
+described it. They pressed hard on the whole of the main body of the
+army but especially dangerous was the position of the 5th Division. To
+relieve this section the 9th Lancers were ordered to charge.
+
+“Although all knew they might be going to certain death,” as the story
+is told by G. A. Leask, “not one of the gallant men faltered. They
+sang and shouted like schoolboys as their horses thundered over the
+ground. They treated the charge in the spirit of sport. These dashing
+cavalrymen, as they rode straight at the German guns, presented one of
+the finest sights of the whole war. There has been little opportunity
+to engage in cavalry charges since. Grenfell rode at the head of his
+men, encouraging them by his coolness. One who took part in the charge
+has said that he was the life and soul of the squadron, shouting the
+loudest, always in the front, setting an example to his comrades by his
+fearless riding.
+
+“At first all went well. Few of the Lancers had fallen, and the dashing
+cavalrymen were looking forward to a real fight at close quarters with
+the German gunners, who were playing such havoc among our troops. The
+men were in excellent spirits, although they knew their danger.
+
+
+“INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH”
+
+“Suddenly a murderous fire from the enemy pulled them up. Grenfell’s
+cheery voice rose above the awful din of bursting shells, urging his
+men to continue the charge. They recovered, and followed their leader.
+Then the enemy’s fire became hotter. It was like riding into the
+jaws of death. Twenty concealed German machine guns rained death on
+the horsemen at a distance of not more than 150 yards. Even then the
+gallant 9th did not waver, for they were led by a hero. Standing up
+in the stirrups and brandishing his sword Captain Grenfell called to
+his men to ride straight on. They cheered and obeyed. It now seemed as
+though nothing could stop this wild charge. Both men and horses had
+become infuriated.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+The Rifle Brigade Fighting Its Way Through Neuve Chapelle
+
+This brigade is the youngest of regiments in the regular British Army.
+It was the first to enter the village of Neuve Chapelle.]
+
+“Grenfell himself seemed to bear a charmed life, while all around him
+empty saddles told their terrible tale. He did not come through the
+charge unscathed, but his wounds were not serious.
+
+“The Lancers continued to sweep forward until finally held up by the
+enemy’s barbed wire, cunningly concealed in the long grass. The German
+trap had succeeded. To proceed farther was impossible, and in order to
+escape total annihilation the gallant horsemen reluctantly turned their
+horses’ heads and rode back. Of the 9th Lancers not more than forty
+came out of the ordeal.
+
+“The charge of the Lancers had failed, but it will live forever in
+military annals. It proved to the world that the British cavalry was as
+dashing and brave as in the days of old.”
+
+
+GRENFELL RESCUES THE GUNS
+
+Grenfell’s second great exploit came on the same day. It was equally
+daring. When the survivors of the 9th Lancers rode off the field the
+Captain, although not seriously wounded, was greatly in need of rest.
+That, however, was not yet to be. He had espied a railway embankment,
+and quickly made for it with the men under his charge. When they
+arrived at the shelter they found a number of men of the 119th Field
+Battery, which had been put out of action and abandoned. There was the
+danger of the guns being captured by the enemy and turned against the
+English. It had been a great day for the artillery, no less than for
+the cavalry.
+
+“This battery had been in action earlier in the day with the object of
+delaying the German advance and relieving the terrible pressure on the
+harassed infantry, who were being driven back from Mons by superior
+forces. The 119th Battery had given and received a terrific fire. One
+Germany battery had been silenced by the gunners, who were afterward
+attacked by three of the enemy’s batteries from different directions.
+The unequal contest was very fierce while it lasted. All the gunners
+had been killed by shrapnel, and the survivors of the battery were
+ordered to seek safety.
+
+“Up till now it had been found impossible to attempt the rescue of
+the guns. They remained exposed to the German shells and would have
+been captured but for the gallantry of Captain Grenfell. An officer of
+the 119th Battery, Lieutenant Geoffrey Blemell Pollard, who had been
+trying to devise means to save his guns, came to where the Lancers were
+resting, and put the matter before them. Would they assist him to get
+the guns away?”
+
+Captain Grenfell heard the lieutenant’s request. He carefully climbed
+to the top of the embankment, surveyed the position, and returned. He
+had seen that the Germans had now captured the guns.
+
+Grenfell determined to get the guns, regardless of the cost. He asked
+for volunteers and before he had done speaking two dozen Lancers had
+given in their names. They did not need to be told that Grenfell would
+lead—they had been in the charge with him and knew that he would not
+send others to do his work. They would have followed him anywhere.
+
+Grenfell led his little party of troopers into the open. Bullets were
+flying around, shrapnel was bursting near. “He was as cool as if he was
+on parade,” said a corporal who took part.
+
+He led his men right into the hurricane of shot and shell. Every few
+minutes they stopped for breath, then on again. Advancing at a rapid
+rate they reached the guns.
+
+“So unexpected was the charge of Grenfell’s squadron that the Germans,
+taken by surprise, fled in panic. Grenfell gave quick directions;
+rapidity of action was essential, for the Germans in the rear of the
+guns were pouring in a rapid fire. One gun was safely man-handled out
+of action. Grenfell was not the man to leave a task half-finished,
+and, braving the shells, he galloped back to the guns. By the time he
+reached them some of the battery’s horses had been brought up, and
+Grenfell assisted to hitch them to the guns. This done, the latter were
+galloped off the field. Not one gun of the 119th Battery was lost, and
+most of the wagons were recovered. Only three men were hit during the
+rescue operations. Thus ended one of the quickest and most gallant
+gun-saving exploits of the war.
+
+“Later in the day Captain Grenfell was wounded. A bullet struck him in
+the thigh, and two of his fingers were injured. He was brought back
+from the firing-line, and an ambulance was sent for.
+
+“While awaiting the ambulance a motor-car dashed along. ‘That’s what I
+want,’ said Captain Grenfell. ‘What’s the use of an ambulance to me?
+Take me back to the firing-line.’ He entered the motor-car and went
+back to fight....
+
+“Captain Grenfell was twice invalided home, but on each occasion
+curtailed his rest in order to get back to the firing-line. He was
+killed while in command of the left section of the 9th Lancers on May
+24, 1915. The Germans had broken through the line, but Grenfell held,
+and in the words of his Commanding Officer, Major Beale Browne, ‘saved
+the day.’”
+
+Thus died one of the greatest heroes of the war, a soldier to his
+fingertips, a born leader, a true gentleman. His men loved him because
+they knew his worth. In his will he left his Victoria Cross—the most
+honorable decoration England bestows—to the men of his regiment, “to
+whom the honor of my gaining it was entirely due.”
+
+
+
+
+AN UNPARALLELED HERO
+
+The Church Elder and Champion Turkey-Shooter Who Killed 25 Germans and
+Captured a Machine Gun Battalion
+
+
+Six feet tall, weighing a trifle over two hundred pounds, brawny as
+becomes a man whose time was divided between blacksmithing and farming,
+clear-cut and strong of feature, kindly of disposition but positive and
+resolute by the testimony of keen blue eyes and flaming red hair—that
+is the general description of Alvin C. York, native of the Tennessee
+Mountains, extraordinary hero of the Argonne Battle, and modest withal.
+
+There is no story of the great war that reads more like an extravagant
+fiction; but it is thoroughly attested, its truth unquestionably
+established by official investigation and by the sworn statements of
+fellow soldiers as one of the most amazing individual achievements in
+the four years crowded with deeds of almost incredible heroism and
+daring.
+
+In a sentence: On Oct. 8, 1918, less than a year after he joined the
+army, Alvin C. York, as Corporal York, Company G, 328th Infantry, 82d
+Division, A. E. F., during operations in the Argonne sector, killed
+twenty-five Germans, captured 132 prisoners, including a major and
+several lieutenants, and put out of commission thirty-five machine
+guns—and did it by his “lonesome,” subduing the machine gun battalion
+with his rifle and automatic pistol.
+
+Now, the thing that gives vivid additional interest to the thrilling
+story is the fact that its hero was an elder of the Church of Christ
+and Christian Union—a sect scrupulously opposed to any kind of fighting
+and firm as conscientious objectors to war—and was one of the most
+devout and earnest members of his home church, in Pall Mall, Tennessee.
+And thereby hangs a romance!
+
+He had been one of the young bucks of the region, a typical
+mountaineer; a dead shot with rifle or pistol; champion of the
+turkey-shooting matches; breezy, jovial, liberal of oath, free
+with the demijohn, and not averse to a fight. He was one of eleven
+children, having seven brothers and three sisters, and when his father
+(blacksmith and farmer) died in 1911, Alvin, then twenty-four years
+old, took on the two occupations as head of the family; the older
+brothers married and went away. But in hours not demanded by smithy or
+farm he followed the bent of his old habits for the next two or three
+years, when, yielding to his mother’s entreaties, he gave up drinking
+and settled into sobriety. The “girl of all the world” urged him
+to join the church. So he waited a year, thinking the thing over.
+Convinced that it was the right course to pursue, he joined the church
+in 1915.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Sergeant Alvin C. York
+
+As Corporal York of the 328th Infantry he captured 132 prisoners,
+killed twenty-five German machine-gunners and put out of operation
+thirty-five machine guns.]
+
+When the United States declared war and conscription came, York was
+second elder of his church and, naturally, pastor and congregation
+urged him to abide by the doctrine of the church and claim exemption
+as a conscientious objector. He was sorely troubled. He believed in
+his religion, was soulfully committed to it, but he loved his country
+too—and patriotism is also a religion. He refused to claim exemption,
+and went with the draft to Camp Gordon in Georgia, but was obviously
+unhappy in his divided duty. He talked many times on the subject with
+Captain Danforth and Major Buxton. In addition to much reasoning
+they cited scriptural passages from the Old and New Testaments, that
+convinced him there are times when the sword is the instrument of
+divine justice, and before the 82d Division sailed for France, the
+conscientious objector declared himself satisfied that he was on the
+right course, and gave himself wholeheartedly to the duties of the
+soldier.
+
+And a good soldier he was, cheerfully, promptly obedient to orders,
+quick in mastering details, and distinguished by the cool, positive
+conduct of the self-reliant by habit and of the fearless by nature.
+He was made Corporal of Company G, 328th Infantry, 82d Division, a
+division made up of representatives of every state in the Union, hence
+the A. A. (All-America) in its insignia.
+
+
+EARLY INTO ACTION
+
+Over the sea went the 82d and was speedily in action, doing valorously
+in the Meuse-Argonne battles. And then, Oct. 8, at 6 o’clock in the
+morning, the 2d Battalion of the 328th, Corporal York with Company G,
+set off from Hill 223 with the Decauville railroad as its objective,
+two kilometers to the west. They had to cross a valley of several
+hundred yards and climb the ridges of a hill, all the time under
+machine gun fire from three directions. The guns from one hill had the
+Americans enfiladed, and Acting Sergt. Bernard Early was ordered to
+take two squads, and put the guns out of action. Early had sixteen men
+under him, one of whom was Corporal York.
+
+They set out to climb the hill with a heavy fire from a ridge at
+their backs, but the density of the trees and brush permitted them to
+get beyond observation without loss, though bullets continued to cut
+through the trees as they struggled and stumbled upward through the
+tangle. They crossed the crest and began the descent of the opposite
+slope, and suddenly, on the farther side of a little stream they came
+upon a group of Germans, twenty to thirty in number, seated on the
+ground for a meal.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood, and Underwood._
+
+Home, Sweet Home
+
+Back home again in the Tennessee mountains.]
+
+The Americans fired and there were a few return shots, but the majority
+of the surprised Germans threw down their guns and held up their hands
+in sign of surrender, and the others followed suit promptly, including
+the major in command of the battalion. They were amazed to find that
+their captors were American.
+
+Sergt. Early had them line up and was just ready to take them out
+when, in the expressive words of a survivor, “all hell broke loose.”
+Machine-guns placed in “fox-holes” that had been pointed the other way
+were swung round, and from the slope above Early’s detachment, began a
+fusillade. The German prisoners at once dropped down and lay on their
+bellies as did some of the Americans, others seeking the shelter of
+trees. Six of the little detachment were killed outright. Early was
+shot three times through the body and Corporal Cutting and Private
+Muzzi were wounded. On one side of York was Private Wareing, on the
+other Private Dymowski, both shot to pieces, York untouched. This fire
+reduced the party to eight, York and seven privates. Of the latter, one
+was pinned behind a tree, the others were guarding the prisoners. That
+is the testimony of the men themselves. They did no shooting.
+
+
+“ALL THE TIME I WAS A-USING MY RIFLE”
+
+York, when he dropped at the first fire of the machine-guns, found
+himself in a little path by a clump of bushes; the machine-guns were
+peppering from a distance of less than thirty yards, cutting off the
+tops of the bushes about York. On his return to the United States May
+22, 1919, York said to a reporter: “I sat right where I was, and it
+seemed as if every gunner was a-firing straight at me. All this time,
+though, I was a-using my rifle, and the enemy he was a feeling the
+effects of it. One of our boys yelled that it was impossible to get the
+best of the situation, but I yelled back ‘Shut up!’ I knew one American
+was better than ten Germans if he kept his wits.”
+
+He had no thought of surrender and “Somehow, I knew I wouldn’t be
+killed.” Aiming as he used to when shooting off the heads of the
+turkeys, he spotted Germans in the “fox-holes,” those firing from
+behind trees or over logs, with deadly precision, himself lying low to
+have the protection of the German prisoners prostrate between him and
+the machine-guns. He was not the man to miss a mark at that range. One
+boche had the indiscretion to rise in order to fling a small bomb at
+the rifleman. The bomb missed its object; not so the responsive bullet.
+“I got him square,” said York.
+
+
+“I WHIPPED OUT MY AUTOMATIC”
+
+“I turned in time to see a Heinie Lieutenant rise up from near one of
+them machine-guns and with six or seven men come charging toward me
+with fixed bayonets. They were only twenty yards away from me when I
+whipped out my automatic and I potted them off one after another.”
+(This man York, by the way, in a contest with an automatic pistol, hit
+a penny match-box every shot at forty paces.)
+
+“As soon as the Germans saw the Lieutenant drop, most of the
+machine-guns stopped firing and the battle sort of quieted down, but
+I kept on shooting until the Major with the first batch of Germans we
+had come across, and who was lying on his stomach to avoid being hit
+by his own gunners, called to me in perfect English that if I would
+stop shooting he would make them all surrender, so I did. Then I called
+all our boys, and their affidavits show they came, and we herded the
+Germans in front of us and started toward our lines. I walked among
+four German officers and had our wounded bring up the rear. The Major
+asked me how many men I had, and I just told him, ‘I have a-plenty.’”
+
+On the way they stirred up several more machine-gun nests, one of which
+put up a fight and York felt it a regrettable necessity to “shoot a man
+there.” After that when a nest was flushed the Major touched him on the
+arm and said, “Don’t kill any more, and I’ll make them surrender.” This
+was done and the hill was pretty well cleared up before they got to
+the other side and York’s herd of prisoners numbered 132, counted and
+certified to by Lieutenant Joseph A. Woods, Asst. Division Inspector,
+as they were reported to the P. C. of the 2d Battalion, 328 Infantry,
+that same Oct. 8.
+
+
+PROMOTED AND DECORATED
+
+Now what should be done with a corporal who, with rifle and automatic
+pistol, outfought a machine-gun battalion and took 132 prisoners in
+addition to killing twenty-five of the enemy? First they made him a
+Sergeant. Then somewhat later, after his amazing story was officially
+examined and verified by affidavits, in the presence of all the
+officers of the 82d Division, Major General C. P. Summerall decorated
+him with the Distinguished Service Cross, and said to him: “Your
+conduct reflects great credit not only upon the American Army, but
+upon the American people. Your deeds will be recorded in the history
+of the Great War, and they will have an inspiration not only to your
+comrades but to the generations that will come after us. I wish to
+commend you publicly and in the presence of the officers of your
+division.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Committee of Public Information from Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Major-General R. L. Bullard and His Entire Divisional Staff
+
+Major-General Robert Lee Bullard saw far more actual fighting than many
+of his colleagues in the old regular Army establishment. He led the
+First Division in France and later received the honor of being put in
+command of the Second Army Corps, many of his troops distinguishing
+themselves at Château-Thierry.]
+
+Then the French, to whom valor is a thing of divine sanctity, awarded
+him that enviable soldier’s treasure, the Croix de Guerre, and in
+presenting it to him Marshal Foch, who knows right well what brave
+deeds are, told him that his was the greatest act of bravery and
+presence of mind under great stress performed by any soldier of the
+Allied Armies. Add to this that badge of nobility, the Congressional
+Medal of Honor.
+
+But with the two crosses on his breast and the medal in prospect,
+Sergeant York had a light in his eyes and a hesitant smile on his lips
+when he spoke of a Tennessee girl, “the prettiest in the state,” that
+rather suggested the idea that in his opinion his proudest distinction
+would be when Miss Grace Williams became Mrs. Alvin York.
+
+
+“I FEEL A HEAP STRONGER SPIRITUALLY”
+
+And what could he say to the Church of Christ and Christian Union
+Pastor and members waiting to welcome him home to Pall Mall and into
+renewed fellowship? Probably what he said to the reporter who asked
+him a leading question. When he was drafted he had no real idea what
+the fighting was about. “But when I got to camp,” he said, “and my
+officers told me we were fighting for democracy and peace on earth and
+for the protection of the small nations, then I knew it was no sin to
+kill. In fact, I feel a heap stronger spiritually than before I went
+over to fight. No man could go through what I did without the help of
+God. I feel He gave us our great victory because we were in the right.
+
+At a reception given York by the Tennessee Society of New York, Major
+General Duncan, who commanded the 82d Division, said this:
+
+“It is a unique distinction for me to have on one side of me the
+Admiral who safely conducted all of our troops overseas and on the
+other side one of the most distinguished soldiers the world has ever
+produced. His deeds are of the character that will go down in history
+for our boys and girls to read of and admire.
+
+“York was awarded his medals for having been the leader of a small
+party which brought in a large number of prisoners after he had killed
+twenty-five. When I heard of his feat I ordered a full investigation,
+which resulted in the award of the Congressional Medal. I am happy to
+see your society doing honor to a man who so thoroughly deserves it.
+
+“I hope your unprecedented policy of banqueting a non-commissioned
+officer will be forever followed and honor done to the man who carries
+the gun—the man who goes over the top.”
+
+
+
+
+THE NEMESIS OF FLAME
+
+A Vision of Inferno from which Even a Dante Would Have Shrunk——“What
+Hell Must Be Like”
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International Film Service._
+
+Liquid Fire—The War’s Most Terrible Weapon
+
+It was introduced by the Germans and later adopted by the French. The
+inflammable liquid was carried in tanks on the backs of soldiers and
+the flames were expelled through a nozzle at the end of a short hose.]
+
+As a rule the experience of one “caught in his own trap” is regarded
+with a good deal of satisfaction by human nature in general. The
+spectacle of anyone “hoist with his own petard” seems quite in the line
+of poetic justice, and there is not much sympathy with the victim. But
+there are instances when the merited recoil punishment is too ghastly,
+too appalling to permit of any other sensation than that of horror, and
+a French correspondent on the Somme has recorded such an instance. One
+detachment of the French line was under heavy and concentrated fire,
+and the commanding officer thought it advisable to withdraw the men to
+a better position, about fifty yards in the rear. The correspondent
+quotes the statement of the soldier left behind to watch and signal
+the movements of the enemy. He says:
+
+“I fixed myself about fifteen feet up in the crotch of a big tree and
+seized a telephone which was connected with the nearest battery. From
+there I could see a German trench at the edge of a little wood, about
+eighty yards from the trench my comrades had vacated.
+
+“For nearly an hour nothing happened. Occasionally I noticed heads
+peering from the Boche trench, trying to see into the empty trench
+which was hidden from them by a slight rise of the ground just before
+it. They would have been a splendid mark for a sniper, but I had other
+work this time. Suddenly a group of about forty Boches crept from the
+wood, rapidly followed by the best part of a company. I telephoned:
+‘Enemy advancing led by a detachment of flamenwerfer,’ for I had
+recognized the devilish apparatus carried by the foremost group. When
+the latter were about eighty feet from the empty trench, they halted
+in a hollow just below the rise of ground, and then, with appalling
+suddenness, a dozen jets of white and yellow flames darted up to fall
+plumb into the trench. The dense smoke hid the Germans from me for a
+time, but, thanks to my mask, I was able to gasp information to the
+battery.
+
+“A few moments later I had a glimpse of what hell must be like. Our
+gunners had the range to an inch, and a torrent of shells burst right
+among the flame-throwers, exploding the containers. Great sheets of
+flame shot up, one jet from a container just grazing me, burning
+my clothes so that my ribs were scorched rather badly. But it was
+impossible to escape. The ground was a sea of fire. In the midst of it
+the Germans, like living torches, were dying horribly. One man spun
+round like a top, not even trying to run away, until he fell in a pool
+of flame. Others rolled on the ground, but the blazing liquid ran over
+them everywhere, and I could smell the sickening odor of burning flesh.
+
+“I don’t think any of the fire-throwers escaped. Their screams, heard
+despite the cannonade and rifle fire, seemed to continue terribly long.
+The company behind them was panic-stricken. As the smoke lifted, I
+saw them moving back to the wood, and our _mitrailleuse_ did severe
+execution, spreading added slaughter over that scene of horror.
+
+“I was nearly fainting with the fumes and the pain of my burns. The
+Captain sent a patrol, which found me hanging limply in the tree fork.
+They had trouble getting me, but luckily the Germans were too staggered
+to interfere.”
+
+
+
+
+HE JESTS AT SCARS
+
+A Bomb Thrower and Tank Master Who “Paid His Way in Huns”
+
+
+It is very hard to pick out definitely any single name and exclaim
+“Here is the Hero!” Not that that man would not be a hero, but that he
+is not the only hero, and definite naming of some seems to exclude all
+the rest. If this book shows anything, it shows that in the horrors of
+the vast conflagration—in the terrible, awe-inspiring strain of the
+fighting on earth and on water, and underneath, and above—practically
+all the millions involved proved themselves heroes. Many of them found
+no chance to show their valor in lone ventures, and not all of them
+lost the lives they were so ready to give up. But they were heroes—all
+of them—though no papers heralded in brave headlines their deeds of
+glory, and no medals shine forth the commendation of the superior
+officers. All we need to see is the mud-stained uniform—and that look
+in the eye. This book is really a dedication to the innumerable heroes
+we do not name—heroes to be perhaps ever nameless in human documents.
+
+It is hard even where men were given the opportunity for individual
+bravery to pick them out. Official records are brief, and, in the
+main, the men themselves refuse to tell. But _Scribner’s Magazine_ has
+uncovered one of these hard-to-get heroes. He calls himself Lieutenant
+“Z.,” and it is only between the lines that we read of his endless
+sacrifice, courage, and death-defying accomplishments.
+
+The story is taken from letters written by him in the trenches. At
+the very beginning of the war he had enlisted as a trooper in a
+newly-formed cavalry regiment. All winter they waited to be called
+to action. Spring came—and yet no call or need for horsemen. They
+therefore volunteered to dismount, and were sent to Flanders. He
+himself joined the “Bombing Squad.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+Forward With Hand Grenades
+
+A strong arm, a keen eye, and a disregard for danger are the requisites
+for the man who throws grenades or bombs.]
+
+Bomb throwing, he soon found, is “quite a ticklish business, needing
+care and accuracy. A badly thrown bomb may kill one’s own men
+remarkably easily, and in the hands of inexperienced men I should call
+them good allies for the Germans.” But his own efficiency speaks
+for itself. In some ten days the records named him as wounded, and he
+writes a hasty letter home to say that he is well. “My wound is only a
+scratch on the arm,” he complains, “and I did not show it to the doctor
+until our return to these billets. It is ridiculous to return me as
+‘wounded.’
+
+
+LIVING NINE PINS
+
+“We went into the trenches on Saturday night last, and came out
+Thursday morning just before dawn. Four days and five nights
+practically without sleep, and being shelled by Jack Johnsons more or
+less the whole time. It is a one-sided game, with the odds with the
+artillery. We sit and hold a trench, being the nine pins while the guns
+roll the ball at you. You can do nothing but swear softly. No Germans
+actually attacked our trench, but they tried to do so on each side of
+us. But on Tuesday afternoon about 6.30 p.m. I got a little of my own
+back from them. I had just returned with a sack full of water bottles
+from a stream near by behind our trench, where we dodge snipers, when
+the call suddenly came for ‘Bomb throwers to the front’ and the rifles
+and machine guns started a terrific popping. I was in shirt sleeves,
+and just slammed on my ammunition equipment and skedaddled off with my
+rifle up the trench towards the racket, incited by a great eagerness to
+get into the thick of it.
+
+“After a long time, as it was a long way, crouching and running and
+crawling I got to where I could see our men throwing bombs into the
+Germans. You could hear nothing for the noise, for it seemed as if
+every German rifle, Maxim, and big gun was turned on that spot; their
+shrapnel was going ‘Brrangg’ overhead and their shells going ‘Whangg’
+all about. I took a few shots at the devils with my rifle, by way of
+resting and getting my breath, and then I got hold of a box of bombs
+and started to crawl and drag it up there. The box was heavy and, to
+my delight, another young chap, a Strathcona, came and helped me. We
+dragged and humped it along, over bumps and across shell holes and over
+our dead, until we got to the extreme point where the Germans were
+retreating up their trench and being bombed by our men unmercifully.
+There I found my own Sergeant of our bomb throwing squad, to my great
+relief.
+
+“I had never thrown a live bomb in my life but soon found out, as it is
+quite a simple affair and they were lovely bombs for working. You could
+see a clump of German bayonets huddled like sheep, over their parapet
+top, and you chucked a bomb into it and prayed for the explosion. When
+it came the bayonets wavered and wabbled and then disappeared. If the
+bomb did not explode you waited and backed up because those plucky
+Germans lighted it again and threw it back. And so on and so on. I
+_know_ I got 3 bombs into them fairly and squarely and heard them
+explode and saw the bayonets flop down. We finally got to a place at a
+turn in the trench, an angle, and our men, the —— something or other,
+were firing directly across us, excitedly of course, and they killed
+about 12 of our men there, two of them being of my squad and within a
+few feet of me, and two more were wounded. I was by that time about
+played out and the bombs were all exhausted, so we sat down to wait
+for more, and when they came I could not get up, for I had cramp in
+both of my legs and had to be rubbed and rubbed. That must have been
+about 8 p.m. But I could drag around, so I dressed two wounded men and
+helped to fill sand bags and pass them along until 10 p.m. I should
+judge. About 10.30 p.m. the only officer present told us the thing was
+over for the time and no more could be done, and we crawled back, as
+the rifles and Maxims and shrapnel and Jack Johnsons were just as busy
+all the time. The Sergeant and I got back to our own trench after 11
+p.m. and I was more than tired. Never have I been so played out in my
+whole life. We lost three killed, two wounded, and another who went off
+his head later, out of nine, including the Sergeant, out of our bomb
+throwing squad. And I had not a scratch. Just a bump on the breast bone
+from something kicked up by a Jack Johnson. It was a bad thing for the
+Germans but we lost a lot of good men there.
+
+“Our troop was 38 strong but now only 26 are left. We were in the
+foremost British trench of the British front here and our Troop had the
+post of honor. So we ought not to mind anything.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant John F. Nugent
+
+_42nd Division, 165th Infantry, 83rd Brigade_
+
+He was recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross for three days’
+fighting in the Château-Thierry Sector. He was mentioned for having
+maintained liaison under heavy bombardment, as well as having performed
+first-aid work.]
+
+
+“PAID HIS WAY IN HUNS”
+
+Our bomb thrower was twice promoted for bravery, and finally was
+offered a commission in his regiment “for setting traps for Fritz when
+he goes a-sniping.” A bomber is called on to do a lot of work besides
+bombing, such as crawling about at night sniffing trouble, and likely
+points where Huns may be blown sky high. He would like to get a quick
+promotion but “at any rate,” he writes, “I can truthfully say that
+I have already blotted out enough Huns to pay for my scalp, if that
+business deal comes to the point of record. And it is a most cheerful
+and fortifying sensation. I would like my epitaph to read ‘He paid his
+way in Huns.’”
+
+Wounds, yes, and minor disabilities, but he writes, “I don’t need my
+left side to throw bombs and the Lord has spared my right side for a
+special purpose. I have got more than my share of Huns as it is and I
+firmly intend to get some more. Three of us, with sufficient bombs,
+accounted for 46 dead Huns, 26 wounded and 22 prisoners in one single
+afternoon. This was a redoubt which they surrendered, after they had
+had enough.”
+
+He was finally sent away to an Officers’ Training Camp and after six
+weeks came back to the front as first lieutenant. In the meantime,
+though, his regiment had been remounted and was doing patrol duty.
+Patrol duty did not suit Lieutenant Z. He therefore joined the Machine
+Gun Corps, and spent several months in a “Tank Menagerie.” At Messines
+Ridge he led a division of the “Rhinos” into battle. The Military
+Cross he won there is only small evidence to the steadfast heroism he
+displayed that day.
+
+He was well acquainted with conditions by that time. His description of
+a battle at the Somme shows that:
+
+“I was only fifteen hundred yards from our front line, and the place
+taken was on an upward slope, so all was in full sight. At the given
+moment, 4.45 p.m. of a lovely summer evening, up they went, ‘over the
+top,’ famous Celtic regiments, all together, a long and gallant line.
+Bayonets sparkling in the sun, up the slope they go! Behind me our
+massed batteries are making one great crashing roar till your temples
+throb and throb, and ahead of our men the very earth is heaving and
+moving amidst a fog of green and black and yellow and gray smoke.
+Now, No Man’s Land, so long a desert, is full of life and death and
+joy and misery. White vicious balls of shrapnel puff above; or deadly
+black and green ones, and below the great spouts and mushroom columns
+of jet-black smoke spring up like fungoid growths here and there.
+The shrill rat-tat of machine guns and the pop-pop-pop of rifles can
+be heard. On the little figures run and jump, and the bayonets gleam
+and sparkle, and the first line disappears into the trench ahead, and
+you are left to imagine what follows. Still, No Man’s Land is well
+populated. Wave after wave is speeding straight ahead. The ground
+is dotted with immovable dots, and others which can crawl. A bright
+magnesium star shoots up well ahead, and the batteries lift their
+fire without checking. The waves all surge forward and out of sight
+at last, and No Man’s Land is left to its misery. Then you see the
+stretcher-bearers out there among the great grinding ‘crumps’ and the
+shrapnel, calmly picking up their men, and back they come slowly. You
+watch one group of five. Four bearers and a mangled something which
+is alive. A monster spout and cloud springs up near. They swerve and
+crouch for a few seconds and on they come. Another black death entirely
+hides them from view, and you wonder. No! Here they come. So slowly and
+steadily through the cloud, and you say to yourself: ‘Hurry, hurry; for
+God’s sake run!’ But they don’t. They walk slowly and carefully with
+their burden, straight and the shortest way. Some win home and some
+do not. Other men are carrying others, and some hobble and limp and
+stagger by themselves. And all the while the big shells burst and the
+shrapnel sprays the ground.
+
+“No Man’s Land is again a desert, dotted with dots of death.”
+
+
+A GO WITH A TANK
+
+On June 6th he was given orders to lead a tank through battle. He must
+have had brave folks at home to write:
+
+[Illustration:   _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Grady Parrish
+
+_42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”_
+
+He reorganized his platoon and personally led it in the attack on
+Côte de Chatillon. By his daring acts he broke up a heavy enemy
+counter-attack on his front, thereby setting to his men an example of
+exceptional heroism and devotion to duty.]
+
+“When you get this, I shall have been through the mill and either all
+right, in hospital, or blotted out, so don’t worry. As soon as I can I
+will write and let you know the news; if I can’t, some one else will.
+We hope to make a page of history, and go into it with light hearts and
+great confidence. This place is Bedlam, the lions about to be fed, the
+parrot-house at the Zoo, and a few other noisy places combined. I went
+through gas last night near dawn, and had no respirator (forgot it).
+Held my breath till I nearly burst and blew up, and made record time.
+Beyond a harmless whiff picked up when I exploded for air, which has
+made smoking less of a pleasure, no harm done.
+
+“Good-by. I have had a long run out here, and I must not complain, and
+I have thoroughly enjoyed it and would repeat it, every bit of it, if
+it were necessary.”
+
+The next letter speaks for itself:
+
+  “IN BELGIUM, June 10th, 1917.
+
+  “DEAR M.:
+
+ “Your letter found me in hospital and was most delightful company.
+ My trouble is not much, just a bullet through fleshy part of right
+ forearm and a graze in the side, and I am up and about and going
+ back to my lot in a day or two. We were an active part in the great
+ drama of the 7th, and what with the bursting mine-earthquakes and the
+ tempestuous bombardment, one was lucky to be left with one’s senses.
+ I, personally, was very successful, reaching all my objectives and
+ getting slap into the blue-gray devils, Bavarians, and blazing away
+ like a dreadnought. Oh! The sights which were seen! Luck, good and
+ bad, was with me, for my bus caught on fire in action just where
+ the thing was thickest, and I ordered the whole crew out, with
+ fire-extinguishers, to put it out. Out we went and got busy. I left my
+ crew on the sheltered side (more or less), but my corporal, without
+ orders, got on top, while I went to the exposed side, vociferously
+ ordering the corporal down, and we got the blaze out between us.
+
+ “Meantime one of my crew was bowled over. We got him back inside and
+ later he came to and is recovering. Where I was the bullets were
+ splattering around me and hitting old ‘Squash ’em Flat’ and splashing
+ me with fine sprays of broken metal, and there it was I got my
+ trifling wound and scratches, but it was only bad Bavarian shooting
+ that kept me and my corporal (who was untouched) from being turned
+ into human sieves. After that, we carried on, and as I had finished my
+ job to the last letter, we came on home, and I brought the old thing
+ back safely.
+
+
+ SOMETHING OF A MYTH
+
+ “Our game sounds comfortable and protected, but that is a myth. It
+ is a mystery how ever any of us got there or got back. You feel
+ very important because you are heralded, followed and encircled by
+ miniature geysers of earth, smoke and biff-bang! Your own infantry
+ flees from you as if you bore the plague. A good many of our lot got
+ into serious trouble, and quite a few faces of chums are missing
+ to-day. The day for the British Army was a veritable howling success,
+ and the Boche fought here with no spirit at all. They bolted like
+ rabbits, throwing away rifles and equipment, some back to Berlin and
+ some to us, hands up, and Kamerading. Our casualties were very light,
+ indeed, owing to the absolutely artistic work of the artillery; and
+ with our airmen the combination is unbeatable. These wonderful airmen!
+ Like meteors in the sky, they swoop and fly, entirely regardless of
+ everything but the job on hand.
+
+ “Our men fight so cheerfully and whimsically and sarcastically. There
+ is no vestige of hate toward the Boche, only an abiding disgust and
+ hearty contempt—a feeling as toward a mongrel who has fairly gone and
+ got hydrophobia and must be killed to save valuable human life. We are
+ really most jubilant over the past three days’ work, and every one is
+ smiling and happy and cracking jokes. Gramophones are whirling at top
+ speed, bands are playing in the camps, pipes are skirling and moaning
+ and quickening the pulse, and the Hun is licking his wounds in silence
+ over there to the east, in silence and afraid.”
+
+The War Office took cognizance of the little affair:
+
+  “LONDON, July 12th, 1917.
+
+  “TO ——:
+
+ “Beg to inform you that Lieutenant Z., Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps,
+ was wounded June 7th, but remained at duty.
+
+  “SECRETARY, WAR OFFICE.”
+
+On June 20th the Military Cross was awarded to Lieutenant Z.
+
+
+
+
+EPIC OF THE FOREIGN LEGION
+
+Its Wonderful Story Will Stand as One of the Vital Things of the War
+
+
+The self-redeemed have always had the world’s sympathy—sometimes they
+have won the world’s acclaim. Visitors to that shrine of French honor
+and glory, the famous Hôtel des Invalides, may now see the battleflag
+of the Foreign Legion, draped between the flag of the Cuirassiers who
+fell at Reichshofen, and the standard borne by the Garibaldians in
+1870-1871—not only draped in that honorable association, but wearing
+on its folds the cross of the Legion of Honor. And those who know will
+tell visitors that that flag was the flag of the redeemed.
+
+It was said with shame and contempt at first that the Foreign Legion
+was composed of the riff-raff, scalawags and murderous upstarts of the
+nether world. So it was, but events proved that “there is a spirit in
+man” that can throw off degraded conditions and rise to the performance
+of nobly heroic deeds and sacrifices. This Legion, made up of renegades
+and social outcasts from all quarters of the globe, men beyond the pale
+of the law speaking a various language, tendered its services to France
+in 1915, was recognized by the President of the Republic, accepted by
+the Commander-in-Chief and admitted to the army on an equal footing
+with the regular regiments of the line. The pariahs became soldiers of
+France.
+
+It was an extraordinarily nondescript assembly—all nationalities, all
+colors, from the black of the negro to the blonde of the Saxon, having
+but two things in common, their former outlawry and the “spirit that
+quickeneth,” and through the quality of that spirit they squared their
+debt to life,—for the Legion dissolved in the fire that met the “drive”
+in September, 1915, so soon after it entered the service. As one of the
+few survivors wrote: “War did its worst thoroughly with the Legion. We
+had the place of honor in the attack, and we paid for it.” Right good
+words.
+
+There is all the material for an epic in the glory of the Foreign
+Legion. A great deal has been written about it, but the best is yet
+to be written—some time when the war is further away, and out of its
+horror the things that glow will rise into clearer view. Really, it
+is a great thing when the reject of the social order spring from
+their fugitive haunts and rush to death in defense of the higher
+civilization. In the meantime there is the moving story, graphically
+yet simply told, by Legionary Morlae, a survivor, published in the
+_Atlantic Monthly_ for March, 1916.
+
+The Legion was placed in the van, and Morlae’s company formed the front
+line of the extreme left flank.
+
+Infinite care had been taken with the preparations, every detail
+provided for, even to the extent of arming twelve men from each company
+with long knives and hand grenades for use in their assigned duty as
+“trench-cleaners”; this duty was to enter the German trenches and caves
+and bomb-proofs and “dispose of such of the enemy as were still hidden
+therein after we had stormed the trench and passed on to the other
+side.”
+
+
+JUST BEFORE GOING INTO ACTION
+
+“One hour before the time set for the advance, we passed the final
+inspection and deposited our last letters with the regimental
+postmaster. Those letters meant a good deal to all of us, and they were
+in our minds during the long wait that followed. One man suddenly began
+to intone the _Marseillaise_. Soon every man joined in singing. It was
+a very Anthem of Victory. We were ready, eager, and confident: for us
+to-morrow held but one chance—Victory.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Scribners._
+
+A Platoon of the Foreign Legion
+
+The legion of adventurous spirits who fought for France, made up of
+renegades and social outcasts from all quarters of the globe. It had
+the right of honor in an attack and went through the bitterest fighting
+on the Western front.]
+
+“I had written to my friends at home. I had named the man in my
+company to whom I wished to leave my personal belongings. Sergeant
+Velte was to have my Parabellum pistol; Casey my prismatics; Birchler
+my money-belt and contents; while Sergeant Jovert was booked for my
+watch and compass. Yet, in the back of my mind, I smiled at my own
+forethought. I knew that I should come out alive.
+
+“I recalled to myself the numerous times that I had been in imminent
+peril: in the Philippines, in Mexico, and during the thirteen months of
+this war: I could remember time and again when men were killed on each
+side of me and when I escaped unscratched. Take the affair of Papoin,
+Joly, and Bob Scanlon. We were standing together so near that we could
+have clasped hands. Papoin was killed, Joly was severely wounded, and
+Scanlon was hit in the ankle—all by the same shell. The fragments
+which killed and wounded the first two passed on one side of me, while
+the piece of iron that hit Bob went close by my other side. Yet I was
+untouched! Again, take the last patrol. When I was out of cover, the
+Germans shot at me from a range of 10 meters—and missed! I felt certain
+that my day was not to-morrow.
+
+“Just the same, I was glad that my affairs were arranged, and it
+gave me a sense of conscious satisfaction to think that my comrades
+would have something to remember me by. There is always the chance of
+something unforeseen happening.
+
+“The strain was beginning to wear off. From right and left there came
+a steady murmur of low talk. In our own column men were beginning
+to chaff each other. I could distinctly hear Subiron describing in
+picturesque detail to Capdevielle how he, Capdevielle, would look,
+gracefully draped over the German barbed wire; and I could hear
+Capdevielle’s heated response that he would live long enough to spit
+upon Subiron’s grave; and I smiled to myself. The moment of depression
+and self-communication had passed. The men had found themselves and
+were beginning their usual chaffing. And yet, in all their chatter
+there seemed to be an unusually sharp note. The jokes all had an edge
+to them. References to one another’s death were common, and good wishes
+for one another’s partial dismemberment excited only laughter. Just
+behind me I heard King express the hope that if he lost an arm or a leg
+he would at least get the _médaille militaire_ in exchange. By way of
+comfort, his chum, Dowd, remarked that, whether he got the medal or
+not, he was very sure of getting a permit to beg on the street-corners.”
+
+Here is a significant touch to be remembered. An hour before midnight
+as they passed down to the front trenches the men in the supporting
+trenches regarded them enviously in the darkness, demanding to know
+why these men should be going into battle ahead of themselves. And the
+answer came, “Nous sommes la Légion.” “A-a-a-a-h la Légion!” That was
+the satisfactory explanation. “Our right to the front rank seemed to be
+acknowledged. It did every man of us good.”
+
+It was the recognition of the right to redemption!
+
+
+OVER THE TOP AT DOUBLE-QUICK
+
+There had been heavy artillery fire through the night, increasing
+in intensity as the hour of the morning appointed for the attack
+approached. The Germans, informed by their airmen of an unusual
+commotion in the enemy first line, began shelling that point, and the
+uproar was terrific when the signal was given for the Legion to go over
+the top. Says Morlae:
+
+“I felt my jaws clenching, and the man next to me looked white. It was
+only for a second. Then every one of us rushed at the trench-wall, each
+and every man struggling to be the first out of the trench. In a moment
+we had clambered up and out. We slid over the parapet, wormed our way
+through gaps in the wire, formed in line, and, at the command, moved
+forward at march-step straight toward the German wire.”
+
+As they moved forward at double-quick, men fell right and left under
+bursting shell, and the rain of bullets from the machine guns; but
+through all the appalling uproar Morlae could hear the clear, high
+voice of his captain shouting “_En avant! Vive la France!_”
+
+
+STEADILY ON ACROSS A WALL OF FIRE
+
+They went steadily on, supported by the fire of the rows of “75’s,”
+the fire-curtain in front outlining the whole length of the enemy’s
+line clearly, accurately. But above them was blackness, the low-flying
+clouds mingling with the smoke curtain; and out of that blackness
+“fell a trickling rain of pieces of metal, lumps of earth, knapsacks,
+rifles, cartridges and fragments of human flesh. The scene was horrible
+and terrifying. Across the wall of our own fire, poured shell after
+shell from the enemy, tearing through our ranks. From overhead the
+shrapnel seemed to come down in sheets, and from behind the stinking,
+blinding curtain came volleys of steel-jacketed bullets, their whine
+unheard and their effect almost unnoticed.... With me it was like a
+dream as we went on, ever on. Of a sudden our fire curtain lifted. In a
+moment it had ceased to bar our way and jumped like a living thing to
+the next line of the enemy. We could see the trenches in front of us
+now, quite clear of fire, but flattened almost beyond recognition. The
+defenders were either killed or demoralized. Calmly, almost stupidly,
+we parried or thrust with the bayonet at those who barred our way.
+Without a backward glance we leaped the ditch and went on straight
+forward toward the next trench, marked in glowing outline by our fire.
+I remember now how the men looked. Their eyes had a wild, unseeing look
+in them. Everybody was gazing ahead, trying to pierce the awful curtain
+which cut us off from all sight of the enemy. Always the black pall
+smoking and burning appeared ahead—just ahead of us—hiding everything
+we wanted to see.” And so on to the next trench ahead, what was left
+of it, where bayonet and gun-butt did their work speedily and then on,
+leaving the finishing touches to the “trench cleaners.”
+
+[Illustration: Placing the Stars and Stripes in St. Paul’s Cathedral,
+London
+
+The American Legion—men who were serving in the Canadian Army—presented
+to the Cathedral the flag of the United States and the flag of Canada.
+They were first placed on the altar and after a short service were
+carried to the north transept.]
+
+Later of a sudden the German artillery in front ceased fire, and
+from the trench ahead the German troops “were pouring out in black
+masses and advancing toward us at a trot.” They thought it was a
+counter-attack and set themselves to meet it. But then the French
+artillery suddenly stopped firing and the supposed counter-attack was
+seen to be a surrender, the enemy coming forward in columns of four,
+officer leading, with hands up. As the prisoners were being escorted
+to the rear, the German artillery, aware of its mistake, resumed fire,
+viciously throwing shells among the masses of prisoners.
+
+At last they gained the communication trench that led to their
+objective, the Navarin Farm. The trench was filled with dead or
+wounded Germans; and when they got to the final trench, it was wholly
+unoccupied. The French gunmen had done their work thoroughly. The men
+advanced into open position and dug in separately, smoked, chaffed each
+other, now and then made a dash to a neighbor’s hole, taking cheer in
+the fact that the charge was over and the object won.
+
+But of the Legion such a pitiful few were left that it passed as a
+fact, surviving only as a memory; its war-sealed flag with the cross
+of the Legion of Honor, hanging in the Hôtel des Invalides, being the
+testimony of its service well done.
+
+
+DARE-DEVIL FIGHTERS FROM THE PARIS SLUMS
+
+As an addendum to this account of the final action of the Foreign
+Legion, brief reference to the _Bataillon d’Afrique_ is quite
+appropriate. This battalion was organized by the French government in
+1832 for the purpose of bringing under indefinite military discipline
+the city roughs, Apaches, sneak-thieves, pickpockets, swindlers,
+forgers and other offenders of the lower world. All the social
+refuse whom the authorities despaired of making useful to civil life
+were sent to join this battalion, which differed from the ordinary
+battalion consisting of 1,000 men, in having no numerical limit.
+It was maintained in Africa. These soldiers were young daredevils,
+keen, brave, daring, and veritable terrors in a fight. This was so
+characteristic of them that the best French officers were eager to have
+command of them, especially as they were devotedly obedient to their
+officers.
+
+When France was forced to defend herself against Germany at the
+outbreak of the Great War, there were 5,000 of the Bataillon d’Afrique,
+3,000 garrisoned in Tunis and 2,000 in Morocco. They were summoned
+to France, and the first detachment of several thousand landed at
+Marseilles early in August and were at once hurried north and into
+Belgium. One battalion was surrounded at Charleroi by a detachment of
+the Prussian Guards, and the situation looked very black and desperate.
+But that did not affect the fighting spirit of the battalion (the
+Joyeux) except to give it intensity. The Joyeux buried their flag
+that it might be in no danger of falling into the hands of the enemy
+and, with fixed bayonets, by sheer force and will-power cut their way
+through the encircling guardsmen. This battalion was part of the heroic
+rearguard in the retreat from Belgium. At the battle of the Marne it
+took terrible revenge for its discomfiture by the Guards at Charleroi,
+when the Joyeux in their turn surrounded a regiment of the Prussian
+Guards, which did not cut a way out.
+
+They gave a fine account of themselves, that is, those who had survived
+the earlier campaigns in the final grand offensive of the Allies.
+
+Captain Cecaldi, who led the Joyeux in many campaigns, said of them:
+
+“The place of the Joyeux is where the powder talks, face to danger.
+They ever give proof of a calm energy, devilish courage, attentive
+obedience. They fight always with a good humor. In the midst of shells
+and bullets, in the hardest part of the struggle, they make droll
+and witty remarks. And when the end comes the Joyeux know how to die
+nobly.”
+
+
+
+
+“DOC OF THE FIFTH”
+
+The Conversion of the Rev. J. H. Clifford, “Y” Worker, into A Hero
+Among Marines
+
+
+Not every one understands that a soldier of the Lord has in him the
+material out of which to make a very effective soldier where shot and
+shell play havoc. The young men of the Army, Navy and Marines who went
+over to France to offer their lives in defense of their country’s
+ideals, discovered, in the experiences of the trenches, a something
+that rather cheapened in their estimation the forms and didactic
+solemnity of conventional religion. They had learned a more intimate
+thing, and it is the testimony of many clergymen that the “boys” found
+words only too cheap where works were in order. They had no hankering
+for sermons. They had caught an intimate understanding from the
+Unknown. They did not want to be preached to.
+
+Therein lies the secret of the affectionate familiar devotion of the
+men of the regiment to “Doc of the Fifth.” It is a story that has
+been told widely in the press, and has been requoted in numerous
+periodicals, but it is a delightful instance of what may be called the
+quiet heroisms of life.
+
+The Rev. John H. Clifford, minister of the Baptist Church in Tucson,
+Arizona, felt the urge to service on the other side when the United
+States began sending its boys to the fighting front. He promptly
+tendered himself as a “Y” worker, was accepted and sent abroad. His
+assignment carried him to the 5th Regiment of Illinois in the Vosges.
+He went prepared to do his duties as a minister of the Gospel and a
+servant of man.
+
+He wore the blouse and tunic of the chaplain, insignia that indicated
+to some of the “Boys” that superior altitude of moral pretension and
+holier-than-thouness they were unwilling to acknowledge too cordially.
+So when he tried to begin his work with the men of the 5th, he was
+greeted by the declaration, “We don’t want any damned parsons around
+here,” and for two weeks they held aloof, ignoring the efforts to
+establish religious services.
+
+But the Rev. John H. Clifford wasn’t a clergyman merely, he was a
+man—and he understood men. And this valuable asset incited a course
+of action destined to win the confidence and affection of those under
+his care. Instead, therefore, of standing on dignity and attempting to
+command the respect supposedly “due to the cloth,” he went to the men.
+He joined them in their hikes. He entered into their interests. He was
+ever ready to do his share and bear the equal hardships with them. They
+began to warm toward him, and finally, as one of the Marines put it, he
+was “adopted as a Leatherneck,” and he became to them “Doc”—“Doc of the
+Fifth.”
+
+[Illustration: Rev. J. H. Clifford of the Fifth Marines
+
+ Entering the service as a “Y” worker, Rev. Clifford later became
+ attached to the Fifth Marines and remained with that organization
+ throughout its fighting. The men became so fond of him that they named
+ him “Doc of the Fifth” and attached the Globe, Anchor and Eagle to his
+ collar.]
+
+
+SO THEY MADE HIM A MARINE
+
+Then one night the boys of the 45th Company sat reasoning together
+and came to the flattering conclusion that “Doc” was still a trifling
+distance from them in the matter of regimental distinction, and needs
+must be brought into more intimate harmony with them. _The Marine’s
+Magazine_ tells us that they secretly removed his blouse and tunic and
+had the company tailor sew on Marine buttons and attach the Globe,
+Anchor and Eagle to his collar. When “Doc” appeared at chow with his
+new decorations the officers were aghast, but later General (then
+Colonel) Doyen authorized him to wear them and there they have remained.
+
+“I am prouder to wear the Globe, Anchor and Eagle than I am to wear
+the Croix de Guerre which was given me after I had the opportunity of
+helping General Catlin when he was wounded,” said Dr. Clifford. “Any
+one of the boys would have done anything he could for the general in
+similar circumstances, but not everyone is awarded an emblem by the
+Marines themselves. A token of affection from such men as those is the
+greatest honor.”
+
+
+IN THE THICK OF IT AT BELLEAU WOOD
+
+He was with the 5th Regiment through that fame-winning Belleau Wood
+battle, and has endless stories to tell of experiences in that terrible
+fight, some of them amusing as an afterthought, though they were not
+so regarded at the time. For example, the experience when he and a
+stretcher bearer were crawling through the grass toward the trench
+where General Catlin lay seriously wounded. Shells were dropping and
+machine-gun bullets were slashing all about.
+
+“Keep closer down, Doc,” was the constant admonition of the stretcher
+bearer, “closer down.”
+
+“The lad didn’t realize, I guess,” Doc says, “that I was perfectly
+willing to get closer to the earth but my stomach prevented my doing
+so.”
+
+He says of the awful days in Belleau Wood, where his life was
+repeatedly in danger:
+
+“It was glorious to be with the boys there, as they saved Paris and
+made history. Out of the 1,600 men in the 3rd Battalion, there were
+only 200 left after ten days in Belleau Wood. Many a time the rosary I
+carried was covered with blood as one of those brave boys grasped it
+for the last time.” (Creed made no difference at a time like that.)
+
+“I could relate instances of individual heroism for hours at a time.
+I lay by the side of Top Sergeant Grant of the 20th Company while he
+picked off nine Germans consecutively at 400 yards; that’s Marine Corps
+marksmanship for you.
+
+“‘Anything I can do for you, boy?’ I asked him.
+
+“‘No, Doc,’ he said, ‘but you might pray while I aim.’
+
+“‘I’ve been doing that,’ I told him, ‘every time you squeeze the
+trigger.’ Later I saw him blown to pieces by a shell.
+
+“Then there was the chap named Young who saw Major Berry wounded and
+threw himself in front of him as a shield from the bullets that were
+flying like hail. Later, when I spoke to him about his act, he merely
+said, ‘I’ve done nothing.’ A few days afterward when he had volunteered
+to perform a dangerous mission in the town of Lucy and was doing what
+he would probably have called ‘nothing,’ he, too, was killed by a bit
+of shell.
+
+“One of the boys saved me when I was stunned by shrapnel and in my
+stupor started to walk toward the German line. He saw where I was
+headed and got Doc out of that pretty quick. Then I was paralyzed by
+another piece of shrapnel and was taken to a Paris hospital. But I was
+lucky. I was out again in five weeks and got back at the front just
+in time to be with my boys when the great drive opened on July 18 at
+Soissons.”
+
+During that intense fighting he was again at the side of the men of the
+5th to lend a hand whenever possible. One wounded Marine asked him for
+a smoke, which was forthcoming, but the lad was unable to take it, his
+hands were both shot.
+
+“Light it for me, will you, Doc?” he said, and Doc did, although he
+hadn’t had any practice for more than thirty years.
+
+Another story he tells is of a runner who, before one of the battles,
+asked him to lead a prayer meeting. Although somewhat astonished by the
+request, Doc complied and the meeting was duly held in a dugout. Later
+an officer was questioning the runner concerning his whereabouts.
+
+“I was in the dugout at a prayer meeting,” said the boy.
+
+“A prayer meeting?” demanded the officer.
+
+“Yes, sir,” persisted the lad, “and it was a damned good prayer
+meeting.”
+
+Besides the Croix de Guerre, Dr. Clifford proudly wears the blue Cross
+of Lorraine, given him by an officer in that province.
+
+
+
+
+COULDN’T STOP THEM
+
+Thro’ Turkish Shells and Barbed-Wired Sea They Landed at Gallipoli
+
+
+Twenty transports of Australians under General Birdwood, arriving at
+Gallipoli. In any circumstances, landing through rough seas and narrow
+beaches, under defiant cliffs and then climbing those cliffs is not
+nerve soothing for either impatient commanders or restless soldiers.
+But in war time with cannon belching at you—well, it costs.
+
+It was planned to surprise the Turks—those surprisingly
+straight-shooting Turks, with their infernal German guns and German
+officers. The men tried to hope, but it was really absurd to think
+the enemy would be surprised. In January the Allied troops had tried
+to force the Dardanelles. That had been sufficient warning. The enemy
+would not be caught napping only a few months later. Even the most
+hopeful of the men set about writing the letters which might contain
+their very last wishes, fears, bequests, expressions of love. Then the
+gloom passed and jokes and laughter came.
+
+At about two o’clock in the morning they dropped anchor. Each man stood
+at parade on the decks, and each was ordered to look to his supplies—a
+rifle, a bayonet, 150 rounds of ammunition, three days’ rations, a
+first-aid kit. It was weird contemplating this stretch of the Ægean and
+that bit of coast so soon to be washed by blood.
+
+Captain David Fanlon in his story of _The Big Fight_ says: “The long
+procession of transports and their grim battleship escorts had stolen
+up in the night, a widely spread yet organized, concrete group of
+slowly-moving, black, gloomy monsters. Every light aboard each ship had
+been ordered out. Not even the pin-head flame of a cigarette might show
+on any deck.
+
+“The only light we had was the faint green gleam that filtered over the
+smooth waters from a moon that had begun to wane and had, indeed, at
+this hour of three in the morning, nearly fallen behind the ragged jaw
+of the black cliffs.”
+
+That moon may have been very picturesque, but the men on those boats
+hated it, feared it, wished it in—any place but in the heaven above
+them. Its beam might act as a spotlight on the surprise attack. It
+looked like the evil _eye_ of the _enemy_.
+
+“I wonder,” said some one, “what that old green eye of a moon is
+looking at back of those dark, old cliffs? I wonder if he sees the big
+guns drowsing and the garrisons asleep or——”
+
+“What he’s seeing,” came a grumbling answer, “is the heathen blighters
+getting ready to bang hell out of us!”
+
+
+THE GREAT ADVENTURE BEGINS
+
+“And now the men had assembled on the decks as soft-footedly as they
+might. They had gathered in the darkness into orderly rows like big
+companies of phantoms. The ship’s crews worked as spectrally and
+nearly as silently as the lowering of ladders and the launching of
+the boats would permit. Small steamboats, each with a swerving tail
+made up of barges and small boats, panted alongside the transports and
+battleships. With wonderful precision and swiftness the great ships
+spawned hundreds on hundreds of smaller craft, thousands on thousands
+of men, crowding the waters with them for as far as you could make out
+whichever way you looked in the faint moonlight.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _© New York Herald._
+
+A Night Attack on the Dardanelles
+
+British warships bombarding Turkish forts to protect the Allied landing
+parties. The fire that was returned was both accurate and deadly.]
+
+Of a sudden, the moon dipped and blinked out behind the cliffs. There
+was a sigh of relief. “God bless that damned old moon.” A moment before
+there had been just enough light to see the battleships coming on
+slowly in the rear with the obvious purpose of covering the attack.
+“Then you couldn’t see a blessed thing. The green waters had turned to
+ink. You only knew your comrades were with you in the same boat by the
+press of their swaying bodies against your shoulders and your ribs.”
+
+They were within two hundred yards of the shore.
+
+“Shouldn’t wonder,” whispered some one, “if we’re to surprise them
+after all.”
+
+“Then suddenly out of that weird darkness, that curious silence that
+had been disturbed only by the rapid, half-choked panting of the steam
+tugs, the surge of the water against the sides of the barges, the
+whispers, the occasional smothered laughs—all soft sounds—there came
+hell—veritable hell if ever hell comes to men on earth! And it came
+with a tremendous roar!”
+
+Captain Dave Fanlon was not an observer at the time. He was a
+participant. He gives a most thrilling account of the ghastly landing:
+
+“There was a swift, sharp lightening of the sky back of the gaunt,
+black cliffs, and our boats seemed thrown out of the water, thrown up
+into the air by the rocking thunder of the heavy guns of the Turkish
+batteries behind those cliffs. The water that had been so smooth an
+instant before, that was, in fact, so treacherously smooth, as had been
+the silence, was stabbed and chopped and sent into wild spume by a
+great rain of shells. Blinding blasts flared as suddenly, as here and
+there a boat with its living load was struck and shattered. Screams and
+hoarse, impulsive cries began to mingle with the explosions.”
+
+The Turks had the range as surely as if they were only ten feet away
+from the Australians. The English battleships began an angry, heavy
+retort. Whether they found their mark among the Turks or not, it seemed
+to make no difference. The enemy fire became more and more intense.
+Boat after boat was being smashed. Scores and scores of men, unable to
+swim, or weak swimmers, died right there.
+
+
+CAUGHT IN BARBED-WIRE NETS
+
+Most of the men struggled. They tried to throw off their encumbrances.
+They helped one another to get rid of their knapsacks. They let go
+their ammunition belts—everything but their bayonets. They knew that
+even if they could make the shore there would be small hope for them
+without the bayonets. All the time came that devilish fire from the
+cliffs. The shore was not far off now. They swam. They were within
+fifty feet of it. Then they hit against a terrible snare.
+
+“The enemy had constructed on stakes in eight feet of water a
+barbed-wire entanglement along more than two miles of the beach.” Men
+ran their faces full tilt against the barbed wire’s fangs. They cursed
+and moaned. They hung on to the wire, but ducked every instant, for a
+scream of bullets was all around. Hundreds drowned. Hundreds were held
+like netted fish in the entangling wires. Many were lost in trying to
+get through that wire. But the attack went on. There was some space
+between the wire and the sea bottom. They crawled through! The enemy’s
+own shells smashed some of the wire. Bombing parties in battleship
+launches tore more sections open.
+
+Men did get through. They lay gasping on the beach. But bullets came
+thicker. They rose. Officers tried to organize the torn forces. The
+bombardment from the forts was ceaseless. The English ships roared
+back with thundering fire. Machine gun fire and rifle fire from Turks,
+concealed in mounds of sand and the clefts of the cliffs, were tearing
+down the brave Australians—ever dauntless.
+
+“The landing party was grotesque and wavering under the frightful
+storm. Shouts, yells, screams of pain, cries of alarm merged into a
+great clamor. The most heartening thing, somehow, in the darkness had
+become the Australian cry of ‘Coo-ee!’—sharp and musical, in which men
+had called themselves together into groups.
+
+“There was no living on the beach. The only way out of that immediate
+hell was to charge across the sands and get into the shelter of the
+dunes, to fight our way to the base of the cliffs and get away from the
+shells of the cliffs, and to fight a way into the enemy trenches in the
+table-lands.”
+
+Amidst the horror and confusion that reigned impossible deeds were
+performed. How it was ever done no one can tell. It was terrible. But
+it had to be done. Many of the English hadn’t a thing to fight with
+but the cold steel of their bayonets. The warships, of course, helped
+tremendously. The hills of sand and the stony cliffs were rent by
+merciless fire. You could see “the bodies of the enemies, clusters of
+them, spouting from the places of their concealment. Legs, arms, heads
+were flying wildly in the air.”
+
+
+GOT THERE ANY OLD WAY
+
+Captain Fanlon says:
+
+“We got up those sand ridges any old way—by digging in our bayonets
+like Alpine staffs, clawing with our free hands, scrambling with
+toe-holds and fighting up on all fours.
+
+“We had just gained a knoll of sand and bush and taken protection
+behind it for a minute’s breathing when one of my men, one of those
+sturdy cattlemen who had made their way out of the wilderness to get
+into the war for civilization, went down with a bullet in his leg.
+
+“‘Nothing much,’ he said, as I bent over him to examine the wound, ‘and
+don’t stop for me. Go on and come back for me later or maybe the Red
+Cross lads will find me. A little thing like this isn’t going to—’
+
+“He was smiling as he talked, but suddenly his head fell back, his
+smile widening into a horrible grin. A bullet had taken him in the
+neck. He was done for.
+
+“Of course, and luckily, there were only a few of our thousands that
+had been blown out of their boats and most of the lusty fighters of the
+landing force had their ammunition in hand. They were going after the
+Turks with the rifle volleys of deadly accuracy.
+
+“Having come alive through the terrible ordeal of that shell and bullet
+strand of open beach, the Australians and New Zealanders were fired to
+the highest fighting pitch. Companies of them sang as they climbed and
+pushed and struggled along—sang or rather yelled snatches of all manner
+of songs though they didn’t sound much like songs. More like strange,
+sustained savage war cries.
+
+“There was no staying the impetuosity of some of them.”
+
+
+SOME WOULDN’T “DIG IN”
+
+At last the Turks began to give way. They were on the run. But their
+forts two and three miles away were still pouring their fire. The men
+were ordered to dig in. Despite orders, however, “hundreds of our
+warriors refused to stop. They charged right on through the pathways
+and tunnels in the cliffs. We never saw them again. Those that were not
+killed were captured by the Turks. We used to say in speaking of them
+afterward that they had ‘gone on to Constantinople.’”
+
+The Australians had proved their mettle in this terrible adventure.
+Everlasting glory was theirs—soldiers so recently recruited. The
+soldiers, though, were not the only ones to be elevated to higher
+sacrifice in these soul-straining demands. “There was the work done by
+the Australian Army Service Corps—landing a steady procession of boats
+with medical and food supplies as well as ammunition, fleets on fleets
+of these boats from the transports and battleships moving to shore
+with the coolest regularity, with the waters around every one of them
+constantly thrashed by tons of falling shells. Scores of the boats were
+blown up. But the others never stopped.”
+
+“The stretcher-bearers and the doctors we could also see working calmly
+among the sand dunes, ignoring snipers’ bullets as though they had been
+harmless flakes of snow. Slow and painful files of the wounded—those
+who could walk or stagger along were being guided to protected places
+until the coming of night might enable their removal to the hospital
+ships.
+
+“As for the dead whose countless prone bodies were strewn upon the
+beach with curious pitiful inertness, so different from that of sleep
+that you know instinctively it means death—there was no use then
+risking live men to give the dead the attention, to award them such
+decencies of care and burial as were their due. This also would be the
+work of the night. Yes, and many a man as he worked over the graves
+of his fallen comrades pitched into that grave, himself become a dead
+man—betrayed to a sniper by the moonlight’s gleam.
+
+“Twilight veiled the sun and then very suddenly black night came.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+British Troops Meeting a Charge by the Turks
+
+Their fighting equipment reduced to machine guns and rifles, a small
+British unit at Gallipoli met the onrushing Turks in the open and drove
+them back.]
+
+The Australians had done the thing men in authority had thought it
+impossible to do. Lord Kitchener later declared this one of the most
+brilliant feats of bravery and soldiering of the war.
+
+There were 20,000 men who landed at Gallipoli. Perhaps 1,000 of them
+are alive to-day.
+
+
+THE KIND OF MEN THEY WERE
+
+And here is a tribute to the men who stormed the heights that may be
+found in the London _Times’_ account of the campaign:
+
+“The most moving part in the Gallipoli story will ever be the splendid
+feelings it called forth in the breasts of young Australians. To them
+it was no ordinary adventure in warfare. These single-minded, loyal
+youths had different conceptions of God. But every conception fitted
+into the sublime conception that this work for their race and country
+was God’s work. Upon the tissue of their natures, the warm affections,
+the cleanliness and the liberty among which they had been brought up,
+this fighting call in Gallipoli precipitated something that seemed to
+them the highest thing possible. What they knew was that they wished to
+go to Anzac, that they were prepared to die there, that the Australian
+army had become for them a sacred institution. Their hearts were
+touched by the death of comrades, their eyes took fire at the sight of
+the distinctive Australian uniform. Gallipoli proved, if it did not in
+itself go far to produce, a warmth and generosity in the Australian
+character. The difficulty experienced by the commanders was not to get
+men to this shell-torn place of hardship, but to keep them from it.
+Half the members of the Light Horse Brigades and all the drivers of
+artillery and ambulances had been left behind in Cairo or Alexandria,
+to attend to the horses. But it was impossible to keep them there. They
+decided amongst themselves who could be spared. Everyone wished to go,
+those chosen were thought lucky. They boarded transports at Alexandria,
+stowed away until the ships were at sea, and then reported themselves
+to the officers commanding. One artillery brigade lost 39 of its men in
+this manner. General Hamilton could never find it in his heart to send
+back men who came with tears in their eyes and asked for nothing better
+than to be given privates’ work in Anzac. There were cases in which
+sergeants gladly forfeited stripes and pay for the chance. Men could
+not bear to go back to their homes and say they had not done their
+share at Anzac.”
+
+
+UNORTHODOX BUT STANCH
+
+“And of their discipline, which was attacked because it was sometimes
+unorthodox, what better can be said than what was told in the undying
+story of the _Southland_? The _Southland_ was torpedoed by a German
+submarine in the Ægean Sea, when conveying the 21st Australian Infantry
+Battalion and part of the 23rd, 1,500 strong, from Alexandria to
+Mudros. They were Victorian country boys, recruited for the most
+part from the farms and stations of the Wimmera and the Goulburn
+Valley. Panic ensued among the ill-assorted crew of this converted
+German liner. Three of the four holds filled with water, the hatches
+of the hold first damaged were blown out and in the water there the
+Australians could see the dead bodies floating of their comrades
+killed by the explosion. No one thought that the ship could keep for
+long above water. But the soldiers stood at their stations. They
+waited for their turn. One went to the piano, and played favorite
+airs. Others, when volunteers were asked for, jumped into the water to
+right overturned boats. When at last all the men were off the stricken
+vessel, standing on half-submerged rafts, clinging to the edges of
+boats, swimming alongside improvised supports, volunteers were called
+for to stoke the ship into port, all the men within hearing offered
+for the hazardous task. Six officers and seventeen men climbed the
+rope ladders again, and with her bows under water and her stern low
+down, the ship was brought into Mudros and beached. It was a triumphant
+vindication of the discipline of Dominion troops. ‘The discipline was
+perfect,’ wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official reporter at Anzac. ‘The
+men turned out immediately. There had been boat drill on the voyage and
+the men ran straight to their proper places and lined up.’”
+
+This praise of discipline which, though “unorthodox,” meets and never
+fails to meet the required end, reads quite as if it had been written
+of the boys of the United States’ expeditionary force.
+
+
+
+
+ONE OF OUR BOYS
+
+A California Youth of Heroic Soul Who Gave His Life to England
+
+
+We are constantly hearing of the hundreds of Americans who laid down
+their lives under the French colors. It was part of the debt we owed
+France. England, too, when she joined in the war for liberty, found
+many Americans hastening to her aid, and among the lives that were
+taken under her flag in the “great venture” was that of Harry Butters,
+a young Californian whose death in France called forth nation-wide
+eulogies in Great Britain.
+
+Young Butters, after a preliminary education at San Francisco, went to
+England and entered Beaumont College at Windsor. There amid England’s
+rural charms and the spell of England’s old traditions, he learned to
+love the country which sheltered him.
+
+At the outbreak of the war, Butters went back to America. He could not
+stay, however. There was a call to rise and to go. He went back to
+England and enlisted. It was as an officer of the British Army that he
+died.
+
+The London _Observer_ voices England’s praise and love of the American:
+
+“This American boy—and what a straight, upstanding pattern of youth
+and strength he was—owed us no duty and he gave us all. He gave it
+not impulsively nor in adventurous recklessness, but with a settled
+enthusiasm belonging to the ‘depth and not the tumult of the soul.’
+How much he gave is worth considering. His personal endowments
+and opportunities were such that when he made up his mind to quit
+everything in his bright California and to come into the war, his
+choice was heroic in the fullest sense of that word.
+
+“When he went back to America after leaving college, he was a young
+man of mark, framed to excel both in sport and affairs. He was very
+tall, supple, active, frank, and comely of face, as gay as he was
+good-looking. You saw by a glance at his hands that he had a born
+instinct for management and technique. He had been a good deal at
+sea. He knew all about horses and motor-cars. He was a crack shot
+and a fine polo-player. His business ability was shown as soon as he
+took over the management of his father’s estates. With this practical
+talent that could turn itself to anything he had other qualities. One
+remembers what a delightful, level, measuring glance he used to give
+suddenly from under his brows when he had finished rolling a cigarette
+and went on with his keen questioning about men and things. To talk
+with him was to receive a new and promising revelation of the mind of
+young America. Like so many of our own young soldiers in their attitude
+toward politics, he was not content with either of the old parties
+in the United States. He thought that his own generation, if it was
+earnest enough, might make a better hand both of social problems and
+world-relations. He hoped to play his part. Although he always thought
+of himself in a fine spirit as “an American citizen,” he wanted the
+United States to take a full share in the wider life of the world, and
+especially to work as far as possible for common ideals with the whole
+English-speaking race.
+
+
+WARM HEARTED AND FEARLESS
+
+“So when the news of the war came to San Francisco, he put aside as
+fair a prospect of wealth, success, happiness, and long life as could
+well open before a young man, and determined to throw in his lot with
+the old country and the Allies in the fight for civilization against
+all the armed might of lawless iniquity which had flung itself on
+Belgium.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Harry J. Adams
+
+_89th Division, 353rd Infantry, Company “K”_
+
+Following a retreating German into a house in the town of Boullonville
+on September 12, 1918, he fired the remaining two shots in his pistol
+through the door and ordered the surrender of the occupants. By his
+bravery, coolness and confidence he captured, single-handed, 375
+prisoners.]
+
+“He was then twenty-two. He arrived in England in the early part of
+1915 to join the British Army, and no military eye could doubt that
+the British Army had got a rare recruit. Harry Butters got his first
+commission in the 11th Royal Warwickshire Regiment. Afterward his
+technical faculty found more congenial scope when he transferred to
+the Royal Field Artillery. While training, he stayed a good deal at
+the rectory, Stow-on-the-Wold, Glos. The rector writes: ‘He was a
+warm-hearted, fearless young officer, as fine an American gentleman as
+ever crossed the Atlantic.’ It is much to say, but it is true.”
+
+“His captain writes that, ‘He was with his guns, and no one could have
+died in a nobler way. He was one of the brightest, cheeriest boys I
+have ever known, and always the life and soul of the mess.... We all
+realized his nobility in coming to the help of another country entirely
+of his own free will, and understood what a big heart he had. He was
+loved by all.’
+
+“He is in it to the finish, indeed, with comrades of his adoption,
+who have passed with him. He takes his last sleep out there with so
+many of the brave and true where none was braver and truer than he,
+and among the recollections of the great war, his name will not be
+forgotten. Beaumont will take care of that. In his old college we doubt
+not he will have his permanent memorial. In our thoughts the flags of
+Britain and America cover his heart with double honor. We shall never
+see them entwined again without thinking of him. No American can read
+these lines without being proud of him. No Briton can read them without
+feelings deeper, more moved than can be said in any words. We are
+grateful, as he would have liked, to his America that bred him.”
+
+Mrs. Denis O’Sullivan, the widow of the famous Irish singer who was so
+eulogized by Mark Twain in his “Memoirs,” wrote to friends about the
+boy she affectionately called “stepson,” though there was no such tie
+between them:
+
+“Do you remember in poor Synge’s ‘Riders to the Sea’—the old mother
+says that now her last son is drowned, she will be able to sleep o’
+nights?
+
+“The harrowing anxiety of every day in this time of war is over for me,
+too. On July 22, as you know, Gerard, my first stepson, was killed.
+And on August 31, at night, too, my last—Harry Butters—they were both
+as dear to me as my own—but Gerard had his own people here—he was not
+dependent on me, while in a way, Harry had only me—his sister was
+six thousand miles away. I haven’t been able to say much of him these
+last months as he had been getting the carbon copies of my letters to
+you. Yet it was so often on the tip of my fingers to enlarge upon the
+boy—his charm, his capabilities.
+
+“More still upon the drama of his last experiences—from the moment when
+he burst into Aldwych his first day in uniform, so big, so startlingly
+handsome—above all, so gay—a shout of ‘stepmother!’ that raised the
+dust in that crowded, smoky refuge where the hundreds of tired Belgians
+looked around in astonishment that anyone left in the world could be so
+fresh, so dazzling—through those months of his watch beside his guns or
+directing fire from his exposed shell-swept hillside—that awful moment
+when the enemy found the range and poured death down upon the shelter
+that was no shelter—when all the other officers within call took refuge
+there, fourteen in all, Harry, the youngest, but the one who dashed
+out under fire to carry what was left of one of his telephonists to
+the first-aid station—a poor mangled mass of humanity, still breathing
+and crying out, a deed that in a smaller war would have meant the
+Victoria Cross, but in this, only one of a thousand such daily—after
+it his sudden collapse from the shock—(‘No one knew it, stepmother! I
+managed to bluff it through!’) But his colonel had been through the
+same experience and backed the doctor up in sending him to the base for
+a few days.
+
+“Then his June leave, luckily due anyway, brought him over to No. 7
+where he could be petted and taken care of—but it was a quiet Harry—no
+less clear-eyed and vigorous, but so, _so_ tired.
+
+“Then Winston Churchill and Garvin trying to make him take three weeks’
+extra leave, the boy’s refusal, his return to France, some weeks in the
+ammunition column, where, knowing him to be comparatively safe, I could
+carry an easier heart, then a hasty line: ‘Just going up to one of the
+batteries to replace a casualty. It’s too bad it comes while I’m in
+bad shape, but it can’t be helped, and it surely is what I’m here for,
+after all. Don’t worry any more than you can help.’
+
+“That was August 22, only short notes after that, though he could find
+time to write, ‘I’m going to try to get over to Gerard’s grave. If I
+can find some flowers I’ll decorate it for you.’
+
+“His friend, Captain Zamora, to whom he’d given my address, could not
+have been with him at the last, for he had also had shell-shock and was
+with the ammunition column, but he wrote on the 1st of September that
+Harry had been with his guns the night before, when the call came, had
+gone in apparently the best of spirits—and the same shell killed him
+and his battery commander.
+
+“It has been so beautiful this week. I’ve never seen a harvest-moon
+more wonderful. One can only think what a world it is—and Harry and
+Gerard both out of it.”
+
+
+
+
+GUTHRIE OF THE “KILTIES”
+
+The First Canadian to Enlist Came Back with Scars of Twenty-two Wounds
+
+
+Colonel Guthrie must have been born a fighter. Certainly ever since
+he was seventeen he showed the disposition of the warrior. His
+military career began with the outbreak of the South African War, when
+he proceeded to enlist in the Transvaal as a member of the famous
+Fourth Canadian Mounted Rifles. Guthrie made just one complaint about
+the campaign: “It ended too soon.” His adventurous spirit was not
+satisfied. He enlisted in the naval police. That, however, was not
+exactly what he wanted.
+
+He returned to Canada in 1903. If civil pursuits were in order he would
+take them in the same spirit as an army campaign in the Transvaal. He
+studied law. When only twenty-seven he was elected a member of the
+legislature of New Brunswick. He was a success.
+
+Perhaps he would have lived his life without further intensive physical
+experiences. The war saved him.
+
+“It was August 4, 1914,” says the London _Telegraph_, “that fateful day
+upon which England declared war against Germany, closely following on
+the invasion of neutral Belgium. In a little theater up in the city of
+Fredericton, capital of the Province of New Brunswick, a large audience
+sat enjoying an interesting program. The second act had just ended.
+From the left wing of the stage walked the house-manager. A raised
+hand cut short the orchestra’s selection. Almost everybody knew what
+was coming. They had been expecting it for the last thirty hours. A
+silence fell over the entire house while nine words were pronounced by
+the house-manager:
+
+“‘Our mother country has to-day declared war against Germany.’
+
+“For a second—only a second—a lull fell over the audience. Then, as if
+prearranged, the orchestra struck up the strain of ‘God Save the King.’
+From top to bottom the house was in uproar. Cheer after cheer rent the
+air. The audience as one stood singing the national anthem.
+
+“Seated well up in front in the orchestra as the manager’s announcement
+was made was a man about forty-four years old. The audience, with
+the exception of this particular man, began to settle back in their
+chairs as the singing of ‘God Save the King’ was concluded. With a
+stride which was noticeably military he walked toward the rear of
+the theater and left the building. Less than two blocks away was a
+telegraph-office. The lone night operator, half dosing, jumped to his
+feet as the door opened, and the man who a few seconds ago had left the
+theater entered. He addressed a telegraph-blank to ‘Sir Sam Hughes,
+Canadian Minister of Militia,’ and then followed an offer to raise a
+company of soldiers for an overseas expedition.
+
+
+HE RAISES A COMPANY
+
+“‘Captain Percy Guthrie, Seventy-first York Infantry,’ the message
+which he handed the operator was signed. The first Canadian had
+volunteered his services to the King.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+The Charge of the London Scottish
+
+Subjected to a withering fire, the Scots were driven back from Messines
+three times. They finally rallied and took the position with the
+bayonet.]
+
+“Captain Guthrie returned at once to the theater, joined his wife, and
+witnessed the rest of the performance. The curtain came down, and with
+his wife, Captain Guthrie again headed to the telegraph-office. This
+time the operator was not thinking about sleep. He had just received
+a reply to Captain Guthrie’s telegram and was anxiously awaiting his
+return. The answer read: ‘Offer accepted. Proceed to recruit volunteers
+forthwith.’”
+
+Guthrie raised his company and went to the front. He soon rose in rank,
+and at last was given command of a regiment of Scots.
+
+Guthrie is said to possess almost a boyish exuberance of spirit, but
+of some things he will not jest. He will not even talk about them.
+Evidently the horror he has met with at the front has left a permanent
+impression. The following incident is told by a close friend of the
+Colonel’s, Charles K. Howard, representative of the Canadian Government
+Railway:
+
+“On a night in the battle of Festubert the Tenth Canadians went over
+the trenches. The flares from the machine guns made the line as light
+as day. A piece of the German trenches was taken. The only injury
+that the Colonel at this portion of the scrap received were some
+tears in the legs from barbed wire entanglements, although he lost in
+three-quarters of an hour two-thirds of his battalion. The piece that
+was taken must be held until reinforcements came. These were a little
+slow in arriving. A captain held one end of the line while the Colonel,
+leading his men down the trenches, with his bombers cleared out another
+section. The German line began to give slowly. Step by step, they slid
+back around the traverses toward Givenchy. The Canadians gathered their
+strength and started to press forward. A brave Westphalian officer
+tried to hold his men and stem the tide. He stood up to his knees in
+mud, fighting until his last bomb was gone. The Colonel, at the head of
+his men, rushed upon the officer, who, weighing perhaps forty pounds
+less than the Colonel, was not daunted. He grasped the Colonel by both
+arms, holding him for a moment, and then, with the strength borne of
+despair, lifted him bodily into the air, holding him rigid so that he
+could not move.”
+
+
+TAKES A MUD BATH
+
+“The Canadians, dashing on behind, overbalanced the struggling pair,
+so that the Westphalian officer fell backward into the mud, with
+the Colonel on top. In the dark the Canadian soldiers did not know
+whether their leader had been killed or not. They did not take time to
+investigate. They rushed over the two struggling men, trampling them
+deeper and deeper into the mire of the trench. The Colonel found the
+throat of the German officer. The struggle was soon over, so that he
+could catch up to his men.”
+
+During the attack on Ypres Guthrie resigned his position and asked to
+be sent to the Tenth. Of that engagement, Mr. Howard says:
+
+“The Tenth had been badly battered in taking back from the woods
+four British guns that had been captured. The gallant Colonel Boyle,
+with seven machine-gun bullets in his body, had for two hours in the
+darkness of the night lain in a shell-hole surrounded by his men and in
+true Western style, with a revolver in each hand, had repelled repeated
+attacks. Then he was carried away to die, and Major MacLarinthe,
+second in command, leading the charge, was shot through the knee.
+After crawling forward with his men to a little clump of woods which
+he helped to capture he was shot through the head and killed. Major
+Ormand, too, fell wounded. Four officers of the thirty-one were left
+when it fell to the lot of Junior Lieutenant Guthrie, as he had become
+in order to go to the Tenth, to lead the battalion.
+
+“During the succeeding days the fighting surged back and forth over
+Ypres’s hillsides, during which time the battalion suffered greatly
+from the gas-clouds that were let loose now and then.
+
+“One time, when leading his men, the Colonel fell with a bayonet wound
+in the chin. On another occasion his nose was broken, but this did
+not put him out of action. He suffered from the concussion of a shell
+on another occasion and was knocked out for five hours. On another
+day he was put out of business by a gas-shell which exploded near him
+and he was dragged out of a ditch full of water by a British general,
+who forced him to emit the gas by thrusting his fingers down his
+throat. A scar on the knee shows where the Colonel was punctured with
+a bayonet-point. His hand has been ripped open by a bayonet which he
+held while grappling with an assailant. The outcome of it was that the
+Canadians held the line at Ypres until reinforcements came.”
+
+
+
+
+NOT SO UNSPEAKABLE
+
+A Turk Whose Sense of Humor Made the Tommies His Friends at Gallipoli
+
+
+War has its humor. Even though it appear arms locked with death, there
+is a laugh on the side. It is probably true, as an old soldier once
+said, that if there were not a funny side to war an army could never
+get through its hell. The British troops on the Gallipoli Peninsula
+did not find the situation teeming with the hilarious, but there were
+moments of relief from the grim monster of trench fighting. Oddly
+enough one of the provoking causes of much mirth, seasoned with a due
+amount of vexation, was a rotund Turk in whom a sense of humor and
+an impudent daring mingled in a way to win the regard of the Tommies
+fighting in the trench opposite him. He alternated between tossing a
+bunch of dates and hurling a bomb into the trench of the Tommies with
+whom he exchanged laughter daily. Some of the Australians detected in
+him reminders of an eccentric “publican” who dispensed beer at home. So
+the Turk was dubbed “Fatty” Burns, the sobriquet of the keeper of the
+“pub.”
+
+A correspondent of the New York _Globe_ tells the story as he got it
+from Trooper Clancy, one of the men in the trench opposite the merry
+Turk, at Russell’s Top, on Gallipoli, the two trenches being separated
+by less than twenty-five yards.
+
+“One old topper in the trench opposite me was a fair treat,” said
+Clancy. “He was so. My word! Used to pop up his head above the trenches
+and laugh at us. Then he’d pop down again. All along our side the boys
+would be taking shots at him, and they never hit. Then we could hear
+him laugh. We got so we liked him.
+
+“‘Don’t shoot at the old orphan,’ the boys would say. ‘He looks like
+“Fatty” Burns.’”
+
+One morning the Light Horse had made a demonstration in order to keep
+the Turks from thinking of what was going on somewhere else. They were
+chased back to the trenches when they had done their part, but they
+left two men behind them. The sun was cruel hot, Clancy says. His
+rifle-barrel fair blistered his fingers. These poor chaps were lying
+there with their faces in the grizzling sand. The Australians could not
+reach them. It would have been suicide to try.
+
+“Here comes ‘Fatty’ Burns,” said some one.
+
+The Australians in stupefaction watched the old Turk. He had thrown
+aside his rifle and stood up at full length on the parapet of the
+trench. Anyone could have potted him at that range. Clancy doesn’t
+understand yet why no one did, except that they were all fond of the
+old blighter. “Fatty” Burns crawled into the open in a lazy sort of way
+and walked over to the two wounded men.
+
+“Gave them a drink of water, he did,” said Clancy, “and wiped their
+lips and then lugged them over to a bit of cover so we could go out
+and get them after night came. We gave a cheer for old ‘Fatty’ and he
+laughed at us before he went back into his hole. My word! How his white
+teeth did shine.”
+
+The Australians had more bully-beef than they needed. The cans got to
+be a nuisance. They were not permitted to refuse the stated allowance
+of bull each day. Until lately a British ration has been a fixed and
+immutable thing. One day it occurred to some one that “Fatty” Burns
+might like some meat. So they tossed three cans into his trench.
+
+“There was a terrible hullaballo, when they landed,” said Clancy. “I
+suppose they thought it was some new-fangled kind of bomb. But an hour
+or so later some Turk threw us a lot of fine, fresh dates. We always
+reckoned it was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”
+
+Three or four days afterward “Fatty” Burns thrust head and shoulders
+above the trench-top again and laughed like sin. Then he threw
+something into Clancy’s trench.
+
+“I just had time to get my overcoat down on it before it went off,”
+said he. “‘Fatty’ had scooped out the meat from one of our tins and
+filled it up with melinite and pieces of scrap-iron. It fair murdered
+my coat. I held it up above the parapet and shook it at ‘Fatty.’ He
+laughed until he choked.”
+
+“A bully old sport was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”
+
+
+
+
+THE MEDICAL CORPS
+
+Though the Reports Are all Too Few Every Doctor Was a Hero
+
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Telephone Review._
+
+Decorating American Soldiers with the Legion of Honor
+
+Colonel Carty of the U. S. Signal Corp receiving the insignia from
+General Berdoullat.]
+
+“If there be degrees of chivalry the highest award should be accorded
+to the medical profession,” was said in the London _Times_ in 1916.
+People didn’t know whether that was meant quite seriously. Soon they
+found out. Medical men were figuring heavily in the casualty lists,
+and more and more stories were coming over of exceptional courage and
+devotion to duty among the doctors, nurses, and ambulance drivers.
+Usually, also, no one but the wounded on the fields of battle knew how
+to appreciate the deeds of the non-combatants. There was in general
+no thrill attached to the records. They were simply records of steady
+self-sacrifice in the face of the greatest danger.
+
+The Times instanced a number of heroic doctors. Captain Chavasse was
+one of them. Utterly regardless of heavy firing he would time and
+again rush across the open to dress the wounded. He kept this up all
+through the engagement and then he himself was wounded in the side by a
+shell splinter. This injury he sustained while carrying an urgent case
+into safety, the journey being over 500 yards of shell-swept ground.
+Afterwards at night he took up a party of twenty volunteers, rescued
+three wounded men from a shell hole only twenty-five yards from the
+enemy trench, buried the bodies of two officers, and collected many
+identity discs—and these things he did although he was fired on by
+machine guns and bombs.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  By J. F. Bouchor
+
+The Sister of Mercy]
+
+The Captain finally met his death while at such work. The official
+record gives only brief details: “Though severely wounded early
+in action, while carrying a wounded soldier to the dressing station,
+Chavasse refused to leave his post, and for two days he not only
+continued to perform his duties but also went out repeatedly under
+heavy fire to search for and attend the wounded who were lying out.
+During these searches Chavasse was practically without food, he was
+worn with fatigue and faint with his wound, yet he helped to carry in
+a number of badly wounded men, over heavy and difficult ground. It was
+due to his extraordinary energy and inspiring example that many wounded
+were rescued who would otherwise undoubtedly have succumbed to the bad
+weather conditions.”
+
+“There had been many displays,” adds the London _Times_, “of almost
+superhuman courage and endurance in the war, displays which had been
+recognized by the bestowal of the greatest of all naval and military
+distinctions; but standing out prominently even amongst these proofs of
+highest bravery and duty was the heroism of Chavasse.”
+
+It seemed almost as if such action became a tradition with the
+profession, for another hero was soon announced—Lieutenant George Allan
+Maling. During the heavy fighting near Fauquissart, Maling worked hard
+and incessantly under the unceasing shell fire. “He began his task at
+6:15 in the morning, collecting and treating more than 300 men in the
+open and exposed to merciless fire. Throughout the whole of that day,
+during the evening, all through the night, without a break till eight
+o’clock next morning—twenty-six unbroken hours—he worked, reckless of
+shell and bullet. It seemed impossible that human strength could endure
+more. Eleven o’clock came, then a large high explosive shell burst
+and did dreadful havoc. It killed several of his patients, it wounded
+his only assistant, and it flung Maling down and temporarily stunned
+him. Yet no sooner did he regain consciousness than he pulled himself
+together and resumed his work. A second shell exploded, covering
+both Maling and his instruments with débris; yet even so, he had not
+finished—he extricated himself and continued his work single-handed.”
+
+
+
+
+SOME RED CROSS WEAKLINGS
+
+Captain Bobo and His Buddies Weren’t Good Enough for the Doctors
+
+
+There is a reminder of the stone which the builders rejected in the
+story breezily told by Frank Ward O’Malley in the _Red Cross Magazine_
+for July, 1919. It records the heroism of Bobo—Captain Stephen N. Bobo,
+whose ancestors long ago undoubtedly spelled their name Beaubeaux.
+Steve was born in Memphis, Tennessee, and began early to react against
+southern ease. Anyway, as soon as he was graduated from college he made
+straight for Honduras. “Thence,” says O’Malley, “Steve went to Chile,
+where he started for Sidney on a trading schooner, but liked the little
+ship so well that he bought a controlling interest in her en route. At
+the Christmas Islands, Skipper Steve Bobo converted his schooner into
+a trader instanter—and made a little money on her. He was wrecked off
+Easter Island and, with five companions, had to swim seven miles to
+land. Skipper Bobo and four of his friends were compelled during that
+swim to help keep afloat betimes a sixth, whose swimming technique was
+poor.
+
+“He returned to Chile aboard a passing convict ship. He made a short
+visit home, then was off to the interior of China, where he made a
+little money. In turn he went to India; to the Philippines; to Hawaii,
+where he bought swamp lands, parceled the property and sold it to the
+Chinese tara farmers, and made a little money on that; to the State of
+Washington on a hydro-electric venture and made a little money on that;
+to the San Joaquín Valley of California, and made a little money at
+ranching.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private Carl W. Dasch
+
+_42nd, Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company_
+
+ On July 26th-August 1, 1918, near Croix Rouge Farm, he carried
+ messages between the firing lines and battalion headquarters, at the
+ same time picking up wounded men and carrying them out of the barrage
+ to the first-aid station. During the whole series of engagements he
+ did not sleep and his physical energy was taxed to the utmost.]
+
+Captain Bobo was resting up in April, 1917, and contemplating his next
+venture when Uncle Sam decided that this world had not been made
+for Germany and advised the Kaiser of our intention to prove it. Bobo
+hurried to the first recruiting station. And then the San Francisco
+army doctors played their trick.
+
+They turned him down.
+
+
+“THE JOLLY OLD RED CROSS”
+
+“The way the army doctors talked to him made the young man wish
+ardently that instead of being a poor little anemic lad, who could do
+nothing but swim seven miles and sail schooners through typhoons and
+knock over tigers, he were one of those brawny athletes who had trained
+indoors on stenography, dress-goods salesmanship, and cigarettes and
+therefore were being uproariously welcomed into a selective service
+army by local draft boards.
+
+“‘But,’ cried young Mr. Bobo in effect, ‘I’m telling the world fair
+that I want to go to France. And I want what I want when I want it. Now
+what other speedy way is there of getting to France besides the—Holy
+mackerel! I’ve got it! The jolly old Red Cross.’”
+
+Bobo wondered, when he was going across, if the Red Cross would ever
+allow him to sneak close enough to the front “to get gassed or shot or
+something.”
+
+When Bobo landed in France with the First Division he was assigned to
+the very humble task of serving soldiers with cocoa and sandwiches.
+He took up the task seriously, and did his work well, but then he got
+tired. Finally he got enough courage to suggest a plan to General
+O’Ryan.
+
+The army doctors were constantly sending men back from the front line
+because of some physical defects. Steve Bobo wanted the General to give
+him permission to establish a “Divisional Rest Camp” and fill it with
+those “darn fine fellows” whom the surgeons were throwing out. “Most
+of those men,” he said, “are volunteers, and all of them are the best
+sort of fighters. Instead, then, of sending them back to the rear for
+reclassification, turn them over to me, sir, we’ll show you something.”
+
+“That was done. Day by day into the Bobo ‘Divisional Rest Camp’ came
+the men, sad beyond measure because the surgeons had found something
+in their anatomical architecture which was slightly out of kilter.
+Daily Captain Bobo put his unpromising material through a series of
+setting-up exercises. Thus it was that in next to no time he had
+surrounded himself with a Red Cross unit of husky youngsters who, as
+Lieut. Colonel J. Leslie Kincaid, Judge-Advocate of the Division, since
+has phrased it, ‘preferred to live in that part of hell which has no
+fire escapes.’ By the time Captain Bobo had completed his organization
+he had forty-seven men in his Red Cross unit, with every man-jack in
+the outfit carrying papers to prove that the only reason he was not
+carrying a rifle was that an army surgeon had got the fool notion the
+man was not physically able to stand the gaff.
+
+“Cried Captain Bobo, when all had been made ship-shape, ‘We’re set,
+men: Let’s up and at ’em.’ And forward went the fightingest band of
+Red Cross ‘invalids’ that ever slapped a German dead and then piled
+him into an ambulance to try to save his life. Up with the front line
+fighting men, the little Red Cross band found themselves in no time,
+and, on occasions, hundreds of yards in advance of the front line
+trenches, out in a sunlit No Man’s Land.”
+
+
+KNEW HOW TO GET ’EM
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel Kincaid remembers a little something about Bobo and
+“his Rough-necks” on a particular occasion.
+
+“I merely want to say,” he remarked, “that in the middle of the
+Hindenburg show Captain Bobo said ‘Presto!’ and ten ambulances appeared
+from nowhere at a moment when, believe me, ambulances were needed.
+
+“Colonel Montgomery, weeping for ambulances, thought of Captain Bobo.
+He gave the Red Cross man the high sign, and Captain Bobo just brushed
+aside a lot of flying metal and stepped close enough to Colonel
+Montgomery to ask the Colonel what was on his system. ‘Ambulances,’
+shouted the Colonel, ‘but I don’t know where to get ’em.’ ‘I do,’
+answered Captain Bobo. ‘If you’ll give me a fast car I’ll flush a whole
+covey of ambulances, sir.’
+
+“Colonel Montgomery commandeered General O’Ryan’s racing car and
+Captain Bobo climbed in. The Captain stepped on the accelerator and
+exploded toward Paris, a trip of 158 miles. And toward the middle of
+the next afternoon back came Bobo hellbent with ten ambulances in his
+wake. We were too busy then to ask him where he had got them, but
+when things had quieted down for a moment some days later we made
+inquiries. And we got this Bobo person’s number. Let me tell you in
+confidence—don’t repeat this to a soul, remember—this Bobo is an
+ambulance stealer. He and his gang were out and out Red Cross crooks.
+He had crashed into Paris, grabbed up every ambulance standing along a
+curb, bamboozled the drivers into believing that they were to take his
+orders, and had crashed out of Paris again at the head of his string of
+sputtering booty; and made straight for the front again at a time when
+I don’t know what we would have done if it hadn’t been for Captain Bobo
+and his ambulances.”
+
+O’Malley takes up the story again: “Bobo and his associates had had no
+sleep for almost thirty-six hours.
+
+“They were dirty, unshaven, haggard; nevertheless, they spent that
+night and all the next day picking up the white-faced, shattered boys
+who lay among the shell holes groaning with the thirst horrors which
+only those who have lost pints of blood know. Back to the ‘battalion
+aid post’ the lads were brought by Captain Bobo and his buddies, or
+variously to ‘first stations,’ which sometimes were within 200 yards
+of the front line trenches—to dressing stations, or to the main
+dressing station back at ‘railhead.’ And there the sufferers received
+attentions, which sometimes meant a merciful anesthetic and sometimes
+the grimy but gentle fingers of Captain Bobo on cold, white eyelids as
+he closed the staring eyes forever.”
+
+Bobo and his daredevils became an institution with their division.
+Where danger lay, so long as there were wounded there, Bobo’s squad
+gloried.
+
+“One day, the Captain and his Red Cross crew learned that if they
+wanted to get their ambulances out to where the wounded lay they would
+have to circle the toe of a wooded knoll over an open road on which
+rained machine gun bullets every time anything alive showed itself to
+the Huns concealed in the woods on the hill. But they wanted to get to
+the wounded.
+
+“They started their engines and ‘stepped on ’em’ so hard that the
+little ambulances would bang out into the open and whiz around the
+marked turn joyously, while the phut-phut-phut-phut of the Hun machine
+guns whipped the atmosphere into ribbons and the splinters from the
+racing ambulances flew high in air. Then they had to come back around
+that open turn again, and they went out again and back, and out and
+back, their ambulances looking a bit worm-eaten when the day was over
+but the Captain and each of the other Red Cross drivers still ‘all in
+one piece.’”
+
+
+PRETTY GOOD MEN TOO
+
+O’Malley tells the story of two of the Captain’s drivers—Privates
+Freddy Schroeder and Leo Smith, both from New York City—who were
+engaged in their customary hilarious sport when word came to the little
+Red Cross band that a medical detachment was out beyond the hindside
+of No Man’s Land and that it had been marooned there for thirty hours
+without food or water. “Zipp went Red Cross rowdies Freddy and Leo
+in their tawney ambulances decorated with the big Red Cross—fairest
+of targets for a German gentleman. And this time when the drivers,
+their ambulances loaded with grub and water, came to an open stretch
+of road they got not only machine gun bullet storms but Hunnish high
+explosives. And as they were sailing along through the metal storm on a
+straight stretch of open highway, a German shell exploded just ahead of
+them, so close that they barely had time to come to a stop on the edge
+of the crater. They were about to reverse and back off to where they
+had come from when another shell bit the road just behind them and made
+another crater.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private Fred Carney
+
+_1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “G”_
+
+ He was cited for extraordinary heroism in action between the Argonne
+ and the Meuse. With great coolness and bravery under machine-gun and
+ shell fire, he maintained liaison between his battalion and company
+ and assisted in reorganizing his platoon after the platoon commander
+ was wounded.]
+
+“There were Freddy Schroeder and Leo Smith on an ‘island platform’
+of the road, with seemingly nothing left to do but to abandon their
+ambulances and crawl to safety the best they could. They didn’t do
+anything of the kind. Right out in the open they tugged at every
+sizable chunk of débris in sight and built a sort of bridge across the
+forward shell hole and went onward and brought welcome food and water
+to the marooned detachment. And in their own good time they came
+back over their ‘bridge’ again, jumped out and built another ‘bridge’
+of the same kind over the second shell hole, and about dusk, sailed
+victoriously to their Red Cross quarters unharmed.
+
+“Finally there was another day that must be told of. It was the day
+at St. Souplet when two of the stricken residents of the little town
+crawled back to our lines and told the Mayor of Busigny (which had
+just been captured from the Huns) that many civilians, dozens of whom
+were wounded, were hiding in the cellars of St. Souplet. None of them
+dared show himself. The German patrols were still poking about the town
+and their machine guns were sweeping the village streets. Shells were
+dropping and death threatened the hidden ones in the cellars in other
+ways, especially in the form of gassing, the poisonous gas naturally
+tending to work downward to the cellars and other subterranean passages
+where the men, women, and children of St. Souplet lay hidden.
+
+
+RESCUES A VILLAGE
+
+“Somebody would have to do something about it. Who was always doing
+something or other about something? Battling Bobo and his Red Cross
+band!
+
+“To dash into the streets of St. Souplet would not help much because
+the dash would end in a patter of lead and a bouquet of whiz-bangs
+that would leave nothing but a shell hole where ambulances an instant
+before had been. Nevertheless young Captain Bobo and his men ‘had’
+to get there. The Captain called together his Red Cross band, which
+that day numbered only thirty-five huskies, the others being absent on
+other work or ill. Captain Bobo explained the situation and asked the
+thirty-five how many of them would care to volunteer to go into St.
+Souplet with him—to go up to our front line trenches in the broad light
+of day and beyond, on into the buildings of a town still thoroughly
+held by the Germans. Pause a moment, reader, and guess how many of the
+thirty-five Red Crossers volunteered.... Reader, you’re a wonder: you
+guessed the exact number the very first time!
+
+“And so the thirty-five started forward with Captain Bobo, scooting
+along in their ambulances parallel to the fighting lines for a little
+distance and then making a dash across lots to a grove which stood at
+an advanced spot where, up to that time, no American soldier had set
+his foot. And while an amazed American Army looked on, the little band
+made the woods and disappeared among the trees while hell cracked all
+around them.
+
+“Providence and Steve Bobo were with them. In the heart of the little
+clump of trees they found an old road which ran through a ravine to the
+nearest back alleys of St. Souplet. When they had come to a place where
+the old road climbed out of the ravine preparatory to entering the
+town, Captain Bobo jumped off the leading ambulance, gave his followers
+the high sign, and again gathered them about him for final directions.
+And Bobo and his band left their ambulances in the protecting ravine
+and began to crawl on their bellies across the last of the fields and
+into the town.
+
+“They followed by preference the backdoor route when they had wormed
+across the last field and straightened up to find themselves in St.
+Souplet. Even so it was necessary at times to make a dash for it across
+open streets, a dash that must be completed before the astonished
+German gentry at far ends of the streets could begin to pepper the
+thoroughfare with the machine gun bullets. Always, however, Battling
+Bobo and his band beat the bullets to it.
+
+“In the black cellars of the village they rooted around. Old women lay
+huddled in the underground gloom; one of them, a very old lady, had
+been shot through both thighs three days before and, quite unattended,
+lay cowering in her cellar until Captain Bobo dragged her forth and
+carried her back to where his ambulances lay hidden. There were old
+men, little children, young girls for whom the horror of their nights
+of hiding in the Boche infested village had a terror greater even than
+gas and the shriek of shells. One by one Bobo and his men carried
+the sufferers into back yards, through the winding alleys, back of
+protecting buildings, and so to the wooded ravine, where the ambulances
+were filled with the stricken villagers of St. Souplet and the bundles
+of scant belongings which they hugged to their trembling bosoms. Then
+the dash back through the grove and across the sunlit No Man’s Land
+to final safety—not final for the Red Cross band, for as soon as they
+had carried their first load of refugees behind the American lines they
+turned around and did it all over again, and again, and again. For four
+hours at one stretch they worked like beavers to save the villagers of
+St. Souplet, then organized a second series of trips and put in eight
+hours more darting to and from the town or squirming into its alleys
+and cellars. And Battling Bobo and his band got the villagers finally
+to safety without the loss of a Red Cross man, despite the fact that
+the ‘Jerries’ were systematically shelling the village from the first
+moment the Red Cross rescuers entered it until the last villager had
+been saved.”
+
+There were forty-seven Red Cross men in Bobo’s band. To this day the
+Captain is trying to find out why only twenty of them were cited for
+exceptional heroism.
+
+
+
+
+“EH! MON, ’TWAS GRAND!”
+
+A Braw Hieland Laddie’s Impressions of What Happened When “We Were Over
+the Top Like a Lot of Dogs Let Loose”
+
+
+The powerful British thrust along the Somme will take its place in
+history as one of the striking instances of sheer courage fighting
+against frightful odds and winning out. In that “push” there were
+hundreds of thrilling individual adventures, but it is impossible to
+give each man his due, so splendid was the concerted action. But a
+representative of the London _Telegraph_ talked in a hospital with
+a Scotsman wounded at Pozieres, and this excerpt from the published
+article throws an illuminating gleam over the whole battle front, and
+one feels that Scotty was but the mouthpiece burring out the spirit of
+his fellows as they plunged forward:
+
+“Eh, mon, it was hell, but it was grand. We’ve got a move on at last,
+and are paying the Huns out. For over a week our guns have been letting
+rip at them. Talk about the German guns in the early days of the war,
+they are not in it now. I was in the retreat from Mons, so I reckon
+I’ve seen some of the fighting.
+
+“I got my packet Friday night,” he added, referring to his wounds.
+“We were pushed up to our front line trenches early Friday morning.
+Long before daybreak the guns were at it worse than ever. The noise
+fair drove some fellows daft, but the worst of all was waiting in the
+trenches for the order to charge. When that came we were over the top
+like a lot of dogs let loose. The ground was churned up for miles, and
+the front of the German trenches simply smashed to bits. We got there
+under cover of smoke, and fairly rolled in. I shall never forget the
+sight. The Germans were lying heaped up in all directions, and those
+who were alive showed no fight, but appeared to have gone ‘clean potty.’
+
+“Further on we got into the supports, which had received a terrific
+smashing about, and it was there we had the scrap. At the last moment
+it seemed the Germans had rushed a crowd of chaps in, and they had
+hidden themselves in shell holes and were taking pot-shots at us. We
+rushed them with the bayonet and bombs, and some of them put up a good
+fight. I had one fellow in front of me, and felt myself a ‘goner,’ for
+I tumbled over some wire, when one of our chaps got his bayonet into
+him. The next second a German ‘outed’ my chum. ‘Never fear, Jock,’ he
+said, ‘you did the same trick for me once.’ That chap’s left a wife and
+six bairns away up north,” added the Scot.
+
+Asked how he received his wounds, the Scot became somewhat bashful.
+“Oh, one of the Huns got in at me,” he replied. Another wounded hero,
+however, took up the narrative. “He fair tumbled into a hole where
+there was half a dozen of ’em hiding,” said the second man. “Jock comes
+of a fighting race, and he gave the Huns a bit for hiding.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Western Newspaper Union._
+
+The Black Watch on the Flanders Front
+
+The Black Watch of the British Army is the most famous of perpetuated
+regiments. Few of its original members survived the fierce fighting of
+the early days.]
+
+
+
+
+ONE SURVIVED
+
+An Episode of the Gallipoli Campaign Typical of the Fighting
+
+
+This account of a desperate engagement is brief, but it tells a
+wondrous story. It appeared in the London _Times_:
+
+The first capture of a Turkish trench and its retention deserve special
+notice because this brilliant exploit fired the whole of Anzac, after
+fifteen weeks of monotonous trench fighting, for the great aggressive
+operations of August and September. The work was known as Northern
+Turkish Despair Trench, or Tasman Post, and it was stormed under severe
+fire on July 31, by a composite company of the 11th Battalion (West
+Australia) of General E. G. Sinclair-MacLagan’s Third Brigade, under
+Captain R. L. Leane. After two days a heavy counter-attack was launched
+by a battalion of Turks, who regained a section of the work, but were
+again driven out. The episode cost Anzac 300 casualties, but showed
+what could be done. Near the close of the series of attacks which this
+success began was another charge, the simple truth of which was worth
+accomplishing, even at the cost. It was the charge of the First and
+Third Light Horse Brigades, differing from the charge of the Light
+Brigade at Balaclava only in that it was made by horsemen who had
+volunteered to fight on foot, and that it succeeded in one object—that
+of holding large bodies of Turks who would otherwise have been used
+against the new British landing at Suvla Bay.
+
+The Eighth and Tenth Regiments of the Third Brigade went out from
+Walker’s Ridge. It was a charge into death from the first moment,
+and before the men of the second line leaped from their trenches they
+shook hands, knowing that they could not survive. They were met by a
+fusillade that became a continuous roaring tempest of machine gun and
+rifle fire, and out of the 300 men in the first line only one returned.
+The Second Regiment of the First Brigade was sent out from Quinn’s
+Post, charging into so impossible a fire that the first line had to be
+left to its fate, and the second, third, and fourth lines held in the
+trenches. The First Regiment of the First Brigade charged up the slopes
+of Dead Man’s Ridge and found a similar fate. It was all over within
+ten minutes—in the case of the charge from Quinn’s Post within a few
+seconds. “The Turkish machine guns drew a line across that place which
+none could pass,” wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official observer with
+the Australian Division, “and the one man who went out and returned
+unwounded put his escape down to the fact that he noticed the point on
+our sandbags on which the machine gun bullets were hitting, and jumped
+clear over the stream of lead. The guns were sweeping low, and a man
+who was hit once by them was often hit again half a dozen times as he
+fell through the stream which caught him. The whole of the first line
+was either killed or wounded within a few seconds of their leap from
+our trenches.” But though the charges shattered four regiments of as
+good fighting men as the Empire possessed, they created an imperishable
+impression.
+
+ Approximately 23,709,000 males in the United States, between the ages
+ of 18 and 45, inclusive, registered under the terms of the Selective
+ Draft Law.
+
+ Returns on casualties in the American Expeditionary Force up to
+ November 18, 1917, include deaths from disease as well as battle
+ casualties, slightly as well as severely wounded. Deaths from battle
+ alone would be about 36,000. Compared with the reported British
+ battle deaths of 659,000 for the period of the war, our losses were
+ astonishingly light.
+
+
+
+
+TANK-MAN TALKS
+
+He Found the Little Fellows to His Taste But Didn’t Care for Heavies
+
+
+The general impression of the war tank is that of a huge juggernaut
+going, solemn and irresistible, over any sort of obstacle; but there
+seem to have been tank crews who did not regard the lumbering monsters
+worshipfully. They pinned their faith and devotion to the lighter and
+nimbler type of machine that could jaunt along at eight miles an hour
+and revolve on its own axis. The _Scientific American_ had a special
+correspondent in France who reports somewhat jerkily the talk of an
+American tank-man who had a working acquaintance with the small, and to
+him decidedly preferable, type of fighter. The tank-man is quoted:
+
+“Yes, you read a lot in newspapers about tanks. But no American tanks
+saw any action in France. There were three battalions of American tank
+troops that saw action; one with heavy tanks, with the British, and
+two, with light tanks, operating in the Argonne and the St. Mihiel
+actions. Some troops, too, if I do say it who shouldn’t! No, you’ll
+have to get some one else to talk about the heavy tanks; don’t know
+anything about them and don’t want to. Light tanks for me, every time.
+Yes, I’ll tell you about them if you are interested.
+
+“We used Renault tanks—light ones. Whiffet tanks some people call them.
+Weigh about seven tons and have two men for a crew. Fast? Too fast;
+faster than there’s any use of them to be, really. That was one of our
+troubles, running away from our infantry. No sense in having tanks that
+can get out of touch with the men they are supposed to precede and
+blaze a trail for! Those little Renaults can go eight miles an hour
+over good ground, and infantry is lucky if it goes two!
+
+“Two men, one of them is the engineer and the other the pilot. Some of
+the tanks have machine guns and some one-pounders; only one gun to a
+tank you know—those little fellows aren’t battleships. We started in
+with 216 tanks. They cost about $10,000 each. Motor not unlike a good
+automobile motor; four-cylinder, about 40 horsepower. Indeed the tank
+has a lot of automobile mechanism about it. Those Renaults have four
+speeds forward and reverse.
+
+
+GRENADES JUST EGGS
+
+“You spin around in your own length. It’s astonishing how fast those
+little tanks can turn when they have to. Fast enough to cut a man in
+two if he’s in the way. Yes, it happened more than once. Some Boches
+had an idea they could do something to a Renault with a hand grenade
+and tried it at close quarters. Might just as well have thrown eggs
+at us, unless some splinters got in the slits. And if they were close
+enough and we whirled her round they were out of luck sure—broken legs,
+you know, or mashed ribs.
+
+“No, the Boche anti-tank gun never hurt us to amount to anything. Ever
+see one? It weighs about 50 pounds and shoots a whale of a bullet,
+but unless it strikes sharp at right angles it doesn’t go through.
+Pretty hard steel, you know, that tank armor. What did stop us, when we
+were stopped, was the 77. Even that took a direct hit. A 77 could go
+off right beside us and we’d hardly know it. But if it made a direct
+hit—well, you don’t expect to run a war without any casualties, of
+course. I recall one case where a 77 made a hit and set off all the
+ammunition in the tank. The tank was scrap steel and the men—well, we
+found a hand, and a shoe. Just literally blown to nothing.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+The British Juggernaut of the Battlefield
+
+The Americans started in with 216 light tanks, a year after the British
+had used them in smashing the German defenses.]
+
+“Of course there are places a tank can’t go. You read a lot about how a
+tank loves mud. Don’t you believe it. A tank can slither around in mud
+just like an automobile. Of course it can go, but it can’t climb at the
+same angle on mud as on dry ground and somehow we always did fight in
+the mud. Mud didn’t stop us of course, but it made it more difficult.
+On dry ground we can climb 45 degrees, and 51 degrees in reverse.
+
+“You hear a lot about the way a tank can crawl over trenches. But
+that’s the big heavy tank. The little fellow can’t run over a trench
+the way it can down and up a shell crater. The Renault is tail heavy,
+you see. It gets its nose across a trench all right, but if the trench
+is a little too wide the heavy tail drops back into it. Then you have
+to get out and dig or get another tank to come and pull you out.
+That’s why two tanks together are worth four separately. They can jam
+themselves up and still get along by doing the brother act with chains.
+Once that I know of a tank got stuck and the second tank couldn’t pull
+it out. So the officer outside signals another tank and it comes up—all
+this under fire, mind—and he hooks that on, too, and the two of them
+pull the helpless one up and over. He got the D. S. C. for it, that
+officer.
+
+“It’s not nice when you’re stalled, you know. As long as you can move
+around, the 77 has a hard time getting you. But if you get stuck
+somewhere it doesn’t take a Boche gunner so very long to get your
+range. That’s why we were so anxious to have self-starters put on the
+American tanks, when we thought we were going to have American tanks.
+If there had been any self-starters on our Renaults we’d probably be
+shy about twenty casualties. Engine stalls, Boche gets busy, chap
+inside struggles with a crank, takes time, 77 lands, signal back
+for a reserve tank to come on into action. No, they didn’t put the
+self-starters on. Don’t ask me why; I don’t know.
+
+
+TOO MUCH INGENUITY
+
+“Sure, the American tanks were good tanks. We never used them in
+action that I know of. Those I saw got to France, or got where they
+might have been used, after the Armistice. But they were sure American
+all over—too much American, if you know what I mean. It’s a national
+failing, I guess, this business of being ingenious. There was so much
+ingenuity about those tanks there wasn’t always room for the crew. For
+instance, machine gun belts. When you use them, they are rolled up and
+in a carrier. Some wise tank builder decided all the ammunition in a
+machine gun tank ought to be in carriers, rolled up ready for use. When
+he got through, there wasn’t any room inside for the crew! No sense to
+it, of course; the same amount of ammunition stores flat, and leaves
+plenty of room, and it only takes a few seconds to roll up a belt and
+put it in a carrier.
+
+“Then there was the compass. Some one must have read that British tanks
+carried compasses. So they did, until the tank crew could throw it
+away. So our American tanks came over with the handsomest compasses
+inside you ever saw; regular ship affairs, gimbals and all! Now, of
+course, that’s all foolishness. In the first place there wasn’t room
+for the compass and the crew. In the second place, when you start the
+engine, the compass does a fox trot, and keeps on whirling; it’s no
+good as a compass. And if it was, there wouldn’t be any sense in it;
+there’s a map stuck up right under your nose and that’s all you need,
+not to mention a few officers with flags telling you where to go, if
+they are not sitting on top going with you.
+
+“Then there was the speedometer. Why any one should imagine a tank crew
+needed a speedometer I don’t know. But there it was, ready to tell us
+just how fast we were going. Maybe they thought, down in Washington, we
+were going to establish a tank speed record or something.
+
+“And the hook—I mustn’t forget the hook. It’s so typically American—a
+device born of our national tendency to economise time. To put a hook
+in at the top of the tank meant at least two hours’ work. In 100 tanks
+that was 200 hours or 24 working days, slowing up production. The idea
+of the hook was that it would be so convenient when a crane had to lift
+the tank. Now the average tank gets lifted by a crane just four or six
+times; on a car at the factory, off the car, on the ship, off the ship,
+and maybe on and off a car again. So to save the six or twelve minutes
+it would take a crew to slip a chain around the tanks, they put a hook
+at the top, because it was efficient!
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Ralph M. Atkinson
+
+_42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company_
+
+ While in command of a Stokes mortar platoon October 16, 1918, near
+ Landres-et-St. Georges, Argonne, Sergeant Atkinson with three soldiers
+ was advancing with the first wave of the assault, when on nearing
+ the objective, he discovered about 250 of the enemy forming for a
+ counter-attack. He advanced with the Stokes mortar under fire, and
+ opened a murderous fire on the approaching enemy, dispersing them.]
+
+“Oh, well, I oughtn’t to grouch. We never used the tanks. And no one
+that I know minds much. Those Renault tanks were little dandies. You
+have no idea how easily they run. You can crawl over a telegraph pole
+and hardly feel it, so well worked out has been the spring suspension,
+the relation of rollers, chariots and treads. And they didn’t go in for
+any fancy touches, the Renaults. No armor for the guns nor fancy locks
+on the door to keep some one from crawling up and throwing a grenade
+inside, nor deflection armor at odd angles which never did anything
+but stop bullets and make splinters that otherwise would never have
+endangered any one’s eyes.
+
+
+SNIFFS AT HUN TANKS
+
+“German tanks? Punk. Too slow, mechanism too exposed, too many slits.
+Oh, very well made, but poor design. Nor do I think very much of German
+tank men.
+
+“We had about 44 per cent. casualties, and that covers 22 actions. Ten
+per cent. of the casualties were deaths. But I don’t recall many men
+dying without doing something first.
+
+“I recall that there was one tank got stuck in a trench and nothing
+handy to rescue it. Captured, of course. Well, we captured it back two
+days later. Every round of ammunition was fired. Every pistol cartridge
+had been fired. And both men had been wounded long before they were
+killed; there was plain evidence of it in blood where no blood would be
+if they had just been snuffed out right at first. They must have put up
+a beautiful scrap. Americans don’t like to surrender, somehow.”
+
+
+
+
+THE GARIBALDI CODE
+
+“To Be Ready Ever to Fight for the Cause They Think is Right”
+
+
+Italy at war without a Garibaldi somewhere in the fighting columns is
+unthinkable. Even before the days of the famous Liberator, Giuseppe
+himself, there were Garibaldi who had arms and hearts ready to strike
+for freedom; but since the days when the great patriot and lover of
+liberty made romance as well as history out of his revolutionary
+spirit, arms and the defense of freedom are tenets of religion with
+the Garibaldi. With the exception of the Russian-Japanese War, it is
+said there has been no conflict of powers or revolutionary struggle
+without its Garibaldi bearing gun or sword. It goes _sans dire_, then,
+that the outbreak of war which arrayed western democracy against the
+encroachments of German autocracy was like a clarion call to the blood
+of the Garibaldi. They did not wait for Italy to speak—France was
+calling and that sufficed.
+
+The son of the Great Garibaldi wrote letters to five of his seven sons
+scattered about the world. Two of them were in New York (Giuseppe,
+named for his grandfather, and Ricciotti, on his way to South America),
+one (Merotti) was in China, and one (Bruno) was in Cuba, and one
+(Sante) was in Upper Egypt. The two youngest, Costante and Ezio, were
+pursuing their studies in Italy. There was a sister, Italia, in Rio de
+Janeiro, who devoted herself to Red Cross organization. In the letters
+the sons were told to hold themselves in readiness for the receipt of a
+telegram appointing a rendezvous for which they were to start at once.
+
+The cablegram came; the rendezvous was Paris. Giuseppe and Ricciotti
+sailed from New York by the next available steamer. They found Costante
+and Ezio awaiting them. Bruno and Sante arrived a few days later. But
+Merotti could not come from China until several months later, when
+Italy had entered the war. Other Italians were there also to tender
+their services to France and they organized an Italian Legion that was
+incorporated with that famous multiple battalion, the Foreign Legion.
+The Italians were soldiers of fortune all, and the brothers had hoped
+to be sent to the Balkans, Giuseppe frankly confessing that guerrilla
+warfare was his preference. But Ezio, who was sent to drive a camion at
+Salonika, was the only Garibaldi who got to the Balkans.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+Sticking to Their Guns
+
+A drawing by F. Matania picturing a valiant group of Italians who,
+although overwhelmed by the enemy, remained with their battery until
+the last man was killed.]
+
+The Foreign Legion, as everyone knows, was made up of all sorts of
+adventurers, many of whom knew the meaning of grated windows and ankle
+chains, but “it isn’t where you come from in the battle-line but what
+you do that counts.” The world pretty well understands what the Foreign
+Legion did and how it was honored by grateful France. Elsewhere is told
+how they were given the place of honor in the attack on the Prussian
+Guard which they drove back, but with a loss that wrecked them as a
+legion.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+General and Captain Garibaldi]
+
+In a talk with Lewis R. Freeman, published in _The World’s Work_,
+Giuseppe Garibaldi is quoted as saying:
+
+“I don’t recall anything that was actually said between us on the
+subject, but it seemed to be generally understood among us brothers
+that the shedding of some Garibaldi blood—or, better still, the
+sacrificing of a Garibaldi life—would be calculated to throw a great,
+perhaps a decisive, weight into the wavering balance in Italy, where
+a growing sympathy for the cause of the Allies only needed a touch to
+quicken it to action. Indeed, I am under the impression that my father
+said something to that effect to the two younger boys before he sent
+them on to France. At any rate, all three of the youngsters behaved
+exactly as though their only object in life was to get in the way of
+German bullets. Well—Bruno got his in the last week in December, ten or
+twelve days ahead of Costante, who fell on the 5th of January. Ezio—the
+youngest of the three fire-eaters—though through no fault of his own,
+had to wait and take his bullet from the Austrians on our own front.
+
+“The attack in which Bruno fell was one of the finest things I have
+ever seen. General Gouraud sent for me in person to explain why a
+certain system of trenches, which we were ordered to attack, must be
+taken and held, no matter what the price. We mustered for mass at
+midnight—it was Christmas, or the day after, I believe—and the memory
+of that icicle-framed altar in the ruined, roofless church, with the
+flickering candles throwing just light enough to silhouette the tall
+form of Gouraud, who stood in front of me, will never fade from my mind.
+
+“We went over the parapet before daybreak, and it was in the first
+light of the cold winter dawn that I saw Bruno—plainly hit—straighten
+up from his running crouch and topple into the first of the German
+trenches, across which the leading wave of our attack was sweeping. He
+was up before I could reach him, however (I don’t think he ever looked
+to see where he was hit), and I saw him clamber up the other side, and,
+running without a hitch or stagger, lead his men in pursuit of the
+fleeing enemy. I never saw him alive again.
+
+“They found his body, with six bullet wounds upon it, lying where the
+gust from a machine gun had caught him as he tried to climb out and
+lead his men on beyond the last of the trenches we had been ordered to
+take and hold. He had charged into the trench, thrown out the enemy,
+and made—for whatever it was worth—the first sacrifice of his own
+generation of Garibaldi. We sent his body to my father and mother in
+Rome, where, as you will remember, his funeral was made the occasion of
+the most remarkable patriotic demonstration Italy has known in recent
+years. From that moment the participation of our country in the war
+became only a matter of time. Costante’s death a few days later only
+gave added impulse to the wave of popular feeling which was soon to
+align Italy where she belonged in the forefront of the fight for the
+freedom of Europe.”
+
+After Italy came into the war, Giuseppe Garibaldi fought with his
+own countrymen, having the name of Colonel with those soldiers whose
+Herculean feats in the Alps made one of the most striking chapters in
+the war’s history of unprecedented achievements.
+
+
+
+
+THE BALD FACTS
+
+A Story of the Trenches by One Who Knew Them at Their Worst
+
+
+He has a very illusory view of life who knows only its sunny phases;
+and his is worse than a deceptive impression of war—especially the
+monstrous war of 1914-18—who has vision only of its valorous deeds and
+heroisms, its thrilling tales of daring and achievement, of splendid
+adventure and fearless sacrifices.
+
+Here is a revelation of the side of war seldom more than glanced at by
+those who tell of the moving exploits. It wears none of the trappings
+of romance; it is without allure; but it is terribly true. _The New
+York Times History of the War_ made certain of that before publishing
+what it rightly described as one of the most thrilling human documents
+produced during that awful four years. The grim record of the young
+soldier’s experience is necessarily curtailed here, enough being given,
+however, to picture the grisly reality of war as millions of youths
+encountered it. It is not the stirring tale of a hero.
+
+Roméo Houle, French parentage, was born in New Bedford, Mass., in 1893.
+He was the son of a local barber, Zacharie Houle. In 1912 he removed
+to Montreal, where he was employed as a barber, having followed his
+father’s calling. He had a grammar school education. He enlisted in
+the Sixty-first Regiment, First Canadian Division, Aug. 1, 1914, eager
+to serve in the war. He went with the Division to France, and was
+soon in the front trenches. During his service he made notes of his
+experiences. With the assistance of the editor of a French paper in
+New Haven, these notes were put into narrative form after young Houle,
+through the efforts of his father, was discharged from the army in 1916.
+
+The narrative begins: “The true story of the trenches has never been
+told. I know, because for many months I lived in trenches. I have
+slept daily in dread of bullet, shrapnel, mine and deadly gas; and
+nightly in fear of mine and gas—and the man-eating rats. I am one of
+the few soldiers living who entered the front trenches at the opening
+of the war and lived to fight the Germans in the front trenches in
+February, 1916. Of my original company (the Fourth of the Fourteenth
+Battalion, Third Brigade, First Canadian Division) which so gayly
+marched away to that hell at Laventie and Ypres—500 brave boys—I am
+one of the sixteen who survived. And returning unexpectedly, snatched
+by the American Government (as an American citizen who had enlisted
+under age) out of the very jaws of death, with the mud of the trenches
+still upon my clothing, I discovered how much American people have been
+talking of the trenches and how little, after all, they know about
+them.”
+
+
+AGONIES OF BODY AND MIND
+
+And during that trench existence, there was, he thinks, no conceivable
+agony of body or mind which he did not see and experience. There was
+the gas—“a crawling yellow cloud that pours in upon you, that gets you
+by the throat, and shakes you as a huge mastiff might shake a kitten,
+and leaves you burning in every nerve and vein of your body with pain
+unthinkable, your eyes starting from their sockets, your face turned
+yellow green.” There were the rats—“I see them still, slinking from new
+meals on corpses, from Belgium to the Swiss Alps. Rats, rats, rats,
+tens of thousands of them, crunching between battle lines while the
+rapid fire guns mow the trench edge, crunching their hellish feasts.
+Full fed, slipping and sliding down into the wet trenches they swarm
+at night—and more than one poor wretch has had his face eaten off by
+them attacking him in his sleep.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Corporal Whitney D. Sherman
+
+_2nd Division, 5th Regiment, 18th Company, U. S. M. C._
+
+ This soldier is a fine type of Marine and showed himself to be a brave
+ and valiant soldier at the Battle of Belleau Woods, now known as the
+ Bois de la Brigade de Marine. He was wounded in action June 10, 1918,
+ in this engagement.]
+
+There was the stink from decaying bodies, the filth of days and weeks
+of unmarked accumulation. “Ah! you would say ‘Roméo, Houle, you are
+lying’ were I to tell you some unbelievable things that I have really
+lived through. We go mad over there. My God! I am sick of adventure,
+for the adventures I have had will plague my sleep until I die.”
+
+His first acquaintance with the trench under fire was at Richebourg.
+“There Charles Lapointe, the first of our company to die, looked over
+the edge of the trench. That is death. Machine guns all the day sweep
+the trench edges. If you raise your hand your fingers will be cut off
+as by a knife. Well, Lapointe looked over the trench; and nobody knows
+what he saw. His brother was there to lay him down. He buried him (as
+we ever must the dead) in a hollow pit in our trench. And the brother
+had for a time the agony of having to fight and feel the earth over
+Charley’s breast give under his feet.”
+
+He fought in the first line again at Laventie, and there got his first
+taste of gas. It came while he was trying for a little rest after a
+turn at guard duty. Some one having stolen the two empty sandbags he
+had been using for bedding, he spread his overcoat on the ground and
+pulled a blanket over him. “The sun meantime was shining hotly on the
+heaps of dead bodies which lay not far outside the trench, and I was
+glad to cover my head with the blanket to shut out some of the awful
+stink. And that is how the smell of decaying bodies saved my life.
+Arthur Robillard, a car conductor back in Montreal, was on guard duty.
+I was roused by his falling over me. As I sat up something got me by
+the throat and I began to strangle for my life. The air was rent with
+awful cries. Many of my comrades lay dying and dead about me. I hurled
+myself in semi-madness into a huge crater near by in which there was a
+little water, and I fell in it face down.
+
+
+BLOWN FROM THE TRENCH
+
+“The water relieved me a little and I wet my handkerchief in it and
+covered my face. I crawled out and half blindly sought my chum, who
+was unconscious, and dragged him to the crater where the water was. I
+laid him there face downward, and he, too, revived a little, and then
+we lay waiting for death.”
+
+Ten minutes later there was a shouting that announced the approach of
+the Germans on a charge. Houle, followed by Robillard, ran back into
+the trench, got his gun and began firing. When the rifle became so hot
+that it burned his hands he threw it down and began hurling bombs.
+They were ordered to retreat to the next trench and the Germans began
+pouring into the vacated one. Houle and his fellows got hold of two
+machine guns, good for from 560 to 700 shots a minute.
+
+“I shall never forget those Germans. When our guns suddenly spoke their
+front line melted; their second crumpled before this destruction;
+but on, on, on they came, unflinching, marching with even steps into
+certain death. We were like lions at bay. It was our lives or the
+Germans’. Then, as fourteen of us fought together, a bomb dropped amid
+us, and killed eleven. I came to consciousness, lying in the bottom of
+a trench, with Roy leaning over me.
+
+“‘Are you living yet, Roméo!’ he exclaimed in amazement. I rose
+dizzily. He and I and one other stood alone among our eleven dead
+friends.
+
+“Then Roy told me that I had been blown clear of the trench, twenty
+feet from where I stood, and that he had braved death to secure, as
+he supposed, my dead body. A careful examination showed that my only
+injury was a terrible bruise on the calf of my leg, where the round
+surface of a flying shard had struck me, but without breaking the skin.
+Miracles are but small matters when you fight in the presence of death.
+
+“‘I’m not afraid now,’ I told Roy. And from then on I and all my
+soldier friends believed my life was charmed and that the Germans could
+not kill me.”
+
+The defenders were driven back to the fourth trench which they were
+almost immediately ordered to leave, which they did with all speed as
+it had been mined by the engineers and was ready to give the Germans a
+warm reception as they came surging in. Houle describes the explosion.
+“The whole earth seemed to leap skyward, and through and through the
+black mountain of earth and stones shot heads and arms and legs, torn
+fragments of what were once heroic men. Next to the gas which they gave
+us, I think our blowing them up was surely the worst thing men could do
+to men.”
+
+He describes mining operations, which are a big part of trench warfare,
+as one of the most dismaying features of trench life. Apparently the
+mines were more feared than anything else. “It was more terrible
+than gas poisoning to think that at any moment you would be thrown a
+thousand ways at once.... The soldier in the trench never knows when he
+may be blown into small pieces,—and that is why we are always prepared
+to risk uncertain dangers between the lines at night, instead of lying
+down in the wet trench hopelessly waiting for death.
+
+
+FELT SAFEST WHEN ON GUARD
+
+“I never felt so secure, indeed, as when I was on guard between the
+trenches. Through all the night I could hear the bullets go over me.
+Men go crazy there. And the insane are sent to England. Sometimes men
+go mad and become a menace to their own comrades and officers. They
+sometimes have to be killed. And there have been times when I crouched
+in some first line trench, where no communication trench joined us to
+the second or third line, where no doctor could reach us. And I have
+seen men so terribly wounded, enduring such agonies, and screaming
+so heart-breakingly for somebody to kill them, that our boys have
+done what they asked, to save them the unnecessary horror of living
+dismembered. And I have seen men of good health grow so weary of the
+trenches that they have simply stood up at noonday. Some machine guns
+swiftly ended them. And others, as I have written, simply stick their
+hands above the trench top and bullets trim off their fingers.”
+
+Fingerless hands are unprofitable in the trenches, and not very useful
+elsewhere in the activities of war. Getting rid of one’s fingers is a
+comparatively cheap exchange for release from the dangers and maddening
+anguish of long periods in the trenches. Houle did not think these
+men were cowards. “But only men who have lived in the trenches can
+understand.” Though he makes no claim to heroism for himself, Houle’s
+record shows that he was a resolute soldier doing valiant things that
+he sets down in his story quite as matters of routine experience—such
+as going out under fire to bring in the wounded.
+
+He names Ypres the “graveyard of the old Sixty-first.” They were
+carried to within six miles of the place in London buses, twenty-five
+men to a bus. The remaining distance they tramped. At Ypres they first
+met “the gallant French troops,” and his company of French-Canadians
+being at the left of the English line acted as interpreters. Here the
+trenches were but forty yards from the Germans and in bad condition;
+they were raked terribly by German machine guns on a height. There were
+dead bodies of Germans and French lying between that had been there
+three months, neither side having the chance to bury its dead. These
+were to be seen through the periscopes—but one did not need to see to
+know they were there. The Battle of Ypres was one of the greatest of
+the war, one of the most desperate, one of the most deadly in human
+toll, but out of it all comes the memory of the gas attacks to which
+the men were then so helplessly exposed.
+
+“There comes a sudden stinging in your nose. Your eyes water. You
+breathe fire. You suffocate. You burn alive. There are razors and
+needles in your throat. It is as if you drank boiling hot tea. Your
+lungs flame. You want to tear your body. You become half wild. Your
+head aches beyond description. You vomit, you drop exhausted, you die.
+It is a frightful thing to see your friends like that. Every other
+man seemed to fall. As I fought I marveled that I was spared. Again
+and again came to me the belief that my life was charmed. An ecstatic
+confidence bore me up. I was brave because I was so sure of life, while
+all my companions seemed groveling in death.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Captain Richard T. Smith
+
+_42nd Division, 117th Field Battalion, Signal Corps_
+
+ Before daylight on the morning of March 17, 1918, while constructing
+ communication lines in the vicinity of Fort de Manonviller, France,
+ Captain Smith conducted his men to a place of safety, and while the
+ fire was still intense returned and carried a wounded soldier to the
+ dugout, where he fell exhausted.]
+
+They left the trench for a charge, under a withering fire, but they
+pressed forward, and came to the enemy’s trench and leaped in. He saw
+four Germans trying to escape on the further side. “I did not fire,
+intending to make them prisoners. But the only thing I took was a great
+blow on the side of my head, and away went my prisoners.” That night
+he was one of twenty of his comrades who volunteered to attempt the
+recovery of four field guns the English had lost. They joined men
+from the Tenth and Sixteenth Battalions. They were to storm the wood
+where the guns were. There were forty yards of open ground to traverse.
+The Germans worked havoc among them, but the remnant made the wood. In
+the darkness it was almost impossible to distinguish foe from friend.
+
+“I ran in and out among the trees and asked every one I met who he was.
+I came upon one big fellow. My mouth opened to ask him who he was, when
+his fist shot out and took me between the eyes. I went down for the
+count, but I knew who he was—he was a German. I got up as quickly as I
+could, you may be sure, and swung my rifle to hit him in the head, but
+the stock struck a tree and splintered. I thought I had broken all my
+fingers.
+
+“I found three wounded men, French, I thought they were, in that gloom.
+So I carried them into our trench. As I brought in the last one, the
+officer said, ‘You are doing good work, Houle.’ I asked him why he
+thought so, and he answered: ‘You have brought in three wounded men
+and when we put the light on them we found they were Germans.’ Well, I
+am glad I saved them. I would have done so anyhow, had I known their
+nationality. For we were all trained to give a wounded man help,
+whether he were friend or foe.
+
+
+NOT SAFE TO HELP THE HUN
+
+“Yet it is dangerous work, helping a wounded German. I never helped
+another, after the experience I had. It was one of the two occasions
+when I knew with certainty that I killed a man. He was a wounded German
+soldier. We found him suffering and weak. But we knew we could save
+his life and were dressing his wound. My back was turned. He took a
+revolver out of his tunic pocket and fired pointblank at me.
+
+“I do not know how I escaped death. Perhaps it was because his hand
+shook from weakness; perhaps my guardian saint turned aside that death
+bullet. Anyhow, he had his revolver in his hand. We had to act quickly.
+My officer spoke a quick word, and I made sure that he would never fire
+another shot.
+
+“Well, we got our machine guns. But the Germans had blown them up, and
+all our sacrifice of men was in vain.”
+
+The Battle of Ypres was a twenty-one day affair, and the toll exacted
+was appalling. Of the 500 boys of Houle’s company who left Canada only
+20 survived. Then came other engagements until in May, 1915, he was
+again in Richebourg, and the next day an assault was made on the German
+first line trenches. The first two lines of trenches were taken without
+difficulty, but there was a counter attack at the third and out of
+Houle’s company (now reinforced to 365 men) 75 were killed, 100 wounded
+and 20 taken prisoners.
+
+“We were obliged to leave our wounded in the trench with the dead. I
+lay until night in the German second line trench among the dead and
+wounded,” for of course there were no communications and no means of
+getting medical help for the men “writhing in agony all around us.” At
+night Highlanders from the 13th and 14th Battalions came to the relief.
+Three days later there was an attack at a point near Lacouture, where
+the Germans were entrenched in a hilly vantage. The French Canadians
+had been reinforced again, this time to 420. The Scots Grays and the
+Cold Stream Guards engaged in the assault. The artillery cleared
+the way for the charge. “On the third tussle we got into the German
+trenches. It was a close fight. We used even our fists. My bayonet was
+broken, and I used my gun as a club. There we remained until we got
+reinforcements. Out of 420 men my company was reduced to eighty. No, I
+could not be killed.”
+
+Then the French Canadians fought at Cuinchy and at La Basse—repetitions
+of the same story. He had fought in the front lines from almost the
+very opening of the war, “until all the bed I knew was wet earth, and
+all the rest I knew was snatches of sleep obtained during lulls in the
+roaring tumult. And long since I had had my fill of the fighting.”
+
+Then Jan. 10, 1916, he was summoned to headquarters to receive his
+discharge. He frankly rejoiced in the fact that he was free, free from
+the trenches, their fevers, their wounded and dead, their noxious
+odors, their deadly gases, their man-eating rats; free to go home to
+relatives and friends neither maimed nor wounded. Not that he had gone
+unscathed. There was a dent in his skull made by a spent bullet, and
+a very bad bruise on the leg made by a piece of shell, but these were
+trifles.
+
+
+NO WORDS TO DESCRIBE IT
+
+“I take no credit for any special courage in the field. If I was brave
+it was because I had to be so. We were all brave who kept our senses.
+We became accustomed to a large degree to the incessant intimacy with
+dangers and death. We could look at frightful things without wincing.”
+
+He knows no word with which to describe war as he saw it. Hell is far
+too weak a word. “It is more horrible than the slaughter house, because
+the forms of death planned are more cruel, more mad, more devilish. We
+fight underground and under sea. We fight with fire, with steel, with
+lead, with poison, with burning oil, with gases. We are lower than the
+brutes, lower than the most degraded forms of life.... I am only Roméo
+Houle, a barber. But I have lived—God! I have lived. All the slaughter
+of heroes by the Meuse and on the Belgian border and in Northern France
+has passed before my eyes. And I, Roméo Houle, am forced to write
+this: ‘We cannot make ourselves better nor the world more worth while
+by killing each other like beasts gone mad.... I hope never to fight
+again.’”
+
+And here is a final reflection of the soldier who confesses “I do not
+know why we fought.”
+
+“No Archduke’s little life was worth the titanic butchery of the world
+war. The beginning was petty and small. And I, looking back at horror,
+horror, horror, cannot forget the extraordinary friendships we made
+with the men in the enemy’s trenches. We were both only human beings,
+after all, Fritz and I. We had no wish to kill each other. We had much
+rather sit at the same table, with our wives and children around us,
+and talk of gardens, of fair pictures, and of great books. But for
+our officers and the nations which they represented peace would have
+been declared right there in the trenches—and that by the soldiers
+themselves.”
+
+
+
+
+O’LEARY STEPPED IN
+
+And Faith, Never a Dumas Hero was a Marker to This Sergeant of the
+Irish Guards
+
+
+He got the habit and trick of it early they say. He played outside
+the home cottage in Macroom, about forty miles from the city of Cork,
+charging imaginary foes, stick in hand, with so much vigor that the
+plump hens scuttled to cover. His mother at the door of the cottage
+demanded,
+
+“An’ what is it ye are doin’ now, Mike?”
+
+And the curly-haired youngster replied:
+
+“I’m a sodger.”
+
+Twenty years later the same mother stood outside the same cottage door
+in Macroom listening to the almost unbelievable story of a messenger
+who had dashed from Cork city by motor-car. Her son—her Mike—had won
+the great war medal. She heard how the world was ringing with the
+immortal exploit of Sergeant Michael O’Leary, V.C. Poems were being
+written about him. He had received an ovation in London such as kings
+might envy. And all this was no more than the brave Irish Guardsman
+deserved, for with his unaided strong right arm he captured an enemy
+position, and of ten Germans who stood in his path he killed eight and
+took the remaining two prisoners....
+
+O’Leary was sent to the front in November, 1914. Mr. Leask has told the
+story.
+
+All around the La Bassée district fierce fighting had raged since
+October. The 1st Battalion of the Irish Guards, in common with other
+regiments, now experienced the severities of trench warfare. At the end
+of January they were stationed near the La Bassée brickfield, and the
+Germans were subjecting them to a withering fire.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Copyrighted in U. S. A. by New York Herald._
+
+How Sergeant O’Leary of the Irish Guards Won the Victoria Cross
+
+ “He rushed on like one possessed, never looking behind to see if his
+ comrades were following. A railway bank rose in front of him. He
+ cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks....”]
+
+The last night of January the enemy’s fire was particularly hot. It
+was decided that the trenches were too expensive to hold. But before
+evacuating them the men were ordered to storm the enemy’s position.
+
+In order to prepare the way for the assault, the artillery commenced
+one of the fiercest bombardments of the war up till then. The boom of
+the big pieces and the detonation of their shells were audible twenty
+miles away. The guns fired with such intensity in order to demolish
+what had become a regular bastion in the German lines, also to break
+down the barbed wire entanglements in front of the German trenches, and
+thoroughly to demoralize the enemy before the men stormed the positions.
+
+No. 2 Company of the Irish Guards was ordered to keep up a hot rifle
+fire. This was to make the Germans keep under cover, no matter how much
+they wished to escape from the artillery. The diversion also caused the
+enemy to expect an attack from this direction, with the result that he
+concentrated his fire on the trench occupied by No. 2 Company.
+
+Then No. 1, O’Leary’s Company, which was on the left of No. 2 Company’s
+trench, was ordered to charge. The Irish dashed over the parapet with a
+yell, their bayonets fixed, and rushed at the enemy in fine style. The
+distance they had to cover to reach the German positions was from 100
+to 150 yards. The men were very eager to be at the enemy after their
+long spell in the trenches, and went for their foe at racing speed.
+
+O’Leary soon outstripped his comrades. His Irish blood was up. “You
+would laugh if you saw us chasing the Huns and mowing them down,” he
+wrote to his parents.
+
+
+CHARGE OF THE “MAD IRISHMAN”
+
+He rushed on like one possessed, never looking behind to see if his
+comrades were following. A railway bank rose in front of him. He
+cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks, toward a strong barricade
+held by the Germans.
+
+O’Leary paused at a little mound and looked around. In front of him
+was a deadly machine gun, trained on the trench occupied by the second
+company of Irish Guards. As already explained, their work was to
+deceive the enemy and the maneuver had proved successful. Their rifle
+fire had prevented the Germans from showing their faces, and they had
+not seen that the British were racing toward them.
+
+When O’Leary reached the mound the Germans became aware of their danger
+and immediately prepared to turn the machine gun upon the advancing
+First company. It was a critical moment. O’Leary did not hesitate; he
+took deliberate aim with his rifle at the gun’s crew, five in number,
+and one by one they dropped as his unerring finger pressed the trigger.
+His bold move in a supremely dangerous situation had been successful.
+The machine gun was his. The lives of his comrades were saved. For an
+ordinary man this brave deed would have sufficed. But what O’Leary had
+just performed whetted his appetite for more.
+
+Another barricade farther on had caught his eye. With daredevil
+audacity, he bounded toward it. The Germans then were prepared for him,
+but he “got his blows in first,” and killed three more Germans. The two
+remaining had no stomach for the “mad Irishman.” They promptly raised
+their hands, and O’Leary secured them as his prisoners.
+
+He confessed afterward that his second exploit was a hazardous one. He
+had no bayonet at the time and had to trust solely to his marksmanship.
+His rifle was loaded with ten rounds, and eight of the bullets found
+a human billet. When the last two Germans surrendered he had no
+ammunition left, and had they not been demoralized by his sudden and
+audacious attack single-handed, the issue would have been different.
+
+Sergeant O’Leary had killed eight Germans, captured a machine gun,
+taken two Germans prisoner, and carried two strong positions, from
+which the rest of the attacking party would have been heavily fired
+upon. Some one has said that this exploit was thoroughly Irish in
+method and execution, and that O’Leary deserves to rank as one of the
+greatest heroes of modern warfare.
+
+Describing what happened afterward, Company-Quartermaster-Sergeant J.
+G. Lowry, of the Irish Guards, says:
+
+“O’Leary came back from his killing as cool as if he had been for
+a walk in the park, accompanied by two prisoners he had taken. He
+probably saved the lives of the whole company. Had that machine gun
+got slewed round, No. 1 Company might have been nearly wiped out. We
+all quickly appreciated the value of O’Leary’s sprinting and crack
+shooting, and when we were relieved that night, dog-tired as we were,
+O’Leary had his arm nearly shaken off by his comrades.”
+
+When on furlough O’Leary was fêted and cheered as no V.C. hero has
+been. He received a splendid welcome in Cork and in his native
+village. The greatest day in his life, however, was June 26, 1915,
+when Londoners turned out in tens of thousands to acclaim him in the
+streets. To honor him the London Irish organized a demonstration in
+Hyde Park, at which over 60,000 persons were present. O’Leary drove
+from the Strand to the Park in an open carriage, cheered all along
+the route by an admiring throng. O’Leary was a proud man but, as he
+afterward protested, he “didn’t know what all this fuss was about.
+Faith, a bit of a shindy is no great matter at all, at all!”
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE “YANKS” WENT IN
+
+The Story of the First American Soldiers to Go It Alone in Banging the
+Huns
+
+
+Because they were recruited in the New England States, the boys of the
+26th Division were known as “Yankees” or the “Yankee Division” and they
+set up pretty good claim to the distinction by acts of unit heroism not
+excelled for dash, daring and effective service by any troops opposed
+to the Huns. The “Yankee Division” was the first of the A.E.F. to
+take part in a great offensive in France. It was organized under the
+command of Maj. Gen. C. R. Edwards, Aug. 13, 1917; arrived in France
+in September, and in January, 1918, was undergoing special training
+on the Chemin des Dames front. It was assigned to the Toul sector and
+was in position by the end of March. Ten days later the enemy struck
+its first serious blow at the line, “a blow which turned out to be
+far more serious to the Germans than to the New Englanders.” It was
+the beginning of the five days fight known as the battle of Apremont,
+though it really was the battle of Bois Brulé, the worst of the fight
+being in the “burned wood” on the hill top where the 104th Regiment was
+stationed. In an article in the Boston _Globe_ devoted to the 26th,
+Willard F. De Lue says:
+
+“From the very first day there had been artillery-action; in fact, the
+Boche set up a row while the Yankees were coming into the line, before
+they got their packs off. Now, at five o’clock in the morning of April
+10, the Germans sent over a body of seven hundred or eight hundred
+picked shock-troops against Colonel Shelton’s boys.
+
+“But the Yankee artillery got the jump on them, and opened up with a
+barrage that couldn’t have been better. It smashed the Germans’ attack
+so badly that it broke down, and for the rest of that day, and for two
+more, the Boches were content to throw over a heavy artillery fire.
+
+“On the 13th, however, they were at it again. This time they planned
+a little better. The center of the assault was directed against the
+French units on the left of the 104th, and it wasn’t long before they
+sent over a hurry call for a counter-attack by the Yanks. The 104th
+responded handsomely. They swept through Bois Brulé right on to the
+German flank, and relieved the pressure on the French line. But by that
+time their own flank was threatened. So the Yanks suddenly changed
+direction, and attacked by their own flank—a difficult maneuver, but
+beautifully executed.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy World’s Work._
+
+Cantigny—The First American Offensive
+
+  Here it was that our soldiers confirmed the confidence placed in
+  them and won the admiration of the Allied High Command. Two days
+  later Americans were ordered to hold the road to Paris and the
+  crossing of the Marne at Château-Thierry.]
+
+“The fighting kept up stubbornly. By one o’clock in the afternoon the
+Germans had broken through and grabbed some of the advanced points held
+by the 104th, and were filtering in through communication trenches. It
+was apparent this was no mere raid. So the reserves were ordered up.
+But before they arrived the enemy had been hurled back again, and by
+six that night the heaviest of the fighting was over. On the 14th there
+was further action; but the Boche had been licked, and he knew it. His
+losses were tremendous; ours comparatively light.
+
+“Many an act of heroism took place that day. The flags of the 104th
+Infantry were later decorated by the French for the gallantry
+displayed by its men. And the individual awards of American and French
+decorations are eloquent.
+
+“That was the first battle fought by Americans—any Americans—in France
+in which they were not supported by French infantry.”
+
+
+IN EVERY AFTER BATTLE
+
+Having been inducted into the firing line, the 26th had no surcease,
+but took part in every subsequent battle up to the signing of the
+armistice, missing the promised rest, time after time, owing to the
+exigencies of the campaigns. And according to the complaint of a
+captured German lieutenant, they did not always play the game right. On
+one occasion the moment an enemy barrage was lifted, a body of Yankees
+darted ahead and actually nabbed some of the advancing Huns, the
+lieutenant included. He sputteringly said in reproach of these tactics,
+“They should not have been where they were. They were coming right
+through our own barrage, and might have been wiped out.”
+
+That the Americans were so apt to be “where they shouldn’t have been”
+was greatly disconcerting to the Huns more than once. They did things
+in such an unconventional way, acting so much on individual initiative
+that they frequently spoiled the precise calculations of the German
+machine. The French had greater appreciation of the Yankee method. The
+commanding officer of the 32nd French said this of the 26th:
+
+“I salute its colors and thank it for the splendid services it has
+rendered here to the common cause. Under the distinguished command of
+their chief, General Edwards, the high-spirited soldiers of the Yankee
+Division have taught the enemy some bitter lessons at Bois Brulé,
+at Seicheprey, at Xivray Marvoisin; they have taught him to realize
+the staunch vigor of the sons of the great republic fighting for the
+world’s freedom.”
+
+The division was also in the Château-Thierry battle. Mr. Le Due writes:
+
+“On the 9th the fighting on this new field began. The Boche, in the
+early morning, swept down into Vaux and established machine-gun posts.
+
+“‘You’ve got to drive those (censored) out of there or we’ll be the
+laughing-stock of the division,’ was the word sent out by Colonel
+Logan. And so the driving began.
+
+“That fight for Vaux will be long remembered—a picturesque fight,
+with groups of men rushing here and there, cleaning up snipers and
+machine-gunners, rushing hostile positions; overhead the roar of the
+American barrage, below the hum of countless machine guns. The clean-up
+was thorough.
+
+“Three days later Foch’s famous counter-offensive began—on July 18, at
+4:25 in the morning.
+
+“The night before, at ten o’clock, a terrific thunder-storm had broken.
+Lightning flashed and rain fell in sheets. But in the morning there
+came a clearing, and when the fated hour approached there was a rosy
+flush on the morning sky. Commanders wore an anxious look. A surprise
+had been planned, and a clear day was not to their liking. But just
+before the time set a heavy mist began to descend. All was well.
+
+“A gun spoke; then the roar from a hundred, a thousand iron-throated
+messengers of death. The creeping barrage had opened. The infantry was
+to attack simultaneously.
+
+“The Yanks moved forward on the left, pivoting upon their own right,
+held by the 101st, in front of Vaux. The 102d came next; but it was the
+boys of the 103d and 104th, on the left, that did the early fighting.
+
+“‘We are in Torcy,’ was the first message sent back. Then came a delay.
+A hitch had taken place; but by nine o’clock Bouresches, Belleau, and
+Givry were in the hands of the Yankees.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Dugald E. Ferguson
+
+_32nd Division, 126th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company_
+
+ When the infantry on his right was held up by fire from an enemy
+ machine gun at Cierges, northeast of Château-Thierry, August 1, 1918,
+ he seized a rifle, rushed around the flank of the enemy’s position,
+ bayoneted two of the machine-gun crew and shot three of them, enabling
+ the infantry to advance.]
+
+“The first objectives taken, preparations were at once made for a
+further advance. But the French, to the north, had been held up. On
+the 19th there was no forward movement until three in the afternoon.
+Hill 193, above Givry, where the French were held up, was passed on
+the flank, causing the Germans to fall back. Etrepilly and Etrepilly
+Woods were reached, taken, and passed. So, too, Genetrie Farm and the
+woods close by La Halmadière.
+
+“In the night of the 19th there was another halt. Then forward again
+at daybreak, with the 101st and 102d Infantry getting into action late
+this day, and sweeping forward, through Vaux and the woods close to
+Bouresches, they crossed the Soissons-Château-Thierry road, and by the
+22d found themselves in front of Epieds and Trugny.
+
+
+WINNING MORE FRENCH PRAISE
+
+“It was here that the severest fighting of the drive took place. In
+Epieds the Germans planted machine guns every seven yards. In Trugny
+and in the woods that lie on the hillsides to the east of both towns
+they had done likewise.
+
+“The 101st tackled the Trugny proposition. Colonel Logan’s men were
+in and out of the town twice. But the German artillery had the range
+just right, and whenever the Yankees went in flooded the place with
+mustard-gas. On July 23 Colonel Logan borrowed a little ground on his
+right from the French, encircled Trugny on the south, and started up
+behind it, through Trugny Wood. It was a terrible fight, but that night
+the 101st broke through the German defenses and forced a retreat.
+Meantime, the three other infantry regiments were making constant
+frontal attacks. The 102d got into Trugny and captured the gun now on
+Boston Common.
+
+“On the 23d the 103d and 104th Infantry Regiments were relieved; and on
+the 25th the 101st and 102d were relieved. But the artillery brigade
+kept on, supporting three other American divisions, until the Vesle
+River was reached, August 5. It was in this drive particularly that
+Sherburne’s outfit earned the name of the best field artillery in
+France. A regular Army officer, watching the guns in action, said: ‘I
+have been in the Army thirty years and never have seen field artillery
+until this day.’
+
+“By August 7 the whole division, including the artillery, was back in
+villages along the Marne, between Château-Thierry and Paris.
+
+“The people of the countryside hailed the men of the 26th as ‘saviors
+of Paris.’ Those who went into the French capital were greeted with
+enthusiasm. Men and women embraced them and kissed them.
+
+“General Degoutte, famed commander of the French 6th Army, with which
+the Americans fought, wrote to General Edwards:
+
+“‘The operations carried out by the 26th American Division from July
+18 to July 24 demonstrated the fine soldierly qualities of this unit,
+and the worth of its fine leader, General Edwards. The 26th Division
+fought brilliantly ... advancing more than fifteen kilometers in depth
+in spite of the desperate resistance of the enemy.
+
+“‘I take pleasure in communicating to General Edwards and his valiant
+division this expression of my esteem, together with my heartiest
+congratulations for the manner in which they have served the common
+cause.’”
+
+
+THE LAST SHOT
+
+And so on until, drawn from temporary reserve at Verdun, the 26th was
+ordered into the Argonne battle. The _Globe_ chronicler continues:
+
+“On October 15 the 104th was fighting in conjunction with the French
+and a squadron of fifteen French tanks. What the fighting was like may
+be judged from the fact that only one of those fifteen tanks came back.
+
+“On the 16th other units went in, and by October 18 command passed
+to General Edwards. The new position in line was on the east side of
+the Meuse River, facing generally east. Ahead lay the scrubby woods
+of Haumont, Chenes, Ormont, Belleau, and the skirt of the Bois de
+Wavrille, and of Samogneux, the latter to the extreme left, nearer to
+Verdun.
+
+“The attack on these positions began on the 23d and continued until the
+27th. The woods, so far as trees went, consisted of a few dead, blasted
+stumps, standing out like skeletons, in the midst of thick, deadly
+underbrush. The whole ground had been fought over recently. Bodies
+of dead French and Germans lay there. And in one place was a valley
+full of skeletons of the Crown Prince’s men who had made the desperate
+attack on the forts of Verdun.
+
+“These woods were taken and lost again, taken and lost, taken and
+lost. Four times did the 101st battle through Belleau, only to be
+blasted back by artillery. The enemy had sworn to stick it out, for an
+attack here threatened the lines of communication. And stick they did.
+
+“Of those last days a volume might well be written: of the desperate
+charges, the hell of shell-fire, the deluges of gas, the hum of
+millions of machine-gun death-messengers—death-messengers that brought
+their messages home. And through it all, partly over ground they had
+won before, they plunged in the dull desperation of despair. In the
+previous days they had been robbed of the officers they knew and loved.
+Edwards had been relieved October 25. Others had preceded him, and
+others followed—Cole, Logan, Hume.
+
+“Desperately these boys fought and paid the price. On the 9th the line
+was drawn back a little, the accompanying units couldn’t keep pace. And
+still the battle raged—a bloody, maddening, disheartening battle—raged
+despite reports that an armistice had been agreed upon. Even at ten in
+the morning of November 11, one hour before the fighting was to stop,
+the 26th was ordered forward again ‘to straighten out the line.’ In
+that hour hundreds were lost.
+
+“The Yankee division fought up to the last shot. That shot fired, the
+division remained a wreck. Gen. Frank E. Bamford, the new commander,
+reported that the division was in no condition to go to the Rhine. That
+day, the 11th, 1,200 replacements were received, and more were on their
+way. When the last hour’s fight began one regiment, normally 3,000
+strong, had only 240 rifles.”
+
+
+
+
+HUMOR AND HEROISM
+
+Glimpses of the Sunnier Side of the Men Who Played with Death
+
+
+After relating many pitiful, tear-compelling incidents of wounded
+and dying soldiers in trench and in the temporary hospitals back of
+the front, an English Chaplain turned from the saddening episodes to
+some of the humorous phases of his experience among the men—humorous
+by contrast, that is, for some of the touches are more than prods to
+laughter; this for example:
+
+“Once, in a hospital train, where a crowd of helpless men were
+being loaded in at a siding, I saw one man, groaning in agony from
+rheumatism, carried in. ‘Where are you wounded, old chap?’ asked the
+orderly. ‘Hoots!’ he replied, ‘I’m na wounded at a’; fling me onywhere,
+an’ luk after the rest.’” The Chaplain continues:
+
+“There are countless streaks of humor and gleams of laughter even
+amid the sorrow-clouds of war. The mysterious diseases from which the
+soldier thinks he suffers sometimes puzzle you. He will proudly, and
+with a majestic solemnity, tell you that his illness has developed into
+‘gasteria’—perhaps a more accurately descriptive name than science
+recognizes. More than one is sorry for his wife, who is distracted and
+harrowed by the ‘insinuendoes’ of her neighbors, a word almost worthy
+of a place in the dictionary. And many will tell you of chums who have
+broken down, and who were not really fit to serve, having been always
+of a ‘historical’ tendency. One almost feels a plea for heredity there.
+
+“How grateful we were when we found occasions like these! For, though
+we were not downhearted, we were often war-weary. And frequently the
+good cheer of those whom we were there to comfort and strengthen really
+strengthened and comforted us.
+
+
+MICKY FREE REVIVED
+
+“I remember an Irishman, quite of the type of Micky Free in Lever’s
+novel, a rollicking, jolly child of the Emerald Isle, pretty badly
+battered, but with a sparkle in his eye at which you could have lit
+a candle. He was from Dublin. I thought I should speak cheerfully to
+him, so I said, ‘Well, now, aren’t you lucky to be here, instead of
+home yonder, getting your head broken in a riot?’ ‘Troth, I am, sir,’
+said he. ‘Lucky to be here, anyway. And lucky is anny man if he’ll only
+get a grave to lie in, let alone a comfortable bed like this. Glory
+be! it’s myself that’s been the lucky one all the time.’ Near him lay
+another. ‘Don’t spake to him, your honor,’ said the first man with a
+laugh. ‘Sure, he’s a Sinn Feiner.’ But both of them were of opinion
+that the loyalty of the rebels might be awakened by contact with German
+shells. ‘Bring them out here, sir,’ said they, ‘and they won’t be
+Irishmen if they don’t get their dander riz with a whiz-bang flung at
+them. That would settle their German philandering. Sure, isn’t it too
+bad what we’ve been enduring to enable the spalpeens to stay at home,
+upsetting the State, flinging Home Rule back maybe a generation, with
+their foolishness, and we as good Irishmen as themselves can be?’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private Albert Fritz
+
+_1st Division, 16th Infantry, Company “I”_
+
+ Cited for extraordinary heroism in action south of Soissons, France,
+ July 18-23, 1918. While attached to a machine-gun company as an
+ ammunition carrier, he was wounded twice, but continued to carry
+ ammunition while exposed to heavy shell fire.]
+
+“The infinite variety of classes that make up our present army is
+astonishing. I told once of a Gordon Highlander landing in Havre with
+a copy of the Hebrew Psalms in the pocket of his khaki apron to read
+in the trenches. I saw, among our own Gordons, an Aberdeen divinity
+student, as a private reading in the mud the Greek Testament and the
+Sixth Book of Homer’s _Iliad_. Anything, from that to the _Daily Mail_,
+represents the reading of our men. This variety is also very noticeable
+among our officers. We had the lumberman from the vast forests of the
+West beside the accountant from San Francisco; the tea-planter from
+Bengal; the lawyer from the quiet Fife town beside the Forth; the
+artist; the architect; and the journalist. And it was this mixture that
+made possible episodes of irresistible comicality.
+
+
+GLAD TO MEET HAIG
+
+“For instance, to prevent waste of petrol in ‘joy-riding,’ a French
+barrier at one place near us had guards set upon it under a British
+officer. One day a young northern subaltern, entirely fresh to military
+work, was in charge; and the tale goes that he stopped Sir Douglas
+Haig’s car, asking him to show his permit and declare his business.
+When the general did tell who he was, the boy was so taken aback that
+he is said to have stammered, ‘So pleased to meet you!’
+
+“Again, a young officer told me that he was leading a well-known
+general around some trenches in the dark. They came to a traverse.
+‘We’ll go round here,’ said the general, and the young fellow led the
+way. But a watchful Gordon leaped up suddenly with fixed bayonet,
+and, ‘Who goes there?’ The youth replied, ‘General Blank.’ ‘Ay, lad,’
+whimsically replied the Scot, ‘ye’d better try again. That cock ’ll no
+fecht wi’ the Cock o’ the North.’
+
+“Another, a verdantly green soldier of the King, almost freshly off the
+ploughed haughs of home, met an officer of high rank. He was carrying
+his rifle, but he huddled it under his arm, and awkwardly saluted with
+the open hand as though he had it not. The officer said, very kindly,
+‘Here, my man, is the way to salute your superior with your rifle’; and
+he went through the proper regulation field-officer’s salute. But Jock,
+after coolly watching him, as coolly replied, ‘Ay, ay; maybe that’s
+your way o’t; but I hae my ain way, and I’m no jist sure yet whilk’s
+the richt gait o’t.’
+
+“It would be worth while seeing this man after a few months’ training
+has brought him into the ‘richt gait o’t.’ In fact, the way in which
+the men have fallen into the habit of discipline is as wonderful as
+the way they leaped into the line of service for their country’s sake
+when they were not forced to go. I recall one, who was only a type of
+many. Up in the mouth of a West Highland glen is a little cottage on a
+croft. And the man there was the last of his race. When others passed
+out to the world-wide conflict, his mother, who was very old, opposed
+his going. But she died. And then he drew his door to, locked it, and
+went to share the battle for liberty which to-day is shaking the earth.
+There are far more men of peace than men of quarrel fighting for the
+soul-compelling things that are of value beyond this dying world, and
+these are made of the true victory stuff.
+
+
+THEY ARE NOT TALKERS
+
+“None are less given to talk of what they have done than the very men
+whose deeds thrill others. They just saw the thing that was needed;
+they seized the flying moment, and did the deed that makes men’s
+hearts stand still. They came out of it with something akin to the
+elation of the sportsman who has scored a goal. They saved their side
+in the game. That was what they aimed at, and they were satisfied.
+
+“In my last battalion were two men who, working together, did
+breathless things without themselves being breathless. They enjoyed
+them. After one ‘stunt’ our people in the trench observed a man hanging
+on the enemy’s wire. His hand was slowly moving to and fro. They
+watched carefully, and saw clearly that he was signaling to them. A
+little group of officers gathered and considered the matter. But it
+was entirely impossible, they thought, to dream of attempting a rescue
+before darkness. So they resolved to get together a rescue party in the
+night and save. Meanwhile, however, these two worthies slipped away,
+crawled over No Man’s Land, and brought the poor fellow in. Rebuked
+for their temerity, their reply was, ‘We couldna thole the sicht o’ a
+chum oot yonder like that.’ Another time, after a bitter struggle in
+a patch of woodland between our line and the enemy’s, they came and
+reported that a man in khaki was to be seen moving from tree-stump
+to tree-stump, evidently in distress. ‘I think he’s daft,’ said one.
+And in the gloaming over they went, found him, and brought him in to
+safety. He had been wounded in the head and side, and left behind. The
+first day he had kept himself alive by drinking from the water-bottles
+of the dead; but he had lost his reason and his bearings, and was in
+despair when our brave fellows got him. And these men were killed later
+on by a slight accident down behind the lines.
+
+“It was difficult to get away from the touch of one’s environment and
+to overcome that unwelcome realization of the grim surroundings. One
+morning we had a weird reminder. When we opened the door of our hut,
+there, on the threshold, lay an unexploded ‘dud’ shell which had fallen
+in the night. Had it done what had been intended, we should have been
+very suddenly off somewhere among the stars. It made one think a little
+of solemn and strange things, and feel more than a little thankful to
+behold again the light of the sun.
+
+“People speak a good deal about the lust for blood and the
+fever-passion of battle. But our boys are not bloodthirsty.
+
+
+NOT THE HUN TYPE
+
+“A friend of mine, after a ‘scrap,’ saw a proof of this which almost
+cost him his life, as he had to resist the tendency to laugh, for he
+had been shot through the lungs. A big Scotsman, in a muddy kilt, and
+with fixed bayonet, had in his charge a German prisoner, who was very
+unwilling to get a move on. And Sandy shouted out to a companion on
+ahead, ‘Hey, Jock, he winna steer. What’ll I dae wi’ him?’ But Jock,
+busy driving his own man forward, just answered over his shoulder,
+‘Bring him wi’ ye.’ Both of these men had the sweat of conflict not dry
+upon them. But they never for a moment thought of driving the bayonet
+into that reluctant foe, as the German would have done most readily. Of
+course, one does occasionally find the old grim warrior still, quite
+contented under hard circumstances, finding indeed the conditions a
+kind of real relief after the rust of peaceful days.
+
+“This same friend, going one night along the trenches, almost
+thigh-deep in mud, came upon a grizzled Irishman, O’Hara, cowering in
+the rain. ‘Isn’t this a damnable war, O’Hara?’ said he. ‘Thrue for you,
+sir,’ was the unexpected reply. ‘But, sure, isn’t it better than having
+no war at all?’
+
+“A campaign like this brings one into touch with strange bedfellows.
+A man I know told me, ‘In one place, during the early terrible days,
+we crept into a cellar, and I lay down to try to sleep. But I soon
+found this to be impossible, for I became aware of somebody that kept
+running to and fro in the dark, driving all the rest away. I went out,
+and spoke to the doctor, whom I met. “Oh,” he replied, “that’s only
+our lunatic.” It was, indeed, a poor fellow who had gone mad in the
+retreat; and they could meanwhile do nothing but carry him along with
+them.’ Perhaps the weirdest of all the strange mixtures whom I met
+out at the front was a young fellow at a mechanical transport camp.
+His father was a Russian Jew, his mother was English, his grandfather
+Dutch, and he himself was born in London and brought up in Glasgow. In
+a world of such widely international disturbance you almost expected
+him to go off into effervescence, like a seidlitz powder.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Major Henry E. Bunch
+
+_42nd, Division, 168th Infantry, M. C._
+
+ On October 13-16, 1918, he went out in advance of the front line
+ near the Bois de Chatillon, France, to reconnoiter a site for an aid
+ station and an ambulance route. Seeing a wounded officer lying about
+ 300 meters from the enemy’s line, he went to his rescue and carried
+ him through terrific machine-gun and rifle fire to a shell hole, where
+ he administered first-aid.]
+
+
+DID NOT MERIT MERCY
+
+“Amid the sorrows and the weariness of the times out there it was
+remarkable how closely laughter followed at the heels of tears. We had
+great fun over a colonel—not in our division—who was very unpopular. He
+did not know the depths of his unpopularity, but, deeming himself the
+best-beloved among his contemporaries, he was perfectly happy. One day,
+while he was sitting in front of his dugout reading an old newspaper,
+a sniper’s bullet passed quite close, and went ‘pip’ into the parados.
+He paid no attention, of course, for that was only a bit of the day’s
+work. But when another came, he thought it was an attention which
+carried civility a little too far. So he called a Scotsman to him, and
+said, ‘Go out, Jock, and nail that beggar.’ Jock crawled out, glad of
+the diversion, stalked the enemy, ‘winged’ him, and was running up to
+‘feenish’ him, when the German held up his hands and cried, ‘Mercy,
+Englishman!’ But Jock replied, ‘Mercy? Ye dinna deserve nae mercy.
+Ye’ve missed oor colonel twice!’ I often wonder if Jock told the
+colonel how he had put it! Or is he still as happy as ever?
+
+“It is told of Jock that, on another occasion, when a German held up
+his hands, after a good deal of dirty work with them, and said, ‘Mercy,
+Englishman. I’ll go to England with you!’ Jock replied, grimly and
+coolly, ‘Ay, maybe. But, ye see, that’s no exactly whaur I was gaun to
+send ye.’
+
+“I was always much impressed by the Wesleyans, whom I often met in
+painful circumstances. I had never had anything to do with them till I
+came in contact with them wounded and suffering, but always most brave,
+patient, and truly religious. They bore their distresses without a
+murmur, and they died without fear. For they knew what they believed
+in. They had the gift of religion and the secret of a faith stronger
+than death. They were true mystics. I remember one day standing
+beside one of them who had been very dangerously stricken. His eyes
+were closed, and he was whispering continuously. I stooped down and
+listened. He was saying, over and over again, ‘Oh, God, remember me,
+and help me to get well, for the sake of those I love at home.’
+
+
+SPEAKING TO GOD
+
+“I was turning to slip away quietly, when he opened his eyes and said,
+‘Whoever you are, don’t go, sir, I was only speaking to God.’ His
+religion was so intimate a possession that he did not need to apologize
+for knocking at the door of love with his prayer.
+
+“Nothing could be more touching, and often at the same time funnier,
+than meeting men past military age who, sometimes for the sake of
+their boys serving, had slipped into the ranks, mentally folding
+down a corner of their birth-certificate over the date, and salving
+their consciences, as did one, who said to me, ‘I told them I was
+thirty-four—but I did not say on what birthday!’ I remember one old
+Scot, who could scarcely move, telling me, ‘I doot I’ll hae to get oot
+o’ this, an’ awa’ hame. Thae rheumatics is no good in the trenches;
+and they’re girnin’ at me again.’ Of course, he had ‘a laddie lyin’
+up yonder,’ and a nephew, and ‘a guid-sister’s brither,’ and so on,
+like the rest. And, of course, if it were not for these pains he would
+be as good as ever he was! Some time later I met him in the rain, and
+asked how he felt now. ‘Oh,’ said he, ‘I’m just fine the day. I seen my
+youngest laddie gaun up, and I’d a word or twa wi’ him. I’ll be writin’
+his mither the nicht aboot it. He was lookin’ grand. It was fine to get
+a roar frae him in the by-gaun.’
+
+“I called on one old woman at home, and she told me that her husband
+had only the previous day, which was his birthday, gone off to France.
+‘Eh,’ said she with unction, ‘he’s a good man, my man. I often think
+I was a lucky woman to have sic a man. D’ye ken—he never told a lie!’
+‘And yesterday was his birthday?’ I inquired. ‘And how old was he?’
+‘He was fifty-eight,’ was her answer. But when I asked how this modern
+rival of George Washington had got into the army with such an age, she
+innocently replied, ‘Ye see, he said he was thirty-twa.’
+
+“How these elderly men endured for any length of time all the
+discomforts at the front was beyond understanding. They were, of
+course, frequently caught, when youth was more able to skip nimbly out
+of the way of death. The little, shell-swept graveyards at the front
+got many of them very soon.
+
+
+RUNNERS AND M.P.’S
+
+“I spoke elsewhere, some time ago, of some of the forgotten and
+overlooked departments of our army. There are plenty such, of course.
+But one cannot help recalling amongst them the battalion runners, who
+carry messages over No Man’s Land, or anywhere, from post to post,
+when air and earth are filled with hissing death, and who also act as
+guides up to the trenches. They are absolutely fearless. This type
+varies from the gaunt, silent figure, that stalks before you like an
+Indian through the dark, to the garrulous youth who talks all the
+time over his shoulder as he goes. One of the latter was leading up
+our men, and the colonel said to him, ‘I hear that these dugouts are
+wretched water-logged holes.’ ‘Deed, they are that,’ replied the guide.
+And then, gently, as if on a tender afterthought, ‘D’ye ken, sir, I’m
+often vexed for you; for I’m perfectly sure that you’re accustomed to
+something better than yon at home!’
+
+“Another is the military policeman, who controls and guides the traffic
+at the cross-roads, and where there is danger of shells falling, in
+such places as the square at Ypres. There, amongst evidences of steady
+peril, stands this quiet man with the red band on his arm; and he steps
+forward to warn you that it is not safe to be there! I cannot forget
+one road, when we were moving up to the front. The stream of life
+flowing on towards the fighting area was like the Strand in London at
+its busiest. The policeman with uplifted hand was as powerful there
+as at home. In a moment, at the signal, limbers, guns, motor-lorries,
+ambulances, mounted men, and marching infantry stood motionless till
+permitted to go on again.
+
+“The directions we got one day from an Irish policeman were
+unforgettable. He said, ‘It’s quite easy, your honor. You see, when you
+go into Albert, you don’t go into it at all. But you turn to the right,
+keeping well to the left all the way.’ We thanked him, and trusted to
+Providence, as we are apt to do where there is nothing else that can be
+done; and, following our directions in a general way, we reached our
+place in safety!
+
+“Again, you will find, right up behind the front, the roadman busy,
+coolly filling up holes that shells have made, and behaving just as
+though he were working on a stretch of the Trossachs, or patching up
+the rut-worn tracks that the rain has damaged along by Loch Hourn.”
+
+Of the airmen flying their graceful, birdlike craft, he says: “There
+can be no braver hearts than those. Many a time we looked up at them,
+sailing overhead, and wondered; and the roughest Tommy sends something
+like a prayer with them as they go.”
+
+
+
+
+ENGLAND’S INDIAN WARRIORS
+
+Who Made Up the Indian Army; And Some V. C. Heroes
+
+
+In December of the first year of the war, a letter came to the Indian
+post-office in London with this address, written in the topknotted
+Marathi character, and hence perfectly incomprehensible to every one
+but the Jat orderly who read it:
+
+    “In the land of the European War
+      The country of the King of France
+    For my beloved son, the Sepoy Khundadad Khan
+    And the hand of any who bears this to him shall be that of a
+      gentleman.”
+
+It was an extraordinary epistle to look at, very thick, and its
+envelope was an old official one that had been carefully ungummed
+and refolded wrong side out. And it had come from a tiny village on
+the banks of the Jhelum River, far away in India. But what was more
+extraordinary still, its owner received it that very day. For Khundadad
+Khan had become a very great man indeed, and his name was fully as
+well known in London then, as ever it had been in his native village.
+Lying in the Kensington hospital, he stroked his long black curly
+beard, the exact color of his hair, and murmured, as he fingered the
+bulky contents of the letter (a parchment verse from the _Koran_ tied
+up in silk with a dried serpent’s fang), “Oh, yes, it is a very good
+tawíz—charm—as such things go, and will no doubt keep off many demons.
+But the King-Emperor has given me a better one, is it not so, my
+friend?”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _American Press Association._
+
+Second-Line Gurkhas Coming Up
+
+  From whatever tribe they came they proved themselves worthy to
+  fight in any army of Europe, as the “V. C.’s” awarded to the
+  members of the Indian army show. The photograph shows the second
+  line advancing amid shell fire to the reinforcement of the first
+  line at captured German trench.]
+
+“Undoubtedly, oh son of a most high excellence,” replied the little
+brown orderly respectfully, in Hindustanie. And it was so. For the king
+had given him the highest military honor of Great Britain, the V. C.,
+the first ever bestowed upon a member of the Indian Army. What he had
+done to win it sounds like many another brave deed recounted of the men
+in the Great War. There is a similarity even in brave deeds. He had
+remained in a trench, firing a Maxim, after his British captain and all
+the men with him were killed or wounded, holding back the Germans until
+he, too, fell, severely wounded, and they passed on over his body. But
+the Germans had been held back, and that was the important point.
+
+
+THE BROWN MEN
+
+It was in August that the brown men first took ship at Calcutta
+and Bombay, and, leaving the sound of temple bell and muezzin, and
+commending themselves, no doubt, to Ava Ardu Sur Jasan, the angel
+presiding over the sea and great voyages, sailed away under the British
+Jack to fight for the Empire in a land they had never seen. They
+reached the Western front in September, and after a scant two weeks’
+rest, were thrown in beside the almost exhausted British in the flat
+mud-country between Givenchy and Neuve Chapelle. The force consisted of
+about 50,000 British and 65,000 native Indians, led by white officers,
+and with native officers to act as go-betweens. It was the first time,
+since the Moors had conquered Spain, long before Columbus sailed for
+America, that brown men and white had engaged in a death-grapple on
+European soil. But these brown men were from a continent, not a single
+nation.
+
+There were little Gurkhas from around Nepal, stout and muscular, with
+high topknotted and slant eyes like Chinamen, grinning like terriers
+from behind British steel. Their great friends, the Scotch, say they
+can see objects and detect sounds which are imperceptible to other
+people. And though they trot along contentedly enough with their rifles
+in trenches that are sometimes too high for them, their favorite
+weapon is their own sickle-shaped knife, the _khukri_. This they can
+either hurl or use at close range, in which latter case, we are told,
+it makes a sound like the cutting of fresh lettuce. Their friendship
+with the huge Scotchmen seems to come from a certain like-mindedness
+on the battlefield. It was a regiment of Gurkhas (the 4th) that on the
+terrible night of the nineteenth of December supported the Highland
+Light Infantry in gaining the foremost trench along the Bethune-La
+Bassée Road. But the little brown men held the trench, while the
+gallant Lieutenant Anderson, not content with this, rushed on with his
+Highlanders, shouting, “We are going to take Chapelle St. Roch!” He and
+his men passed on into the darkness—and were never seen again.
+
+There were long, athletic Sikhs from the land of the Five Rivers. The
+Sikhs’ knives are straight, for they are tall, brave men who let their
+hair grow, and who usually pray before fighting. Their knives are
+two-edged, and they carry on their other side a comb, as is likewise
+enjoined by their religion. Under Ranjut Singh, the Lion of the Punjab,
+they once carved for themselves an empire from the Sutlej to the Kabul
+River, and their greatest ambition even now is for one of them to be
+known as “Singh” (“Lion”) among his countrymen. This high honor one of
+them attained, together with the Indian Order of Merit, in the spring
+drive around Ypres. It happened that a young English lieutenant, J.
+Smyth, was ordered to supply ammunition to a company farther forward.
+In the course of the fighting, he found himself in an unconnected
+trench. Therefore, selecting fifteen Sikhs, he started forward with
+bombs in boxes, which they carried among them. Only three Sikhs were
+left unwounded, when finally, still under heavy direct fire, they
+conceived the idea of breaking up the boxes and carrying the bombs the
+rest of the way in their arms. One more Sikh fell dead before they
+reached their objective and delivered the bombs to their hard-pressed
+companions.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+First Lieutenant James M. Symington
+
+_2nd Division, 23d Infantry, 1st Battalion._
+
+ On June 6, 1918, near Château-Thierry, he voluntarily and outside of
+ his regular duty rushed in front of the firing line and reorganized
+ his men, leading toward the proper objective in the face of a barrage,
+ changing a small reverse into a success.]
+
+The great bravery of the English officers of the Indian Army, and the
+enormous casualties among them—Captain Paris, Lieutenant Hayes-Saddler,
+Major Graham White, good English names innumerable—is part of the story
+of the Indian Army. It is said that their white skins among the dark
+faces of their men rendered them an easy mark to the German gunners.
+And their loss was graver for their troops than that of most officers,
+for each Englishman in command is obliged to know several of the
+innumerable dialects of India, and as there remained fewer and fewer
+men in command who could speak both English and the native tongues, the
+Indian troops became at times almost isolated.
+
+And there were men from tribes less well known: the Gurhwals, a
+comparatively new regiment, who proved their mettle at “the Indian
+Neuve Chapelle.” This was an engagement in November, not to be confused
+with the later battle of Neuve Chapelle, where the Indian troops
+actually gained the town, but were obliged to fall back, because of
+the lack of adequate support. Then there were the Pathans, who shoot
+like the Leatherstockings, and look, it is said, not unlike him, with
+their blue eyes and brown hair and their muscular frames. They are the
+fairest of the native Indians. Then there were the Rajputs, who have
+been the great gentlemen of the hills for many hundreds of years. Some
+of them were not subjects of the King of England at all, but citizens
+of the Feudatory States of India, who came down from their mud huts and
+mountain fastnesses to make the grand tour, as it were, and fight with
+the cunning implements of the white man.
+
+
+WINNERS OF V. C.’s
+
+From whatever tribe they came, however, they proved themselves worthy
+to fight in any army of Europe, as the V. C.’s awarded in the course of
+the war to the members of the Indian army will show. From G. A. Leask’s
+book, _Heroes of the Great War_, we summarize a few of their exploits,
+but many must go unnoticed here:
+
+The second Indian V. C. hero of the first year of the war, says Mr.
+Leask, was also one of the bravest. Naik Darwan Sing Negi, 1st
+Battalion 39th Gurhwal Rifles, gained his reward for great gallantry on
+the night of November 23-24, 1914, near Festubert.
+
+The 1st Battalion 39th Gurhwals are recruited from that portion of the
+Himalayas lying within territory immediately west of Nepal, known as
+Gurhwal; and Naik, like most of the sturdy recruits drawn from this
+neighborhood, spent his boyhood herding his father’s sheep and goats on
+the bleak uplands and glacier valleys, often alone for weeks on end.
+
+One of the fiercest battles of the war took place around Festubert in
+the La Bassée district. On November 23rd the Germans made a determined
+attack upon some trenches near Festubert, held by the Indian corps.
+A counter-attack was organized during the night of the 23rd-24th,
+as our men were very hard pressed. In this great onslaught the 39th
+Gurhwal Rifles, all hardy warriors like Darwan Sing Negi from the
+northern hills, took a leading part. They leaped over the parapet with
+fixed bayonets, their faces set and grim. With irresistible dash they
+advanced to the captured trenches and drove the enemy off with terrible
+loss.
+
+Darwan Sing Negi received two severe wounds in the head and in the arm,
+but refused to give in. He led the way round each successive traverse,
+and we can imagine the terror he inspired in the hearts of the Germans
+when they saw this tall, fierce Indian hero, with white turban gleaming
+in the darkness, his eyes afire, advancing upon them with the bayonet.
+Although fired at by bombs and rifles at the closest range, nothing
+could daunt this fearless fighter. By his splendid courage and powerful
+arm he practically cleared the trench himself and so saved a serious
+situation. The fighting went on all the next day, but the heroic deed
+of Darwan Sing Negi on the previous night had averted the worst of
+the danger. He was decorated by the King just before his Majesty left
+France on December 5, 1914.
+
+
+THE JEMADAR
+
+The next month, April, saw the winning of another V. C. by an Indian
+officer. He was Jemadar Mir Dast, of the 55th (Coke’s) Rifles, though
+he won his distinction when he was attached to the 57th (Wilde’s)
+Rifles, both belonging to Indian Frontier Force.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Joseph H. Stowers
+
+_42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company_
+
+ He was cited for rushing into the open under fire January 2, 1918,
+ through an area flooded with poisonous gas, to the assistance of a
+ wounded comrade who was lying in an exposed position. He brought the
+ wounded man back safely in his arms.]
+
+The jemadar—corresponding to our lieutenant—had already distinguished
+himself before coming to Europe to fight for his King-Emperor. He
+possesses the coveted Indian Order of Merit for gallant services on the
+Indian frontier while acting as guardian of the northern boundary.
+
+During both battles of Ypres the Indians fought magnificently. After
+the enemy’s poison-gas attack had made a temporary dent in the British
+line in the Ypres area, Sir John French ordered the Lahore Division
+of the Indian Corps, to which Mir Dast’s regiment was attached, to be
+moved up and placed at the disposal of the Second Army.
+
+A few days later, this corps, supported by the British cavalry, was
+pushed up into the front firing-line. The time had come for the British
+to assume the offensive. Fighting with the French on one of their
+wings, the Indians were successful in pushing the enemy back some
+little distance toward the north. Again the Germans let loose their
+poison gas, and rendered further advance impossible. Such was the
+position on April 26th.
+
+The Indians fought with determination to carry the German positions. A
+formidable series of trenches had to be assaulted in order to dislodge
+the enemy and so relieve the pressure on the rest of the line. Jemadar
+Mir Dast got his men ready and was waiting to advance. When the order
+was given to dash from the trenches, Mir Dast found himself detailed
+off to remain with his platoon in reserve. The others, advancing by
+short rushes, reached the crest of the first slope without a check,
+although a number fell by shell fire. On reaching the crest, however,
+the line came under a terrific machine gun and rifle fire. Whole
+swathes of men fell as if a scythe had been drawn across their legs. In
+spite of this, the line pressed on.
+
+Then came the dramatic sequel. The Germans suddenly released their gas.
+Although the French Colonials were the chief sufferers, the Indian
+troops were affected by it. The poor fellows were totally unprovided
+with any form of protection against this devilish device, and were
+falling fast, being at the same time under a hail of machine gun fire.
+No troops could have withstood the terrible conditions, and the line
+was forced to give way.
+
+Jemadar Mir Dast, from his trench, had seen the oncoming poison cloud,
+and noticed the retirement of a part of the line. He had one of two
+alternatives presented to him. Either he must retire in conformity with
+the rest of the troops, or endeavor to get his men to stand firm and
+resist the attack. Mir Dast decided to remain.
+
+
+STOOD THE BRUNT
+
+Behind the dense volumes of gas and with ceaseless pointblank fire, the
+Germans approached nearer and nearer. Undaunted in the trying ordeal,
+Mir Dast remained firm, and collected all the men available, among
+whom were many who were recovering from the effects of gas. So many
+British officers had been killed that there was no one left to lead but
+himself. He therefore assumed command of the forces he had collected,
+and kept the men together until ordered to retire, all the while
+holding up the oncoming Germans with rifle fire.
+
+After dusk, Mir Dast left the trench with his small force. During this
+retirement, he picked up many men who were in the successive lines of
+trenches by which he passed, and brought them back to safety.
+
+Throughout the attack, the resolute conduct of Mir Dast was beyond
+praise. As the little band wended its way to the rear he encouraged
+each man individually by his cheery words and courageous example. He
+saw an officer lying wounded, and at great risk went and brought him
+to cover. A few yards farther on he made out the writhing figure of
+a gassed Indian officer. In spite of a hot rifle fire the intrepid
+jemadar made for him, and, with assistance, got the suffering officer
+out of the zone of fire. Then a second British officer was observed.
+The jemadar, knowing every minute was precious if he himself was to
+escape the fire and gas, stopped once again to perform his heroic work
+of rescue.
+
+In this way during the retirement the gallant Indian soldier brought in
+no less than eight wounded British and Indian officers. He was exposed
+in doing so to a very heavy fire, and was himself slightly wounded.
+Had he not shown such conspicuous bravery these eight men would have
+died on the field. Mir Dast not only received bullet wounds, but was
+rendered very weak through the effects of the German poison gas.
+
+The gallantry of Mir Dast, as well as the behavior of the whole
+division at the second battle of Ypres, added yet another proud page to
+the record of the Indian army.
+
+The jemadar, when well enough to be moved, was sent to England, and
+there received from the hands of the King-Emperor the V. C. he had so
+deservedly won.
+
+He was much affected by the King’s praise and said afterwards,
+“What did I do?—nothing, only my duty; and to think that the great
+King-Emperor should shake me by the hand and praise me. I am his child.”
+
+It must be remembered that India’s service in the war was entirely
+voluntary.
+
+
+
+
+A LIVELY INTRODUCTION
+
+An Ambulance Man’s First Twenty-four Hours at the Front Well Diversified
+
+
+In a letter to his father, Dr. John B. Sullivan of Brooklyn, N. Y.,
+an aid with the American Ambulance Field Service in France, Eugene
+Sullivan, who got quickly into the thick of things, tells the incidents
+of his first day where the Germans were busy. The letter appeared in
+the Brooklyn _Eagle_ as follows:
+
+“Well, after being assigned to section ... we went immediately to
+the front by going to ..., base of sector, and arriving there were
+picked up by section chief and then brought to section headquarters.
+Next morning, at eight, was sent out as aid to learn roads, stations,
+_postes de secours_, etc. First station at.... Arriving there I
+expressed my disappointment, because everything looked so quiet,
+except for the village, which, by the way, at one time must have been
+lovely, but Germans had destroyed everything—every single house and
+building—only a few houses had walls standing. At the improvised relay
+station, or _poste de secours_, I left the ambulance and strolled to
+the top of a hill.
+
+“Here I could see and was in plain sight of a German observation
+balloon, and the German must have taken a dislike to my position,
+physique or otherwise, because before long some nice big high
+explosive shells started to come my way—so much so I had to postpone
+my sight-seeing tour and retire to the _poste de secours_ and join
+the others who were in an _abri_, which is an enlarged rat-hole in
+the ground. While there an ambulance from a station nearer the first
+line of trenches came in with some _blessés_ (wounded) and left word
+that he was going to ... to the first hospital. It was then up to us
+to go forward to Pont ... to take the place of this ambulance, who on
+his return would take our place at ... Well, all went well and we hid
+the ambulance at Pont ... in some bushes to wait for some poor fellow
+to get his ‘ticket’ for the hospital. Very little happened that day,
+except for the shells flying over our heads and a few airplane scraps,
+but no wounded. Toward evening an extra ambulance arrived, and we in
+the first ambulance got word to go still further to the front, to where
+they have never had an ambulance before, but on account of shell-fire
+had to wait until darkness.
+
+“This was like preparing me for the inevitable, but finally we got a
+French soldier to guide us, and the driver, Harry Dunn, the soldier,
+and yours truly, aid, started. All went well until about half over the
+rocky and muddy road to Dublin I noticed the soldiers running like mad
+for the trenches. For a few seconds I didn’t realize what it meant,
+until a shell burst right near us and pieces went hissing right over
+the top of the ambulance. Right then yours truly grabbed his steel
+helmet from the guide, who was holding it, and just planted it on
+his head, and, believe me, thought of home, mother, etc., said a few
+prayers, and finally landed under the cover of the French dressing
+station.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant August Steidl
+
+_1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “A”_
+
+ He showed exceptional bravery and control over his platoon while
+ advancing through enemy machine-gun and artillery fire before he
+ reached his final objective, which he took with great daring.]
+
+“Got well located and fixed a stretcher in lieu of a bed, and just
+about settled down to rest and sleep while waiting for candidates for
+ride in ambulance when the French batteries started up. They were
+a couple of hundred yards in rear of us and were firing over our
+heads, and I got up and stood at the door to see the fire of belching
+batteries, etc. Joe, each time one of those blame things went off my
+steel (crown) helmet just naturally rose off my head, but in a few
+minutes I got used to it and got well used to my surroundings and
+looked over everything. It seems all the fire of a couple of hours
+was just a small preliminary to an attack by a small company to jump
+into the German trenches, grab about a dozen prisoners and then back
+again—all so they could give the poor Boches the third degree for
+general information, etc.
+
+
+WITNESSES AN AIR DUEL
+
+“Finally, after all the firing, got a French soldier who had the good
+portion of his head left to take to the hospital, and as it was getting
+near daybreak we were ordered to ‘beat it’ under cover of darkness,
+or the little that was left of it. Got out all right, except that we
+darn near rode on top of a French battery, just as it was firing,
+only 100 feet in front of us, and, believe me, we hit only the high
+spots for about five miles. Got to hospital at ... O. K. and returned
+to ..., taking up our order of relief and settled down to enjoy some
+rest. Nothing doing for a couple of hours until just about 8 a.m.,
+when our tour of duty (twenty-four hours) was finished, when a lot of
+machine-gun fire attracted our attention to the sky.
+
+“There we saw—in my opinion—the most wonderful and yet most horrible
+duel between two airplanes, French and German. Saw every move they
+made, until finally the German—or Boche, we call them—machine broke
+into flames and immediately the observer of the German machine jumped
+7,000 feet to his death, leaving his pilot to finish the struggle; but
+although the poor wretch made a grand effort to right his plane after a
+fall like a rocket for 1,000 feet, the tail of his machine and one wing
+broke off and just dropped.
+
+“While dropping, the flames must have got to him, for he finally
+jumped, too, and his machine fell one way and he, all in flames, a
+little farther away. All the while the Frenchman in his victorious
+machine was flying—really dropping—and followed him down, making a
+spiral dive, and landed almost as quick. We jumped into our ambulance
+and hurried to the spot, and the sight which greeted us was horrible.
+I had my camera with me, but just couldn’t snap the picture. The
+victorious aviator then reached the spot and stood smilingly over the
+body while various ones took the picture.
+
+“The German balloon observers took it all in and when the crowd of us
+gathered they had their artillery just drop some shells among us, so we
+‘beat it,’ and that was the end of my first twenty-four hours on the
+front. Some baptism.
+
+“A chap who came over with me—Osborn, of Dartmouth College—was only
+four days in active service with Section 28, and in going to the aid of
+one of his section ambulances got stalled himself and while repairing
+his car the Germans located him by a star shell which illuminates
+everything, and in this way they got a line on him and his ambulance.
+They paid no heed to red cross on ambulance, but let him have a shell,
+with the result that one leg was shattered and a piece of a shell went
+through his body and lung. The poor chap didn’t realize how seriously
+he was hurt or that he lost his leg later by amputation, but was
+apparently O. K., for on the morning of the day he died he was chatting
+merrily with every one, shaved himself and had a smoke. He even wrote a
+most wonderful and pathetic letter to his parents, and yet that night
+he died. Some say, or try to say, we don’t get under fire. I at least
+know what shell-fire is.”
+
+ At the date of the signing of the Armistice over 25 per cent. of the
+ entire male population of the United States, between the ages of 18
+ and 31, were in military service. This represents a growth in the size
+ of the American Army in 19 months of nearly twenty-fold, namely, from
+ 189,674 in March, 1917, to 3,664,000 in November, 1918.
+
+
+
+
+“A VALIANT GENTLEMAN”
+
+So Comrades Named Dick Hall, One of the First of Ours to Die
+
+
+Speaking at the Lafayette Day banquet given in New York the evening of
+Sept. 6, 1916, M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador, referring to the
+service of Americans in France before the United States entered the
+war, said:
+
+“Serving in the ambulances, serving in the Legion, serving in the
+air, serving Liberty, obeying the same impulse as that which brought
+Lafayette to these shores, many young Americans leaving home and family
+have offered to France their lives. Those lives many have lost, and
+never, even in antique times, was there shown such abnegation and
+generosity, such firmness of character: men like that Victor Chapman,
+who died to rescue American and French co-aviators nearly overcome by a
+more numerous enemy, and whose father, so justly admired for his gifts
+of mind and heart, decided that his son’s remains should be buried
+where he had fallen: ‘Let him rest with his comrades’; or that Richard
+Hall, killed by a shell while on the search for our wounded and whose
+mother hesitated to accept a permit to visit his flower-wreathed tomb
+at the front, because French mothers are not allowed to do so; or that
+Harvard graduate, the poet of the Legion, Alan Seeger, who felt that
+his hour could not be far remote and in expectation of it had written
+from the blood-soaked battlefield where he had fought for Liberty.
+The Frenchman who goes up is possessed with a passion beside which
+any of the other forms of experience that are reckoned to make life
+worth while seem pale in comparison. It is a privilege to march at his
+side—so much so that nothing the world could give could make me wish
+myself anywhere else than where I am.”
+
+And Emory Pottle, in telling for the _Century_ the story of a
+“Christmas at Pont-à-Mousson” (1915) when he and his fellows of
+the American Ambulance Service in that sector had a “bonne fête,”
+superintended by Mme. Marion and pretty little thirteen-year-old
+Jeanne, says:
+
+“It was a gay meal, recklessly, happily so. No one in the sector to
+which we were attached was wounded that day. That, maybe, was the real
+holiday note. Though it may seem incredible, the meal ended with a huge
+plum pudding.
+
+“It ended, too, with something very grave and as I now think of it,
+very beautiful. The festival meal and the gifts were forgotten in the
+face of it. For it was, oh! not strangely, one of those events which
+lift men, if ever so briefly, out of their daily selves into unseen
+things. Our chief of Section was called to the telephone. He came
+back—we all saw it—with saddened face. ‘Fellows,’ he said slowly,
+‘Richard Hall of Section III has been killed, blown off his car by a
+stray shell in the Vosges. He is the first of us all to go.’
+
+“We stood very silently and soberly about the table. Such news drove
+home abruptly, cruelly by reason of our Christmas gaieties—just
+what being there involved to us, to those who loved us. Very often
+we had jested and joked about death. None of us was a coward, I
+think; but—Hall dead—the first of the lot of us—dead—so far from
+home—Christmas!
+
+“‘Boys, let’s drink to him, the first of us to lay down his life for
+France. Here’s to Dick Hall, good old scout!’
+
+“So we drank, and I think no man there that night, where danger and
+death were always brooding darkly, failed to feel the dignity and honor
+of his calling.
+
+
+A MOTHER’S GIFT TO THE CAUSE
+
+“A long time after, the mother of Richard Hall said to a friend of
+mine—said with clear, sad, gentle eyes—‘I am glad to give my boy to so
+great a cause!’ And we on the edge of the sinister Bois le Pretre, when
+the news of the boy’s death came to us that Christmas day, felt, too,
+somehow, somewhere within us, that the cause was great, was ours.
+
+“Late that night I stood alone for a time under the starry sky of
+that strange hell we inhabited. Oddly enough, I felt, so I recall, a
+calmness and a courage, even a sort of happiness, new and strange.
+Though its approaches might be loud and frightening, I knew again that
+‘the ways of death are silent and serene;’ an honorable death, a death
+of one’s own choosing for an ideal, for a cause.”
+
+An extract from a letter written to his parents on Decoration Day,
+1916, by Louis P. Hall, Jr., next older brother of Richard—he, too,
+valiant in the Ambulance Service—gives an intimate glimpse of the
+qualities of heart and mind that endeared Richard Hall to his fellows
+and to all who knew him:
+
+“To-day at two I attended a beautiful memorial exercise. It was held at
+the monument to Washington and Lafayette in the Place des États-Unis,
+here in Paris. And during these exercises I took a little part when
+my officers and myself placed a great floral tribute at the base of
+the monument among the many others. On the tri-color ribbons of this
+tribute from the American Ambulance were these words: ‘To Richard Hall
+and the other Americans who gave their lives for France.’
+
+“And so it is, as you well know, that I have thought a great deal of
+Dick to-day. I believe I can recall almost every time I saw him during
+our last three months together in Alsace with the circumstances of each
+meeting. I can even remember many of the times and places we passed
+each other on the road. He invariably smiled as we waved to each other
+in passing, just as if he were as pleased to see me as I was to see
+him. And I wonder if that really could be true! How I did admire and
+love him as I knew him there in a life which brought forth all the best
+from a boy who had no worst. And coupled with his splendid character,
+indeed a part of it, was that fine reserve which never courted an
+open show of devotion from me. But he was my own brother and always
+must be my brother, what more could I have asked?... Though we were
+often miles apart for days at a time, each was doing his little share
+in alleviating that endless physical pain and bitter human suffering
+which made our own hardships seem as nothing. And there was always our
+next meeting, sometimes down in the valley, sometimes at a post in the
+mountains, when we would talk things over; but even then neither told
+the other all his inmost thoughts, for in such work our very depths
+were touched and stirred as they never had been touched and stirred
+before.”
+
+
+FROM DARTMOUTH TO FRANCE
+
+Richard Nelville Hall, less than 21 years old when killed, was the
+youngest son of Dr. and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, of Ann Arbor, Michigan.
+In June, 1915, he was a senior at Dartmouth College and with other
+members of that class he enlisted with the American Ambulance Corps for
+a period of three months, and was assigned to Section Three. When his
+term was up there was such urgent need of men and the new enlistments
+were so few that Dick volunteered to remain in service until he could
+be spared more easily. About that time Louis P. Hall, Jr., his next
+older brother, enlisted and surprised Dick by appearing in the yard of
+the American Ambulance Corps in Paris. Dick had just driven in from
+the firing line. The meeting can be appreciated only by those who know
+what a bond of affectionate devotion united the brothers, and which is
+expressed in the foregoing quotation from Louis’ letter to his parents
+dated Decoration Day, 1916.
+
+But even when recruits came the work of the Ambulance Corps was such
+that the need of men was increased, and Dick continued to drive his
+ambulance, postponing a little further his expected return home. There
+was terribly fierce fighting in the Vosges in that period, it will
+be remembered, and the demands upon the ambulance driver were almost
+incessant, the peril of it constant, gathering up the wounded from the
+battle front and hurrying them to a place of safety. For five months
+he had made those hazardous trips from battle front to safety station,
+unhesitatingly, devoted, inspired by the consciousness that he was
+engaged in saving, not in destroying life, his work not for France
+alone but for humanity.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant David U. Binkley
+
+_42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “I”_
+
+ While a private, Sergeant Binkley, on July 28, 1918, sought and
+ obtained permission to rescue his corporal who was lying severely
+ wounded in the open near Sergy, northeast of Château-Thierry, France.
+ He crossed an open area that was swept for more than 50 yards by enemy
+ machine guns, reached the corporal and carried him safely back into
+ the lines.]
+
+Lovering Hill, the chief of the section, says of him: “I have never
+known any one who always showed so much _dévouement_ in his work. He
+was the steadiest of all, and the most reliable. He never slacked up in
+times when work was dull, when day in and day out was the same grinding
+monotony; and in times of activity after many hours without rest or
+sleep, he was always cheerful and stuck to the work with a tenacity
+which was astounding. His frankness and straightforwardness, his
+cheerfulness and good nature, his kindness—for he was always the first
+to help his comrades—made him beloved by all of us, and by most of the
+French with whom he came in touch, who admired the wholehearted way in
+which he worked. In the technical matter of the upkeep of his car he
+was my special delight, for both his car and his equipment were always
+in perfect order.”
+
+The incidents of the days preceding the death of Hall have been
+indicated briefly in a tribute written soon after the fatality. There
+had been something of a respite from fighting, but on December 21 “the
+mountains spoke” and all the cars rolled upwards toward the post of
+Hartmanns-Weilerkopf—taken and retaken a score of times, a bare, brown,
+blunt shell-ploughed top where before the forest stood—up, elbowing
+and tacking their way through battalions of men and beasts. From
+one mountain slope to another roared all the lungs of war. For five
+days and five nights, scraps of days—the shortest of the year—nights
+interminable—the air was shredded with shrieking shells—intermittent
+lulls for slaughtering after the bombardment—then again the roar of the
+counter-attack.
+
+
+THE TRAVELED ROAD
+
+“All this time, as in all the past months, Richard Nelville Hall calmly
+drove his car up the winding shell-swept artery of the mountain of
+war—past crazed mules, broken-down artillery carts, swearing drivers,
+stricken horses, wounded stragglers still able to hobble; past long
+convoys of Boche prisoners, silently descending in twos guarded by a
+handful of men; past all the personnel of war, great and small (for
+there is but one road on which to travel, one road for the enemy’s
+shell); past abris, bomb-proof, to arrive at the _Poste de Secours_;
+where silent men moved mysteriously under the great trees, where the
+cars were loaded with an ever ready supply of still more quiet figures
+(though some made sounds), mere bundles in blankets. Hall saw to it
+that these quiet bundles were carefully and rapidly installed, then
+rolled down into the valley where little towns bear stolidly their
+daily burden of shells thrown wantonly from somewhere in Bocheland
+over the mountain to somewhere in France—the bleeding bodies in the
+car, a mere corpuscle in the full crimson stream, the ever-rolling
+tide from the trenches to the hospital, of the blood of life and the
+blood of death. Once there, his wounded unloaded, Dick Hall filled his
+gasoline tank and calmly rolled again on his way. Two of his comrades
+had been wounded the day before, but Dick Hall never faltered. He slept
+when and where he could, in his car, at the _poste_, on the floor of
+our temporary kitchen at Moosch—dry blankets or wet blankets of mud,
+blankets of blood—contagion was pedantry, microbes a myth.”
+
+It was over this shell-swept, torturous road that Dick Hall was driving
+his car on its final errand of mercy when, in the first hours of the
+Christmas morning, death made friends with him. Some three hours later
+he was found by Matter, one of his comrades, the first to pass along
+the mountain road. It was between 3 and 4 o’clock of the morning.
+Matter and Jennings, who came a little later, bore the body back in
+Matter’s car to Moosch, where his brother, Louis Hall, learned what
+had happened. Death had been instantaneous. A fragment of shell had
+penetrated his brain. Though he had other injuries (the car was utterly
+demolished), we have the testimony of Abbé Klein, the chaplain, that
+“even in death his face preserved the expression of smiling radiance,
+that frank and kindly nature that his comrades had learned to love in
+the months he had been with them.”
+
+“There in the small hours of Christmas morning where mountain fought
+mountain—on that hard bitter pass under the pines of the Vosgian sweep,
+there fell a very modest and valiant gentleman,” says the memorial from
+his comrades of Section Three, adding:
+
+“Dick Hall, we knew you, worked with you, played with you, ate with
+you, slept with you, we took pleasure in your company, in your modesty,
+in your gentle manner, in your devotion and in your youth—we still
+pass that spot, and we salute. Our breath comes quicker, and our eyes
+grow dimmer, we grip the wheel a little tighter—we pass better and
+stronger.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private George W. Langham
+
+_32nd Division, 128th Infantry, Company “H”_
+
+ Though he was severely gassed near Juvigny, north of Soissons, France,
+ August 20-September 2, 1918, he remained on duty with his company
+ while it was in the front line. Later he aided in the work of carrying
+ wounded men across the area covered by artillery and machine-gun fire.]
+
+
+THE LIVING DEAD
+
+The funeral services were held in the little Protestant Chapel five
+miles down the valley while the guns roared in a fierce battle raging
+for the possession of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf. At the conclusion of the
+ceremony Hall’s citation was read and the _Croix de Guerre_ was pinned
+to a fold of the tri-color that wrapped his coffin. At the head of the
+grave was placed a wooden cross with the simple but all sufficient
+inscription, “Richard Hall, an American who died for France, December
+25, 1915.” The Alsatian women heaped flowers on the grave, and after
+kept it decorated and cared for. When the United States formally
+entered the war there was a further ceremony, when a French General
+laid a palm on the grave in the presence of Louis Hall and the American
+Corps.
+
+But Richard Hall was one of those fortunate servants whose service and
+humanity did not end with death. Very soon after he was killed, as a
+tribute to his memory a new ambulance car was sent to France to be
+driven by Louis Hall. It was the gift of a lady. Another followed, the
+gift of a New York gentleman, and a third ambulance was sent by Dr.
+and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, who also kept a memorial bed in the American
+Ambulance Hospital at Neuilly until the end of the war. In addition
+to that they established a Loan Fund of $2,000 in the University of
+Michigan (Ann Arbor was Dick’s birthplace, his father a professor in
+the University) and $500 was given to Dartmouth. In the same spirit of
+carrying on Dick’s work his parents’ efforts resulted in the sending
+of $18,000 to the “Fatherless Children of France” and ten thousand
+garments to the children of the Frontier.
+
+An editorial in the Philadelphia _Press_ had this to say of Richard
+Hall:
+
+“Much more glorious is the death of this man than is that of the
+fighting soldier. His was a devotion, not to country and fireside
+and altar, but to an abstract conception of duty. There can be a
+selfishness, of a refined kind, to be sure, in even the greatest
+bravery shown by the soldier who is fighting for the preservation
+of his native land. Thoughts of his near and dear ones in that land
+inspire his actions and nerve his body and will for them. To the alien
+nurse, physician, hospital attendant there is no such inspiration.
+For them the inspiration must come from the depth of their humanity,
+and cannot be tinged with the slightest touch of self. German or Hun,
+Briton or Serb or Frenchman are all the same in their eyes if they are
+suffering from wounds or disease. Americans have a right to be proud of
+a fellow countryman like Richard Hall.”
+
+
+
+
+WHERE DENOMINATIONS END
+
+A Christian Priest Who Was a Hero too Found They Vanished at the Front
+
+
+Though we did not see much about them in the dispatches, those soldiers
+of the Most High, the army chaplains who went to the front, were often
+as heroic and self-sacrificing in attending to their duties as were the
+doughboys themselves. Among the many was Father John J. Brady of New
+York, the young Catholic chaplain of the 5th Regiment, U. S. Marines,
+who was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for things he did in
+the Château-Thierry region in the deadly period of June, 1918. Some of
+the zealous folk who wish to put a ban on tobacco in all of its forms
+will hardly understand the quality of heroism that prompted Father
+Brady to risk his life on several occasions to carry cigarettes to men
+of the fighting line who could not otherwise have had the “soldier’s
+solace” after the perils and fatigues of long hours of trench service.
+Nevertheless, that generous and courageous act was among the valiant
+things for which his country officially honored him. In the big fight
+that turned back the Germans, this free-souled chaplain made two
+complete tours of the front line under severe fire, ministering in
+unusually trying circumstances to the wounded and dying men of his
+regiment. Right well the men of that regiment loved him—not because he
+was their chaplain but because he was the chaplain who understood. A
+wonderful thing is understanding. We recall that the wise Solomon rated
+it above all things else.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Patrick Walsh
+
+_1st Division, 18th Infantry_
+
+ He captured a nest of enemy machine gunners who were doing particular
+ damage to his unit and as a result he was decorated with the Croix de
+ Guerre and the Distinguished Service Cross. He is said to be the first
+ American soldier to receive the former decoration.]
+
+The _Stars and Stripes_ in an article about Chaplain Brady has the key
+to the man in the opening paragraph, which quotes him as saying:
+
+“’Tis all one great church, the front line is. In all Christendom, in
+all the rest of the world you will not find so much unselfishness,
+so much Christian charity, so much loving kindness, as you find at
+the front. There, if anywhere, the men are brothers. We feel it.
+Denominations or sects are pretty much forgotten. Faith, war makes
+strange bunkies, and ’tis me and my pal, the Presbyterian minister,
+have been shelled out of the same quarters together.”
+
+The article continues:
+
+“Father Brady ought to know, for he penetrated the farthermost American
+position and has crawled beyond the front lines to hear confessions of
+Marines in the outpost. He was decorated for extraordinary heroism at
+the battle of Château-Thierry where his unfailing ministrations were a
+big factor in conserving the morale of the men.
+
+“The true spirit of the Marines is Father Brady’s. He laughs at
+obstacles and perils, and his indomitable will carries him through
+the most difficult tasks. Often he has accomplished the seemingly
+impossible and he is honored by Protestant and Jew as he is by those of
+his own faith. Regardless of creed, the Devil Dogs of the 5th Regiment
+are proud of their chaplain.”
+
+
+HIS LEATHERNECKS
+
+“There was to be an attack the next morning in the gray hours before
+the sun was up, when Father Brady reached the wooded country between
+Soissons and Château-Thierry where his Leathernecks crouched under
+the Hun bombardments. He crawled and stumbled along the lines to hear
+confessions from his warriors. Hard-bitten old-timers who had not
+seen the interior of a church in years bared their souls and went
+light-hearted into the hell that followed the opening barrage.
+
+“Reaching the final outpost, the young priest spied a shallow trench
+from which a sentry peeped. In spite of warnings he slipped out among
+the shadows and wormed his way forward and rolled into the ditch. He
+heard the confession as he and the outpost lay side by side looking
+up at the stars, and as he crept back to cover he knew that he had
+never granted absolution in stranger places. He has said mass for the
+faithful with his altar cloth on the shattered stump of a tree during
+the last lull before the attack.
+
+“Friend and foe alike received the sacrament from the young Catholic
+priest. His enmity for the Germans ceased when he went among the young
+wounded Bavarians left on the field and gave them the last consolation
+of the church. Often he bent over young Germans, scarcely able to speak
+as they groped for their rosaries, and left them facing death more
+bravely.
+
+“One of his most dangerous tasks was the burial of the dead, which must
+be done at night, and frequently under shell fire. It is work that must
+be done in the open, for digging is almost impossible where the woods
+fill the soil with interlacing roots. It was on such a mission that
+personal tragedy touched him. Making his way to the crest of a hill,
+where he had been told a man lay dead, he found the face of one of his
+closest friends turned up to the moonlight.
+
+“In spite of the horrors he has witnessed and the sorrows he has
+shared, those who have met Father Brady recently say he is unchanged.
+Many men would have shrunk from his work, much of which was done alone
+with no comrade to speak a steadying word. Yet his spirit is still
+buoyant and his mind is unoppressed.”
+
+
+A BIT OF A MISTAKE
+
+“Many of his stories deal with the changes in spirit and practice that
+have followed the sharing of hardships. All the Marines were ‘his
+boys.’
+
+“‘What a pother they’d have made in the old days of peace back home if
+they had caught me at a mistake I made the other night,’ he said. ‘In
+the confusion just before the attack I heard the confession of one old
+sinner of a sergeant. He got half-way through before I discovered that
+he was not a Catholic.’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+First-Class Sergeant George Burr
+
+_32nd Division, 107th Field Signal Battalion, Company C_
+
+Sergeant Burr, in charge of a detachment near Cierges, France, August
+2, 1918, strung wire far in advance of the front lines, working through
+heavy artillery fire to the point where the regimental post of command
+was to be situated. When ordered to leave one man at the instrument, he
+himself remained.]
+
+“‘Why, you’re no Catholic!’ I told him.
+
+“‘No, Padre, I’m a Presbyterian,’ said he, ‘but they say confession is
+good for the soul. Believe me, mine feels none the worse now.’
+
+“Once Father Brady received $2,000 from America to buy himself an
+automobile. He spent it on a club for the boys in his regiment. Later
+they found that the young priest could box and wrestle, and that he was
+the best referee that could be got for their fights. He built up trust
+and affection for himself during the weary months at the front.
+
+“He has been day and night with his regiment during the long period
+when they were in the midst of things. For a month at a time he has
+snatched what sleep he could wherever he might throw himself down,
+under hedges, in roadside barns and even in shell holes. But he has
+always had a word of cheer for the men, and in the most terrible days
+he has made both living and dying more bearable for the 5th Marines.”
+
+
+
+
+“BUCKEYES” OR “SPEARHEADS”
+
+How the Ohio Doughboys Managed to Pick Up a New Nickname in France
+
+
+The “Buckeye Division,” the 37th Ohio, got a new nickname for itself
+at Montfaucon in September, 1917. It was called “Spearheads” because
+of its ability to start a drive and carry on until its objectives were
+reached and captured. In a history of the Division Jack Koons (of the
+Cincinnati _Inquirer_), who was one of the Spearheads, tells in a
+breezily entertaining manner of the first experience of the boys going
+“over the top.”
+
+Montfaucon had been held for over three years by the Germans, and was
+one of the so-called “invulnerables.”
+
+The division historian says:
+
+“Just before dusk on the night of September 25 the men began to enter
+the trenches. Blankets, overcoats, packs, and all unnecessary equipment
+were piled in large salvage heaps. Behind the lines, crouched beneath
+leafy screens of camouflage, was the artillery. At 10.25 o’clock the
+first gun spoke and all along the line great splotches of red seared
+the sky and the boom, screech, and crack of the gigantic pieces echoed
+and reëchoed through the hills. Far across the landscape, rising
+from the plain and standing out upon the horizon, was Montfaucon.
+The white walls of the city could be seen distinctly in the daytime.
+A church steeple, long ago deserted by worshipers, stood, a vacant
+monument to the ravages of the foe. In the advance against Montfaucon
+it was necessary to advance approximately twelve kilometers, through
+two dense woods, a marshy land, up a sharp slope, another plain, and
+then a sharp ascent into the town. It was later learned that a German
+Division Headquarters was located in the town.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Committee Public Information._
+
+Machine Gun in Action]
+
+
+AT THE ZERO HOUR
+
+“Patrols advanced into No Man’s Land as the artillery cut away
+barbed-wire entanglements. The great guns rose into a rumble and
+death rode through the night on shells—bound toward Germany. At 2.25
+o’clock in the morning of September 26 the barrage rose and thundered
+in volume. Like the roll of a mighty drum the sound could be heard
+for more than a hundred miles. At 5.05 o’clock the barrage rested on
+the German front lines—rested there for twenty-five minutes, cutting
+forests to the ground and demoralizing the enemy who fled into the
+deepest dugouts. At 5.30 o’clock, the zero hour, the boys from
+Ohio went over the top. Every county and village in the State was
+represented in that attack.
+
+“On and on they went. Machine-gun nests, carefully camouflaged with the
+hellishness shown only by the German, were discovered and destroyed.
+Here and there in the woodland Hun snipers were busy—but not for long.
+Men fell by the wayside in agony, refused assistance from comrades, and
+urged the men to go forward. That was the true Ohio spirit. The spirit
+that drove the Germans back mile after mile, that resulted in the
+capture of not only Montfaucon, twenty-four hours later, but Cierges
+and Ivoiry. These towns had been held by the Germans for four long
+years and were wrested away and liberated by Ohioans in forty-eight
+hours. In the prisoner cage were huddled approximately 1,100 prisoners,
+many officers among them.
+
+“Relief came to the tired, fighting crew on September 30. Back they
+came a laughing, joking, dirty, sleepy division of fighting men—no
+longer boys. Behind them, buried in the fields of eastern France,
+slept those sons of Ohio who had given their lives, their all.”
+
+
+NOW THE FINAL EPISODES
+
+“At 5.25 o’clock on the morning of October 31 ‘Fritzie’ on watch along
+the Lys River was rudely awakened from his dreams of German beer and
+sauerkraut to face a typical go-get-’em barrage. It was a typical
+American barrage. Five minutes of drumfire. Five minutes of hell,
+fire, and damnation. Five minutes of terror. Across the Lys River
+scurried the Ohioans. Paddling in the icy water on logs and planks,
+the ‘doughboys’ went over, carrying rifles and machine guns. Engineers
+began to build bridges. For a few minutes the Germans hesitated, but
+it didn’t take them long to decide. Back they went to previously
+arranged positions. Here they planned to stop the infantry, but they
+were mistaken. In twenty minutes the Ohioans had reached their first
+objective. Three hours later they passed their second objective and dug
+in for the night. As they dug in the Germans dug out and started for
+the Escaut River. On the second day members of the 37th Division drove
+on through Cruyshautem and Huysse to the banks of the Scheldt (Escaut)
+River. Here, under a veritable rain of shrapnel and machine-gun fire,
+they established and held the only bridgeheads to be erected over this
+river during the war.”
+
+
+THEIR LAST OVER
+
+“In this drive through the fertile fields and populated country
+which had grown dormant under the four years of iron-hand rule of
+the Hohenzollern, more than twenty towns were liberated. Hundreds of
+men, women, and children, laughing, crying, cheering, greeted the men
+as they advanced and entered towns. The yellow, red, and black flags
+of Belgium appeared mysteriously from hiding places and swayed in
+the breeze. Apples and bottles of wine were resurrected and slipped
+down the throats of the boys in olive drab. Up ahead at Heurne, near
+Audenarde, the Americans were raising Cain with the Germans, who were
+falling back along the river.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeants Eggers and Latham
+
+_27th Division, 107th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company_
+
+ In action against the enemy near La Catelet, France, on September
+ 29, 1918, Eggers and Latham separated from their platoon in a smoke
+ barrage, and took shelter in a shell-hole within the enemy’s line
+ where an American tank was disabled with three men inside; it was in
+ a heavy fire from enemy guns; but the two sergeants rescued the men
+ in the tank, one, an officer, was wounded, and conveyed them all to a
+ nearby trench—returned to the abandoned tank which was in a violent
+ rain of artillery fire—dismounted the Hotchkiss gun and returned with
+ it to the trench, where the wounded men were and there effectively
+ protected themselves from the enemy until night time, when they were
+ able to take the wounded officer and tank crew to their own trenches.]
+
+“On November 4, 1918, the Division was relieved by a French division
+and hiked thirty kilometers to Thielt, the largest town they had been
+in since leaving Montgomery, Ala. Here they brushed away the dirt and
+dust, waxed and grew fat until November 9. On that date the Division
+advanced again past Deynze to Synghem. With peace rumors flashing
+through the air, on the morning of November 10, the 37th Division went
+over the top again, crossing the Escaut River north of their first
+sector, and drove the Prussian Guards before them. It was here that
+news of the armistice arrived on the morning of November 11. Orders had
+been received to suspend hostilities at eleven o’clock. At ten o’clock
+the men were prepared to follow another barrage.
+
+“Squatting in ‘funk’ holes, the men carelessly rolled cigarettes
+and waited for the hour to tick around. The announcement was made.
+‘Hostilities had ceased.’ Calmly, confidently they clambered to the
+ground. Across the fields the Germans were moving away. There was no
+exchange of shots. Another cigarette. The war was over.”
+
+
+
+
+CORPORAL HOLMES’S WAY
+
+And a Right Good Way to Win the V.C. and the Hearts of Men
+
+
+Fred Holmes, corporal in the Yorkshire Light Infantry, was awarded
+France’s chief military decoration, the _Médaille Militaire_, for
+gallantry during the fight on the Aisne. The official account of the
+exploit is quite brief: Holmes saw a platoon of French struggling
+against heavy odds, whereupon he dashed over the river for a machine
+gun, carried it to the platoon, and turned it on the enemy, with such
+effect that the German pressure was immediately relieved. However, when
+Corporal Holmes’ name is mentioned men usually think of the thrilling
+record at Le Cateau which brought him the V.C.
+
+The Yorkshire Light Infantry were in the very thickest of the fighting
+at Mons. At the little colliery town at Warmb they received a severe
+shaking from the enemy, but gave as good as they got. It was after the
+engagement at this place that the brave fellows, footsore and tired,
+but still cheerful, tramped many weary miles to the famous battlefield
+of Le Cateau.
+
+It is not necessary to describe the stand made there, but only to
+mention a few facts, as recorded by G. A. Leask in his _Heroes of
+the Great War_, without knowledge of which Holmes’s feat would be
+unintelligible.
+
+Orders were given to entrench, and the men set to work with zest, glad
+of the change from the continuous retreating. The task accomplished,
+the regiment lay down in the trenches, while the booming of the German
+guns grew ever louder.
+
+At dawn of August 26 there was suddenly a fierce bombardment from the
+enemy’s artillery. According to Holmes, “We could feel the breath
+from their guns. It was awful.” The Yorks stuck to their trenches,
+firing incessantly. They had been told that French troops would
+reinforce them, but as the day dragged on no French appeared. The
+British artillery kept up a hot fire from behind Holmes’s trench, which
+suffered the proverbial discomfort of the unlucky victim between two
+fires.
+
+Late in the afternoon the Yorks received orders to retire; to have
+remained longer would have meant annihilation. The troops retired in
+small sections, Holmes remaining with five men to the last to cover the
+retreat of the others.
+
+Holmes was actually the last man to leave the trench. No sooner had
+he climbed over the parapet than he met the full brunt of the enemy’s
+fire, which by this time had become fiercer than ever. He had seen many
+of his comrades drop to earth, but his heart was undaunted. Suddenly,
+when he had proceeded a few yards from the trench, he felt his boot
+clutched and heard his name called.
+
+“For God’s sake, save me, Fred!” said a feeble voice.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+Firing at Close Range
+
+A British fieldpiece, in an exposed position and without cover of
+camouflage, firing point blank at the enemy.]
+
+
+TAKES UP HIS FRIEND
+
+Holmes paused. There at his feet, unable to move, was one of his chums,
+his knees shattered by shrapnel. Holmes had only a brief moment for
+reflection. To delay meant certain death. The problem was how best
+to help the poor fellow. To take him back into the trench was the
+quickest way out of the difficulty, and the easiest. Had he done this,
+the Germans would soon have discovered the wounded man, and in all
+probability would have put an end to him. Holmes quickly dismissed
+this plan and decided upon the nobler and more dangerous course. He
+determined to make a dash with the wounded man, trusting to Providence
+to reach his lines in safety.
+
+He took the poor fellow in his stalwart arms, no light task, as his
+chum weighed twelve stone. Exerting his full strength, Holmes slung
+the man across his back. His only thought now was how to escape the
+bullets. All around him were the British dead and dying, heroes who had
+done their bit in the great battle.
+
+A slight drizzling rain was falling; it made the ground slippery,
+so that when Holmes resumed his dangerous journey he had the utmost
+difficulty in avoiding treading on the men who were at his feet. With
+infinite care he succeeded in reaching more open ground.
+
+After proceeding about one hundred yards he paused to take breath, for
+the burden on his back was a heavy load. At this stage his companion
+began to complain that Holmes’s equipment hurt him. Holmes laid the man
+down and removed the equipment. Knowing that he might have to make a
+long journey before he could reach assistance, he decided at the same
+time to drop his pack and rifle.
+
+The next few hundred yards were the most difficult, for a hailstorm of
+bullets and shells raged around. Holmes could hear them whistling as
+he staggered painfully along. Had he not been possessed of a splendid
+constitution he must have given in, but he was determined at all costs
+not to give in. So he continued on and went doggedly forward, with
+clenched teeth and grim countenance.
+
+On the way he came upon a wounded officer seated on the ground, his
+head between his hands. The officer looked up as he heard Holmes
+approach, and when he saw what the hero was doing suggested to him
+to leave the man with him and look after himself. This Holmes could
+not bring himself to do. Yard by yard he plodded steadily along. The
+poor fellow he was carrying began to lose heart. Holmes, although in
+terrible mental anguish himself, had to cheer him all the weary and
+dangerous way.
+
+Slowly but surely he made progress. Half a mile, then a mile was
+passed. Holmes took another rest. Then on again, until he came to a
+church flying the Red Cross. The Germans were shelling this, so he
+picked up his chum once more and proceeded to another village, where at
+length he was able to deposit his charge in the careful keeping of the
+British Red Cross.
+
+In all, Holmes carried his chum three miles, and every inch of the way
+was attended by danger from the enemy’s fire. It was certainly one of
+the most unselfish of the many courageous deeds which it is the purpose
+of this book to record.
+
+In order to rejoin his battalion Holmes had now to make another
+dangerous journey across a fire-swept zone. His road lay past a hill,
+at the bottom of which was a British 18-pounder quick-firing gun. The
+horses were quietly grazing; the gunners and drivers lay around dead.
+Nearby was a trumpeter, a lad of seventeen, who was wounded. This lad
+shouted that the Germans were coming. Holmes looked round and saw that
+the enemy were surrounding the gun. Now, the true soldier has ever had
+a fondness for guns, and will die rather than let one fall into the
+enemy’s hands. It was in this spirit that Holmes now performed his
+second act of heroism.
+
+Placing the trumpeter on one of the horses, he hitched the team to the
+gun, then thwacked them with a bayonet he had picked up, and swung into
+the saddle. The Germans were all around; some actually grasped at the
+reins. Holmes shouted to the horses, and they rushed madly forward. One
+after another he bayoneted the nearest Germans, while bullets whistled
+by his ears. The horse Holmes rode had its right ear shot off. For
+eight miles the ride went on until the rear of a British column was
+reached and all danger passed. The poor trumpeter had fallen off in the
+furious rush.
+
+
+
+
+NOT DEAD BUT FIGHTING
+
+Jim Gardener Quit the Trolley to Do His Bit and Did It Thoroughly
+
+
+“When we went to war,” said James C. Gardener, “I figured it out this
+way: ‘I’m single and healthy and lots of other fellows are going over,
+and doggone me if I don’t go along and do my bit.’”
+
+So he went down to the Marines’ recruiting office, in Baltimore, and
+enlisted. He was sent to Philadelphia and on June 6, 1917, he was one
+of 250 men put aboard the _Hancock_ which went to New York for orders
+and on June 13 sailed for France.
+
+Gardener had been a motorman on the Baltimore trolley, and when some
+months after he went to France the War Department, which did not then
+publish addresses, reported “J. C. Gardener killed in action” the
+_Trolley Topics_ wrote an obituary of the motorman esteemed of his
+fellows; but as there was some uncertainty whether the J. C. Gardener
+killed was really the Baltimore boy, the obituary was withheld for more
+definite information. “Jimmie,” however, was mourned by his pals until
+there began to trickle through from one source and another rumors and
+reports that confirmed the doubt that the J. C. Gardener killed was
+really their “Jimmie.”
+
+Then one day, the war over, there walked into a group of trolley-men at
+the Baltimore car barns a strapping fellow, six feet three, weighing
+195, wearing a khaki uniform with three gold service chevrons and three
+gold wound stripes, a division citation cord for bravery on his left
+shoulder and the Croix de Guerre with palm on his breast, and the boys
+were doggone certain that Jimmie Gardener, motorman, was very much
+alive and able to give an account of himself. The _Trolley Topics_ lost
+no time in possessing itself of that account, and to that semi-monthly
+organ of the United Railways and Electric Company we are indebted for
+some of the details of the fighting experience of this trolley hero
+whom the great Foch kissed on either cheek.
+
+The _Hancock_, says Gardener was his twice by torpedoes on the way
+over, which “messed up both ends without crippling her very much.” He
+first saw action in a position “down below” St. Mihiel. He is quoted:
+
+“It was about 4 a.m. of March 31st that they opened up with artillery.
+Right ahead of us was a graveyard. The shells first fell on the far
+side of the graveyard. Then they fell in the graveyard and tore up
+graves and generally ruined it. Then the shells began to crawl closer
+to us.
+
+“There were four of us on guard and we reported the coming of the
+Germans to the officers, and the men were routed out of the dugouts.
+One little fellow named Roach—we called him the boy scout—was so
+excited that he put his trousers on backward and got his shoes on the
+wrong feet.
+
+“He started with a box of ammunition for a gun and ran into another
+fellow with another box. The collision knocked him down and he rolled
+clear down a hill to the very place the gun crew was waiting for the
+ammunition.
+
+“Some of us had been joking and I remember a fellow named Clark who
+said he wondered which of us would live to take the story back home. A
+buddy of mine named Hanky said, ‘You fellows write your notes to your
+mothers and sweethearts and I’ll take ’em back to them.’ Poor Hanky was
+killed in that fight.
+
+“The fight lasted two hours. The point where I was had thirteen men to
+defend it. We had two Stokes guns.
+
+“There were five hundred men in the party that attacked this point, or,
+to be exact, 498, according to the officers. We cleaned up the whole
+business. Seven of our thirteen men were killed.”
+
+
+THAT LITTLE FELLOW ROACH
+
+Gardener’s next serious engagement was in the Belleau Wood battle.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Color Sergeant Hardy C. Dougherty
+
+_1st Division, 18th Infantry, Headquarters Company_
+
+ He was cited July 18-23, 1918, as a non-commissioned officer
+ of splendid courage, energy and ability. When in command of
+ reinforcements for the first line, he carried out his mission with
+ complete success. Upon being relieved he returned to bring to safety
+ on his back one of the seriously wounded of his detachment.]
+
+“We moved up to the woods gradually. We met Algerian troops belonging
+to the French Army. These Algerians claimed that they had been kept
+at the front too long. They were never taken to rest-camps or had any
+relief. Many of them committed suicide. They said they were tired
+of fighting. We met some that were running wild, shooting in all
+directions, and had to take shelter to keep from being hit by stray
+shots.
+
+“We met many French moving back, too. They said that the Germans were
+very numerous in the woods.
+
+“That little fellow, Roach, crawled out in a field, dug into a haystack
+and climbed to the top. From there he could see that Germans were
+hiding behind bushes farther on.
+
+“He came back and said he was going to raid ’em. The officers said he
+didn’t have any right to do this without orders. ‘Well,’ said Roach,
+‘this ain’t a regular battle, you know. This is just a little private
+party of my own.’ He said he wanted a dozen men to volunteer to go
+with him, and the dozen volunteered at once. I never saw a time when
+volunteers were called for among the marines that any one wanted to
+stay back. Everybody wanted to go.
+
+“Well, Roach got his men as quick as he could count ’em. ‘Come on,
+fellows,’ he said: ‘I’m going to have them Germans for supper.’
+
+“We cleaned up fifty of ’em.
+
+“‘Did Roach or any of his dozen men get the _Croix de Guerre_ for
+that?’ we asked.
+
+“‘Oh, no,’ answered ‘Jimmie,’ ‘as I said, that wasn’t a regular affair.
+It was only Roach’s own party and there wasn’t nothing official about
+it.’ It was funny to see our bunch. Roach was a little fellow about
+five feet seven, and he chose as the second in command of his party a
+lanky artilleryman who was six feet eleven. The rest of us were just
+ordinary size, like me.’ (‘Jimmie’ Gardener is six feet three in his
+stocking feet and weighs 195 pounds!)
+
+“That artilleryman had just drifted into our bunch somehow. They had
+put him out of the artillery because he had flat feet, and told him to
+go home. He said he didn’t want to go home. He wanted to fight, and he
+was going to stay with us whether he belonged with us or not, and he
+did.
+
+“In a day or two we were put in trucks and hurried forward. We knew now
+that the Germans were pressing hard in their attempt to reach Paris.
+The French were falling back. We were run in those trucks directly
+between the retreating Frenchmen and the advancing Germans, and we got
+mixed up with the enemy so quickly that we simply tumbled out of the
+trucks oftentimes to engage in hand-to-hand fighting with the Huns.
+
+“We went right at ’em, and this thing kept up for four days. We had
+nothing to eat, nothing to drink, nothing to smoke—and everybody longed
+for a smoke, even fellows who never smoked before they entered the
+service—and we had no sleep in all those four days and nights.
+
+“A great deal of the time we were in close fighting. There was where
+the Germans failed. They were all right when they were twenty-five or
+thirty yards away and could use their rifles, but when it came to the
+bayonet they turned and fled.
+
+“Sometimes we fought so close that it was impossible to use the
+bayonet. We had to knock ’em down with our fists first.
+
+“Everybody said the odds were against us in this fighting. While we had
+some reserves there were only two regiments of us fighting and we were
+against three German divisions, including the Prussian Guards. But in
+four days we advanced one and a half miles.
+
+“We suffered terrible losses. When we reached the town of Lucy, where
+we halted to be reorganized, there were only 150 men left in my company
+of 335 men.”
+
+
+THE MAJOR SAID IT
+
+“There was another company whose commander was killed and a major took
+charge. In the middle of the fighting he had lost so many men that a
+French officer advised him to retreat. ‘Retreat hell!’ he cried: ‘I’m
+going on as long as I and one man are left.’ It came near coming true,
+for when he reached Lucy he had just three men left with him out of an
+entire company.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Brave to the Very End
+
+Though physically wounded—often mortally—the spirit of the French
+soldiers never perished, but immortalized their efforts in conflict.]
+
+“We saw some horrible things in Lucy, At one house we found an old
+French woman, She said she was with her three daughters—16, 18, and 20
+years old—when the Germans came, and they had remained there without
+any protection from the Huns who took charge of the house. We asked
+where her daughters were and she said they were upstairs and she
+guessed they were asleep.
+
+“Several of us went to learn the fate of the girls and we found all
+three stretched out with their throats cut from ear to ear, and their
+bodies horribly slashed. The Germans had deliberately butchered them
+when they were forced out of the town.
+
+“When we told the old lady of the fate of her daughters she was
+stricken with heart trouble and died in a few minutes, but before she
+died she asked that we bury her with the three girls in the little
+grove near her home. We did it although we were under fire the whole
+time, and eight of our men were killed while burying those French women.
+
+“The next day we pushed on and got through the woods. That was the
+hottest fighting of all. The Germans used more artillery, and when the
+day was over the number of men in my company had again been reduced to
+about 150. Some companies had only a dozen or fifteen men left.
+
+“One of the fellows killed that day was a fellow from South Baltimore
+who used to be a chum of mine before we went to war. His name was
+Halle. He said to me that morning: ‘Jim, I feel I’m going to get
+knocked off to-day. Never tell my people that I was killed. Just tell
+them that I am somewhere in France.’ He was killed and I haven’t told
+his people and never will, but they found it out through the War
+Department.
+
+“We next went to the Marne. There we fought in the river. It was tough
+luck for a fellow to be wounded there, for as he sank down he was
+drowned. It was often close fighting, bayonet to bayonet in midstream,
+and must have been a pretty sight for people to look at if there’d been
+any spectators there, but it wasn’t very pretty for those in the fight.
+
+“After the Marne battle our company’s ranks had to be filled again.
+Once more we had been reduced to about 150.
+
+“Next we went to Château-Thierry and fought there for nine days, which
+was followed by a three-day hike to Soissons, which we reached on July
+18, 1918. The next day we went over the top at 3 a.m.
+
+“Ten minutes later I went down with a wound that crippled my ankle.
+I was gassed, too, and suffered shock. When I came to my senses in a
+hospital I had two other wounds that I didn’t know anything about. They
+told me that as the ambulance was carrying me to the rear it was struck
+by a shell which killed some of the other wounded men and presented me
+with a couple more wounds for good measure.
+
+“Outside of having been in a bunch of hospitals in France and America
+that’s about all I know about the war,” concluded “Jimmie” Gardener.
+
+“You haven’t told why you got the Croix de Guerre and the palm branch,”
+we suggested.
+
+“Oh,” said “Jimmie.” “I was awarded the Croix with the six other
+fellows for cleaning up that bunch of 498 Germans in the quiet sector
+I told you about. The affair they gave me the palm for was rescuing a
+lieutenant who was wounded in the Belleau Wood fighting.
+
+“I don’t know who the lieutenant was, but he was a newspaper man who
+had entered the fighting forces and he was out in advance of the line
+when he was wounded. Several of us volunteered to go out and bring him
+in, but we did not know exactly where he was. It was during the night
+and very dark. Along about four o’clock, as I was crawling along, I
+fell plumb into a shell-hole, and there he was with his leg shot off.”
+
+
+“SORT OF SWIMMING-LIKE”
+
+“I put my coat around him and bandaged his leg up as well as I could.
+Then he got his arms around my neck and I held on to him with one hand
+and dragged myself, sort of swimming-like, along the ground with the
+other.
+
+“I had only an hour and a half before daybreak when the Germans would
+be able to see us, and in that time I managed to make about twenty
+yards to another shell-hole. We lay in that all day. The lieutenant
+suffered a great deal. I gave him what water I had in my canteen.
+
+“When night came on we started again and before morning had made the
+rest of the distance—about sixty yards—to our trenches. The lieutenant
+got well. They say he is a great writer of books and things. He
+belongs in New York State somewhere.”
+
+“Were you kissed when the Croix was presented to you?” we asked.
+
+“Yes, General Foch pinned the badge on our coats and then kissed us on
+both cheeks. We were all smiling when the kissing was going on.”
+
+
+
+
+WHEN THE LIGHT FAILED
+
+One Soldier Tells What It Is Like to Have Eyes Shot Out
+
+
+You may not think this a story of heroism; but if it does not fall into
+that class we do not know where to place it. There is no attacking a
+plane in mid-air and sending it crashing to earth; no leaping into
+trench and gathering a score or so of prisoners with the tilt of a
+bayonet; no running to stand on a parapet and hurl hand grenades
+against a rain of bullets; nothing to set your blood into a gallop to
+grip you and make you take off your hat to the man about whom Private
+Jesse A. Whaley, Co. K, 310th Inf., A. E. F., is writing. And this is
+what Whaley wrote as it appeared in the New York _Sunday Times_:
+
+“It is dark, the ground is damp and cold. There are men stirring about
+cleaning their rifles and there is a queer look on their faces. One
+private is sitting huddled in the trench; he is cold, he is hungry
+with that gnawing feeling in his stomach which comes from lack of
+food for many hours. He moves restlessly, thousands of things pass
+through his mind; home, loved ones. Suddenly a whistle sounds at our
+right and there is a rushing of men. There is but a second’s wait; it
+is the signal for the fight. It is now midnight, the men move to and
+fro, they disappear. When we come upon them again they are all lined
+up waiting for the barrage to start just outside of the wood. Does it
+seem possible that these men are the same who just a few minutes ago
+were sitting in the trench back in the wood? The barrage starts and
+the scene is lit with the strangest light our eyes ever saw. There is
+a roar in our cars, and suddenly all is dark with a blackness the eye
+cannot pierce. A flare breaks in the sky, lighting the strange scene
+which lies before us. To our right lies a valley in which are many more
+men. We see flashes of rifles, and now and again a flare shoots up,
+disclosing a clump of bushes which means almost certain death to those
+who approach it.”
+
+
+A DASH STRAIGHT AHEAD
+
+“The line moves steadily forward and a man from the back of the line
+rushes forward and breaks through with his rifle at the charge. It is
+the private who sat huddled in the trench. He makes a dash for the
+bushes, followed by other men. Men drop all along the line, but the
+clump of bushes is reached, and the men who made it are hidden from our
+view. Between us and the bushes men are lying where they fell, never to
+be walking mortals again.
+
+“Suddenly the roar grows louder, and we can hardly hear each other
+shout, although we are standing side by side. The ground trembles and
+great holes are dug up by the flying shells. We hear the whine of the
+deadly fragments and the whiz of machine-gun bullets as they pass us on
+all sides. It seems death to move, but we go forward so we can see what
+is happening on the other side of the bushes. As we go we stumble over
+the bodies of men lying where they fell, some partly blown to pieces.
+At last we come upon the men again, and the lines are very thin. The
+private we have been following is still untouched, but something has
+happened to his rifle and he is down on one knee working fast and
+furiously until he has fixed it and loaded it. Just as he fixes it we
+notice another man less than a hundred feet away, and by the light of
+a flare we see that his uniform is not like that of our private. He
+is a German, and holds in his hands something that looks strangely
+like a small soup can with a stick attached to it. It is a deadly hand
+grenade. Before the American can dodge he throws it, the American
+starts forward to make another dash, and then the grenade explodes with
+a roar which shakes the earth, and the American falls, hit in the head.
+Slowly he rises to his feet in a dazed way and reaches for his rifle.
+He gropes for it without seeming to realize that it has been blown far
+out of his reach. He stands up straight and wipes his face, which is
+running with blood; he pushes his hair back, then takes a step to the
+left and falls over the body of a dead comrade, killed perhaps by the
+same grenade and at the same instant.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _National Service Magazine._
+
+Remembering Their Fallen Comrades
+
+Members of the United States Marine Corps carving stones with which to
+mark the graves of their former brothers in arms.]
+
+“But that soldier was not killed—he was blinded for life. He is myself.”
+
+That is the story of Jesse A. Whaley, told by himself while an inmate
+of the Red Cross Institute for the Blind, where the blinded soldiers
+are aught trades and occupations in which the sense of touch serves for
+the lost eyes. To grip gun in a charge against the foe is possibly no
+more heroic than to grip life, resolutely to serve though blind.
+
+
+
+
+THE “CLOUD OF BLACKS”
+
+Terrible Effect of a Charge of Senegals Upon German Officer’s
+Sensibilities
+
+
+Perhaps the most vivid and ecstatic description of a fight for trenches
+that was written in the course of the war or has been written since was
+from the pen of Rheinhold Eichacker, a German officer on the Western
+front. It was published in one of the German papers from which it was
+translated for the benefit of the New York _Times_. It deserves a
+permanent place in the historic record of desperate deeds of courage as
+an example of thoroughly adequate treatment, in literary form, of what
+may be styled “compound heroism.” The passionate frenzy of a personal
+experience could not be made more graphic with mere words as tools.
+
+The occasion was less feelingly covered by the German Army report,
+which said:
+
+“After a lengthy artillery preparation, white and colored Frenchmen
+attacked our positions in heavy force. They succeeded in getting
+a foothold in some of our most advanced trenches. A furious
+counter-attack drove them back again in a hand-to-hand encounter.
+Nothing else of importance.”
+
+But let us have Rheinhold Eichacker:
+
+“At 7.15 in the morning the French attacked. The black Senegal negroes,
+France’s cattle for the shambles. After a seven-hour suffocating
+drumfire that, according to all human reckoning, should not have left
+a mortal man alive. But we still lived—and waited. Six meters under
+the sod lay our ‘waiting rooms.’ Burrowed into the ground on a slant.
+‘Courage bracers,’ they call them out there.
+
+“At 7.15 the enemy shifted his fire backward upon our reserves. Our
+pickets sounded the alarm. We sprang to arms, with our gas masks in
+place. For a few seconds the trenches resembled an antheap. There was
+feverish hurrying, running, shouting, and shoving. Just for seconds.
+Then everybody was at his post. Everybody who was alive. Every one a
+rock in the seething waves. Every one determined to hold his position
+against hell itself.”
+
+
+“LET THEM COME”
+
+“A gas attack! Several hundred pairs of wide-open warriors’ eyes fixed
+their glances upon the ugly, smoking cloud that, lazy and impenetrable,
+rolled toward us. Hundreds of fighting eyes, fixed, threatening,
+deadly. Let them come, the blacks! And they came. First singly, at wide
+intervals. Feeling their way, like the arms of a horrible cuttlefish.
+Eager, grasping, like the claws of a mighty monster. Thus they rushed
+closer, flickering and sometimes disappearing in their cloud. Entire
+bodies and single limbs, now showing in the harsh glare, now sinking
+in the shadows, came nearer and nearer. Strong, wild fellows, their
+log-like, fat, black skulls wrapped in pieces of dirty rags. Showing
+their grinning teeth like panthers, with their bellies drawn in and
+their necks stretched forward. Some with bayonets on their rifles.
+Many only armed with knives. Monsters all, in their confused hatred.
+Frightful their distorted, dark grimaces. Horrible their unnaturally
+wide-opened, burning, bloodshot eyes. Eyes that seem like terrible
+beings themselves. Like unearthly, hell-born beings. Eyes that seemed
+to run ahead of their owners, lashed, unchained, no longer to be
+restrained. On they came like dogs gone mad and cats spitting and
+yowling, with a burning lust for human blood, with a cruel dissemblance
+of their beastly malice. Behind them came the first wave of the
+attackers, in close order, a solid, rolling black wall, rising and
+falling, swaying and heaving, impenetrable, endless.
+
+“‘Close range! Individual firing! Take careful aim!’ My orders rang
+out sharp and clear and were correctly understood by all the men.
+They stood as if carved out of stone, their lips tightly pressed,
+the muscles of their cheeks swollen, and took aim. Just like rifle
+range work. The first blacks fell headlong in full course in our wire
+entanglements, turning somersaults like the clowns in a circus. Some of
+them half rose, remained hanging, jerked themselves further, crawling,
+gliding, like snakes—cut wires—sprang over—tumbled—fell.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Spahis Winding Their War Bonnets
+
+Famed for their fierce charges, these French colonial troops were
+helpless in the face of prolonged shelling.]
+
+“Nearer and nearer rolled the wall. Gaps opened and closed again.
+Lines halted and rolled on again. Whrr rratt—tenggg—ssstt—crack! Our
+artillery sent them its greeting! Whole groups melted away. Dismembered
+bodies, sticky earth, shattered rocks, were mixed in wild disorder.
+The black cloud halted, wavered, closed its ranks—and rolled nearer
+and nearer, irresistible, crushing, devastating! And the rifles were
+flashing all the time. A dissonant, voiceless rattle. The men still
+stood there and took aim. Calmly, surely, not wasting a single shot.
+The stamping and snorting of thousands of panting beasts ate up the
+ground between us.”
+
+
+“HELL SEEMED LET LOOSE”
+
+“Now the wave was only 300 paces from our defenses—from their
+remnants—now only 200—100—irresistible, seething and roaring—50
+paces!—‘Rapid fire!’ I roared, I shrieked, through the swelling
+cracking of the rifles. A hurricane swallowed my voice! Hell seemed
+let loose at a single blow, raging, storming, obliterating all
+understanding! Shoving and stamping, shrieking and shouting, cracking
+and rattling, hissing and screeching. A heavy veil hung over the wall.
+In this cloud pieces of earth, smoke spirals, black, red, white, yellow
+flashes, quivered and flared. Rattling, rapping, pounding, hammering,
+crackling. And the shots fell unceasingly. Clear and shrill the rifles,
+heavy and roaring the shells.
+
+“And now came the gruesome, inconceivable horror! A wall of lead and
+iron suddenly hurled itself upon the attackers and the entanglements
+just in front of our trenches. A deafening hammering and clattering,
+cracking and pounding, rattling and crackling, beat everything to earth
+in ear-splitting, nerve-racking clamor. Our machine guns had flanked
+the blacks!
+
+“Like an invisible hand they swept over the men and hurled them to
+earth, mangling and tearing them to pieces! As an autumn storm roars
+over the fields they swept in full flood over the ranks and snuffed
+out life! Like hail among the ears of grain, their missiles flew and
+rattled and broke down the enemy’s will! Singly, in files, in rows and
+heaps, the blacks fell. Next to each other, behind each other, on top
+of each other. Hurled in heaps, in mounds, in hillocks. Fresh masses
+charged and fell back, charged and stumbled, charged and fell. And
+there were always fresh forces! They seemed to spring from the very
+earth!
+
+“We had losses; heavy losses. Here a man suddenly put his hand to his
+forehead and swayed. There another sprang gurgling to one side and
+fell, as flat and heavy as a block of stone. S-s-s-t—it went above our
+heads. The French were throwing shrapnel against our trenches, hissing,
+cracking, and in volleys.
+
+“Hell still rages. The blacks get reinforcements. Finally the whites
+themselves charge, a jerky, rolling, bluish-green mass! In a powerful
+drive they get over the first rise in the ground. Now they have
+disappeared. Now they bob up, as out of a trap door. Here and there
+the ranks shoot forward in great leaps, the officers ahead of all,
+with their swords swinging high in the air, just as in the pictures!
+A splendid sight. Now they reach the bodies of the blacks. They halt
+for a few seconds, as if in horror, then on they roll over the dead,
+jumping, wallowing, dozens falling.”
+
+
+“WE STILL STAND FIRMLY”
+
+“Our nerves are strained to the snapping point, gasping, bleeding,
+feverish! We dare not waver. ‘Steady, men! Steady!’ We must calmly let
+them come as far as the wire entanglements, as the blacks did. The
+blacks? Where are they? Disappeared! Only they left their dead behind.
+The same thing will happen to the whites. We are waiting for them.
+The death-spewing machine guns are lying over there. They lie there
+and wait until their time comes. Steady, steady! They lie there and
+wait impatiently—but yet they are silent— Now!—No—I am raving! ‘Rapid
+fire!’—I hiss—My neighbor staggers—I only listen and wait, wait and
+listen, for only one thing. Something that has to come, must finally
+come, has to come! Great God, otherwise we are lost! Be calm, be calm!
+Now they will begin reaping! Now they must begin to rattle, our machine
+guns, our faithful rescuers—now—at once! What can they be waiting for?
+Why, they are there in the wires already. Hell and Satan! No man can
+endure that! They are hesitating too long—the enemy is almost in the
+trenches! Ah! At last! A rattling—a hoarse crackling—Heaven help us,
+what is that?
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private M. B. Ellis
+
+_1st Division, 28th Infantry, Company “C”_
+
+ Cited for extraordinary heroism in action. When south of Soissons,
+ July 18-22, 1918, as a member of the 1st Division he showed unusual
+ courage in carrying supplies and in attacking strong points at Breuil,
+ Plaisy, and Berzy-le-Sec.]
+
+“A devilish howling rises hoarsely from over there, lacerating,
+bestial, shrieking! The blacks, the devils! How did they reach our
+flank over there? That’s where our machine guns are. It cannot be.
+There! Hell! They are carrying hand grenades, are in their rear! Heaven
+help us! And the whites! They are at our breastworks. Already they are
+in the trenches, fighting like wild beasts. Horror makes them crazy.
+Help is coming to us from the left. The second company has fallen upon
+their flank. The French run like hunted animals. A shell bursts in
+their midst, catches twenty or thirty of them and throws them in the
+air like toys. They run still further, through the air, bowling along
+on their heads, gruesomely—and fall in heaps to the ground. Heads,
+legs, twitching bodies! The French run until back of the bodies. The
+rest of them are cut to pieces, or made prisoners. But now our men must
+come back.
+
+“We struggle for breath. Wounded men writhe around and moan and groan
+heavily. The trench is bathed in blood. Far more than half of the
+company has been slain. We are only a handful. I assemble the valiant
+men and distribute them among the trenches. They stand resolutely,
+breathing hard and gasping.
+
+“A furious rattling and buzzing and hissing calls us again to our
+posts. They are charging anew. Now the whites again, in front, on the
+side. They are on our flank! Back of them the blacks in frightful
+clusters. ‘Bring the sandbags!’ The sandbags fly from hand to hand.
+A wall rises in the midst of the trench. The other half was overrun
+long ago and is a knot of struggling men. A piece of wood hits me
+on the shoulder—crack—I cry out! A shot lands in the midst of our
+ammunition—it was our last. This way with the hand grenades! We have
+got to smoke them out!
+
+“A roaring hurrah! Heaven help us, aid is at hand! The Fourth, and the
+Fifth—I know the men—and some of the First, too—all mixed up—dispersed
+troops rallied again. Now, up and at them! The French defend themselves
+furiously. They hold the trench. The dead are heaped up before their
+ramparts—but keep it up! A wild passion takes possession of me. My
+revolver and my dagger have been lost in the fighting. I seize a
+bottle. Hell sends it to me at the right moment. Like an animal mad
+with hate I rush forward. My bottle lands, crashing and splintering,
+on a wooly skull, with a distorted grimace. A hot shock rushes through
+my shoulder—a shock—a wrench—I grasp at the air—grasp something
+convulsively—throw myself in the air—and fall in a heap. A confused
+mist dances before my eyes.”
+
+ On November 11, 1918. the American Army had 80 fully equipped
+ hospitals in the United States with a capacity of 120,000 patients.
+
+ There were 104 base hospitals and 31 evacuation hospitals in the
+ American Expeditionary Force, and one evacuation hospital in Siberia.
+
+ Army hospitals in the United States cared for 1,407,191 patients
+ during the war; those with the American Expeditionary Force cared for
+ 755,354—a total of 2,162,545.
+
+ Up to the end of July about 15 per cent, of the entire civilian
+ medical profession of the United States went into active duty as
+ medical officers of the army.
+
+
+
+
+HUBBELL BAGGED ’EM
+
+A Lone Corporal Captures 31 of the Enemy in a Morning Frolic
+
+
+One of the most spectacular of the valorous deeds in the Champagne
+engagement was the single-handed performance of Corporal Fred D.
+Hubbell, a Marine, from Toledo, Ohio. He captured and brought in for
+delivery nine German officers and twenty-two privates as the result of
+a morning’s pastime. It was during the attack on Blanc Mont, and in
+some way Hubbell got separated from his company, and in casting about
+to recover ground he saw the head of a German soldier pop from a dugout
+entrance and promptly duck down again. Hubbell felt a keen interest and
+determined to explore. But let him tell his own story, as he did in an
+interview reproduced by the _Marine’s Magazine_.
+
+“It was in the morning that the —th Company went forward and had
+almost obtained their objective when they ran into a series of dugouts
+occupied by German artillery officers. A few prisoners were taken from
+one of the dugouts and one of them said that there were no more there.
+About half an hour later, the company having been under machine-gun
+fire from our left, I happened to be crouching alone behind the
+entrance to a dugout waiting for a counter-attack that was reported to
+be coming, when I saw a Heinie stick his head out of a dugout.
+
+“I immediately told him to put up his hands, but he jumped back down
+the doorway and I heard him speak a few words of English and so
+called to him to come out, which he did. He said that there were at
+least thirty men in the dugout beside himself, whom he thought would
+surrender also, and a couple of officers. I told him that there were
+plenty of Americans around and that they might as well surrender
+because there was no chance for them to get away, and for them to leave
+their firearms all in the dugout and come out at once and they would
+not be harmed. He returned to the dugout and said he would go down and
+get them to come out. He went down but did not return.
+
+“After a considerable length of time I yelled down and threatened to
+throw a hand grenade and waited for them to come up but none came. As
+there were several entrances to the series of dugouts I was afraid
+that they would catch me from behind, so I moved off to the left under
+some shelter where I could get a different view of the entrance and I
+had only been there a short time when another Heinie stuck his head up
+and I yelled at him, thinking they were all coming out. After waiting
+several minutes I became leary that I would be caught from behind and
+started for help.
+
+“While on the way I passed another entrance to the series of dugouts
+and came upon one of the officers with his pistol in his hand evidently
+coming out looking for me. I yelled at him to throw up his hands, but
+he did not, instead, fell backward down the stairs in his haste to get
+away. Then I ran to the dugout entrance with a grenade in my hand and
+ordered them to come out or I would throw it down, and they came up at
+once. The German private who spoke English, whom I first caught showing
+his head out of the doorway, came up and stood by and passed on the
+orders to the officers and men to leave their firearms below and hold
+up their hands. Then they all filed out and gave themselves up. There
+was one major, one captain and seven lieutenants and twenty-two men in
+the party.
+
+“The private told me on the way to the rear that when he told the
+officers there was only one American outside they were furious and
+refused to surrender, and therefore would not come up, and ordered
+the private to sneak out of one of the dugouts and shoot me, but the
+private refused. All the privates were willing to give up, but the
+officers were not so anxious. They evidently had been caught in their
+dugout by the barrage and could not get away without a great deal of
+risk.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Corporal Sidney E. Manning
+
+_42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”_
+
+While in charge of an automatic rifle squad near Croix Rouge Farm,
+northeast of Château-Thierry, July 27, 1918, he was wounded nine times
+before he rejoined his platoon. He prevented the enemy from closing in
+and continued to advance in the face of the most terrific fire by enemy
+machine guns.]
+
+
+OTHER DOUGHTY CHAPS
+
+But there were numerous single-handed exploits in that thrilling
+Champagne campaign, and among them are the following instances of the
+courage and initiative that characterized the American boys on the
+front.
+
+Private John J. Kelley, of Chicago, Illinois, during the same attack as
+that in which Hubbell took part, crossed through the barrage of his own
+artillery, killed the operator of a machine gun which was firing into
+his line, wounded another with his pistol and took eight prisoners.
+Private Samuel S. Simmons, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with Private
+Lambert Bos, of Granite, Idaho, and Private Joe N. Viera, of New
+Bedford, Massachusetts, volunteered and attacked a machine-gun nest in
+advance of their front line. They killed the crew, then descended into
+an enemy dugout and captured forty prisoners.
+
+Another instance is that of Corporal Horace P. Frye, of San Francisco,
+California. The position of his company on the hill east of St. Etienne
+was being continually swept by enemy machine-gun fire at apparently
+close range. Acting entirely upon his own initiative he determined to
+locate the source of the enemy fire and accordingly crawled forward
+unnoticed through 150 yards of open field, located the enemy guns and
+after throwing several hand grenades into their position he charged
+them and captured two machine guns and eleven men, with which he
+returned to his own lines through machine-gun fire.
+
+
+
+
+WAS HE A COWARD?
+
+The Singular Confessions of a Hollander Who Gave His Life for France
+
+
+What is a coward? Is there any such thing as absolute bravery or
+absolute cowardice? When we characterize a particular person as a
+coward for failing to do, or refraining from doing, some specific
+thing are we quite sure that in the circumstances we would have acted
+differently? These are questions that suggest themselves when one
+reads what purport to be excerpts from the diary and letters of a
+confessed—or rather self-stigmatized coward, one Jan R——, a Hollander.
+He had lived in France some years, and soon after the outbreak of war
+became a naturalized citizen in order that he might join the French
+Army as a volunteer—not because he wanted to, but because he was
+ashamed to stay out.
+
+The _Atlantic Monthly_ published all that was suitable of the available
+material in a long and intensely interesting article which is a curious
+record of psychological study and introspection. It is highly probable
+that the experience was by no means unique. A candid statement by the
+most daring of our heroes possibly would contain the admission that
+there were moments when the reflections of the Hollander were similar
+to his own.
+
+Jan R—— tells of morning awakenings from troubled sleep with “the
+oppression that something horrible was about to enter into his
+existence.” He felt a pang in his breast that he “should have to take
+part in the fighting. There was no escape.” He suffered a fear, a
+shifting fear that he “could sometimes suppress but never drive out.”
+The life in the training camp somewhat eased his emotions as he mingled
+with so many others, and at times he even got “flickerings of a desire
+to fight,” but it was not the real thing, he assumed; it was “more in
+the nature of artistic imagination.” In the distance was the rumbling
+and thudding of heavy gun fire, and as he heard it he felt “a strange
+respect and admiration, mingled with fear for the men in the first line
+of trenches.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Kadel & Herbert._
+
+American and French Aviation Officers at an American Hangar
+
+American aviators were among the first from the United States to do
+their part in the great war. There were a great many things that the
+French could tell our boys, and the men of the two countries coöperated
+in this as well as many other branches of the service.]
+
+“Before long our turn for the trenches will come. Most of the fellows
+are wishing for the time to come. At least that is what they say. I
+am dreading it. I am in earnest when I say that my life is of little
+value, even to myself. Yet I fear the trenches. Yesterday evening
+transports of wounded soldiers came past us repeatedly. Hearing the
+wailing and the groaning, seeing all the bloodiness made me sick....
+The fear of the front suddenly overtook me. I violently reproached
+myself for having been so stupid as to enlist. There I was in the midst
+of this insane murder! And by my own free will!”
+
+
+HE GOES TO THE FRONT
+
+Finally his turn came for the front. One of his comrades was a youth
+named Gaston.
+
+“The dear boy has become very much attached to me. He believes that
+I am a strong support for him! Must I weep at this, or laugh? Gaston
+has told me in great confidence that he gets occasional attacks of
+cowardice. And he asked me whether I did not despise him. He is
+terribly afraid that the fellows will notice it, but he did not mind
+confiding in me. Why in me? He says it is because he admires my
+imperturbable calmness so much. What could I reply? It seemed best not
+to tell him how things stood with me. Apart from the difficulties such
+a confession would cause me, I concluded that it would also be better
+for him to believe in my courage.”
+
+
+THE BOY REGARDED HIM AS A HERO
+
+“A hero! But there are real heroes and make-believe heroes; and they
+are not always easily distinguishable. I do not hide from myself that
+I belong to the make-believes. And yet, it is remarkable that I did
+not find the second week at the front as terrible as the first. It is
+not as bad there as it seems. When once you get accustomed to the idea
+that you may be dead in a day, or in an hour, or in a minute, and when
+you are clear as to your future, your mood is relieved from constant
+depression. Involuntarily you become kind and helpful to those about
+you, you do not get vexed over trifles, you are ready to make all
+sorts of sacrifices. Of course, if, in the midst of such a condition,
+a grenade suddenly drops into your trench, if you see three or four of
+your comrades getting killed, your misery returns, no matter how good
+an outward appearance you may keep up. At least, for a while. But then
+again the thought comes that getting wounded means rest and safety,
+and good care. And death? that is still less terrible. One boasts of
+reaching one’s destination along the shortest road! Is not death every
+one’s final destination?...
+
+“It is peculiar that one can get so accustomed to danger.
+
+“I have tried to account for it, and it appears to be like this: at
+first our thoughts are almost incessantly occupied with the frightful
+things that are about to happen. Then moments come—only a single one at
+first—in which our thoughts wander away, involuntarily, and dwell on
+something else. Suddenly fear returns. But the periods of repose become
+more frequent and of longer duration. And when they are disturbed by
+fear the painful shock becomes gradually less violent. Neither does
+fear itself ache so hard. And then the time approaches when one is
+conscious of fear only on occasions when there is a violent fire,
+or when men fall. That is my present condition. There seems to be a
+further stage in which one is rid of fear for good. So far I shall not
+get.”
+
+One day he got a wound in the hip and was sent to the hospital. The
+nurses have gotten the idea that he is a hero. He accounts for it thus:
+
+“A friend of Gaston’s is a distant cousin of one of the nurses. Gaston
+inquired after me, and apparently used that occasion to do a good
+deal of boasting. At any rate, some greatly embellished stories of my
+_sangfroid_ have been going the rounds here. Without having to lie, I
+could say that all this was invented, or at least highly exaggerated.
+The consequence was that I was looked upon, not only as a hero, but as
+a giant of modesty as well. It is very annoying. However, to be honest,
+I must confess that now and then this undeserved praise gives me a
+feeling of satisfaction; I have always known that I was weak-minded.”
+
+
+HE IS PROMOTED
+
+“Back to the trenches and made a Corporal. A small thing, eh? Just the
+same, it made me happy. I was touched by the friendly spirit of the
+fellows. Gaston shook my hand at least six times, muttering, ‘Ah, _mon
+vieux_, _mon vieux_, how I have missed you!’ This does one good. And
+I had better not get lost in the question as to how much of all this
+attachment I deserve.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Charles S. Hoover
+
+_32nd Division, 158th Field Artillery Brigade_
+
+ During the offensive action near Brabant-sur-Meuse, Sergeant Hoover
+ was in charge of two trench mortars. Wounded by shrapnel and knocked
+ down by the explosion of bombs, he fired the one mortar that was
+ undamaged until it was destroyed.]
+
+Finally comes the touchstone of character. Jan R—— wrote:
+
+“In the early morning of the 13th the cannonading was resumed, and
+again we had hours of exhausting expectation. Toward noon we noticed
+that an unusual event was coming. The captain shouted something. I
+could not understand a word. Gaston understood: the wire entanglements
+in front of the first line of trenches had been shot to pieces. We had
+to hold ourselves ready. There was incessant telephoning.
+
+“‘They are coming!’ some one yelled.
+
+“I could not restrain myself any longer and looked over the edge of the
+trench.
+
+“They were coming indeed; I saw them. In broad, irregular rows they
+were running toward us. Straight toward me, it seemed. And behind them,
+there came others, and still others, evermore. The German guns were
+silent now. And then suddenly ours began to roar with redoubled vigor.
+
+“Holes, narrow clefts, and fissures were torn in the massive gray
+billows that came rolling toward us.
+
+“‘Not a single one will get through!’ I heard some one shout.
+
+“But behind the first wave came a second one, and a third one behind
+that. I saw them approach, losing in vigor, yet remaining strong.
+
+“We were ready. In that moment I felt no fear! Like the others, I was
+burning to fly out of the trenches. Suddenly a strange silence came,
+and then the call: ‘_Attaquez! Attaquez!_’
+
+“We clambered up, jumped over the edge of the trench, and ran forward.
+In front, to the left, to the right, everywhere there were French
+soldiers, storming forward.
+
+“I saw the Germans coming nearer, in their dirty gray uniforms, in
+rows, in heaps, and in smaller groups, some even singly. I saw the
+glistening and flickering of their bayonets. I heard them yell and
+shout. My heart thumped so hard that I had difficulty in breathing.
+Around me our men were shouting loudly. I was shouting too, and felt
+relieved when I heard my own voice, however indistinctly. Now and
+then a rifle-shot could be heard. We were running fast. ‘_En avant! En
+avant!_’
+
+“Suddenly I became aware of a desire to hold back a little, and thereby
+to postpone, if only for a single second, the terrible moment of the
+clash. I happened to be pushed by a comrade behind me and I flew
+forward again.
+
+“At last we had reached the Germans. Six steps in front of me I saw
+Gaston bayoneting an officer. Not a second later the poor chap fell
+himself—hit by a rifle shot, as I learned later.”
+
+
+“BRAVO, CAPORAL”
+
+“Suddenly a big German stood before me, a deathly pallor on his face,
+his mouth drawn, his eyes crazed with fear. His terror gave me courage
+and a feeling of superiority. I jumped on him. He tried to defend
+himself, but, with all my strength, I plunged my bayonet into his body.
+‘_Bravo, caporal!_’ I heard some one call. Scores of my comrades ran
+past. I tried to catch up with them, stumbled over a body, and fell,
+with my head to the ground. But immediately I got up again and ran
+forward, more slowly however; my legs felt weak and powerless. Forward
+again! The attack had been repulsed. The German guns began thundering
+again; we had to return to our trenches.
+
+“I took the death of Gaston (and of many others) more calmly than I had
+feared. This is not so surprising after all. Death may strike any one
+of us at any moment. We have accepted that chance. But if that is our
+attitude toward ourselves, why should we not have it toward our friends?
+
+“But it still seems strange to me that I can not reach a definite
+judgment on my action in this last fight. Certain it is that the
+circumstances absolutely required my doing what I did, even leaving
+entirely out of consideration the fact that to every one his own life
+is dearer than that of a stranger. I can not hesitate in the choice
+between a French soldier and a German soldier. But it is equally
+certain that killing men runs counter to my nature and is absolutely
+irreconcilable with ideas which I had always accepted without question.
+Efforts to remove the contradiction between these thoughts must
+inevitably fail. It is in this way that I seek to explain the fact
+that at one moment I am cheerful, and sing with the rest—that I am
+invariably rejoicing over my good luck in the last fight, not merely
+having escaped without even the slightest scratch, but having had
+besides the good fortune of killing two Germans; while the next moment
+I sit worrying silently, asking myself, ‘How did it come to be possible
+that you are taking part in this frightful war—as a volunteer?’”
+
+He was to receive an answer on another plane. The story of Jan R——
+seems to have concluded with the three words, “Fell at Souchez.”
+
+
+
+
+TWO HEROES OF HILL 60
+
+Oxford Graduate and Green-Grocer’s Assistant Win Their Spurs in the
+Same Crisis
+
+
+Sir John French has described the fight for Hill 60 as “the fiercest
+fight in which British troops have ever been engaged.” The hill is
+southeast of Ypres. Its possession was essential to the British, for
+it dominated the surrounding country. The Germans held it, commanding
+excellent artillery observation toward the west and northwest. For
+months the British had been working to mine it. After much hard work
+the sapping was complete and one hundred tons of explosives placed in
+position.
+
+Saturday, April 17, 1915, was the appointed day for the great event.
+The explosion was timed for seven o’clock in the evening, and,
+according to program, up went the hill—Germans and all. It was like an
+earthquake. Simultaneously the artillery opened on the spot and poured
+in shells at the rate of five a minute. At a quarter past seven the
+infantry attack was launched, and the British were in possession of the
+ruins.
+
+Then came the second phase—the holding of Hill 60, which was the
+hardest task of all, for the German reinforcements came to the assault
+by the thousands; but as fast as they came rifle and gun fire mowed
+them down.
+
+During the next few days the Germans continued to attack ferociously,
+so much importance did they attach to the position.
+
+A private in the East Surreys, writing in the London _Evening News_,
+gave the following vivid word-picture of the battle:
+
+“The fight on Hill 60 was awful. The Germans used every kind of
+explosive, from small bombs to shells that shook the ground like an
+earthquake.
+
+“This went on from four o’clock in the afternoon to about four the next
+morning. Every German gun for miles around was trained on that hill.
+
+“Some of the German shells were filled with a stinking acid, which
+blinded one. I would rather take my chance in half-a-dozen bayonet
+charges than face such an awful bombardment again. The enemy charged
+four times, but we beat them back each time, and kept the hill until we
+were relieved next morning.”
+
+It was in these nerve-racking engagements that Second Lieutenant
+Geoffrey Harold Woolley and Corporal Edward Dwyer were awarded their
+honors for distinguished service.
+
+
+FROM CURATE TO SOLDIER
+
+Lieutenant Woolley is the youngest son of Rev. G. H. Woolley, Danbury,
+Essex. He was educated at St. John’s School and Queen’s College,
+Oxford. While at the University he joined the Officers’ Training Corps.
+He studied for Holy Orders, and is all but a curate, inasmuch as he
+was on the eve of being ordained when, at the age of twenty-three, he
+decided to give his first service to his country.
+
+Lieutenant Woolley has been described as a typical specimen of muscular
+Christianity. He excels at cricket, tennis, and football, and played
+the greater game of war with all his heart and soul.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+Directing the Fire of a British Battery
+
+In the foreground the officer in charge of the battery is receiving
+information from observers who are able to trace the course of each
+shot.]
+
+He received his commission in the 9th Battalion London Regiment,
+popularly known as the Queen Victoria Rifles. With the experience of
+the Officers’ Training Corps to help him, the young lieutenant soon
+made himself very efficient, and when, in November, 1914, the Queen
+Victoria Rifles embarked at Southampton for the front, he had already
+become very popular with his men, and shown high promise as a leader.
+Soon after landing in France the regiment was at the front, near Ypres,
+where it was usefully employed, chiefly in trench work.
+
+G. A. Leask in _Heroes of the Great War_ says:
+
+“On the very first day that he went into the trenches, Lieutenant
+Woolley showed his mettle. A hand grenade was flung into his trench;
+without a moment’s hesitation the young officer picked it up, and
+before the fuse had burned to the charge, flung it out. His prompt and
+plucky act saved not only his own life, but the lives of at least six
+or seven of his men.
+
+“On the night of April 20-21 the Germans made a desperate attack on
+the trench held by Lieutenant Woolley’s regiment. The Queen Victoria
+Rifles fought with dogged determination not to be excelled by the most
+seasoned Regulars. Every German gun for miles around was trained on the
+hill. Again and again the Germans charged with the ferocity of despair.
+
+“One by one Lieutenant Woolley’s superior officers—a major, captain,
+and a lieutenant—had been killed.
+
+“The force under Lieutenant Woolley numbered at the start 150,
+including some Regulars. As the German attack grew fiercer, he noted
+how his little company was being thinned. The young officer did not
+despair. He was in sole command of Hill 60, and he realized that a hard
+and terrible time awaited them before relief came, but he summoned up
+all his courage and made up his mind to hold on at all costs. He went
+up and down the line calling to his brave men to ‘stick it’ and he
+infused all with his dauntless spirit.
+
+“A particularly fierce onslaught by the Germans commenced. Guns raked
+the trench with shells, enemy troops swarmed up, throwing bombs.
+Lieutenant Woolley moved among his men, giving orders as coolly as if
+on parade. The already diminished band of heroes dwindled more and
+more. Lieutenant Woolley knew that the situation was perilous, but he
+had no thought of giving in. The knowledge that so much depended upon
+him stirred his blood, and called forth every ounce of his fighting
+spirit and powers of leadership.”
+
+
+A DETERMINED BOMBER
+
+“He organized counter-attacks and led his men in throwing bombs at the
+vastly superior force of the enemy. Standing on the parapet of the
+trench, fully exposed to the enemy, Woolley hurled bomb after bomb.
+His men urged him to seek shelter, but he refused. For some time this
+amazing contest continued, a handful of British against thousands of
+Germans. But this little band of heroes by their superb bravery, led
+by a hero, kept the enemy at bay. When welcome relief eventually came,
+the company of 150 men had been thinned to 20-14 Territorials and 6
+Regulars, a pathetic proof of the dauntless fight put up by those men.”
+
+The second hero of Hill 60 is one of the most popular medal winners
+of the war. Lance-Corporal Edward Dwyer at the time he obtained
+the coveted decoration was only eighteen years old, and had been a
+green-grocer’s assistant before the war.
+
+“This boy hero took the public imagination by storm, and with the
+possible exception of Sergeant O’Leary, no V.C. was more noticed on his
+return to England. He received enough hero-worship to last a lifetime.
+When home on leave Dwyer was bombarded by the attentions of admirers,
+kissed by women in the streets, and, as he confessed, subjected to
+greater trials than on the bomb-swept slopes of Hill 60.”
+
+
+TOO MUCH FUSS FOR HIM
+
+“There was something romantic about the slim boy of eighteen who proved
+himself so heroic in the field, and his handsome appearance and jolly
+ways captivated every one. As his father confessed, with no little
+humor, ‘They’re making such a fuss that Ted wants to get back to the
+battlefield for a rest.’”
+
+Dwyer had been fighting in France for nine months when the struggle at
+Hill 60 provided his great opportunity.
+
+“During a particularly fierce attack on the morning of the 20th,
+Lance-Corporal Dwyer was in a trench on the side of Hill 60, about
+fifteen yards distant from where the Germans had entrenched themselves.
+So close were they, in fact, that Dwyer says he could actually hear
+them ‘talking their lingo.’ His section had suffered severely, and
+Dwyer risked his life by tending many of them as best he could. Some
+he brought from the open to the side of the trench, leaving the
+comparative safety of his position in order to save their lives.
+
+“Then, later on, he heard some one call out: ‘The Germans are coming!’
+
+“He looked through a spy-hole in the parapet and saw a number of the
+enemy creeping silently and stealthily across the intervening space
+between the trenches.
+
+“Like the methodical soldier he is, Dwyer had kept a number of hand
+grenades, some fifty, all ready to fire.
+
+“Thus provided, he gallantly sprang on to the parapet of the trench.
+The Germans were creeping forward, thinking to surprise the British,
+but they had reckoned without Lance-Corporal Dwyer. He stood fully
+exposed to their fire, and threw his deadly missiles steadily and with
+excellent effect. For five minutes this eighteen-year-old hero stood
+all alone hurling grenade after grenade at the oncoming foe.
+
+“The Germans, led by an officer, showed great stubbornness. Had they
+known that a lad of eighteen alone was guarding the trench, they would
+have doubtless redoubled their efforts to capture it. Young Dwyer kept
+throwing his grenades. He had now sent twenty into the ranks of the
+enemy; now he had used up thirty. At this juncture the officer who was
+leading the Germans was hit, and this loss seemed to damp the ardor of
+the attackers.
+
+“Dwyer, however, began to show the first signs of uneasiness. His
+stock of grenades was fast running out. He had only half a dozen
+left, soon these had each found a target. Then in the nick of time
+reinforcements arrived, and the trench was saved. Dwyer alone had saved
+the situation.”
+
+
+
+
+COLONEL FREYBERG, V.C.
+
+A New Zealand Soldier with the Qualities of a Fenimore Cooper Hero
+
+
+Colonel Freyberg is another winner of England’s highest military
+honor—the Victoria Cross. “For enduring courage and brilliant
+leadership his achievement,” writes the London _Times_, “was
+unsurpassed by any act for which the Cross was conferred.”
+
+To begin with he carried an initial attack straight through the enemy’s
+front system of trenches, but after the capture of the first objective
+his command was much disorganized owing to mist and a heavy fire of all
+descriptions. The Colonel himself rallied and reformed his own men,
+as well as men from other units who had become intermixed. His own
+contempt of danger inspired the troops. He was finally able to lead
+them to the successful attack of the second objective. Colonel Freyberg
+had by this time been wounded twice, but he again rallied his men and
+reformed them, and, although under heavy artillery and machine-gun
+fire in a very advanced position and unsupported, still he held his
+ground for the rest of the day and throughout the night. On the
+following morning, having been reinforced, he organized an attack on a
+strongly fortified village, and such was his dash and enterprise that
+the village was captured and 500 prisoners were taken. For the third
+time the officer was wounded, and later in the afternoon he was again
+wounded, this time seriously, but he refused to leave the line until he
+had issued final instructions.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Brown & Dawson._
+
+Getting the Range
+
+A range-finding station at a coast fortification. To the layman it is
+a combination of engineer’s office, telephone exchange, and telegraph
+office where soldiers work out the distance from the muzzle of their
+cannon to the enemy. In coast-defense work three range-finding stations
+usually coöperate in working out the distance.]
+
+“The personality, valor, and utter contempt of danger on the part of
+this single officer enabled the lodgment in the most advanced objective
+of the Corps to be permanently held, and on this _point d’appui_ the
+line was eventually formed.” So closed the official version of the
+gallant colonel’s performance.
+
+Colonel Freyberg was by birth a New Zealander. He was not yet
+twenty-eight years of age. Born in Wellington, he developed both the
+physique and resourcefulness that were essential for the success of
+some of the enterprises which he undertook in the war. He won fame
+throughout Australasia as an exceptionally fine swimmer; he grew to be
+six feet in height, and broad and powerful in proportion; he achieved
+renown as an oarsman, a footballer and a boxer, and his physique won
+for him the affectionate nickname of “Tiny.” Leaving New Zealand he
+went to America, and drifting to Mexico found full scope for his
+adventurous aspirations; he fought in Mexico’s Civil War.
+
+In 1914, the London _Times_ says, Freyberg came home, joined the Royal
+Naval Division, and was wounded in the hand at Antwerp. With good
+service to his record he went to Gallipoli with his battalion, being
+already a lieutenant-commander. In Gallipoli he again distinguished
+himself. General Paris was in charge of a force which was to make a
+feint landing at Bulair, the narrow neck of the Peninsula. Freyberg was
+given charge of the party, but, while prizing the honor, he proposed an
+alternative scheme which, he believed, would protect the lives of the
+men. This idea was that he should take colored flares and swim ashore,
+that he should then light the flares, as if a landing was anticipated,
+and then swim out again to a waiting destroyer. This he did, stripping,
+and painting his face and shoulders a dark color, so that he should not
+be seen swimming. Freyberg landed on the beach, lit the flares, made a
+reconnaissance, and swam off again, but owing to the darkness and the
+current he missed the boat which was to pick him up, and it was almost
+two hours before he was hauled on to the deck of the destroyer, more
+dead than alive. This remarkable feat of endurance and resourcefulness,
+more suggestive of an adventure from Mayne Reid or Fenimore Cooper than
+a sober act of modern war, won for the young officer the D. S. O.
+
+
+
+
+ONE OF THE D. S. C. MEN
+
+An Act of Heroism and Martyrdom that Hardly May be Matched
+
+
+A Distinguished Service Cross is a proud possession. It is at once a
+token of bravery and an evidence that bravery has been displayed in
+valiant service for the good or the saving of others. It implies a
+great risk taken, a danger faced, a sacrifice made—a something done
+that, however creditable to the man, is of special value because of
+its benefit or advantage to many besides the man. For that reason one
+Distinguished Service Cross differs from another in proud significance
+to the winner or to the relative to whom the cross comes as an after
+death testimony to the winner’s worth. The formal official paragraph
+that announces the award of the cross to this one or that one tells
+nothing or little of the service that gained the distinction, because
+the official estimate makes no discrimination between the sentimental
+values of the respective services, distinguished service being
+distinguished service.
+
+But there are varying qualities of bravery, different kinds of
+incitement to heroism, different elements in the acts of sacrifice;
+and one might like to know the varying values of the instant motives
+behind the acts—say, of a man who, in the heat and excitement of an
+engagement, rushes through a withering fire of shell and bullet to
+perform a serviceable act of desperate valor, with one chance in a
+thousand of coming safely off; or, of a man, without the stimulus
+of brain aflame and with the absolute certainty of death, who
+unhesitatingly, immediately lays down his life for his friends. Which
+is the higher courage?
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private Harold J. Devereaux
+
+_32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “M”_
+
+ While crossing the River Ourcq near Sergy, July 31, 1918, the corporal
+ of his squad was wounded by machine-gun fire. The enemy continued to
+ fire on the wounded man and Private Devereaux, alone, with the fire of
+ his rifle, attacked the machine-gun and put it out of action.]
+
+In the great list, the never fully-to-be-completed list of heroic
+deeds in the four years’ war, is there any deed more sublime in
+essential quality than that of Sergt. Willard D. Purdy, Company A,
+127th Infantry, A. E. F.? You never heard of it? That’s the amazing
+thing—that this splendid exhibition of the highest character of devoted
+courage is hardly known at all! Really, it was so great a heroism that
+it seemed a commonplace in the telling. Here is the story. It reads
+very simply in the bald despatch of a newspaper man reporting the facts
+from Washington.
+
+
+THE MARTYR HERO
+
+“Washington, D. C., May 30.—[Special.]—The heroism of a Wisconsin
+sergeant, who deliberately sacrificed his own life to save those of
+his men in the fight at Hegenbach, Alsace, July 4, 1917, is told with
+official brevity and skeletonized simplicity in to-day’s war department
+report announcing the award of distinguished service crosses for
+bravery in action.
+
+“The martyr hero was Sergt. Willard D. Purdy, a member of Company A,
+127th Infantry. During the engagement at Hegenbach, Sergt. Purdy, after
+returning with his patrol from a reconnaissance of the enemy’s line,
+was engaged in calling the roll of his men and collecting their hand
+grenades when the pin of one of the grenades became disengaged.
+
+“Seeing the grenade could not be thrown away without making certain the
+wounding of American troops—most probably some of his own men—Sergt.
+Purdy instantly commanded his men to run. Then he himself seized three
+of the grenades and, bending over, held them against his stomach. The
+grenades exploded, killing Sergt. Purdy instantly, but his presence of
+mind and self-sacrificing action had saved the lives of his companions.
+
+“When the pin of a grenade becomes disengaged nothing can be done to
+prevent the bomb from exploding within six or eight seconds.
+
+“Sergt. Purdy’s home address was Box 632, Marshfield, Wis., and his
+next of kin was given as Mrs. Esther Purdy, his mother.”
+
+No grand adventure; no risk with cheering comrades in a mad assault;
+no thrill with the consciousness of perils to be met and with luck
+avoided; no taking of hazards with the hope of an achieved success. Not
+like a flight into the air to shoot down, after vivid combat, an enemy
+plane. Not much of a story for the press. But think about it. Match it.
+
+
+
+
+COLORED TROOPS REACH THE RHINE
+
+Though They Had More Than Their Share of Trouble to Get to France
+
+
+Everybody knows what a record the 15th New York Colored Regiment made
+in the war, how splendidly it fought, the heroism it displayed and the
+honors it received, but not everyone knows what adversities it had
+to contend with before it could get to France. The Colonel of that
+remarkable regiment (which revived the memory of the Civil War military
+reports that “the colored troops fought nobly”), Col. William D.
+Hayward, has given a humorous account of those difficulties. This was
+in one of the many talks Hayward—who has put off the title of Colonel
+and returned to the civilian simplicity of “Mister”—has been compelled
+to make in response to public requests. He said, broadly smiling:
+
+“The first thing I ever did in my life that anybody approved of was
+getting up that regiment. After I gathered my crowd of Harlem waiters,
+bellhops, indoor chauffeurs, and elevator boys I thought I’d never get
+them across. When the minute finally came for sailing I think every
+elevator on Riverside Drive stopped automatically.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Second Lieutenant Carl C. Mayhew
+
+_26th Division, 101st Infantry._
+
+ Cited for skill and courage displayed May 8, 1918, while making a
+ daring patrol in the enemy’s front line trenches resulting in the
+ death of 2 German officers and the gathering of valuable information.
+ He participated in 44 raids, receiving 3 citations.]
+
+“When our ship left in 1917 we sailed a little way, then broke down,
+came back, and tied up at Hoboken with our cargo of Thanksgiving
+turkeys and black troops. We got fixed up and started again. We didn’t
+get quite as far as before when the ship caught fire. I sneaked back
+and reported the mishap to General Shanks at the port of embarkation.
+Our ship was overhauled and a third time we set out full of hope, but
+the machinery broke down again. When I reported to General Shanks this
+time, he said: ‘Goodness gracious, Colonel, are you ever going to get
+those coons and turkeys to France?’
+
+“When at last we reached the French front in the Argonne Forest I
+reported to the French officer in command that I had arrived with the
+15th New York Infantry and would place myself and men at his disposal.
+‘It is impossible!’ exclaimed the officer. ‘There’s no such American
+unit due here.’ Finally he said in surprise, ‘Are you the 369th
+Infantry Regiment of the United States?’ and I replied, ‘I are.’
+
+
+GAVE THEM BOLOS
+
+“Then they took all our American ordnance away and gave us bolos,
+which are knives modeled after those used by the Cubans. I was glad
+afterward, although I think my boys would have done better with razors.
+When we were leaving France I was told that the regiment would be
+presented with three thousand razors by the French. When we received
+the gift we found they were safety-razors. The regiment was insulted.
+
+“From March, 1918, until the following January we were with the Fourth
+French Army, under General Gouraud. On July 15 I wrote Governor Whitman
+that the German Army was licked. They were at maximum strength and we
+at minimum, but ten American divisions were arriving monthly.
+
+“My boys had a sublime faith that they would win. The idea of defeat
+never entered their heads. No private or officer had any doubt about
+our ability to break through. One day I found a number of the men
+buying German money that had been taken from the dead. I asked why they
+wanted it, and they answered, ‘We’ll be needin’ this here money soon.’
+In five months they were spending it in the Rhine towns and talking
+Harlem German with a Yiddish accent. They were the advance guard of the
+Allied armies. The French gave them the honor of carrying the Stars and
+Stripes to the Rhine. And I was the first man to scoop water from the
+river. Can you beat that for Allied generosity?
+
+“The boys all had a keen sense of humor. When we docked at Hoboken
+they were eager to get ashore. One of them said to me: ‘Colonel, the
+Generals is goin’ over the gangplank and the rats is goin’ over the
+hawsers. We hope you’ll tell us when it’s time for the regiment to go
+ashore!’
+
+“I remember one little negro on the other side who was carrying shells
+from an ammunition-dump to a train. He was so loaded down with 3-inch
+shells that he was sunk ankle-deep in the mud. He said to his officer,
+‘How you got my name on dat sheet?’
+
+“‘Your name is Simpson,’ replied the officer.
+
+“‘Yas, sir, dass right; only I thought maybe you had “Sampson” by
+mistake.’”
+
+He jested about them freely, did Colonel Hayward, but the jests were of
+a kind to betray the intense pride he felt in the soldierly character
+and spirited daring of the men under him. The Hun learned to regard
+with wholesome fear a charge of Hayward’s “bellhops and waiters,” as he
+styled them.
+
+ At the beginning of the war there were only 750 officers, 393 nurses,
+ and 3,619 enlisted men belonging to the Medical Department of the
+ American Army. In November, 1918, the corresponding figures were
+ 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses, and 245,652 enlisted men.
+
+ In the 19 months elapsing from the declaration of the war to the
+ signing of the armistice the American Army created an embarkation
+ service which succeeded in shipping overseas 2,075,834 men, and
+ 5,153,000 tons of cargo.
+
+ During the whole period of active hostilities the American Army lost
+ at sea only 200,000 deadweight tons of transports. Of this total,
+ 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No American transport was lost on
+ its eastward voyage.
+
+
+
+
+GOOD OLD POTTS
+
+One of the Men the British Took to Gallipoli to Show Their Grit
+
+
+Private Frederick Potts did a V. C. bit at Gallipoli. An attack was
+being made on a very strongly fortified Turkish position, a sector
+stretching from Hill 70 to Hill 112. Potts was in the advance on
+Hill 70. It was a terrible day. The heat was intense. The country
+was uncommonly difficult, largely sand and scrub, the scrub being so
+parched that it took fire in many places from the shell fire, and in
+crossing these patches some of the men who fell wounded were burned to
+death. Potts’ section was ascending Hill 70 in short spurts, making
+occasional halts. After taking shelter in a little gulley, it was
+ordered to charge. Potts rushed forward with his comrades; but he
+had not gone more than twenty yards when he was shot down, a bullet
+having entered the left thigh. Potts was then about a quarter of a mile
+from the top of the hill. He was lucky enough to be lying in a little
+thicket formed of the scrub, and this gave him some sort of shelter and
+hid him from view. Not long after he fell there crawled towards him a
+fellow-townsman, who was badly wounded. Potts recognized him.
+
+“Is that you, Andrews?” he said.
+
+“Yes,” came the feeble answer.
+
+“I’m jolly pleased you’ve come,” said Potts.
+
+Then Andrews dragged himself as close as he could get—he had been shot
+through the groin—and the two lay perfectly still for some minutes
+fully expecting that the Turks would find and kill them.
+
+Very soon a third trooper who had been wounded made his way to the
+thicket. With great difficulty, room was found for him. Andrews had
+hardly moved his position so that the newcomer could be accommodated
+when a bullet mortally wounded the stranger. He cried piteously for
+water, but there was not a drop to be had, and the three wounded
+soldiers endured the agonies of thirst that whole afternoon of intense
+heat. The night came bitterly cold, increasing the suffering of the
+three. Moreover, a full moon made the night as clear as day, and every
+movement in the thicket was followed by a bullet from the Turks. A
+bullet grazed Potts’ left ear as he lay flat on the ground, face down.
+The morning brought death to the stranger. He had kept on murmuring
+wearily, “Water! Water!”
+
+The whole of the next day the two survivors lay hidden in the hot
+scrub, not daring to move, tortured by thirst, suffering from their
+wounds, and trying to get relief by sucking bits of stalks which they
+managed to pick from the shrubs. That night, as the only hope of
+salvation was to get away, they began to crawl off, Potts leading and
+Andrews following. They lay perfectly flat, and literally wriggled.
+From six at night—when darkness fell—till three in the morning they
+dragged themselves, dust-choked, a distance of about three hundred
+yards—as Potts calculated afterwards, thirty-three yards an hour. A
+bit of burnt scrub near at hand afforded slight protection; this was
+taken, and the troopers tried to sleep, but the extreme cold made rest
+impossible. When daylight came, some water was obtainable, but only by
+crawling to men who had been killed and whose bottles could be reached.
+This dreadful day passed, Potts doing his best to stanch his comrade’s
+bleeding wounds. The third night on the hill came.
+
+
+A SHOVEL TO THE RESCUE
+
+The two men tried once more to get away and reach the British lines.
+Potts attempted to carry Andrews, but he was too weak and the effort
+failed. Then, says the London _Times_, when hope itself seemed to be
+abandoned, an inspiration came, suggested by an ordinary entrenching
+shovel, one of many which were lying on the hill. Potts wriggled to
+the shovel, managed to support Andrews on it, stood up, and dragged
+desperately—all the more so because as soon as he rose the Turks opened
+fire. Famished and exhausted, he could not do more than pull his burden
+over the rough ground for about six yards; then he collapsed. Andrews,
+too, had suffered severely under the strain. But the next night Potts
+resumed his forlorn hope. He had his comrade on the shovel, lying flat;
+he supported him as best he could, and Andrews held grimly on to his
+rescuer’s wrists. For more than three hours, in the bright moonlight,
+down the scrub-infested, stony, dusty hillside, Private Potts dragged
+his helpless burden on the shovel; then came a sentry’s challenge,
+“Halt!” Inexpressibly joyful was the sound of the British voice to the
+two worn-out troopers; grimly humorous was the sentry’s question:
+
+“What are you doing? Are you burying the dead?”
+
+Potts explained: “I have a chap here wounded, and I’ve dragged him down
+the hill on a shovel. Could you not give me a hand?”
+
+Give a hand! Many a willing hand was given that night at the foot of
+that fatal hill, the scene of much tragedy, yet relieved by the bravery
+and resource of the twenty-two year old trooper, who might easily have
+saved himself by abandoning his wounded fellow; but he was not of that
+breed.
+
+
+
+
+IT WAS UP TO BILL
+
+And in Spite of Regulations and Red Tape the Old Sergeant Got to France
+and Into the Front Lines
+
+
+Let no one dare deny the heroism of Bill Davidson. His name may not be
+found among those cited for distinguished service, but that is because
+distinguished services are not enumerated in the military code. If
+there is an instance of more determined valor or of more successful
+triumph over the impossible it does not appear in the chronicles.
+Nevertheless it is necessary to introduce Bill Davidson, and the
+greatest distinction that can be conferred upon him in the estimation
+of Bill Davidson himself is to say he was orderly to Lieutenant Colonel
+John C. Greenway, First Division, A. E. F. He hailed from out Arizona
+way. In the days when the United States was engaged with Spain in the
+discussion of matters more or less serious, Jack Greenway was a Captain
+of Rough Riders, and Bill was his Sergeant, and by the testimony of
+that Captain, now Lieutenant-Colonel, Bill was the best first Sergeant
+in Cuba. There Bill took into his spiritual system an affection of
+devotion to Greenway that time and circumstances can never diminish.
+
+Therefore, when the United States declared war against Germany, Bill,
+who was in the employ of the New Cornelia at Ajo, straightway thought
+of Jack Greenway. He said to himself, “All hell can’t keep Jack
+Greenway from going to the front, and it’s me for Jack Greenway.” He
+foresaw a great experience “over there,” the doing of extraordinary
+things, and he wanted to be with Greenway in the performance.
+
+Greenway, of course, tendered his services to the Government at once
+and was given a commission as Major of Engineers. Now let the Bisbee
+_Review_ continue the story as it got it direct from Colonel Greenway
+in Bisbee town.
+
+One day Bill walked into the Captain’s office in Warren just as he was
+preparing to close his desk and quit the office.
+
+“Well, Captain, I’ve quit over yonder,” Bill remarked, after the
+salutations.
+
+“What did you quit for, Bill?”
+
+“I’m going into the army with you.”
+
+“Have you enlisted?”
+
+“Hell, no. I’m no fool. If I enlisted over here I might not go to
+France for months, perhaps not at all. I’m going with you, and shall
+enlist in your regiment after I get to France,” was the way Bill
+figured it out.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Munseys._
+
+Lieutenant Arthur McKeogh
+
+ He brought relief to a battalion by making a daring journey through
+ the German lines with two other men. On the way to the American lines
+ he killed one German officer, fell into a trench with two others and
+ killed them, and was under fire all the time.]
+
+Greenway couldn’t make Bill see the futility of the idea of getting
+over to France without enlisting in the service, so there was nothing
+to do but let Bill come along. They took the train together at Osborn,
+Bill carrying his bed rolled up in a slicker, and together they made
+the trip to New York.
+
+Bill met some of his old comrades of the Cuban campaign and confided
+to them his plans. They told him how impossible it was, and that he
+could not even get on the dock at Hoboken without a pass. Bill’s urbane
+confidence may have been a little shaken but not his determination. He
+went to Washington to see Senator Ashurst, and the Senator tried to get
+Bill a passport but without success, as there was no way for the War
+Department to act in the circumstances. Bill came back to New York with
+more determination than ever.
+
+“I got my sailing orders,” said Greenway, “and with my sister,
+sister-in-law and Bill went to the Hoboken pier and found that I was
+to sail on the _Agamemnon_, which was formerly the German steamship
+_Kaiser Wilhelm II_. I went aboard and found that I had a large and
+comfortable stateroom and came ashore and told Bill.
+
+“Bill declared that he was going to get aboard of that boat, although I
+pointed out the guards to him and told him how impossible it was. Bill
+was not disconcerted in the least. After sizing up the situation to his
+own satisfaction he said:
+
+“‘Just you get somebody to talk to that guard over there to distract
+his attention while you are going through the gate.’
+
+“I got an officer friend of mine to talk to the guard, and Bill picked
+up my bags and followed me. To my surprise he got through the gate
+without being seen by the guard, and we proceeded to the gangplank.
+There we ran into a snag. The captain called out to stop that civilian,
+and Bill was held up. It was only momentarily, however. I stepped up
+and told the captain that he was a friend of mine, carrying my bags
+aboard for me, and the captain permitted him to pass.
+
+“When Bill got into that stateroom of mine he was the happiest man I
+ever saw. ‘If you get me off this boat they will have to throw me and
+hog-tie me and carry me off,’ was the way Bill put it as he sank into a
+chair and wiped his forehead.
+
+“We sailed that night at high tide, and Bill stayed secreted in my
+room. I would smuggle food from the dining-room to him, but after two
+days of this Bill rebelled at having to live on cold food and declared
+that he intended having regular meals like the others on board. I
+told him that if he were discovered the chances were that he would
+find himself in the brig, but he said he would risk it, and out of my
+stateroom he went.
+
+
+ON THE WAY TO FRANCE
+
+“Bill had just one chance. There were 150 civilians on board, going
+over for employment on government work in France. It was possible, but
+not at all probable, for Bill to mingle with them and get by. I went on
+to dinner in the first cabin, and after dinner concluded that I would
+look about for Bill. I expected to find him in the brig, but he was not
+there. I made my way to the dining-saloon where the civilian passengers
+had their meals and looked in.
+
+“At the extreme end of a very long table I saw Bill. He was engrossed
+in a menu and was ordering the most delectable things to be found on
+it. Everybody on the vessel got to know Bill and he was in his element.
+He needed no further guidance by me while on board. Arguments were
+referred to Bill for settlement and he was looked to among the civilian
+passengers as a general source of information, being consulted as to
+when we would arrive in the submarine zone, when we would land, and
+about everything else that came up.
+
+“How to get Bill ashore at Brest was a problem that loomed large before
+me, but it did not worry Bill to any great extent. Power Conway was on
+board and I enlisted his services, and between us we managed to smuggle
+Bill aboard the tug and get him ashore. Now the question was to get
+Bill to Paris, and in this I was assisted by General Harbord, U. S. M.
+C.
+
+
+BILL ACCEPTED FOR SERVICE
+
+“We arrived in Paris, where I was kept for several weeks at
+headquarters. One night I returned home in Paris and informed Bill
+that I had been assigned to the First Division and ordered up to the
+front. Bill was delighted and ready to put off at once, and, although
+it seemed impossible to me, it never feazed him.
+
+“It never occurred to Bill that he was a civilian in France, with no
+military connection whatever, and that it would be impossible for a
+civilian to accompany me to the front. In this dilemma I placed the
+situation before Colonel Malin Craig. He is a general now, and it made
+a strong appeal to him. He wanted to make Bill a captain of military
+police, but Bill would have none of that. He wanted to get to the
+front, and to the front we started.
+
+“Together we arrived within seven miles of the front line before Bill
+was finally held up. He had come 7,000 miles on his own responsibility,
+without one line of authority from any one, and was now actually at the
+front and in the face of the enemy, and was still a civilian. And it
+was there in the Toul sector that Bill enlisted and became officially
+what he had been at heart and in fact for many weeks—one of the
+American Expeditionary Force.
+
+“From then on Bill and I were together without danger of being
+separated by army regulations. He became my orderly and remained so
+throughout. The only time we were separated was when Bill was in the
+hospital recovering from shell-wounds. We came back together and
+Bill went with me to Hot Springs, Ark., where we both took baths. We
+separated at Fort Worth, Bill going on to Ajo by another route, while I
+came on to Bisbee.”
+
+And that is the story of Bill Davidson, whose devotion to his chief is
+unlimited. It causes him to “do the impossible” and to override all of
+the regulations of the War Department. It is a story in the telling of
+which Colonel Greenway takes the greatest pride and in which a spirit
+of affection is dominant.
+
+Bill quit his job to go to war with Jack Greenway, and he did.
+
+ The original Selective Service Law of May 18, 1917, with its
+ subsequent amendments, mobilized the man-power of the United States,
+ between the ages of 18 and 45 inclusive. Under the original and later
+ acts, approximately 23,709,000 men were registered and slightly over
+ 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service.
+
+
+
+
+THE RENDEZVOUS
+
+One of America’s Young Poets Keeps a Tryst While Fighting for France
+
+    I have a rendezvous with Death
+    At some disputed barricade,
+    When Spring comes back with rustling shade
+    And apple-blossoms fill the air—
+    I have a rendezvous with Death
+    When Spring brings back blue days and fair.
+
+           *       *       *       *       *
+
+    And I to my pledged word am true—
+    I shall not fail that rendezvous.
+
+    —_Alan Seeger._
+
+
+The poem from which the above opening and closing lines are taken was
+read for the first time by the majority of those who knew it after the
+poet had kept the rendezvous—only a little late of the appointed time,
+like a traveler who has missed a train.
+
+Alan Seeger loved France, and when he saw her in peril and his own
+America not likely to be brought into the conflict he went to France as
+a volunteer. Being an alien he was not eligible to the regular army,
+but the Foreign Legion welcomed him to fight for France under its flag.
+Among the men of the Legion was Rif Bear, a brilliant and traveled
+young Egyptian, and he became the close, the intimate friend of the
+poet with whom he found himself entirely in sympathy.
+
+Seeger was under fire in a series of engagements without suffering
+hurt, but he seems to have foreboded the end that came in the Champagne
+campaign. He was a fatalist as well as a dreamer—and there are those
+who believe that we bring to ourselves the fruit of our thoughts.
+
+After Seeger’s death Rif Bear wrote the facts and an appreciation in a
+personal letter to a lady in Boston. The letter was in French, but a
+translation of it has been published. There is a melancholy interest
+in the circumstances that a clerical error in the date of a temporary
+leave of absence cheated Seeger of one of the chief joys that could
+have come to him as a poet. The letter tells us that he ran one day to
+his friend in the triumph of happiness to show him a telegram which
+asked him to compose a poem to be read in public at a French-American
+demonstration—the memorial day ceremony. He was to have 48 hours leave
+in which to write the poem and attend the ceremony. But the promised
+leave did not come.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Century Company._
+
+Alan Seeger
+
+ The young and gifted American poet who fought in the Foreign Legion.
+ He was killed in action in the Champagne campaign.]
+
+“The eve of the ceremony arrived—I can not recall the date—but no leave
+came. We were in the trenches and chance had placed me near Seeger in
+_petit poste_ (the small outlook-post, some yards in advance of the
+first line trench). He confessed that he had lost all hope of going,
+and I tried to find all sorts of arguments to encourage him, that his
+leave might come at dawn, and that by taking the train at Ressons at 7
+a. m. he could still reach Paris by noon and would have plenty of time,
+as the ceremony was at two.
+
+“The morning came, and instead of bringing the much-desired permission
+to leave, it brought a terrible downpour of rain, and the day passed
+sadly. He found consolation in the thought that it was only a
+postponement and that July 4 would soon arrive, when the Americans with
+the Foreign Legion might hope for forty-eight hours’ leave, as last
+year.”
+
+The explanation came later. It was a clerical error that cheated him;
+the forty-eight hours’ leave granted for the event was made out for
+June 30, instead of for May 30. Continuing the letter:
+
+
+A MARCHING ORDEAL
+
+“On June 21, we left the sector of the Thiescourt Woods for an unknown
+destination, which proved to be the Somme. We took the train at Estrées
+St. Denis, and on June 22 about 10 a. m. reached Boves. Under a blazing
+sun, in heat that seemed to have escaped from the furnace of hell, we
+started for Bayonviller. We had undergone no such march since the war
+began.
+
+“Weighed down by their sacks, prostrated by the heat, men fell by
+hundreds along the road. Hardly twenty of the two hundred forming the
+company arrived without having left the column. Seeger was one of
+these few. He told me afterward of the terrible effort that he had to
+make not to give up. At every halt he drank a drop of _tafia_ (rum and
+coffee) to ‘give himself heart,’ and when he reached the end of the
+march he was worn out, but proud—he had not left the ranks.
+
+“We passed the eight days of repose at Bayonviller, almost always
+together, seeking the greatest possible enjoyment in our life at
+the moment and making dreams for the future after the war. Alan
+confided to me that ‘after the war’ caused him fear—that he could
+not tell what destiny reserved for him, but that if the fates
+smiled on him it was toward the Orient that he would make. He loved
+the Orient—Constantinople, Cairo, Damascus, Beirut had a powerful
+fascination for him; their names would plunge him into profound reverie.
+
+“‘It is in the mysterious frame of the Orient,’ he used to say, ‘in its
+dazzling light, in its blue, blue nights, among the perfumes of incense
+and hashish, that I would live, love, and die.’
+
+“And then the talk would turn again on the war and he would say: ‘My
+only wish now is to make a bayonet charge. After that I shall see.
+Death may surprise me, but it shall not frighten me. It is my destiny.
+“_Mektoub_”’ (it is written). He was a real fatalist and drew courage
+and resignation from his fatalism.
+
+“During the night of June 30-July 1 we left Bayonviller to move nearer
+the firing-line. We went to Proyart as reserves.
+
+“At 8 o’clock on the morning of July 1 there was roll-call for the
+day’s orders and we were told that the general offensive would begin at
+nine without us, as we were in reserve, and that we would be notified
+of the day and hour that we were to go into action.
+
+“When this report was finished we were ordered to shell fatigue,
+unloading 8-inch shells from automobile-trucks which brought them up to
+our position.
+
+“All was hustle and bustle. The Colonial regiments had carried the
+first German lines and thousands and thousands of prisoners kept
+arriving and leaving. Ambulances filed along the roads continuously. As
+news began to arrive we left our work to seek more details, everything
+we could learn seemed to augur well.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Private Charles Cameron
+
+_1st Division, 3rd Machine Gun Battalion, Company “B”_
+
+ Decorated for extraordinary heroism in action near Soissons, France,
+ July 19, 1918. When the infantry was held up by a trench occupied by
+ Germans he voluntarily circled the trench and from the rear shot and
+ killed one of the enemy and captured the others.]
+
+“About 4 p.m. we left Proyart for Fontaine-les-Capy and in the first
+line. Alan was beaming with joy and full of impatience for the order
+to join in the action. Everywhere delirious joy reigned at having
+driven the enemy back without loss for us. We believed that no further
+resistance would be met and that our shock attack would finish the
+Germans. After passing the night at Fontaine-les-Capy we moved in the
+morning toward what had been the German first lines. I passed almost
+all the day with Alan. He was perfectly happy.
+
+“‘My dream is coming true,’ he said to me, ‘and perhaps this evening
+or to-morrow we shall attack. I am more than satisfied, but it’s too
+bad about our July 4 leave. I can not hope to see Paris again now
+before the 6th or 7th, but if this leave is not granted me _“Mektoub!
+Mektoub”!’_ he finished with a smile.
+
+“The field of battle was relatively calm, a few shells fell, fired by
+the enemy in retreat, and our troops were advancing on all sides. The
+Colonials had taken Assevillers and the next day we were to take their
+place in first line.”
+
+
+WHEN THE HOUR CAME
+
+“On July 3, about noon, we moved toward Assevillers to relieve the
+Colonials at nightfall. Alan and I visited Assevillers, picking up
+souvenirs, post-cards, letters, soldiers’ notebooks, and chattering all
+the time, when suddenly a voice called out, ‘The company will fall in
+to go to the first line.’
+
+“Before leaving one another we made each other the same promise as we
+had made before the Champagne battle (September 25, 1915), that if one
+of us fell so severely wounded that there was no hope of escape the
+other would finish him off with a bullet in the heart, rather than
+let him await death in lingering torture. He showed me his revolver,
+saying, ‘I have more luck than you. If I can still use one arm I shall
+have no need of any one,’ and then we rejoined our different sections.”
+
+The order for attack came at 4 o’clock and the troops went forward, the
+flash and glitter of bayonets above the tall corn through which the men
+pressed making a curious spectacle against the going down of wave after
+wave of men under the terrific gun fire.
+
+“The losses were heavy and the enemy made a desperate resistance. The
+company of reserves was ordered to advance with the second wave of
+assault. ‘Forward!’ cried the captain, and the company deployed ‘in
+files of squadron,’ advancing slowly but surely under the enemy’s
+intense and murderous fire.
+
+“The first section (Alan’s section) formed the right and vanguard of
+the company, and mine formed the left wing. After the first bound
+forward, we lay flat on the ground, and I saw the first section
+advancing beyond us and making toward the extreme right of the village
+of Belloy-en-Santerre. I caught sight of Seeger and called to him,
+making a sign with my hand.
+
+“He answered with a smile. How pale he was! His tall silhouette
+stood out on the green of the corn-field. He was the tallest man in
+his section. His head erect and pride in his eye, I saw him running
+forward, with bayonet fixed. Soon he disappeared and that was the last
+time I saw my friend.
+
+“‘Forward!’ And we made a second bound, right to the wave of assault,
+which we left behind a little, and down we threw ourselves again.
+The fusillade became more and more intense, reaching a paroxysm. The
+mitrailleuses mow men down and the cannons thunder in desperation.
+Bodies are crushed and torn to fragments by the shells, and the wounded
+groan as they await death, for all hope of escaping alive from such a
+hell has fled.
+
+“The air is saturated with the smell of powder and blood, everywhere
+the din is deafening; men are torn with impatience at having to remain
+without moving under such a fire. We struggle even for breath and
+cries resound from every side. Suddenly a word of command, an order of
+deliverance, passes from mouth to mouth. ‘Forward! With bayonets!’—the
+command that Seeger had awaited so long.
+
+“In an irresistible sublime dash we hurl ourselves to the assault,
+offering our bodies as a target. It was at this moment that Alan Seeger
+fell heavily wounded in the stomach. His comrades saw him fall and
+crawl into the shelter of a shell-hole. Since that minute nobody saw
+him alive.
+
+“I will spare you an account of the rest of the battle. As soon as the
+enemy was driven back and Belloy-en-Santerre won I searched for news of
+Seeger. I was told of his wound and was glad of it, for I thought he
+had been carried away and henceforth would be far from the dangers of
+bullets and shells.
+
+“Thus ended this Fourth of July that Seeger had hoped to celebrate in
+Paris. On the next day we were relieved from the first lines and went
+into reserve lines. A fatigue party was left to identify the dead.
+
+“Seeger was found dead. His body was naked, his shirt and tunic being
+beside him and his rifle planted in the ground with the butt in the
+air. He had tied a handkerchief to the butt to attract the attention of
+the stretcher-bearers. He was lying on his side with his legs bent.
+
+“It was at night by the light of a pocket electric lamp that he was
+hastily recognized. Stretcher-bearers took the body and buried it
+next day in the one big grave made for the regiment, where lie 3
+hundred bodies. This tomb is situated at the Hill 76 to the south of
+Belloy-en-Santerre.
+
+“As I think of the circumstances of his death I am convinced that after
+undressing to bandage himself he must have risen and been struck by a
+second bullet.”
+
+
+
+
+STAYING TO THE END
+
+How a Handful of Russian “Madmen” Held the Fort Until They Were Wiped
+Out
+
+
+Here is a weird story of unavailing heroism on the part of a Russian
+officer and the remaining few of his company who held one of the forts
+in the siege of the Novogeorgievsk fortress. It is laconically told by
+the reporter but it needs no flourish:
+
+Several forts pass through the last hours of their life. All the
+fortifications are swept away; most of the guns are silent; the men
+are nowhere in sight. German infantry floods the plain. Columns of
+soldiers advance from the right and from the left. Their front seems
+impenetrable.
+
+In one of the forts, however, are still a few men. It is one limb of
+the stricken animal, with claws unsheathed, still throbbing with life.
+For these men there is a road of escape behind the fort, making their
+return to the fortress possible, but the “brave ones’ madness” asserts
+itself. The commanding officer gathers his men together and says:
+
+“Boys, it’s for you to say. If you speak the word, we’ll all go back,
+though I’m for staying here.... Remember if we stay, the chances are
+that not one of us will escape. Which shall it be?”
+
+“Of course, we’ll stay. What difference does it make? It’s just the
+same in the fortress.... We’ll stay and have our fun here.”
+
+They bared their heads, made the sign of the cross, and kissed each
+other like brothers. The officer informed the fortress, through
+underground telephone, of the decision of his men.
+
+“We stay here to the end. And maybe you’ll come and get us out.”
+
+A few moments later, the struggle between this handful of men and
+several German columns began. The Germans, encircling the silent fort,
+never expected to find amid its ruins a handful of “madmen.” The
+advancing columns were rolling on. Suddenly the ruins burst into life.
+Machine guns splashed their hail of lead, and a shell or two fell into
+the midst of the German columns.
+
+The Germans became furious. They rushed to the remains of the fort, and
+turned back, met by a living wall of lead and fire. The heavy German
+guns began their booming.... Clouds of dust and broken stone surround
+the fort, which still speaks its language of fire. The officer reports
+the operations to the fortress through the telephone:
+
+“We are surrounded. Firing incessantly. They’re falling fast. They’ve
+turned back. They are hammering our covers with heavy guns. The Germans
+are beginning their attack. Firing, firing, firing. We’re mowing them
+down. How are things with you? We are waiting for you....”
+
+A half-hour later, the officer reports again: “They’re hammering
+hard. The arches seem to hold out. Attacking us again. We’ve lots of
+ammunition. We are waiting for you....”
+
+Another hour goes by. “Everything around is strewn with bodies of
+Germans. They are all mad. Throw themselves on us like starved rats,
+and we shoot. Every shot tells.”
+
+A little later, the voice speaks excitedly: “The Germans are flooding
+everything. We’ve no time to fire.... We cut down ten, and twenty
+take their places.... We mow down the twenty, and forty others are
+there already.... The Germans are in the fort. We are still firing at
+those in the field.... They’re trying to break through the roof....
+Can’t hear anything.... The Germans are piling rocks against our
+gun-openings.... We are still firing.... Fire....”
+
+The voice stopped short. The Germans were in full possession of the
+fort.
+
+
+
+
+WITHOUT THE GLAMOUR
+
+A Lieutenant of the Royal Irish Fusiliers That Stormed Ginchy Paints
+War’s Horrors in Vivid Language
+
+
+It is well, once in a while, to take a square look at the grim, the
+ghastly, the repellent aspects of war, the reality stripped of the
+glamour, and realize that heroism is not always manifest in valiant
+deeds, but is often expressed in endurance, in patient suffering, in
+the play or poise of the inner forces in terrible circumstances.
+
+The experiences at the storming of Ginchy through which Lieut. Arthur
+C. Young of the Seventh Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers, passed and
+which he embodied in a letter to a relative some days afterward, were
+not perhaps exceptional,—but his description of them is. It is very
+doubtful if a more literal, faithful yet graphically vivid picture
+of war in its actuality has come from the battle front. In simple
+direct language we get the horror, the awfulness of it—but we also get
+reflectively the quality of manhood that produces heroes.
+
+Lieut. Young was, at the outbreak of the war, a resident of Kobe,
+Japan, and he promptly volunteered, returned to England and joined
+the Fusiliers. He had had his share of fighting, knew right well what
+it meant to go over the top, before the day at Ginchy which was the
+subject of his letter.
+
+The storming of Ginchy described by Lieut. Young occurred Sept. 9,
+1916. He says:
+
+“It had been taken once or twice before, I believe (some say four
+times), but even out here it is so difficult to get authentic news
+about things which are happening quite close to us that you will
+have to make allowances for my possible inaccuracies. Each time,
+however, it was recaptured by the Germans, for to them it was a most
+important stronghold, particularly from their artillery’s point of
+view. A gunner officer told me why this was. You must remember that
+artillery fire is not very effective unless there is good observation,
+for atmospheric conditions affect shooting considerably. Now, the best
+sort of observation is that obtained from high ground in a forward
+position—it is better even than airplane or balloon observation, so I
+am told. Well, Ginchy was the last bit of high ground which the Germans
+held, and now that they have lost it, they are dependent on their less
+certain aerial observations, or, failing that, they must shoot by the
+map, which is no better than guesswork. Hence the vital importance to
+the Germans of Ginchy.
+
+“On the night previous to the taking of Ginchy, my battalion had
+to take up a position on the further slope of the valley. We were
+some distance in rear at the time where the shells did not fall so
+plentifully. We had had nearly a week of it already, and a more
+horrible five days I have never passed in my life. We had been over the
+top from Falfemont Farm on the Tuesday, and had been thanked for our
+services in a special divisional order, but the price we had to pay for
+that feat was a big one, as the casualty list printed by this time only
+too well shows.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+Treeing a Linesman Behind the Western Front]
+
+“I was sent out to find a habitable trench for my company. We moved in
+there at dusk. We faced half-right, as it were, looking up the slope
+toward Ginchy. It was like being near the foot of Parliament Hill,
+with the village on top. Our right flank was down near the bottom of
+the valley; our left extended up to the higher ground toward the ruins
+of Waterlot Farm. The trench was very shallow in places, where it had
+been knocked in by shell-fire. I had chosen it as the only one suitable
+in the neighborhood, but it was a horrible place. British dead were
+lying about everywhere. Our men had to give up digging in some places,
+because they came down to bodies which were buried there when the
+parapet blew in. The smell turned us sick. At last in desperation I
+went out to look for another trench, for I felt sure the Germans must
+have the range of the trench we were in, and that they would give us
+hell when dawn broke. To my joy I found that a very deep trench some
+distance back had just been vacated by another regiment, so we went in
+there.
+
+“The night was bitterly cold. I have felt hunger and thirst and fatigue
+out here to a degree I have never experienced them before, but those
+torments I can endure far better than I thought I could. But the
+cold—my word! It is dreadful. I suppose life in the Far East does not
+harden one’s constitution against that torture. Many a night have I
+slept out in the open, in narrow, wet trenches, with the rain pouring
+down, and almost groaned with the agony of cold. If two can huddle
+together, you can get some warmth, but the trenches are frequently too
+narrow for that. I think I feel the cold more than any one.
+
+“However, dawn broke at last. It was very misty. All night we had
+been trying to get into touch with the unit on our left, but without
+success. So the Captain sent me out with an orderly to see whether
+I could manage it. We two stumbled along, but the mist was so dense
+we could see nothing. We came to one trench after another, but not a
+living thing could we see—nothing but dead, British and German, some
+of them mangled beyond recognition. Bombs and rifles and equipment
+were lying all over the place, with here and there a great-coat, khaki
+or gray according to the nationality of their one-time owners, but of
+living beings we could see no sign whatsoever. There was a horrible
+stench in places which nearly turned our stomachs.
+
+
+A DANGEROUS RECONNAISSANCE
+
+“To make matters more wretched, we could not make sure of our
+direction, and were afraid of running into a German patrol, or even
+a German trench, for such accidents are by no means uncommon in this
+region. However, we managed to find our way back and report that up
+to such and such a point on the map (approximately) there was no
+one on our left. The Captain was not content with this, so I went
+out again, this time with another officer. Having a compass on this
+second occasion, I felt far more self-confidence, and to our mutual
+satisfaction we discovered that the unit on our left was the right
+flank of an English division. Captain —— was very bucked when we
+brought back this information. As the mist continued for some time
+afterward, we were able to light fires and make breakfast.
+
+“Now, I have forgotten to tell you that we were in reserve. The front
+line was some five or six hundred yards higher up the slope nearer
+Ginchy. We knew that a big attack was coming off that day, but did not
+think we should be called upon to take part. Accordingly, we settled
+down for the day, and most of the men slept. I felt quite at home, as I
+sat in the bottom of the deep trench, reading the papers I had received
+the previous day from England.
+
+
+“OVER THE TOP”
+
+“It was about 4 o’clock in the afternoon when we first learned that we
+should have to take part in the attack on Ginchy. Now, you probably
+expect me to say at this point in my narrative that my heart leaped
+with joy at the news and that the men gave three rousing cheers, for
+that’s the sort of thing you read in the papers. Well, I had been
+over the top once already that week, and knew what it was to see men
+dropping dead all around me, to see men blown to bits, to see men
+writhing in pain, to see men running round and round, gibbering,
+raving mad. Can you wonder, therefore, that I felt a sort of sickening
+dread of the horrors which I knew we should all have to go through? How
+the others felt I don’t exactly know, but I don’t think I am far wrong
+when I say that their emotions were not far different from mine.
+
+“You read no end of twaddle in the papers at home about the spirit
+in which men go into action. You might almost think they reveled in
+the horror and the agony of it all. I saw one account of the battle
+of Ginchy in which the correspondent spoke of the men of a certain
+regiment in reserve as ‘almost crying with rage’ because they couldn’t
+take part in the show. All I can say is that I should like to see such
+superhuman beings. It is rubbish like this which makes thousands of
+people in England think that war is great sport. As a famous Yankee
+General said, ‘War is hell,’ and you have only got to be in the Somme
+one single day to know it. The man who says he loves being in a charge
+is a liar, and an adjective liar at that.
+
+“But to get on with the story. We were ordered to move up into the
+front line to reinforce the Royal Irish Rifles. None of us knew for a
+certainty whether we were going over the top or not, but everything
+seemed to point that way. Guides were sent down by the Rifles to lead
+us up. We wended our way up slowly, keeping as much as possible to the
+trenches, which were so shallow that the deepest part of them did not
+conceal more than our waists, but they were something to duck into if
+we heard a shell coming. The bombardment was now intense. Our shells
+bursting in the village of Ginchy made it belch forth smoke like a
+volcano. The German shells were bursting on the slope in front of us.
+The noise was deafening. I turned to my servant O’Brien, who has always
+been a cheery, optimistic soul, and said, ‘Well, O’Brien, how do you
+think we’ll fare?’ and his answer was for once not encouraging. ‘We’ll
+never come out alive, Sir!’ was his reply. Happily, we both came out
+alive, but I never thought we should at the time.
+
+
+A CHARGE BY THE IRISH
+
+“It was at this moment, just as we were debouching on to the scragged
+front line of trench, that we beheld a scene which stirred and
+thrilled us to the bottommost depths of our souls. The great charge of
+the Irish division had begun, and we had come up in the nick of time.
+Mere words must fail to convey anything like a true picture of the
+scene, but it is burned into the memory of all those who were there
+and saw it. Let me employ the simile of Parliament Hill. You are more
+than half way up it now. The flat top, where the village lies a heap
+of ruins, surrounded by a fence of shattered trees, is about 400 yards
+away. Between the outer fringe of Ginchy and the front line of our own
+trenches is No Man’s Land—a wilderness of pits, so close together that
+you could ride astraddle the partitions between any two of them. As
+you look half-right, obliquely along No Man’s Land, you behold a great
+host of yellow-coated men rise out of the earth and surge forward and
+upward in a torrent—not in extended order, as you might expect, but in
+one mass—I almost said a compact mass. The only way I can describe the
+scene is to ask you to picture five or six columns of men marching up
+hill in fours, with about a hundred yards between each column. Now,
+conceive those columns being gradually disorganized, some men going
+off to the right and others to the left to avoid shell holes. There
+seems to be no end to them. Just when you think the flood is subsiding,
+another wave comes surging up the beach toward Ginchy.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Watson
+
+ Wounded three times and mentioned in orders five times, he was awarded
+ many decorations, French, English, Belgium, Portuguese and American.
+ He carried out the first American gas-projector attack.]
+
+“We joined in on the left. There was no time for us any more than the
+others to get into extended order. We formed another stream converging
+on the others at the summit. By this time we were all wildly excited.
+Our shouts and yells alone must have struck terror into the Germans,
+who were firing their machine guns down the slope. But there was no
+wavering in the Irish host. We couldn’t run. We advanced at a steady
+walking pace, stumbling here and there, but going ever onward and
+upward. That numbing dread had now left me completely. Like the others,
+I was intoxicated with the glory of it all. I can remember shouting and
+bawling to the men of my platoon, who were only too eager to go on. The
+German barrage had now been opened in earnest, and shells were falling
+here, there, and everywhere in No Man’s Land. They were mostly dropping
+on our right, but they were coming nearer and nearer, as if a screen
+were being drawn across our front. I knew that it was a case of ‘now
+or never’ and stumbled on feverishly. We managed to get through the
+barrage in the nick of time, for it closed behind us, and after that we
+had no shells to fear in front of us.
+
+
+THE MENTAL SIDE OF FIGHTING
+
+“I mention, merely as an interesting fact in psychology, how in a
+crisis of this sort one’s mental faculties are sharpened. Instinct told
+us when the shells were coming gradually closer to crouch down in the
+holes until they had passed. Acquired knowledge, on the other hand—the
+knowledge instilled into one by lectures and books (of which I have
+only read one, namely, Haking’s ‘Company Training’)—told us that it was
+safer in the long run to push ahead before the enemy got the range, and
+it was acquired knowledge that won. And here’s another observation I
+should like to make by the way: I remember reading somewhere, I think
+it was in a book by Winston Churchill, that of the battle of Omdurman
+the writer could recollect nothing in the way of noise; he had an
+acute visual recollection of all that went on about him, but his aural
+recollection was nil; he could only recall the scene as if it were a
+cinematograph picture. Curiously, this was my own experience at Ginchy.
+The din must have been deafening (I learned afterward that it could
+be heard miles away), yet I have only a confused remembrance of it.
+Shells, which at any other time would have scared me out of my wits, I
+never so much as heard—not even when they were bursting quite close to
+me. One landed in the midst of a bunch of men about seventy yards away
+on my right; I have a most vivid recollection of seeing a tremendous
+burst of clay and earth go shooting up into the air—yes, and even parts
+of human bodies—and that when the smoke cleared away there was nothing
+left. I shall never forget that horrifying spectacle as long as I live,
+but I shall remember it as a sight only, for I can associate no sound
+with it.
+
+
+“IT WAS HELL LET LOOSE”
+
+“How long we were in crossing No Man’s Land I don’t know. It could
+not have been more than five minutes, yet it seemed much longer. We
+were now well up to the Boche. We had to clamber over all manner of
+obstacles—fallen trees, beams, great mounds of brick and rubble—in
+fact, over the ruins of Ginchy. It seems like a nightmare to me now.
+I remember seeing comrades falling round me. My sense of hearing
+returned, for I became conscious of a new sound, namely, the pop, pop,
+pop of machine guns and the continuous crackling of rifle fire. I
+remember men lying in shell holes holding out their arms and beseeching
+water. I remember men crawling about and coughing up blood, as they
+searched round for some place in which they could shelter until help
+could reach them. By this time all units were mixed up. But they were
+all Irishmen. They were cheering and cheering and cheering like mad. It
+was hell let loose. There was a machine gun playing on us near by, and
+we all made for it.
+
+“At this moment we caught our first sight of the Germans. They were in
+a trench of sorts, which ran in and out among the ruins. Some of them
+had their hands up. Others were kneeling and holding their arms out to
+us. Still others were running up and down the trench distractedly as if
+they didn’t know which way to go, but as we got close they went down on
+their knees, too. To the everlasting good name of the Irish soldiery,
+not one of these Germans, some of whom had been engaged in slaughtering
+our men up to the very last moment, was killed. I did not see a single
+instance of a prisoner being shot or bayoneted. When you remember that
+our men were now worked up to a frenzy of excitement, this crowning act
+of mercy to their foes is surely to their eternal credit. They could
+feel pity even in their rage.
+
+
+ONLY TWO OFFICERS LEFT
+
+“By this time we had penetrated the German front line, and were on
+the flat ground where the village once stood, surrounded by a wood
+of fairly high trees. There was no holding the men back. They rushed
+through Ginchy, driving the Germans before them. The German dead were
+lying everywhere, some of them having been frightfully mangled by our
+shell-fire. As I was clambering out of the front trench, I felt a
+sudden stab in my right thigh. I thought I had got a ‘blighty’ [a
+wound serious enough to send him back to Britain], but found it was
+only a graze from a bullet, and so went on.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Captain Douglass Campbell
+
+_Pilot, Air Service_
+
+On May 19, 1918, Captain Campbell shot down an enemy biplane east
+of Flirey. On May 27th, at Montsec, he shot down one German machine
+and drove two others behind their lines. On May 28th he brought down
+a German Albatros and drove five others back. On May 31st, over
+Lironville, he shot down an enemy plane and routed another. On June
+5th, though shot through the back, he destroyed another German machine
+over Eply.]
+
+“I managed to find my men without difficulty. They had rushed through
+the ruins of the village and were almost a hundred yards beyond the
+wood, where the ground dips down slightly into a shallow valley and
+mounts up gradually to a ridge about half a mile away. We were facing
+south here, having Delville Wood away to our left and Leuze Wood on
+our right. —— and I were the only two officers left in the company, so
+it was up to us to take charge. There were not more than half a dozen
+officers in this part of the line, and so we had a great deal of work
+to do. We could see the Germans hopping over the distant ridge like
+rabbits, and we had some difficulty in preventing our men from chasing
+them, for we had orders not to go too far.
+
+“We got them—Irish Fusiliers, Inniskillings, and Dublins—to dig in
+by linking up the shell craters, and though the men were tired (some
+wanted to smoke and others to make tea), they worked with a will, and
+before long we had got a pretty decent trench outlined.
+
+
+SCENES AMONG PRISONERS
+
+“While we were at work a number of Germans who had stopped behind, and
+were hiding in shell holes, commenced a bombing attack on our right.
+But they did not keep it up long, for they hoisted a white flag (a
+handkerchief tied to a rifle), as a sign of surrender. I should think
+we must have made about twenty prisoners. They were very frightened.
+Some of them bunked into a sunken road or cutting which ran straight
+out from the wood in a southerly direction, and huddled together,
+with hands upraised. They began to empty their pockets and hand out
+souvenirs—watches, compasses, cigars, pen-knives—to their captors, and
+even wanted to shake hands with us! There was no other officer about
+at the moment, so I had to find an escort to take the prisoners down.
+Among the prisoners was a tall, distinguished-looking man, and I asked
+him in my broken German whether he was an officer. ‘Ja! mein Herr!’
+was the answer I got. ‘Sprechen sie English?’ ‘Jah!’ ‘Good,’ I said,
+thankful that I didn’t have to rack my brains for any more German
+words; ‘please tell your men that no harm will come to them if they
+follow you quietly.’ He turned round and addressed his men, who seemed
+to be very grateful that we were not going to kill them! I must say the
+officer behaved with real soldierly dignity, and, not to be outdone in
+politeness, I treated him with the same respect that he showed me. I
+gave him an escort for himself and told off three or four men for the
+remainder. I could not but rather admire his bearing, for he did not
+show anything like the terror that his men did.
+
+“I heard afterward that when Captain ——’s company rushed a trench
+more to our right, round the corner of the wood, a German officer
+surrendered in great style. He stood to attention, gave a clinking
+salute, and said in perfect English, ‘Sir, myself, this other officer
+and ten men are your prisoners.’ Captain —— said, ‘Right you are, old
+chap!’ and they shook hands, the prisoners being led away immediately.
+So you see there are certain amenities which are observed even on the
+bloodiest of battlefields. I believe our prisoners were all Bavarians,
+who are better mannered from all accounts than the Prussians. They
+could thank their stars they had Irish chivalry to deal with.
+
+“There were a great many German dead and wounded in the sunken road.
+One of them was an officer. He was lying at the entrance to a dugout.
+He was waving his arms about. I went over and spoke to him. He could
+talk a little English. All he could say was, ‘Comrade, I die, I die.’
+I asked him where he was hit and he said in the stomach. It was
+impossible to move him, for our stretcher bearers had not yet come up,
+so I got my servant to look for an overcoat to throw over him, as he
+was suffering terribly from the cold. Whether or not he survived the
+night I do not know.
+
+“Our line was now extended across the sunken road and beyond the corner
+of the wood to our right. Darkness was coming on. Airplanes were
+hovering overhead, and shortly afterward our shells began to form a
+barrage in front. The Germans had evidently rallied, for we could see a
+long line of them coming up on our right, evidently from the direction
+of Leuze Wood. Our machine guns opened fire. The counter-attack was
+hung up, but the Germans must have dug themselves in for the night,
+for in the morning they gave us a good deal of trouble.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photo by Fairchild, New York._
+
+Lieutenant George H. Pendleton
+
+ With two other officers and twenty men he was sent by the Belgian
+ command to get information about the enemy. In a fight with a German
+ patrol he was wounded, but returned to headquarters with the desired
+ information. He is a great-grandson of Francis Scott Key.]
+
+After the counter-attack had subsided, I was ordered to take my men and
+join up with the rest of the battalion on our right. There we spent the
+night in a trench. We must have been facing south. It was a miserable
+night we passed, for we were all very cold and thirsty. We had to
+keep digging. When morning broke it was very misty. We expected to be
+relieved at two in the morning, but the relief did not come till noon.
+Never shall I forget those hours of suspense. We were all hungry. The
+only food we could get was German black bread, which we picked up all
+over the place; also German tinned sausages and bully-beef. We had to
+lift up some of the dead to get at these things. Some of them had water
+bottles full of cold coffee, which we drank.
+
+“We all craved a smoke. Fortunately, the German haversacks were pretty
+well stocked with cigarettes and cigars. I got a handful of cigars off
+a dead German, and smoked them all morning. Also a tin of cigarettes.
+His chocolates also came in handy. Poor devil, he must have been a
+cheery soul when living, for he had a photograph of himself in his
+pocket, in a group with his wife and two children, and the picture
+made him look a jolly old sport. And here he was dead, with both legs
+missing! The trench (between ours and the wood) was stacked with
+dead. It was full of débris—bombs, shovels, and what not—and torn
+books, magazines, and newspapers. I came across a copy of Schiller’s
+‘Wallenstein.’
+
+
+FORGETTING ENMITY
+
+“Hearing moans as I went along the trench, I looked into a shelter or
+hole dug in the side and found a young German. He could not move, as
+his legs were broken. He begged me to get him some water, so I hunted
+round and found a flask of cold coffee, which I held to his lips. He
+kept saying ‘Danke, Kamerad, danke, danke.’ However much you may hate
+the Germans when you are fighting them, you can only feel pity for
+them when you see them lying helpless and wounded on the ground. I saw
+this man afterward on his way to the dressing station. About ten yards
+further on was another German, minus a leg. He, too, craved water, but
+I could get him none, though I looked everywhere. Our men were very
+good to the German wounded. In fact, kindness and compassion for the
+wounded, our own and the enemy’s, is about the only decent thing I
+have seen in war. It is not at all uncommon to see a British and German
+soldier side by side in the same shell hole nursing each other as best
+they can and placidly smoking cigarettes. A poor wounded German who
+hobbled into our trench in the morning, his face badly mutilated by a
+bullet—he whimpered and moaned as piteously as a child—was bound up by
+one of our officers, who took off his coat and set to work in earnest.
+Another German, whose legs were hit, was carried in by our men and
+put into a shell hole for safety, where he lay awaiting the stretcher
+bearers when we left. It is with a sense of pride that I can write this
+of our soldiers.
+
+“There was a counter-attack on our left in the morning, and for a
+few minutes the machine guns were very active, but the Germans were
+beaten off. At last we were relieved, and made our way back, behind
+Guillemont, to be taken out of the line. We spent one night in a
+camp and next day came on here. I am writing this in a picturesque
+French village. You can see green fields and trees and stacks of corn
+and cattle when you look through the window. Here, at all events,
+‘grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front’. I am not alone in
+hoping that we shall not have to go back to that hellish place.
+
+“Well, now, that’s the story of the great Irish charge at Ginchy, so
+far as I can tell it. I suppose by this time the great event has been
+forgotten by the English public. But it will never be forgotten by
+those who took part in it, for it is an event we shall remember with
+pride to the end of our days.
+
+“Need I tell you how proud we officers and men are of the Royal Irish
+Fusiliers who played as big a part as any in the storming of that
+stronghold, and who went into action shouting their old battle cry of
+‘Faugh-a-Ballagh’—‘Clear the way!’”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The estimated total war bill of the United States is 30 billions, which
+is equal to approximately $330 apiece for every man, woman and child in
+this country. The sum includes the 10 billions loaned to the Allies,
+and is estimated on the appropriations made by the first and second
+sessions of the 65th Congress, including the appropriations that were
+authorized, but were not expected to be expended before the fiscal year
+1919.
+
+
+
+
+BIG ADAM’S HARE SOUP
+
+How the Scotch Snipers Fortified Themselves Against a German Attack at
+Dawn
+
+
+What may be described as a domestic scene in a dugout was presented
+with a flavor of humor by a correspondent in the mid-year of 1917. It
+was at a strategic point just behind the British first line trench.
+Though the men were ignorant of the reasons for a recent move, the fact
+was that officers were preparing to meet a German attack. The occupants
+of the dugout were snipers of Scotch nativity and not over fond of
+“blatherin’.” Unlike the usual failings and infirmities of the dugout,
+flooded or swampy, this was dry and comfortable. There were shelves
+on which their rifles were stacked, along with telescope sights and
+other instruments important to snipers, who are invariably the crack
+shots of the riflemen. There were pegs—bayonets thrust in between the
+sandbags—for the equipment of the men. Conveniences and advantages not
+a few; and room for comfortable grouping.
+
+We are introduced to the scene as preparations for a substantial meal
+are under way. Though the battalion had been hurried up from a village
+behind the lines where it had enjoyed a month’s rest, the rations had
+arrived, and moreover the careful purveyors of the sniper squad had
+brought along two plump hares shot the day before, and these were being
+devotionally fitted to the service of the inner man on the principal
+brazier. Another brazier was assigned to the less honorable office of
+heating water for tea. A few tallow dips feebly lighted the place and
+gave curious, half-substantial aspects to the men under the wavering
+canopy of smoke from pipes and cigarettes.
+
+A huge Scot is hanging solicitously over the cooking hares, wholly
+absorbed in the delightful occupation. He gives no heed to the men
+surrounding him in critical inspection of his performance, eagerly
+expectant of the result. These critical watchers are exceedingly
+careful, however, to make no comment to reflect upon the culinary
+skill of the man sedulously stirring the savory contents of the “dixie”
+over the brazier. The group reminded the correspondent of the gnomes
+Rip Van Winkle found in the Catskill mountains; solemn they were, grave
+with a sense of their responsibility. The Scots are not over given to
+gaiety, however sensitive to humor of their own conceiving.
+
+Gravest of all the assembly are those seated nearest the brazier, where
+the hare soup is stewing, and it is not difficult to infer that they
+are the veterans, the supersnipers, of the section. Their age, the
+manner in which the younger snipers defer to them and give them place,
+the cool confidence of their every look and movement, all mark them out
+as leaders among men.
+
+A notable group it was. Says the correspondent:
+
+“Each a man of distinct personality, yet collectively the deadliest
+unit on the whole battle-line; each of a name known outside the
+division and of a skill which has brought the section success in the
+trenches and credit on the test rifle-ranges behind the lines. Yet no
+trace of arrogance shows itself in their demeanor, and the careless
+observer might possibly have only caught a hint of the great reserve
+strength embodied in each of them. And all sit gravely and watch big
+Adam, who wields the spoon, stir the soup.”
+
+Suddenly there is a diversion from the other end of the dugout. Here
+two or three younger men have been sitting, and their conversation,
+gradually rising in key, has been slowly breaking in as a disturbing
+factor to the solemnity of their elders round the brazier. The noise
+now reaches a climax and an indignant voice exclaims:
+
+“Ye’re just a blether, Jimmy Duffus; just a big, bletherin’ eediot.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+The Scots in the Village of Loos
+
+A Highlander Is Rescuing a Little French Girl from a Danger Alley.]
+
+“But I tell ye, Wullie, I heard the officer sayin’ so,” says Jimmy
+aggrievedly.
+
+“Well, even tho ye did,” rejoins Willie, “what richt hae ye to be
+turnin’ ower what the officer says in public?”
+
+“He didna tell me to keep it quate, Wullie Black.”
+
+“He didna tell ye onything at a’. It was jist thae big lugs o’ yours
+happened by at the time. And noo, like the big mooth ye are, ye goun
+clyping it a’ ower the place.”
+
+Jimmy rose threateningly, and Willie was not a whit behind him. Both
+were prepared for an immediate settlement. Another second and they
+would have come to blows, but the sergeant intervened.
+
+“Come ower here, baith o’ ye,” he said sternly, and the two slunk up to
+him.
+
+“It was Duffus here, sairgeant, was sayin’ that the officer was sayin’
+that the Germans wud attack——”
+
+“Be quate, Black,” broke in the sergeant. “Ye’re but a poor, ignorant
+boy, Wullie,” he continued, speaking with great deliberation, “only
+good to hold the horse by the head. Go and clean that rifle or I’ll tak
+it from ye a’thegither.”
+
+Completely subdued by so dire a threat, Willie went off to this task
+with alacrity. Not only did he love his rifle, but he feared his
+sergeant’s eloquence. “And as for you, Duffus,” said the latter,
+turning to the other culprit, “if you do not keep your mooth shut aboot
+what your betters say, ye’ll be oot o’ the section the morn’s mornin’.
+Jist mind in future that onything the officer wants the section to
+know, I’ll tell ye.”
+
+Jimmy subsided discreetly, abashed but not extinguished, and still
+bursting to blab. The sergeant adjusted himself to some bags of
+charcoal and dozed off. When the muffled sounds of impending snores
+assured Jimmy that the sergeant was asleep, he leaned eagerly forward
+and in a momentous whisper heard by the others discharged his
+high-tensioned information:
+
+“The officer said the Germans will attack at dawn!”
+
+Big Adam leaned forward and roused the sergeant. The younger man looked
+up inquiringly, expecting some authoritative statement on the subject.
+But as the sergeant lifted his head attentively, Big Adam, taking
+appreciative sips from the spoon, said only:
+
+“This is grand hare soup! Will ye tak’ a sup, Andra?”
+
+
+
+
+A “BLUE GRASS” CANADIAN
+
+Sergeant McClintock Was Brave Enough to Confess War Has Its Scare
+
+
+While the war was at its worst one of our boys, a Lieutenant, who had
+done trench service from “support” to going “over the top,” was, after
+serious wounds, invalided home as a training officer. He wore a medal
+on his breast that attested his bravery, but in a little talk at a club
+dinner he said, “If you hear any fellow say he was not scared when
+going ‘over the top’ or when scuttling around under shell and gun fire,
+you may safely set him down as a darned liar or as a mental defective.
+We do get scared a plenty—but we keep on fighting. It is true a man may
+forget his scare in the excitement of action, and generally does; but
+he has moments when the red goes out of his face.”
+
+Some of the coolest, bravest men taking part in desperate engagements
+have made similar statements. The thing in war is not a question of
+“to be scared or not to be scared,” but of unfailing obedience to
+orders in spite of colorless cheeks and tremblings of the flesh.
+That is an impression one gets from such accounts of war as that of
+Sergeant Alexander McClintock, a Kentucky boy, who felt the lure so
+keenly that in October, 1915, he hurried over to Canada and as soon
+thereafter as formalities permitted he joined the Canadian Grenadier
+Guards. In due course the Guards were sent across and were dropped
+into the front trenches in Belgium. From that time onward until he was
+invalided home wearing a Distinguished Conduct Medal for conspicuous
+bravery young McClintock had adventures not a few, enough and varied to
+make fascinating the book he wrote, _Best o’ Luck_, which the George
+Doran Company published early in 1918. The Sergeant tells his story
+capitally, whether recounting experiences with those formidable and
+ghoulish beasts, the trench rats, or encounters with the not altogether
+admirable trench Hun. For a long time the life in the trenches was dull
+monotony, about the only relief in the way of amusement being found in
+shooting rats as they scurried along the parapet. He says:
+
+
+A COMFORTING STAFF OFFICER
+
+“At last came the night when we were to go ‘over the top,’ across No
+Man’s Land, and have a frolic with Fritz in his own bailiwick. I am
+endeavoring to be as accurate and truthful as possible in these stories
+of my soldiering, and I am therefore compelled to say that there
+wasn’t a man in the sixty who didn’t show the strain in his pallor
+and nervousness. Under orders, we discarded our trench-helmets and
+substituted knitted skull-caps or mess tin covers. Then we blackened
+our hands and faces with ashes from a camp-fire. After this they loaded
+us into motor-trucks and took us up to ‘Shrapnel Corner,’ from which
+point we went in on foot. Just before we left, a staff officer came
+along and gave us a little talk.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photo, by Western Newspaper Union._
+
+Lieutenant Benjamin E. Turner (Right) and His Brother, Private Robert
+I. Turner
+
+ A man in American uniform appeared among the United States troops
+ in the Vesle sector, shouted that resistance was useless, and that
+ American officers had advised everybody to surrender; but Lieut.
+ Turner ordered his men to stand fast. The alarmist was later
+ identified as a German spy.]
+
+“‘This is the first time you men have been tested,’ he said. ‘You’re
+Canadians. I needn’t say anything more to you. They’re going to be
+popping them off at a great rate while you’re on your way across.
+Remember that you’d better not stand up straight, because our shells
+will be going over just six and a half feet from the ground—where
+it’s level. If you stand up straight you’re likely to be hit in the
+head, but don’t let that worry you, because if you do get hit in the
+head you won’t know it. So why in hell worry about it?’ That was his
+farewell. He jumped on his horse and rode off.
+
+“The point we were to attack had been selected long before by our
+scouts. It was not, as you might suppose, the weakest point in
+the German line. It was, on the contrary, the strongest. It was
+considered that the moral effect of cleaning up a weak point would be
+comparatively small, whereas to break in at the strongest point would
+be something really worth while. And, if we were to take chances, it
+really wouldn’t pay to hesitate about degrees. The section we were to
+raid had a frontage of 150 yards and a depth of 200 yards. It had been
+explained to us that we were to be supported by a ‘box barrage,’ or
+curtain fire from our artillery, to last exactly twenty-six minutes.
+That is, for twenty-six minutes from the time when we started ‘over
+the top,’ our artillery, several miles back, would drop a ‘curtain’ of
+shells all around the edges of that 150-yard by 200-yard section. We
+were to have fifteen minutes in which to do our work. Any man not out
+at the end of the fifteen minutes would necessarily be caught in our
+own fire, as our artillery would then change from a ‘box’ to pour a
+straight curtain fire, covering all of the spot of our operations.
+
+
+THE AGONY OF WAITING
+
+“Our officers set their watches very carefully with those of the
+artillery officers before we went forward to the front trenches. We
+reached the front at 11 p. m., and not until our arrival there were we
+informed of the ‘zero hour’—the time when the attack was to be made.
+The hour of 12:10 had been selected. The waiting from eleven o’clock
+until that time was simply an agony. Some of our men sat stupid and
+inert. Others kept talking constantly about the most inconsequential
+matters. One man undertook to tell a funny story. No one listened to
+it, and the laugh at the end was emaciated and ghastly. The inaction
+was driving us all into a state of funk. I could actually feel my
+nerve oozing out at my fingertips, and if we had had to wait fifteen
+minutes longer I shouldn’t have been able to climb out of the trench.”
+
+Finally the moment for the attack arrived.
+
+“We sneaked out, single file, making our way from shell-hole to
+shell-hole, nearly all the time on all-fours, crawling quickly over
+the flat places between the holes. The Germans had not sighted us,
+but they were squirting machine-gun bullets all over the place like
+a man watering a lawn with a garden-hose, and they were bound to get
+some of us. Behind me I heard cries of pain and groans, but this made
+little impression on my benumbed intelligence. From the mere fact that
+whatever had happened had happened to one of the other sections of ten
+and not to my own, it seemed, some way or other, no affair to concern
+me. Then a man in front of me doubled up suddenly and rolled into a
+shell-hole. That simply made me remember very clearly that I was not
+to stop on account of it. It was some one else’s business to pick that
+man up. Next, according to the queer psychology of battle, I began to
+lose my sensation of fear and nervousness. After I saw a second man
+go down, I gave my attention principally to a consideration of the
+irregularities of the German parapet ahead of us, picking out the spot
+where we were to enter the trench. It seems silly to say it, but I
+seemed to get some sort of satisfaction out of the realization that we
+had lost the percentage which we might be expected to lose going over.
+Now, it seemed, the rest of us were safe until we should reach the next
+phase of our undertaking.
+
+
+ALMOST CALM
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Captain Thomas H. Fallow
+
+ When heavy machine-gun fire held up his advance, Capt. Fallow led
+ his men in an attack on the woods in which the enemy was situated,
+ captured many prisoners, cleared the woods, and inflicted severe
+ losses.]
+
+“I heard directions given and I gave some myself. My voice was firm,
+and I felt almost calm. Our artillery had so torn up the German barbed
+wire that it gave us no trouble at all. We walked through it with only
+a few scratches. When we reached the low, sandbag parapet of the enemy
+trench we tossed in a few bombs and followed them right over as soon
+as they had exploded. There wasn’t a German in sight. They were all in
+their dugouts. But we knew pretty well where every dugout was located,
+and we rushed for the entrances with our bombs. Everything seemed to
+be going just as we had expected it to go. Two Germans ran plump into
+me as I rounded a ditch angle, with a bomb in my hand. They had their
+hands up and each of them yelled:
+
+“‘Mercy, _Kamerad_!’
+
+“I passed them back to be sent to the rear, and the man who received
+them from me chuckled and told them to step lively. The German trenches
+were practically just as we had expected to find them, according to our
+sample. They were so nearly similar to the duplicate section in which
+we had practiced that we had no trouble finding our way in them. I was
+just thinking that really the only tough part of the job remaining
+would be getting back across No Man’s Land, when it seemed that the
+whole earth behind me rose in the air. For a moment I was stunned and
+half blinded by dirt blown into my face. When I was able to see, I
+discovered that all that lay back of me was a mass of upturned earth
+and rock, with here and there a man shaking himself or scrambling out
+of it, or lying still.
+
+“The philosophy of the British Tommies and the Canadians and the
+Australians on the Somme was a remarkable reflection of their fine
+courage through all that hell. They go about their work, paying no
+attention to the flying death about them.
+
+“‘If Fritz has a shell with your name and number on it,’ said a British
+Tommy to me one day, ‘you’re going to get it, whether you’re in the
+front line or seven miles back. If he hasn’t, you’re all right.’
+
+“Fine fighters, all. And the Scotch kilties, lovingly called by the
+Germans ‘the women from hell,’ have the respect of all armies. We
+saw little of the _poilus_, except a few on leave. All the men were
+self-sacrificing to one another in that big melting-pot from which so
+few ever emerge whole. The only things it is legitimate to steal in
+the code of the trenches are rum and ‘fags’ (cigarettes). Every other
+possession is as safe as if it were under a Yale lock.”
+
+
+FIRE CURTAINS
+
+The method in which “curtains of fire” are laid down is very clearly
+described.
+
+“While I was at the front I had opportunity to observe three distinct
+types of barrage-fire, the ‘box,’ the ‘jumping,’ and the ‘creeping.’
+The ‘box,’ I have already described to you, as it is used in a raid.
+The ‘jumping’ plays on a certain line for a certain interval and then
+jumps to another line. The officers in command of the advance know
+the intervals of time and space and keep their lines close up to the
+barrage, moving with it on the very second. The ‘creeping’ barrage
+opens on a certain line and then creeps ahead at a certain fixed rate
+of speed, covering every inch of the ground to be taken. The men of
+the advance simply walk with it, keeping within about thirty yards
+of the line on which the shells were falling. Eight-inch shrapnel
+and high-explosive shells were used exclusively by the British when
+I was with them in maintaining barrage-fire. The French used their
+‘seventy-fives,’ which are approximately of three-inch caliber. Of
+late, I believe, the British and French have both added gas-shells for
+this use when conditions make it possible. The Germans, in establishing
+a barrage, used their ‘whiz-bangs,’ slightly larger shells than ours,
+but they never seemed to have quite the same skill and certitude in
+barrage bombardment that our artillerymen had.
+
+“To attempt to picture the scene of two barrage-fires, crossing, is
+quite beyond me. You see two walls of flame in front of you, one where
+your own barrage is playing, and one where the enemy guns are firing,
+and you see two more walls of flame behind you, one where the enemy
+barrage is playing, and one where your own guns are firing. And amid it
+all you are deafened by Titanic explosions which have merged into one
+roar of thunderous sound, while acrid fumes choke and blind you. To use
+a fitting if not original phrase, it’s just ‘Hell with the lid off.’”
+
+The wound that ended McClintock’s career with the Canadian forces was
+received at the battle of the Somme. Major Lewis, in command of that
+section, sent for him:
+
+“‘McClintock,’ said he, ‘I don’t wish to send you to any special
+hazard, and so far as that goes we’re all going to get more or less of
+a dusting. But I want to put that machine gun which has been giving us
+so much trouble out of action.’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Stewart
+
+ He carried out special operations, for the infantry and heavy
+ artillery. Practically all of his work was done under fire and he was
+ many times mentioned in orders for his extraordinary efficiency.]
+
+“I knew very well the machine gun he meant. It was in a concrete
+emplacement, walled and roofed, and the devils in charge of it seemed
+to be descendants of William Tell and the prophet Isaiah, They always
+knew what was coming and had their guns accurately trained on it before
+it came.
+
+“‘If you are willing,’ said Major Lewis, ‘I wish you to select
+twenty-five men from the company and go after that gun the minute the
+order comes to advance. Use your own judgment about the men and the
+plan for taking the gun position. Will you go?’
+
+“‘Yes, sir,’ I answered. ‘I’ll go and pick out the men right away. I
+think we can make those fellows shut up shop over there.’
+
+“Good boy!’ he said. ‘You’ll try, all right.’
+
+“I started away. He called me back.
+
+“‘This is going to be a bit hot, McClintock,’ he said, taking my hand.
+‘I wish you the best of luck, old fellow—you and the rest of them.’ In
+the trenches they always wish you the best of luck when they hand you a
+particularly tough job.
+
+
+THE SAME TO YOU
+
+“I thanked him and wished him the same. I never saw him again. He was
+killed in action within two hours after our conversation. Both he and
+my pal, Macfarlane, were shot down dead that morning.
+
+“When they called for volunteers to go with me in discharge of Major
+Lewis’s order the entire company responded. I picked out twenty-five
+men, twelve bayonet men and thirteen bombers. They agreed to my plan,
+which was to get within twenty-five yards of the gun emplacement
+before attacking, to place no dependence on rifle fire, but to bomb
+them out and take the position with the bayonet. We followed that
+plan and took the emplacement quicker than we had expected to do, but
+there were only two of us left when we got there—Private Godsall, No.
+177,063, and myself. All the rest of the twenty-five were dead or down.
+The emplacement had been held by eleven Germans. Two only were left
+standing when we got in.
+
+“When we saw that the gun had been silenced and the crew disabled,
+Godsall and I worked round to the right about ten yards from the
+shell-hole where we had sheltered ourselves while throwing bombs into
+the emplacement and scaled the German parapet. Then we rushed the gun
+position. The officer who had been in charge was standing with his
+back to us, firing with his revolver down the trench at our men who
+were coming over at another point. I reached him before Godsall and
+bayoneted him. The other German who had survived our bombing threw
+up his hands and mouthed the Teutonic slogan of surrender, ‘Mercy,
+_Kamerad_,’ My bayonet had broken off in the encounter with the German
+officer, and I remembered that I had been told always to pull the
+trigger after making a bayonet thrust, as that would usually jar the
+weapon loose. In this case I had forgotten instructions. I picked up a
+German rifle with bayonet fixed, and Godsall and I worked on down the
+trench.
+
+“The German who had surrendered stood with his hands held high above
+his head, waiting for us to tell him what to do. He never took his
+eyes off us, even to look at his officer, lying at his feet. As we
+moved down the trench he followed us, still holding his hands up and
+repeating, ‘Mercy, _Kamerad_!’ At the next trench angle we took five
+more prisoners, and as Godsall had been slightly wounded in the arm,
+I turned the captives over to him and ordered him to take them to
+the rear. Just then the men of our second wave came over the parapet
+like a lot of hurdlers. In five minutes we had taken the rest of the
+Germans in the trench section prisoners, had reversed the fire steps,
+and had turned their own machine guns against those of their retreating
+companies that we could catch sight of.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Badly wounded in the knee a little later, the sergeant took refuge
+in a shell-hole. Four German prisoners on their way to the rear were
+requisitioned as stretcher-bearers and carried him in on an improvised
+litter.
+
+
+KNICKERBOCKER WAITER
+
+“It was a trip which was not without incident. Every now and then
+we would hear the shriek of an approaching ‘coal-box,’ and then my
+prisoner stretcher-bearers and I would tumble in one indiscriminate
+heap into the nearest shell-hole. If we did that once, we did it
+a half-dozen times. After each dive, the four would patiently
+reorganize and arrange the improvised stretcher again, and we would
+proceed. Following every tumble, however, I would have to tighten my
+tourniquets, and despite all I could do the hemorrhage from my wound
+continued so profuse that I was beginning to feel very dizzy and weak.
+On the way in I sighted our regimental dressing station and signed to
+my four bearers to carry me toward it. The station was in an old German
+dugout. Major Gilday was at the door. He laughed when he saw me with my
+own special ambulance detail.
+
+“‘Well, what do you want?’ he asked.
+
+“‘Most of all,’ I said, ‘I think I want a drink of rum.’
+
+“He produced it for me instantly.
+
+“‘Now,’ said he, ‘my advice to you is to keep on traveling. You’ve got
+a fine special detail there to look after you. Make ’em carry you to
+Poizers. It’s only five miles, and you’ll make it all right. I’ve got
+this place loaded up full, no stretcher-bearers, no assistants, no
+adequate supply of bandages and medicines, and a lot of very bad cases.
+If you want to get out of here in a week, just keep right on going now.’
+
+“As we continued toward the rear we were the targets for a number of
+humorous remarks from men coming up to go into the fight.
+
+“‘Give my regards to Blighty, you lucky beggar,’ was the most frequent
+saying.
+
+“‘Bli’ me,’ said one cockney Tommy, ‘there goes one o’ th’ Canadians
+with an escort from the Kaiser.’
+
+“Another man stopped and asked about my wound.
+
+“‘Good work,’ he said. ‘I’d like to have a nice clean one like that
+myself.’
+
+“I noticed one of the prisoners grinning at some remark and asked him
+if he understood English. He hadn’t spoken to me, though he had shown
+the greatest readiness to help me.
+
+“‘Certainly I understand English,’ he replied. ‘I used to be a waiter
+at the Knickerbocker Hotel in New York.’ That sounded like a voice from
+home, and I wanted to hug him. I didn’t. However, I can say for him he
+must have been a good waiter. He gave me good service.”
+
+
+
+
+MISTRESS “RAZZLE DAZZLE”
+
+A Rampageous, Self-Willed Old Thing Fondly Remembered by Her
+Non-Commander
+
+
+Captain David Fallon is a young Irishman, but an old soldier. Before
+1914 he had fought against the hillmen in India, and had won the Indian
+Field Medal. At the opening of the war he was physical instructor and
+bayonet drill master at the Royal Military College. So expert a teacher
+was he that the authorities decided to keep him at his post training
+new officers. Dave Fallon couldn’t “see it” that way. He remonstrated
+strenuously. There were other men—older men—professional soldiers, he
+insisted, just as capable of training men as he was. Anyway he couldn’t
+stay out of the “big fight.” He pointed to his long service record, his
+Frontier Medal. He would be more valuable at the front. The authorities
+finally gave in.
+
+Fallon had no wild dreams of glory and distinction. “It is your amateur
+soldier,” he says, “who is most filled with such aspirations. Not that
+he hasn’t a right to entertain them, and try to act on them, for they
+have led many new-made soldiers into great and brave accomplishments.
+I don’t mean that such dreams are bad for a man. They are distinctly
+good. I only mean that with regulars soldiering is a cold, hard
+business and one isn’t given to enhancing it with romantic imaginings.”
+
+Little did Fallon think when he was urging himself on the military
+authorities for active duty that when the war was over there would be
+few soldiers with adventures more thrilling and perilous than fell to
+his lot.
+
+He went through the entire terrible campaign at Gallipoli. He was in
+numerous fierce trench battles. He served as an aerial observer, and
+fought enemy planes. On the road to Thiepval he had a shoulder smashed
+by shrapnel, but he remained in command of his men behind barricades
+made of the dead bodies around them in “No Man’s Land.” For twenty-two
+hours they kept the Germans off. Then reinforcements came. On scout
+duty he frequently penetrated German trenches and gun positions in
+the night. At last he was detected in the enemy trenches. A bomb duel
+ensued. He was frightfully injured but managed to escape.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photo, by International Film Service_
+
+Sergeant Clyde Graham
+
+ In company with an American officer he manned a tank and charged two
+ towns under heavy German fire. The tank scattered a German battery and
+ accumulated seventy prisoners. In peace time he is a college professor.]
+
+These incidents and many others Captain Fallon relates in his book _The
+Big Fight_ (W. J. Watt & Company). One of his most interesting chapters
+is devoted to his experience in command of a tank. It was an amazing
+adventure.
+
+The Captain has fond memories of that good, old tank. “The dear girl
+was named ‘Razzle Dazzle,’” he says.
+
+“She was very young, having been in service only three months, but
+rather portly. She weighed something over thirty tons. And in no way
+could you call the dear little woman pretty. She was a pallid gray
+and mud splashed when I got her and there was no grace in the bulging
+curves of her steel shape; or of her conical top; or her ponderous
+wheels.
+
+“She showed every aspect of being a bad, scrappy, old dearie. The
+minute I saw her in her lovely ugliness I knew she would like trouble
+and lots of it. She carried a six hundred horsepower motor. And out of
+her gray steel hoods protruded eight guns.
+
+
+SHE GOES INTO ACTION
+
+“The order had come to me about one in the morning, and it was nearly
+three when we started lumbering out toward the enemy trenches. We had
+about six hundred yards to cover. I knew little or nothing of her
+motor power or speed. My concern was with the efficiency of the guns.
+She pumped and swayed across ‘No Man’s Land’ at about four miles an
+hour. She groaned and tossed a great deal. And in fact, made such poor
+progress that my regiment, the Oxfords and Bucks, beat the old dearie
+to the enemy lines. Our men were among the barbed wire of the first
+line, fighting it, cutting it, knocking it down before the old ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’ got into action.
+
+“But she ‘carried on’ just the same. And when she smote the barbed-wire
+obstacles, she murdered them. She crushed those barriers to what looked
+like messes of steel spaghetti.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant William A. Hartman
+
+_32nd Division, 107th Engineers, Company “F”_
+
+ He was a member of a patrol sent out from the battalion post of
+ command August 4, 1918, to reconnoiter the Vesle River front near
+ Fismes for the location of possible sites for pontoon bridges. The
+ patrol separated, but he continued to work alone, starting the
+ construction of the bridges without orders.]
+
+“Instead of sinking into trenches as I feared she would, she crushed
+them and continued to move forward. Of course, we were letting go
+everything we had, and from my observation hole, I could see the
+Germans didn’t like it. They had put up something of a stand against
+the infantry. But against the tank they were quick to make their
+farewells. It was a still black night, but under the star-shells we
+could see them scurrying out of our way.
+
+“This was very sensible of them because we were certainly making a
+clean sweep of everything in sight and had the earth ahead throwing up
+chocolate showers of spray as if the ground we rode was an angry sea of
+mud.
+
+“Every man in the tank was shouting and yelling with the excitement of
+the thing and we were tossed up against each other like loosened peas
+in a pod.
+
+“Suddenly out of a very clever camouflage of tree branches and
+shrubbery a German machine gun emplacement was revealed. The bullets
+stormed and rattled upon the tank. But they did themselves a bad turn
+by revealing their whereabouts, for we made straight for the camouflage
+and went over that battery of machine guns, crunching its concrete
+foundation as if it were chalk.
+
+“Then we turned about and from our new position put the Germans under
+an enfilade fire that we kept up until every evidence was at hand
+that the Oxfords and Bucks and supporting battalions were holding the
+trenches.
+
+“But this was only preliminary work cut out for the tank to do. I had
+special instructions and a main objective. This was a sugar refinery.
+It was a one-storied building of brick and wood with a tiled roof. It
+had been established as a sugar refinery by the Germans before the war
+and when this occasion arose blossomed as a fortress with a gun aimed
+out of every window.
+
+“To allow it to remain standing in hostile hands would mean that the
+trenches we had won could be constantly battered. Its removal was most
+desirable. To send infantry against it would have involved huge losses
+in life. The tank was deemed the right weapon.
+
+“It was.
+
+“And largely because ‘Razzle Dazzle’ took matters into her own hands.
+The truth is she ran away.
+
+“We rocked and ploughed out of the trenches and went swaying toward the
+refinery. I ordered the round-top sealed. And we beat the refinery to
+the attack with our guns. But they had seen us coming and every window
+facing our way developed a working gun. There were about sixteen such
+windows. They all blazed at us.
+
+“My notion had been to circle the ‘sugar mill’ with ‘Razzle Dazzle’ and
+shoot it up from all sides. We were getting frightfully rapped by the
+enemy fire, but there was apparently nothing heavy enough to split the
+skin of the wild, old girl. Our own fire was effective. We knocked out
+all the windows and the red-tiled roof was sagging. As I say, my notion
+was to circle the ‘mill’ and I gave orders accordingly. But the ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’s’ chauffeur looked at me in distress.
+
+“‘The steering gear’s off, sir,’ said he.
+
+“‘Stop her then and we’ll let them have it from here,’ I ordered.
+
+“He made several frantic motions with the mechanism and said:
+
+“‘I can’t stop her, either.’
+
+“And the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ carried out her own idea of attack. She banged
+head-on into the ‘mill.’ She went right through a wide doorway, making
+splinters of the door; she knocked against concrete pillars, supports
+and walls, smashing everything in her way and bowled out of the other
+side just as the roof crashed in and apparently crushed and smothered
+all the artillery men beneath it.
+
+“On the way through, the big, powerful old girl bucked and rocked and
+reared until we men and the black cat inside her were thrown again and
+again into a jumble, the cat scratching us like a devil in her frenzy
+of fear.
+
+“Closed up in the tank as we were, we could hear the roar and crash of
+the falling ‘mill,’ and from my observation port-hole I could observe
+that it was most complete. The place had been reduced to a mere heap.
+Not a shot came out of it at us.
+
+
+SHE DEFIES CONTROL
+
+“But still the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was having her own way. Her motorist
+was signaling me that he had no control of her. This was cheerful
+intelligence because right ahead was a huge shell crater. She might
+slide into it and climb up the other side and out. I hoped so. But she
+didn’t. She hit the bottom of the pit, tried to push her way up and
+out, fell back, panted, pushed up again, fell back and then just stuck
+at the bottom of the well, throbbing and moaning and maybe penitent
+for her recklessness.
+
+“Penitence wasn’t to do her any good. It wasn’t five minutes later when
+the Germans had the range of her and began smashing us with big shells.
+I ordered my men to abandon her and led them in a rush out of the
+crater and into small shell holes until the storm of fire was past.
+
+“When it was, ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was a wreck. She was cracked, distorted
+and shapeless. But the runaway engine was still plainly to be heard
+throbbing. Finally a last big shell sailed into the doughty tank and
+there was a loud bang and a flare. Her oil reservoir shot up in an
+enormous blaze.
+
+“‘Razzle Dazzle’ was no more. But she had accounted for the ‘refinery.’
+And our infantry had done the rest. The German position was ours.
+
+“I was all enthusiasm for fighting ‘tanks.’ But my superiors squelched
+it. For when I asked for command of a sister of ‘Razzle Dazzle’ next
+day, a cold-eyed aide said to me:
+
+“‘One tank, worth ten thousand pounds, is as much as any bally young
+officer may expect to be given to destroy during his lifetime. Good
+afternoon.’”
+
+
+
+
+THE PAINTER SOLDIER
+
+Though Exempt by Age the Love Art Deepened Bade Him Fight for France
+
+
+Elsewhere in this volume is told how an American poet, Alan Seeger,
+gave his life for France. Here is the story of a French painter who,
+freely offering his life, gave what was even more precious to him than
+life. You may know the name Lemordant, and you may know the work signed
+by that name; if not, what pleasanter introduction to both than some
+words by Mary Fanton Roberts in the _Touchstone_? She says:
+
+“Perhaps all unconsciously, this heroic French artist-soldier has
+found the truth about democracy, and he tells it to us with lightning
+strokes and splendid color. In all of his pictures he is a painter
+of the simple people: of the workmen, the peasants, the sailors, the
+fishermen, and women. And he paints them working joyously with strength
+and exhilaration and interest. He paints them running in the meadows
+and dancing on the shore and laughing into each other’s faces. He
+paints them as great workmen, great lovers. They seem, these men and
+women, in their bright-colored clothes and their vivid faces, as much
+a part of the essential beauty of life as white clouds racing over the
+blue sky on a windy day, as the amethyst water through which the women
+splash bringing in the nets; they are as genuine as the yellow shore
+where the brilliant fishing-boats lie, as the poppies in the field, and
+the tulips in the home-gardens.”
+
+
+WOULD NOT REMAIN BEHIND
+
+He was 37 years old when the war began, an age that entitled him to
+remain behind in the Home Defense Corps, but he chose to go to the
+front. Mr. Charles LeGoffic relates, in the _Touchstone_, the war
+experiences of painter Lemordant, the experiences of a veritable hero,
+hero exceptional. His first engagement of consequence was at Charleroi,
+where he was wounded and where he won a lieutenant’s commission.
+
+One night during the battle of the Marne, on the outskirts of the
+forest of Guebarre, his attention was attracted by some suspicious
+movements on the right. He crawled out, revolver in hand, followed by
+four men of his section, to investigate.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Brown Bros._
+
+Victor Chapman
+
+Another American who gave his life as a flyer in the Lafayette
+Escadrille.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Paul Thompson._
+
+Norman Prince
+
+One of the organizers of the Lafayette Escadrille, who was killed in
+action in France.]
+
+“He was not mistaken; at that spot, between two companies, our line
+showed a slight opening, a ‘break’ which the Germans were trying to
+enter. Lemordant sent one of his men to alarm the nearest company, and
+was making a half-circle toward his own company when a huge Boche
+ruffian appeared in the darkness and fired at him pointblank. The
+bullet shaved his cheek; other bullets whistled about. The little troop
+had been winded, and there was only one way to get out of it, that
+was to reply by a general fire that would give the impression of an
+attack in force. The enemy would perhaps be impressed by it, and in
+any event this volley would put companies out on the alert. In fact,
+on both sides the firing became general, even the artillery took part
+in it; a seventy-seven burst near Lemordant, wounded him in his right
+side and threw him into the air with his full equipment. The wound
+was not serious, but Lemordant fell in such a way as to dislocate his
+hip-bones and to tear his muscles. Fainting, he was carried away to a
+field-hospital, where he remained until the ninth. The enemy was now
+in full retreat. On the eighth we had crossed Le Petit Morin, on the
+ninth we lay at Montmirail and at Champaubert, on the battlefields of
+the Napoleonic epic, and the birth of victory came to the armies of the
+Republic in the same cradle where the Imperial star had shed its last
+rays.
+
+“Lemordant refused to be sent to a base hospital. He was not yet
+strong. He could scarcely walk, the two wooden splints which they had
+placed over his pelvis came out of position at each sudden movement;
+but the splendid conscience of a leader of men had awakened in this
+idealist, this dreamer who but yesterday was so highly prejudiced
+against the military profession. He knew that in war-time an officer
+only holds his men by his own example and moral authority.”
+
+
+AN OFFICER’S OBLIGATION
+
+“‘An officer,’ he said to me, ‘literally must give all his existence,
+all his life-blood to his country; he must not spare a drop; less than
+any other is he allowed to invoke the relief of the “slightly wounded,”
+which permits him to go to some luxurious hospital in the Côte d’Azur
+and there appeal to the tender hearts of the Sisters of Charity.
+Wounded, sick, limping, he must be able to say to his soldiers who are
+complaining, “But do I not march, too?” Then they will follow him.’
+
+“On the morning of October 4, 1914, the 41st attacked near
+Monchy-le-Preux.... All went well at first. From time to time, whenever
+the ground was uneven, they rushed forward; a few unlucky ones are
+dropped out on the way. With the rest, Lemordant, although himself
+wounded in the hand, reached the enemy trench and carried it.
+
+“A second bullet at this moment grazes his right temple; a third, a
+little while after, wounds him on the top of his skull. It is now broad
+day, but it is northern weather, gray, cheerless, dark, uncertain. In
+the four great stages of his military life this painter soldier knew
+different climates; he has run the tone-scale from the burning blue of
+Charleroi to the bottomless night of Craonnelle, with the clear starlit
+heaven of the Marne between.
+
+“Is it of that he thinks, if it be that, in such a moment, he can think
+of anything except the safety of his men?
+
+“Confused movement on the plain—on his right frantic silhouettes which
+stand bolt upright, whirl about, collapse; another section of his
+company engaged on the same side is caught on the flank by machine
+guns set up in a sort of blockhouse behind a mound, in front of a pile
+of ruined huts. Without hesitating, with the firmness of decision
+which never abandons him in the most critical circumstances, Lemordant
+gets his men together, rallies the fugitives, and throws himself on
+the blockhouse—the battery of machine guns is put out of action. But
+Lemordant, climbing the slope, receives a bullet pointblank which goes
+through his right knee.
+
+“It is his fourth wound of the day, and his men wish to carry him
+off; he refuses, feeling that his presence is more necessary than
+ever. In spite of the pain he merely had his leg set in splints, then,
+fortifying the positions on the side toward the enemy, he sends a
+runner to Major Bernard to keep him in touch with his advance and to
+call for supports. The man is killed on the way. Another meets the same
+fate, and in the interim the German counter-attack breaks loose.
+
+“It is launched by a whole company, and it is terrifying to see this
+gray wave rolling over the plain, rising, sinking, rising again, and
+growing at each rush which brings it nearer the mound. Lemordant, by
+rigid demand, compels his men not to fire, to control their nerves. The
+charge gets within twenty meters of the mound, where it gathers itself
+up to come over in a single mass with the cry ‘_Vorwärts!_’
+
+“‘... Rapid fire—fire at will!’ roars Lemordant.
+
+“The charge vacillates, stops. Our men leap out of the trench to charge
+in turn. Lemordant, though wounded in the hand, in the forehead, on
+the head, and in the knee, charges with them, supported by a young
+soldier of his section. Chance brings him face to face with the
+_Oberst-leutnant_, who commands the counter-attack and whom he seizes
+by the throat; just then a fifth bullet strikes him over the right eye,
+breaking the frontal bone. It seems to him that his head has burst and
+that his eyes have spurted out into space. He falls heavily. It is all
+over!”
+
+
+WHY THE NIGHT SO LONG
+
+“How was he finally saved? He does not know yet. Wounded within the
+enemy’s lines, left for dead, he lay there four full days without care
+and for forty-eight hours he was unconscious. When he came to himself
+it was difficult to collect his thoughts. He did not know where he was.
+Around him was total darkness, and it did not pass away. He heard the
+groans, the death-rattle of the dying, the voices of the wounded who
+called to him. He dragged himself in their direction and asked them
+questions. Why did the night last so long? They answered that it was
+broad daylight—and he understood.
+
+“‘... I had thought of everything,’ he said to me. ‘Of death, of the
+most horrible wounds, but not of that!
+
+“‘... But as long as that too was necessary!’
+
+“Yet his martyrdom was not finished, and the worst of all perhaps
+remains. How shall I tell of that fearful suffering in wretched
+lazarettos, in the dung-heaps where the Germans laid our wounded in the
+villages behind the front! Most of them stayed there forever. He, with
+greater vitality, was carried to Cambrai, and from there stage by stage
+was transported to a hospital in Bavaria.
+
+“Melancholy journey! If he saw nothing, at least in the
+railway-stations he heard the yells of the mobs which crowded on
+the passage of the French wounded to gloat over their sufferings.
+Eventually his condition improved a little; his eyes, one pushed out
+of its socket, the other driven back in his head by the breaking of
+his frontal bone, had been put back in place; he began to see, he
+could even draw a few lines and make out large characters. But the
+idea of escape mastered him; two unsuccessful efforts had sent him
+to the guardhouse; on the third he was ordered to a reprisal camp;
+his departure was fixed for the next day. Calm and serene as ever, he
+wished before going to finish the series of addresses on the history
+of painting which he had undertaken for his fellow prisoners. In the
+course of the conference Lemordant wished to run over his notes; he
+could no longer make them out! A halo danced in front of him, obscuring
+everything! He had such a sense of anguish that he had to stop. But
+by a concentration of the will he mastered himself and improvised the
+rest of his address in a voice in which there was only the slightest
+trembling. At the end of the address the battalion chief leaped to the
+platform and took Lemordant in his arms.”
+
+
+FOR THE LAST LOOK
+
+“‘... What has happened to you?’ Then when he learned: ‘Ah, my poor
+friend, surely in your condition they can not send you to a reprisal
+camp; courage, you shall go to France!’
+
+“The commander of the guardhouse himself, feeling a sense of pity
+when he learned what had happened, offered to telephone to the camp
+commander and ask for a cancellation of the order. Lemordant refused;
+he wished to owe nothing to the destroyers of his country. He started
+for the reprisal camp. But there his blindness classified him almost
+immediately among the severely wounded who were listed for exchange.
+Switzerland received him for a time. At last arrived the moment when he
+could cross the French frontier.
+
+“He had waited for that moment with a sort of religious ecstasy. Blind,
+wounded in the back and side, with a broken knee, and a high fever,
+he hoped for a miracle, but expected one only from himself, from the
+power of his own will. He had asked the Red Cross nurses who had charge
+of him to tell him the moment when the train crossed the frontier. He
+would see it—see at least something belonging to it, no matter what—a
+hedge, a length of rail, a pebble, a tuft of grass. They did what he
+asked, took him to the door of the compartment, and there he exerted
+all his strength, all his will-power. It was not to be!
+
+“The frontier was left behind; he fell back fainting—totally blind!”
+
+
+
+
+EDITH CAVELL—MARTYR-HEROINE
+
+The English Nurse Whose Tragic Heroism and Secret Execution Made
+Germany’s Defeat More Certain
+
+
+The penitence of generations cannot suffice to erase from the world’s
+judgment of German character the black stigma of the infamies
+perpetrated in Belgium. The implacable, brutal wantonness with which
+they were committed makes those crimes unforgettable. Ever conspicuous
+among them will be the conscienceless execution of Edith Cavell, the
+ministering angel, the merciful nurse murdered by military order,—with
+the subsequent deliberate approval of Imperial Germany. A military
+technicality was invoked in the attempted justification of the
+execution of this brave and devoted woman, who was secretly tried, by a
+German court-martial, on the charge of having aided English, French and
+German soldiers to escape from Belgium, and hurriedly done to death.
+The savagery of the event, which occurred in Brussels, Oct. 12, 1915,
+sent a wave of horror and resentment throughout the civilized world
+equaled only by the universal indignation aroused by the sinking of the
+_Lusitania_.
+
+Miss Cavell was the daughter of an English clergyman, the Rev.
+Frederick Cavell, for forty years vicar of Swardeston, Norfolk. In
+1896 she entered the London Hospital to qualify as a trained nurse
+and later became staff nurse. In 1900 she went to Brussels on the
+invitation of Dr. Depage, a distinguished physician who had established
+in a suburb of Brussels a training school for Belgian nurses. Miss
+Cavell entered into the work so enthusiastically and furthered the
+plans of Dr. Depage with such success that the institution, whose
+influence was felt throughout Belgium, became the center of a large
+nursing organization of scientifically trained nurses. She had won the
+confidence of Dr. Depage so entirely that when, on the outbreak of the
+war, he was called to military service, she was left to continue the
+work in Brussels. All who came in contact with her agree that she was a
+woman of fine character and a capable leader, worthy of a high place in
+the list of great nurses of whom Florence Nightingale was the first.
+
+When the Germans occupied Brussels in 1914 Miss Cavell was permitted
+to remain in the service to which she was so single-heartedly devoted,
+and it is a memorable fact, the more honorable to her for the
+ingratitude that rewarded her benevolent disinterestedness, that she
+and her assistants nursed with equal care and fidelity the wounded
+German soldiers and the Belgian victims of war. Her mission was one of
+beneficence to the maimed, the sick and the unfortunate, a humanitarian
+work that discriminated against none whose needs demanded her sympathy
+and aid.
+
+
+HER DUTY TO HER COUNTRY
+
+In the retreat of the French and British armies in late summer of 1914
+a number of English and French soldiers cut off from their companies
+hid themselves in the woods, in trenches and in deserted houses, hoping
+to escape capture. Many were caught, and some of them were summarily
+shot. Others were sheltered and protected by farmers who provided them
+with civilian clothes and gave them employment until they could find
+means of escape into Holland. Similarly Belgian soldiers were given
+the chance to evade the Germans; but those who were captured were, in
+many instances if not usually, shot. It was because of this severity
+in the treatment of captured men that Miss Cavell the more readily
+yielded to her natural inclinations to aid the unfortunate who sought
+her help. That was her statement to the military court before which she
+was arraigned. She was asked why she had helped English soldiers to
+escape; she replied firmly that it was because she believed that if she
+had not done so the Germans would have shot them and that she thought
+she only did her duty to her country in trying to save men’s lives. Her
+prominence and her fame as nurse and comforter to the wounded attracted
+the soldiers to her as a sympathetic woman disposed to help, and it is
+not denied that she did help many. The Germans charged that she had
+assisted one hundred and thirty to get out of Belgium.
+
+
+MISS CAVELL A PRISONER
+
+Suspicion having been directed against her,—how is not clearly
+known—she was subjected to espionage and in consequence she was
+arrested August 15, 1915, and thrown into prison at St. Giles. This did
+not cause her any apprehension as she anticipated no more than a short
+imprisonment. She did not imagine, in fact, no one dreamed that the
+German authorities would with premeditation shoot a woman for pitying
+and showing mercy to the helpless.
+
+Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minister to Belgium, who at that time
+represented (and until the United States entered the war continued
+to represent) British interests in Belgium, felt an intense sympathy
+with Miss Cavell and at once took up the matter of securing for her
+a fair and proper trial. He wrote a letter to Baron von der Lancken,
+the German Civil Governor of Belgium, stating that he had been urged
+by telegraph to take charge of the defense and requested that Mr.
+de Leval, councilor for the American Embassy, be allowed to see and
+confer with Miss Cavell. This letter was not answered. Mr. Whitlock
+again wrote more urgently. None too promptly the German Civil Governor
+finally made reply, refusing to permit anyone to see Miss Cavell as the
+Department of the Governor General “as a matter of principle does not
+allow an accused person to have any interviews whatever,” stating also
+that Miss Cavell had confessed her guilt and that her defense would be
+conducted by Mr. Braun.
+
+
+THE GERMAN WAY
+
+For some reason not ascertained, Braun could not undertake the defense,
+and it was turned over to Mr. Kirschen, a Rumanian, practising law in
+Brussels. Mr. de Leval thereupon wrote to Mr. Kirschen, as he stated in
+his narrative later:
+
+ “I put myself in communication with Mr. Kirschen, who told me that
+ Miss Cavell was prosecuted for having helped soldiers to cross the
+ frontier. I asked him whether he had seen Miss Cavell and whether
+ she had made any statement to him, and to my surprise found that the
+ lawyers defending prisoners before the German Military Court were not
+ allowed to see their clients before the trial, and were not shown
+ any document of the prosecution. This, Mr. Kirschen said, was in
+ accordance with the German military rules. He added that the hearing
+ of the trial of such cases was carried out very carefully, and that
+ in his opinion, although it was not possible to see the client before
+ the trial, in fact the trial itself developed so carefully and so
+ slowly, that it was generally possible to have a fair knowledge of all
+ the facts and to present a good defense for the prisoner. This would
+ especially be the case for Miss Cavell, because the trial would be
+ rather long, as she was prosecuted with thirty-four other prisoners.
+
+ “I informed Mr. Kirschen of my intention to be present at the trial
+ so as to watch the case. He immediately dissuaded me from taking such
+ attitude, which he said would cause a great prejudice to the prisoner,
+ because the German judges would resent it and feel it almost as an
+ affront if I was appearing to exercise a kind of supervision on the
+ trial. He thought that if the Germans would admit my presence, which
+ was very doubtful, it would in any case cause prejudice to Miss Cavell.
+
+ “Mr. Kirschen assured me over and over again that the Military Court
+ of Brussels was always perfectly fair, and that there was not the
+ slightest danger of any miscarriage of justice. He promised that he
+ would keep me posted on all the developments which the case would take
+ and would report to me the exact charges that were brought against
+ Miss Cavell and the facts concerning her that would be disclosed at
+ the trial, so as to allow me to judge by myself about the merits
+ of the case. He insisted that, of course, he would do all that was
+ humanly possible to defend Miss Cavell to the best of his ability.”
+
+The trial began Thursday, Oct. 7. Some opinion of the value of Mr.
+Kirschen’s assurance made “over and over again that the military court
+of Brussels was always perfectly fair,” etc., may be formed from the
+facts that Miss Cavell was not allowed to have a defender of her
+friends’ choosing, that she had no record of the evidence, oral or
+documentary, to study in preparation for her defense, that she was
+kept in solitary confinement for over nine weeks without opportunity
+to consult even with her legal advisers, during which time she was
+subjected to repeated cross examinations, and statements said to have
+been made by her confessing guilt were transmitted by the German
+authorities to the lawyer who subsequently was to defend her.
+
+The trial was conducted in German, a language she did not understand
+and which had to be interpreted to her. As a commentator said, “It
+obviously was impossible to place any adequate scheme of defense
+with a lawyer whom she saw for the first time when the trial began,
+a lawyer who had had no opportunity of studying the documents of
+the prosecution. That Mr. Kirschen did the best he could under the
+conditions is possible, though his subsequent conduct did not give
+assurance of the devotion and profound interest to be expected of a
+conscientious lawyer charged with an obligation that appealed at once
+to his humanity and his chivalry.”
+
+
+SENTENCED TO DEATH
+
+The fullest account of the trial was that given in M. de Leval’s report
+to Mr. Whitlock. It was as follows:
+
+ “Miss Cavell was prosecuted for having helped English and French
+ soldiers, as well as Belgian young men, to cross the frontier and to
+ go over to England. She had admitted by signing a statement before
+ the day of the trial, and by public acknowledgment in Court, in the
+ presence of all the other prisoners and the lawyers, that she was
+ guilty of the charges brought against her, and she had acknowledged
+ not only that she had helped these soldiers to cross the frontier, but
+ also that some of them had thanked her in writing when arriving in
+ England. This last admission made her case so much the more serious,
+ because if it only had been proved against her that she had helped the
+ soldiers to traverse the Dutch frontier, and no proof was produced
+ that these soldiers had reached a country at war with Germany, she
+ could only have been sentenced for an attempt to commit the ‘crime’
+ and not for the ‘crime’ being duly accomplished. As the case stood the
+ sentence fixed by the German military law was a sentence of death.
+
+ “Paragraph 58 of the German Military Code says:
+
+ “‘Will be sentenced to death for treason any person who, with the
+ intention of helping the hostile Power, or of causing harm to the
+ German or allied troops, is guilty of one of the crimes of paragraph
+ 90 of the German Penal Code.’
+
+ “The case referred to in above said paragraph 90 consists in—
+
+ “... conducting soldiers to the enemy....’
+
+ “The penalties above set forth apply, according to paragraph 160 of
+ the German Code, in case of war, to foreigners as well as to Germans.
+
+ “In her oral statement before the Court Miss Cavell disclosed almost
+ all the facts of the whole prosecution. She was questioned in German,
+ an interpreter translating all the questions in French, with which
+ language Miss Cavell was well acquainted. She spoke without trembling
+ and showed a clear mind. Often she added some greater precision to her
+ previous depositions.
+
+ “When she was asked why she helped these soldiers to go to England,
+ she replied that she thought that if she had not done so they would
+ have been shot by the Germans, and that therefore she thought she only
+ did her duty to her country in saving their lives.
+
+ “The Military Public Prosecutor said that argument might be good for
+ English soldiers, but did not apply to Belgian young men whom she
+ induced to cross the frontier, and who would have been perfectly free
+ to remain in the country without danger to their lives.
+
+ “Mr. Kirschen made a very good plea for Miss Cavell, using all
+ arguments that could be brought in her favor before the Court.
+
+ “The Military Public Prosecutor, however, asked the Court to pass a
+ death sentence on Miss Cavell and eight other prisoners among the
+ thirty-five. The Court did not seem to agree, and the judgment was
+ postponed.”
+
+
+WHITLOCK ATTEMPTS TO SAVE HER
+
+The duplicity of the German authorities was later demonstrated. The
+political departments of the Governor-General of Belgium had given the
+American Legation positive assurance that it would be fully informed
+of developments in the case. As late as 6.30 o’clock on Monday evening,
+three days after the trial, the Legation was positively informed by
+Conrad, of the political department, in answer to direct inquiries,
+that sentence had not been pronounced. Conrad renewed his previous
+assurances that he would not fail to inform the American officials as
+soon as there was any news. _At this time sentence of death already had
+been pronounced._
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+Mr. Brand Whitlock,
+
+American Ambassador to Belgium during the war.]
+
+At 8 o’clock that evening M. de Leval learned through private but
+reliable sources that Miss Cavell had been sentenced to death at 5
+o’clock that afternoon, and that she would be shot at 2 o’clock the
+next morning. Thus the fact of her sentence was kept as secret as
+possible, the officials denying it, and her accusers were evidently
+so fearful that even at the eleventh hour a plea for mercy might
+prevail that they had her shot, in the night, within nine hours of her
+conviction.
+
+When, at 8 o’clock, M. de Leval was informed of the sentence and
+impending execution, there remained but six hours in which to attempt
+to save Miss Cavell’s life. He hurried to Mr. Whitlock, who was ill,
+unable to leave the house, but who wrote an impassioned note to Baron
+von der Lancken, the Civil Governor:
+
+ My dear Baron:—I am too ill to present my request to you in person,
+ but I appeal to the generosity of your heart to support it and save
+ this unfortunate woman from death. Have pity on her.
+
+  Yours sincerely,
+  BRAND WHITLOCK.
+
+
+THE LAST PLEA FAILS
+
+With this letter and a plea for clemency addressed to the
+Governor-General, M. de Leval and Mr. Hugh Gibson, First Secretary of
+the Legation, went to the Marquis de Villalobar, the Spanish Minister,
+to beg his coöperation. He most heartily joined them and the three went
+to the house of the Civil Governor. Mr. Gibson reported the interview
+and its negative results to the American Minister:
+
+ “Baron von der Lancken and all the members of his staff were absent
+ for the evening. We sent a messenger to ask that he return at once
+ to see us in regard to a matter of utmost urgency. A little after 10
+ o’clock he arrived, followed shortly after by Count Harrach and Herr
+ von Falkenhausen, members of his staff. The circumstances of the case
+ were explained to him and your note presented, and he read it aloud
+ in our presence. He expressed disbelief in the report that sentence
+ had actually been passed, and manifested some surprise that we should
+ give credence to any report not emanating from official sources. He
+ was quite insistent on knowing the exact source of our information,
+ but this I did not feel at liberty to communicate to him. Baron von
+ der Lancken stated that it was quite improbable that sentence had been
+ pronounced, that even if so, it would not be executed within so short
+ a time, and that in any event it would be quite impossible to take
+ any action before morning. It was, of course, pointed out to him that
+ if the facts were as we believed them to be, action would be useless
+ unless taken at once. We urged him to ascertain the facts immediately,
+ and this, after some hesitancy, he agreed to do.
+
+ “He telephoned to the presiding judge of the court-martial and
+ returned in a short time to say that the facts were as we had
+ represented them, and that it was intended to carry out the sentence
+ before morning. We then presented, as earnestly as possible, your
+ plea for delay. So far as I am able to judge, we neglected to present
+ no phase of the matter which might have had any effect, emphasizing
+ the horror of executing a woman, no matter what her offense, pointing
+ out that the death sentence had heretofore been imposed only for
+ actual cases of espionage and that Miss Cavell was not even accused
+ by the German authorities of anything so serious. I further called
+ attention to the failure to comply with Mr. Conrad’s promise to inform
+ the Legation of the sentence. I urged that inasmuch as the offences
+ charged against Miss Cavell were long since accomplished, and that as
+ she had been for some weeks in prison, a delay in carrying out the
+ sentence could entail no danger to the German cause. I even went so
+ far as to point out the fearful effect of a summary execution of this
+ sort upon public opinion, both here and abroad, and, although I had no
+ authority for doing so, called attention to the possibility that it
+ might bring about reprisals.
+
+
+ THERE COULD BE NO APPEAL
+
+ “The Spanish Minister forcibly supported all our representations and
+ made an earnest plea for clemency.
+
+ “Baron von der Lancken stated that the Military Governor was the
+ supreme authority (‘Gerichtsherr’) in matters of this sort; that
+ appeal from his decision could be carried only to the Emperor, the
+ Governor-General having no authority to intervene in such cases. He
+ added that under the provisions of German martial law the Military
+ Governor had discretionary power to accept or to refuse acceptance of
+ an appeal for clemency. After some discussion he agreed to call the
+ Military Governor on the telephone and learn whether he had already
+ ratified the sentence, and whether there was any chance for clemency.
+ He returned in about half an hour, and stated that he had been to
+ confer personally with the Military Governor, who said that he had
+ acted in the case of Miss Cavell only after mature deliberation;
+ that the circumstances in her case were of such a character that he
+ considered the infliction of the death penalty imperative; and that in
+ view of the circumstances of this case he must decline to accept your
+ plea for clemency or any representation in regard to the matter.
+
+ “Even after Baron von der Lancken’s very positive and definite
+ statement that there was no hope, and that under the circumstances
+ ‘even the Emperor himself could not intervene,’ we continued to appeal
+ to every sentiment to secure delay, and the Spanish Minister even led
+ Baron von der Lancken aside in order to say very forcibly a number of
+ things which he would have felt hesitancy in saying in the presence of
+ the younger officers and of M. de Leval, a Belgian subject.
+
+ “His Excellency talked very earnestly with Baron von der Lancken
+ for about a quarter of an hour. During this time M. de Leval and I
+ presented to the younger officers every argument we could think of.
+ I reminded them of our untiring efforts on behalf of German subjects
+ at the outbreak of war and during the siege of Antwerp. I pointed out
+ that, while our services had been rendered gladly and without any
+ thought of future favors, they should certainly entitle you to some
+ consideration for the only request of this sort you had made since
+ the beginning of the war. Unfortunately, our efforts were unavailing.
+ We persevered until it was only too clear that there was no hope of
+ securing any consideration for the case.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+The Final Tribute to Edith Cavell
+
+The funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey before being taken to
+the Cathedral in Norwich for interment.]
+
+
+EDITH CAVELL’S LAST HOURS
+
+M. de Leval had made application on Sunday evening that he and the
+British chaplain, the Rev. H. Sterling Gahan, might be permitted to see
+Miss Cavell in jail. This was at first refused, but on Monday evening,
+after the sentence of death had been passed, Mr. Gahan was allowed to
+visit her. Mr. Gahan subsequently wrote a simple and moving statement
+of what took place:
+
+ “To my astonishment and relief I found my friend perfectly calm and
+ resigned. But this could not lessen the tenderness and intensity of
+ feeling on either part during that last interview of almost an hour.
+
+ “Her first words to me were upon a matter concerning herself
+ personally, but the solemn asseveration which accompanied them was
+ made expressly in the light of God and eternity. She then added that
+ she wished all her friends to know that she willingly gave her life
+ for her country, and said: ‘I have no fear nor shrinking; I have seen
+ death so often that it is not strange or fearful to me.’ She further
+ said: ‘I thank God for this ten weeks’ quiet before the end.’ ‘Life
+ has always been hurried and full of difficulty.’ ‘This time of rest
+ has been a great mercy.’ ‘They have all been very kind to me here.
+ But this I would say, standing as I do in view of God and eternity,
+ I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or
+ bitterness towards anyone.’
+
+ “We partook of the Holy Communion together, and she received the
+ Gospel message of consolation with all her heart. At the close of the
+ little service I began to repeat the words ‘Abide with me,’ and she
+ joined softly in the end.
+
+ “We sat quietly talking until it was time for me to go. She gave me
+ parting messages for relations and friends. She spoke of her soul’s
+ needs at the moment and she received the assurance of God’s Word as
+ only the Christian can do.
+
+ “Then I said ‘Good-bye,’ and she smiled and said, ‘We shall meet
+ again.’
+
+ “The German military chaplain was with her at the end and afterwards
+ gave her Christian burial.
+
+ “He told me: ‘She was brave and bright to the last. She professed her
+ Christian faith and that she was glad to die for her country.’ ‘She
+ died like a heroine.’”
+
+
+VON BISSING’S DEFENSE
+
+It is not surprising that the secrecy, the precipitate haste and the
+early morning hour of the execution gave rise to many sensational
+reports, among others that Miss Cavell fainted on the way, and was shot
+to death by the commanding officer as she lay unconscious. But it seems
+to be certain that the execution was carried out in the usual military
+way and without any aggravating incident. It was, however, quite in
+keeping with the brutal and conscienceless procedure throughout that
+the place of burial was kept secret, so that none of the friends of the
+martyred nurse could pay even the tribute of a tear at her grave. One
+needs but to look at the photographed face of von Bissing, the German
+Governor-General of Belgium responsible for the vindictive killing of
+Miss Cavell, to see the outward signs of a despicable soul. The only
+charitable thought with which one can review his acts is that his mind
+was already diseased and corrupted by the illness that not long after
+sent him to the final accounting for his Belgian infamies which—with
+the exception of Germany—roused the whole world to execration.
+
+It is worthy of note in this connection that in a talk with Mr. Karl
+Kitchen, a writer for the New York _World_, Von Bissing expressed great
+astonishment that an American newspaper man thought it worth while
+paying a visit to Brussels over “such an affair.” He was unable to
+understand “why the world is interested in the case. When thousands
+of innocent people have died in the war, why should anyone become
+hysterical over the death of one guilty woman?” And he admitted in the
+talk that the authorities had hurried on the execution not because Miss
+Cavell had helped fugitives to escape, but because they wanted to make
+her an example to awe the Belgians. He said:
+
+“A few years in prison is not sufficient punishment for an offense
+of this kind. For punishment in a case of this nature is meted out
+to deter others from committing the same offense. If the Cavell
+woman had been sent to prison she would have been released in two or
+three years—at the end of the war. Amnesty is usually granted to all
+prisoners convicted of offenses of this nature, espionage, and so
+forth, when peace is made.
+
+“The Cavell woman was not charged with espionage. The charge of
+aiding the enemy’s soldiers to escape which was made against her was
+sufficiently serious. Her death was deplorable—but I do not see why it
+should occasion such hysteria in America.”
+
+That was von Bissing’s self-justification. Baron von der Lancken’s plea
+was more _naïve_. As the execution was purely a military affair, he,
+the Civil Governor, did not interfere. “It would have been a breach of
+etiquette if he had done so!” It counted nothing with these official
+exponents of Kultur that Miss Cavell had been the compassionate and
+skillful nurse of numbers of wounded German soldiers in the Brussels
+hospitals. That offered them no reason for treating her with leniency.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+1st Lieut. George W. Puryear
+
+ The first American officer to escape from a German prison. While
+ making his escape he was shot at six times, but by running directly
+ at the guard who was shooting at him, and thus confusing his aim,
+ he avoided being hit. He was captured July 26, 1918, and reached
+ Switzerland, after swimming the Rhine.]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+  Memorial in Norwich, England, Dedicated to Edith Cavell]
+
+It was the worse for Germany that etiquette and native savagery put
+clemency aside in this case. As the London _Times_ declared, “The late
+Miss Cavell’s death came like a trumpet call to the British nation. It
+showed once again the real character of the enemy this country is
+fighting. To the soldiers in Flanders it gave a fresh battle-cry and to
+civilians at home it served to re-emphasize the need of greater effort
+and great sacrifice. Before leaping for the trenches for a charge the
+soldiers shouted: ‘For Miss Cavell.’”
+
+The King and Queen of England wrote to the aged mother of Miss Cavell
+expressing their sympathy with her and their horror of the deed that
+took her daughter from her. There was a great memorial service in St.
+Paul’s, the church itself and the churchyard around it being crowded by
+every class. The nation was thrilled. The French also made the cause
+their own. From Allies and neutrals the world over came messages of
+sympathy and indignation. Nowhere, perhaps, was the emotion deeper than
+in the United States. The American people were aroused in many ways.
+Their national dignity was offended, because their representatives
+had been slighted when attempting to save the Englishwoman. But this
+resentment counted for little as compared with the genuine wrath at an
+act of barbarous inhumanity to a woman.
+
+Her name has been honored in every possible way—in sculpture, in
+painting, in verse, in prose, in the sermons of the clergy, in the
+oratory of statesmen, and after the armistice England received home her
+body with such ceremonies as are reserved for those who have served
+the country greatly. An imposing ceremony in the ancient Westminster
+Abbey was attended by royalty and nobility, and the throng within and
+without the Abbey represented every class of English life. The funeral
+procession, in which marched hundreds of nurses, was witnessed by vast
+throngs along the route, and was in itself a memorable spectacle. The
+body of the martyr-heroine was taken to her native town for burial,
+where a monument portrait of herself, in the town square, will
+perpetuate to the eye a memory that will never perish from the English
+heart.
+
+[Illustration: Bombed metal bridge in the river]
+
+
+
+
+A PICARDY HEROINE
+
+The Story of Marcelle Semmer, Who Held Up the Advance of a German Army
+Corps
+
+
+French heroines were not few; indeed to be a woman of France was to
+be a heroine in those slow grinding years of the war that tired the
+soul, as it trampled the life of that country. But none of them was of
+greater courage or of more resolutely self-sacrificing purpose than
+a young woman of Picardy, a mere girl, Marcelle Semmer. She was the
+daughter of a phosphate factory owner, an Alsatian, who had quitted
+Alsace in 1871 rather than remain as a subject of Germany.
+
+The story of her deeds was first given to the public by a lecturer at
+the Sorbonne, Paris, and was repeated by the Paris correspondent of the
+_Times_, but her fame had already run throughout the armies of France,
+and the Republic had honored her.
+
+After the defeat of the Allies at Charleroi, the French tried to make
+a stand along the Somme, but being unable to resist the overwhelming
+mass of the invaders, they fell back across a canal in the vicinity
+of Marcelle Semmer’s home. The enemy were in close pursuit. As the
+last group of the French crossed the bridge, Marcelle rushed forward
+and raising the drawbridge, threw into the canal the control key,
+without which the draw could not be lowered. This remarkable evidence
+of presence of mind and coolness was hardly to have been expected from
+a girl in such terrifying circumstances. The act was a daring one, as
+the advancing Germans did not hesitate to fire at her as well as at the
+retreating soldiers; but realizing that it would hold up the advance of
+the Germans she unhesitatingly confronted the danger. It was the saving
+grace for the French, for it was not until the next morning that the
+Germans were able to get together boats enough to form a pontoon across
+the canal. The retreat had the advantage of those precious hours of the
+hold-up.
+
+Though the risks were great, Marcelle remained in the village during
+the German occupation in order to be of possible assistance to the
+French. And she did render assistance. There was near the village
+Eclusier a subterranean passage used in the working of a phosphate
+mine, and in this passage Marcelle managed to conceal at different
+times sixteen French soldiers who had got separated from their command
+in the retreat from Charleroi and Mons. There she fed them, furnished
+them with civilian clothes and aided their escape into the French
+lines. It was not until she was helping the seventeenth to escape that
+she was caught and dragged, with a French soldier, before the local
+commandant. Asked if she meant deliberately to aid the soldier to
+escape, she replied firmly:
+
+“Yes. He is not the first. I helped sixteen others to get away. Do what
+you please with me. I am not afraid to die.”
+
+With little ceremony she was ordered to be shot. She was taken out for
+the purpose. The firing squad was drawn up and only waited the order
+to fire when suddenly there was a roar of French artillery bombarding
+the town and the position of the Germans around Eclusier. It was
+an unexpected French advance, and without thought of the girl the
+firing squad joined the confusion of men hurrying to the shelter of
+their defenses. Marcelle made her escape to the friendly subterranean
+passage. The French occupied Eclusier.
+
+
+TWICE SAVED FROM THE GERMANS
+
+The Somme lay between the opposing armies, and in the vicinity of
+Eclusier it forms a marshy lake. At flood the water covered the lines
+so that soldiers often lost their way, and here Marcelle found another
+means of serving France.
+
+The correspondent says:
+
+“Being thoroughly acquainted with the neighborhood, she used to pilot
+parties of soldiers. This brought her again close to death. While
+leading a squad of men who wanted to dig an advanced trench in the
+village of Frise she fell into the hands of a party of Germans.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Corporal Fred C. Stein
+
+_32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “F”_
+
+ Close to Romagnes, on October 9, 1918, Stein captured a strong enemy
+ machine-gun nest. He received two wounds while endeavoring to operate
+ the machine gun, and then received another wound which was in the arm
+ and almost disabled him.]
+
+“They locked her up in the little village church of Frise. On the
+morrow, she felt sure, they would shoot her.
+
+“But once more luck and the French artillery were her salvation. The
+French across the Somme began a lively bombardment of Frise. One shell
+blew a large hole in the church wall. Through this hole, unperceived
+by her captors, Marcelle crawled. Creeping past the Germans scattered
+through Frise, she soon tumbled, safe and sound, into the nearest
+French trench.
+
+“By this time her fame had spread and rewards began to shower upon
+her. She got the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and some time later
+the War-Cross. In spite of all she had gone through, she persisted in
+staying in the Somme country and continued to work for the cause of
+France. For fifteen months she remained, despite shot and shell, in
+her little Somme village, taking care of wounded soldiers. Also among
+her charges was a woman of 90, too feeble to travel to a safer place.
+Marcelle looked out for her night and day with unflagging devotion.
+
+“Everywhere soldiers knew and admired her. One English General ordered
+his soldiers to salute when she passed and refrain from addressing her
+unless she spoke first.”
+
+Under the strain of her volunteer work she finally came near to a
+breakdown and was persuaded to go to Paris. There she entered a nurses’
+school to qualify for the care of the wounded, work being necessary to
+her to shut away her personal sorrows, as everything she possessed or
+held dear the war had taken from her.
+
+All this and more was told at the Sorbonne Conference, and then, says
+the _Times_ correspondent, the narrator made a dramatic gesture and
+exclaimed:
+
+“‘This little heroine of Picardy, this admirable girl, this incarnation
+of the qualities of the woman of France, this girl of simple origin,
+flawless dignity, of serious mind, and gentle ways, this girl of
+indomitable will-power, is here, ladies and gentlemen, here among you,
+in this room! And I feel that I am the spokesman for every one of you
+when I now extend to her the expression of our respect, our gratitude,
+our admiration!’
+
+“The auditors, every man, woman and child of them, leaped to their
+feet, mad with enthusiasm. They craned their necks to catch a glimpse
+of the heroine. Unable to escape them, the young girl stood up,
+blushing. Through the great hall of the Sorbonne, where the most famous
+people of the world had been honored by France, swept a storm of
+cheers. A reward more splendid than the Cross of the Legion of Honor,
+than the War-Cross, than the salutes of soldiers at the front, had come
+to Marcelle Semmer.”
+
+
+
+
+GIRLS OF THE “BATTALION”
+
+Russian Women Who Gave Splendid Proof That Soldierly Valor Knows No Sex
+
+
+When first reports of the Battalion of Death—the regiment of Russian
+women—were read in the western world they were regarded as the fiction
+of correspondents hard pressed for material. Fighting Amazons belonged
+to the legendary past. But the authentic confirmations of the story and
+the official recognition of the battalion’s services presently roused
+a curious interest in these women doing heroes’ work, and there was
+demand for information concerning the redoubtable “Madam Butchkareff”
+and the circumstances leading to the organization of the regiment of
+which she was given command.
+
+The story when told more than gratified the expectant interest. The
+London _Daily Telegraph_ was the first to give the particulars as they
+are here presented.
+
+“Vera Butchkareff, or simply Yashka, as she has been christened by the
+men of the regiment to which she belonged, got much of her war-like
+spirit from her father, who fought through the whole of the Turkish war
+and was left a cripple for life. Her mother was a hard-working woman,
+with five children, of whom Yashka was the eldest, and she had to go
+out washing and cooking to earn enough to clothe and feed this flock.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+Marie Botchkareva, Commander of the Battalion of Death]
+
+“At the age of five Yashka was sent out as nurse to a baby of three.
+And from that time she has never stopped working. She looks none the
+worse for it. Finely yet strongly built, with broad shoulders and
+healthy complexion, she can lift 200 pounds with the greatest of ease.
+She has never known what fear is.
+
+“Not long ago she remarked that during the last two years she had lived
+through so much that there remained but one danger yet to experience,
+that of flying. Just as she was saying that an aviator came up and
+offered to take her for a flight, and before the day was out she had
+exhausted her list of perils.
+
+
+MARRIED AN UNKNOWN
+
+“When she was sixteen years old her parents seized the first
+opportunity of getting her married. She never knew the man, but luckily
+as time wore on they grew very fond of each other, and were very happy.
+At first they both served in a shop, and thanks to their perseverance
+and frugality they were soon able to open a small shop of their own.
+But just as they began to prosper the war broke out, and he was one of
+the first to be called up.
+
+“She was very keen on accompanying him as a soldier, but he begged her
+to stay behind and work for her parents, whom they had been keeping.
+
+“She was always ready for any daring venture, and it was with great
+reluctance that she stayed at home in compliance with her husband’s
+wish. Time passed, and after long waiting she got the news that he had
+been killed in action in May, 1915. At once she went to her parents and
+said: ‘I have decided to go to the front, and you will either hear of
+my death or I shall return to you in honor and glory. I trust in God.’
+And no persuasions were of any use.
+
+“For two years she lived in the trenches and fought like a man. She
+was wounded three times—in her arm, leg, and back. In the Lake Naroch
+battles there was a time when all the officers were killed and the men
+lost courage and lay down, too frightened to attack. Then she rose up
+and dashed forward calling on them to follow her. Every one obeyed her
+command, and the trench was captured. She has received two St. George’s
+medals and two St. George’s crosses for various feats of bravery. At
+the end of the two years she was legally admitted into the 28th Polozk
+Regiment.
+
+
+RAISES HER BATTALION
+
+“She was presented to Mr. Kerensky for her bravery, and after hearing
+all her experiences, the Minister of War asked what wish she would
+like to have granted. She straightway said: ‘I want to form a woman’s
+volunteer battalion, which is to lead men into battle if they will not
+go of themselves.’ The idea was approved by Kerensky, and, with the
+sanction of the commander-in-chief, the battalion was formed.”
+
+There were 300 girls, most of them being recruits from the higher
+educational academies and secondary schools, with a few peasants,
+factory girls and servants. There were a few married women, but none
+with children were accepted. They ranged from 18 to 28 years in age and
+were of good physique, most of them pretty and of refined appearance.
+They wore their hair short, or their heads entirely shaved. They wore
+as uniform a soldier’s khaki blouse, short breeches, stockings, heavy
+soled shoes and forage cap. It was a mixed battalion in the matter of
+class; with the peasant and the factory girl marched the daughters
+of noble families, society women, writers, etc., for it was in the
+universities and schools that the Russian revolution found its most
+earnest advocates.
+
+These were the women who in action near Vilna that terrible July day
+exhibited great courage and coolness, and did such heroic service
+in the midst of a wavering and weakening, cowardly, panic-stricken
+body of troops that they have hardly a parallel in all history. Marie
+Golokbyova, a member of the battalion but eighteen years old, who
+enlisted from the high school, has told of the first engagement of the
+fighting girls.
+
+
+THEIR FIRST ENGAGEMENT
+
+“We went into action a fortnight after our arrival at the front under
+heavy German cannon fire. Given the order to advance, we rushed out of
+our trench. Feeling no sense of danger, we dashed toward the enemy in
+the wood. The machine guns began knocking over my companions. We were
+ordered to lie down. I noticed those at the front with me were all
+women. The men were further back.
+
+“I began shooting, the gun kicking my shoulder so hard that it is still
+blue and stiff. I was glad when we were ordered to charge the machine
+guns in the woods. We paid dearly, but we held on, and by night our
+scouts discovered the machine gunners and we shelled them out.
+
+“After the first attack I was attached to a machine gun, carrying
+ammunition to an advanced position under the fire of hidden German
+machine guns. We were advancing and constantly in danger of capture
+by the Germans. On one trip over newly captured ground I saw what I
+considered a wounded German officer lying on the ground. I went to help
+him with my gun in my right hand and the machine gun ammunition in my
+left.
+
+“Seeing me, he jumped to his knees and pulled out his revolver, but
+before he could shoot I dropped the ammunition and killed him.
+
+“How did I feel on taking a human life? I had no sensation except to
+rid my country of an enemy. There was no sentimentality. We were trying
+to kill them and they were trying to kill us—that is all. Any Russian
+girl or any American girl in the same position would have the same
+feeling.”
+
+Mme. Butchkareff—Commander Butchkareff—the peasant born leader of
+the heroic girls, was not only endowed with the highest quality of
+courage but she seemed to have an instinct for military command. She
+was, as her soldiers testified, “here, there, everywhere,” directing
+the action, adding the fire of her own spirit to the enthusiasm of
+the members of the battalion, urging them to “fight like real Russian
+soldiers,” and they met the demand. Said one of them:
+
+“None of us was afraid once we got started. We were in the midst of
+a great fusillade of shots. Then terrific big shells began bursting
+around us. We were again frightened a little when we first saw the dead
+about, but before very long we were jumping over the dead and quickly
+forgot all about them. We just forgot ourselves entirely. We were
+simply Russia fighting for her life.
+
+“As we ran forward we suddenly came upon a bunch of Germans immediately
+ahead of us. It was only a second until we were all around them.
+
+“They saw they were caught and threw down their rifles, holding up
+their hands. They were terribly frightened.
+
+“‘Good God! Women!’ they exclaimed.”
+
+It might have been better for Russia had all her soldiers been women.
+
+
+
+
+HER AMBULANCE UNIT
+
+An English Woman’s Contribution Was Her Fortune and the Daily Risk of
+Her Life
+
+
+Among the decorations worn by Mrs. Hilda Wynne are the French Croix
+de Guerre, the Belgian order of Leopold, and the Russian Order of St.
+George—certificates of preëminent service in circumstances of danger
+that demand the high courage of utter self-devotion. Mrs. Wynne is
+a young English woman who gave her fortune to organize an ambulance
+unit and risked her life driving an ambulance on the firing line. Her
+organization was known as the Bevan-Wynne Unit, and it cared for some
+40,000 wounded soldiers in the course of the war. Mrs. Wynne visited
+this country in the Autumn of 1917 for the purpose of arousing interest
+in the public in the needs of soldiers in France. Happily her mission
+was a successful one.
+
+While she was in Denver the _Post_ of that city induced Mrs. Wynne to
+tell some of her experiences, which are here reproduced.
+
+“Looking upon the human courage I have witnessed, from this distance
+and in the little breathing space I have taken from service I can
+recall thousands of heroic acts, but the bravest happened on the
+Russian front.
+
+“I saw two aviators go up to certain death. They were a Russian and a
+Frenchman. Both were little men. They went up to meet twenty German
+aeroplanes. It was suicidal. But they had been ordered to go—and theirs
+was the spirit of the gallant six hundred. I stood near them as they
+made ready to go. They said nothing. That is one of the lessons you
+learn in war—not to waste time nor words.
+
+[Illustration: Women Ambulance-Drivers Served With All the Allied Armies
+
+Many of them received decorations for conspicuous bravery while under
+fire.]
+
+“They got their machines ready as a rider tests his saddle-straps
+and stirrups before starting for his morning gallop through the park.
+A little pothering and fixing of the machinery and they had gone.
+They went straight up and began blazing away at the German planes. I
+watched and the cords of my heart tightened, for the German planes,
+looking like great gray birds with wings widespread, came closer and
+closer. They surrounded them. They formed a solid double circle about
+them. Then they began to fire. And I turned and covered my eyes with
+my hands. A few seconds later what had been aeroplanes were splintered
+wood and what had been men a broken mass covered by smoking rags.
+
+“While this was the bravest act I saw in two and a half years on the
+firing line, I readily recall the most pathetic. It was the second line
+of men in the Russian trenches. They were unarmed soldiers. There were
+no guns for them. They took their places there expecting that the man
+in front might drop, and the second-line man could pick up his gun and
+take his place.
+
+“I have seen many of the Allies die. They all die bravely. At Dixmude
+when the fusiliers arrived 8,000 and went out 4,000 there was
+magnificent courage in death. The Frenchman dies calling upon his God.
+The Englishman says nothing or feebly jests; just turns his face to the
+wall and is still. The Russian is mystic and secretive. The Russian
+lives behind a veil of reserve. You never fully know him. In the last
+moments you know by his rapt look that his soul is in communion with
+his God.
+
+
+AN IMPLACABLE BREED
+
+“One of the deepest, unalterable truths of the war is the German power
+of hatred. It is past measuring. An example occurred at Dixmude. When
+we had been there three days we were driven out. I took my car filled
+with the wounded across a bridge just in time. A second after we had
+crossed there was a roar, then a crash. A shot had torn the bridge to
+pieces. Three weeks later to our hospital was brought a wounded German.
+
+“‘I know you,’ he said. ‘We nearly got you at the bridge at Dixmude.’
+
+“‘I remember,’ I said.
+
+“That man’s eyes used to follow me in a strange way. Build no
+beautiful theories of his national animosity disappearing, or being
+swallowed up in his gratitude. There was no such thought in his mind.
+The eyes said: ‘I wish I had killed you. But since I didn’t I wish I
+might have another chance.’
+
+“This, after I had driven away a group of zouaves who had taken
+everything from him, including his iron cross, and who were debating
+whether to toss him into the canal then or that night.
+
+“Shells have a disturbing way about them, more disturbing to your plans
+than your equanimity. Shells prevented my having a nice comfortable
+illness. In southern Russia one can get little to eat. Coarse black
+bread is the chief food. It causes various disorders. I, afflicted
+with one of them, arranged a table in the corner of my tent, placed
+remedies on the table, undressed, and turned in, intending to have
+a cozy illness of a few days. But as I lay came an angry buzzing. A
+shell hissed through, carrying away a corner of my tent. That ended my
+illness. I had no more time to think of it.
+
+“The greatest peril I encountered was not from shells. One becomes
+used to them. One of the greatest dangers I faced was on a dark night
+drive along a precipice in the Caucasus. It was while the plan to
+bring troops through Persia to Russia was expected to be successful. I
+went ahead with some ambulances. It was necessary to take two Russian
+officers across the mountain. I offered my services. The road was
+an oddly twisting one. On one side was a high wall, on the other a
+precipice whose depth no one calculated. But as I allowed myself to
+look into it at twilight I could see no bottom to it. We started on the
+all-night drive at dusk. The precipice remained with us, a foot away,
+most of the distance. Had my car skidded twelve inches the story would
+have been different.
+
+“Then, too, I wandered once within the Turkish lines, mistaking them
+for our own. But amid a courteous silence I was allowed to discover my
+mistake and escape without harm.
+
+
+TOO BUSY TO REFUSE HER
+
+“I think I owe my opportunity to do my bit, in the way I have, to the
+fact that I arrived in Flanders a few hours before the fight and
+the officers were too busy to send me back. I had seven automobiles,
+and knew how to use them. I took them to Dixmude and offered the
+automobiles and my services to the cause. I established headquarters
+at Furnes, which is seven miles from Nieuport, eight from Dixmude, and
+twenty from Ypres. I drove along the Yser Canal to the parts of the
+field that were under the heaviest fire, for there, I knew, my cars
+and I would be most needed. For a year I worked for the relief of the
+wounded of the French armies. Then I went to Russia, where I found the
+need of help and the sacrifice of life because of lack of that help
+almost inconceivable. The French armies have 6,000 ambulances. The
+Germans have 6,200. Russia, with a firing line of 6,000 miles, has only
+600 motor-ambulances.
+
+“I established dressing-stations in the mountains. Some of these were
+10,000 feet above the sea-level. There, on the canvas stretched between
+two horses, the wounded were brought, or so they started. For many of
+them died in the long journey, every step of which was torture to a
+wounded man.
+
+“The most exciting experience I ever had was on the Galician border.
+We could approach the battle-line only along the Tarnopol road, which
+ran for fifteen miles directly under German guns. I was speeding along
+it with an ambulance full of wounded soldiers when a shell struck the
+roadside and exploded, tearing a great hole in the earth fifty feet
+away. The concussion stopped us. Then we went on. I travel on my luck.
+Some time, I suppose, I shall travel too far.”
+
+
+
+
+A TRUE HEROINE
+
+The Type of Woman from Which Fate Fashions Jeannes D’Arc
+
+
+Had there been a Myra Ivanovna in every sector of the Russian front in
+the wavering days, it is not extravagant to think the troops of the
+Czar might have resisted the propaganda as well as the guns of the
+Germans and pushed on—perhaps to Berlin. Myra was but twenty years of
+age, a Russian Sister of Mercy. She accompanied her brother, a military
+doctor, to the front. She was small, and weak and nervous, but she
+had a resolute will, an indomitable soul, and these gave energy and
+endurance to her body. She was one of the most active and tireless in
+ministering to the sick and wounded. The soldiers marveled to see so
+frail a creature perform such tasks as mark the duties of an ambulance
+nurse. Naturally, she inspired the devotion of those she served.
+
+It was in 1915. There had been heavy and dogged fighting and there
+were many wounded. The ambulances and the nurses were kept busy. Then
+the Germans succeeded in outflanking the regiment to which Myra was
+attached, and poured a deadly fire into the trenches. M. Kupchinsky,
+correspondent at the front for a Petrograd paper, told her story. The
+London _Morning Post_ translated it. Here it is:
+
+“The ambulance near the 10th Regiment was not brought to the rear,
+despite the instructions of the commander. It was discovered that
+Sister Ivanovna was employed there in bandaging the wounded.
+
+“‘Let the ambulance station go back,’ she said; ‘I shall stay here,
+where my hands are wanted.’
+
+“The doctors and the wounded officers appealed in vain—she would not
+retreat until her brother ordered her to do so. No sooner, however,
+was the ambulance posted in a new situation than she moved back to
+her former position with a few volunteers. At this time the enemy’s
+reinforcements with machine guns opened a deadly fire from some heights
+commanding the position, and Ivanovna was slightly wounded by a bullet
+in the left arm. She bandaged the wound herself, and, without saying a
+word, continued her work.
+
+[Illustration: Women in the Salvation Army Followed the American Army
+Wherever It Went and They Served Doughnuts to Men in the Front Trenches]
+
+“The position of the regiment was a perilous one. Every moment the
+strength of the enemy was increasing, and the Russian ranks were
+decimated by their long exposure to heavy fire. It was necessary to
+strike a rapid blow, sharp and decisive; but officer after officer was
+brought in wounded, and at last word came that the commander himself
+had been killed. Men began to drop back from the front trenches.
+Indecision in the ranks threatened a panic.
+
+
+SWORD IN HAND, SHE LED THE ATTACK
+
+“Seeing that the men were wavering, and actuated by indignant horror at
+the unequal fight, Sister Myra Ivanovna drew a sword from the sheath of
+a dead officer and ran from the station. She was followed by some of
+the wounded soldiers, who, with tears in their eyes, implored her to
+return, and even tried to detain her by holding her arms, but she freed
+herself.
+
+“Then, her eyes burning with excitement, she went forward. She was not
+alone, for the soldiers were anxious to defend this frail woman who was
+leading them back to the trenches, her sword raised in the air.
+
+“The soldiers of the 10th Regiment were wavering in the trenches when,
+at the critical moment, Sister Myra, surrounded by a group of wounded
+soldiers, with uplifted sword, rushed toward the trench. At once there
+was a resounding ‘Hurrah!’ and the rifles of the exhausted soldiers
+commenced once more their deadly clicking.
+
+“For a moment Sister Myra bent toward the occupants of the trench,
+and they heard the word ‘_Golubebiki!_’ (Dear ones). Then, rising
+to her feet, she ran forward, her sword flashing in the air. All
+the men followed her. But all the time the enemy machine-guns were
+steadily spitting forth their leaden pellets of death, and, though
+losing men with every step, the remnants of the company made a wild
+dash for the enemy’s trench, which they occupied after furious work
+with the bayonet. The enemy fled precipitately, but in the recesses
+of the trench, on the bloody ground trodden by the feet of the eager
+combatants, lay Sister Myra Ivanovna.
+
+“Rough soldiers bent over her, and now that the excitement of the fray
+was over they wept as they tried vainly to arrest the flow of blood
+from a wound in her throat. She was carried out of the fire, but before
+she had proceeded far another bullet struck her, and she fell dead
+among the group of soldiers.”
+
+“A true heroine,” writes Mr. Kupchinsky, “a type of the Russian woman
+who is guiding us to victory.”
+
+Alas! that was in 1915.
+
+
+
+
+A HEROINE OF HUMANITY
+
+This Young Englishwoman Risked Death in a Hideous Form to Save the
+Lives of Others
+
+
+The serene courage of self-devotion to the service of humanity does
+not have the acclaim of the world very often. We have not learned how
+to measure the values of quiet heroism—the heroism that works in the
+solitude. We thrill to feats of daring, we are rather complacent to the
+bravery of scientific experiment, though the risk of life be great.
+
+There is the story of a young Englishwoman, Miss Mary Davies, who,
+far behind the front with its stimulating excitement and without the
+inspiration of approving and emulous comrades, calmly, deliberately
+challenged death in one of its most horrible forms. She had seen
+the victims of one of the most terrible of war scourges—gaseous
+gangrene—suffering a loathsome death, and knew how hopelessly the
+surgeons in the laboratories of the American Ambulance where she
+served, worked to combat the plague. She realized that if inoculation
+with the bacilli of the disease could be successfully employed,
+thousands of wounded men would be saved, and she resolved to make the
+experiment.
+
+She had seen many examples of the horrible results of this infection
+and had observed the invariably fatal course of the disease in
+animals inoculated with the bacilli. She watched and assisted in the
+experiments in which guinea-pigs were inoculated with gangrene bacilli.
+She had become convinced of the efficacy of injections with quinine
+hydrochlorid and had concluded that the experiments on small animals
+had given all the results of which they were capable and that the time
+had come for an experiment on a normal human body, and not one from
+the battlefield, fatigued and wounded and possibly infected by other
+bacilli.
+
+Well aware that her plan would be prevented if it became known, she
+determined without a word to any one, to risk her life in an attempt
+to demonstrate the efficacy of the treatment, which she was convinced
+would cure the victims of this dread disease.
+
+Her preparations deliberately and completely made, she waited until she
+was about to leave for a holiday, so that her absence would not disturb
+the work in the laboratory. She chose the deadliest strain of bacilli
+in the laboratory, obtained from the latest fatal case, of which two
+drops of culture sufficed to kill a guinea-pig. Then she inoculated
+herself in a manner most certain to produce the disease in animals,
+injecting fifty times the amount used to kill a guinea-pig, making one
+injection deep into the muscles of her thigh, the other just beneath
+the skin. Two hours later she quietly came to the laboratory and asked
+to be treated in the same manner as the animals under experiment.
+
+The surgeons and attendants were greatly alarmed for her. Their
+experience had taught them the rapidity and horribleness of the effects
+of gangrene, the most dreaded and the most baffling of the diseases
+produced by the war. They began treatment of her at once, apprehensive
+and doubtful of results.
+
+Injections with a quinine solution were made at the points where she
+had inoculated the deadly bacilli. She was sent to the nearest hospital
+for observation and further treatment. Quinine injections were given
+a second time. Symptoms of a slight degree of infection developed
+within twenty-four hours, but they subsided without operation becoming
+necessary, and it is more than gratifying to know that recovery was
+rapid and complete.
+
+Miss Davies has been named a “heroine of science” and her brave and
+self-sacrificial deed will be properly recognized in medical science;
+but surely she has won a place in the world’s esteem and memory as a
+heroine of humanity.
+
+
+
+
+ONE OF THE GREAT “ACES”
+
+Raoul Lufbery, the Connecticut Boy Who Roamed the World to Die a Hero
+in France
+
+
+The Great War brought into bold relief no more romantic figure or
+daring spirit than that of Major Raoul Lufbery, from Wallingford, Conn.
+The bare facts of his life have the flavor of incidents taken from the
+adventure story of a highly imaginative fiction writer. There is no
+need of invention or added color to make his history a thrilling tale.
+No presentation of it, however bald and commonplace the narrative, can
+cheat it of its romance and heroism. That he was one of the chief of
+the American “Aces” is in itself an epitome of adventure that might
+easily be elaborated into a volume.
+
+Lufbery was an adventurer in the dashing sense of the word. His blood
+was filled with the essence of unrest, the energy of motion that would
+not let him stay fixed to place. When he was seventeen years old
+Wallingford held him too much cabined and confined. He ran away from
+home as an explorer of the unknown world. Drawn, perhaps, by the spell
+of ancestral affinities, he made his way to France and wandered from
+place to place in the land of legend and romance, working at any job
+that would provide his keep and supply him with funds for his next
+excursion.
+
+From France he sailed to Algiers, where he remained till he had
+satisfied his interest, when he set off for other scenes—Egypt, the
+Balkans, Germany, South America and then back to Wallingford for a peep
+at the home folks. He chuckled appreciatively on learning that his
+father was off doing a bit of globe-vagabonding on his own account.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Press Illustrating Service._
+
+Major Raoul Lufbery, an American, Who Was Loved by Fellow-Flyers]
+
+He stopped at home for a year, when the wander-bubbles of his blood got
+into ferment again, and trotting down to New Orleans he was tempted by
+military possibilities and enlisted in the Regular Army. He was sent to
+the Philippines, where he displayed such proficiency as rifleman that
+he won all the regimental prizes for the best marksmanship. That skill
+in getting bullets into the right spot was one of his great assets when
+he came to battling in the air over the fields of France.
+
+But even the Army waxed tame for Lufbery, and when his term of
+enlistment expired he was ready and eager to nose out what the still
+strange parts of the world had to offer him. He sailed for Japan,
+sampled the beauties and novelties of that country and then dipped into
+China. From China he went into India. A characteristic anecdote is
+told of him as ticket-seller in one of the railway stations of India.
+It has been said that he sustained himself with any kind of odd job as
+he roamed the world, and ticket-selling was one of the tedious sort of
+occupations least to his liking. A pompous type of native one day stood
+at the wicket.
+
+“Want a ticket?” Lufbery asked.
+
+“Say ‘Sir’ when you speak to me,” said the native, loftily.
+
+
+THE PRICE OF A JOB
+
+With never a wink, Lufbery left his place, approached the offended
+person, took him by the back of the neck and with neatness and
+dispatch ejected him from the station. Under English civil law one is
+promptly summoned for assault, and as the person Lufbery had treated
+so summarily in accord with his own ideas of fitness chanced to be the
+richest and most influential merchant of Bombay, the summons cost the
+ticket-seller his place. Cochin-China was his resort, Saigon his haven,
+and there, if you please, he viewed with envious admiration the aerial
+antics of Marc Pourpe, the famous trick flyer.
+
+There came a day when Pourpe lost his mechanic, and his exhibitions
+came to a stop while he made vain quest among the natives for a
+substitute. None cared for the office, preferring infinitely the
+understood foundation of Mother Earth to antics in the air. Quite
+right—Lufbery applied for the job. Was he a mechanic? No. Did he know
+anything about an aeroplane motor? Not a thing.
+
+“Why the deuce, then, do you come bothering me?” demanded the irritated
+Pourpe.
+
+“I don’t know the job now,” Lufbery said, “but I can learn. You only
+have to show me once. Take me on. You won’t regret it. I’m not afraid
+of work.”
+
+Marc Pourpe is quoted as saying to some friends later in relating the
+incident:
+
+“His reasoning was full of logic. His method was original. I agreed,
+and I will say that never have I seen a person more devoted, more
+intelligent and more useful. He is already better informed about a
+motor than most of the so-called mechanics of Paris. Moreover, this boy
+has hung his hat in every country in the world. He is not a man, he is
+an encyclopedia. He can tell you what the weather is in a given season
+in Japan, in Egypt, in America, or in France. He observes everything
+and once he has noticed it, it is engraved on his memory.
+
+“He told me that in all his travels he had never been more than a week
+without working. He was hospital interne at Cairo, a stevedore in
+Calcutta, station master in India, a soldier in America. I am glad he
+is now a mechanic.
+
+“If he likes it, I will take him back with me at the end of my tour and
+will keep him with me. It is rare to find a good mechanic. His name is
+_Raoul Lafberg_, and he spent his childhood in the vicinity of Bourges.
+If I return with him, you will see what a sympathetic character chance
+has thrown in my way. So once more in my life everything goes well.”
+
+This shift of name on the sudden from Lufbery to Lafberg was due to
+a hope that the Frenchified turn would the more favorably determine
+Pourpe to engage his services, especially as Lufbery spoke French
+fluently, having learned it in his three years’ stay in France.
+
+
+JOINS THE FOREIGN LEGION
+
+So it was that Lufbery, as Pourpe’s mechanic, found himself in France
+when the war storm burst. Pourpe, who had a new type of plane, promptly
+enlisted as a flyer for his beloved France. As an American Lufbery
+could not be accepted except as a member of the Foreign Legion, which
+he hastened to join in the expectation that he could be transferred
+thence to service with his friend, which was done. But they were not
+long together at the front. Pourpe was killed the first or second of
+December, 1914.
+
+Thereupon Lufbery applied for admission to the regular French air
+service, which was granted and in a short time he was on the front
+with the Escadrille of bombardment, V. 102.
+
+But it was not until he joined the newly organized Escadrille Lafayette
+that his career of distinction began. His first victim was brought
+down, over Etain, July 30, 1916, the second five days later. He was
+cited by the French Government thus:
+
+“A model of address, of coolness, of courage. He has distinguished
+himself by numerous long distance bombardments and by the daily combats
+he has had with enemy aeroplanes. On July 30 he unhesitatingly attacked
+at close range four enemy machines. He shot one of them down near our
+own lines. He successfully brought down a second on the 4th of August,
+1916.”
+
+His record grew apace. He got his third August 8, his fourth August
+12, his fifth October 12, and became an “Ace.” In December he brought
+down two in one day after a fight that nearly cost him his life as his
+jacket was torn with bullets. That victory gained him the award of the
+Legion of Honor. Incidentally, he was the first American to receive
+from England the British Military Cross which was conferred on him June
+12, 1917, when his record had mounted to ten enemy planes.
+
+That tenth plane exploit, by the way, was memorable. Lufbery was alone
+at an altitude of 18,000 feet when, at a distance, he saw a formation
+of seven Boche machines. Two of them were two-seater observation
+machines, the others were the protective escort. He flew into the sun
+to wait for a chance to attack. Soon one of the seven cut loose from
+the others, and immediately Lufbery dived for it and began firing,
+taking the enemy by surprise. After thirty shots or so his gun jammed,
+but no more shots were necessary. The enemy machine wobbled, shifted
+and began its downward plunge, and as Lufbery volplaned away he saw the
+wrecked machine crash into the German trenches.
+
+In an article written for the French publication _La Guerre Aérienne_,
+Lufbery describes an encounter he had one day when he was sent scouting
+over the Vosges, the panoramic beauty of which had so enthralled him
+he flew in sheer delight of the vision, nevertheless “all the time on
+guard.”
+
+Suddenly an enemy appeared a little below and behind him. He wrote:
+
+“It is a little one-seater biplane of the Fokker or Halberstadt
+type. A glance around assures me that he is alone. I am surprised at
+this, for it is certainly the first time that a machine of this sort
+has deliberately placed itself in a position so disadvantageous for
+fighting. Perhaps it is a trap. One never knows! If it only may prove
+to be a beginner, lacking experience, who listens to nothing but his
+courage in his purpose to become one of the great Aces of his country.”
+
+
+ATTACKS A MASTER OF HIS ART
+
+“However that may be, the wind keeps blowing from the west and carries
+me farther and farther into the lines. It will not do to allow the
+Boche to have this advantage too long: I decide to begin the attack
+without losing another second.
+
+“An about face, followed by a sudden double spin, carries me a little
+behind my adversary. Profiting by this advantage I dive upon him, but
+with a remarkable skill he gets out of range of my machine gun. He has
+anticipated my maneuver and parried the blow before it was struck. I
+am now aware that I have to do with a master of his art. This first
+encounter has proved it to me.
+
+“Making my machine tango from right to left, I saw him again below me
+but much nearer than before by at least forty yards.
+
+“Suddenly he noses up as if to begin a looping, and in this awkward
+position fires a volley at me which I dodge by a half turn to the
+right. A second time I attack but with no more success. The wind
+carries us to the north of Mulhouse, and I begin to ask myself if I am
+not playing my adversary’s game for him in delaying longer.
+
+“At this moment I chanced to glance in the direction of Belfort, which
+was about twelve miles within our lines. I perceived in the air little
+white flakes. Evidence of the presence of a Boche.
+
+“A lucky chance! I had now an excuse for abandoning without loss of
+honor the match, which I confess I am not at all sorry to leave.
+Only before leaving my adversary I feel that I must show him that I
+appreciate that he is a valiant foe and respect him as such. Drawing
+my left arm out of the fuselage I wave him a sign of adieu. He
+understands and desires to show courtesy on his part, for he returns my
+farewell.
+
+“All my attention is turned toward him whom I already consider as my
+new prey, a big white two-seater of very substantial appearance.
+
+“I draw nearer and nearer to him. Good luck! For the first time since
+I have been a chaser I am going to have the good fortune to battle
+within our lines. Also this increases my confidence until it makes me
+disregard measures of caution, even the science of tactics.
+
+“Another motive impels me to take more than ordinary risks. I am
+determined that he shall not escape me, and I make up my mind to shoot
+at him until I have won the victory.
+
+“What joy if I can only lodge a ball in his motor, or in his gasoline
+tank, which would oblige him to make a landing on French soil! Then
+I should be able to speak with the conquered and ask them their
+impressions of the aerial duel in which they had just taken part. But
+there is an old French proverb which says ‘You must not sell the skin
+of the bear before you have killed him.’ I had occasion that day to
+prove the wisdom of this as you shall soon see.”
+
+
+“POOR COUCOU”
+
+“Enough of dreaming! The moment for action has arrived. Quickly I place
+myself in the rear and on the tail of my enemy from whom I am separated
+by a distance of about fifty yards. Then I open fire with my machine
+gun, and continue firing up to the moment when my plane, his superior
+in speed, arrives so near the big two-seater that a collision seems
+inevitable.
+
+“Quickly I pull up, leap over the obstacle, and fall in a glide on
+the right wing. Increasing my speed I re-establish my equilibrium and
+prepare to tempt fortune a second time.
+
+“Curse the luck! It is of no use. The motor, the soul of my aeroplane,
+has received a mortal wound and is about to draw its last breath.
+
+“Turning my head I discover that the ailerons are also seriously
+injured. My enemy fortunately does not seem to wish to profit by
+the situation. He continues his flight in the direction of his own
+lines. Perhaps I have wounded him very seriously. I hope so. Anyway,
+his flight leaves me master of the field. But that is a very small
+consolation. And also of short duration; for I am coming down faster
+and faster. At last I safely take the ground on the nearest flying
+field within gliding distance.
+
+“Pilots, observers, mechanics surround me and besiege me with
+questions. They have seen the fight and want the details. For the
+moment I do not explain much but that I have encountered a Boche who
+does not understand joking! Besides, I was in a hurry to examine
+the wounds of my little aeroplane. It is very ill, poor thing!
+Three bullets in the motor, the gasoline tank ruined, a strut out
+of commission, many holes in the hood, finally the left aileron was
+cut and broken off by the bullets. It had made its last flight! Poor
+Coucou!”
+
+An admirable story of Lufbery in _Heroes of Aviation_ says in
+conclusion:
+
+“To recount all the aerial successes of this American champion is but
+to repeat the usual details of his sober inspection of his aeroplane
+and his arms before dawn; his calm scrutiny of the skies for the black
+crosses of the enemy planes; his adroit maneuvering for the best
+position from which to surprise the foe; his determined and patient
+attack; his exactness in machine gun marksmanship; his jubilant return
+to his comrades with another certain victory on his score.
+
+“During months of his service in France Lufbery suffered from acute
+seizures of rheumatism which frequently necessitated his return to
+the hospital. Quiet and unassuming in his conversation, Lufbery won
+universal respect from the mechanics and affectionate loyalty from his
+comrades. Every one who met him felt as Marc Pourpe wrote, ‘He is not a
+man, he is an encyclopedia.’
+
+“When America entered the war and began her preparations for her own
+Air Service in France, certain of the experienced fighting pilots who
+had been fighting for France were given charge of the new American
+escadrilles. Lufbery and William Thaw, both original members of N. 124,
+the Escadrille Lafayette, were commissioned Majors. To them fell the
+task of organizing the eager youths who were to assist in clearing from
+the skies of France the invading Huns.
+
+“Possessed of all the honors that his army could bestow upon a noble
+Soldier, and wracked with physical pains that were daily increased by
+inclement weather, an ordinary man would have been satisfied to seek
+his ease and fill his required duties with the instructions to his
+pilots. But Major Lufbery instructed by example, not by speech. Not
+unmindful of his value to his comrades as their mentor and commander
+and impelled by an ardor that knew no rest, Lufbery continued his
+active patrolling, exposed himself to every risk.”
+
+
+THE LAST FLIGHT
+
+“On Sunday, May 19th, the American Ace went aloft over Toul with
+his fighting squadron. Enemy fighting machines were flying over the
+American line. The latest designed Fokker aeroplane, a single-seater
+triplane, appeared deep enough within our territory to be cut off
+before he could escape. Lufbery darted swiftly to the attack.
+
+“Exact details of any air combat are known only to the combatants.
+Fighting machines of to-day move with a speed of 140 miles per hour.
+Approaching each other they lessen the distance between them at the
+rate of over 400 feet each second. Let some one calculate the fraction
+of an instant given to the pilot in which he plans his maneuver, alters
+his position, takes his aim, and presses the trigger!
+
+“Lufbery’s machine fell in flames. He was seen to jump from the blazing
+mass when 2,000 feet from the ground. A parachute attachment might have
+saved his life as his body was found to be uninjured from the enemy’s
+fire. A non-inflammable fuel tank might have permitted him to continue
+his attack until the Fokker triplane dropped as his nineteenth victory.
+
+“Deprived of these improvements, Lufbery died. With his lamented loss
+the title of the American Ace of Aces passed to Sergeant Frank L.
+Baylies, of New Bedford, Massachusetts, who after eight months at the
+front, had amassed a total of twelve enemy machines. Upon the gallant
+death of Baylies, Lieutenant Putnam of Brookline, Massachusetts, with
+ten official victories, headed the American list of Aces.”
+
+Though officially credited with only eighteen planes brought down in
+single combat, Lufbery was, in fact, the victor over twice that number
+of enemy planes. The rule for official recognition requires that a fall
+must be attested by eye-witnesses in addition to the flyer. Many of
+Lufbery’s “downs” were inside the enemy lines beyond the observation of
+any of his comrades, and others fell in such a way that it could not be
+said positively that they were destroyed.
+
+
+
+
+THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE
+
+An Air Squadron Made Famous by American Youth Before America Entered
+the War
+
+
+In the first years of the war, when the war was yet a European War,
+when America as a nation was not ready to act, a group of American
+boys—roused by the righteousness of the war against Germany, and
+longing to help France—finally enlisted in the French aviation service.
+They had come to repay the debt America owed to the people who had
+sent Lafayette in her time of need. Therefore their section was given
+the name of Lafayette Escadrille. Americans glory in the homage paid
+to the daring deeds of Kiffin Rockwell, Victor Chapman, Norman Prince
+and Jim McConnell, of Thaw, Lufbery, Hall, Masson and Cowdin. Jim
+McConnell wrote a little book called _Flying for France_ (Doubleday,
+Page & Company), in which he describes with a vividness born of the
+gallant affection he felt for his friends and comrades the deeds of
+that glorious group, and the deaths of three of them. Then he too fell.
+
+McConnell first joined the American ambulance service in the Vosges,
+and was mentioned several times for conspicuous bravery in saving
+wounded under fire. It was in the ambulance service that he won the
+Croix de Guerre.
+
+Gradually, however, this heroism drew on a deeper feeling. The spirit
+of adventure gave way to the spirit of liberty. France’s struggle took
+on a new aspect. McConnell gave up the ambulance service and enlisted
+in the French flying corps.
+
+Immediately he began to feel something more than the mere bond of
+common danger drawing him to the members of the Escadrille. They were
+like brothers who had managed to grow up friends as well as kinsmen.
+They were a picked lot. There was William Thaw, of Pittsburgh, the
+pioneer of them all; Norman Prince, of Boston; Elliot Cowdin, of
+New York; Bert Hall, of Texas, and his chum James Bach—the first to
+fall into German hands. Bach had smashed into a tree in going to the
+assistance of a companion who had broken down in landing a spy in the
+German lines. Both he and his French companion had been captured. The
+last of the original six was Didier Masson. Soon Lufbery came, and
+Kiffin Rockwell of Asheville, N. C., and Victor Chapman of New York.
+Rockwell and Chapman had both been wounded in other branches of the
+service.
+
+It was Rockwell who brought down the Escadrille’s first plane in his
+initial aerial combat. “He was flying alone, when, over Thann, he
+came upon a German on reconnaissance. He dived and the German turned
+toward his own lines, opening fire from a long distance. Rockwell kept
+straight after him. Then, closing to within thirty yards, he pressed on
+the release of his machine gun, and saw the enemy gunner fall backward
+and the pilot crumple up sideways in his seat. The plane flopped
+downward and crashed to earth just behind the German trenches. Swooping
+close to the ground Rockwell saw its débris burning away brightly. He
+had turned the trick with but four shots and only one German bullet had
+struck his Nieuport.”
+
+The section was soon transferred to more dangerous territory. They
+were needed at Verdun. Fighting there came thick and fast. McConnell
+describes the activity of almost every one there. And every one was
+active. “Hall brought down a German observation craft. Thaw dropped a
+Fokker in the morning, and on the afternoon of the same day there was
+a big combat far behind the German trenches. Thaw was wounded in the
+arm, and an explosive bullet detonating on Rockwell’s wind-shield tore
+several gashes in his face. Despite the blood which was blinding him
+Rockwell managed to reach an aviation field and land. Thaw, whose wound
+bled profusely, landed in a dazed condition just within our lines.
+He was too weak to walk, and French soldiers carried him to a field
+dressing station, whence he was sent to Paris for further treatment.
+Rockwell’s wounds were less serious and he insisted on flying again
+almost immediately.”
+
+
+HOW CHAPMAN FOUGHT
+
+“A week or so later Chapman was wounded. Considering the number of
+fights he had been in and the courage with which he attacked it was a
+miracle he had not been hit before. He always fought against odds and
+far within the enemy’s country. He flew more than any of us, never
+missing an opportunity to go up, and never coming down until his
+gasoline was giving out. His machine was a sieve of patched-up bullet
+holes. His nerve was almost superhuman and his devotion to the cause
+for which he fought sublime. The day he was wounded he attacked four
+machines. Swooping down from behind, one of them, a Fokker, riddled
+Chapman’s plane. One bullet cut deep into his scalp, but Chapman, a
+master pilot, escaped from the trap, and fired several shots to show
+he was still safe. A stability control had been severed by a bullet.
+Chapman held the broken rod in one hand, managed his machine with the
+other, and succeeded in landing on a nearby aviation field. His wound
+was dressed, his machine repaired, and he immediately took the air in
+pursuit of some more enemies. He would take no rest, and with bandaged
+head continued to fly and fight.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+Distinguished Aviators of the Lafayette Escadrille.
+
+From the left: Lufbery, Hinkle, Thenault, Bigelow, and Thaw.]
+
+Balsley, a newcomer, managed to get wounded in the meantime. He had
+started out with a party of four that had met a German squadron.
+Balsley attacked the nearest German, “only to receive an explosive
+bullet in his thigh. Extra cartridge rollers, dislodged from their
+case, hit his arms. He was tumbling straight toward the trenches, but
+by an effort he regained control, righted the plane, and landed without
+disaster.
+
+“Soldiers carried him to shelter, and later he was taken to a field
+hospital, where he lingered for days between life and death. Ten
+fragments of the explosive bullet were removed from his stomach. He
+bore up bravely and became the favorite of the wounded officers in
+whose ward he lay. When we flew over to see him they would say: ‘Il
+est un brave petit gars, l’aviateur américain.’ [He’s a brave little
+fellow, the American aviator.] On a shelf by his bed, done up in a
+handkerchief, he kept the pieces of bullet taken out of him, and under
+them some sheets of paper on which he was trying to write to his
+mother, back in El Paso.
+
+“Balsley was awarded the Médaille Militaire and the Croix de Guerre,
+but the honors scared him. He had seen them decorate officers in the
+ward before they died.
+
+
+THE FIRST OF THEM TO DIE
+
+“Then came Chapman’s last fight. Before leaving, he had put two bags
+of oranges in his machine to take to Balsley, who liked to suck them
+to relieve his terrible thirst, after the day’s flying was over. There
+was an aerial struggle against odds, far within the German lines, and
+Chapman, to divert their fire from his comrades, engaged several enemy
+airmen at once. He sent one tumbling to earth, and had forced the
+others off when two more swooped down upon him.” The wings of his plane
+suddenly buckled and the machine dropped like a stone.
+
+Chapman had only started the list of deaths. He was to be followed
+by perhaps the most beloved of all the section. Kiffin Rockwell had
+started off with Lufbery one morning. Just before he reached the lines
+he “spied a German machine under him flying at 11,000 feet.” Rockwell
+had fought more combats, than the rest of the Escadrille put together,
+says McConnell. “He had shot down many German machines that had fallen
+in their lines, but this was the first time he had had an opportunity
+of bringing down a Boche in our territory.”
+
+Rockwell approached so close to the enemy plane that it seemed there
+would be a collision. The German aeroplane carried two machine guns.
+When Rockwell started his dive the enemy opened a rapid fire. “Rockwell
+plunged through the stream of lead and only when very close to his
+enemy did he begin shooting. For a moment it looked as if the German
+was falling, but then the French machine turned rapidly nose down, the
+wings of one side broke off and fluttered in the wake of the airplane,
+which hurtled earthward in a rapid drop. It crashed into the ground
+in a small field—a field of flowers—a few hundred yards back of the
+trenches. It was not more than two and a half miles from the spot where
+Rockwell, in the month of May, brought down his first enemy machine.
+The Germans immediately opened up on the wreck with artillery fire. In
+spite of the bursting shrapnel, gunners from a nearby battery rushed
+out and recovered poor Rockwell’s broken body.”
+
+“Lufbery engaged a German craft but before he could get to close range
+two Fokkers swooped down from behind and filled his aeroplane full of
+holes. Exhausting his ammunition, he landed at Fontaine, an aviation
+field near the lines. There he learned of Rockwell’s death and was told
+that two other French machines had been brought down within the hour.
+He ordered his gasoline tank filled, procured a full band of cartridges
+and soared up into the air to avenge his comrade. He sped up and down
+the lines, and made a wide détour to Habsheim, where the Germans have
+an aviation field, but all to no avail. Not a Boche was in the air.”
+
+[Illustration: The Marines’ Watch on the Rhine
+
+General Neville decorating the Colors of the 6th Regiment with the
+Croix de Guerre at Coblenz, Germany.]
+
+No greater blow could have befallen the Escadrille than Rockwell’s
+death. “The bravest and best of us all is no more,” said the French
+Captain. “Kiffin was the soul of the Escadrille,” writes Jim McConnell.
+“He was loved and looked up to by not only every man in our flying
+corps, but by every one who knew him. Kiffin was imbued with the spirit
+of the cause for which he fought and gave his heart and soul to the
+performance of his duty. He said: ‘I pay my part for Lafayette and
+Rochambeau,’ and he gave the fullest measure. The old flame of chivalry
+burned brightly in this boy’s fine and sensitive being. With his death
+France lost one of her most valuable pilots. When he was over the lines
+the Germans did not pass—and he was over them most of the time.”
+
+“Rockwell had been given the Médaille Militaire and the Croix de
+Guerre, on the ribbon of which he wore four palms, representing the
+four magnificent citations he had received in the order of the army.”
+
+Kiffin was given a funeral worthy of a general. “His brother, Paul, who
+had fought in the Legion with him, and who had been rendered unfit for
+service by a wound, was granted permission to attend the obsequies.
+Pilots from all nearby camps flew over to render homage to Rockwell’s
+remains. Every Frenchman in the aviation at Luxeuil marched behind the
+bier. The British pilots, followed by a detachment of five hundred of
+their men, were in line, and a battalion of French troops brought up
+the rear. As the slow moving procession of blue and khaki-clad men
+passed from the church to the graveyard, airplanes circled at a feeble
+height above and showered down myriads of flowers.”
+
+The fates seemed to be envious of the American section in France.
+Rockwell had fallen September 23. On the 15th of October Norman Prince
+died. “It was hard to realize that poor old Norman had gone, but I do
+not think he minded going,” writes McConnell. “He wanted to do his part
+before being killed, and he had more than done it.”
+
+
+JIM’S TURN CAME
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International News._
+
+A Few Members of the Lafayette Escadrille]
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.
+
+Corporal Walter E. Gaultney
+
+He was selected by his commander as an example of his finest type of
+soldier, being “alert, ingenious, speedy,” and “heedless of personal
+danger.”]
+
+Thus did Jim McConnell—honest, tender, courageous Jim, Irish Jim—glory
+in the glory of his friends and mourn their loss. His good humor
+and native wit remained to the last, but the deaths of those so dear
+to him were deepening his character. There are touches of tense
+seriousness in the book—a tragic note at times. It was hard to see
+those brave fellows go one by one, and so steadily. And you never
+could tell which of your remaining friends was to go next. Then of
+a sudden came Jim’s turn. There are a few letters which describe
+Jim’s death as tenderly as Jim wrote about Chapman and Rockwell and
+Prince. The affection, loyalty, and undying gallantry of the group is
+quite evident. In one of these letters, dated March 21, 1917, to Paul
+Rockwell, Edmond Genet tells of the last flight:
+
+“On Monday morning, Mac, Parsons, and myself went out at nine o’clock
+on the third patrol of the Escadrille. We had orders to protect
+observation machines along the new lines around the region of Ham. Mac
+was leader, I came second and Parsons followed me. Before we had gone
+very far Parsons was forced to go back on account of motor trouble.
+
+“Mac and I kept on, and up to ten o’clock were circling around
+the region of Ham, watching out for the heavier machines doing
+reconnoitering work below us. We went higher than a thousand meters.
+About ten, for some reason or other of his own, Mac suddenly headed
+into the German lines toward Saint Quentin—perhaps for observation
+purposes—and I naturally followed close to his rear and above him. At
+any rate we had gotten north of Ham and quite inside the hostile lines,
+when I saw two Boche machines crossing toward us from the region of
+Saint Quentin at an altitude higher than ours—we were then about 1,600
+meters up. I supposed Mac saw them too. One Boche was far ahead of the
+other, and was in position to dive at any moment on Mac. I saw the
+direction Mac was taking, and pulled back climbing up, in order to gain
+an advantageous height over the nearest Boche. It was cloudy and misty
+and I had to keep my eyes on him all the time, so naturally I lost
+track of Mac.”
+
+The letter goes on to tell how the writer got back—to find Mac had not
+returned.
+
+“The one hope that we have is that some news of Mac will be brought by
+civilians who might have witnessed his flight over the lines north of
+Ham. We likewise hope that Mac was merely forced to land inside the
+enemy lines on account of a badly damaged machine, or a bad wound, and
+is well, but a prisoner. I wish, Paul, that I had been able to help
+Mac during his combat. The mists were thick, and consequently seeing
+any distance was difficult. I would have gone out that afternoon to
+look for him, but my machine was so damaged it took until yesterday
+afternoon to be repaired. Lieutenant de Laage and Lufbery did go out
+with their Spads, around the region north of Ham, toward Saint Quentin,
+but saw nothing of a Nieuport grounded or anything else to give news of
+what had occurred.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+Captain James Norman Hall,
+
+An American ace who was captured and made a prisoner of war by the
+Germans.]
+
+Four days later Genet wrote:
+
+“The evening before last definite news was brought to us that a badly
+smashed Nieuport had been found by French troops. Beside it was the
+body of a sergeant-pilot which had been there at least three days
+and had been stripped of all identification papers, flying clothes
+and even the boots. They got the number of the machine, which proved
+without further question that it was poor Mac.
+
+“Mac has been buried right there beside the road, and we will see that
+the grave is decently marked with a cross. The Captain brought back a
+square piece of canvas cut from one of the wings, and we are going to
+get a good picture we have of Mac enlarged and placed on this with a
+frame. I suppose that Thaw or Johnson will attend to his belongings
+which he had asked to be sent to you. In the letter which he had left
+in case of his death he concludes with the following words: ‘Good luck
+to the rest of you. Vive la France!’
+
+“All honor to him, Paul. The world, as well as France, will look up to
+him just as it is looking up to your fine brother and the rest who have
+given their lives so freely and gladly for this big cause.
+
+“The Captain has already put in a proposal for a citation for Mac, and
+also one for me. Mac surely deserved it, and lots more, too.”
+
+McConnell was awarded the Croix de Guerre with palm.
+
+
+
+
+A “LEGENDARY HERO”
+
+The Place in Fame to Which the French Assign Their Miracle “Ace”
+
+
+In that charming French style of which he is a known master, Henry
+Bordeaux tells the story of a frail little boy, delicate as a girl and
+having the general appearance of one, with his long curls, his too
+pretty face, his pale complexion, his gentle manners. Because he was so
+frail of body and so uncertain of health he was closely looked after by
+the women of the household, which means, among other things, that he
+was quite thoroughly spoiled. The child looked like a little princess,
+as though adapted more to a future of effeminate surroundings, not like
+a boy in whose infant breast waited a great spirit.
+
+One day, when the child was about six years old, it suddenly occurred
+to the father that they were taking a wrong course with the boy. After
+reflection he took the boy on his knee and said to him:
+
+“I’ve a great mind to take you with me where I am going.”
+
+“Where are you going, papa?”
+
+“Where I am going only men go.”
+
+“I wish to go with you.”
+
+The father hesitated, but finally said:
+
+“After all, it is better to be too soon than too late. Get your hat.
+I’ll take you.”
+
+He took him to the hair-cutter’s.
+
+“I’m going to have my hair cut,” said the father. “How about yours?”
+
+“I wish to do as the men do,” the boy answered. And the beautiful
+curls were shorn.
+
+There were tears when the mother folded her transformed darling to her
+breast, but the child stiffening proudly declared: “Je suis un homme!”
+
+Bordeaux says here: “Il sera un homme, mais il restera longtemps un
+gamin aussi. Longtemps? Presque jusqu’à la fin—à ses heurs, jusqu’à la
+fin.”
+
+It was Georges Guynemer, who not so very long after flamed out a boy
+hero of France, doing deeds that struck the world with wonderment, and
+while the world marveled vanished mysteriously, leaving no trace behind.
+
+Small and feminine, educated chiefly by governesses and his sisters,
+later a day student at the Lyceum, afterwards for a time at Stanislas,
+he was not the stuff for a soldier, yet soldier he wished to be when
+France set out to repel the German horde. He was twenty years old then.
+He hastened to his father.
+
+“I’m going to enlist.”
+
+“You are in luck.”
+
+“Ah! you authorize me!”
+
+“I envy you.”
+
+“Then as an old soldier you can help me. You can speak for me.”
+
+“I will.”
+
+But it was to no avail. He was not able to carry the equipment and
+endure the fatigue of a private, and the effects of a childhood’s
+illness made it impossible for him to serve in the cavalry. He was
+rejected—laughed at by some, be it said.
+
+He made a second attempt to enlist with no better result. Says M.
+Bordeaux: “He returned with his father to Biaritz, pale, silent,
+mournful, in such a state of rage and bitterness that his face was
+distorted.” He wrote to his old preceptor at Stanislas: “If I have to
+lie at the bottom of an auto-camion I wish to go to the front; and I
+will go. I mean to serve, it doesn’t matter where nor how, it doesn’t
+matter in what branch, but go to the front, serve I will.”
+
+That sort of spirit is not to be denied. Fate and circumstances make
+way for it.
+
+He met the pilot of an airplane one day and in conversation with him
+asked: “How can one get into the air service?”
+
+“See the Captain; you’ll find him at Pau.”
+
+
+A SMALL BEGINNING
+
+His parents, or rather his father, consenting, he was on his way to Pau
+next morning. He rushed to Captain Bernard-Thierry with his plea. The
+Captain objected. Georges pleaded, passionately, tearfully, begging
+even as a child for a desired object. The troubled captain made the
+only practicable concession—he would receive the youth as a mechanician
+student. The heavens opened. “That’s the thing! That’s the thing! I
+know automobiles.” And so it began, with hard work to the like of which
+he had never been accustomed, his endurance of which was problematical.
+But January 26, 1915, he was named as pilot student; March 10, 1915, he
+made his veritable first flight. In a letter to his father about this
+time he said: “I believe I am not making a reputation for prudence, but
+I hope this will come. I shall know soon.”
+
+That reputation never came, on the contrary it was said of him:
+“Returning almost daily from his chases with his aeroplane and often
+his clothing riddled with bullets, hurling himself with absolute
+abandon against three, ten, fifteen or twenty enemy machines in
+formation, among which he usually succeeded in bringing down one or
+more; exulting in the number of wounds which his faithful planes
+brought home as if to bear witness to his charmed life, and encircling
+them with red paint to make them more conspicuous; on two occasions
+shooting down an enemy plane with a single bullet; on May 25, 1917,
+bringing down four enemy aeroplanes in one day—these extraordinary
+exploits coupled with the very extraordinary energy of this slim
+boy soon placed him upon a pedestal which raised him high above his
+comrades; and by reason of his many miraculous escapes from certain
+death, eventually surrounded him with a halo of fame unknown to the
+French populace since the day of Jeanne d’Arc.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood & Underwood._
+
+Captain Guynemer, France’s immortal knight of the air.]
+
+“Conqueror in fifty-three aerial combats wherein the result was
+officially established by the verification of three or more
+eye-witnesses, Guynemer brought down as many more German aeroplanes
+quite as effectively if less officially. His comrades in the escadrille
+knew this and respected their chief accordingly.
+
+“Possessed of every decoration that a grateful nation could officially
+bestow upon him, conscious of a position in the public esteem that,
+tinctured as it was with the legendary, illumined him with more glory
+and worship than was accorded even to a Joffre or a Foch, Georges
+Guynemer fulfilled the expectations of his fellow-countrymen, when on
+September 11, 1917, he disappeared from the eyes of the world while in
+the full exercise of his duty. The heavens swallowed him up, and to
+this day no reliable clue to his disappearance has been discovered.
+Small wonder then that the people of France in contemplation of this
+last exploit of their adored hero place his memory with one acclaim
+alongside the niche so long occupied by the heroic Jeanne d’Arc!”
+
+
+MIRACULOUS ESCAPES
+
+His fellows and the soldiers in general were devoted to him; and that
+their devotion was something profounder than lip-service one incident
+of his career, one of his narrow escapes, will attest. It was in
+September, 1916. He was far within the enemy lines combating seven
+machines when a shot penetrated the radiator of his engine and the
+motor stopped. He was then quite fifteen miles distant from his own
+lines and about twelve thousand feet in the air. There was nothing for
+it but to point his machine for home, with the least practicable slant,
+and trust to the glide sustaining him until he could reach home lines.
+The turn made, he gave all his attention to his pursuers, who, not
+suspecting his plight and having a lively respect for the generalship
+of the redoubtable “Ace,” seemed to think discretion the better part of
+valor, did not continue the chase but dived for their own quarters. The
+machine on its glide fell lower and lower as he approached the trenches
+and finally the German gunners recognized the craft as that of the
+dreaded young champion and the guns were leveled at him, and he was
+gliding through a veritable shower of bursting shrapnel. His machine
+was riddled and it was a grave question if it could reach the French
+lines. It crossed the German trenches a scant fifty feet above the
+heads of the enemy who stood up in the trenches in their eagerness to
+send a shot into the tattered plane that would bring it down.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International Film Service._
+
+A Duel Above the Clouds
+
+A German plane falling in flames after a fight with a French plane.]
+
+The French soldiers, who had watched the coming of the Cigogne through
+the rain of bullets and realized the helplessness of their idol, were
+recklessly and excitedly hanging over their trenches raging that
+they were powerless to help. Almost simultaneously with Guynemer’s
+consciousness of his inability to reach his lines the poilus perceived
+the fact and with yells they leaped to the rescue, scrambling from
+their trenches in a wild charge against the Huns.
+
+The aeroplane fell into a shell hole some forty yards short of the
+French lines and was smashed to pieces, but the charmed pilot was
+thrown free of the wreck and was absolutely without injury when his
+rescuing comrades picked him up and surrounding him carried him
+hurriedly to their protecting trenches. He is credited with saying,
+when they marveled at his escape, “I was born on Christmas Eve. They
+cannot hurt me.”
+
+M. Bordeaux, who is a loving biographer, devotes over three hundred
+pages to the events and deeds of the amazing hero, and there is not
+with it all an event recorded that is not worthy the record. Among them
+is an instance of the irony of fate that occasionally turns intended
+service into serious hurt. It was in September, 1916, in the Somme
+battle. Guynemer had shot down two Boche machines and was after a third
+at an altitude of 10,000 feet when a foolishly fired French shell meant
+for the enemy machine caught him in full flight, breaking a wing and
+taking off part of his radiator. Of course the machine began falling to
+the earth. By energetic efforts with the controls and the swing of his
+body Guynemer succeeded in checking the fall and establishing a glide,
+but he could not lessen the velocity with which he was approaching
+the ground. The catastrophe was witnessed by the troops and when the
+Spad crashed head first they ran to take up the remains of the doomed
+pilot. But when they reached the spot there stood Guynemer unharmed
+regarding mournfully the wreck of his machine. An idea of the force of
+the impact may be had from the fact that the nose of the machine was
+driven so deep that it could not be budged.
+
+The jubilant soldiers lifted Guynemer to their shoulders and bore him
+to the General’s quarters. The General embraced him and ordered the
+troops to form for review. Then the adored aviator was led by the
+General down the lines. One can imagine the enthusiasm, the emotions of
+the French.
+
+
+WON WITHOUT ARMS
+
+Guynemer kept a diary of all his doings day by day, and his biographer
+makes free use of it. His method of entry was laconic. He never
+stressed a point. Take as an example of the style and as a character
+sketch of the man his entry of January 26, 1917, when he did that
+incredible thing, brought down and captured a two-seater enemy machine
+when he himself was without offensive arms. He went up in a borrowed
+machine of which he was sufficiently contemptuous. The day before he
+had not gone up. His only diary entry for that day was “Je regarde
+voler les autres et ronge.”
+
+The translation of his entry for the 26th is as follows:
+
+“Bucquet lends me his taxi. Gun sights nothing, simply an emptiness.
+What a layout! Line of aim worse than pitiful.
+
+“12 o’clock saw a Boche at 12,000 feet. Up went the lift. Arrived in
+the sun. In tacking about was caught in nasty tail spin. Descending,
+I see the Boche 400 yards behind, firing at me. Recovering I fire ten
+shots. Gun jams completely. But the Boche seemed to feel some emotion
+and dived away full south with his motor wide open. Let’s follow him!
+
+“But I do not get too close to him, for fear he will see that I can’t
+shoot. Altimeter drops to 5,000 feet above Estrées-Saint-Denis. I
+maneuver my Boche as nicely as I can, and suddenly he redresses and
+sets off towards Rheims.
+
+“I essay a bluff. I mount to 2,000 feet over him and drop on to him
+like a stone. Made an impression on him but was beginning to believe
+it did not take when he suddenly began to descend. I put myself 10
+yards behind him; but every time I showed my nose around the edge of
+his tail the gunner took aim at me.
+
+“We take the road towards Compiègne—3,000 feet—2,000 feet again I show
+my nose, and this time the gunner stands up, takes his hands from his
+machine gun and motions to me that he surrenders. _All Right!_
+
+“I see underneath his machine the four bombs in their resting place.
+1,500 feet. The Boche slows down his windmill. 600 feet. 300 feet. I
+swerve over him while he lands. I make a round or two at 300 feet and
+see that I am over an airdrome. But not having any gun or cartridges
+I cannot prevent them from setting fire to their taxi, a 200 H. P.
+Albatross, magnificent.
+
+“When I see they are surrounded I come down and show the two Boches my
+disabled machine gun. Some headpiece!
+
+“They had fired 200 shots at me. My ten bullets that I fired before I
+jammed had struck their altimeter and the revolution counter, hence
+their emotion! The pilot told me that my aeroplane I shot down day
+before yesterday at Goyancourt had gunner killed and pilot wounded
+in the knee. Hope this unique confirmation will be accepted by
+authorities. It will make my 30th.”
+
+
+THE FLIGHT INTO THE UNKNOWN
+
+But after he had brought down his fiftieth, for some unaccountable
+reason a change came over Guynemer. He became nervous and irritable.
+He lost his old vivacity, nerve, dash, and with them his instincts
+of the air seemed to desert him. Friends urged him to rest, to give
+over fighting and direct his genius to teaching others to fly. But he
+answered: “They would say I would fight no more because France has no
+more decorations to give me”; and he had a jealous pride to work harder
+than ever, do even more valiant deeds. And he did work harder. He did
+take greater risks. He engaged in combats but was unable to win. Luck
+had turned and his chums, his comrades, knew him to be a sick man
+in no condition to fly. They ’phoned to their commanding officer in
+Paris begging him to come and take Guynemer away for a recuperative
+rest. Captain Brocard responded promptly. He arrived at the Dunkerque
+aerodrome at nine o’clock the next morning. But Guynemer had ordered
+his machine and taken flight half an hour before, accompanied, in
+another machine, by Lieut. Bozon-Verduras.
+
+It was Sept. 11, 1918. It was Guynemer’s last flight. All that is known
+of it Bozon-Verduras tells. Somewhat northeast of Ypres, at an altitude
+of 12,000 feet, a two-seater enemy machine was discovered. Directing
+Lieut. Bozon-Verduras to take a position above to guard against rescue,
+Guynemer rushed to the attack. While on guard the Lieutenant detected a
+distant enemy formation and drove forward to intercept its course. But
+without seeing him the formation changed its course and the Lieutenant
+returned to position. He did not, however, see Guynemer’s machine, nor
+did several hours of extended search lead to any trace above or below
+of the vanished aviator. His fuel exhausted, the Lieutenant returned to
+the aerodrome hoping Guynemer might be there. But he was not. All day
+they waited for his return. He never returned. “Undoubtedly,” said some
+one of the men, “he has been taken prisoner.”
+
+Says M. Bordeaux:
+
+“Guynemer a prisoner! He had said one day, laughingly, ‘The Boche
+will never have me alive’—but his laugh was terrible. No one believed
+Guynemer to be a prisoner. What then?”
+
+Nothing more is known. The Germans made contradictory and unreliable
+reports about his death. The simple minded among the French believe
+their hero an immortal, taken up into his native heaven. The lofty
+minded French name him “Héros légendaire, tombé en plein ciel de
+gloire, après trois ans de lutte ardente,” and this they have inscribed
+on a marble plaque in the crypt of the Panthéon, that temple which the
+French hold sacred as the “Sepulcher of Great Men.”
+
+
+
+
+WORTHY CITATION
+
+A Distinguished Service on the Battle Front for Which No Honors
+Provision Has Been Made
+
+
+There is a kind of heroism that never gets tagged. Many would not
+think it heroism. But when you come to analyze heroism into its
+elemental parts you find that it is a spiritual energy with myriad
+forms of expression, though these forms always have the character of
+self-dedication to an altruistic service. By that definition Capt. E.
+W. Zinn takes place in the ranks of war heroes; but if you have not
+seen what _The Stars and Stripes_—the official newspaper of the A. E.
+F., published in France—has said about him you probably never have
+heard of Capt. Zinn and his self-appointed mission. It is well to know
+about him; so here is the story as it appeared in the official organ:
+
+“It was Captain Zinn, a veteran of the French Foreign Legion and the
+Lafayette Escadrille, who, when eager young American aviators, fresh
+from their training-camps, reported for duty where the fighting was,
+assigned them to squadrons and each to a particular airplane. Thus it
+was that he came to know them all. He sent them to their stations.
+He knew what ships they would pilot in combat in the air, on bombing
+expeditions, on reconnaissances over the lines.
+
+“And now he seeks for those he sent out and who never returned. He
+asked that he might do it. If you talk to Captain Zinn about it, you
+know why he made the request. You know how he feels about that which he
+is doing. There is no mawkish sentiment about Captain Zinn.
+
+“But deep down within him Captain Zinn feels that he and no other
+should go out on the mission that now engages him. He has an interest
+that is intimate and personal.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International News._
+
+Athletes Among French Airmen
+
+Georges Carpentier, heavyweight boxer (the second figure from the
+left).]
+
+“Already, Captain Zinn’s quest has led him over the greater part of
+northern France and into Belgium and Germany. Through the torn fields
+and woods in the Verdun, Château-Thierry, St. Mihiel, and Meuse
+sectors he has gone. He has tramped through the Argonne to Sedan and
+sought in the mountains that encircle Metz and hide the valley of the
+Moselle. Wherever there was fighting in which the American Air Service
+participated, there has gone, or will go, Zinn.
+
+“Out of 150 missing American aviators, Captain Zinn already has
+definitely located and identified the spots where seventy fell and were
+buried. It has required many days of painstaking search and inquiry to
+attain this result.
+
+“Captain Zinn has found that in a great many cases American fliers
+were buried either by the Germans or by civilians with no mark of
+identification left on them.
+
+
+THE UNIDENTIFIED
+
+“Many times he has come upon a grave with a rude cross on which was
+scrawled: ‘Unidentified American Aviator’ or ‘Two Unidentified American
+Aviators.’ He has had to obtain positive identification by careful
+examination of air-service records, questioning of peasants and
+civilians who saw American machines brought down and deductions based
+on the information he gathered. In some instances it has been necessary
+to open graves to make sure.
+
+“To start out with, Captain Zinn has the records of squadrons, which
+show, for instance, on what date a missing pilot went out, what his
+mission was, over what country he naturally would go, and what kind
+of machine he had. Perhaps an attack by an overwhelming force or an
+accident or other circumstances forced the pilot off the course marked
+out for him. When he failed to return, only speculation as to where he
+fell could be indulged in. Unless the Germans notified his squadron of
+his death and the location of his grave, he became one of the men for
+whom Captain Zinn now seeks.
+
+“There was the case of young Kenyon Roper, of the 91st Aero Squadron.
+By a process of elimination of facts gathered, it was fairly definitely
+established that Roper had come down in the night between the lines.
+Captain Zinn questions scores of peasant folk. But the search appeared
+to be hopeless. And then Captain Zinn heard that a small boy had a
+handkerchief that the dead flier had possessed. He found the boy and
+the handkerchief. And written in indelible ink on the little piece of
+linen was the name ‘Kenyon Roper.’ It was easy then to learn from the
+boy where the grave was and to be sure that Kenyon Roper lay sleeping
+there.”
+
+
+A LAST AUTOGRAPH
+
+“Then there was the case of Lester Harter, of the 11th Squadron. He
+went out and his machine caught fire. Harter jumped, just as Major
+Lufbery did and as other aviators have done, and fell many thousand
+feet to his death. When awe-stricken peasants ran from the fields to
+his crushed body they found in his hand a scrap of paper, and on it was
+written in hurried, jerky letters, ‘Lester Harter.’
+
+“Fearing lost identity among the dead, Lester Harter must have written
+his name on that piece of paper before he jumped from his machine.
+
+“Then there were Kinne and McElroy, of the 99th Aero Squadron. Only a
+piece of the tail of their machine was found. Their plane came down
+in flames between Cunel and Nantillois. Both jumped. One day their
+squadron commander joined in the search for their bodies. He hunted for
+hours in a thick wood. And he gave up. He was standing on the edge of
+a covered shell-hole, discouraged. Some impulse caused him to stir the
+earth in the shell-hole with his foot. And there he found the body of
+young McElroy. Near by they later found Kinne.
+
+“There are many such stories that Captain Zinn can tell.
+
+“From the information he gathers, Captain Zinn writes personal letters
+to the relatives of the dead aviators, telling in simple words how and
+where they went to their deaths. His letters usually give the first
+true account of the manner in which the fighters of the air met their
+ends. Sometimes those letters destroy cherished hopes that the aviators
+reported as ‘missing’ by the War Department might some time, somehow,
+turn up. But it is better so, says Captain Zinn.”
+
+
+
+
+A CHALLENGE DUEL
+
+The Guns of Both Armies Suspend Fire as Captains Ball and Immelman
+Fight in Air
+
+
+It was often said in the early months of the war that the air combats
+revived the spirit of ancient chivalry. It was true for a time, but
+German treachery and ruthlessness soon changed the character of the
+upper warfare. When the raider and the dastard entered, gallantry
+necessarily gave way to grim and merciless antagonism.
+
+There were many, though, on both sides who felt that no glory came
+to aviation from methods of frightfulness and reprisals for such
+frightfulness and to the last there were instances of clean, brave
+fights. One of the last duels on the knightly lines of conduct was
+that in which Captain Immelman, “The Falcon” of the German army, met
+Captain Ball, one of the most brilliant airmen of the British Royal
+Flying Corps. Immelman had a record of some fifty-one British airplanes
+downed. Captain Ball wanted to wipe out this record, and the daring
+German at the same time; so one day he flew over the German lines and
+dropped the following note:
+
+  “Captain Immelman:
+
+ I challenge you to a man-to-man fight to take place this afternoon
+ at two o’clock. I will meet you over the German lines. Have your
+ anti-aircraft guns withhold their fire, while we decide which is the
+ better man. The British guns will be silent.
+
+  “Ball.”
+
+Ball was by that time quite renowned. The Germans were aware of his
+official record. He had taken part in twenty-six combats, had destroyed
+eleven hostile machines, driven two out of control, and forced several
+others to land.
+
+In these combats Captain Ball had gone up alone. On one occasion he had
+fought six hostile machines, twice he had fought five machines, and
+once four. When leading two other British aeroplanes he had attacked
+an enemy formation of eight. On each of these occasions he had brought
+down at least one enemy.
+
+The Germans knew all that, but evidently Ball had picked an opponent
+worthy of him not only in skill but in courage and chivalry, for that
+day the answer to the note was dropped from a German machine:
+
+  “Captain Ball:
+
+ Your challenge is accepted. The guns will not interfere. I will meet
+ you promptly at two.
+
+  “Immelman.”
+
+
+CHEERS FROM OPPOSING TRENCHES
+
+Far and wide along the trenches the word was spread. Firing stopped
+as though a flag of truce had been hoisted. Germans and English left
+covers and sought positions of vantage from which to watch the battle
+royal. At the appointed time both flyers rose promptly and made their
+way over “No Man’s Land.”
+
+“Cheering arose,” relates an eye-witness.
+
+“There were wild cheers for Ball. The Germans yelled just as vigorously
+for Immelman.
+
+“The cheers from the trenches continued; the Germans’ increased in
+volume; ours changed into cries of alarm.”
+
+Immelman was known to have a method of attack peculiar to himself.
+Instead of approaching his adversary from the side, he maneuvered to
+get squarely behind him. His study was to hold the nose of his machine
+almost on the tail of the aircraft he was pursuing. This gave him,
+Abbot points out, what used to be called in the Navy a raking position,
+for his shots would rake the whole body of the enemy airplane from
+tail to nose with a fair chance of hitting either the fuel tank, the
+engine, or the pilot. Failing to secure the position he coveted, this
+daring German would surrender it with apparent unconcern to the enemy,
+who usually fell into a trap. For just as the foeman’s machine came up
+to the tail of Immelman’s craft the latter would suddenly turn his nose
+straight to earth, drop like a stone, execute a backward loop and come
+up behind his surprised adversary, who thus found the tables suddenly
+turned....”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+1st Lieut. Philip Benson
+
+ Volunteered for night bombing and was particularly efficient in
+ “chassi” work. He gave the Germans a taste of their own medicine—by
+ dropping bombs on German towns and firing upon German supply trains.]
+
+We have left the description of the duel with the English in alarm.
+
+“Ball,” continues the eye-witness, “thousands of feet above us and only
+a speck in the sky, was doing the craziest things imaginable. He was
+below Immelman and was apparently making no effort to get above him and
+thus gaining the advantage of position. Rather he was swinging around,
+this way and that, attempting, it seemed, to postpone the inevitable.
+
+“We saw the German’s machine dip over preparatory to starting the
+nose-dive.
+
+“‘He’s gone now,’ sobbed a young soldier at my side, for he knew
+Immelman’s gun would start its raking fire once it was being driven
+straight down.
+
+“Then in a fraction of a second the tables were turned. Before
+Immelman’s plane could get into firing position, Ball drove his machine
+into a loop, getting above his adversary and cutting loose with his
+gun and smashing Immelman by a hail of bullets as he swept by.
+
+
+A WREATH FOR HIS VICTIM
+
+“Immelman’s airplane burst into flames and dropped. Ball from above
+followed for a few hundred feet and then straightened out and raced
+for home. He settled down, rose again, hurried back, and released a
+huge wreath of flowers, almost directly over the spot where Immelman’s
+charred body was being lifted from a tangled mass of metal.
+
+“Four days later Ball too was killed.”
+
+Shortly before his death Ball wrote to a friend: “You will be pleased
+to hear that I have ten more Huns, and that my total is now 40—two in
+front of my French rival. Oh, I’m having a topping time! To-day or
+to-morrow I’m being presented to Sir Douglas Haig. Am very pleased. I
+just want to get a few more if I can.”
+
+Ball’s wish was gratified. He got more than a few more and then—died as
+he had so often lived—fighting against great odds, for when last seen,
+on the evening of May 7, 1917, he was high above the enemy’s lines
+engaging three German machines at once.
+
+What slender hope had been left for him was shattered by the War Office
+intimation that Ball had been killed. The brave young officer lost his
+life at a village 5½ miles east of La Bassée.
+
+
+
+
+AN AMERICAN WONDER
+
+The Brief but Greatly Achieving Career of Lieut. Frank Luke, Jr.—His
+Mysterious End
+
+
+Innumerable are the instances, never to be reckoned, of the sudden
+meteoric flame of splendid daring—the sudden flash of the courageous
+soul in achievement, and the equally sudden extinction—that a thousand
+attested circumstances assure us characterized the terrible passing
+of the Great War. Happily for the world, always the better for new
+evidence that “divinity still lives in the hearts of men,” very many of
+those deeds of devoted heroism have been written into history for the
+inspiration of high-minded youth.
+
+There was no experience more aptly described as meteoric than that of
+Frank Luke, Jr., who joined the 27th Aero Squadron near Château-Thierry
+late in July, 1918, did brilliant service in that connection, and
+before the end of September had utterly disappeared from the knowledge
+of men—one of the missing never definitely accounted for.
+
+Frank was a Phoenix, Arizona, boy, barely twenty when he entered the
+service. After a period of training in Texas he was sent to France and
+had further training at Issoudun and was then sent to join the squadron
+near Château-Thierry. He was an enthusiast for flying, never getting
+enough of it. It was like second nature to him, and he adhered to no
+rules but his own, apparently indifferent to safety regulations when
+in the air, and so impatient of restrictions that he almost invariably
+got lost from his flight when it went out in formation. This gave rise
+among his fellows to the belief that he was afraid to follow, his
+getting lost being the deliberate result of “funk.” In course of time,
+however, they came to understand that Frank Luke held no acquaintance
+with fear. He simply had a method—method and initiative—and put
+his abilities to their most effective use. It was so good a method,
+so wisely reasoned and so admirably executed that in the space of
+seventeen days he shot down eighteen enemy balloons and planes.
+
+[Illustration: Lieutenant Frank Luke
+
+He joined an Aero Squadron near Château-Thierry, late in July, 1918,
+and before the end of September he disappeared without being heard from
+again.]
+
+Lieut. Col. Harold E. Hartney, Chief of Gunnery in the Air Service, at
+that time Commander of the Squadron to which Luke belonged, gave an
+account of the young aviator’s first exploit. August 6, 1918, the First
+Pursuit Group, which included the 27th Squadron, was operating on the
+Château-Thierry sector. The work was seriously interfered with by heavy
+barrages of pursuit planes maintained by the enemy to prevent Allied
+reconnaissance over the territory being evacuated. Col. Hartney says:
+
+
+HIS FIRST EXPLOIT
+
+“Lieut. Luke believed that if he could get across the opposing
+lines unobserved and far enough, he would be able to take the enemy
+formations unaware and swoop down upon the unsuspecting rear man, shoot
+him down and get away in safety. Accordingly one day he went off on his
+own at great altitude and crossed over into enemy territory. Far below
+him he spied an enemy formation of six machines dropping down to land
+on their own aerodrome. Perfectly aware of the odds against him, he
+swooped from 15,000 feet to 3,000 feet in one long dive, speeding at
+approximately 200 miles an hour, closed in on the rear man, and from a
+distance of no more than twenty yards sent him crashing down.
+
+“The enemy formation had been taken completely by surprise. Before they
+could realize what had happened or engage Luke in combat the latter
+dropped to an elevation of less than 400 feet, and, zigzagging, made
+his way home, dodging anti-aircraft fire and machine-gun nests until he
+crossed the lines. By then he was completely out of gasoline and was
+compelled to make a forced landing near the front line. He had seen
+the enemy machine crash to earth, but was unable to give the location,
+and therefore he could not get from eye-witnesses on the ground the
+confirmation required to make the victory official.”
+
+That feat indicated the man. It was very soon apparent that on the
+occasions when he was “lost” he was off on adventures of his own,
+planning actions and studying the means to execute them,—qualifying
+himself for what he conceived to be his most valuable and effective
+service. He was a veritable hunter.
+
+The morning set for the opening of the St. Mihiel offensive, Sept. 12,
+1918, the clouds hung low and the weather was such that ordinarily it
+would have been regarded as altogether unfit for flying. But Luke was
+not to be deterred by it. He was off at dawn in quest of enemy planes
+or balloons and after many vain explorations he finally discovered
+a German balloon at the extreme right of the American sector, but
+operated against a portion of the line allotted to other flyers. He
+returned to his aerodrome, and on reporting the balloon learned that
+it had been doing great damage by an enfilading fire, but that it had
+been attacked repeatedly without success both by American and French
+aviators. Luke offered to destroy the balloon and set off with Lieut.
+Fritz Wehner, his flying partner. The statement of eye-witnesses from
+the ground was that Luke dived suddenly out of the clouds taking the
+balloon wholly by surprise, but the balloon-gun which he was handling
+for the first time jammed when he attempted to discharge it. He rose
+into the clouds, got the gun free, immediately dived again and fired
+the heavy incendiary bullet that sent the balloon down in flames.
+
+
+DOWNED THREE BALLOONS IN ONE DAY
+
+Two days later he sent another balloon flaming down in somewhat more
+exciting circumstances. While he was speeding with an escort of other
+pilots, to attack three enemy balloons operating at an unusually low
+altitude, his escort became engaged with a formation of Fokkers. This
+would have made it seem to many pilots unwise to proceed with the
+attack; but Luke took advantage of the fight above to dive down and
+begin the assault on one of the balloons which, after several attempts,
+he succeeded in shooting down, though machine bullets and anti-aircraft
+shells and flaming onions were showered about him. As the balloon fell
+burning, Luke flew down to close range and turned loose his machine gun
+on the Huns on the ground with the desired result of many casualties.
+When he got back home he found that his machine was so full of bullet
+holes that a very few more taps would have weakened it enough to bring
+it down in collapse. But within five minutes he was in another machine
+and begging leave to go on a further quest.
+
+At 5 o’clock that afternoon he sent down the second balloon in flames.
+Later he discovered attempts being made to send up another balloon
+north of Verdun; he hastened back to his squadron and asked to be
+ordered out at dusk to surprise and destroy the big bag.
+
+He left with instructions not to descend on the balloon until 7.50
+(that being for the benefit of his protective escort who would follow
+him down a few moments later). Precisely at 7.50 the watchers on the
+aerodrome saw the balloon flare in the darkness and fall to the ground.
+
+And so the story runs; each new adventure a companion thriller to the
+others, every machine in which he flew being more or less riddled
+with bullets, and the miracle is that the daring youth passed so many
+hazards unscathed. Col. Hartney is authority for the statement that
+balloon strafing is in reality “the most dangerous exploit any man in
+any branch of the service can undertake.”
+
+Frank Luke in seventeen days accounted for eighteen enemy balloons and
+planes. He was the first American flyer to win the Congressional Medal
+of Honor.
+
+
+HIS END A MYSTERY
+
+But there is an end to successful adventures as to other things, and
+the brilliant career of this Arizona lad came to abrupt conclusion,
+leaving the shadow of mystery as to just how the hero passed on. Here
+is the story of the last exploit as Col. Hartley tells it:
+
+“His next official victory was on Sept. 28, when he shot down a German
+Hanoveraner airplane which was being escorted by a single-seater Fokker.
+
+“That evening he did not return to his own aerodrome, but remained
+all night with the French squadron and went out the next day for the
+express purpose of destroying three balloons. The wonderful story of
+his exciting fight against hopeless odds and of his glorious death need
+not be dwelt upon. For his work on Sept. 29 he was awarded the Medal
+of Honor.
+
+“Briefly, what happened was that he flew over an American aerodrome
+and dropped a weighted message. The message asked that a lookout be
+kept for three drachens over on the German side. He was next seen to go
+over in that direction at a very high altitude, and when very nearly
+over the drachens was attacked by ten enemy machines. He engaged all
+of them single-handed and crashed two of the ten. Then he dropped—out
+of control, as it seemed, but most likely only pretending to be so.
+When he reached the level of the balloons he shot them down one after
+another in flames—all three of them. The anti-aircraft guns were very
+busy about the second balloon. After that he disappeared.”
+
+Beyond this all that is known is more or less speculative. Jan. 3,
+1919, the Graves Registration officer of Neufchateau reported to the
+Chief of the A. E. F. Air Service on the subject of the grave of an
+unknown American aviator, killed Sept. 29, 1918, in the village of
+Murvaux (Meuse), and asked for possible information to identify the
+body. “Reported as having light hair, young, of medium height and
+rugged physique. Reported by the inhabitants that previous to being
+killed this man brought down three German balloons, two German planes
+and dropped hand bombs, killed eleven German soldiers and wounded a
+number of others. He was wounded himself in the shoulder and evidently
+had to make a forced landing, and upon landing opened fire with his
+automatic and fought until he was killed. It is also reported that the
+Germans took his shoes, leggings and money, leaving his grave unmarked.”
+
+Supporting the report is an affidavit (Jan. 15, 1919) signed by twelve
+inhabitants of the village that gives the foregoing facts in detail and
+adds this:
+
+“Certify equally to have seen the German Commandant of the village
+refuse to have straw placed on the cart carrying the dead aviator to
+the village cemetery. This same officer drove away some women bringing
+a sheet to serve as a shroud for the hero, and said, kicking the body,
+‘Get that out of my way as quick as possible.’”
+
+Two of the villagers placed the body on the cart.
+
+
+
+
+ONE TO TWENTY-TWO
+
+The Formidable Odds Against Which a Young English Pilot Daringly
+Battled, Only to Fall 14,000 Feet Into the Sea
+
+
+German air-raids on London which were entirely without military
+justification, being a part of the scheme of frightfulness, resulted in
+the death of relatively few persons; but they roused British resentment
+to a pitch that had a tremendous influence upon the fighting spirit of
+the soldiers at the front and the aviators summoned to the defense of
+London.
+
+In one of the later raids, Lieutenant I. E. R. Young, of the Royal
+Flying Corps, lost his life in highly dramatic circumstances that
+proved his heroic quality. The event is best recorded, perhaps, in
+a letter written by Young’s commanding officer to the father of the
+daring aviator. The letter was as follows:
+
+“Your son, as you know, had only been in my squadron for a short time,
+but quite long enough for me to realize what a very efficient and
+gallant officer he was. He had absolutely the heart of a lion and was
+a very good pilot. Your son had been up on every raid of late, and had
+always managed to get in contact with the enemy machines. The last
+raid, which unfortunately resulted in his death, shows what a very
+gallant officer we have lost.
+
+“Almost single-handed he flew straight into the middle of the
+twenty-two machines, and both himself and his observer at once opened
+fire. All the enemy machines opened fire also, so he was horribly
+outnumbered. The volume of fire to which he was subjected was too awful
+for words. To give you a rough idea: There were twenty-two machines,
+each machine had four guns, and each gun was firing about 400 rounds
+per minute. Your son never hesitated in the slightest. He flew straight
+on until, as I should imagine, he must have been riddled with bullets.
+The machine then put its nose right up in the air and fell over, and
+went spinning down into the sea from 14,000 feet.
+
+“I, unfortunately, had to witness the whole ghastly affair. The machine
+sank so quickly that it was, I regret, impossible to save your son’s
+body, he was so badly entangled in the wires, etc. H. M. S. —— rushed
+to the spot as soon as possible, but only arrived in time to pick up
+your son’s observer, who, I regret to state, is also dead. He was
+wounded six times, and had a double fracture in the skull.”
+
+
+
+
+FROM SADDLE TO COCKPIT
+
+It Was a Problem of Mud That Turned Trooper Bishop Into an “Ace” of the
+Royal Flying Corps
+
+
+It was not unnatural that intrepidity in the air should have commanded
+more of public attention and enthusiasm during the war than did the
+courage, daring and amazing fortitude of the men in the trenches. The
+sensation of novelty makes stronger appeal to the curious interest
+of humanity than do deeds and events no less masterful though more
+familiar to experience. So it was that the invaders of the air, who
+fought their duels or delivered their assaults above the clouds, came
+in for the lion’s share of the popular plaudits,—the miracles of the
+flyers having the advantage of the romantic and picturesque over the
+miracles of the men who kept their feet on the earth. That is why there
+are more stories of the one than of the other. But are they not wonder
+stories? The career of any of the “Aces,” American, French, British,
+Italian, German, compels an affirmative answer.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Colonel William A. Bishop, a Canadian “Ace” of the Royal Flying Corps]
+
+Among the many is that of Col. William A. Bishop, a Canadian member of
+the British Royal Flying Corps, his story rather the more interesting
+by reason of his living to tell it himself after the battles of the air
+had ceased. He had a record of forty-nine German planes and balloons
+actually destroyed. In addition to this, he was the victor in eighty
+to a hundred other fights high in air, the enemy engaged being driven
+from the field, either because of wounds or of that discretion said to
+be the better part of valor. In recognition of these achievements he
+received the Victoria Cross, the Distinguished Service Order, twice
+bestowed, and the Military Cross—all in a single fighting season and
+before he was twenty-three years of age. Perhaps the most remarkable
+thing about it all was that the hero of these officially honored
+achievements was little known, until the war ended, to the public at
+large. But that was due to the fact that the British policy was not to
+emphasize the performances of one branch of the service more than those
+of another. It is claimed that there were about forty “aces” of the
+British Royal Flying Corps of whom the world has never heard. Only when
+there was repeated mention of a name in _The Official Gazette_ was the
+public made aware that a flyer had won exceptional title to honors.
+
+Bishop went to England as a cavalry officer in a unit of the Second
+Canadian Division, and expected that his services would be in the
+saddle, not in the cockpit. That was in July, 1915, in a period of
+torrential rains and consequent mud—cheer-despoilers of a cavalry
+camp. It was while wallowing in knee-deep mud that he viewed with envy
+a pilot gliding overhead in a trim little aeroplane, and the sudden
+desire possessed him to follow that airy mind-free branch of the
+service. He talked with a friend in the Royal Flying Corps who approved
+his purpose, and assured him the transfer could be made quite easily.
+He got the transfer and was soon training as an observer, his first
+lessons being flights in a ponderous training “bus” (as the airmen name
+their planes) that was not equal to a speed of more than fifty miles
+an hour. In a few months he got the observer’s badge or insignia, an O
+with a spread wing attached to one side, and within a little while was
+making observations and taking photographs in France over the enemy
+lines.
+
+This useful work, so highly important to the men fighting on the
+ground, was drudgery to him because he was burning to become a fighter.
+Some six months later his longing was gratified; he returned to England
+and set about acquiring the knowledge and skill to fly “on his own.”
+He had the usual experience of the beginner,—elation over his first
+“solo”; uncertainties, anxieties as to how to get back to earth safely;
+a somewhat humiliating landing, etc.; but he suffered no misadventure.
+The first week in March, 1917, he landed in Boulogne with ten or twelve
+other flying men for his second experience on the fighting front.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy Red Cross Magazine._
+
+In Formation
+
+These airplanes have ascended early in the morning for battle
+formation. The range of vision is interesting from this altitude.]
+
+
+KEEPING UP WITH THE FORMATION
+
+The first time he was to go over the lines his orders were to bring
+up the rear of a flight of six machines, and he found keeping up with
+the formation such a busying task that he could be conscious of little
+else. “Every time the formation turned or did anything unexpected,” he
+says, “it took me two or three minutes to get back in my proper place.
+But I got back every time as fast as I could. I felt safe when I was
+with the formation and scared when I was out of it, for I had been
+warned many times that it is a fatal mistake to get detached and become
+a straggler. And I had heard of German ‘head hunters’ too. They are
+German machines that fly very high and avoid combat with anything like
+an equal number, but are quick to pounce down upon a straggler, or an
+Allied machine that has been damaged and is bravely struggling to get
+home. Fine sportsmanship that!
+
+“The way I clung to my companions that day reminded me of the little
+child hanging to its mother’s skirts while crossing a street. I
+remember I also felt as a child does when it is going up a dark pair
+of stairs and is sure something is going to reach out somewhere and
+grab it. I was so intent on the clinging part that I paid very little
+attention to anything else.”
+
+Some distance off was another formation on patrol that became engaged
+with a Hun formation and he saw the young flyer of one of the machines,
+“one of our own,” going down in flames, but his reflections on that
+incident were suddenly interrupted by a “bang” of terrifying violence
+close to his ears. The tail of his machine shot up in the air and he
+fell three or more hundred feet before he could recover control. It was
+a shot from an “Archie” (an anti-aircraft gun), and Colonel Bishop says
+of it: “That shot, strange to relate, was the closest I have ever had
+from anti-aircraft fire.”
+
+
+THE GERMAN “FLYING PIG”
+
+In his highly entertaining book, _Winged Warfare_, Colonel Bishop
+introduces an amusing incident as the finish of this night’s patrol. He
+says:
+
+“We continued to patrol our beat, and I was keeping my place so well
+I began to look about a bit. After one of these gazing spells, I was
+startled to discover that the three leading machines of our formation
+were missing. Apparently they had disappeared into nothingness. I
+looked around hastily, and then discovered them underneath me, diving
+rapidly. I didn’t know just what they were diving at, but I dived,
+too. Long before I got down to them, however, they had been in a short
+engagement half a mile below me, and had succeeded in frightening off
+an enemy artillery machine which had been doing wireless observation
+work. It was a large white German two-seater, and I learned after we
+landed that it was a well-known machine and was commonly called ‘the
+flying pig.’ Our patrol leader had to put up with a lot of teasing that
+night because he had attacked the ‘pig.’ It seems that it worked every
+day on this part of the front, was very old, had a very bad pilot and a
+very poor observer to protect him.
+
+“It was a sort of point of honor in the squadron that the decrepit old
+‘pig’ should not actually be shot down. It was considered fair sport,
+however, to frighten it. Whenever our machines approached, the ‘pig’
+would begin a series of clumsy turns and ludicrous maneuvers, and would
+open a frightened fire from ridiculously long ranges. The observer was
+a very bad shot and never succeeded in hitting any of our machines, so
+attacking this particular German was always regarded more as a joke
+than a serious part of warfare. The idea was only to frighten the
+‘pig,’ but our patrol leader had made such a determined dash at him the
+first day we went over that he never appeared again. For months the
+patrol leader was chided for playing such a nasty trick upon a harmless
+old Hun.”
+
+As Colonel Bishop’s story is that of one thrilling and perilous
+adventure following fast upon another, it is impossible to give his
+career in detail or recount even the chief of his many engagements. The
+fight in which he won the Military Cross is a good illustration of the
+clear judgment and fearlessness which characterized his exploits in
+general.
+
+The Allies had been preparing for the great offensive that began with
+the battle of Arras, and for a week in advance of the date set for the
+initiative (April 9th, 1917) the airmen had been carrying out orders
+to keep the sky free from prying eyes of men in planes and to attack
+and destroy enemy observation balloons. The balloons flew from the
+same places every day because there were batteries of anti-aircraft
+guns stationed below that area. Bishop was assigned to the destruction
+of a particularly annoying balloon that went up daily in contempt of
+scouting planes. The balloon, because of cloudy weather, did not go up
+the first day after the assignment. The character of the fighting may
+be determined from the fact that in two days, April 6 and 7, the Allies
+lost twenty-eight machines as against fifteen German machines accounted
+for. But, says Bishop, “We considered this a small price to pay for the
+amount of work accomplished and the number of machines engaged (every
+class of machine was thrown into the clearing process) coupled with the
+fact that all our work was done within the German lines.”
+
+
+HOW HE WON THE MILITARY CROSS
+
+“My own experiences on the seventh of April brought me my first
+decoration—the Military Cross. The thrills were all condensed into a
+period of two minutes for me. In that time I was fortunate enough to
+shoot down an enemy machine and destroy the ‘sausage’ I had started for
+two days before. This should have been excitement enough, but I added
+to it by coming within fifteen feet of being taken a German prisoner
+and becoming an unwilling guest of the Huns for the ‘duration.’
+
+“I was ordered after my particular balloon and had climbed to about
+5,000 feet before heading for the lines. On my way there I had to pass
+over one of our own observation balloons. I don’t know what it was that
+attracted my attention, but looking down I saw what appeared to be two
+men descending in parachutes. A moment later the balloon below me burst
+into flames. I saw the enemy machine which had set it on fire engaged
+with some of ours, but as I had definite orders to proceed straight to
+the lines and destroy the hostile balloon which had been allotted to
+me, I was unable to join in the fighting.
+
+“Just about this time an amusing incident was in progress at our
+aerodrome. A Colonel of the Corps was telephoning my squadron
+commander, informing him that one of our balloons had just been
+destroyed.
+
+“Well, if it is any consolation, young Bishop, of my squadron, has just
+gone over to get one of theirs,’ replied my commander.
+
+“‘Good God,’ said the Colonel, ‘I hope he has not made a mistake in the
+balloon and set ours on fire.’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Western Newspaper Union._
+
+Colonel Bishop Inspecting a Lewis Aircraft Gun]
+
+“At this moment I was serenely sailing over the enemy trenches
+keeping a sharp lookout for some sign of my own balloon. After flying
+five miles over the lines I discovered it and circled around as a
+preliminary to diving down upon it. But just then I heard the rattle of
+machine guns directly behind me and saw bullet holes appear as if by
+magic in the wings of my machine. I pulled back as if to loop, sending
+the nose of my machine straight up into the air. As I did so the enemy
+scout shot by underneath me. I stood on my tail for a moment or two,
+then let the machine drop back, put her nose down and dived after the
+Hun, opening fire straight behind him at very close range. He continued
+to dive away with increasing speed and later was reported to have
+crashed just under where the combat had taken place. This victory I
+put down entirely to luck. The man flew directly in line with my gun
+and it would have been impossible to have missed him.
+
+“I proceeded now to dive for the balloon, but having had so much
+warning, it had been pulled down to the ground. I would have been
+justified in going home when I saw this, for our orders were not to go
+under 1,000 feet after the sausages. But I was just a bit peevish with
+this particular balloon, and to a certain extent my blood was up. So I
+decided to attack the ungainly monster in its ‘bed.’ I dived straight
+for it and when about 500 feet from the ground, opened fire. Nothing
+happened. So I continued to dive and fire rapid bursts until I was only
+fifty feet above the bag. Still there were no signs of it catching
+fire. I then turned my machine gun on the balloon crew who were working
+frantically on the ground. They scattered and ran all about the field.
+Meantime a ‘flaming onion’ battery was attempting to pelt me with those
+unsavory missiles, so I whirled upon them with a burst of twenty rounds
+or more. One of the onions had flared within a hundred yards of me.”
+
+
+“SUDDENLY MY ENGINE HAD FAILED”
+
+“This was all very exciting, but suddenly, with a feeling of faintness,
+I realized that my engine had failed. I thought that again, as during
+my first fight, the engine had oiled up from the steep diving I had
+done. It seemed but a moment before that I was coming down at a speed
+that must have been nearly 200 miles an hour. But I had lost it all in
+turning my machine upon the people on the ground.
+
+“There was no doubt in my mind this time as to just where I was,
+and there appeared no alternative but to land and give myself up.
+Underneath me was a large open field with a single tree in it. I glided
+down, intending to strike the tree with one wing just at the moment of
+landing, thus damaging the machine so it would be of little use to the
+Huns, without injuring myself.
+
+
+A MIRACULOUS RECOVERY
+
+“I was within fifteen feet of the ground, absolutely sick at heart
+with the uselessness of it all, my thoughts having turned to home and
+the worry they would all feel when I was reported in the list of the
+missing, when without warning one of my nine cylinders gave a kick.
+Then a second one miraculously came to life, and in another moment the
+old engine—the best old engine in all the world—had picked up with a
+roar on all the nine cylinders. Once again the whole world changed for
+me. In less time than it takes to tell it I was tearing away for home
+at a hundred miles an hour. My greatest safety from attack now lay in
+keeping close to the ground, and this I did. The ‘Archies’ cannot fire
+when you are so close to earth, and few pilots would have risked a
+dive at me at the altitude which I maintained. The machine guns on the
+ground rattled rather spitefully several times, but worried me not at
+all. I had had my narrow squeak for this day and nothing could stop me
+now.
+
+“I even had time to glance back over my shoulder, and there, to my
+great joy, I saw a cloud of smoke and flames rising from my erstwhile
+_bête noir_—the sausage. We afterward learned it was completely
+destroyed.
+
+“It was a strange thing to be skimming along just above the ground
+in enemy territory. From time to time I would come on groups of Huns
+who would attempt to fire on me with rifles and pistols, but I would
+dart at them and they would immediately scatter and run for cover. I
+flew so low that when I would come to a clump of trees I would have
+to pull my nose straight up toward the sky and ‘zoom’ over them. Most
+of the Germans were so startled to see me right in their midst, as
+it were, they either forgot to fire or fired so badly as to insure
+my absolute safety. Crossing the three lines of German trenches was
+not so comfortable, but by zigzagging and quick dodging I negotiated
+them safely and climbed away to our aerodrome. There I found that no
+bullets had passed very close to me, although my wingtips were fairly
+perforated.
+
+“That evening I was delighted to get congratulations not only from my
+Colonel, but my Brigadier as well, supplemented later by a wire from
+the General commanding the Flying Corps. This I proudly sent home the
+same evening in a letter.”
+
+
+“LIKE SHOOTING CLAY PIGEONS”
+
+There seems to be a general feeling among airmen that theirs is not a
+business or profession, but a game. Colonel Bishop declares that it did
+not seem to him to be killing a man to bring down a machine; “it was
+more as if I were destroying a mechanical target, with no human being
+in it. Once or twice the idea that a live man had been piloting the
+machine would occur to me, and it would worry me a bit. My sleep would
+be spoiled perhaps for a night. I did not relish the idea of killing
+even Germans, yet, when in a combat in the air, it seemed more like
+any other kind of sport, and to shoot down a machine was very much
+the same as if one were shooting down clay pigeons. One has the great
+satisfaction of feeling that he had hit the target and brought it down;
+that one was victorious again.” The fascination that such a game has
+for the airman is easily understood.
+
+Bishop brought down his fortieth enemy plane six miles within the enemy
+lines, and escaped in spite of a hail of shells from anti-aircraft
+guns for five miles of the return trip, his machine being fairly well
+riddled; and, one day just at that time, his cup of happiness filled
+and overflowed with the award of the Victoria Cross.
+
+
+
+
+DODGING “JACK DEATH”
+
+A German Aviator’s Perils and Escapes On An Observation Tour
+
+
+In the early days of the war, the value of the flying machine as a
+weapon was not by any means appreciated. It was used for observation
+and bomb-dropping purposes almost exclusively. The Germans were the
+first to realize its possibilities as a gunning as well as bombing or
+spying craft. They began carrying rifles and pistols with which to pot
+enemy aviators, and the chivalry of the air, so excellent a feature of
+the initial period, disappeared, for, necessarily the Allied aviators
+were not slow to follow the lead. It was, however, in the early stage,
+September, 1914, that the duel occurred of which the following is an
+account. The narrative was written by the German aviator, the chief
+figure in the adventure.
+
+The story, the truth of which is unquestioned, was published originally
+in the Berlin _Tageblatt_ from which the New York _Evening Post_ made
+the translation. It is of special interest as a report of one of the
+first, if not the first of the armed encounters between belligerent
+planes.
+
+
+OBSERVING THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH
+
+God be thanked! After a veritable Odyssey I am at last joined again
+this noon to my division. To be sure, my wanderings were not much to
+be wondered at, for, during my absence, my troop had advanced about
+sixty-five kilometers in a southwesterly direction. All the more
+joyfully, however, was I greeted on all sides, for I had already been
+given up after an absence of more than four days; and, indeed, I myself
+wondered, as I made my report to my commander, that Jack Death had so
+allowed me to slip through his fingers.
+
+On the morning of the 6th of September, I had ascended from D—— with
+the commission to report the positions of the enemy at S—— and F—— and
+to make charts of the opposing forces which I observed. First Lieut.
+K—— went with me as a guest on the flight, and my brave biplane soon
+bore us at an altitude of about 800 meters above the hostile positions,
+which were repeatedly sketched and photographed from aloft. As we had
+expected, we were soon the objective of a lively bombardment, and
+several times I felt a trembling of the machine, already well known
+to me, a sign that a shot had struck one of the wings. After a three
+hours’ flight we were able to give our report at the office of the
+General Staff of the —— army at M——, and earned for it the warmest
+praise and half of a broiled chicken and an excellent Havana.
+
+As I was making my “Kiste” ready for flight again in the afternoon,
+with the help of several drivers of the General Staff auto—that is to
+say, refilling the benzine tank and carefully patching with linen the
+places where shots had pierced—I counted four of them, one in the body
+and three in the wings—a Bavarian officer of the General Staff informed
+me that he would be glad to observe the retreat of the English along
+the great military road toward M——. I prepared the machine at once, and
+ascended at about four o’clock in the afternoon with Major G——, the
+aforementioned General Staff officer.
+
+Following the road, it was at once obvious that the retreat of the
+English was a disorderly one, absolutely without plan, that it had
+apparently occurred to the troops to reach the fortified positions at
+Paris as soon as possible, and there to make their stand.
+
+At Paris! My flying companion shouted something into my face. Although
+the noise of the motor drowned it out, I believed that I nevertheless
+understood what he meant. I glanced at the benzine indicator. I had
+sufficient fuel. Then I held a direct course to the south, and after a
+period of about half an hour we saw ahead of us in the gray distance,
+far, far below, the gray, immeasurable sea of stone that was the chief
+city of France. At a speed of a hundred kilometers an hour we rushed
+toward it. It became clearer and plainer. The chain of forts, St.
+Denis, Montmartre, stood out; from the haze there raised itself the
+filigree framework of the Eiffel tower. And now—now we hover over the
+mellow panorama of Paris.
+
+
+THE “CONQUEROR” AT PARIS
+
+There lay the white church of Sacré Cœur, there the Gare du Nord, from
+which the French thought to leave for across the Rhine; there Notre
+Dame, there the old “Boul Mich,” the Boulevard St. Michel, in the Latin
+Quarter, where I Bohemianized so long as an art student, and over
+which I now flew as a conqueror. Unprotected beneath me lay the heart
+of the enemy, the proud glittering Babel of the Seine. The thought of
+everything hateful, always attached to the great city, was swallowed
+up; an emotion of possession, of power, alone remained. And doubly
+joyful we felt ourselves. Doubly conquerors! In a great circle I swept
+over the sea of houses. In the streets raised itself a murmuring of the
+people, whom the bold “German bird” astonished, who cannot understand
+how the Germans are turning the French discovery to their own service
+more cleverly and advantageously than the French themselves.
+
+
+THE RETURN FROM PARIS
+
+For nearly an hour we had been flying in swoops and had been shot at
+vainly from here and there below us, when there approached in extremely
+rapid flight from the direction of Juvisy a French monoplane. Since
+it was much faster than my biplane, I must turn and seek to escape,
+while the major made ready my rifle and reached for his revolver.
+The monoplane came steadily closer and closer; I sought to reach an
+altitude of 2,000 meters, in order to reach the protecting clouds, but
+my pursuer, on whom we constantly kept an eye, climbed more rapidly
+than we. And came always closer and closer. And suddenly I saw at a
+distance of only about 500 meters still a second biplane, attempting to
+block my way.
+
+Now it was time to act. In an instant my companion had grasped the
+situation. I darted at the flyer before us; then a turn—the major
+raised the rifle to his cheek. Once, twice, thrice, he fired. Then
+the hostile machine, now beside us, and hardly a hundred meters away,
+quivered and then fell like a stone. Our other pursuer had in the
+meantime reached a position almost over us, and was shooting at us
+with revolvers. One bullet struck in the body close beside the fuel
+controller. Then, however, impenetrable mist enfolded us protectingly;
+and the clouds separated us from the enemy, the sound of whose motor
+grew ever more distant.
+
+When we came out again from the sea of clouds, it was toward seven
+o’clock. In order to get our position, we descended, but suddenly there
+began to burst before us and behind us and beside us roaring shrapnel
+shells. I found myself still always over hostile positions and exposed
+to French artillery. “The devil to pay again!” Ever madder grew the
+fire! I noticed that the machine received blow after blow, but held
+cold-bloodedly to my course; at the time, it did not come into my
+mind at all that these little pointed pieces of steel meant death and
+destruction. Something in mankind remains untouched by knowledge and
+logic!
+
+There—suddenly before me, a yellow-white burst of flame! The machine
+bounds upward; at the same time the major shrinks together, blood runs
+from his shoulder, the wiring of one of the wings is shattered. To be
+sure, the motor still booms and thunders as before, but the propeller
+fails. An exploding grenade had knocked it to pieces, torn one of the
+wings to shreds, and smashed the major’s shoulder. Steeply my machine
+sinks to the ground. By calling up all my power, I succeed in getting
+the machine into a gliding flight, and I throw the biplane down into
+the tops of the forest trees. I crash through the branches and tree
+crowns. I strike heavily, and know no more what goes on around me.
+
+When I wake again from my unconsciousness, I find Major G. lying beside
+me on the ground, in the midst of a group of Landwehr men. German
+outposts had recognized me as a friend, and had forced their way into
+the woods, although only in small numbers, to protect me. Major G.
+had suffered a severe injury to his shoulder, which made it necessary
+to transfer him to the nearest field hospital. I, however, had only
+sustained a bruise on my leg, and after the application of an emergency
+bandage remained with the outpost, later to find my way, by all
+possible—and some impossible—means of transportation, back to my troop.
+
+
+
+
+WARNEFORD’S TRIUMPH
+
+The Brilliant Exploit That Marked the First “Down” of a “Zepp” by
+Airplane
+
+
+The air raids on the coast towns of England were regarded as the most
+brutally wanton of the cowardly “frightfulness” tactics of the Germans
+employed against England. The killing of non-combatants, chiefly women
+and children, and the destruction of private property were the only
+material results of those raids, but the moral indignation of the world
+was aroused. After a period of suspension of this sort of warfare the
+Germans once more, in June, 1915, began raiding the East and Northeast
+Coast, the most serious of any that had happened being the raid of June
+6.
+
+The raiders sailed over a town on the East Coast during the night and
+bombed it at their leisure. One large drapery house was struck and was
+completely wrecked, the entire building—a somewhat old one—collapsing.
+Adjoining these premises, with only a narrow roadway between, there was
+one of the most beautiful Norman churches in England. The church was
+wholly uninjured save a few of the panes in the glass windows. A rumor
+was spread over the country, and was generally believed, that a large
+number of girls and women “lived in” on the draper’s premises, and were
+killed when the house was struck. This rumor was false. The drapery
+firm had ceased to house its attendants on the premises for a couple
+of years before the raid. Some working-class streets were very badly
+damaged, a number of houses destroyed, and many people injured. It was
+one of the peculiarities of this raid that, unlike results from most of
+the others, all the people injured were struck while indoors. The total
+casualties here were twenty-four killed, about sixty seriously injured,
+and a larger number slightly injured.
+
+The outrage was quickly avenged by a young British naval airman, Flight
+Sub-Lieutenant R. A. J. Warneford, in one of the most brilliant aerial
+exploits of the war—the first Zeppelin brought down by an aeroplane.
+
+Mr. Warneford, who was only 22 years of age, was the son of an
+Anglo-Indian railway engineer, and before the war was in the mercantile
+marine. He went home to “do something” for his country, enlisted in
+the 2nd Sportsman’s Battalion, was transferred to the Royal Naval Air
+Service, passed the tests for a pilot’s certificate within a few days,
+and was given a commission. He was noted at the flying school as one of
+the most brilliant pupils the instructors had ever known. A month after
+obtaining his commission he went to France, where his reckless daring
+soon made him conspicuous in a service where venturesomeness is the
+general rule. On the morning of June 7, 1915, at 3 a.m., he encountered
+a Zeppelin returning from the coast of Flanders to Ghent, and chased
+it, mounting above it and sailing over it at a height of 6,000 feet.
+Zeppelin and aeroplane exchanged shots, and when the Zeppelin was
+between one and two hundred feet immediately below him he dropped six
+bombs on it. One bomb hit the Zeppelin fairly, causing a terrific
+explosion, and setting the airship on fire from end to end.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Leslie Weekly._
+
+The Tragic Death of Lieut. Warneford
+
+A few days after he had destroyed a Zeppelin, he fell to his death
+while making a flight near Paris. With him Henry Beach Needham, an
+American writer, was also killed.]
+
+Warneford’s aeroplane was caught by the force of the explosion
+and turned upside down, but he succeeded in righting it before it
+touched the ground. He was forced to alight within the German lines.
+Nevertheless he restarted his engine, though not without great
+difficulty, and in due course returned to his station without damage.
+Only the framework of the Zeppelin was left, the crew being all burned
+or mangled, and the body of the machine being completely destroyed.
+The flaming framework dropped on the Convent School of St. Amandsberg,
+killing one nun and burning two Sisters who had rushed into the street
+with children in their arms. The machine on which Warneford made this
+attack was a Morane “Parasol,” a little monoplane with a pair of
+wings raised well above the pilot’s head. This construction gives the
+aviator full view on either side below, thus enabling him to take good
+aim for bomb dropping. The Morane of that type was also noted as a
+quick-climbing machine, a very decided advantage in attacking Zeppelins.
+
+The story of Warneford’s triumph sent a thrill through England. The
+King promptly sent a personal telegram of congratulation to him, and
+conferred upon him the Victoria Cross. The telegram ran as follows:
+
+ “I most heartily congratulate you upon your splendid achievement of
+ yesterday, in which you single-handed destroyed an enemy Zeppelin.
+
+ “I have much pleasure in conferring upon you the Victoria Cross for
+ this gallant act.
+
+  “GEORGE R.I.”
+
+Next day the French War Minister, on the recommendation of General
+Joffre, awarded Warneford the Cross of the Legion of Honor. It was
+known that he was returning on a visit to England. A splendid public
+welcome was prepared for him. He went first, however, to Paris, and
+there in company with Henry Needham, an American journalist, he set
+out on a new Henry Farman biplane, which he proposed to take by air
+to Dunkirk. Warneford and his passenger had risen to 700 feet when
+the machine wobbled violently for a few seconds, and then overturned,
+throwing them both out. They were both killed instantly. The return to
+England was different from that which had been anticipated. In the late
+evening of June 21, a fortnight after the deed which won him fame, the
+train carrying Warneford’s body came into Victoria Station. Thousands
+of people had assembled there to pay their final tributes to the hero,
+and the little procession of the coffin covered by the Union Jack,
+mounted on a gun-carriage, and guarded by seamen of the Royal Naval
+Division, moved out amid the bared heads of the silent crowd. Warneford
+was buried in Brompton Cemetery.
+
+ The strictly American aviation operations started in the
+ middle of March, 1918, with the patrolling of the front from
+ Villeneuve-les-Vertus by an American pursuit squadron using planes of
+ the French-built Nieuport-28 type. These operations were in the nature
+ of a tryout of the American trained aviators, and their complete
+ success was followed by an immediate increase of the aerial forces at
+ the front, with enlargement of their duties and field of action. By
+ the middle of May, 1918, squadrons of all types—pursuit, observation,
+ and bombing—as well as balloon companies were in operation over a wide
+ front. These squadrons were equipped with the best available types of
+ British and French-built service planes.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _New York Herald._
+
+The Pilot in the Forward Gondola of a Zeppelin
+
+The front gondola of a Zeppelin is screened to protect the pilot and
+assistants. Searchlights and other means of illumination are carried on
+board to be used when necessary.]
+
+
+
+
+ONE MINUTE PLUS
+
+Three Attacking Hun Machines Downed by “Ricky” in About Seventy Ticks
+
+
+No one has succeeded better than Boyd Cable, in the _Red Cross
+Magazine_, in conveying an impression of what “Quick Work” means in the
+war combats between aeroplanes when the fighting machines are in expert
+hands. But after all it is doubtful if one can realize in reading how
+quick the action was, inasmuch as the fight took less time than you
+will require to read one of these columns aloud. As Mr. Cable says:
+
+“It is difficult, if not indeed impossible, to convey in words what
+is perhaps the most breath-catching wonder of air fighting work, the
+furious speed, the whirling rush, the sheer rapidity of movement of
+the fighting machines, and the incredible quickness of a pilot’s
+brain, hand, and eye to handle and maneuver a machine, and aim and
+shoot a gun under these speed conditions. I can only ask you to try to
+remember that a modern fast scout is capable of flying at well over a
+hundred miles an hour on the level, and at double that (one may not
+be too exact) in certain circumstances, and that in such a fight as I
+am going to try to describe here the machines were moving at anything
+between these speeds. If you can bear this in mind, or even realize
+it—I am speaking to the non-flying reader—you will begin to understand
+what airmen-o’-war work is, to believe what a pilot once said of air
+fighting: ‘You don’t get time to think. If you stop to think, you’re
+dead.’
+
+“When the flight of half a dozen scout machines was getting ready to
+start on the usual ‘offensive patrol’ over Hunland, one of the pilots,
+‘Ricky-Ticky’ by popular name, had some slight trouble with his engine.
+It was nothing much, a mere reluctance to start up easily, and since he
+did get her going before the flight was ready to take off, he naturally
+went up with it. He had a little more trouble in the upward climb to
+gain a height sufficient for the patrol when it crossed the line to
+stand the usual respectable chance of successfully dodging the usual
+‘Archie’ shells.
+
+“Ricky, however, managed to nurse her up well enough to keep his place
+in the formation, and was still in place when they started across the
+lines. Before they were far over Hunland he knew that his engine was
+missing again occasionally, and was not pulling as she ought to, and
+from a glance at his indicators and a figuring of speed, height, and
+engine revolutions was fairly certain that he was going almost full out
+to keep up with the other machines, which were flying easily and well
+within their speed.”
+
+
+FOLLOWING THE CHANCE
+
+“This was where he would perhaps have been wise to have thrown up and
+returned to his ’drome. He hung on in the hope that the engine would
+pick up again—as engines have an unaccountable way of doing—and even
+when he found himself dropping back out of place in the formation he
+still stuck to it and followed on. He knew the risk of this; knew that
+the straggler, the lame duck, the unsupported machine is just exactly
+what the Hun flyer is always on the lookout for; knew, too, that his
+Flight-Commander before they had started had warned him (seeing the
+trouble he was having to start up) that if he had any bother in the
+air or could not keep place in the formation to pull out and return.
+Altogether, then, the trouble that swooped down on him was his own
+fault, and you can blame him for it if you like. But if you do you’ll
+have to blame a good many other pilots who carry on, and in spite of
+the risk, do their best to put through the job they are on. He finally
+decided—he looked at the clock fixed in front of him to set a time and
+found it showed just over one minute to twelve—in one minute, at noon
+exactly, if his engine had not steadied down to work, he would turn
+back for home.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy Red Cross Magazine._
+
+Airplanes in Battle Formation
+
+When the first light of day appeared enemy and allied airplanes both
+ascended and fought for the supremacy of the air.]
+
+“At that precise moment—and this was the first warning he had that
+there were Huns about—he heard a ferocious rattle of machine gun fire,
+and got a glimpse of streaking flame and smoke from the tracer bullets
+whipping past him. The Huns, three of them and all fast fighting
+scouts, had seen him coming, had probably watched him drop back out of
+place in the flight, had kept carefully between him and the sun so that
+his glances round and back had failed to spot them in the glare, and
+had then dived headlong on him, firing as they came.
+
+“They were coming down on him from astern and on his right side, or,
+as the Navals would put it, on his starboard quarter, and they were
+perhaps a hundred to a hundred and fifty yards off when Ricky first
+looked round and saw them. His first and most natural impulse was to
+get clear of the bullets that were spitting round and over him, and in
+two swift motions he had opened his engine full out, thrust his nose
+a little down, and was off full pelt. Promptly the three astern swung
+a little, opened out as they wheeled, dropped their noses, and came
+after Ricky, still a little above him, and so fairly astern that only
+the center one could keep a sustained accurate fire on him. (A scout’s
+gun being fixed and shooting between the blades of the propeller—gun
+and engine being synchronized so as to allow the bullet to pass out as
+the blade is clear of the muzzle—means that the machine itself must be
+aimed at the target for the bullets to hit, and two outer machines of
+the three could only so aim their machines by pointing their noses to
+converge on the center one—a risky maneuver with machines traveling at
+somewhere about a hundred miles an hour.)
+
+“But the fire of that center one was too horribly close for endurance,
+and Ricky knew that although his being end-on made him the smaller
+target, it also made his machine the more vulnerable to a raking shot
+which, piercing him fore and aft, could not well fail to hit petrol
+tank, or engine, or some other vital spot. He could do nothing in the
+way of shooting back, because, being a single-seater scout himself,
+his two guns were trained one to shoot straight forward through the
+propeller, the other, mounted on the top plane on a curved mount
+allowing the gun to be grasped by the handle above him and pulled back
+and down, to shoot from direct ahead to straight up? Neither could
+shoot backward.
+
+“Ricky, the first shock of his surprise over, had gauged the situation,
+and, it must be admitted, it was
+
+
+“DANGEROUS IF NOT DESPERATE
+
+“He had dropped back and back from the flight, until now they were
+something like a mile ahead of him. A mile, it is true, does not take
+a modern machine long to cover, but then, on the other hand, neither
+does an air battle take long to fight, especially with odds of three to
+one. With those bullets sheeting past him and already beginning to rip
+and crack through his wings, any second might see the end of Ricky. It
+was no use thinking longer of running away, and even a straight-down
+nose-dive offered no chance of escape, both because the Huns could
+nose-dive after him and continue to keep him under fire, and because he
+was well over Hunland, and the nearer he went to the ground the better
+target he would make for the anti-aircraft gunners below. He must act,
+and act quickly.
+
+“A thousand feet down and a quarter of a mile away was a little patch
+of cloud. Ricky swerved, dipped, and drove ‘all out’ for it. He was
+into it—400 yards remember—in about the time it takes you to draw three
+level quiet breaths, and had flashed through it—five or six hundred
+feet across it might have been—in a couple of quick heart-beats. The
+Huns followed close, and in that half-dozen seconds Ricky had something
+between fifty and a hundred bullets whizzing and ripping past and
+through his wings. As he leaped clear of the streaming wisps of the
+cloud’s edge he threw one look behind him and pulled the joy-stick hard
+in to his stomach. Instantly his machine reared and swooped up in the
+loop he had decided on, up and over and round. At the first upward zoom
+Ricky had pulled down the handle of his top gun and brought it into
+instant action. The result was that as he shot up and over in a perfect
+loop the center machine, which had been astern of him, flashed under
+and straight through the stream of his bullets.
+
+“Ricky whirled down in the curve of his loop with his gun still
+shooting, but now that he had finished his loop and flattened out,
+shooting up into the empty air while his enemy hurtled straight on and
+slightly downward ahead of him. Instantly Ricky threw his top gun out
+of action, and having now reversed positions, and having his enemy
+ahead, steadied his machine to bring his bow gun sights to bear on
+her. But before he could fire he saw the hostile’s left upper plane
+twist upward, saw the machine spin side on, the top plane rip and flare
+fiercely back and upward, the lower plane buckle and break, and the
+machine turning over and over plunge down and out of his sight. One of
+his bullets evidently had cut some bracing wires or stays, and the wing
+had given to the strain upon it. So much Ricky just had time to think,
+but immediately found himself in a fresh danger.
+
+
+CLEVER WORK
+
+“The two remaining hostiles had flashed past him at the same time
+as the center one, while he threw his loop over it, but realizing
+apparently on the instant what his maneuver was, they both swung out
+and round while he passed in his loop over the center machine. It was
+smart work on the part of the two flanking hostiles. They must have
+instantly divined Ricky’s dodge to get astern of them all, and their
+immediate circle out and round counteracted it, and as he came out of
+his loop brought them circling in again on him. In an instant Ricky was
+suddenly roused to the fresh danger by two following short bursts of
+fire which flashed and flamed athwart him, and caught a glimpse of the
+other two closing in and again astern of him and ‘sitting on his tail.’
+
+“Both were firing as they came, and again Ricky felt the sharp rip
+and crack of explosive bullets striking somewhere on his machine, and
+an instant later knew that the two were following him and hailing
+lead upon him. He cursed savagely. He had downed one enemy, but here
+apparently he was little if any better off with two intact enemies in
+the worst possible position for him, ‘on his tail,’ and both shooting
+their hardest. A quick glance ahead showed him the white glint of
+light on the wheeling wings of his flight, attracted by the rattle of
+machine guns, circling and racing to join the fight.
+
+“But fast as they came, the fight was likely to be over before they
+could arrive, and with the crack and snap of bullets about him and his
+own two guns powerless to bear on the enemy, it looked uncomfortably
+like odds on the fight ending against him. Another loop they would
+expect and follow over—and the bullets were crippling him every
+instant. Savagely he threw his controls over, and his machine slashed
+out and down to the right in a slicing two-hundred-foot side-slip.
+
+“The right-hand machine whirled past him so close that he saw every
+detail of the pilot’s dress—the fur-fringed helmet, dark goggles,
+black sweater. He caught his machine out of her downward slide, drove
+her ahead, steadied her, and brought his sights to bear on the enemy
+a scant twenty yards ahead, and poured a long burst of fire into her.
+He saw the bullets break and play on and about the pilot and fuselage.
+Then came a leaping flame, and a spurt of black smoke whirling out
+from her; Ricky had a momentary glimpse of the pilot’s agonized
+expression as he glanced wildly around, and next instant saw a trailing
+black plume of smoke and the gleam of a white underbody as the enemy
+nose-dived down in a last desperate attempt to make a landing before
+his machine dissolved in flames about him.
+
+“With a sudden burst of exultation Ricky realized his changed position.
+A minute before he was in the last and utmost desperate straits, three
+fast and well-armed adversaries against his single hand. Now, with two
+down, it was man to man—no, if he wished, it was all over, because the
+third hostile had swung left, had her nose down, and was ‘hare-ing’
+for home and down toward the covering fire of the German anti-aircraft
+batteries. Already she was two to three hundred yards away, and the
+first German Archie soared up and burst with a rending ‘Ar-rrgh’ well
+astern of him. But Ricky’s blood was up and singing songs of triumph in
+his ears. Two out of three downed; better make a clean job of it and
+bag the lot.”
+
+
+MAKING A CLEAN JOB
+
+“His nose dipped and his tail flicked up, and he went roaring down,
+full out, after his last Hun. A rapid crackle of one machine gun
+after another struck his ear before ever he had the last hostile fully
+centered in his sights. Ricky knew that at last the flight had arrived
+and were joining in the fight. But he paid no heed to them; his enemy
+was in the ring of his sights now, so with his machine hurling down at
+the limit of speed of a falling body plus all the pull of a hundred and
+odd horsepower, the whole fabric quivering and vibrating under him, the
+wind roaring past and in his ears, Ricky snuggled closer in his seat,
+waited till his target was fully and exactly centered in his sights,
+and poured in a long, clattering burst of fire.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Major James A. Meissner
+
+He was decorated for bravery in action in the Toul sector. He attacked
+many enemy observation balloons. He was shot down in his plane several
+times.]
+
+“The hostile’s slanting nose-dive swerved into a spin, an uncontrolled
+side-to-side plunge, back again into a spinning dive that ended in a
+straight-downward rush and a crash end on into the ground.
+
+“Whether it was Ricky or some other machine of the flight that got
+this last hostile will never be known. Ricky himself officially
+reported having crashed two, but declined to claim the third as his.
+On the other hand, the rest of the flight, after and always, with
+enthusiastic unanimity, insisted that she was Ricky’s very own, that
+he had outplayed, outfought, and killed three Huns in single combat
+with them—one down and t’other come on. If Ricky himself could not
+fairly and honestly claim all rights to the last Hun, the flight did.
+‘_Three!_’ they said vociferously in mess that night, and would brook
+no modest doubts from him.
+
+“As the last Hun went reeling down, Ricky, in the official language
+of the combat reports, ‘rejoined formation and continued the patrol.’
+He pulled the stick toward him and rose buoyantly, knowing that he
+was holed over and over again, that bullets, and explosive bullets at
+that, had ripped and rent and torn the fabrics of his machine, possibly
+had cut away some strut or stay or part of the frame. But his engine
+appeared to be all right again, had never misbehaved a moment during
+the fight, was running now full power and blast; his planes swept
+smooth and steady along the wind levels, his controls answered exactly
+to his tender questioning touch. He had fought against odds of three to
+one and—he had won out. He was safe, barring accident, to land back in
+his own ’drome; and there were two if not three Huns down on his brazen
+own within the last—how long?
+
+“At the moment of his upward zoom on the conclusion of the fight he
+glanced at his clock which had not been hit by the enemy fire, could
+hardly believe what it told him, was only convinced when he recalled
+that promise to himself to turn back at the end of that minute, and had
+his belief confirmed by the flight’s count of the time between their
+first hearing shots and their covering the distance to join him. His
+clock marked exactly noon. The whole fight, from the firing of the
+first shot to the falling away of the last Hun, had taken bare seconds
+over the one minute. That pilot was right; in air fighting ‘you don’t
+get time to think.’”
+
+
+
+
+“THE PICTURES ARE GOOD”
+
+That’s All That Observation Pilot Miller Cared About When the End Came
+
+
+Among the men killed at Château-Thierry was John Q. Miller, of
+Fairview, N. C., first lieutenant of the air service, shot down July
+24, 1918. He was one of the airmen of whom the public had probably
+not heard, for his courage and daring were not as spectacular as the
+bravery of Luke, Rickenbacker or Lufbery. At the time of his death he
+was the greatest observation pilot on the front, according to the story
+of Major Elmer R. Haslett in an issue of _United States Air Service_,
+the official publication of the Army and Navy Air Service Association.
+
+[Illustration: At the Tomb of Napoleon
+
+In this historic spot a hero of the World War is being decorated for
+bravery.]
+
+The unsung, silent heroes of the air are the observation pilots, who
+at the risk of life go forward into impossible places to get pictures
+of enemy positions and come back with their machines riddled with
+shrapnel from “archie” fire. At the outset Miller, says Major Haslett,
+attracted attention for the serious way in which he took his work. He
+took assignment after assignment when he might have stayed back in the
+barracks, and never failed to complete his mission. Momentarily driven
+off by hostile aircraft or by too heavy “archie,” he would return to
+the job and come back with his pictures or observations, and his plane
+so full of holes that it had to be salvaged.
+
+
+IN SPITE OF WOUNDS
+
+Six Germans finally brought Miller and his observer down on his last
+trip over the lines, but not until the photographs had been made. Badly
+wounded, Miller pulled his plane out of a spin and landed his observer
+with the pictures. Major Haslett says:
+
+“He gave the plane the gun, and they took off on Johnny’s last ride.
+The plane accompanying was piloted by Lieut. Baker and an observer by
+the name of Lieut. Jack Lumsden, both of whom were the very finest
+of our personnel. On this mission Thompson, I believe, was taking
+photographs—oblique views—which must be taken very low, in fact,
+dangerously low, in order that the advancing troops may see from the
+photographs exactly what is in front of them. It was a very poor day,
+and the clouds were low.
+
+“As they were just finishing this perilous work, a drove of eleven Huns
+swooped out of the clouds and made for them. Five attacked Lumsden and
+Baker, and six attacked Thompson and Miller. Our boys were about two or
+three kilometers within the enemy’s lines, and, with such a superiority
+of numbers, of course, were immediately outclassed.
+
+“The Hun planes surrounded Thompson and Miller, pouring in lead from
+all sides. Thompson, who had shot down a Boche before and had been
+in a number of scraps, was giving them the fight of his life. Miller
+was heading toward No Man’s Land. It is hard in such a fight to know
+exactly one’s location, and it is better to pick out one’s general
+direction when at such a low altitude, and be sure the plane is on the
+friendly side of the line before hitting the ground.
+
+“While still about a kilometer within German territory, a bullet struck
+Miller in the chest and another in the arm. Thompson told me that
+Miller put his hand over the fuselage as if semi-conscious, then the
+plane started to go from right to left, climb and dive as if partly
+under control.
+
+“As Thompson described it, it seemed as if Miller were doing his
+best to keep up his strength to go on with the flight. They crossed
+the lines, and as they did so Miller motioned to him in one of his
+conscious moments as if to point to home. He then put the plane into a
+dive.
+
+“One of the German planes had dropped out of the combat, but the
+others were determined upon putting the plane down in flames or out
+of control. In these last few seconds they closed in with every gun
+concentrated on Miller. This fighting was so close that Thompson was
+aiming point blank. Miller was shot again; he made some sort of a
+motion as if falling forward.
+
+
+MILLER’S RALLYING FEAT
+
+“In a moment Thompson scored a direct burst into one of the planes; it
+made a sudden climb, then went into a tail spin from which it never
+recovered. Thompson swung his tourrelle round to get the one coming up
+on his tail. While himself falling, by sheer good fortune Thompson,
+fighting to the end, turned loose all he had, and the plane underneath
+his tail ceased firing, dived and fell within a hundred yards of the
+other he had just got.
+
+“The three remaining Huns followed Miller down. One of them got
+Thompson in the arm and leg with an explosive bullet. The plane was
+out of control. By some miracle, Thompson says, as they were about to
+strike earth, Miller came out of his forward position, pulled the stick
+back, and the plane landed without a crash.
+
+“Thompson had enough strength to jump out of the cockpit and run around
+to Miller, who, with a strength that was superhuman, was climbing out
+of the cockpit, bleeding profusely, his face ghostly white.
+
+“He reached his arms up, man-like, and let them rest limply on
+Thompson’s shoulders. With closed eyes, and with a voice barely
+audible, he mumbled: ‘Thompson, God bless you! They got me, but I got
+you home, boy—and we brought the pictures back. Get a motorcycle,
+Tommy, and take them to headquarters. You write a report—I can’t,
+Tommy; you see I can’t, Tommy. And be sure to put in it that the
+pictures are good—that the mission was successful.’
+
+“These were his last words, and he fell over unconscious. His wounds
+were of a hopeless nature, and he died without regaining consciousness
+a few minutes later in a sort of improvised dressing station in the
+front lines.
+
+“Well, those are incidents in the life of the observation game.
+
+“The official records credit Johnny Miller with the destruction of
+two enemy planes, and the French Government has bestowed upon him
+posthumously the Croix de Guerre with Palm, but those of us who had
+the pleasure of serving with him and who have lived to tell the tale
+credit Johnny Miller with having been just a plain, ordinary, brave
+fellow, who gave his life with all willingness to insure the successful
+completion of the mission to which his country assigned him.”
+
+
+
+
+SUBDUING THE TURK
+
+When Captain Butt, the British Ace, Found Bakshish a Cure of Captivity
+
+
+When the war broke out, Alan Bott was one of the younger set of
+newspaper men in London. Soon after England cast in her lot with
+France, Bott was training with the airmen. Right speedily he became
+a fighting flyer and anon an Ace, with seven German planes to his
+credit. He won the Victoria Cross, and the rank of Captain. Readers may
+remember having heard him lecture when he made a tour of this country
+early in 1919, and gave very impressive pictures of adventures in the
+air. Not many aviators had the varied experiences that fell to the
+fortune of Captain Bott, for though he was for a time with his fellows
+of the Royal British Air Force operating in France, he was transferred
+to the East later and many of his thrilling adventures were in the Holy
+Land. He gave an account of one of these soon after his arrival in this
+country. He said:
+
+“It all began when I fell out of the clouds from a height of six
+thousand feet and bumped my nose after a fight with a Boche plane. It
+wasn’t exactly a fight with one plane, either. I was chasing a Boche
+who had a machine nearly as fast as mine, and by the time I caught up
+with him we were forty miles behind the enemy lines and above some
+rough, rocky, partly wooded hills.
+
+“I was just beginning to pepper the Boche when two enemy scout planes
+I had not seen literally dropped from the clouds right above and shot
+me up, especially the petrol tank. I whirled and crashed down, and the
+next thing I knew it was moonlight and my leg was paining like the
+deuce, held down by part of my engine. It was a very lonely, desert
+spot, and I figured that hill would be my last resting-place. I figured
+they would name it after me.
+
+“Whether fortunately or not a bunch of Arabs came along, sort of
+bandits, I suppose, and found me. As far as I could make out, after
+they lifted the engine off me they were tossing up whether they should
+kill me or turn me over to the Turks and get some bakshish, which is a
+popular pastime in that part of the country. They used to say that with
+£1,000 you could bribe the Grand Vizier himself.
+
+“While they were drawing lots to see whether I would live or die, a
+party of Turkish soldiers came along and chased the Arabs off, but
+detained me. In fact, they were decent enough to take me to an Austrian
+hospital at Afion-Kara-Hisson, about seventy miles from our base at
+Jaffa. It was three weeks before I could get around much, and then I
+foolishly tried to escape. My leg was so bad that the attempt was a
+foozle, as the guards caught me up before I had gone very far.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Pearl J. Wines
+
+_90th Division, 358th Infantry, Company “E”_
+
+While fighting in the St. Mihiel sector on September 12, 1918, Wines
+was wounded in his side by a party of Germans. Becoming infuriated he
+engaged the entire party: killed three of them, and captured the other
+two without aid of any kind.]
+
+
+IN JAIL AT NAZARETH
+
+“Finally, I was taken to Nazareth and put in a criminal jail with
+murderers and brigands, all filthy brutes. At first I was put in an
+underground dungeon, with one other man, an Arab, whose great penchant
+was chasing cooties. There were other English prisoners there, and we
+were all treated pretty badly. Our food consisted of a bowl of soup and
+a loaf of bread each day. It was some bread!
+
+“Several of us planned to escape and tried several stunts, none of
+which appealed to the Turks, until I selfishly hit on the scheme of
+becoming temporarily insane. I was very crazy, for a few days, and then
+the highly ornate boss of the jail shook his head seriously and said he
+would have to send me to Constantinople.
+
+“We finally began to rumble across the desert in a very slow train,
+and I decided to drop off at the first convenient way-station and cut
+across lots for Jaffa. We were quite near Constantinople before an
+opportunity came, and then, at the psychological moment, there was a
+very opportune train wreck, and I walked away and hid in among some
+rocks.
+
+“When night came I met a Turkish officer dressed in a German uniform,
+and then worked the popular game of bakshish, which is really the
+national game of Turkey.
+
+“I gave the officer a couple of Turkish pounds and he peeled the
+uniform. He put on mine and I have no doubt he was duly captured by the
+guards. I went to Constantinople and was saluted very regularly by
+Turkish and German soldiers. It took a lot of dodging to keep clear of
+the Germans in Constantinople, but I managed to get along, having a lot
+of fun sometimes in the cafés, listening to the gossip and plotting.
+
+
+A STOWAWAY ON A “HELL SHIP”
+
+“It appeared at that time that Turkey had been ready for quite a while
+to sign a separate peace, but the Allies couldn’t get the idea. My
+greatest desire was to get out of Constantinople, and I finally stowed
+away on a little rusty cargo-steamer bound for Odessa. We were rolling
+around the Black Sea one day when the crew were seized with Bolshevism
+and went on strike.
+
+“It was great on that ship with the engines dead. We rolled and rolled
+for days on end. I had bought a Russian sailor’s uniform by that time
+and so could go about without fear of capture. The main thing was
+to get a crust of bread and cup of water. It was a hell ship and no
+mistake, with the sun beating down all day and the officers and crew in
+continual fights.
+
+“Finally they patched up a truce and we made Odessa, the trip taking
+almost three weeks. It was bad in Odessa and when we heard that
+Bulgaria had made a separate peace I decided to make a try for the
+Bulgarian coast. I stowed away aboard another cargo steamship and
+finally reached Bulgaria and my British countrymen.”
+
+
+
+
+A DARING PURSUIT
+
+In An Ordinary Plane Aviator Bone Chased a German Sea-Plane Over Sea
+
+
+On Sunday, March 19, 1916, four German sea-planes sailed over East
+Kent, England, in a bombing raid upon defenseless towns—Deal, Margate,
+Ramsgate—and arrived over Dover about 2 o’clock in the afternoon and
+dropped more than a dozen bombs, doing a considerable amount of damage.
+One bomb went through the roof of a Home where there were a large
+number of children; fortunately, the children, at the first sound of
+the raiders, had been taken to the shelter of the basement. Several
+children going to Sunday school were killed or injured. A woman walking
+along the street was blown into a doorway of a shop and badly hurt.
+The invaders were given very little time to do their work. British
+aeroplanes rose in pursuit. A sharp fight followed, both attackers
+and defenders using their machine guns freely in the air. One British
+airman particularly distinguished himself. Flight Commander R. J. Bone,
+R. N., pursued one of the German sea-planes out to sea for nearly
+30 miles, in a small single-seater land machine. There, after an
+engagement lasting about a quarter of an hour, he forced it to descend,
+the German machine having been hit many times, and the observer
+disabled or killed. For this, Flight Commander Bone received the D. S.
+O.
+
+The commander left the aerodrome while the enemy machine was still in
+sight, and making no attempt to climb steeply, kept the enemy in view.
+After a pursuit of nearly 30 miles he rose to 9,000 feet, 2,000 feet
+above the enemy. Rapidly overhauling the other machine, he attempted
+to make a vertical dive for it, both sides firing vigorously. Then he
+maneuvered ahead of the other and steered straight at him, diving below
+him and turning with a vertical right-hand bank immediately under him.
+
+
+BROUGHT HIM DOWN
+
+The German pilot swerved his machine to the left before they met, and
+the Englishman as he passed could see the German observer hanging over
+the right side of the fuselage, apparently dead or severely wounded.
+The gun was cocked at an angle of 45 degrees. Continuing his courageous
+maneuvers, Flight-Commander Bone brought his machine within 15 or 20
+feet of the enemy, and poured in five or six bursts of six rounds
+until the enemy dived deeply, with smoke pouring from his machine. The
+propeller stopped, but the pilot kept control and succeeded in landing
+safely on the water. Here the English airman had to leave him, as he
+could not come down on a land machine, and his engine showed signs of
+giving out.
+
+One machine apparently escaped from the fight at Dover and rapidly
+made its way to Deal, where it dropped seven bombs, doing considerable
+damage to property, but not killing or injuring any persons. A second
+pair of sea-planes appeared over Ramsgate at 2.10 p.m. and dropped
+bombs on the town. Four children on their way to Sunday school were
+killed, and a man driving a motor-car near by was also killed. A
+hospital for Canadian troops was damaged, but no one in the building
+was hurt, and the nurses went out in the streets to assist in the work
+of tending the injured. One of the sea-planes traveled on from Ramsgate
+to Margate, where it dropped a bomb, damaging a house. The German
+aircraft were now all pursued by British machines and driven out to
+sea.
+
+
+
+
+THE ROOSEVELT BOYS
+
+Four Sons of a Famous Fighter Gather Their Own Laurels of War
+
+
+The Roosevelts are not the only family to have given four sons to the
+cause of their country, and those other sons have fought as bravely as
+Archibald and Theodore and Kermit, and died as daringly as Quentin. It
+isn’t, then, because the sacrifices of the Roosevelts are unique that
+they have become so dear to the hearts of Americans. The Roosevelts
+would be the first to decry any attempt to single out their deeds as
+any nobler than the deeds of their millions of comrades in arms. It
+seems only fair, however, to the traditions of our democracy that
+having recounted so many exploits by heroes who before the war were not
+known outside their little towns, we should include a few of the many,
+many names which proved that connection with more noted families did
+not make them any slower to welcome the dangers which war brought alike
+to rich and poor.
+
+
+ARCHIE GOES TO FRANCE
+
+Back in June, 1917, Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., went across with Archie.
+Theodore was a Major then; Archie a Captain. Both were assigned to
+General Pershing’s staff. In August it was reported that the two,
+anxious for real action, had been transferred to the 26th Infantry. So
+anxious was Archie to get into line duty that he accepted a reduction
+to Second Lieutenancy in order to get into the trenches.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Pirie MacDonald._
+
+Theodore Roosevelt
+
+The late Ex-President of the United States, and great American Patriot.]
+
+All this had happened quickly. It was only in April that Archie had
+been engaged to Grace Lockwood. Some five days after that he had passed
+his examination for the Officers’ Reserve Corps. By April 15 he had
+married. June 20 he left Plattsburg with confidential orders. June 25
+his father announced that Archie and Theodore had left for France.
+
+Archie did not stay long as a Second Lieutenant. By Christmas,
+following distinguished service in leading patrols in No Man’s Land,
+General Pershing recommended that Archie be promoted. In February
+Archie was made a Captain. One month later Captain Archie was wounded
+in the arm and leg by shrapnel. He received the French War Cross
+while lying on the operating table. “He lay wounded for fourteen hours
+unattended,” writes an American surgeon in a letter home. In May Archie
+was reported able to walk again.
+
+His wounds did not make Archie callous to the suffering of others. In
+July (1918) we read that “Archie’s request for aid for Sergeant F. A.
+Ross whose hand was amputated will be heeded by Colonel Roosevelt.”
+
+A shrapnel wound of its nature usually results in more serious
+complications than an ordinary bullet wound. On July 13 the Captain had
+to undergo another operation for partial paralysis of the left arm. His
+spirit never wavered. When wounded he had directed that the wounded men
+in his command be attended first. Archie was hurt worse than he knew.
+It would take eight months, at least, for him to recover. In September
+he was brought back to the United States for special treatment.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Theodore Roosevelt and Family at the Time He Was Governor of the State
+of New York]
+
+
+THEODORE, THE IDOL OF HIS MEN
+
+In the meantime Theodore was making himself feared, loved and famous.
+He was a Major, we said. He had been a Major once before, but under
+what different conditions—a Major in the Connecticut National Guards.
+He got into action from the very start. You could find him at the head
+of the most dangerous charges. In June (1918) he was cited for bravery
+after he had been gassed in the fight at Cantigny.
+
+Theodore, too, retained his tenderness despite war’s horrors. In July
+we read of his paying homage to Lieut. G. Gustofson, Jr. In September
+he writes to the widow of Lieut. Newbold telling her that he would be
+proud to have his two little sons grow up to live and die like the
+Lieutenant. Theodore’s men made an idol of him. That, however, did not
+save him a second wound—this time (July 24) it was in the left knee. He
+received it while leading a battalion in a charge at Ploisy. It was the
+same fearlessness which a month before had called forth the official
+citation.
+
+“On the day of our attack on Cantigny, although gassed in the lungs and
+gassed in the eyes to blindness, Major Roosevelt refused to be removed
+and retained the command of his battalion under a heavy bombardment
+throughout the engagement.”
+
+After his second operation Major Roosevelt was promoted once more,
+and it was as Lieutenant-Colonel that in November he occupied the
+headquarters of von Hindenburg’s son at Luxemburg.
+
+
+KERMIT IN MESOPOTAMIA AND FRANCE
+
+The Major’s younger brother Kermit had, like the rest, come in from the
+very start, but fortune kept at least this one member of the family
+a little safer. He had left Plattsburg to accept a position in the
+British Army as early as July, 1917. In September he was made Temporary
+Honorary Captain. After being rewarded with the Distinguished Service
+Order for bravery with the British in Mesopotamia, Kermit, through the
+aid of Lord Derby, obtained a transfer to the American Army. In April
+he was appointed Captain. By June he had received the British Military
+Cross.
+
+
+QUENTIN
+
+[Illustration: _© Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Junior.
+
+ He was gassed in the fight at Cantigny, and wounded when making a
+ charge at Ploisy.]
+
+Kermit, Archibald, Theodore—all have done their duty, but, of course,
+death has made the youngest of the Roosevelts dearest to American
+hearts. Perhaps, indeed, the death of no other man at the front
+has so touched the people as that of young Lieutenant Quentin. He
+stands almost like the symbol of young America giving itself up for
+freedom. “In the sorrow of his parents,” writes the _Outlook_, “his
+fellow-countrymen have felt the sorrow of all who have lost sons in
+this struggle. In the pride his parents have simply expressed his
+fellow-countrymen have been able to understand in part the pride of
+all those who have learned that for his purpose of making mankind
+free God has had need of their dearest. In honoring Quentin Roosevelt
+Americans honor all those young men who have rendered to their country
+their full measure of devotion.”
+
+Part of the special glory of the Roosevelts comes from the fact that
+they were watched so closely. Quentin, especially, was known to the
+nation from his very childhood. The nation knew him, and it watched
+him. Quentin died fighting against odds—a symbol of young American
+manhood.
+
+When we think of what Colonel Roosevelt and his sons stood for in this
+war there is something soul-stirring in the fact that the father and
+his youngest boy have both so suddenly passed away, and in the light of
+all this there is a pathetic significance in the answer which Colonel
+Roosevelt gave to the man who at a public meeting asked the Colonel why
+he himself had not gone across:
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Quentin Roosevelt’s Entrance Card Into the Ecole de Tir Aerien]
+
+“I asked not only to go over there, but I came with one hundred
+thousand more men in my hands to help. And I will tell you, you man
+over there, that I have sent my four sons. I have sent over my four
+boys, for each of whose lives I care a thousand times more than I care
+for my own.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Dr. Richard Derby,
+
+Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, Army of the United States.]
+
+Of these four sons Kermit received his cross for bravery. Archibald
+and Theodore rose steadily from rank to rank—wounds and honor marking
+their path. And Quentin gave his life. There is something more than
+fortitude in the words of the proud, strong, old man bearing up against
+the saddest of tidings:
+
+“Quentin’s mother and I are very glad he got to the front and had the
+chance to render some service to his country, and to show the stuff
+there was in him before his fate befell him.”
+
+Quentin Roosevelt was not yet twenty-one. He was born in Washington,
+November 19, 1897, while his father was Assistant Secretary of the
+Navy. After 1901 Quentin, starting out as the “White House baby,” kept
+Washington interested and amused for seven years.
+
+Sturdy, impetuous, frank, and democratic, he was friends with
+everybody. He rode locomotives between Washington and Philadelphia with
+his chums, the engineers and firemen of the Baltimore & Ohio and the
+Pennsylvania.
+
+Meantime, he was captain also of a crew of warrior Indians recruited
+from members of his classes in a public school.
+
+One day, during an illness of his brother Archie, Quentin decided that
+a sight of a pet pony might prove better than the White House doctor’s
+prescriptions.
+
+Without waiting for permission he went out to the stables, introduced
+the Shetland into one of the private elevators, and had the little
+horse on the way into his sick brother’s room before he was stopped.
+
+As recorded by the New York _Times_: “Quentin’s life while in
+Washington—he was running around here in kilts and afterward in short
+trousers when his father was President—was just the adventurous
+childhood of the boy who later slammed his motor cycle into a tree
+at Oyster Bay when he was trying to establish a new speed record
+and smiled when a home-assembled automobile took a corner under his
+guidance on one wheel. He was not afraid for himself and worried only
+about the expense of rebuilding the motor cycle.”
+
+Quentin was sent to Harvard. He took a prominent part in athletics. He
+inherited his father’s pluck and determination. Like his father, too,
+Quentin suffered from a defect of vision. That is why when the first
+officers training-camp was organized and Archie was admitted and won a
+commission, Quentin, on account of his eyes, was rejected.
+
+He thereupon applied for enlistment in the Canadian Flying Corps. That
+was in April, 1917. When the United States decided to send troops
+to Europe he was transferred to the United States Signal Corps as a
+private.
+
+He underwent a brief period of training at Mineola. He reached France a
+few weeks after Archie, who, we remember, was then a Captain. Theodore,
+Jr., was already commanding one of the first American battalions to go
+under fire. Kermit also had by that time sailed for the war zone.
+
+
+HE MAKES A DOWN
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Captain Kermit Roosevelt]
+
+Quentin became known to his fellow flyers as “Q.” Before the fatal
+day he had been fighting in the air five weeks. A few days before
+that last fight Quentin had a very narrow escape. He was cut off by a
+cloud from his fellows and coming out of the clouds saw three aviators
+whom he took for Americans. When he got quite close he found they
+were Boches, and coolly opened fire on them. All three attacked him.
+Quentin “did” for one of them and got home safe. An account of this is
+included in Captain McLanahan’s description of Quentin’s last days.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt]
+
+ “Our airdrome was north of Verdun, about twenty miles back of the
+ American front line. Quentin had joined us June 1. He had been
+ instructor at the aviation school at Issoudun, and I had formed his
+ acquaintance there. I left Issoudun for patrol work at the front about
+ two months before Quentin was allowed to join us. They liked his work
+ at the aviation school so well that he had a hard time to obtain leave
+ to get into the more perilous work at the front, for which he was
+ always longing.
+
+ “Our regular occupation in the patrol service consisted of two flights
+ a day, each lasting from an hour and a half to two hours. As this
+ involved the necessity of going over the enemy lines, it was, of
+ course, extremely trying upon the nerves. I doubt whether anybody,
+ except perhaps the most foolhardy, ever performed this sort of work
+ without feeling greatly exhausted after a few hours of so tense a
+ strain. Nevertheless, we were often required, when circumstances
+ demanded it, to go aloft four or even more times in the course of
+ a day. This was of rare occurrence and only when the enemy showed
+ extreme activity and every resource at our command had to be called
+ into service in opposition.
+
+ “Usually a patrol consisted of three squads of from six to eight
+ planes, one squad going to a height of 20,000 feet, the second 12,000,
+ and the third 4,000 feet. They would fly in V formation, the leader
+ about a hundred feet below the level of the next two, these 100 feet
+ lower than those next after them, and so on to the last ones of the
+ squad, who were always the highest.”
+
+July 14 was an exceptionally fine day for the sort of work the squadron
+was doing. “We went up at eleven o’clock in the forenoon,” says Captain
+McLanahan, and describes the flight and the fatal fight that followed:
+
+ “There were eight of us, all, at that time, Lieutenants—Curtis, of
+ Rochester, N. Y.; Sewall, of Bath, Me.; Mitchell, of Manchester,
+ Mass.; Buford, of Nashville, Tenn.; Roosevelt, Hamilton, Montague,
+ and I. As was customary, we chatted together before we went up, and
+ of course, planned what we were going to do. It was arranged that
+ Lieutenant Hamilton was to lead, and in case of any hitch to his motor
+ Lieutenant Curtis was to take his place in the van.
+
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+  © _Western Newspaper Union._
+
+ Captain Archie Roosevelt
+
+ on Fifth Avenue in New York. He was wounded in action.]
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+ Facsimile of Quentin Roosevelt’s record card in the Ecole de Aerien de
+ Casuaz.
+
+  The captain’s remarks at the bottom of the card: “Very good pilot;
+  regular landings; very good shot; excellent military spirit, and very
+  daring.”
+ ]
+
+ “There was a rather stiff wind blowing in the direction of the German
+ lines, and when we reached an altitude of about 10,000 feet we began
+ to be carried with great rapidity toward them. We had not yet sighted
+ any enemy airplanes after we had been aloft an hour. Hamilton’s motor
+ went wrong about that time and he had to glide back home. In a few
+ minutes he was followed by Montague, whose motor also had gone back on
+ him.
+
+
+MEETING THE ENEMY
+
+“Half an hour after this, when we were five miles inside the German
+lines, we saw six of their Fokker planes coming toward us. They had
+been concealed until then by clouds between them and us, they flying
+on the under side of the clouds. Our planes were of the Nieuport
+type, of the lightest pursuing kind, and in almost every respect like
+the type the Germans approaching us were using. The chief difference
+was that they carried stationary motors while ours were rotary ones,
+which gave us a trifle the advantage in turning. But this was more
+than neutralized by the very much greater inflammable material in our
+machines.
+
+“When we got to within 500 feet of each other both sides began firing.
+The weapons on each side were virtually identical, each Nieuport and
+each Fokker carrying two machine guns. As each plane had but one
+occupant, upon whom, of course, devolved the work not only of steering
+his craft but firing the guns, there was an arrangement by which these
+two duties could be executed with, so to speak, one movement. The
+steering gear and the firing and aiming devices were adjusted to a
+stick in front of the aviator, in such a manner that his hand could
+clutch all three levers at once and work each by a slight pressure.
+
+“Each of the machine guns carried about 250 rounds of ammunition, and
+unless it got jammed it was capable of firing the entire lot in half a
+minute. In order to determine whether the aim is accurate some of the
+bullets are so constructed that they emit smoke and can thus be seen.
+These are called tracers. Without them it would be well-nigh impossible
+to gage one’s range so far up in the air, remote from anything by which
+comparisons could be made to rectify the judgment in aiming.
+
+“From the moment that I singled out the enemy whom I was to engage in
+duel I naturally lost sight of everything else and kept my eyes pretty
+well glued upon him alone. Now and then, of course, I would, when I got
+a chance, look backward, too. For one can never tell but that another
+enemy plane, having disposed of its opponent, may pay his respects to
+another one.
+
+“But if anybody imagines that an aviator engaged in battle with an
+active opponent gets a chance to help along an associate, or even
+to pay attention to what is happening to any of the others, he is
+mistaken. One has to be on the alert for every move the enemy makes,
+and even do a lot of correct guessing as to what would be the most
+logical next move for him to make. For it is upon that next move that
+the entire fortunes of the war for those particular two aviators may
+hinge.
+
+“After I had fired every round of ammunition, which seemed to be about
+the same time as my adversary discovered himself to be in the same
+plight, we drew away from each other and flew toward our respective
+bases. During our duel my airplane had become separated from the others
+of our unit and I could see no trace of them. I assumed, however,
+that they were either still fighting or had also finished and were on
+their way back home. Somehow I did not think of the third alternative,
+namely, that anything serious had happened to any of them.
+
+“Indeed, one’s thoughts are so completely directed toward the business
+in hand, especially during a fight, that there is not a moment’s time
+that can be devoted to other matters, even those of the dearest,
+tenderest, or most sacred nature. To divert the mind even for an
+instant from the grim business of battle itself would be scarcely short
+of suicidal. And the home-bound journey after the battle is enlivened
+by so continuous a gauntlet of bursting enemy anti-aircraft shells that
+they suffice to keep the mind engaged in ways and means of dodging
+them until the home base is finally reached. During an air-battle, of
+course, the anti-aircraft guns are silent, for their shells would be
+equally dangerous for friend and foe.”
+
+
+ALL BUT QUENTIN RETURNED
+
+Lieutenants Buford and McLanahan arrived after all of the others,
+except Lieutenant Roosevelt, had returned to the field. They were not
+worried about him at the time, but when hours went by and he failed to
+return, they knew that something had gone wrong. Still, they did not
+think he had been killed. As Captain McLanahan explains:
+
+ “We were encouraged to hope for the best by the fact that Quentin had
+ remained out a considerable time longer than the rest of us three days
+ before. On that occasion he had become separated from the squad, I
+ don’t just know in what way, and when we saw him again he jumped out
+ of his airplane in great excitement and so radiant with elation and
+ with so broad a smile that his teeth showed exactly in the same famous
+ way as his father’s used to do. He never reminded us so much of his
+ father as on that occasion.
+
+ “He told us that after losing track of us he sighted a group of
+ airplanes which he believed to be ours and headed his airplane toward
+ them. He was too cautious, however, to take anything for granted, and
+ so in steering toward the group he kept himself in the rear of them,
+ and when he got closer he discovered that they had the cross of the
+ Germans painted on them.
+
+ “His first impulse was to get away as fast as possible; but then the
+ hero in him spoke up and he decided to avail himself of the chance to
+ reduce the number of our enemies by at least one. And so, flying quite
+ close to the last one of the airplanes, he fired quickly and with such
+ good aim that the plane immediately went down, spinning around, with
+ its nose pointed to the ground.
+
+ “‘I guess I got that one all right,’ he said; but he did not wait to
+ see what the final outcome might be, for aviators are full of tricks
+ and, by feigning disaster to their own machine, often succeeded in
+ drawing an overconfident enemy to destruction. Quentin knew this; and
+ moreover, he had another big contract on his hands, namely, to get
+ away from the associates of the man whom he had attacked. They all
+ turned upon him, firing from a dozen machine guns; but in firing his
+ own gun he had wheeled about at the same instant, and in that way had
+ a big handicap over the pursuers. He kept far enough in advance of
+ them to get back within the American lines before they were able to
+ lessen the distance sufficiently to make their shells effective. The
+ rate of speed, by the way, was 140 miles an hour.
+
+ “Despite his excitement and the really exceptional achievement,
+ Quentin modestly refrained from declaring positively that he had
+ bagged his man. It was only afterward, when we learned through an
+ artillery observation-balloon that the airplane brought down by
+ Quentin had been seen to strike the earth with a crash, that he
+ himself felt satisfied that he was entitled to be regarded the victor.
+ This was the occasion which brought him the Croix de Guerre.”
+
+When the day passed and Quentin failed to return, his associates
+still remained hopeful that he had landed in the enemy lines, and had
+been taken prisoner. But there was further news, bad news, as Captain
+McLanahan relates:
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood, and Underwood._
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.]
+
+ “Even this forlorn hope was dispelled the following day, when news
+ was received that an observation-balloon’s crew had seen a Nieuport
+ machine fall at Chamery, east of Fère-en-Tardenois, the place where
+ Quentin had gone into the battle.
+
+
+ GERMANS REPORT DEATH
+
+ “A few days after that German aviators flying over the American lines
+ dropped notes announcing that Lieut. Quentin Roosevelt had been killed
+ by two bullet wounds in the head and had been buried with military
+ honors by the Germans.
+
+ “After the armistice was signed, we saw the aviator who had killed
+ Quentin. He was a non-commissioned officer and one of the most expert
+ flyers in the enemy’s air service. After the armistice he was acting
+ as an inspector in the surrender of German airplanes to the Allies.
+
+ “This man said that when he learned that the officer whom he had
+ brought down belonged to so prominent a family in America he felt
+ sorry.
+
+ “‘He was identified by a metal identification-plate fastened by a
+ little chain to his wrist,’ said the German, ‘and I was then told of
+ the young man’s prominence and his own personal popularity. Of course,
+ even if I had known during the battle who he was, I would not have
+ hesitated to try my best to down him; because, if I hadn’t, he surely
+ would have downed me.
+
+ “‘He made a gallant fight, although I recognized almost from the
+ beginning of our duel that he was not as experienced as some others I
+ had encountered and won out against.
+
+ “‘As it was, he dipped and circled and looped and tried in a variety
+ of ways to get above and behind me. It was not at all an easy task for
+ me to get the upper hand and down him.’”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+When the Great American Patriot Died Flyers Dropped Wreaths from the
+Air Over the Roosevelt Home at Sagamore Hill]
+
+Simple praise this is, but sincere we feel. The German felt sorry for
+our boy-hero. “He made a gallant fight,” he said. And he was not the
+only German who was forced to give due admiration to the dauntless
+American. The enemy buried him with military honors, and marked his
+grave. The German Cross, however, has been removed from the grave of
+Quentin. The grave is now simply fenced with stones. The French strew
+flowers over it. It bears a soldier’s inscription:
+
+“Here rests on the field of honor First Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt,
+killed in action July, 1918.”
+
+A memorial just as eloquent in its simplicity is the letter from
+General Pershing to the father of Quentin:
+
+“Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt during his whole career in the air
+service both as a cadet and as a flying officer was a model of the best
+type of young American manhood.”
+
+Quentin is a hero—a soldier—an officer—yet most of all he remains to
+our memory as our ex-President’s youngest boy. Eleanor Reed expresses
+this lasting appeal in her poem to Quentin, in the New York _Times_:
+
+  “Young Roosevelt is dead—and I whose son
+  Is just a little boy, too young to go,
+  Read with bewildered eyes the tales recalled
+  Of pranks the little White House boy had played.”
+
+
+
+
+JUST WHAT HE WANTED
+
+A Restless Seeker After Excitement, the War Filled the Bill for
+Lieutenant Roberts
+
+
+Few young men enlisted for the war more frankly in the spirit of
+adventure than did Lieutenant E. M. Roberts, an American boy, born
+in Duluth, and seemingly born with the unrest of the winds of the
+Northwest in his blood. When he was but ten years old he ran away from
+home in obedience to the restless longing to fare for himself, go
+whither he listed, and taste the ruggedness of nature in experience. He
+tried lumbering in the Northwest. He crossed the border into Canada and
+successively turned his hand to many things—mining, automobile repair,
+railroad construction, cow-punching, sheep-raising, etc.—getting a
+liberal education in the “University of Hard Knocks,” as he expressed
+it, but never finding just the excitement he vaguely yearned for.
+
+He was in Calgary in October, 1914, and by chance learned from a
+newspaper in which he had wrapped a purchase, that there was war doing
+in Europe. It struck him that the thing sought, the desired excitement,
+was now ready to hand. He met an old friend and talked the news with
+him. The friend told him that there had been a call that morning for
+men for service in Europe. “Let’s join!” Both were of the same mind;
+both were ready for adventure. Next morning he enlisted as a member
+of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion. But the officer in charge
+of the barracks knew Roberts, and recalling that he was familiar with
+mechanics, transferred him to a mechanical transport section, not at
+all to his liking, mechanics being but a tame affair.
+
+In time he went with the battalion to France as driver of a lorry. He
+got a dose of gas at Ypres and was sent back to England for hospital
+treatment. On recovery he was returned to France as Section Sergeant,
+his duty being to scout the roads ahead on a motor cycle. He found
+that he was getting very little out of the war but hard work, plodding
+knee deep in mud much of the time while up there the flyers were
+having a jolly, enviable time. Ambition to get into the Royal Flying
+Corps seized him and never let go of him, but it was long before the
+opportunity to join came to him. Much experience of many kinds came
+his way, despatch riding among the rest, before the happy day when he
+was attached to an air squadron as gunner on probation, the getting of
+which position was in itself an adventure, as is duly set forth in _A
+Flying Fighter_, the intensely interesting story of his career told by
+Roberts himself.
+
+Though on the way he was yet far from his goal. He had first to go
+into the trenches to learn what infantrymen had to go through. He got
+a thorough lesson, which included prowls in No Man’s Land, charging
+enemy trenches and plunging in to prod with the bayonet and fling hand
+grenades and much like matter rather adapted, one would imagine, to
+disqualify an aspirant for service in the air, for rising above ground.
+But he arrived in due time at the dignity of an accepted aviator, and
+made his first flight. Then came the excitement of shooting down his
+first Hun, but we pass that and many other arresting incidents and
+exploits of his apprenticeship to come to his account of an exceptional
+sort of encounter with hostile planes that has in it all the elements
+of dramatic surprise.
+
+He was assigned to pilot duty with a scout and fighting squadron doing
+service in France, and his first turn of service consisted of patrol
+duty for three days running. It was an uneventful start, nothing
+occurring in the three days. On the fourth day he went up again on
+patrol to 20,000 feet. He was looking for Huns up there but found none.
+As it was very cold he decided to go down a way, and shut off power. He
+says:
+
+“At the level of 18,000 feet, I found myself sweeping along a very
+large peak of cloud. Intending to spoil its pretty formation I dived
+into it, and coming out on the other side, found myself along side of
+a Hun plane of the Albatross type. [Roberts was in a Spad.] I had no
+intimation at all that a Hun was present, and I guess he was in the
+same position.
+
+
+“THE HUN WAVED AT ME AND I WAVED AT HIM”
+
+“I suppose he was as much surprised as I was when he saw me emerging
+from the cloud. Neither of us could shoot at the other for the reason
+that the guns of the machines we were flying were fixed to the machine
+so that the machine itself has to be pointed.
+
+“We were so close together that this could not be done without our
+ramming one another, which both of us had to avoid if we did not wish
+to crash to the earth together.
+
+“The Hun waved at me and I waved at him.
+
+“We found ourselves in a very peculiar situation. I was so close to him
+that I could see with the naked eye every detail of his machine. His
+face also I could see quite clearly, even to the wrinkles around his
+mouth.
+
+“There was something odd in our position. I had to smile at the thought
+that we were so close together and yet dared not harm one another. The
+Hun also smiled. Then I reached down to feel the handle on my pressure
+reservoir to make sure that it was in its proper place, for I knew that
+one of us would soon have to make a break.
+
+“I had never before met a Hun at such close quarters in the air and
+though we flew parallel to one another for only a few minutes, the time
+seemed like a week. I remembered some of the tactics told me by some of
+the older and best fighters in the corps, and was wondering how I could
+employ them. Finally a thought occurred to me. Two machines flying at
+the same height are not necessarily on exactly the same level, as they
+keep going up and down for about 20 feet.
+
+“I was flying between the Hun and his own lines and I had fuel for
+another hour and a quarter anyway. I wanted to make sure of this bird,
+but decided to play a waiting game. We continued our flight side by
+side.
+
+“After a while, however, much sooner than I expected, the Hun began
+to get restless and started to maneuver for position; like myself he
+was utilizing the veriest fraction of every little opportunity in his
+endeavor to out-maneuver the antagonist. Finally, the Hun thought he
+had gotten the lead.
+
+“I noticed that he was trying to side-slip, go down a little, evidently
+for the purpose of shooting me from underneath, but not far enough for
+me to get a dive on him. I was not quite sure as yet that such was
+really his intention, but the man was quick. Before I knew what had
+happened he had managed to put five shots into my machine, but all of
+them missed me.
+
+
+THE HUN SPINS EARTHWARD
+
+“I maneuvered into an offensive position as quickly as I could, and
+before the Hun could fire again I had my machine gun pelting him. My
+judgment must have been fairly good.
+
+“The Hun began to spin earthward. I followed to finish him, keeping
+in mind, meanwhile, that it is an old game in flying to let the
+other man think you are hit. This bit of strategy will often give an
+opportunity to get into a position that will give you the drop on your
+antagonist. The ruse is also sometimes used to get out of a fight when
+in trouble with gun jam, or when bothered by a defective motor.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant James B. Lepley
+
+_42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “M”_
+
+ On the night of July 14 and 15, 1918, to the northeast of
+ Châlons-sur-Marne, near Souain, Lepley left his trench in a dense gas
+ attack, and made his way to a wood through a rain of shrapnel. He went
+ in search of two men lost from his platoon. He found them and guided
+ them back to the trenches. A few days later, near Sergy, he led his
+ platoon in a charge upon six machine-gun emplacements, which they
+ captured, together with over thirteen prisoners of the Prussian Guards.]
+
+“I discovered soon that this precaution was not necessary, for the Hun
+kept spinning down to the ground. He landed with a crash.
+
+“A few minutes later I landed two fields away from the wreck and ran
+over to see the kill I had made.
+
+“I had hit the Hun about fifty times and had nearly cut off both his
+legs at the hips.
+
+“There was nothing left in the line of souvenirs, as the Tommies had
+gotten to the wreck before I did. I carried off a piece of his props
+and had a stick made of it. That night we had a celebration over the
+first Hun I had brought down behind our own line since I became a pilot.
+
+“Next day I went out to get another Hun to add to my collection. I was
+in the act of crossing the Hun lines when, bang! to the right of me
+came a thud, and my engine stopped. Revenge, I thought. I volplaned to
+the ground, made a good landing in a field just behind our lines, and,
+’phoning up the squad, I then had another engine brought out to replace
+mine.
+
+
+AVIATOR PRICE DOWNS THREE PLANES
+
+“On my way to the squadron I witnessed one of the greatest air fights I
+have ever seen. It took place above the cemetery of P——.
+
+“Three Huns were aloft behind their own lines, and back of them was one
+of our patrolling scouts.
+
+“The Hun does not believe in coming over our lines if he can possibly
+help it, and generally he will maneuver so that any engagement will
+have to be waged over German territory.
+
+“One of our men named Price, who was coming in from patrol, was pilot
+of the scout, which was flying at the same height as the Hun aircraft,
+about 12,000 feet. Price was well behind the Hun lines when they saw
+him, and all three of them made for him at once. I happened to be at an
+artillery observation post, which I had to pass on my way home, and so
+was able to get a good view of the combat.
+
+“The foremost of the Huns made straight for Price, and for a minute
+it looked as though he intended ramming him. The combatants separated
+again and began to fire upon one another, as the tut-tut-tut of the
+machine guns told me. Of a sudden one Hun volplaned, while another made
+straight for Price. I wondered what Price would do, but saw the next
+moment that he had ‘zoomed’ over the second Hun machine, which just
+then swooped down upon him. While Price was ‘zooming’ I noticed that
+the first Hun was falling to the ground, having either been disabled or
+killed by Price’s machine gun.
+
+“Yet within a few moments the second Hun also crashed to earth, and the
+third was now making for home as fast as his motor would carry him; but
+Price chased and quickly caught up with him. It was an exciting race.
+Price was working his machine gun for all the thing was worth, and
+before long the third Hun went down.
+
+“Just five minutes had been required for the fight. When I met Price
+later I congratulated him. I remember wishing him all the good luck a
+fellow could have. But that did not help, for within a month he, too,
+came down in a heap.”
+
+Roberts won his lieutenant’s commission and achieved the distinction of
+Ace before he returned home. He was four times wounded in mid-air.
+
+ In April, 1918, the American forces just going into active sectors
+ had three squadrons, two for observation and one for pursuit. Their
+ strength totaled 35 planes. In May, 1918, the squadrons were increased
+ to nine. The most rapid growth occurred after July, 1918, when
+ American De Haviland planes were becoming available in quantity for
+ observation and day bombing service, and by November, 1918, the number
+ of squadrons increased to 45, with a total of 740 planes in action.
+
+
+
+
+“THE RED BATTLE FLYER”
+
+Von Richthofen’s Brilliant Career in the Air an Offset to His Failure
+as a Uhlan
+
+
+The cheery egotism of a man fully assured within himself that he merits
+his own good opinion is the dominant note of Captain Baron Manfred
+Freiherr von Richthofen’s account of his experiences as a flyer. It is
+not an offensive egotism; you do not resent it; though you may smile,
+wondering that a spirit so entirely valiant could so lock arms with
+that quality of juvenile vanity commonly described as “cockiness.”
+Von Richthofen was a remarkable fellow, the most debonair as well as
+the most redoubtable of the German aviators and really entitled to
+exemption from the opprobrious terms of “Hun” and “Boche.” Though a
+resolute foe he did not forget that he was a gentleman, an aristocrat,
+and he played the game on that level. He was easily the foremost of
+aviators—as far as official recognition can determine priority—at the
+time of his death, April 21, 1918. He then had a record of 80 downs—70
+aeroplanes and 10 observation balloons. His nearest rival at that time
+was Major Raymond Collishaw, the British Ace, with a record of 77.
+
+Von Richthofen was shot down on the Amiens front, over the Somme, April
+21st, and his machine, a new and elaborate triplane of the Fokker type,
+recently presented to him—its speed was 140 miles an hour and it could
+climb 15,000 feet in 17 minutes—fell in the British lines. The esteem
+in which he was held by those who had so often sought to shoot him down
+was attested in his burial with full military honors and the tributes
+of genuine admiration heaped on his grave. In the fifteen months of his
+active flying he became the favorite of the Kaiser and the idol of the
+Germany Army. Some one has said, perhaps not too extravagantly, that
+the fall of Amiens, then besieged, would not have compensated Germany
+for the loss she sustained in the death of the greatest and most
+beloved of her heroes of the air.
+
+Von Richthofen belonged to the country gentry, of noble family. He
+entered the Cadet Corps when he was eleven years old. In 1911 he
+entered the Army. At the outbreak of the war he was a lieutenant of
+Uhlans. He went to the Western front with his regiment. His first
+experience with whistling bullets was when he and his company of
+Uhlans, out to ascertain the strength of the enemy in the forest
+near Virton, were caught in a trap. They fled in wild disorder, not
+without casualties. He was in the trenches before Verdun and found
+it “boresome.” When off duty he sought amusement shooting game in
+the forest of La Chaussée. So passed several months. Then one day he
+rebelled against inactivity. It was not the thing for which he went to
+war. He made his plea to the higher powers. With much grumbling his
+prayer was granted. He joined the Flying Service in May, 1915. He made
+his first flight the next day as an observer. Of that experience he
+wrote in his book:
+
+
+HIS FIRST FLIGHT
+
+“The draft from the propeller was a beastly nuisance. I found it quite
+impossible to make myself understood by the pilot. Everything was
+carried away by the wind. If I took up a piece of paper it disappeared.
+My safety helmet slid off. My muffler dropped off. My jacket was not
+sufficiently buttoned. In short, I felt very uncomfortable. Before I
+knew what was happening, the pilot went ahead at full speed and the
+machine started rolling. We went faster and faster. I clutched the
+sides of the car. Suddenly, the shaking was over, the machine was in
+the air and the earth dropped away from under me.
+
+“I had been told the name of the place to which we were to fly. I was
+to direct my pilot. At first we flew right ahead, then my pilot turned
+to the right, then to the left, but I had lost all sense of direction
+above our own aerodrome. I had not the slightest notion where I was!”
+
+He continued—with steadily increasing knowledge of aircraft—to serve as
+an observer until October 10, 1915, when, having passed his examination
+and been accepted as a pilot, he had the ecstasy of his first
+solo-flight. In his book (_The Red Battle Flyer_, translated by T.
+Ellis Barker, published by Robert M. McBride & Company), he describes
+that flight:
+
+ “I started the machine. The aeroplane went at the prescribed speed and
+ I could not help noticing that I was actually flying. After all I did
+ not feel timorous but rather elated. I did not care for anything. I
+ should not have been frightened no matter what happened. With contempt
+ of death I made a large curve to the left, stopped the machine near a
+ tree, exactly where I had been ordered to, and looked forward to see
+ what would happen. Now came the most difficult thing, the landing. I
+ remembered exactly what movements I had to make. I acted mechanically
+ and the machine moved quite differently from what I had expected. I
+ lost my balance, made some wrong movements, stood on my head and I
+ succeeded in converting my aeroplane into a battered school ’bus. I
+ was very sad, looked at the damage which I had done to the machine,
+ which after all was not very great, and had to suffer from other
+ people’s jokes.
+
+ “Two days later I went with passion at the flying and suddenly I could
+ handle the apparatus.”
+
+
+THE BOELCKE CIRCUS
+
+It was not, however, until September 17, 1915, when he was a member
+of the newly organized Boelcke flying squadron that came to be known
+as the Circus, that he scored his “first English victim.” It was “a
+gloriously fine day, and therefore only to be expected that the English
+would be very active,” so under the leadership of Boelcke the squadron
+took the air. As they approached the front, Boelcke discovered an
+Allied squadron going in the direction of Cambrai. There were seven
+of the Allies to five of the Germans. They came within range. Here is
+a sample of that “cockiness” with which von Richthofen described his
+various and manifold encounters:
+
+“The Englishman nearest to me was traveling in a large boat painted
+with dark colors. I did not reflect very long but took my aim and
+shot. He also fired and so did I, and both of us missed our aim. A
+struggle began and the great point for me was to get to the rear of
+the fellow because I could only shoot forward with my gun. He was
+differently placed, for his machine gun was movable. It could fire in
+all directions.
+
+“Apparently he was no beginner, for he knew exactly that his last hour
+had arrived at the moment when I get at the back of him. At that time
+I had not yet the conviction ‘He must fall!’ which I have now on such
+occasions, but, on the contrary, I was curious to see whether he would
+fall. There is a great difference between the two feelings. When one
+has shot down one’s first, second or third opponent, then one begins to
+find out how the trick is done.
+
+“My Englishman twisted and turned, going criss-cross. I did not think
+for a moment that the hostile squadron contained other Englishmen who
+conceivably might come to the aid of their comrade. I was animated by
+a single thought: ‘The man in front of me must come down, whatever
+happens.’ At last a favorable moment arrived. My opponent had
+apparently lost sight of me. Instead of twisting and turning he flew
+straight along. In a fraction of a second I was at his back with my
+excellent machine. I gave a short series of shots with my machine gun.
+I had gone so close that I was afraid I might dash into the Englishman.
+Suddenly, I nearly yelled with joy, for the propeller of the enemy
+machine had stopped turning. I had shot his engine to pieces; the enemy
+was compelled to land, for it was impossible for him to reach his own
+lines. The English machine was curiously swinging to and fro. Probably
+something had happened to the pilot. The observer was no longer
+visible. His machine gun was apparently deserted. Obviously I had hit
+the observer and he had fallen from his seat.
+
+
+HIS FIRST VICTIMS
+
+“The Englishman landed close to the flying ground of one of our
+squadrons. I was so excited that I landed also and my eagerness
+was so great that I nearly smashed up my machine. The English flying
+machine and my own stood close together. I rushed to the English
+machine and saw that a lot of soldiers were running towards my enemy.
+When I arrived I discovered that my assumption had been correct. I
+had shot the engine to pieces and both the pilot and observer were
+severely wounded. The observer died at once and the pilot while being
+transported to the nearest dressing station. I honored the fallen enemy
+by placing a stone on his beautiful grave.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.
+
+Sergeant Herman Korth
+
+_32nd Division, 121st Machine Gun Battalion, Company D_
+
+ Under heavy fire from machine guns and artillery. Sergeant Korth
+ crawled to the crest of a hill, near Juvigny, north of Soissons,
+ August 31, 1918, setting stakes to line the American artillery on
+ enemy machine-gun emplacements. He remained in observation in this
+ perilous position for half an hour, signaling back when American
+ troops were endangered by the fire of the batteries.]
+
+“When I came home Boelcke and my other comrades were already at
+breakfast. They were surprised that I had not turned up. I reported
+proudly that I had shot down an Englishman. All were full of joy, for
+I was not the only victor. As usual, Boelcke had shot down an opponent
+for breakfast and every one of the other men also had downed an enemy
+for the first time.
+
+“I would mention that since that time no English squadron ventured as
+far as Cambrai as long as Boelcke’s squadron was there.”
+
+“Still,” said von Richthofen, in his airily patronizing way, “the
+Englishman is a smart fellow. That we must allow. Sometimes the English
+came down to the very low altitude and visited Boelcke in his quarters
+upon which they threw bombs. They absolutely challenged us to battle
+and never refused fighting.”
+
+
+BOELCKE’S FINISH
+
+But October 28, 1916 (when the squadron had 40 downs to its credit),
+Boelcke, von Richthofen and four others flying in formation saw at a
+distance “two impertinent Englishmen in the air who actually seemed
+to be enjoying the terrible weather.” The struggle began. “Boelcke
+tackled one, I the other. I had to let go because one of the German
+machines got in my way.” All that seems to have interested him further
+in the fight was the fact that Boelcke’s machine suffered a sort of
+collision with one of the other German machines, a part of his planes
+was broken off, his machine was no longer steerable and it fell.
+Boelcke was killed.
+
+Some little time after he had brought down his sixteenth victim von
+Richthofen was given the _Ordre pour le Mérite_ and appointed commander
+of the Eleventh Chasing Squadron. It was then that the idea seized him
+to paint his machine a flaming red, which became afterward the personal
+identification of the Captain, who became famous through the adventures
+and success he had with his machine—_Le Petit Rouge_, as “everyone got
+to know my red bird.”
+
+French, English, and American airmen who gained wisdom at the front may
+find an amusing flavor in a sage remark of von Richthofen about the
+time he became captain of the squadron. “In my opinion, the aggressive
+spirit is everything and that spirit is very strong in us Germans.
+Hence we shall always retain the domination of the air.” Events did not
+altogether sustain the boast.
+
+But it is not necessary to object strongly to the complacency of a
+man who fought with undiminished valor throughout his flying career,
+accounted for 80 enemy machines, and died at last, shot down over the
+enemy’s lines. If he was self-confident to the degree of vanity, his
+audacity was truly admirable. He lacked just ten days of attaining his
+twenty-sixth birthday when he fell. The English grudged him no honors.
+
+
+THE WORLD’S GREATEST LAUNCHING
+
+ American shipbuilders established a world’s record on July 4, 1918, by
+ launching 92 ships of 450,000 deadweight tonnage—one third more than
+ the tonnage produced during the fiscal year, 1915-16. The previous
+ year’s record of total tonnage was 398,000 tons in 1901. American
+ Labor’s answer to Germany’s unrestricted warfare was the launching on
+ one day of 54,000 tons more shipping than had been constructed in any
+ previous year.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Lieutenant Pat O’Brien
+
+ An American youth who, in the early part of the war, joined the
+ Canadian Royal Flying Corps. Shot down from a height of 8,000 feet, he
+ was captured by the Germans. Afterwards making his escape, he passed
+ through 72 days of harrowing ordeal leading finally to safety.]
+
+
+
+
+PAT O’BRIEN OUTWITS THE HUN
+
+The Remarkable Story of an American Boy in a Seventy-two Days’ Ordeal
+of Escape from the Germans
+
+
+The publishers of his book, _Outwitting the Hun_, were not extravagant
+when they advertised Lieut. Pat O’Brien’s story as “one of the
+strangest and most thrilling since the outbreak of the war.” No one
+else had quite such an experience, and that he lived to tell of
+it was due to indomitable Irish pluck rather than to any favor of
+circumstances. You get the flavor of the capital book he wrote and
+the tone of the man from the name he transferred to the title page.
+There is no Lieut. Patricius, or even Lieut. Patrick O’Brien; but
+straightforward character-delivery in plain “Lieut. Pat. O’Brien.” and
+you get from it an odd sort of subconscious assurance that the very
+extraordinary story he tells of his escape from the Germans is every
+whit true. Yet, between his being shot down from a height of 8,000 feet
+and the last item of his seventy-two days of anguish and adventure in
+escaping the Huns there is many a challenge to credulity. There can be
+but little of his story reproduced here.
+
+
+AS A FIGHTING SCOUT
+
+Pat started flying, in Chicago, in 1912. “I was then eighteen years
+old,” he says, “but I had had a hankering for the air ever since I can
+remember....
+
+“In the early part of 1916, when trouble was brewing in Mexico, I
+joined the American Flying Corps. I was sent to San Diego, where the
+Army flying school is located, and spent about eight months there, but
+as I was anxious to get into active service and there didn’t seem much
+chance of America ever getting into the war, I resigned and, crossing
+over to Canada, joined the Royal Flying Corps at Victoria, B. C.
+
+“I was sent to Camp Borden, Toronto, first to receive instruction and
+later to instruct. While a cadet I made the first loop ever made
+by a cadet in Canada, and after I had performed the stunt I half
+expected to be kicked out of the service for it. Apparently, however,
+they considered the source and let it go at that. Later on I had the
+satisfaction of introducing the loop as part of the regular course of
+instruction for cadets in the R. F. C., and I want to say right here
+that Camp Borden has turned out some of the best fliers that have ever
+gone to France.
+
+“In May, 1917, I and seventeen other Canadian fliers left for England
+on the _Megantic_, where we were to qualify for service in France....
+
+“Within a few weeks after our arrival in England all of us had won our
+‘wings’—the insignia worn on the left breast by every pilot on the
+western front.
+
+“We were all sent to a place in France known as the Pool Pilots’ Mess.
+Here men gather from all the training squadrons in Canada and England
+and await assignments to the particular squadron of which they are to
+become members.”
+
+He was soon “called” to a squadron stationed about eighteen miles back
+of the Ypres Line. There were eighteen pilots. The routine was two
+flights a day, each of two hours’ duration. He presently found that
+his squadron “was some hot squadron,” the fliers being assigned to
+special-duty work, “such as shooting up trenches at a height of fifty
+feet from the ground.”
+
+
+CAPTURED BY THE HUN
+
+Pat holds August 17, 1917, as a day he will “not easily forget.” He has
+fairly good reason for thinking the day a fixity in his memory, for, as
+he says:
+
+“I killed two Huns in a double-seated machine in the morning, another
+in the evening, and then I was captured myself. I may have spent more
+eventful days in my life, but I can’t recall any just now.”
+
+Considering the fact that he had been shot down from a height of 8,000
+feet the miracle is that he became “a prisoner of war.” His fellows of
+the squadron who had seen the fight took it as a matter of fact that
+he had been killed outright. One realizes that a chap who could come
+through that sort of juggle with death was quite equal to his later
+adventures.
+
+Convalescent, after some time spent in a hospital, O’Brien was sent
+to the officers’ prison camp at Courtrai, preparatory to transfer to
+a prison in the interior of Germany. He remained there nearly three
+weeks, to which he devotes an interesting chapter. He had many fellow
+prisoners, and, of course, one frequent topic of conversation was
+“what were the chances of escape?” There were many ingenious plans but
+O’Brien did not remain to attempt to carry out any of them. September
+9th he and six other officers were marked off for transfer into
+Germany, and later were marched to the train that was to convey them.
+They were objects of derision to the crowd gathered at the station.
+There were twelve coaches, eleven of them containing troops going home
+on leave, the twelfth, fourth class, filthy, being reserved for the
+prisoners, eight of them under four guards.
+
+He proposed to the other officers that if the eight of them would at a
+given signal jump on the four guards and overpower them, they could,
+when the train slowed down on approaching a village, leap to the ground
+and take to flight. But the others turned the plan down on the ground
+that if they did get free they would be recaptured speedily. O’Brien
+therefore resolved to make a try on his own account by a leap from a
+window when the train was in motion. After long self-debate, as they
+were getting nearer and nearer to their destination he successfully put
+his resolution into effect.
+
+
+MAKING HIS ESCAPE
+
+Then began one of the most remarkable series of perils, hardships,
+struggles and curious adventures that fell to the lot of any individual
+in the course of the war. With the aid of a map, which he had stolen
+from a guard’s room at Courtrai, he set out with the distant
+Holland frontier as his objective. It is a narrative that loses by
+condensation, for there is hardly an adventure or experience that
+has not novel interest as O’Brien relates it. To avoid detection and
+capture he had to secrete himself by day, all his travel being by
+night. His guide was the Pole Star. “But for it I wouldn’t be here
+to-day.”
+
+About the ninth night he crossed into Luxemburg, but though the
+principality was officially neutral it offered no safer haven than
+Belgium would. Discovery would have been followed by the same
+consequences as capture in Germany proper. In the nine nights he had
+traveled perhaps seventy-five miles.
+
+He was nine or ten days getting across Luxemburg, a task that could
+have been accomplished in two days of normal travel, but swollen feet
+and knees, aching body and a hunger-griping stomach together with the
+necessity of stealth to avoid discovery, German guards, workmen and
+others often having to be widely circled are not conducive to speed.
+About the eighteenth day after his leap from the train he entered
+Belgium, and some days later brought up at the Meuse between Namur and
+Huy, where it was at least half a mile wide. There he came nearest
+of all to giving up the struggle. But he must get across. There was
+nothing to do but swim.
+
+There were adventures in Belgium, some amusing, some harrowing, all of
+them perilous to an English officer escaped from captivity. When, after
+narrow escapes not a few he reached the Holland frontier, one of the
+greatest of his herculean tasks presented itself. He had to pass the
+triple barbed-wire barrier with its electrically charged nine-foot-high
+fence. With hands and sticks he resolutely set to work to dig under the
+deadly barrier—hard work and most dangerous. He was forced to stop from
+time to time to escape detection. At last, on November 19, 1917, the
+hole was finished. He writhed through and into Holland territory.
+
+A few more difficulties to surmount, then on board train for Rotterdam,
+a run to London, a presentation to the King, some banquet pleasures in
+London and, crowning all, home again, “in the little town of Momence,
+Illinois, on the Kankakee River.”
+
+
+
+
+A TRACK AND TRACKLESS WINNER
+
+Eddie Rickenbacker, Who Won Popularity as an Auto Racer, Snatched
+Lasting Glory from the Void.
+
+
+The spirit of adventure had won for Eddie Rickenbacker a wide
+popularity long before he began plucking laurels from the skies. His
+performances as an automobile racer had made him the idol of lovers of
+that perilous sport and taught him the cool judgment and generalship
+in dealing with velocities which served him to such good purpose when
+he exchanged automobiles for aeroplanes. When America entered the
+war Rickenbacker was in England on automobile business, but hastened
+back to America with the intention of organizing a flying squadron
+of motor drivers for service in France. His plan was not possible at
+the time from the government point of view, and Rickenbacker accepted
+the position of chauffeur to General Pershing and sailed with that
+officer. It was not long after, however, that the loftier ambition
+found its channel and at Villeneuve, March 4, 1918, he became a
+member of Squadron 94, the so-called “Hat-in-the-Ring” squadron of
+which Major Lufbery was the commander. Lufbery was then America’s top
+ace, his service of more than three years in the French Air Service
+and with the Lafayette Escadrille having netted him seventeen Huns,
+omitting those not officially recorded. A little over two months later,
+May 19, 1918, Major Lufbery was killed by a leap from his flaming
+machine. The title of American Ace of Aces passed from Lufbery to
+Lieutenant Paul Baer, who, with a record of nine victories, had not
+gotten over his repugnance to shooting down an enemy aviator. Two
+days later Baer was shot down and captured. Lieutenant Frank Baylies
+succeeded to the title. He was killed June 12th with 13 victories
+to his credit. Then David Putnam, with 12 victories, took the lead.
+He was shot down in flames. Rickenbacker, who in the period between
+March and July had accounted for seven enemy machines, next was ace
+of aces for a brief time, but Frank Luke took the title from him
+in a single day’s stunning exploit, as told in the special story of
+that amazing young man. In due course, however, the Rickenbacker
+record grew becomingly and in addition to attaining the highest score
+on downs he conspicuously distinguished himself in the service as
+Squadron Commander. Some of his eulogists do not hesitate to give him
+preëminence as a commander because of the judgment he exercised in
+protecting himself and guarding the safety of less competent pilots.
+
+Not a few aviators have written books descriptive of their experiences
+and there is quite a library of these high adventure stories; but
+it is probable that the uncommonly voluminous book Rickenbacker has
+contributed to the long list is one of the most valuable because of
+the great variety of interesting matter it comprises. Indeed _Fighting
+the Flying Circus_ has historic importance as well as storied interest
+and is not by any means a glorification of its author. That fact makes
+it rather difficult to take from the book the material wanted for a
+personal sketch without including attractive matter that would speedily
+exceed our limits of space—for example, the complete narrative of the
+exploit with “Rumpler Number 16”; or the story of Douglas Campbell,
+America’s first ace; or the story of Jimmy Meissner, who piloted his
+machine with the canvas gone; and others.
+
+
+CHAGRIN A SAVING GRACE
+
+Before Rickenbacker scored a victory he suffered many disappointments,
+and felt the chagrin of seeing his expected quarry escape. There was
+serviceable virtue in it all nevertheless, as he admits in his account
+of downing his first Hun. He says:
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Captain “Eddie” Rickenbacker with His Mother and Sister]
+
+“My preparation for combat fighting in the air was a gradual one. As I
+look back upon it now, it seems that I had the rare good fortune to
+experience almost every variety of danger that can beset the war pilot
+before I ever fired a shot at an enemy from an aeroplane.
+
+“This good fortune is rare, it appears to me. Many a better man than
+myself has leaped into his stride and begun accumulating victories from
+his very first flight over the lines. It was a brilliant start for him
+and his successes brought him instant renown. But he had been living on
+the cream at the start and was unused to the skim-milk of aviation. One
+day the cream gave out and the first dose of skim-milk terminated his
+career.
+
+“So despite the weeks and weeks of disappointment that attended my
+early fighting career, I appreciated even then the enormous benefit
+that I would reap later from these experiences. I can now most solemnly
+affirm that had I won my first victory during my first trips over the
+lines I believe I would never have survived a dozen combats. Every
+disappointment that came to me brought with it an enduring lesson that
+repaid me eventually tenfold. If any one of my antagonists had been
+through the same school of disappointments that had so annoyed me it is
+probable that he, instead of me, would now be telling his friends back
+home about his series of victories over the enemy.”
+
+It was April 29, 1918, that he had his turn of luck. He was in
+the air with Captain James Norman Hall following a course towards
+Pont-à-Mousson, as that experienced flyer led the way.
+
+“Whether or not he knew all along that a German craft was in that
+region I could not tell. But when he began to change his direction and
+curve up into the sun I followed close behind him knowing that there
+was a good reason for this maneuver. I looked earnestly about me in
+every direction.
+
+“Yes! There was a scout coming towards us from north of Pont-à-Mousson.
+It was at about our altitude. I knew it was a Hun the moment I saw
+it, for it had the familiar lines of their new Pfalz. Moreover, my
+confidence in James Norman Hall was such that I knew he couldn’t make
+a mistake. And he was still climbing into the sun, carefully keeping
+his position between its glare and the oncoming fighting plane. I clung
+as closely to Hall as I could. The Hun was steadily approaching us,
+unconscious of his danger, for we were full in the sun.
+
+“With the first downward dive of Jimmy’s machine I was by his side. We
+had at least a thousand feet advantage over the enemy and we were two
+to one numerically. He might outdive our machines, for the Pfalz is a
+famous diver, while our faster climbing Nieuports had a droll little
+habit of shedding their fabric when plunged too furiously through the
+air. The Boche hadn’t a chance to outfly us. His only salvation would
+be in a dive towards his own lines.
+
+“These thoughts passed through my mind in a flash and I instantly
+determined upon my tactics. While Hall went in for his attack I would
+keep my altitude and get a position the other side of the Pfalz, to cut
+off his retreat.
+
+“No sooner had I altered my line of flight than the German pilot saw
+me leave the sun’s rays. Hall was already half-way to him when he
+stuck up his nose and began furiously climbing to the upper ceiling. I
+let him pass me and found myself on the other side just as Hall began
+firing. I doubt if the Boche had seen Hall’s Nieuport at all.
+
+“Surprised by discovering this new antagonist, Hall, ahead of him, the
+Pfalz immediately abandoned all idea of a battle and banking around
+to the right started for home, just as I had expected him to do. In a
+trice I was on his tail. Down, down we sped with throttles both full
+open. Hall was coming on somewhere in my rear. The Boche had no heart
+for evolutions or maneuvers. He was running like a scared rabbit, as I
+had run from Campbell. I was gaining upon him every instant and had my
+sights trained dead upon his seat before I fired my first shot.
+
+
+WITHOUT A RETURN SHOT
+
+“At 150 yards I pressed my triggers. The tracer bullets cut a streak
+of living fire into the rear of the Pfalz tail. Raising the nose of
+my aeroplane slightly the fiery streak lifted itself like a stream
+of water pouring from a garden hose. Gradually it settled into the
+pilot’s seat. The swerving of the Pfalz course indicated that its
+rudder no longer was held by a directing hand. At 2,000 feet above
+the enemy’s lines I pulled up my headlong dive and watched the enemy
+machine continuing on its course. Curving slightly to the left the
+Pfalz circled a little to the south and the next minute crashed onto
+the ground just at the edge of the woods a mile inside their own lines.
+I had brought down my first enemy aeroplane and had not been subjected
+to a single shot!”
+
+So capital a beginning had an appropriate sequence of performances and
+honors to match, among them, as early as May 15th, the Croix de Guerre.
+That day, too, Lieutenant Jimmy Meissner, the merriest, most reckless
+member of the squadron, took to his breast the Croix de Guerre,
+and much ado the two had to keep their elation within the limits
+of decorum, which stunt flying for the entertainment of the French
+officials did not diminish. Rickenbacker says:
+
+“Suddenly Jimmy Meissner stood by my side, grinning his most winsome
+grin. ‘Rick,’ said he, ‘I feel that “Hate-the-Hun” feeling creeping
+over me. What do you say to going up and getting a Boche?’
+
+“‘Right!’ I called back over my shoulder. ‘Come along. We’ll take a
+real ride.’
+
+“As luck would have it, we had hardly left the ground when we saw a Hun
+two-seater, probably a Rumpler machine, very high above us. The Rumpler
+has the highest ceiling of any of the German two-seaters and frequently
+they sail along above us at an elevation quite impossible for the
+Nieuport to reach. It is maddening to attain one’s maximum height and
+see the enemy still sailing imperturbably along, taking his photographs
+and scorning even to fire an occasional burst at one. We climbed at
+our fastest to overtake this fellow before he could reach his safety
+spot. Evidently he got ‘wind up,’ for after a few minutes climbing he
+sheered off towards Germany and disappeared from our view. We completed
+our patrol of the lines without finding another enemy in the sky and
+returned to our field, where we landed with the mutual vow that on the
+morrow we would begin seriously our palm collecting shows until we
+might dangle our new Croix de Guerre well down below our knees.
+
+“Jimmy looked contemplatively down at my long legs.
+
+“‘Have a heart, Rick!’ he said softly, ‘think of the cost of the red
+tape!’”
+
+As combats in the air, however varied in the performance, have a great
+similarity in narrative, it were bootless to follow the captain through
+the many experiences that earned his distinction. The earlier incidents
+were when the squadron was confined to the use of Nieuports because
+more satisfactory machines were not available. He dwells with some
+pride of possession on the later equipment of Spads. Soon after getting
+them he had become Flight Commander, and relates an unusual experience
+to illustrate the extent to which the Flight Leader of a squadron feels
+himself morally bound to go.
+
+“Six of my Spads were following me in a morning’s patrol over the
+enemy’s lines in the vicinity of Rheims. We were well along towards
+the front when we discovered a number of aeroplanes far above us and
+somewhat behind our side of the lines. While we made a circle or two,
+all the while steadily climbing for higher altitude, we observed the
+darting machines above us exchanging shots at one another. Suddenly
+the fracas developed into a regular free-for-all.
+
+“Reaching a slightly higher altitude at a distance of a mile or two
+to the east of the mêlée, I collected my formation and headed about
+for the attack. Just then I noticed that one side had evidently been
+victorious. Seven aeroplanes remained together in compact formation.
+The others had streaked it away, each man for himself.
+
+
+SEVEN TO SEVEN
+
+“As we drew nearer we saw that the seven conquerors were in fact
+enemy machines. There was no doubt about it. They were Fokkers. Their
+opponents, whether American, French or British, had been scattered and
+had fled. The Fokkers had undoubtedly seen our approach and had very
+wisely decided to keep their formation together rather than separate to
+pursue their former antagonists. They were climbing to keep my squad
+ever a little below them, while they decided upon their next move.
+
+“We were seven and they were seven. It was a lovely morning with clear
+visibility, and all my pilots, I knew, were keen for a fight. I looked
+over the skies and discovered no reason why we shouldn’t take them on
+at any terms they might require. Accordingly I set our course a little
+steeper and continued straight on towards them.
+
+“The Spad is a better climber than the Fokker. Evidently the Boche
+pilots opposite us knew this fact. Suddenly the last four in their
+formation left their line of flight and began to draw away in the
+direction of Soissons—still climbing. The three Fokkers in front
+continued towards us for another minute or two. When we were separated
+by less than a quarter of a mile the three Heinies decided that they
+had done enough for their country, and putting down their noses, they
+began a steep dive for their lines.
+
+“To follow them was so obvious a thing to do that I began at once to
+speculate upon what this maneuver meant to them. The four rear Fokkers
+were well away by now, but the moment we began to dive after the
+three ahead of us they would doubtless be prompt to turn and select a
+choice position behind our tails. Very well! We would bank upon this
+expectation of theirs and make our plans accordingly!
+
+“We were at about 17,000 feet altitude. The lines were almost directly
+under us. Following the three retreating Fokkers at our original level,
+we soon saw them disappear well back into Germany. Now for the wily
+four that were probably still climbing for altitude!
+
+“Arriving over Fismes I altered our course and pointed it towards
+Soissons, and as we flew we gained an additional thousand feet. Exactly
+upon the scheduled time we perceived approaching us the four Fokkers
+who were now satisfied that they had us at a disadvantage and might
+either attack or escape, as they desired. They were, however, at
+precisely the same altitude at which we were now flying.
+
+“Wigwagging my wings as a signal for the attack, I sheered slightly to
+the north of them to cut off their retreat. They either did not see my
+maneuver or else they thought we were friendly aeroplanes, for they
+came on dead ahead like a flock of silly geese. At two hundred yards I
+began firing.
+
+“Not until we were within fifty yards of each other did the Huns show
+any signs of breaking. I had singled out the flight leader and had him
+nicely within my sights, when he suddenly piqued downwards, the rest of
+his formation immediately following him. At the same instant one of my
+guns—the one having a double feed—hopelessly jammed. And after a burst
+of twenty shots or so from the other gun it likewise failed me! There
+was no time to pull away for repairs!
+
+“Both my guns were useless. For an instant I considered the
+advisability of withdrawing while I tried to free the jam. But the
+opportunity was too good to lose. The pilots behind me would be thrown
+into some confusion when I signaled them to carry on without me. And
+moreover the enemy pilots would quickly discover my trouble and would
+realize that the flight leader was out of the fight. I made up my mind
+to go through with the fracas without guns and trust to luck to see the
+finish. The next instant we were ahead of the quartet and were engaged
+in a furious dog-fight.
+
+“Every man was for himself. The Huns were excellent pilots and seemed
+to be experienced fighters. Time and again I darted into a good
+position behind or below a tempting target, with the sole result of
+compelling the Fritz to alter his course and get out of his position of
+supposed danger. If he had known I was unarmed he would have had me at
+his mercy. As it was I would no sooner get into a favorable position
+behind him than he would double about and the next moment I found
+myself compelled to look sharp to my own safety.
+
+“In this manner the whole revolving circus went tumbling across the
+heavens—always dropping lower and steadily traveling deeper into the
+German lines. Two of my pilots had abandoned the scrap and turned
+homewards. Engines or guns had failed them. When at last we had fought
+down to 3,000 feet and were some four miles behind their lines, I
+observed two flights of enemy machines coming up from the rear to
+their rescue. We had none of us secured a single victory—but neither
+had the Huns. Personally I began to feel a great longing for home. I
+dashed out ahead of the foremost Spad and frantically wigwagging him to
+attention I turned my little ’bus towards our lines. With a feeling of
+great relief I saw that all four were following me and that the enemy
+reënforcements were not in any position to dispute our progress.
+
+“On the way homeward I struggled with my jammed guns—but to no result.
+Despite every precaution these weapons will fail a pilot when most
+needed. I had gone through with a nerve-racking scrap, piquing upon
+deadly opponents with a harmless machine. My whole safety had depended
+upon their not knowing it.”
+
+
+AS SQUADRON COMMANDER
+
+The night of September 24th Rickenbacker received the order promoting
+him to the command of the 94 Squadron, his pride and pleasure being
+greater than he could find words to express. He had been with the
+squadron since the first day at the front; but three of the original
+members were left—Reed Chambers, Thorn Taylor, and himself. He took
+counsel for himself that night and formulated rules for himself. He
+would never ask a pilot to go on a mission he would not undertake
+himself. He would lead by example as well as by precept. He would
+accompany the new pilots to watch their errors and give them more
+confidence by showing their dangers. He would work harder than ever
+he did as a pilot. Full of enthusiasm to carry out his purpose he
+started out the next morning on a lone, voluntary patrol and within
+half an hour returned to the aerodrome with two more victories to his
+credit—“the first double-header I had so far won.” He discovered a pair
+of L. V. G. two-seater machines, above which was a formation of five
+Fokkers. From a position well up in the sun Rickenbacker drove down at
+the nearest Fokker and sent it crashing with the first volley. The Huns
+were so surprised by the suddenness of the attack and the drop of one
+of them that their only thought was of escape. Before they recovered
+their wits and renewed their formation, one of the L. V. G. two-seaters
+was shot down in flames, and quite content with his morning’s work
+Rickenbacker put on gas and piqued for home.
+
+October 30th Rickenbacker won his 25th and 26th victories, the last
+that were added to his score. But on November 9th Major Kirby, who had
+just joined the 94 Squadron for a little air fighting experience, was
+one of a party of four who flew off for a try at the retreating Huns,
+and shot down an enemy plane across the Meuse. This was the last
+plane shot down in the war. Rather exultingly, pardonably so, Captain
+Rickenbacker says:
+
+“Our old 94 Squadron had won the first American victory over enemy
+aeroplanes when Alan Winslow and Douglas Campbell had dropped two
+biplane machines on the Toul aerodrome. 94 Squadron had been first to
+fly over the lines and had completed more hours flying at the front
+than any other American organization. It had won more victories than
+any other—and now, for the last word, it had the credit of bringing
+down the last enemy aeroplane of the war!”
+
+And this word from Laurence Driggs:
+
+“After having visited some sixty-odd British flying squadrons at
+the front, many of the French escadrilles and all of the American
+squadrons, I was given the pleasure of entering Germany, after the
+armistice was signed, as the guest of the Hat-in-the-Ring Squadron, of
+which Captain Rickenbacker was and is the commanding officer. In no
+other organization in France did I find so great a loyalty to a leader,
+such true squadron fraternalism, such subordination of the individual
+to the organization. In other words, the commander of 94 Squadron had
+perfected the finest flying corps I have ever seen.”
+
+
+
+
+THE GUNBOAT
+
+_By_
+
+Dana Burnet
+
+
+    Out in the good, clean water where it’s blue and wide and deep,
+    The pride of Britain’s navy lies with thunders all asleep,
+    And the men they fling their British songs along the open sky,
+    But the little modest gunboat, she’s a-creepin’ in to die!
+
+    The First Line’s swingin’ lazy on the purple outer ring,
+    The proudest ships that ever kept the honor of a King!
+    But nosin’ down the roadway past the bones of other wrecks
+    Goes the doughty little gunboat with her manhood on her decks!
+
+    Oh, the First Line’s in the offing, with its shotted lightnings pent,
+    The proudest fleet that ever kept the King in his sacrament!
+    But down the death-sown harbor where a ship may find her grave,
+    The plucky little gunboat is a-sinkin’ ’neath the wave!
+
+    Then sing your British chanteys to the ends of all the seas,
+    And fling your British banners to the Seven Oceans’ breeze—
+    But when you tell the gallant tale beneath the open sky
+    Give honor to the gunboat that was not too small to die!
+
+
+
+
+CAPTAIN FRYATT’S MURDER
+
+A Court-Martial in Which Vengeful Malice Mocked Justice and the Rules
+of Naval War In the Lust of Blood
+
+
+Brutal blundering was a German characteristic throughout the war.
+Indeed it has been declared more than once that her abandonment of
+moral restraints and obligations, imposed by international codes
+and the laws of humanity, is responsible for Germany’s overthrow.
+Without entering into that question it is admitted that two of the
+German blunders—both of which were subjects of diplomatic efforts at
+prevention—which incensed the world and roused the United States from
+its dream of neutrality were the murders of Edith Cavell and Capt.
+Charles Fryatt. We have told the story of Miss Cavell; that of Capt.
+Fryatt is no less a testimony to German turpitude if less revolting to
+sentiment in that the first was a nurse, a ministering angel to the
+sick and wounded (German soldiers included) whose offense was due to
+her compassion for the helpless and hunted.
+
+Capt. Fryatt, an Englishman, was master of the Great Eastern Railway
+Company’s steamer _Brussels_, a merchant vessel. June 23, 1916, the
+_Brussels_ was captured by German warships. (The circumstances of the
+capture are presented in the report of First Officer Hartwell, which
+follows later.) The steamer, its officers and the crew were taken to
+Zeebrugge and searched. On Capt. Fryatt was found a gold watch that had
+been presented to him by the Mayor of Harwich at a public demonstration
+in his honor, the inscription commemorating an incident of March
+20, 1915, when Capt. Fryatt attempted to ram the German submarine
+_U-33_, to avoid capture or destruction. After a brief imprisonment at
+Zeebrugge he was transferred to Bruges, where, July 27th, he was tried
+by court-martial, was condemned to be shot as a _franc-tireur_ and was
+executed that same afternoon.
+
+June 28th the English Government first learned of the Germans’
+intention to try Fryatt by court-martial, and immediately undertook
+to arrange for his proper defense. Sir Edward Grey telegraphed to the
+American Ambassador at Berlin requesting his efforts in this behalf and
+that he would convey to the German authorities the contention of the
+English Government that “in committing the act impugned Capt. Fryatt
+acted legitimately and in self-defense for the purpose of evading
+capture or destruction, and that the act of a merchant ship in steering
+for an enemy submarine and forcing her to dive is essentially defensive
+and precisely on the same footing as the use by a defensively armed
+vessel of her defensive armament in order to resist capture, which both
+the United States and His Majesty’s Government hold to be the exercise
+of an undoubted right.”
+
+In spite of possible influence and efforts, Ambassador Gerard’s
+intervention was unavailing, and on July 27th, the very day of the
+execution, he telegraphed to London that his efforts to secure a
+postponement of the trial were futile because the German Government
+insisted that “the German submarine witnesses could not be further
+detained.” In other words, the men whose business it was to conduct a
+sea campaign of lawlessness and “frightfulness” could not be delayed
+from their destructive work by anything so paltry as a consideration of
+justice and honor in the trial of a prisoner.
+
+
+GERMAN EXULTATION
+
+Neither Sir Edward Grey and Ambassador Gerard, nor others interested
+in securing a fair trial for the accused, imagined that his trial and
+execution would be the hurried work of an afternoon, and there was
+consternation when a Reuter despatch of July 28th gave the first news
+of the shooting and made public the German _communiqué_ as follows:
+
+ “The accused was condemned to death because although he was not a
+ member of a combatant force, he made an attempt on the afternoon
+ of March 20, 1915, to ram the German submarine _U-33_ near the
+ Maas Lighthouse. The accused as well as the first officer and the
+ chief engineer of the steamer received at the time from the British
+ Admiralty a gold watch as a reward of his brave conduct on that
+ occasion, and his action was mentioned with praise in the House of
+ Commons.
+
+ “On the occasion in question, disregarding the U-boat’s signal to stop
+ and show his national flag, he turned at a critical moment at high
+ speed on the submarine, which escaped the steamer by a few meters only
+ by immediately diving. He confessed that in so doing he had acted in
+ accordance with instructions from the Admiralty.
+
+ “One of the many nefarious _franc-tireur_ proceedings of the British
+ Merchant Marine against our war vessels has thus found a belated but
+ merited expiation.”
+
+This report aroused intense indignation in England, and hardly less
+resentful feelings in neutral countries, especially in the United
+States, whose Ambassador in Berlin was the intermediary of the English
+protest against the basis of the court-martial. At once the British
+Foreign Office addressed a note to Ambassador Page in London in which
+was the statement:
+
+“His Majesty’s Government finds it difficult to believe that a master
+of a merchant ship who, after German submarines adopted the practice
+of sinking merchant vessels without warning and without regard to the
+lives of passengers or crew, took the only means at his disposal of
+saving not only the vessel but the lives of all on board can have been
+deliberately shot in cold blood for that action”; and the request was
+made that urgent inquiry be made by the United States Embassy at Berlin.
+
+The inquiry made it only too clear that the report was authoritative.
+Premier Asquith, in the House of Commons, July 31st, said: “I deeply
+regret that it appears to be true that Captain Fryatt has been
+murdered by the Germans.” That he was not speaking extravagantly in
+using the word “murdered” is evidenced by the fact that naval and
+military experts, including those of Holland, strongly suspected of
+more than a casual sympathy with the Germans, concurred in denouncing
+the execution as a “judicial murder,” and insisting that Fryatt was
+entitled to be regarded as a prisoner of war. In the subsequent
+review of the case it was demonstrated conclusively by many citations
+from German legal and military naval sources in declarations and
+regulations made in 1914 and earlier that “Capt. Fryatt was well
+within his rights in attempting to ram a hostile marine.” Had he sent
+the submarine with her crew to the bottom by shell fire in avoiding
+capture or destruction, he would have been held as a prisoner of war
+if subsequently captured, but because he used the only weapon at
+his command to escape the enemy vessel itself, “he was condemned to
+execution by a court of German naval officers as a _franc-tireur_.”
+
+August 15th, in the House of Commons, Premier Asquith declared: “This
+country will not tolerate a resumption of diplomatic relations with
+Germany after the war until reparation is made for the murder of Capt.
+Fryatt.”
+
+
+THE FIRST OFFICER’S REPORT
+
+The first officer of the _Brussels_, referred to in the German
+_communiqué_ quoted, was William Hartwell. He was interned in Holland
+and from there sent the following report to Mr. C. Busk, one of the
+officials of the Great Eastern Railway. It gives all the particulars
+known of the arrest and execution of Capt. Fryatt:
+
+ “Sir: This being the first opportunity since the capture of the
+ _Brussels_ in 1916, I will endeavor to give you details of the capture
+ and happenings up to July 27th, this being the date of Capt. Fryatt’s
+ death. I beg to report that on June 22d the steamship _Brussels_
+ left Rotterdam with cargo and passengers for Tilbury, stopping at
+ the Hook of Holland. She left the Hook Quay at 11 p. m. on that day,
+ the weather being very fine and clear. All saloon and cabin lights
+ were extinguished before passing the North Pier Light. Directly after
+ passing it, a very bright light was shown from the beach, about four
+ miles north of the Hook, followed by a bright star, such as a rocket
+ would throw. After a lapse of ten minutes this was repeated. On both
+ occasions Capt. Fryatt and myself remarked upon it, as we had never
+ seen similar lights on any previous occasions. After passing the Maas
+ Light Vessel, all Board of Trade Regulation Lights were darkened.
+ Five miles west of the light vessel a very small craft, probably
+ a submarine not submerged, commenced Morseing the letter ‘S’ at
+ intervals. No other lights were visible.
+
+ “After running for one hour and thirty minutes, an extra sharp
+ lookout was kept for a steamer that was going in the same direction
+ and without lights, the port and starboard lights of the _Brussels_
+ being put on for the time being. At 12:46 craft without lights were
+ seen at a point on the starboard bow, traveling at a great speed in
+ the opposite direction. These proved to be German destroyers of the
+ latest type, five in all. Two came alongside on the starboard side,
+ and one on the port side, the other two following close behind.
+ During the time the destroyers were approaching their commanders were
+ shouting orders to stop, asking the name of the ship, and threatening
+ to fire on us. No firing occurred, however. As soon as Capt. Fryatt
+ was assured that the destroyers were German, he gave orders for all
+ passengers to be ready to take to the boats if necessary, and quietly
+ instructed me to destroy all dispatches and official papers. His
+ instructions were carried out, and as the last bag was destroyed
+ German seamen, armed with pistols and bombs, appeared on the starboard
+ alleyway. I passed through the saloon to the deck and met more German
+ seamen, who were driving all the crew they could find over the rail on
+ to the destroyers. I was ordered over the rail, but refused to go, and
+ then met the officer who came on board to take charge. He requested me
+ to show him to the bridge, which I did. He greeted Capt. Fryatt, and
+ congratulated himself over the great prize.
+
+
+ GERMAN INTELLIGENCE
+
+ “Satisfied that all was well, the destroyers left and made for
+ Zeebrugge. The course was given for the Schouwenbank light vessel,
+ and the order was given for full speed ahead, but no reply came from
+ the engine room, as the engineers had been driven over the side with
+ the majority of the crew. This greatly excited the German officer,
+ who drew his revolver and threatened to shoot Capt. Fryatt and myself
+ if we failed to assist him, and to blow up the ship if the orders to
+ the engine room were not complied with at once. It was some minutes
+ before the German officer could be convinced that the engineers and
+ most of the crew were on the destroyers. He then ordered his own men
+ to the engine room, and instead of going full speed ahead, the engines
+ were put on full speed astern. This also angered the officer, and
+ matters became very unpleasant on the bridge. I was ordered to go to
+ the engine room to inform the Germans of their mistake. By this time
+ the steam was greatly falling back, owing to the stokers being away,
+ and the order was given that all on board, except Capt. Fryatt and
+ myself, should maintain steam till the ship arrived at Zeebrugge. On
+ reaching the Schouwenbank light vessel the German flag was hoisted,
+ and directly after the Flushing mail boat for Tilbury passed quite
+ close.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+ Naval Honors for Captain Fryatt
+
+ The body received from Belgium is being escorted in lengthy procession
+ through the streets of Dover.]
+
+ “Capt. Fryatt was assured that soon after her arrival at Tilbury the
+ capture of the _Brussels_ would be reported. The _Brussels_ was met
+ and escorted by several airplanes to Zeebrugge, where the destroyers
+ were already moored. On arrival at Zeebrugge the _Brussels_ was moored
+ alongside the Mole. The engineers and crew all returned. The crew were
+ sent to their quarters and kept under armed guard. The officers and
+ engineers were placed under a guard in the smokeroom, and Captain the
+ same in his room. The Belgian refugees were closely searched, and
+ landed at Zeebrugge. After a stay of about five hours the _Brussels_
+ left and proceeded to Bruges under her own steam.
+
+ [Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+ Memorial Service to Captain Fryatt at St. Paul’s, London]
+
+ “For some reason Capt. Fryatt was kept in his cabin, and I was sent
+ to the bridge, not to assist or officiate in any way, but simply to
+ stand under guard and to be questioned at intervals by the Germans if
+ they could get the right answers. During the passage from Zeebrugge
+ to Bruges both sides of the canal were thronged in places, and both
+ the soldiers and the marine Landsturm were greatly excited. On
+ reaching Bruges the crew were taken off and sent to a waiting shed.
+ Only Capt. Fryatt and myself, with many German officers, remained on
+ board. After we had been questioned at lunch Capt. Fryatt and I were
+ photographed, and we then joined the crew in the shed, being afterward
+ taken to a building in the town. All of us, including stewardesses and
+ twenty-five Russians, were packed in, leaving scarcely standing room.
+
+
+ SHIPPED LIKE CATTLE
+
+ “After some hours, following a request to the prison commandant,
+ the stewardesses were allowed separate quarters in the top of the
+ building. Otherwise they were treated in the same way as male
+ prisoners until they were separated to go to a different camp. At 3
+ a. m., on June 25th, orders came for all to be ready for the train to
+ Germany, the stewardesses joining us at the station. At 5 a. m. we all
+ left, closely packed, in cattle trucks, and on arrival at Ghent we
+ were escorted to very dirty and unhealthful quarters underground. At
+ 5 a. m. on the following day we left Ghent for Germany, via Cologne,
+ where the stewardesses and Russians were separated to go to other
+ camps. After being exhibited at Berlin, as at Hanover and other
+ stations, the rest went to Ruhleben, where they arrived at 5 p. m.,
+ June 28th. Two days later Capt. Fryatt and I received orders to the
+ effect that we were to be prepared to leave the camp at 8 p. m. for
+ Bruges on ship’s business.
+
+ “We arrived at Bruges at 7 a. m., on July 2d, after visiting Ostend
+ by mistake on the part of the escort. We reported to the port
+ commandant at 9 a. m., and were taken from him to the town prison and
+ put in cells. From then onward we were treated as criminals. We were
+ occasionally visited by German officials and questioned as to the
+ submarine and other subjects, on which Capt. Fryatt made a clear and
+ open statement to the Germans, with nothing condemning to himself.
+ From the time of being placed in the prison at Bruges to July 15th I
+ saw Capt. Fryatt and spoke to him on several occasions, after which I
+ never spoke to him until one hour before he was shot.
+
+ “I will endeavor to make you understand the so-called tribunal or
+ trial. On July 24th Capt. Fryatt and myself were questioned and
+ cross-questioned in the prison, and, so far as I could learn, Capt.
+ Fryatt never added to or departed from his opening statement. It was
+ then that we were first informed of the tribunal that was to follow.
+ On July 26th we were told to be ready for the tribunal, which was to
+ take place at Bruges Town Hall on the 27th at 11 a. m. On July 27th at
+ 9 a. m. the door of the cell was opened, and an escort was waiting. To
+ my surprise, four of the crew were in the waiting cell. Each man was
+ escorted to the Town Hall, Capt. Fryatt and I being the last to go,
+ and placed under a strong guard until the trial began.
+
+ “At 12 noon Capt. Fryatt was called into his place before the
+ so-called bench, and repeated his previous statement. I followed and
+ answered questions that appeared to be ridiculous, not appearing
+ either to defend or condemn Capt. Fryatt. At the same time an officer
+ in uniform appeared, and, approaching Capt. Fryatt and myself,
+ informed us in broken English that he was for the defense. The
+ Naval Commandant of the port conducted the trial, and also acted as
+ interpreter. At 4 p. m. the Naval Commandant informed us that all was
+ over so far, and that the decision, resting with the naval officers,
+ would be made known to us in our cells.
+
+
+ SIXTEEN BULLETS
+
+ “After being again placed in the cells, the chief warder of the prison
+ came to me at 5:30 p. m. and told me I was to go and stop with Capt.
+ Fryatt, as that was his last night. I then met Capt. Fryatt, who was
+ very much distressed, not so much because of the verdict, but of the
+ unfair and cowardly manner in which everything was done. He told me
+ himself that he was to be shot on the next morning, and after having
+ a talk for about an hour—it was then 6:30 p. m.—the prison official
+ took his watch from his pocket and said that in a short time the
+ escort would be there, and Capt. Fryatt would be shot at 7 p. m. The
+ last twenty-five minutes I spent with him were appalling. At 6:55
+ p. m. I wished him good-bye, and promised I would deliver his last
+ messages, which were many, and returned to my cell.
+
+ “Punctually at 7 p. m., a very short distance from the prison walls,
+ a band commenced to play, and poor Fryatt was no more. Late the same
+ evening an official came to my cell and described to me, in the best
+ way he could, how Fryatt died. He was shot by sixteen rifles, the
+ bullets of which penetrated through his heart, carrying with them the
+ clothes he was wearing through the body and out at the back.
+
+ “Sir, I was and am still proud of Capt. Fryatt’s manly conduct right
+ up to the last, and I may add that there was not a German present at
+ the trial who could face him.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Captain Fryatt’s Grave]
+
+The Germans made a long official statement in an impotent attempt to
+justify this vengeful murder.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _D. Davison._
+
+The _Deutschland_ Arriving at Baltimore
+
+The _Deutschland’s_ maiden trip was a trans-Atlantic voyage from
+Bremen. Its cargo was worth over two hundred thousand dollars in
+dyestuffs and medicines of German manufacture.]
+
+
+
+
+JULES VERNE VINDICATED
+
+How Capt. Paul Koenig of the _Deutschland_ Turned Incredible Fiction
+Into Practical Reality
+
+
+There was a very positive thrill throughout the world when the
+startling report was published that a German submarine had crossed the
+Atlantic and, on July 10, 1915, entered an American port. It had not
+been believed possible at that time for a submarine to make so great
+and perilous a voyage, and the first news of the unique achievement was
+somewhat sceptically received. But when there was no remaining doubt
+that the _Deutschland_, dodging and evading British hostile craft, had
+actually voyaged from Bremen to Baltimore, Capt. Paul Koenig, commander
+of the U-boat, was prominently head-lined in the press.
+
+This historic event was interesting not only as something new and
+wonderful in marine annals, but there was a graver interest in the
+demonstration of the fact that distance from the base of operations
+was no sure protection from submarine warfare. No little alarm was
+manifested in the United States for a time. But this subsided, and the
+romantic side of the exploit appealed to the dullest imagination.
+
+When Capt. Koenig returned to Germany he wrote his experiences in book
+form, parts of which have been translated into several languages. No
+more absorbing story than Koenig’s own could easily be written, and
+from an American version of it the following excerpts were made.
+
+After leaving port the _Deutschland_ traveled submerged until they
+were far out in the North Sea on their westerly course. It was about
+two o’clock in the morning. Capt. Koenig thought it safe to rise to
+the surface and gave orders for the emptying of the tanks. But as the
+boat approached the surface it began to toss and plunge in a way that
+gave warning of a storm above. The nearer the surface the wilder the
+antics of the boat, which occasionally indulged in regular leaps. The
+emptying of the tanks went calmly on nevertheless, Capt. Koenig being
+of the order of men not to be moved from a purpose by so inconsiderable
+a thing as an ill-mannered sea. They got to the surface without too
+much disorder. Then says Capt. Koenig:
+
+“I was just about to give orders to put on the oil-engines—when—what
+was that? That dark stripe over there—wasn’t that a smoke-flag?
+_Donnerwetter!_ It’s a destroyer!
+
+“With one leap I am back in the turret and have closed the tower-hatch.
+‘Alarm—submerge quickly—depth rudder—go to twenty meters.’
+
+“The whole boat trembles and shakes under the increased pressure and
+makes a couple of real jumps; it literally reels in the wild sea. Will
+it not go down pretty soon? With a sudden jerk the _Deutschland_ darts
+below the surface and now, bending her bow lower and lower, rapidly
+descends into the depths. The light of the just dawning day disappears
+from the turret windows, the manometer shows in quick succession, two,
+three, six, ten meters. But the bow drops lower and lower.
+
+“The boat had bent forward in an angle of 36 degrees and stood on its
+head, as it were. Its bow rested on the sea’s bottom and its stern
+was violently swinging back and forth. The manometer showed a depth
+of about fifteen meters. I quickly realized our situation. It was
+something less than comfortable.
+
+“We were revealing our position by a peculiar buoy, and we expected
+momentarily to hear the crashing blow of a shell in the stern. But
+everything remained quiet. The screws could no longer betray us. Also
+it probably was still too dark up there, and the destroyer perhaps had
+enough of its own troubles in the wild sea.
+
+“There must have been a combination of several causes. Aside from the
+fact that only in the most extraordinary and rare cases is it possible
+for a big boat to submerge against a high sea, it is conceivable that
+in the haste which was forced upon us by the destroyer the tanks were
+not completely emptied of air.
+
+“But, above all, I recall that my first thought was the cargo. ‘Is the
+cargo safely stored? Can it lose its equilibrium?’ Curious as it may
+sound in retrospect, that is what I instinctively thought of. A ‘big
+steamer’ captain doesn’t easily get rid of his second nature, even on a
+U-boat.
+
+
+A WASH, A FEAST AND A NIGHT’S REST ON THE OCEAN BOTTOM
+
+“We have submerged and placed ourselves on the bottom. We are in no
+hurry. Why should we not for once give ourselves a little rest? Our
+resting-place was rather deep, but therefore safer and calmer.
+
+“This night on the bottom of the sea was truly a recreation for us all.
+One could for once take a good wash and go to bed in peace, without
+fearing to be frightened at the next moment with a ‘Hey-a’ in the
+speaking-tube.
+
+“But before resting we had a regular banquet. Both the phonographs were
+playing and the glasses were raised, filled with French champagne.
+
+“Our good Stücke, who was our steward, kitchen boy, and maid of all
+work, at the same time served us in such a dignified manner as if he
+were still a steward in the dining-room of the _Kronprinzessin Cecile_,
+as if he had never been in French captivity for nearly a whole year, in
+order to develop his ability in our company at the bottom of the sea.
+
+“Again we come to the surface the next morning. The pump is working
+with a hissing noise as we climb upward. On the twenty-meter depth the
+boat loses its stability.
+
+“First, we can see it on the manometer, then it is noticed on the depth
+rudder, which becomes more difficult to handle. And as the boat at
+times moves in unexpected jumps we realize there must be a considerable
+sea above.
+
+
+RISING TO THE SURFACE
+
+“I now carefully rise to the periscope depth and proceed for a time
+in this position and am looking around. Nothing can be seen except a
+stormy army of white wave-crests. This weather suits me exactly, as we
+need not be on our guard so very closely.
+
+“I decided therefore to rise to the surface. But before this is done
+the boat must be placed across the wind, as the long heavy hull would
+not otherwise be able to climb out of the water.
+
+“At slow speed, we place the _Deutschland_ right across the seas. The
+boat rolls fearfully. It feels just as if the soul would shake out of
+its body, and now it obeys the deep rudder and its nose rises slowly
+out of the water.
+
+“When we are completely out of the water the ship makes the alarming
+motions of a pendulum all around the compass. Then comes the unpleasant
+moment when we have to turn the ship slowly into its course.
+
+“Protected by the thick conning tower windows, which the heavy seas are
+continually washing over and streaming down, with arms and legs ready
+to withstand the sharp twistings of our craft, I keep watch on all
+sides.”
+
+They were getting out of the North Sea into the Atlantic currents, in
+an increasing storm. The boat plunged and tossed sickeningly and the
+navigation was hard work. Finally they were free of the turbulent sea
+and rode into the ocean proper and its less angry motion.
+
+
+OUT INTO THE BROAD ATLANTIC
+
+“The reception of the Atlantic can not be called cordial. We
+undoubtedly had got accustomed to much during the past days, but I
+decide as far as possible to save my men’s nerves so that they will be
+able to withstand that which was about to come. I therefore selected
+the southerly course, hoping to get better weather, but I was not
+entirely successful. The seas continually sweep over the boat from stem
+to stern, because it is too heavy to be lifted out of them as other
+steamers are.
+
+“It certainly was not pleasant in the conning-tower, but it was a
+thousand times better than below deck, where the crew, because of the
+unbroken rolling of the ship, began to suffer on account of seasickness
+in the close and stagnant air. Many an old sailor offered himself on
+the altar of Neptune for the first time.
+
+“On the third day the storm begins to abate, the sea becomes calmer,
+and we can open all the hatches in order to get air and dry out. All
+who were off duty came up to stretch themselves on the deck in the
+sunshine and pull themselves together again after their confinement and
+suffering during the rough weather, which certainly was necessary. With
+pale faces, worn out by sleepless nights, they came out of the hatches,
+but hardly had they reached the fresh air and had felt the beautiful
+sea-wind blowing on their cheeks refreshingly before the dear cigars or
+pipes were produced.”
+
+Following days were fair for a time and the boat rode the surface. It
+was the daily practice on fair days to put the _Deutschland_ through
+her diving exercises so important to efficiency in a sudden emergency.
+A very considerable part of the westward trip was made on the surface,
+though storms and the prospect of unfriendly encounters often enough
+sent them below.
+
+
+A DUMMY SMOKE-STACK
+
+“During the calm days we had prepared a clever disguise which would
+change us from a submarine to a regular steamer. Out of sail-cloth we
+had made a smoke-stack which, with steel rings, we could fasten to
+the periscope and raise it up. To cover the conning-tower we had a
+dressing of sail-cloth so that it would look like the deck-house on a
+small freight-steamer. In this way we made ready for any possibility
+and directed our course through the beautiful sunshine until one
+evening at half-past seven a steamer appeared ahead of us on the port
+bow. We knew at once that he would pass close if we continued on our
+course. We changed it a little, swinging off a few points in order to
+test our disguise.
+
+“The smoke-stack is hoisted on the periscope and bellies out in the
+wind. In order to make it more real we build a fire in the lower
+opening, using cotton soaked in oil for fuel. At the same moment
+the conning-tower disappears under the cover, which trembles in the
+breeze. The oily cotton loses its honor and only stinks. There is no
+smoke coming from it. Every one is standing blowing with cheeks puffed
+out until our ‘tradelose,’ a foxy Berliner, fetches an air-pump and
+gets a big flame in our fake stoke-hole. With one hurrah his trick is
+rewarded; above the smoke-stack’s upper opening we could see a slender
+stream of smoke only to diminish to nothing in the next minute. We
+roar with laughter and again make ready to proceed with our dummy
+smoke-stack minus smoke.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International Film Service._
+
+The _Deutschland_ Arriving at Bremen, Having Returned from a
+Trans-Atlantic Voyage]
+
+“When our boatswain, Humke, comes with a jar filled with tar, the
+air-pump again starts to work, and at last big clouds of smoke pour
+out of the funnel. The effect was great. The steamer, which was at a
+distance, suddenly changes its course and comes straight for us.
+
+“This we had never expected. I therefore order the mast taken down
+and make ready for diving. Our canvas covering disappears from the
+conning-tower and with a deep bow the smoke-stack comes down.
+
+“As soon as the steamer sees this change in our make-up, fear fills his
+heart. He changes his course and flees, throwing thick, black clouds of
+smoke which we admire not without a feeling of jealousy.
+
+“Without hindrance we again hoist our funnel. The masts are raised. And
+while our steamer speeds away in her wild flight we laugh so the tears
+run down our cheeks.
+
+“Our fine disguise which was intended to let us pass unnoticed had
+instead attracted the steamer’s attention to us. He undoubtedly took
+us for a wreck or a ship in distress and came toward us with the kind
+intentions to save us. When he could suddenly see himself the target
+for the devilish cunning of a foxy U-boat he fled precipitately.
+
+“What did the people of the steamer think when they recovered from
+their scare? Maybe they felt proud to have been able to escape from
+the heartless ‘pirate.’ And we, who would have been so proud if our
+disguise had worked a little better, were preparing to sink below the
+surface to avoid him.
+
+“Well, we thought, ‘better luck next time,’ and we improved our
+invention with the result that two days later, while throwing off solid
+clouds of smoke, we passed by a steamer which we met without causing
+the least suspicion.”
+
+And so without mishap or misadventure the _Deutschland_ fared to her
+destination, tarried some while in the American port where officers
+and men were discreetly entertained, the United States being a neutral
+country then. Suddenly, mysteriously she put to sea again. Many were
+the rumors of disaster to her—for the return trip was long and beset
+with peril from paroling and watchful destroyers eager to catch sight
+of her; but in due course and in triumphant contradiction of reports of
+her destruction the first authentic news was of her safe return to the
+home harbor.
+
+
+
+
+WEDDIGEN’S WONDER FEAT
+
+The Dramatic Sinking of Three British Cruisers by U-boat in the Early
+Days of the War
+
+
+Early on the morning of September 22, 1914, three 12,000-ton armored
+cruisers of the British Navy—the _Aboukir_, the _Cressy_, and the
+_Hogue_—were torpedoed in the North Sea and sunk by a German submarine,
+with a loss of 1,433 men. The news startled the whole world. It was
+as if three Goliaths, imposing, formidable, on parade in panoply,
+challenging the stoutest, had succumbed impotently to the assault of
+the diminutive David—for it was a solitary submarine that sank the
+naval giants in less than an hour. So adroit, rapid and precise had
+been the maneuvers of the submarine that the officers of the attacked
+warships were of the belief that there were several of the invisible
+devil-boats, and that the guns of the _Cressy_ sank one of them. Nor
+did they become the wiser until Captain Lieutenant Otto Weddigen,
+commander of _U-9_, made report of his exploit on his return to
+Wilhelmshaven, whence he had set forth for the enterprise. Conditions,
+be it said, were entirely favorable to him, for the sea was calm, and
+the weather clear. The three cruisers, unsuspicious, were steaming
+along in close formation, patrolling the silent sea, and they gave him
+a famous victory—the destruction of the first warships by the U-boat.
+
+There follow three separate accounts of the event as related by three
+different sources, the first being that of an officer of the _Cressy_,
+published in the _Manchester Guardian_.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Press Photo Syndicate._
+
+Crew Quarters Aboard a German Submarine
+
+The vast machinery leaves but little room for the crew. They enjoy none
+of the conveniences found on vessels that ply above water.]
+
+
+EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT BY AN OFFICER OF THE _Cressy_
+
+“I was awakened about 6:15 by the increase of our speed, and, thinking
+it was nothing more than just a slight spurt to take up our day patrol
+position, I lay quiet. However, about ten minutes later I felt the
+engines going full speed astern, so, guessing at once that something
+out of the ordinary was happening, I sat up, and, opening my scuttle,
+looked out. Conceive the jump I gave when I saw the _Aboukir_, about
+half a mile away, heeling over to port so that the starboard copper
+plates were plainly visible glistening red in the sun. I could also see
+considerable commotion on board her, and one of her starboard sea boats
+was lowered half-way, but seemed to have stuck there.
+
+“While I watched she seemed to heel over still more, so I leapt from my
+bunk, and, running into the next cabin, I found —— jumping out of his
+bunk, and together we ran up on to the quarterdeck. From there we could
+see that in the short time we had taken getting up on deck she turned
+over much more, and was down by the head, and while we watched we could
+see the sun shining on pink, naked men walking down her sides inch by
+inch as she heeled over, some standing, others sitting down and sliding
+into the water, which was soon dotted with heads. All this time we were
+hard at it lowering boats.
+
+“Both the sea-boats had gone, manned by nucleus crews, and Lieutenant
+——’s voice could be heard as he directed the hands working the main
+derrick, which was hoisting up the launch—a boat capable of holding
+two or three hundred men. Other men under the direction of another
+lieutenant were busily throwing overboard every bit of wood that they
+could find for the swimming men to clutch—an act which materially aided
+in our escape afterward. I then ran along to the sick-bay and ordered
+the stewards to get hot blankets and coffee ready, and went below to
+get into some clothes.
+
+
+“THE SHIP LIFTED, QUIVERING ALL OVER”
+
+“I had only been in my cabin about a minute when there was a terrific
+crash, and the ship lifted up, quivering all over. A second or two
+later another and duller crash, and a great cloud of smoke, followed by
+a torrent of water, came pouring in through my open scuttle. The noise
+for a second or two was deafening; everything seemed to be breaking,
+and somewhere or other I could hear dishes and glass being crashed to
+pieces on the deck, and, in addition, all the lights in the ship went
+out. I ran out of my cabin and along to the first ladder, the aft deck
+being in darkness and full of smoke; conceive my dismay when I found
+that it had fallen down.”
+
+However, he found another ladder, farther on. On the deck was worse
+confusion than before. There was nothing left to do but make escape in
+the shortest possible order. He climbed down into the sea.
+
+“The first piece I clung to had sharp edges which hurt, so I left
+that and swam to a table floating near. Then another man came up and
+climbed on to my table, so I left it to him and struck out for a large
+spar which I caught sight of some little distance off. This afforded a
+very comfortable hold, and I lay over it, kicking gently with my legs
+to keep them warm, and I looked about me. Both the _Aboukir_ and the
+_Hogue_ had gone, and the _Cressy_ was in front of me, about a quarter
+of a mile away. Then she began to fire her guns, and, hearing the
+shells going over my head, I looked behind, and there, about 300 yards
+off, I saw the periscope of a submarine.
+
+“For some time the firing continued, several of the shells bursting
+most unpleasantly near, and then the men on the _Cressy_ started
+cheering, and I heard after that they were unanimously of the
+opinion—true or not, I don’t know—that they had sunk one of the
+submarines. However, the firing continued for some time, till there was
+a sudden explosion, and a great column of smoke, black as ink, flew
+up as high as the _Cressy’s_ funnels, while she heeled over about ten
+degrees. Nothing much further seemed to happen, however, and, looking
+about me, I caught sight of —— hanging on to a large fender of twigs,
+which kept revolving and ducking him under, so, calling to him, I
+started to push my spar toward him till I got near enough, and then,
+giving it a vigorous shove, pushed it alongside him and swam after it.
+
+“The two of us clung to that for some time, till the sound of an
+explosion made us look round to see the spray and smoke disappearing,
+and as we watched another torpedo struck, and the _Cressy_ heeled right
+over and almost entirely disappeared in a very short space of time, the
+last few feet of ‘island,’ however, taking a very long time to go. Soon
+after this I realized the wonderful fact that as the _Hogue_ sank she
+must have righted herself, for the picket boat and steam pinnace had in
+some miraculous way floated clear quite undamaged, though half full of
+water, and were now about one hundred yards from us. Turning the spar
+so that it lay pointing toward the boats, and slipping the fingers of
+my left hand into a notch that seemed made for the purpose, I turned on
+my side and started to tow the spar toward the boats.
+
+“These were soon reached, and we found that some four or five people
+had already boarded them. With their help we scrambled on board, having
+been in the water about an hour and a quarter. After this there is not
+much to tell. The _Flora_ hove in sight when we had been in the boat
+about an hour, followed by the _Titan_, and in an hour more we naked,
+shivering mortals were all taken off to the former.”
+
+
+THE OFFICIAL REPORT
+
+In the official report to the Admiralty made by Commander Bertram W. L.
+Nicholson we find the expression of the belief that there were several
+submarines, and that one was sunk. The report is quoted:
+
+“The _Aboukir_ was struck at about 6.25 a.m. on the starboard beam. The
+_Hogue_ and _Cressy_ closed and took up a position, the _Hogue_ ahead
+of the _Aboukir_, and the _Cressy_ about 400 yards on her port beam. As
+soon as it was seen that the _Aboukir_ was in danger of sinking all the
+boats were sent away from the _Cressy_, and a picket boat was hoisted
+out without steam up. When cutters full of the _Aboukir’s_ men were
+returning to the _Cressy_, the _Hogue_ was struck, apparently under the
+aft 9.2 magazine, as a very heavy explosion took place immediately.
+Almost directly after the _Hogue_ was hit we observed a periscope on
+our port bow about 300 yards off.
+
+“Fire was immediately opened and the engines were put full speed ahead
+with the intention of running her down. Our gunner, Mr. Dougherty,
+positively asserts that he hit the periscope and that the submarine
+sank. An officer who was standing alongside the gunner thinks that the
+shell struck only floating timber, of which there was much about, but
+it was evidently the impression of the men on deck, who cheered and
+clapped heartily, that the submarine had been hit. This particular
+submarine did not fire a torpedo at the _Cressy_.
+
+“Captain Johnson then maneuvered the ship so as to render assistance
+to the crews of the _Hogue_ and _Aboukir_. About five minutes later
+another periscope was seen on our starboard quarter and fire was
+opened. The track of the torpedo she fired at a range of 500 to 600
+yards was plainly visible and it struck us on the starboard side just
+before the after-bridge.
+
+“The ship listed about 10 degrees to the starboard and remained steady.
+The time was 7.15 a.m. All the watertight doors, deadlights and
+scuttles had been securely closed before the torpedo struck the ship.
+All the mess stools and table shores, and all available timber below
+and on deck had been previously got up and thrown over side for the
+saving of life.
+
+“A second torpedo fired by the same submarine missed and passed about
+10 feet astern. About a quarter of an hour after the first torpedo had
+hit a third torpedo fired from a submarine just before the starboard
+beam hit us under the No. 5 boiler room. The time was 7.30 a.m. The
+ship then began to heel rapidly, and finally turned keel up, remaining
+so for about twenty minutes before she finally sank, at 7.55 a.m.
+
+“A large number of men were saved by casting adrift on Pattern 3
+target. The steam pinnace floated off her clutches, but filled and sank.
+
+“The second torpedo which struck the _Cressy_ passed over the sinking
+hull of the _Aboukir_, narrowly missing it. It is possible that the
+same submarine fired all three torpedoes at the _Cressy_.
+
+“The conduct of the crew was excellent throughout. I have already
+remarked on the bravery displayed by Captain Phillips, master of the
+trawler _L. T. Coriander_, and his crew, who picked up 156 officers and
+men.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Press Photo Syndicate._
+
+The Daily Wash Aboard a German Torpedo Boat
+
+Germany’s torpedo boats were outclassed by her U-boats. In the battle
+of Jutland the world first heard of the torpedo boats’ extensive use.]
+
+
+CAPT. WEDDIGEN’S OWN STORY
+
+And here is the story of the daring enterprise, one of the most
+extraordinary of naval exploits, told by Captain Lieutenant Otto
+Weddigen, Commander of _U-9_. He was 32 years old at the time, and for
+the five years preceding had been attached to the submarine flotilla.
+He was married but twenty-four hours to his boyhood sweetheart, a Miss
+Prete of Hamburg, before he set out on the adventure that offered more
+than an even chance of making the bride a widow. Besides himself there
+were twenty-five men in the _U-9_ and they were a picked crew.
+
+Weddigen’s own story of the cruise, first published in the United
+States by the New York _World_, was in part as follows:
+
+“I set out from a North Sea port on one of the arms of the Kiel Canal
+and set my course in a southwesterly direction. The name of the port I
+cannot state officially, but it has been guessed at; nor am I permitted
+to say definitely just when we started, but it was not many days before
+the morning of Sept. 22, when I fell in with my quarry.
+
+“When I started from home the fact was kept quiet and a heavy sea
+helped to keep the secret, but when the action began the sun was bright
+and the water smooth.
+
+“I had sighted several ships during my passage, but they were not what
+I was seeking. English torpedo boats came within, my reach, but I felt
+there was bigger game further on, so on I went. I traveled on the
+surface except when we sighted vessels, and then I submerged, not even
+showing my periscope, except when it was necessary to take bearings. It
+was ten minutes after 6 on the morning of Tuesday when I caught sight
+of one of the big cruisers of the enemy.
+
+“I was then eighteen sea miles northwest of the Hook of Holland. I had
+then traveled considerably more than 200 miles from my base. My boat
+was one of an old type, but she had been built on honor, and she was
+behaving beautifully. I had been going ahead partly submerged, with
+about five feet of my periscope showing. Almost immediately I caught
+sight of the first cruiser and two others. I submerged completely and
+laid my course so as to bring up in the center of the trio, which held
+a sort of triangular formation. I could see their gray-black sides
+riding high over the water.
+
+“When I first sighted them they were near enough for torpedo work,
+but I wanted to make my aim sure, so I went down and in on them. I
+had taken the position of the three ships before submerging, and I
+succeeded in getting another flash through my periscope before I began
+action. I soon reached what I regarded as a good shooting point.”
+
+[The officer was not permitted to give this distance, but it is
+understood to have been considerably less than a mile, although the
+German torpedoes had an effective range of four miles.]
+
+
+THE SHOT WENT STRAIGHT AND TRUE
+
+“Then I loosed one of my torpedoes at the middle ship. I was then
+about twelve feet under water, and got the shot off in good shape, my
+men handling the boat as if she had been a skiff. I climbed to the
+surface to get a sight through my tube of the effect, and discovered
+that the shot had gone straight and true, striking the ship, which I
+later learned was the _Aboukir_, under one of her magazines, which in
+exploding helped the torpedo’s work of destruction.
+
+“There was a fountain of water, a burst of smoke, a flash of fires
+and part of the cruiser rose in the air. Then I heard a roar and felt
+reverberations sent through the water by the detonation. She had
+been broken apart, and sank in a few minutes. The _Aboukir_ had been
+stricken in a vital spot and by an unseen force; that made the blow all
+the greater.
+
+“Her crew were brave, and even with death staring them in the face kept
+to their posts, ready to handle their useless guns, for I submerged at
+once. But I had stayed on top long enough to see the other cruisers,
+which I learned were the _Cressy_ and the _Hogue_, turn and steam full
+speed to their dying sister, whose plight they could not understand,
+unless it had been due to an accident.
+
+“The ships came on a mission of inquiry and rescue, for many of the
+_Aboukir’s_ crew were now in the water, the order having been given,
+‘Each man for himself.’
+
+“But soon the other two English cruisers learned what had brought about
+the destruction so suddenly.
+
+“As I reached my torpedo depth I sent a second charge at the nearest of
+the oncoming vessels, which was the _Hogue_. The English were playing
+my game, for I had scarcely to move out of my position, which was a
+great aid, since it helped to keep me from being detected.
+
+“The attack on the _Hogue_ went true. But this time I did not have the
+advantageous aid of having the torpedo detonate under the magazine, so
+for twenty minutes the _Hogue_ lay wounded and helpless on the surface
+before she heaved, half turned over and sank.
+
+“But this time, the third cruiser knew that the enemy was upon her and
+she sought as best she could to defend herself. She loosed her torpedo
+defense batteries on boats, starboard and port, and stood her ground as
+if more anxious to help the many sailors who were in the water than to
+save herself. In common with the method of defending herself against
+a submarine attack, she steamed in a zigzag course, and this made it
+necessary for me to hold my torpedoes until I could lay a true course
+for them, which also made it necessary for me to get nearer to the
+_Cressy_. I had come to the surface for a view, and saw how wildly the
+fire was being sent from the ship. Small wonder that was when they did
+not know where to shoot, although one shot went unpleasantly near us.
+
+
+THE CRESSY TURNS TURTLE
+
+“When I got within suitable range, I sent away my third attack. This
+time I sent a second torpedo after the first to make the strike doubly
+certain. My crew were aiming like sharpshooters and both torpedoes
+went to their bullseye. My luck was with me again, for the enemy was
+made useless and at once began sinking by her head. Then she careened
+far over, but all the while her men stayed at the guns looking for
+their invisible foe. They were brave and true to their country’s
+sea traditions. Then she eventually suffered a boiler explosion and
+completely turned turtle. With her keel uppermost, she floated until
+the air got out from under her and then she sank with a loud sound, as
+if from a creature in pain.
+
+“The whole affair had taken less than one hour from the time of
+shooting off the first torpedo until the _Cressy_ went to the bottom.
+Not one of the three had been able to use any of its big guns. I knew
+the wireless of the three cruisers had been calling for aid. I was
+still quite able to defend myself, but I knew that news of the disaster
+would call many English submarines and torpedo-boat destroyers, so,
+having done my appointed work, I set my course for home.
+
+“My surmise was right, for before I got very far some British cruisers
+and destroyers were on the spot, and the destroyers took up the chase.
+I kept under water most of the way, but managed to get off a wireless
+to the German fleet that I was heading homeward and being pursued. I
+hoped to entice the enemy, by allowing them now and then a glimpse
+of me, into the zone in which they might be exposed to capture or
+destruction by German warships; but, although their destroyers saw me
+plainly at dusk on the 22nd, and made a final effort to stop me, they
+abandoned the attempt, as it was taking them too far from safety, and
+needlessly exposing them to attack from our fleet and submarines.
+
+“How much they feared our submarines and how wide was the agitation
+caused by my good little _U-9_ is shown by the English reports that a
+whole flotilla of German submarines had attacked the cruisers, and that
+this flotilla had approached under cover of the flag of Holland.
+
+“These reports were absolutely untrue.
+
+“I reached the home port on the afternoon of the 23rd and on the
+24th went to Wilhelmshaven to find the news of my effort had become
+public. My wife, dry-eyed when I went away, met me with tears. Then I
+learned that my little vessel and her brave crew had won the plaudits
+of the Kaiser, who had conferred upon my co-workers the Iron Cross of
+the second class and upon me the Iron Cross of the first and second
+classes.”
+
+
+
+
+TORPEDOED!
+
+A Nurse’s Graphic Personal Narrative of the Wanton Destruction of the
+_Sussex_
+
+
+On a clear day with the sea a perfect mirror reflecting the blue sky,
+the French Channel Steamer _Sussex_ left Folkstone harbor on its
+fateful trip for Dieppe, March 24, 1916. Among the passengers was an
+English nurse attached to a French hospital, who was returning to
+duty from a month’s leave of absence in England. The _Sussex_ was a
+small but finely built, stout passenger boat, unarmed. She left harbor
+at 1.30 in the afternoon, and in a short time encountered in the
+Channel thousands of floating bags of a jettisoned cargo. A group of
+passengers, standing by the rail, began to discuss the possibilities
+of torpedoing. A British officer, who had braved dangers at Undros,
+laughed, saying that it was not submarine weather, the Germans being
+afraid to show themselves in a calm sea. Soon the others of the group
+strolled off leaving the nurse alone watching a Belgian officer
+exercising his dog on the deck. Presently they went away, and the
+nurse turned to look out at the sea and watch for a periscope.
+
+What followed the nurse tells, as her personal experience, in an
+article published in _Blackwood’s Magazine_:
+
+“It grew cold, and I was beginning to think of going back to my
+sheltered chair to roll myself up in my rug, when in a moment the whole
+earth and heaven seemed to explode in one head-splitting roar. In the
+thousandth part of a second my mind told me ‘Torpedoed—forward—on my
+right’—and then the sensation of falling, with my limbs spread-eagle,
+through space.
+
+[Illustration: The _Sussex_ Beached
+
+This channel ferryboat was torpedoed at night while carrying a large
+number of distinguished passengers. The force of the explosion broke
+her amidships.]
+
+“When I came to myself again I was groping amid a tangle of broken
+wires with an agonizing pain in my back and the fiercest headache I
+had ever known. My hair was down, and plastered to my chin with blood
+that seemed to be coming from my mouth. There was more blood on my
+coat-sleeve. I was conscious that I was bleeding freely internally
+with every movement. My first definite thought was, ‘If only it is
+all a ghastly nightmare!’ But I remembered. My next thought was a
+passionately strong desire not to die by drowning—then. I crawled free
+of the wires that were coiled all about me and stood up.
+
+
+DEAFENED AND UNABLE TO SPEAK
+
+“In one unsteady glance I took in a number of things. Near me a
+horrible piece of something, and a dead woman. (Afterwards I wondered
+why I was so sure she was dead and never stooped to make sure.) _Below
+me, on the quarterdeck and second-class promenade deck_, numbers of
+people moving to and fro, many with lifebelts on. I never heard a
+sound from them, but it did not strike me as odd then. Now I know I
+was deafened. So I had been blown up on to the top deck, to the other
+end of the ship. I swayed to and fro, and looked for a stairway, but
+could find none, and began to be aware that I had only a few moments of
+consciousness left me.
+
+“Something must be done if I was not to drown. I forced my will to
+concentrate on it, and came to the side, where I found three men
+looking down on a lowered boat. I also saw a lifebelt on the ground. I
+picked it up and, not having the strength to put it on, I tried to ask
+the men to tie it for me. Then I found I could not speak. So I held it
+up, and one, an American, understood, and hastily tied it. Then I saw
+one of them catch hold of a loose davit rope and swarm down it to the
+boat. There was my one chance, I decided. My arms were all right, but
+would my legs work? I took hold, and made a mighty effort to cross my
+knees round the rope: I succeeded. Then I slid down till I was just
+above the water.
+
+
+INTO ONE LIFEBOAT
+
+“I waited till the roll of the ship brought me near enough to the boat
+to catch, with my right hand, another rope that I saw hanging plumb
+above it, while I hung on with my left. It came within reach: I caught
+it, let go with my left, and lowered myself into the boat. Then I
+wanted to sink down in her bottom and forget everything, but I dared
+not, for men were pouring into her. I saw a man’s knee hooked over the
+side of the boat where I sat. I could not see his body, but it was in
+the water, between us and the side of the _Sussex_. As in a dream I
+held on to his knee with my left hand with all the grip I had left, and
+with my right held on to the seat on which I sat. I could do nothing to
+help him in, but on the other hand, so long as I remained conscious,
+his knee-hold should not be allowed to slip. No one took any notice of
+either of us. Gradually I began to hear again. The men in the boat were
+shouting that there was no more room, that the boat was full. One last
+man tumbled in and then the people in the boat pushed away, and men
+on the _Sussex_ helped. Others continually threw gratings and planks
+overboard.
+
+
+ALMOST SWAMPED
+
+“Our boat was dangerously overcrowded. Already she was half swamped.
+I wondered when she would upset. A man on either side seized gratings
+and towed them alongside. One made a herculean effort and pulled the
+man whose knee I had been holding into our boat, and nearly upset her.
+No one said a word. He was an elderly man, and his fat face was white
+and piteous. His hands never ceased trembling. He had had a terrible
+fright. Some one suggested getting out the oars, and others said it was
+impossible, as they were underneath us all. However, it was managed,
+and several men stood up and changed places. Again we nearly upset.
+I joined with the others in commanding these wild folk to sit still.
+Three oars were produced. One was given to a young and sickly looking
+Frenchman opposite to me. He did not know how to use it. Everyone
+shouted to get away from the steamer. The water had now reached my
+knees, and I began to notice how cold it was.
+
+“I saw three other women in the boat. They sat together, white and
+silent, in the stern, nor ever moved. They were French women. Some one
+noticed that the water was increasing and there was a wild hullabaloo
+of alarm. A Belgian—the man who had pulled into the boat the man whose
+knee I held—called for hats with which to bale, setting the example
+with his. But we were so tightly packed that no one could get at
+the water, whereupon the Belgian climbed overboard on to one of the
+gratings I have already mentioned, and a young Belgian soldier followed
+his example on the other side. They held on to our gunwale with their
+fingers. This somewhat relieved the congestion, enabling us to bail.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Brigadier-General Leroy Eltinge
+
+Deputy Chief of Staff, G. H. Q., A. E. F.]
+
+“Sometimes the people in the boat bailed furiously, sometimes they
+stopped and stared stupidly about them. Some shouted ‘Ramez! Ramez!’
+Others equally excited yelled ‘Mais non! Videz l’eau! Videz l’eau!’ I
+apologized to my immediate neighbors for that I had no hat to lend, and
+for that I was too hurt to stoop, but I put my hands on the erring oar
+the young Frenchman was feebly moving across my knees, and did my best
+to guide his efforts. As often as not he put it flat on the water, and
+sometimes he merely desisted altogether, and gazed vacantly in front of
+him. The Belgian asked for a handkerchief, and groping in the water at
+the bottom of the boat, found a hole and caulked it as best he could.
+Thereafter the bailers kept the water from increasing, but did little
+to reduce it.
+
+
+THE _SUSSEX_ STILL AFLOAT
+
+“Looking around I saw our steamer riding quite happily on the water
+with her bows clean gone. Afterwards I learned that the torpedo had
+cut off her fore-part, to within an inch or two of where I had been
+standing, and that it had sunk. I saw another full boat being rowed
+away from the ship, and an overturned one with two people sitting on
+her keel. I saw a man seated on a grating. All were convinced that
+help would be forthcoming speedily. And still the _Sussex_ floated.
+Four times I remarked—by way of a _ballon d’essai_—that it seemed as
+if she were not going to sink, and always there was an outcry to row,
+and get away from her. The Belgian and the Belgian soldier evidently
+thought as I did. They proposed that we should return before we were
+swamped ourselves. Once again a hysterical outburst. One man jumped to
+his feet and shrieked, and asked us if it were to hell that we intended
+returning? I began to be afraid that he and those who thought as he
+did would throw us others into the sea, but common-sense told me that
+to remain all night in that overcrowded half-swamped boat would be to
+court death.
+
+“We saw at last that the other boat was returning. This was our chance.
+Example is a wonderful thing in dealing with mob hysteria. Tentatively
+the two Belgians and I proposed that we should go as close to the
+steamer as prudence permitted, and ask the Captain if she were going
+to sink. If his answer were favorable, those who desired should go on
+board, and any who liked could go off again in the boat. If his answer
+were unfavorable, we would stand off again. The maniac still shrieked
+his protests, but the rest of the boat was with us. But no one seemed
+to know how to turn the boat. As soon as we told one to backwater, the
+other two did likewise. It seemed hopeless. Finally, we let the other
+two oars pull, and I myself tried to induce my _vis-à-vis_ to ‘ramez
+au sens contraire,’ which was the nearest approach I could get to
+‘backwater’ in French. He was too dazed to understand, so I simply set
+my teeth and pulled against him, and in about fifteen minutes the boat
+gradually came round in a wide circle. How I longed to be whole again
+so that I could take his oar right away and cox that mad boat! With my
+injured back and inside I could only just compass what I did. The pain
+kept me from collapsing, and the exertion from freezing.
+
+“It looked as though we were to be swamped, after all, within ten yards
+of the _Sussex’s_ gaping bows, for our crew, in their excitement, had
+forgotten to bail for some minutes. As we floated in under her sides
+I made a final appeal, which a young Belgian put into more forcible
+French, for everybody to keep calm and not upset the boat at the last.
+
+
+BACK TO THE SHIP
+
+“The women now spoke for the first time—and it was to appeal to the
+excited boat’s load to let me be taken off first, since I was injured.
+I found I could not stand, so sat in the middle of the seat trying to
+trim the boat while the men scrambled out. I was left alone at last;
+and the water that came over the gunwale poured over my legs to my
+waist, some of it soaking through my thick great-coat and chilling me
+to the bone. The boat was floating away. Some one shouted to me to get
+up. I got on to my hands and knees on the seat and tried to crawl
+along the side, but the change of position nearly caused me to faint
+with pain. Then the Belgian managed to get hold of the boat and hold
+her, and some sailors leaned out of the hatchway in the _Sussex’s_ side
+and grasped me by the arms and pulled me up and in as though I had been
+a sack. There were many far worse hurt than I, and they left me propped
+against a wall. The Belgian again came to the rescue, and half dragged
+me to the top of the second saloon stairway. I got down by levering
+myself on my hands on the rails, while he supported me under the arms.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Leslies._
+
+Searching for U-Boats in the North Sea
+
+A fleet of torpedo boats combing the seas for German raiders. The
+Allied Fleets maintained their vigil until the German Navy was
+surrendered at Scapa Flow.]
+
+“Once in the saloon, he and the young Belgian soldier took off my
+loosely fixed lifebelt and laid me on a couch. One forced a glass
+of whisky down my throat, which burned and gave me back renewed
+consciousness, while the other ran for brandy. I was terribly cold, and
+the good Belgian took off my boots and puttees and stockings and chafed
+my feet till one was warm. The other had no sensation for over twelve
+hours, and five days later, when it was radiographed, proved to be
+sprained and fractured.
+
+
+“WHAT IS IT TO DIE?”
+
+“After that, long hours of waiting. A woman shrieked incessantly up on
+deck. A man with a wounded head came and sat patiently in a corner. A
+girl, complaining of a pain in her chest, came down the stairs and lay
+down on a corner couch. She never moved nor spoke again. By midnight
+she was dead. None of us guessed, none of us knew. She died bravely
+and silently, quite alone. Another woman showed signs of approaching
+hysteria. A young Belgian officer, who had been attending her, suddenly
+ceased his gallantry, and standing sternly before her, said brusquely,
+‘After all, if the very worst comes, you can only die. What is it to
+die?’ The words acted on her like a douche of cold water. She became
+herself again and never murmured. We others, perhaps, benefited too.
+It is nerve-racking work lying helpless in a damaged vessel, wondering
+whether the rescue ship or another enemy submarine will appear first on
+the scene. And no ship came. At intervals the Belgian boy soldiers came
+down to reassure us: ‘The wireless had been repaired. Forty vessels
+were searching for us. There was a light to starboard. We were drifting
+towards Boulogne. The “Phares” of the coast were in sight.’ But no ship
+came. The light to starboard faded. Another appeared, and faded too.
+
+“Then we heard the regular boom of a cannon or a rocket. We all knew
+that something must have blocked our wireless, but no one said so. The
+Belgian came down to sleep, fixing his lifebelt first. With him came a
+good French-woman, who was very kind to me and washed the blood from my
+face and rinsed out my bleeding mouth. She was very hungry, and all I
+could do to help her was to hold her jewels while she went on deck to
+search for her hand baggage, and, later, to give her some soaked food
+out of my pocket. There was no food left anywhere. She said some brave
+words, too, about death coming to all, only coming once, and being
+soon over. How much one person’s courage can help others at such a
+time! Then she tied on a lifebelt and went to sleep beside me. The ship
+was rolling now, and the seas slapped noisily against her somewhere,
+jarring her all through her frame. But the Captain had said she would
+not sink for eighteen hours, and we all believed his word implicitly.
+Still, it was an ugly noise, and seemed to betoken her helplessness.
+
+
+“WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST”
+
+“And then at last the news of rescue! A French fishing-boat was coming!
+‘Women and children first,’ the young Belgians cried. My Belgian
+succorer roused himself and fetched my stockings and boots. My right
+boot would not go on. My puttees he could not manage, and so he tied
+them round me. He was always cool and practical and matter-of-fact.
+‘I have been in the Belgian Congo,’ he explained, ‘and in shipwrecks
+before. I know what to do, and I am not alarmed. You can trust entirely
+to me.’ And I did. There was a great bump as the fishing-boat came
+alongside, and a rush upstairs. Once more I was left alone, for my
+Belgian friend had gone up to see about getting me helped on board. He
+came back to say that the crush was so great that he would wait till
+it was over and then take me. It seemed a long time, but he came back
+at last, only to find he could not lift me. Then he went away calling
+for an ‘homme de bonne volonté’ to help. A young Chinese responded,
+and together they staggered up the heaving stairway with me. When
+they reached the ship’s rail it was to hear that the boat had gone! A
+British torpedo boat was coming, we were told, and so the fisherman had
+gone off with as many as he could safely carry to Boulogne. With her
+went my hope of reaching my own hospital in France. I had been sure the
+destroyer would take her load to England.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+_Courtesy of Leslies._
+
+Sinking of the _Falaba_
+
+After torpedoing the ship, the U-boat came to the surface and gave
+the command “Abandon ship.” Shortly afterward the _Falaba_ broke into
+flames and was destroyed.]
+
+“Perhaps half an hour passed, and then the destroyer came. This time
+one of the French sailors helped him to carry me, and I was placed on
+my back, across the ship’s rail, and when the roll brought her near
+enough to the destroyer, British sailors grasped my arms and pulled me
+over. For one sickening second my legs dangled between the two ships,
+but the sailors hauled me in just before the impact came. They carried
+me to the chart-house and laid me on the couch, and before long the
+Belgian joined me, and, utterly exhausted, lay down on the floor. From
+that moment I felt entirely safe. We English are brought up to feel
+complete confidence in the British Navy, much as they teach us to trust
+in Providence. And the Navy deserves our confidence.
+
+“It took a long time to transfer all the remaining passengers of the
+_Sussex_ to H. M. S. ——, for the sea was becoming restless, and the two
+ships hammered and thumped at each other’s sides to such purpose that
+the rescuing destroyer had to go into dock for repairs when her labors
+were over and she had landed us all safely.”
+
+
+
+
+THE VALLEYS OF THE BLUE SHROUDS
+
+(_Where the Valiant Poilus Were Buried in Their Blue Uniforms_)
+
+_By_
+
+John Finley
+
+
+    O shards of walls that once held precious life,
+    Now scattered, like the bones the Prophet saw
+    Lying in visioned valleys of the slain
+    Ere One cried: “Son of Man, can these bones live?”
+
+    O images of heroes, saints, and Christs,
+    Pierced, broken, thrust in hurried sepulture
+    In selfsame tombs with tinsel, dross, and dreg,
+    And without time for either shrift or shroud!
+
+    O smold’ring embers of Love’s hearthstone fires,
+    Quenched by the fiercer fires of hellish hate,
+    That have not where to kindle flames again
+    To light succeeding generations on!
+
+    O ghost-gray ashes of cathedral towers
+    That toward the sky once raised appealing hands
+    To beg the God of all take residence
+    And hold communion with the kneeling souls!
+
+    O silent tongues of bells that once did ring
+    Matin and Angelus o’er peaceful fields,
+    Now shapeless slag that will to-morrow serve
+    To make new engines for still others’ woe!
+
+    O dust that flowered in finial and foil
+    And bright in many-petaled windows bloomed,
+    Now unto dust returned at cannon’s breath
+    To lay thy faded glories on the crypt!
+
+    O wounded cities that have been beloved
+    As Priam’s city was by Hecuba,—
+    Sad Hecuba, who ere in exile borne,
+    Beheld her Hector’s child Astyanax
+    Spitted on spears (as if a Belgian babe)
+    And saw the walls in smoke and flame ascend
+    To hover heav’nward with wide-brooding wings
+    Above the “vanished thing” that once was Troy!
+
+    O shards of sanctuaries and of homes!
+    O embers, ashes gray, and glinting dust!
+    Ye who were tile or tower in Laon or Ypres,
+    A village by the Somme, a church in Roye,
+    A bit of glass in Reims, a convent bell
+    In St. Dié, a lycée in Verdun,
+    A wayside crucifix in Mézières,
+    Again I hear a cry: “Can these bones live?”
+
+    Yes! As the bones, o’er which the Prophet cried
+    And called the breath from Heav’n’s four winds to breathe.
+    Sprang straightway, bone to bone, each to its place,
+    To frame in flesh the features and the forms
+    They still remembered and still loved to hold
+    Once more on earth—so shall ye rise again!
+
+    Out of their quarries, cumulus, the clouds
+    Will furnish back your flame in crystal stone;
+    The cirrus dawns in Parsee tapestries
+    With azure broiderings will clothe your walls;
+    The nimbus noons will shower golden rain
+    And sunset colors fill each Gothic arch;
+
+    For o’er thy stricken vales, O valiant France,
+    Our love for thee shall prophesy anew,
+    And Heav’n’s Four Winds of Liberty, allied,
+    Shall breathe unpoisoned in thy streets till they
+    Shall pulse again with life that laughs and sings,
+    And yet remembers, singing through its tears
+    The music of an everlasting song—
+    Remembers, proudly and undyingly,
+    _The hero dust that lies in shrouds of blue
+    But rises as thy soul, immortal France!_
+
+  Dr. Finley and _The Yale Review_.
+
+
+
+
+RIZZO SINKS THE _WIEN_
+
+An Italian Lieutenant Braves Batteries and Mines and Harbor Wire in
+Novel Feat
+
+
+The Germans and Austrians, knowing that it would be folly for them
+to risk a naval battle, kept their navies cooped up in harbors and
+rivers to the intense disgust of real jackies, who thought it quite
+unbearable at times that while the Allied fleets were roaming about
+the high seas begging for a fight the enemy was shutting itself up.
+English and French and American sailors were so hungry for action that
+they occasionally took unwarranted chances for the sake of getting at
+the enemy, and more than once these daring leaders were at the same
+time rebuked for their recklessness and rewarded for their bravery and
+success.
+
+One of the most brilliant and picturesque of naval adventures fell to
+the credit of a young Italian who achieved a plan that startled the
+Austrians and Germans as much as it delighted the Allies.
+
+Lieut. Rizzo is really a Sicilian, strong and handsome. He is about
+thirty years old—young enough to go through with a daring feat, old
+enough to be careful. Moreover, there were two boats that carried
+out the plan, and the second boat was in charge of an elderly man,
+sixty-two years old, a fire-eater though.
+
+The task was quite definite. In the Trieste harbor the Austrians kept
+several ships which were a source of great annoyance to the Italians.
+Especially hateful was the _Wien_ and her sister the _Monarch_. She
+carried four 10-inch guns and six 6-inch guns and a crew of 441
+officers and men. A month before the _Wien_ had shelled the lower Piave
+line and Italian motor boats had tried their torpedoes on her. She had
+a narrow escape. Then she was stored at Trieste. She must have felt
+herself quite safe with her sister ship, the _Monarch_, drawing by her.
+They were behind steel nets fringed with mines. And all day and all
+night sentries watched.
+
+Lieutenant’s Rizzo’s plans were all laid. But he had no false hopes.
+He knew of the Austrian combination of nets and mines, and knew that
+at best he had great chances of being blown to pieces. He started out,
+though, with his two little launches—really not much bigger than a
+ship’s lifeboat.
+
+
+DUMBFOUNDED AUSTRIANS
+
+There was a mist on the sea. It was after midnight when they crawled in
+toward the coast. It was in December, and they could just about make
+out the white city of Trieste. The two boats stole toward the harbor.
+One of the chief problems of Rizzo was that of the huge steel cables
+attached to the nets; but these he managed to cut apart, thus making
+his way through the nets.
+
+They came nearer the harbor. It is an affair of three piers, making
+two channels. These channels were closed by booms and nets. Mines were
+linked to the piers by great steel hawsers.
+
+The boats crept up to one pier. Rizzo climbed up and took in the
+situation. There was nobody on that pier. On the middle pier, however,
+was a guardroom. There could be heard the sound of voices in that room,
+and the barking of dogs, and the monotonous rhythms of the sentry
+patrolling the middle pier.
+
+“Lieutenant Rizzo,” Percival Gibbon wrote to the New York _Times_,
+“crawled back and gave the order, and up came his men, crawling on
+hands and knees over the concrete, passing the big cutting tools from
+hand to hand, groping their way to the cables. Some set to work to cut
+them, while two men scanned the shore lest some sentry should arrive.
+
+“The cutting instruments worked well. It needed only a strong jar to
+set the mines exploding, but the cutters bit their way through strand
+after strand of twisted steel wire. Three cables above water were
+severed without trouble; the five more below; water were grappled and
+hauled to the surface and cut in their turn.
+
+“At last the weight of the net and its attachments tore the last steel
+strands asunder, the whole great cobweb of metal and explosives sank,
+and the harbor lay open. Rizzo and his men crawled back to their boats.
+Those boats moved like shadows toward the _Wien_ and the _Monarch_.
+Rizzo backed off till he had his enemy at 150 yards. His second boat,
+commanded by the old petty officer, shifted out upon his beam to get a
+line which cleared the _Wien’s_ bow and commanded the _Monarch’s_ great
+steel flank. Rizzo raised his arm in that gloom and saw the answering
+gesture of the petty officer. It was the moment to let her go. In a
+second four long steel devils were sliding through the water for the
+enemy.
+
+“A roar, a blast of flame, a waterspout raining on them, and a second
+roar as the _Monarch_, too, got her dose.
+
+“A searchlight flashed out from the _Wien_ and sawed at the darkness.
+A scream sounded over the water: _Wer da?_ (Who’s there?) There
+were shoutings and stampings along the deck of the wounded ship,
+searchlights waking along the shore and on the breakwaters, and
+anti-aircraft guns arousing everywhere. No one in Trieste knew whence
+the attack had come, whether from air or sea. The sky was festooned
+with bursting shell, while the ships in the harbor opened with their
+guns toward the harbor mouth, shelling the mist of the Adriatic at
+random. By the light of that furious illumination the Italian sailors
+saw the great bulk of the _Wien_ listing toward them.
+
+“By this time they were making for the harbor mouth. Shells spouted all
+around them, but not one hit them, and both boats saw before they left
+that last subsidence, that wriggle and resignation with which a great
+ship goes under.”
+
+
+
+
+EDITH CAVELL
+
+_By_
+
+Laurence Binyon
+
+
+    She was binding the wounds of her enemies when they came—
+      The lint in her hand unrolled.
+    They battered the door with their rifle-butts, crashed it in:
+      She faced them gentle and bold.
+
+    They haled her before the judges where they sat
+      In their places, helmet on head.
+    With question and menace the judges assailed her, “Yes,
+      I have broken your law,” she said.
+
+    “I have tended the hurt and hidden the hunted, have done
+      As a sister does to a brother,
+    Because of a law that is greater than that you have made,
+      Because I could do none other.
+
+    “Deal as you will with me. This is my choice to the end,
+      To live in the life I vowed.”
+    “She is self-confessed,” they cried; “she is self-condemned.
+      She shall die, that the rest may be cowed.”
+
+    In the terrible hour of the dawn, when the veins are cold,
+      They led her forth to the wall.
+    “I have loved my land,” she said, “but it is not enough:
+      Love requires of me all.
+
+    “I will empty my heart of the bitterness, hating none.”
+      And sweetness filled her brave
+    With a vision of understanding beyond the hour
+      That knelled to the waiting grave.
+
+    They bound her eyes, but she stood as if she shone.
+      The rifles it was that shook
+    When the hoarse command rang out. They could not endure
+      That last, that defenseless look.
+
+    And the officer strode and pistoled her surely, ashamed
+      That men, seasoned in blood,
+    Should quail at a woman, only a woman,—
+      As a flower stamped in the mud.
+
+    And now that the deed was securely done, in the night
+      When none had known her fate,
+    They answered those that had striven for her, day by day:
+      “It is over, you come too late.”
+
+    And with many words and sorrowful-phrased excuse
+      Argued their German right
+    To kill, most legally; hard though the duty be,
+      The law must assert its might.
+
+    Only a woman! yet she had pity on them,
+      The victim offered slain
+    To the gods of fear that they worship. Leave them there,
+      Red hands, to clutch their gain!
+
+    She bewailed not herself, and we will bewail her not,
+      But with tears of pride rejoice
+    That an English soul was found so crystal-clear
+      To be triumphant voice
+
+    Of the human heart that dares adventure all
+      But live to itself untrue,
+    And beyond all laws sees love as the light in the night,
+      As the star it must answer to.
+
+    The hurt she healed, the thousands comforted—these
+      Make a fragrance of her fame.
+    But because she stept to her right on through death
+      It is Victory speaks her name.
+
+  From _The Cause_. Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Company.
+
+
+
+
+AS OF OLD
+
+An Engagement When Pistol and Cutlass Revived Memories of Notable Sea
+Fights of the Past
+
+
+A friendly ghost of the old grappling and boarding days at sea came to
+give the color of romance to one of the encounters between British and
+German ships in the latter part of April, 1917. And a touch of ancient
+charm is given to the experience in the fact that the hero of the
+engagement was a gallant and daring midshipman, for the honors really
+fall to Midshipman Donald Gyles of the good ship _Broke_—a British
+destroyer.
+
+Appropriately too, it was a dark and calm night. The _Broke_ (whose
+commander was Capt. Evans, the antarctic explorer) and the sister
+destroyer _Swift_ were steaming leisurely in a westerly course on
+patrol duty. Suddenly, quite in the vein of romance, the lookout of the
+_Swift_ made out, not more than six hundred yards distant, a flotilla
+of six German destroyers. Here was a how-d’ye-do, when you consider
+that a distance of a thousand yards is a disagreeably close range in
+these days of far-speaking guns. The Germans were the first to fire,
+but the _Swift_ lost no time in making reply and also put on steam
+in an attempt to ram the foremost enemy destroyer. She failed of her
+purpose and ran beyond the enemy line, but turning about she sent a
+torpedo into one of the enemy ships and made a second dash at the
+leader, which again escaped a ramming and took to flight. The _Swift_
+gave chase.
+
+The _Broke_ was giving excellent account of herself meanwhile. She had
+torpedoed one of the enemy and then opened fire with every gun. The
+other enemy destroyers were frantically working for full speed. The
+_Broke_ swung around and rammed one of them square abreast the after
+funnel, so that the two boats were locked. Then began the desperate
+hand-to-hand conflict reminiscent of ancient days. The _Broke_ raked
+the enemy’s decks point blank with fire from big guns, maxims, rifle
+and pistol. Two other German destroyers came to the rescue and poured
+a furious fire on the _Broke_, killing twelve of the eighteen men of
+the gun crew.
+
+
+A HAND-TO-HAND FIGHT ON DECK
+
+It might have been that at such a disadvantage the _Broke_ would fall
+speedy victim to superior numbers. But something more than numbers and
+preponderance of force enter into the audit of the militant; and the
+“something more” in this instance was the spirit and understanding of
+Midshipman Gyles. Although wounded in the eye he kept all the foremost
+guns in action, himself helping the sorely reduced crew to load. While
+he was occupied in this way Germans began swarming over the _Broke’s_
+forecastle from the rammed destroyer, and to escape the blinding
+flashes of the forecastle guns began pushing aft, roaring and shouting
+like a frenzied mob. A graphic account of what happened was published
+right after the event:
+
+“The midshipman, amid the dead and wounded of his own gun-crews, and
+half blinded himself by blood, met the onset single-handed with an
+automatic revolver. He was grappled by a German, who tried to wrest the
+revolver away. Cutlasses and bayonets being among the British equipment
+in anticipation of such an event, the German was promptly bayoneted by
+Seaman Ingleson. The remainder of the invaders, except two who feigned
+death, were driven over the side, the two being taken prisoner.
+
+“Two minutes after ramming, the _Broke_ wrenched herself free from her
+sinking adversary and turned to ram the last of the three remaining
+German boats. She failed in this object but, in swinging around,
+succeeded in hitting the boat’s consort on the stem with a torpedo.
+Hotly engaged with the two fleeing destroyers, the _Broke_ attempted to
+follow the _Swift_ in the direction she was last seen, but a shell
+struck the _Broke’s_ boiler-room, disabling her main engines.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Hunter._
+
+Through the North Sea
+
+Night and day the Allied Fleets patrolled the North Sea, watching for
+U-boats and waiting for the German Navy to act.]
+
+Thus freed from pursuit the enemy ships made off swiftly and
+disappeared in the darkness. In spite of her disability the _Broke_
+made such headway as her crippled engines were capable of in quest
+of the _Swift_. Soon a burning German destroyer was sighted and
+immediately its crew saw the _Broke_ they rushed to the rails shouting
+for mercy and begging to be saved. Disregarding the danger and
+unsuspicious of treachery the _Broke_ steered slowly toward the burning
+ship. The German crew redoubled their plea, “Save, Save,” and then
+suddenly opened fire on the vessel coming to their rescue.
+
+The _Broke_ in her crippled condition was not able to maneuver for
+safety, but she had her guns and happily they served her. She silenced
+the German with four shots and then, the desert of baseness, torpedoed
+the German amidships.
+
+The _Swift_ had a somewhat different experience. She had, owing to
+impaired speed, abandoned the pursuit of the first destroyer, and began
+a search for other quarry. After a time she sighted a motionless
+destroyer from which came calls for help. She approached cautiously
+with guns ready for instant action and presently made out that it was
+the destroyer that the _Broke_ had rammed. The Germans were shouting,
+“We surrender,” but the _Swift_ was wary, suspecting treachery, and
+waited. In a little while the destroyer keeled and went down stem
+first, the crew jumping into the water.
+
+The _Swift_ switched on her searchlights and there being no enemy ship
+visible, lowered her boats and rescued the Germans swimming toward her.
+Then the _Broke_ and the _Swift_ reported to each other on the details
+of the engagement and those who remained of the two crews cheered each
+other well nigh as long a time as the thrilling engagement itself had
+lasted.
+
+And let not be forgotten, when quiet heroisms are remembered, the
+conduct of Seaman William Rowles, helmsman of the _Broke_. Though hit
+four times by shell fragments he stuck to the wheel during the entire
+action and only betrayed the fact that he was wounded by fainting as he
+reported to his captain, “I’m going off now, Sir.”
+
+
+
+
+DEATH IN A SUBMARINE
+
+One of a Crew That Was Saved Tells of the Thrilling Moments Just Before
+the Final Plunge
+
+
+Many submarines, rammed or shot, were sent to the bottom with their
+crews, and for the most part the world has been left to imagine how the
+doomed men met their fate. There is always a desire, deeper than mere
+curiosity, to know how men behave in such circumstances; now and then
+the desire is gratified, and we have learned that brave men go down
+to death cooped in a submarine with the same resolute calm with which
+brave men meet death in any guise. That the spirit of man is a wondrous
+thing the war has given new proof in myriad ways.
+
+A survivor tells the story of the crew of the _Monge_, a French
+submarine commanded by Lieutenant Morillot, rammed by an Austrian
+warship and sunk in the Adriatic, Dec. 29, 1915. It was more than a
+year after that date before any of the details became known. Then the
+letter of one of the crew released from an Austrian military prison
+was published, giving the thrilling particulars. After telling how the
+warship smashed into the submarine the letter continued:
+
+“The water enters in torrents. The safety hatch is closed, but the
+_Monge_ descends very swiftly; it reaches a depth of 200 feet, and the
+plates crack under the pressure of the water. We give ourselves up as
+forever lost. Our vessel is being crushed; we feel it flattening in
+upon us. No one says a word, but everybody works. Orders are executed
+as in ordinary times; no panic, not a cry.
+
+“We are facing the most certain and perhaps the most hideous death,
+yet our commander is superb in his coolness, and he has a crew that is
+worthy of him. The steel braces supporting the hull—bars as thick as
+my fist—are twisted like so many wires. The accumulators fall down on
+each other; the electric current is intensified, the fuses burn out,
+the acid decomposes—it is the second phase; after the crushing comes
+asphyxiation.
+
+“‘Courage! Courage! We are rising!’ That is the cry of the second
+torpedo master, for to him belongs the most delicate and certain of all
+our remedies. In fact, we feel that we are rising, and in a minute or
+two we have gone from a depth of 200 feet to the surface. We are saved!
+
+“Alas! A third ordeal! The Austrians have seen us and begin shelling us
+at short range. A single shell pierces our hull. The commandant orders
+for the third time: ‘To your posts for the dive!’ This time all is
+indeed ended; the motors no longer act, none of the machinery runs,
+and the water keeps pouring in. Everybody goes to his post without a
+murmur, and yet we all know that this time death awaits us—and what
+a death! The commandant changes his mind. Our vessel is lost; why
+sacrifice the crew? He lets his arms drop, and two big tears roll down
+his cheeks, tears of pride and of impotence.
+
+“In a calm voice, however, he tells us to save ourselves. The
+impossible had been attempted; we could give up with a light heart.
+
+[Illustration: The Conning Tower of a New British Submarine of the “L”
+Type]
+
+“Before rising to the surface the commandant asks us to cry three
+times, ‘_Vive la France!_’ and to sing the ‘_Marseillaise_.’ Such
+were the last words and orders of the man who was and remained the
+commandant of the _Monge_, for he chose not to leave his beloved
+boat. As soon as we reached the deck we complied with his request
+and thrice shouted ‘_Vive la France!_’ and sang the refrain of the
+‘_Marseillaise_.’ When the water rose to our waists we had only time
+to throw ourselves into the sea. The _Monge_ sank on Dec. 29, 1915, at
+2:30 in the morning. There were three deaths—the commandant and two
+mechanician quartermasters.”
+
+Afterward the French Government honored Lieutenant Morillot by giving
+his name to a ship captured from the enemy; but one wonders why so
+gallant an officer should have been so unprofitably sacrificed to a
+naval tradition. Captains go down with their ships because tradition
+and court-martials have made it more honorable than living to serve
+their country in new duties and responsibilities.
+
+
+
+
+A NOTABLE EXPLOIT
+
+Two Italian Naval Officers Destroy an Austrian Dreadnought in a Novel
+Way
+
+
+Lieut. Col. R. Rossetti of the Italian Naval Construction Corps and
+his friend, Dr. Paolucci, also of the Navy, on the night of October
+31-Nov. 1, 1918, destroyed an Austrian dreadnought in circumstances as
+thrilling as they were exceptional. They struck an entirely new note in
+marine warfare.
+
+The Austrian warship _Viribus Unitis_, having a displacement of 20,010
+tons, and an armament of twelve 12-inch guns, and representing a cost
+of $13,000,000, was moored in the harbor of Pola, about as secure a
+place as she could possibly have been at rest in. The entrance of the
+harbor was formidably fortified; it was a most important naval base
+and was guarded accordingly. Obstacles and obstructions, however, did
+not dismay Col. Rossetti, who was of a mind to blow up the greatest
+and newest of Austrian dreadnoughts of the super variety. He was of an
+inventive faculty, this daring Genoese, and he devised an apparatus, a
+curious motor, the especial purpose of which was to enable a swimmer to
+get a mine safely over the obstructions that closed Pola harbor.
+
+With this device supporting the necessary mine, Col. Rossetti and
+Dr. Paolucci swam into the harbor in the night. They had approached
+as near as was expedient in the chaser _M. A. S. 95_ which towed the
+apparatus. They left the chaser with the parting whisper “_Vive il
+Re!_” and steered their course between two lighthouses until they came
+to the obstruction at the extreme end of the jetty. The obstruction
+consisted of long beams bound together at the ends by wire rope. Buoys
+at intervals kept the obstruction in position. The apparatus was put in
+a line with the beams and dragged slowly forward for about a quarter of
+an hour. At a certain point the beams were submerged and the men could
+no longer guide themselves by them, so the motor was put into action
+to reach the inner edge of the obstruction. In his official report
+Col. Rossetti gave in detail by hours the incidents and events that
+followed. The report is quoted:
+
+“On our left (that is, toward the open sea) I have noticed a submarine
+with one tower. She is on the surface, and passes, darkened and
+noiseless, between the harbor obstruction and the chaser which had
+brought us. I can see her like a shadow against the sky, and point her
+out to Dr. Paolucci.
+
+“About 11.15 p.m.—We can distinctly see a red light shining at
+intervals and moving up and down along the jetty. Probably it is on a
+patrol boat stationed between the jetty and the outside obstructions.
+This will not affect us, however, for here we shall be keeping to the
+outer side of the obstructions.
+
+
+PAOLUCCI EXPLORES
+
+“About 11.45 p.m.—We are nearing the jetty and are about 100 meters
+from it after passing rapidly through the second diagonal. At my
+request Dr. Paolucci swims off to explore in the direction of the
+jetty, and returns in a few minutes to say that we can proceed.
+During this pause I notice that a rather strong current runs northward
+along the coast. We move on until we reach the jetty, and then work
+along parallel with it, placing ourselves between our apparatus
+and the jetty. We have a good hand hold, as the jetty is made of
+blocks of cement, piled one on another. The current, too, is in our
+favor. Everything is going smoothly, but we are losing far too much
+time, so I venture to start the motor once more. This is not really
+imprudent—notwithstanding the phosphorescence produced by increased
+speed—for the breakwater, with large intervals between the cement
+masses, surely cannot be patrolled at night by a sentry. We are in a
+dead sector as far as sentries are concerned.
+
+[Illustration: The _Viribus Unitis_, an Austrian Dreadnought Ready for
+an Engagement in the Adriatic]
+
+“12.30 a.m.—Still clinging to the jetty, we reach a group of chains
+that are fastened to the top of the jetty and hang down toward the
+water. I judge this may be the end of the last diagonal of the first
+observation, and conclude, therefore, that we must be about 200 meters
+from the small opening of the jetty. Dr. Paolucci again goes alone
+to explore the opening. He soon returns with the report that we may
+advance. We are under way again by about 12.45. When the opening is
+clearly visible I silence the motor and we proceed hand-over-hand.
+
+
+AVOIDS A SENTRY BOAT
+
+“About 1 a.m.—We have reached the edge of the opening, always sticking
+close to the jetty, which now slopes down to the opening and is guarded
+by a small gun (of about fifty millimeters), which is silhouetted
+against the sky as we pass under it at a distance of about five meters.
+
+“A strong current coming from the interior of the roadstead meets
+the current flowing along the coast and drives us—despite all our
+efforts—out to sea in the direction of the northern extremity of the
+jetty. The motor is started into full action and we manage to make a
+wide loop toward the left, returning to the small opening.
+
+“Here, too, we find an obstruction formed by several sections of
+floating beams, joined with wire ropes. Here and there points project
+above the water. Having satisfied ourselves that the obstruction has no
+submerged nets, we decide to climb over it while passing our apparatus
+underneath, and the plan is carried out without accident. We follow the
+inner side of this obstruction back to the jetty—easily recognized
+by the cannon and sentry-post which we had already seen from the
+other side. Still creeping along the jetty for a few meters, we find
+ourselves near the bow of a tug, moored there, and can hear the hissing
+noise of a jet of steam. A little further off, stern toward the jetty,
+is a large boat that guards the port. This is indicated on our chart,
+so we decide to turn toward the inner harbor.
+
+“About 2 a.m.—We reach the third obstruction, which runs parallel
+to the jetty, without encountering that running from the jetty on
+the right of the guard boat to the large opening of the port. The
+obstruction now to be overcome is made up of a row of metal cylinders,
+with tops projecting about twenty centimeters above the water,
+supporting, about sixty centimeters below the water level, a metal
+cable to which a net is attached. Given the distance between buoys, and
+the depth at which the net begins, it is easy to pass this barrier.
+About ten meters behind it is a second, and then a third, all parallel
+and of the same type. These are passed without real difficulty, though
+we have lost time between the second and third series. A boat was
+moored not more than thirty meters from us, and we had to move with
+extreme caution and very slowly.
+
+“It is easy to know where we are. Ahead and to our left, I can
+recognize Valmaggiore and the rocky mass near the curve toward the
+interior of the port. We consult the pocket compass, but it is full
+of water and will not work. Once past the third section of this
+obstruction, I steer in an oblique line to the right, the direction in
+which I believe we shall find the last series of obstructions—those
+projecting from the north coast and running perpendicular to the jetty.
+
+“The first big ships—dark, shadowy forms—are barely visible on our
+right. Going forward, we can see three other ships, further in, that
+show lighted cabins and portholes, and that have white deck-lights.
+
+
+NEARING THE SHIP
+
+“About 3 a.m.—We reach and pass, without trouble, a triple series of
+obstructions similar to the preceding ones. Sure of our position, I
+steer so as to pass between the north coast and the line of big ships,
+along which we move for about 200 meters, now always fighting against
+the current.
+
+“It is late, and we fear that the air pressure of 120 atmospheres
+will not be sufficient to insure our return to the chaser. After
+consultation, we agree to continue as far as the flagship, which had
+been pointed out to us as of special importance. After sinking this
+we will endeavor to land on the north coast, sink our apparatus and
+dispose of our waterproof suits. Then, in the uniform of Italian naval
+officers, which we wear underneath the waterproof, we will try to reach
+a place called Fontaine, near Rovigno, where it has been agreed that
+a motor boat will wait for us each night from the 2d to the 7th of
+November.
+
+“As we move toward the ship I detach a small device that had been
+added at the last moment. It is supposed to insure an easy mooring for
+the propelling apparatus, but fails to work. To rid ourselves of this
+incumbrance I unsheathe my knife, lose the sheath, and am obliged to
+stick the knife into the wooden cover of the apparatus. (I mention this
+merely because it will explain why, later, I was so long under the
+_Viribus Unitis_.)
+
+“At this time an incident occurs that very nearly puts an end to the
+whole business. We find that, with no apparent cause, our apparatus is
+gradually, unmistakably, sinking—especially at the stern, where I am.
+Greatly disturbed, I endeavor to counteract this sinking by crossing
+my legs beneath the stern, and by accelerating the motor, at the same
+time working to open the little valve that lets air into the balance
+tank at the stern. After a hurried examination, I find that the valve
+for flooding the afterpart is open; how it happened I cannot imagine.
+The valve is finally closed, and when air is readmitted the apparatus
+returns to its normal condition. Without doubt these were the most
+exciting moments of the trip.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Corporal F. H. McKaig
+
+_2nd Division, 6th Marines, 83rd Company_
+
+He was acting as battalion runner. The Germans were counter-attacking
+around Jaulny; but Corporal McKaig with truest heroism carried the
+messages through the most dense enemy artillery and machine-gun fire.]
+
+“We continue slowly and cautiously until 4.30 when we find ourselves
+at the bow of the _Viribus Unitis_, the last of the six ships that are
+drawn up in line. At about 100 meters from the ship’s bow the motor is
+stopped, and I move to the head of our apparatus and prepare the first
+weapon of offense. The time for the explosion must be calculated from
+4.30 a.m., and the mine is so regulated that it will go off four
+hours from that time. This, however, is changed before finally sinking
+the mine.
+
+“It takes from 4.30 until 4.45 to detach the mine from our propelling
+apparatus. Meanwhile the current carries us along parallel to the right
+side of the ship at a distance of sixty meters. We have drifted too far
+toward the stern so, by using our arms as in swimming, and by putting
+the propeller very gently into action, we succeed in turning our
+apparatus and in getting back toward the bow of the ship near the lower
+boom, at a distance of about twenty-five meters from the right side.
+After another slight change of position toward the rear, on account of
+the current, I detach the mine, and, swimming, push it before me until
+it touches the hull.
+
+
+ALL LIGHTED UP
+
+“The ship is lighted up and shows all the movement that is usual
+during the night. Some one speaks on the bridge (also lighted); some
+one is walking the deck. The spot toward which I am swimming is
+between the second and third of the 150-millimeter guns—counting from
+the stern—which corresponds roughly to the position of the principal
+motors. It is a convenient position for the sure sinking of the ship.
+
+“On the weapon of offense is a contrivance for fixing the machine to
+the hull of the ship. It is connected by a small rope that must be
+loosened or cut. I set to work, but the knot is intricate and my knife
+is sticking in the wooden cover of the apparatus. Consequently, as the
+rope is wet and my hands numb with cold, it takes a long time to untie
+that knot. Finally, after about twenty minutes, the knot yields. I then
+attach the device to the hull, and also fasten it to a rope that I find
+secured to the ship at this point. During the operation (it is about
+5.15) I hear the morning bugle—it is sounded repeatedly—soon followed
+by the noise of all hands on board awake and moving. Ashes are thrown
+out close to me, and more steps sound on the deck. I must hasten and
+complete the work. I change the clockwork regulating the explosion from
+4 to 2; consequently the explosion should take place at 6.30. I detach
+the bandage of linen and cork that has floated the mine, and sink it.
+It is now 5.30.
+
+“I swim away from the ship as quickly as possible; the sky is cloudy,
+but in the east are signs of dawn. It is a question whether I can
+succeed in reaching our apparatus or whether I must swim ashore and try
+to make my way to the point where they will be waiting for us. Happily,
+on my right I soon see Dr. Paolucci and the apparatus about fifty
+meters from the ship, and I soon reach them.
+
+“Again taking command, I send the apparatus as rapidly as possible
+toward the bow of the ship, and parallel to it, hoping to get away
+from her and to gain the north coast as we had planned. The ship’s
+crew is now awake, and they must have discovered us by the excessive
+natural phosphorescence, which was increased by the more rapid movement
+of our apparatus. Suddenly a searchlight is operated upon the bridge
+and the light is thrown on us. We remain breathlessly still for a few
+moments, hoping against hope that we may not be seen. The light remains
+stationary on us and we move very slowly, for, although no shot has
+been fired, we understand that we have been discovered and that a boat
+will now be sent out to us.
+
+“Dr. Paolucci, at the bow, now prepares the second mine, while I open
+the valves that will sink the apparatus. In this way, while a motor
+boat is leaving the ship and approaching, we abandon our apparatus
+which drifts slowly forward—sinking—with the mine that will destroy it.
+Our mission is ended.
+
+
+TAKEN ON BOARD
+
+“The motor boat reaches us, paying no attention to our apparatus, and
+they take us on board. It is 5.45. We are recognized as Italians and
+they take us to the ladder on the port side of the ship. A crowd of
+sailors receives us at the top of the ladder. We feel it our duty to
+shout ‘_Viva l’Italia!_’ This demonstration, contrary to what might be
+expected, is received in a spirit rather more cordial than hostile.
+To our surprise we notice the new Jugoslav insignia on the caps. We
+are asked, in Venetian dialect, how we come to be here. We answer
+(as Commander Ciano had suggested) that we lighted on the water in a
+hydroplane which we had afterward sunk. In the meantime they are
+escorting us aft. The friendly reception and the changed nationality
+of the fleet cause us to hesitate a bit; we consult and come to a
+decision, asking to speak with the Captain on a very important and
+urgent matter. The Captain is called, and it is 6 o’clock when he
+receives me in his cabin. I give him Dr. Paolucci’s knife, which I find
+myself still holding, and inform him that his ship is in immediate and
+very serious danger. The Captain inquires the nature of the serious
+danger and asks if other ships are in the same peril. I answer that
+I cannot disclose the nature of the danger and that no other ship is
+involved.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Stacy A. Lewis
+
+_1st Division, 2nd Machine-Gun Battalion, Company “A”_
+
+On July 22, 1918, near Soissons, with great daring Sergeant Lewis
+killed an entire machine-gun crew and captured their guns. He
+voluntarily organized a machine-gun crew, with which in the hottest
+shell fire he advanced and gave battle to the enemy.]
+
+“The Captain picks up his lifebelt and leaves the cabin at once, giving
+loud orders in German that all should leave the ship. We follow him up
+on deck, where he repeats the order—obeyed, scatteringly, by all. I ask
+the Captain to permit Dr. Paolucci and myself to leave the ship. He
+consents, and we go down the ladder at the right and swim off toward
+the ship’s stern with the current, but impeded by the great weight of
+our clothing. Numbers of swimming sailors pass us, as well as boats
+loaded with members of the crew. Searchlight signals are flashed to the
+nearest ship, _Tegethoff_, which sends boats to our assistance.
+
+“About 6.20 a boat picks us up and takes us back to the ladder on the
+right of the _Viribus Unitis_, where a large boat is waiting for the
+remainder of the crew. When we reach the deck we are received with
+threats, though the men are not especially violent. I lose sight of
+Dr. Paolucci in the crowd. It seems that they no longer believe in our
+warning or in the danger. A sailor begins to rip up my waterproof suit
+with his knife; others go through my pockets.
+
+“There is a short, smothered thunderclap; the ship shivers violently,
+while a crest of foam is thrown up all along her starboard side.
+External damage is very slight, but the ship heels over to the right,
+at first very rapidly, then more slowly, but steadily. Most of the
+crowd has left us; a few, however, now close in, threatening to shut
+us up on board. The Captain, who stands a few meters off, shows no
+interest in our fate. I appeal to him, reminding him that we are
+prisoners of war; that what we have done, as belligerents, gives us
+the right to have our persons respected; that the threatened treatment
+is contrary to rules of war. The Captain acknowledges the justice of
+my protest, again gives permission for us to leave, and gives orders
+in German for a boat within hailing distance on the left of the stern
+to return and take us off the ship. I succeed meanwhile, with the help
+of Dr. Paolucci, in ridding myself of my waterproof suit, which had
+hampered me in swimming and which the sailors had ripped open.
+
+“Dr. Paolucci and I let ourselves down into the water on the port side
+of the stern. We are both pulled into the boat and can watch the end
+of the _Viribus Unitis_. She is still settling on the right. When the
+water almost reaches the deck—although the ship is still high out of
+the water—she suddenly heels over with remarkable rapidity. In a few
+seconds nothing is visible save the flat bottom of the keel and the
+four screws—encircled by smoke, flames, and fragments of shattered
+wood—while the sea all around is lashed up into frothy waves. One
+sailor in our boat gives vent to his grief in a most touching manner;
+all the others appear indifferent. If my calculations are correct not
+ten minutes elapsed between the explosion and the end.
+
+“I have learned with sincere grief that Captain Ianko Vukovic de
+Podkapelski of the _Viribus Unitis_ was wounded by a fragment of the
+sunken ship while swimming to a place of safety. He was picked up
+and carried to the hospital in Pola but died a few hours afterward.
+Throughout, he was most chivalrous, and treated us with all the
+consideration that one could expect from an honorable enemy.
+
+
+FREED AFTER THE ARMISTICE
+
+“We were landed on the neighboring shore and taken, under escort, on
+board the _Hapsburg_. There we were despoiled of our clothing and
+given Austrian uniforms. Then we were removed to the arsenal, where we
+arrived at 8. From that moment we became prisoners of war, but for four
+days only. On the signing of the armistice with Austria, Italian naval
+forces entered Pola—and we were free.”
+
+
+
+
+RESCUE EXTRAORDINARY
+
+The Impossible Done in Saving Fifty Lives from the Flooded and Sunken
+Submarine _K-13_
+
+
+One of the most dramatic episodes of the war, one in which the tragedy
+of suspense was exemplified with thrilling intensity, had nothing to
+do with siege or battlefield, though it partook of the nature and
+perils of both. It was the salving of the _K-13_. The story was first
+made public in its completeness, two years after the event, by Bennet
+Copplestone, who presented the facts, as he obtained them at first
+hand, in a vivid article contributed to the _Cornhill Magazine_.
+
+The story, which could not be released until the war ended, is of such
+absorbing interest that it is here reproduced with little abbreviation.
+Mr. Copplestone begins:
+
+“I was in Scotland when this happened that I write of, and I took the
+details in all their intimate simplicity from the mouths of the chief
+actors—from the salvors who sweated blood that they might be in time
+to pluck live men out of a steel coffin; from those who lay below and
+who, drugged by poisoned air, remained throughout indifferent to the
+issue, whether of life or death. It was a queer paradox of a fight in
+which the salvors, not those saved, got all the excitement and all the
+thrills.
+
+“_K-13_ was a fleet submarine of a new type, more like a submersible
+destroyer than an ordinary underwater boat. Fairfields of Govan built
+her, and even now it were unwise to be too explicit in description.
+But some few details are necessary for an understanding of my story.
+She was over three hundred feet long and displaced two thousand tons
+when submerged. Unlike most submarines, which are driven on the surface
+by internal combustion engines, _K-13_ was a turbine-engined steamer
+with two funnels fitted with watertight covers for closing when she
+dived. The ventilators which fed air to her boiler room were also
+equipped for rapid closing down. A bulkhead cut off the boiler and
+engine rooms from the central control room, and another bulkhead
+forward divided the control room from the foc’sle. Thus, like Cæsar’s
+Gaul, _K-13_ was divided into three parts. Of her armament, which does
+not concern us here, I will observe a discreet silence, though to me
+it was of absorbing interest. But I must say something of her upper
+works. The conning tower was large and humped forward, so that a man
+could stand upright under the hump yet needed to stoop to reach the
+hatch, which was on the lower unhumped portion. Above the conning tower
+was a chart-house and bridge, and, of course, a mast stayed in the
+usual fashion. For a submarine, therefore, the _K-13_ had a lot of top
+hamper, and a passage from the conning-tower hatch, when the submarine
+was under water, towards the upper air was thickly studded with perils
+from the chart-house roof and the stays of the bridge and the mast.
+Yet two men did pass out; one was caught and killed; the other’s luck
+held—he was not killed.
+
+“At noon on Monday, January 29, 1917, _K-13_ left her builders’ yard to
+carry out diving trials in the Gareloch. A large party was on board.
+In charge of her was Commander Herbert—‘Baralong’ Herbert—and with him
+went Commander Goodheart, who had been appointed skipper of another K
+of similar type. Many of Fairfields’s staff were there, for _K-13_ had
+not yet been taken over by the Admiralty. There were Percy Hillhouse,
+the yard’s Naval Architect, Bullen, the draughtsman in charge of
+submarine construction—a man who knew every nut and bolt that went
+to her—Searle, the Admiralty overseer, and McLean, the yard manager
+of the K submarines. It was no complement of amateurs which manned
+the _K-13_ upon her fatal trip. While steaming down the Clyde she
+grounded slightly at Whiteinch, but suffered no hurt. No harm was done,
+and _K-13_ went on to the Gareloch, and there passed successfully
+through her trials. She was accepted for the Royal Navy by the
+Admiralty officials.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.
+
+Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore
+
+_89th Division, 314th Field Signal Battalion, Company C_
+
+On November 5th Moore aided in extending and maintaining a line of
+communication to the assaulting battalion of the 355th Infantry between
+Beauclair and Lauencille. On the night of November 10th he rendered
+invaluable aid to the 356th Infantry in Pouilly, extending a telephone
+line to them, and thence to La Pignepp Farm.]
+
+
+“ONE MORE DIVE”—THEN SUNK
+
+“Then it was that the unexpected happened, as it always does at sea.
+Herbert decided to take one more dive—perhaps just for luck, perhaps to
+satisfy himself upon some nicety of trim. He gave the order to close
+down and dive and the _K-13_ dived. Though the order had been given to
+close down, and the reply received that the order had been carried out,
+the ventilators had been left open. Instantly the water poured into the
+engine and boiler rooms, drowning those within, and _K-13_ sank by the
+stern. The water flowing towards the control room bulkhead compressed
+the air in the room and indicated immediately what had happened to the
+alert senses of Commander Herbert. ‘Our ears began to sing’ say those
+who were within the belly of the ship.
+
+“All this occupied a space of time measured in seconds. In a few more
+seconds Herbert had all compartments closed tight and the forward tanks
+blown. The hydroplanes, too, were set to rise, but the resources of
+seamanship could not overcome the loss of buoyancy. Overweighted by her
+flooded boiler and engine rooms _K-13_ sank to the bottom, grounding
+upright on the mud in twelve fathoms of water. No blowing of ballast
+tanks could bring her up, for the calculations of her builders showed
+that with all tanks empty she would still be too heavy by four hundred
+tons to float. There is very little reserve of buoyancy about even the
+biggest of submarines.
+
+“While Herbert in _K-13_ had been struggling to rise, his efforts
+were detected and understood by skilled seamen above. An E submarine
+had been attending the trials, and her officers saw at once from the
+surging mass of air-bubbles that Herbert was blowing his tanks and was
+in grave difficulties. Submarines dive when trimmed to float awash,
+and descend or ascend by delicate movements of the horizontal rudders
+(hydroplanes). In this trim when diving they are lighter than the water
+displaced, and do not need to blow tanks in order to rise. Much time
+was saved by the presence of the E-boat, for, when _K-13_ did not rise,
+and quite evidently could not rise, she dashed off at once to gather
+assistance. Had Herbert and Goodheart down below known how quickly
+help was being summoned above they might not have made that fatal
+though most gallant effort to pass out through the conning-tower hatch.
+
+
+HURRYING TO THE RESCUE
+
+“It was at 3.30 in the afternoon that _K-13_ came to rest upon the
+bottom of the Gareloch, and the short winter’s day in the North
+was drawing towards sunset. As soon as the commander of the E-boat
+had marked the spot where _K-13_ lay, he pressed at full speed for
+Greenock, flashing as he went aerial signals to the Senior Naval
+Officer in Glasgow. A salvage steamer, which was lying at Greenock,
+went off at once and picked up two hoppers and two tugs as consorts.
+Telegrams were dispatched to Fairfields and to Glasgow, and the news
+spread quickly through those circles whose business it is to be well
+informed. Not a moment was lost by those upon whose shoulders rested
+the responsibility of the salvage operations. By the early hours of
+Tuesday, long before daylight, a fleet of seven vessels had collected
+at the spot below which, seventy feet down, _K-13_ rested motionless
+in the mud. There were the Greenock salvage steamer, the two tugs,
+the two hoppers, and two E-boats. With them, in charge of everything
+and responsible for everything, was the S. N. O., Captain (now
+Rear-Admiral) Brian Barttelot, and with him was his naval assistant,
+Captain Corbett.
+
+“The problem before the salvors bristled with novel difficulties. In
+peace and war we had lost many submarines, but never had a live man
+been taken out of one which had sunk. Barttelot was limited by what
+was mechanically possible. He had not—as I confess now that I had
+when composing ‘The Last of the Grenvillas’—the guiding light of a
+precedent. First he had to get into continuous communication with the
+survivors of _K-13’s_ company, for without their coöperation he was
+helpless to aid them. Then he had to devise a rapid and effective means
+to supply them with air and food for a period which might stretch into
+days. And, lastly, he had to get them out. That was the worst of his
+problems—how to get them out. For remember _K-13_ was a great bulky
+double-skinned lump of a vessel of two thousand solid tons and of more
+than three hundred feet in length. She was not the kind of craft which
+could easily be raised.
+
+“But although Barttelot’s difficulties were great his advantages were
+greater. He had nothing to fear from bad weather—the Gareloch is narrow
+and well sheltered. He had within reach the incalculable resources of
+the biggest shipbuilding center in the world. And there in Glasgow he
+had, too, just round the corner, the builders of _K-13_, who knew the
+work of their own hands as a man knows the picture which he has painted
+or the book which he has written. There was yet another advantage, and
+one which was not small. There inside _K-13_, if they could be got
+at, were four of Fairfields’s experts who would supply that intimate
+technical knowledge of the craft which the salvors themselves could not
+possess. Once communication had been established, Fairfields in Glasgow
+and Fairfields in _K-13_ would be linked to the chain of salvage, and
+would lift success from the barely possible up to the almost probable.
+
+
+TUBES FOR AIR AND FOOD
+
+“Meanwhile Fairfields in Glasgow were hard at work. A special staff
+of draughtsmen and mechanics were put on to the construction of two
+flexible tubes, one designed for the passage of air and food, and
+the other for bringing up the men one by one, if no other and better
+means was found to be possible. The first tube, in comparison with
+the second, was easy of construction. It was seven inches in diameter
+and fitted with a screw union to connect with the circular ammunition
+hoist beside one of the deck guns of _K-13_. The other, built of steel
+sections, was designed to fit tightly over the torpedo hatch by means
+of a connecting frame. The first was the more immediately urgent, for
+until it was completed and fixed in place the survivors in the sunken
+submarine must remain coffined. Both were put in hand long before
+communication had been established between the salvors and _K-13_,
+and here one sees how completely the lives of all the imprisoned men
+depended upon Fairfields’s exact knowledge. Both tubes would have been
+useless unless their dimensions had been precisely correct. There
+was no need to press Fairfields’s workmen not to waste a moment; by
+night as well as by day they threw into their pious task every ounce
+of energy and every refinement of skill which they possessed. To lay
+hand to the work was an honor for which all eagerly competed. Though
+both tubes were completed in an astonishingly short time, and the first
+proved to be invaluable, the efficiency of the second—the man-saver—was
+not tested. Other means were successfully employed to get the men out.
+But this does not detract in any way from the merits of its design
+and of its rapid accomplishment. Battles may be won without calling
+upon the reserves, but he would be a very poor general who had not the
+reserves ready, if need be, at his call.
+
+“For the time being the salvage party could do little except to send
+divers down and to open up communications with the men whom they had
+come to save. Until the first tube, which I have just described, was
+ready to their hands, they could take few active measures. The vessels
+and plant at Barttelot’s disposal were quite incapable of raising the
+great hull which lay below them, and the famous Ranger, for which he
+had telegraphed to Liverpool, could not arrive till the following
+day. The Ranger, owned by the Liverpool Salvage Association, had been
+requisitioned by the Admiralty early in the war, and had proved as
+powerfully effective in war as she had been in peace. She is worthy
+of her name, for under Captain Young—the most accomplished of living
+salvage officers—she has ranged over the world, picking up wrecks a
+dozen times her size with an ease which looks almost miraculous.
+
+
+A JOB THAT CALLED FOR FINESSE
+
+“I have seen her at work. She is a little old composite steamer built
+of iron and teak—incredibly old, fifty years at least; she knocks about
+among wreckage as indifferent to hard blows as was Nansen’s Fram;
+and she brings to her never-ending jobs gear and brains which make
+their incredible accomplishment seem easy. _K-13_, emptied of men,
+would soon have been lightened and raised by the Ranger’s tremendous
+steam pumps—she will lift a dreadnought if it be not damaged beyond
+possibility of patching up by her divers—but _K-13_, with fifty living
+men inside, called for finesse rather than power. It was the men, not
+the ship, that Barttelot and Young were out to save.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Photo by Paul Thompson._
+
+The Result of a Depth-Charge Explosion
+
+The depth charge was the most efficacious means in dealing with the
+submarine. The charges varied from one to over six hundred pounds of
+TNT—trinitrotoluol.]
+
+“And while in the cold pale light of that Tuesday morning in the North
+the salvors sent down divers to call in friendly Morse upon their
+comrades below, and to cheer them with the assurance of rescue, the
+unexpected happened again, as it always does at sea. Suddenly before
+the astonished eyes of the salvage party up shot a column of foam
+and bubbles, and in the center of an artificial whirlpool gyrated
+stern upwards a human body. And a very live body it proved to be when
+up-ended and pulled clear of the water. Involuntarily, without the
+smallest intention of quitting, Commander Herbert had been boosted by
+the ill-mannered high-pressure air out of his own ship, and flung, a
+bedraggled, gasping figure, in shirt and trousers, almost into the arms
+of his would be rescuers. How he came out I will now tell, and in doing
+so will return to 3.30 p.m. on the Monday when _K-13_ settled down in
+the mud of the Gareloch.
+
+
+INSIDE THE SUNKEN SHIP
+
+“She lay upon an even keel in seventy feet of water. In her flooded
+after-compartment, shut off from the control room by a strong closed
+bulkhead, were twenty-eight dead bodies, including that of Engineer
+Lieutenant Lane. The engine room and boiler room staffs—twenty-three
+men of the navy and five of Fairfields—had all been instantly
+drowned when the submarine dived with her ventilators open. The fore
+bulkhead had also been closed, and in the control room were gathered
+the fifty-one survivors of the disaster. The air pressure in the
+compartment, raised by the inflow of water to about two atmospheres,
+dulled the sense of all and induced an apathy which increased into
+hopeless fatalism as the slow hours passed. Among the men there was
+little talking. One heard at first an almost careless comment, ‘Rotten
+way to die. We would sooner go under fighting Germans.’ That was all;
+no complaints and no trace of panic. No one expected to be saved, and
+no one cared very much. With Herbert and Goodheart, his guest, it was,
+of course, different. Upon them and on Fairfields’s officials rested a
+nerve-racking responsibility.
+
+“At first there appeared to be little danger that the survivors would
+lack for air. The high-pressure bottles were far from empty, and the
+bodies and minds of those within _K-13_ were suffering from too much
+air, not from too little. Food they could do without for a long while,
+for no one wanted to eat, and even after supplies came from above few
+ate. The men were not hungry, but thirst devoured them, a thirst little
+appeased by copious draughts of water.
+
+
+DANGER OF POISONOUS GASES
+
+“The real dangers lay unseen below and around. Behind the
+after-bulkhead stood a wall of water at a pressure of thirty-one pounds
+to the square inch, against which the strength of the steel, supported
+by the air pressure in the control room, was a sufficient barrier.
+But though the bulkhead might have been in little danger of collapse,
+it could not prevent water from leaking through. Those leaks were the
+deadly peril. If the oozing salt water had reached the fully charged
+electric batteries of the vessel poisonous chlorine gas would have been
+given off and the control room turned into a mortuary. The batteries
+never were reached, but the risk, even the probability that they would
+be, was always present to the subconscious minds of officers and men.
+Perhaps it was this, as much as the air pressure, which caused that
+disbelief in rescue which remained with them up to the moment of actual
+safety.
+
+“But though the salt water did not turn the batteries into ministers
+of death, it did its best to suffocate the unhappy men who crowded
+_K-13’s_ control room. It reached and short-circuited the switch,
+causing some of the cables to fuse. Fumes of stinking smoke from the
+burning insulation befouled the air, and the fire was put out with
+the greatest difficulty. The switch could not be touched and the
+current cut off, so no method of extinction remained except to beat
+out the fire with lumps of wood wrapped in cloth. In this way it was
+extinguished but the stink remained.
+
+
+THROUGH THE CONNING-TOWER HATCH—A DARING IDEA
+
+“It was on Tuesday morning that Goodheart obtained permission from
+Herbert to go out through the conning-tower hatch and to carry news
+of the disaster to the world outside. No one in the sunken vessel knew
+anything of the work of salvage which had begun within a few minutes
+of the _K-13’s_ fatal last dive. To the officers and men of _K-13_ it
+seemed that they were isolated and already dead to the human family.
+The risks of the issue from the conning tower were beyond experience,
+but the attempt at any rate was accepted by the gallant Goodheart as a
+sacred duty. If he could get out alive, then the survivors of _K-13_
+would no longer be dead to the world and might conceivably be saved.
+If he were killed, well, he would be killed in the way of business.
+While it was Herbert’s plain duty to stick to his ship, it was equally
+Goodheart’s duty to clear out and to be jolly quick about it. So he
+argued, and Herbert, a man of the same fine quality, accepted his
+arguments as palpably sound. Nothing remained except to devise means
+and methods of exit.
+
+“It was decided to go forth by way of the conning-tower hatch and to
+use high-pressure air from the bottles to speed the passage. I have
+explained how one part of the conning tower was humped. The general
+idea was for Goodheart and Herbert to climb up into the conning tower
+and to take station together under this hump, where they had head room
+to stand upright. They would then close the lower hatch which gave upon
+the control room and have nothing between them and the upper outside
+water except a bolted sheet of steel. The density of the air cooped up
+with them would be roughly two atmospheres (twenty-eight pounds to the
+square inch) and the water pressure outside about thirty-one pounds.
+If, then, the sea-cocks were opened the water would flow in not too
+furiously and would fill the lower part of the tower, but would be
+prevented by the imprisoned air from rising very high in the hump.
+There the men could stand in extreme discomfort, no doubt, and under
+severe pressure, but, nevertheless, alive and active. Then those inside
+would turn on high-pressure air in large quantities so as to expel the
+water and to give Goodheart a handsome lift from behind when he sought
+to be gone through the upper hatch. Herbert went with Goodheart to help
+him and to wish him Godspeed in his passing, but with no intention
+of following in his path. His place was with his men. It was a path
+both tortuous and full of unknown dangers. Above the conning tower was
+a chart-house, of which the roof opposed a formidable obstacle to a
+vertical ascent. There was a large manhole in this roof, but, unluckily
+for Goodheart’s bold scheme, it was not cut directly above the hatch.
+This inclination of the passage out caused Goodheart’s death.
+
+
+“DIED A MOST GALLANT OFFICER”
+
+“The two officers made their way to the conning tower, secured the
+lower hatch, then through the opened sea-cocks in rushed the water,
+but standing in security under the hump the heads and shoulders of
+the men remained uncovered. A moment later, according to plan, the
+high-pressure air from below was driven in and the bolts of the upper
+hatch withdrawn. ‘Good-bye, sir,’ said Goodheart; I’ll try now,’ and
+stooping under the open hatch he was carried forth. Those were his last
+words, for, missing the aperture above, he was caught under the roof of
+the chart-house and drowned.
+
+“There died a most gallant young officer, to whose memory, months
+afterwards, a posthumous award was made of the Albert Medal in gold.
+The powerful air, forced in by the pressure from the bottles, continued
+to surge into the conning tower, driving the water before it and
+tearing the helpless Herbert from his retreat under the hump. He was
+whirled out in the center of a column of air and water, carried safely
+through the manhole in the roof of the chart-house and clear of the
+mast stays, and delivered at the surface like a scrap of wreckage. He
+went up with both hands before his face, and declares, according to my
+authorities, that he breathed all through his ascent. He was picked
+up immediately and insisted upon giving all possible information and
+guidance to the salvors before accepting any of their kind offices for
+himself.
+
+
+MORSE CODE CONVERSATIONS
+
+“We have reached noon on Tuesday and the survivors of _K-13_ have
+been entombed for more than twenty hours. No word had yet come to
+them from outside of the efforts which were actively in progress for
+their rescue. But they were not destined to remain much longer in
+ignorance. Even while Herbert and Goodheart were making that effort at
+communication, which had been so grievously costly, the leaden soles
+of a diver were planted on the submarine’s deck. At first attempts
+were made to flash signals through the periscope, but the surer and
+simpler method of tapping Morse dots and dashes on the steel plating
+was quickly substituted. Between the inner and outer skins of _K-13_
+were interposed five feet of water, admitted through flap valves in
+order to distribute the pressure when she penetrated the depths of the
+sea. Linked together by stays and trusses, these two skins formed an
+encircling girder of immense strength. Water is an excellent conductor
+of sound, and the Morse taps of the divers without could have been
+readily heard and interpreted by those within had their senses not been
+dulled by the thick bad atmosphere. Conduction was indeed so good that
+the replies of _K-13_, struck on the frames of the ship, were picked
+up and read without difficulty by the salvors on the surface of the
+loch. It happened, therefore, that though outside talked to inside
+and replies were received, it was by no means easy to get inside, to
+grasp and to carry out precisely what outside wanted done. And it was
+found to be particularly difficult to secure the exact and essential
+coöperation of those within _K-13_ when that flexible tube arrived
+which had been designed by Fairfields to be screwed into an ammunition
+hoist upon the deck.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant Clarence W. Dawson
+
+_168th Infantry, Company “B”_
+
+ Near Badonville, on March 5, 1918, a small group of combatants had
+ survived a bombardment on their front line. They were wounded and
+ entirely surrounded. Sergeant Dawson was the Corporal of the group,
+ and when the Germans attempted to mop them up, he bravely resisted
+ them and succeeded in repelling their attempts to raid the position
+ until assistance came to them.]
+
+
+“THE LIMITS OF HUMAN ENDURANCE”
+
+“This was in the early hours of Wednesday morning, and by that time
+the unhappy men imprisoned within the submarine were approaching the
+limits of human endurance. Though no chlorine gas actually had been
+given off by the electric batteries, the air in the control room was so
+foul as to be almost unbreathable. Fresh air from the bottles, without
+means to expel the poisonous atmosphere of the ship, would only have
+increased a density which was already unbearable. Many in drugged sleep
+forgot their troubles, and even those few upon whose alertness hung
+the lives of all, had become drowsy and sluggish. Vitality was ebbing;
+the love of life, and with it the expectation of rescue, had passed
+from all. The company of _K-13_ may be divided during this period of
+imprisonment into sleepers and somnambulists, and it was only because
+trained minds retained some small part of their habitual control over
+exhausted bodies that the somnambulists were able to understand and
+to coöperate sufficiently with the salvors to bring this story to its
+happy conclusion.
+
+“The long flexible tube, seven inches in diameter, which was to open up
+a clear passage between _K-13_ and the upper air, arrived at 4. a.m. on
+Wednesday morning, but it was not until four hours later that it was in
+place and in effective operation. To the eager salvers the delays were
+exasperating; there were many more delays, even more exasperating, to
+be suffered, before their job was finished. They had to explain to the
+enfeebled folk within precisely where the tube was to be fixed up and
+how they were themselves to complete the open passage. The tube was
+designed to screw, by means of an adaptor, into an ammunition hoist,
+and, when this was done, it needed but the removal of the retaining
+plate inside to put the device to immediate use.
+
+
+FRESH AIR AT LAST!
+
+“When the salvors had done their part it was for the prisoners to do
+the rest—to remove the inner plate as quickly as they pleased. But
+when it came to explaining this not very complicated operation by
+tapping out messages in Morse on the deck it was by no means easy to
+get _K-13’s_ survivors to take it in. By patient repetition that was
+done at last, and then the divers busied themselves with fixing up the
+tube. They had to measure the screw threads, so that the adaptor might
+be made to fit accurately and to prepare a packing of tow soaked in
+tallow to exclude the water. A salvage steamer is a traveling workshop
+and divers are skilled mechanics, so that this part of the job, though
+it might consume time, presented no difficulties. By eight o’clock on
+the Wednesday morning the tube had been screwed firmly into place, the
+inner plate of the hoist had been removed, and the men, who had for
+forty and a half hours lain buried in a steel coffin, were at length
+enabled to draw into their impoverished lungs air which was free from
+pollution. It was scarcely the fresh air of heaven, for it came out of
+an E-boat’s bottles, but though tinned it was a draught of infinite
+refreshment. The pumps of _K-13_ were at once set working and the two
+days’ accumulations of foul smells and gases were thankfully expelled.
+A pipe run down the now open tube brought blasts of high-pressure air
+which were allowed to expand and to blow away all festering impurities;
+this pipe also brought replenishment to _K-13’s_ bottles. With the
+power of her charged batteries and her refilled air-bottles, she was
+now ready to play her part in the work of salvage.
+
+“The salvors had got through in time to save, but the margin was
+small. At 6 a.m., two hours before the tube was opened into the
+sunken submarine, the water leaking through the after-bulkhead had
+short-circuited the lighting cables, and _K-13_ was utter darkness. To
+the men imprisoned it must have seemed the darkness of the tomb. Even
+the strongest among them could not have borne up very much longer. They
+were so little capable of excitement that not a man cheered when the
+air-tube was opened.
+
+
+LEAKS IN THE BULKHEAD
+
+For the salvors the worst had passed, but for the prisoners the worst
+had yet to come. Fourteen more hours of suffering had to be endured
+before the rescue was completed, and they were hours more full of
+perils than those which had passed. The devils of the sea were not
+willing to yield their prey to the efforts of man. One of these perils
+was the old haunting threat of chlorine gas intensified. Of the others
+I will tell in their place. When the control room was opened up to the
+outer air by the tube which had been fitted the pressure within fell to
+the normal. It had been raised when the submarine sank by the intrusion
+of hundreds of tons of water into the enclosed space of the hull. But
+the pressure in the flooded compartments and upon the bulkhead, which
+alone stood between the survivors and death by drowning, remained at
+thirty-one pounds to the square inch. The leaks in this bulkhead at
+once increased and the water gushed through in greater volume. It
+looked as if the means which had saved the men from a slow death from
+suffocation would hand them over to a quick death from poison gas.
+
+“If the salt water had reached the powerful batteries it must have been
+decomposed into its constituents and given off gas in deadly volumes.
+The expedient was adopted of pumping the incoming water into the bilge,
+but this could not continue indefinitely. Time was now an even more
+urgent factor in the rescue than it had been during the previous two
+days. This was fully understood by the salvors, who furiously yet
+with orderly precision redoubled their efforts. It was decided not to
+attempt the removal of the men one by one through Fairfields’s big
+steel tube which had been made to fit over the torpedo hatch. The
+method was too uncertain and, even if feasible, too slow. Instead of
+risking all upon this doubtful means of egress, Barttelot determined
+to throw all the energies of his plant and staff into raising the
+bows of _K-13_ above the water and cutting a hole through her double
+skin. The _Ranger_ was on the way and would soon arrive; what he could
+not do without her would become comparatively easy with her powerful
+assistance.
+
+
+TILTING UP THE BOW
+
+“In the afternoon she came, and Barttelot, though he remained
+responsible, gladly handed over the entire direction of the critical
+operations to Captain Young. They could not have passed into better
+hands. No experience in salvage in any part of the world counts beside
+that of Young and his _Ranger_. Sunset was approaching, and night would
+soon overshadow the Gareloch. But this mattered little. The _Ranger_,
+accustomed to work at all hours of the night and day, was equipped
+with arc lights which could shatter any darkness. It was easy now to
+communicate with _K-13_ through the tube and to make clear how she was
+to help herself. She was over three hundred feet long—three hundred and
+forty feet, to be precise—and did not need to be tilted very steeply to
+bring her nose and upper bow plates clear of the surface. But to be got
+up into a working position she must be lightened forward. This was done
+by blowing all the forward oil tanks. The heavily loaded stern held
+tight in the Gareloch mud, but the bows were free and, as the tanks
+were blown, they lifted rapidly. They heaved up through ten degrees,
+and the salvors who were watching for the movement instantly whipped
+steel hawsers under the fore-part of the submarine and secured the ends
+to bollards on tugs alongside. _K-13_ was up, but would she remain up?
+It seemed most unlikely, and remained most unlikely until the end.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Captain Maurice W. Howe
+
+_42nd Division, 167th Infantry_
+
+In the early hours of September 22, 1918, Captain Howe with his company
+successfully raided the village of Haumont; causing decimating losses
+among the enemy and taking seventeen prisoners. Then alone he went to
+Haumont a second time to make sure that none of his men were left there
+wounded.]
+
+“The hawsers—six-inch—were too light for the job, but none stronger
+were at hand. No sooner were the bows of _K-13_ up and secured than
+her stern began to slip backwards into the mud. Before she brought up
+against hard ground she had gone back thirty feet. More hawsers were
+whipped under her and held, but there was no security that they would
+continue to hold. There was no security for anything. It was a fight
+for life against the ruthless chances and devilries of the sea.
+
+
+CUTTING A HOLE IN THE SIDE
+
+“The supreme risk had to be taken of cutting a big hole through the
+outer and inner skins. If when it was cut the hawsers parted, or _K-13_
+by burying her stern still more deeply escaped from their embrace, all
+would be over. The men remaining in the vessel, forty-nine of them,
+would follow into the shades their dead messmates whose bodies lay in
+the boiler and engine rooms. But whatever the risk the hole had to be
+cut, and that quickly.
+
+“Inside the submarine, hope, which may have flickered a little when
+the air-tube was first opened, had given place to the old dull apathy.
+Food and drink had been passed down the tube, but appetite for them
+had vanished. They struggled mechanically, as trained British seamen
+always will so long as life is in them; they struggled mechanically
+like automata against the incoming water. It was difficult to move
+about upon the most urgent duties. The wet and slippery floor of the
+control room lay now on a long upward slant upon which the half-dazed
+seamen stumbled and fell. There was no lack of courage; no one grumbled
+or lamented; but frail human bodies have their limits of endurance, and
+those limits had been reached.
+
+“Yet the men worked on and did their utmost to carry out the directions
+of those who led them. The place where the hole was about to be cut
+lay far towards the bows, and to reach it from within the fore bulkhead
+must be opened. But when it was sought to unclose the bulkhead which
+divided the control room from the foc’sle, it was found that the door
+had jammed and would not slide back. For hours this miserable shut
+door stood between these men and freedom. Somehow at last it was
+got open, but no one has clearly told me how. It was not until the
+survivors of _K-13_ had for a long time been above water that they
+became voluble—and untrustworthy. At the moment of rescue, or shortly
+afterwards, they remembered as little as one on awakening in the
+morning remembers the details of a dream. Yet they remembered that
+door, how it stood there obdurate for hours and at last yielded. Though
+how it had stuck or why it yielded they could not say.
+
+
+“A DEVIL OF A LOT OF WATER”
+
+“Meanwhile the hole in the bows was being cut, and the cutting of this
+holes supplies me with one pleasing bit of comedy with which to round
+off this rather grim story. Any acetylene plant makes butter of steel
+plates, and it was very rapid work to draw the spouting white flame,
+fed from the _Ranger’s_ plant, round a rough circle marked out on
+_K-13’s_ bows. The outer skin was quickly cut through. Within lay water
+filling up the space honeycombed with cross ties between the inner and
+outer skins. Before the inner hole could be cut, this water must be
+pumped out. The place selected for the hole could not be reached by
+the steam salvage pumps, so the men working upon the submarine’s hull
+were compelled to fit gear for pumping the water out by hand. They knew
+that it was no more than five feet deep, so they bent their backs to
+it cheerfully. But they were less cheerful when they found that their
+efforts produced no appreciable result. ‘There must be a devil of a lot
+of water between these skins,’ said they, and bent to the task once
+more. Shift followed shift, and the pumping went on. It was a tiresome,
+backwearying business, but precious lives were at stake, and they would
+get that water down and the inner hole cut if they died of disgust in
+the doing of it. But the water showed no sign of going down. How long
+this pumping went on I cannot say with precision. Admittedly it was
+hours, probably as many hours as it took to pry open that obtrusive
+bulkhead door, for some of the survivors of _K-13_ had got through
+their job and arrived under the pumpers’ feet while they were still
+pumping.
+
+“It then occurred to the slaves of the hand-pump to seek after
+enlightenment from those whom they were pumping to save. ‘How long is
+it going to take,’ asked they, ‘to get rid of this damned water between
+the skins?’ They were asked by one of Fairfields’s experts how long
+they had been pumping. The reply was ‘Hours.’ ‘Have you closed the flap
+valves?’ dryly asked the man of Fairfields. They hadn’t; the water was
+coming in just as fast as they pumped it out; they had been trying with
+hand-gear to pump out the ocean!
+
+
+SAVED AFTER 54½ HOURS
+
+“After this little discovery progress became rapid. The valves, which
+admitted water between the skins, were closed and it did not take
+long then to get through. A hole was cut by acetylene flame in the
+inner skin and the way out was opened at last. It was ten o’clock on
+Wednesday evening, January 31, fifty-four and a half hours after _K-13_
+had sunk, that her forty-nine survivors emerged into the blazing arc
+lights which shone from the _Ranger’s_ masts. They could not speak;
+many of them could scarcely walk. One by one they were helped by kindly
+hands along a gangway to a tug and thence to the shore. They stumbled
+ashore, unconscious of the cheers which greeted them, gazing without
+recognition upon the friends who welcomed them. And so to Shandon,
+where they were put straight into hot baths and lifted thence into
+bed. For they were dumb and perished with cold. It is always cold in
+a deep-diving submarine even in high summer; in the bowels of _K-13_,
+lying seventy feet deep in the Northern mid-winter, the cold, though
+little noticed at the time, had been paralyzing. Forty hours of bad and
+poisonous air, fifty-four hours of bitter cold, had brought the bright
+flame of these men’s life down to a poor flicker. But recovery was
+rapid, and not one of the survivors disappointed by dying those who had
+saved him.
+
+“Twenty hours after the last man had been plucked out of _K-13_ the
+hawsers which held her up parted, and she sank to the bottom of the
+Gareloch.
+
+“The world did not ring with news of the story which I have told, for
+the censor forbade. But His Majesty, who was a sailor before he was
+a King and remains first and always a sailor, sent to Barttelot a
+telegram of which the purport, rendered in the language of the naval
+signal book, ran ‘Maneuver Well Executed.’”
+
+
+
+
+I HAVE A RENDEZVOUS WITH DEATH
+
+_By_
+
+Alan Seeger
+
+
+        I have a rendezvous with Death
+    At some disputed barricade,
+    When Spring comes back with rustling shade
+    And apple-blossoms fill the air—
+    I have a rendezvous with Death
+    When Spring brings back blue days and fair.
+
+        It may be he shall take my hand
+    And lead me into his dark land
+    And close my eyes and quench my breath—
+    It may be I shall pass him still.
+    I have a rendezvous with Death
+    On some scarred slope of battered hill,
+    When Spring comes round again this year
+    And the first meadow-flowers appear.
+
+        God knows ’twere better to be deep
+    Pillowed in silk and scented down,
+    Where Love throbs out in blissful sleep
+    Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath,
+    Where hushed awakenings are dear....
+    But I’ve a rendezvous with Death
+    At midnight in some flaming town,
+    When Spring trips north again this year,
+    And I to my pledged word am true,
+    I shall not fail that rendezvous.
+
+ From _Poems_. Copyrighted 1916 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. By
+ permission of the Publishers.
+
+[Illustration: A Poster Used for the Marine Recruiting Campaign]
+
+
+
+
+TRICKING THE TURK
+
+Lieutenant-Commander Holbrook’s Perilous Adventure to Surprise and Blow
+Up a Warship at the Dardanelles
+
+
+It hardly need surprise any one that each of a multiplicity of
+deeds and feats of daring and heroic adventure should, by different
+writers, correspondents, or official observers, be described as the
+most notable, the most brilliant, or the most courageous undertaking
+or achievement of the war. The simple fact is that the unparalleled
+war called for the souls and spirit and mental qualities of men as
+never did war before, and so many things were done that amounted to
+triumphs over the impossible, each one of which taken by itself seemed
+to overtop all others, that it would require a concourse of Solomons
+to determine which was the supreme excellence. They were all striking
+enough to command the superlatives of description. And some of these
+great accomplishments need but a few lines for their recital. It is not
+the volume of words that determines the value.
+
+One of these briefly recorded deeds was that of Lieutenant-Commander
+Norman D. Holbrook, of the British submarine _B-11_, which “all his
+brother officers concur in regarding as one of the finest individual
+feats performed during the war.”
+
+In the Dardanelles the old Turkish battleship _Messudiyeh_ lay
+in guard of the mine fields, and, acting on his own initiative,
+Lieutenant-Commander Holbrook set out to sink the old ship by
+torpedoing her at her anchorage where she idled under the protecting
+guns of the land forts. It was, from the viewpoint of the conservative
+minded, a mad enterprise. Even under the most favorable conditions
+the underwater navigation of the Dardanelles is most perilous, beset
+with forbidding difficulties, so swift are the currents that never
+cease racing through the straits, producing swift whirlpools and
+strong eddies as they strike projections. But when to these natural
+obstructions and dangers are added five distinct rows of mines it
+would seem that running the Dardanelles in a submarine would prove
+a feat quite impossible of accomplishment. That is what many said
+dissuasively; but Lieutenant Holbrook is apparently one of those who
+hold the opinion that nothing conceivable is impossible. He set out
+with Lieutenant Sydney Thornton Winn, his second in command, and his
+regular crew. Cautiously, slowly the _B-11_ stole along toward its
+objective, fairly crawling to avoid the rows of mines and beat the
+swirling currents. Arrived clear of the mines, but uncertain of the
+exact location of the _Messudiyeh_, Lieutenant Holbrook deliberately
+came to the surface in the bay, took an informing survey, submerged
+again and a little while later rose in perfect position for a shot and
+sent a torpedo crashing into the side of the astonished old warship
+that immediately proceeded about the business of sinking to the bottom
+of the sea.
+
+
+A COMPASSLESS RETURN
+
+But the shot that settled the _Messudiyeh_ aroused the forts and
+started the torpedo boats, and the _B-11_ became the target of the
+guns. She promptly sought refuge by a dive and had to lie submerged
+for several hours to elude her hunters. The object of the hazardous
+excursion accomplished, there was the problem of getting back, which
+was now gravely complicated by the fact that the compass of _B-11_ went
+wrong in the commotion and was not dependable. The Lieutenant had to
+find his way out without it. But he did it; passing again the five rows
+of mines, escaping the swirl of the currents that seemed rushing to
+slam the submarine against the rocks, returning to station safely and
+without casualty or mishap.
+
+That was Dec. 14 and Dec. 26 the London _Gazette_ published the
+announcement that the King had approved the grant of the Victoria
+Cross to Lieutenant Holbrook, and that Lieutenant Winn had been made
+a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order. A writer at that time
+said:
+
+“That the torpedoed battleship was guarding the mine field adds a touch
+of comedy to the proceedings that must have been singularly gratifying
+to Lieutenant Holbrook and his gallant companions who crept along the
+sea floor with him that eventful day.”
+
+
+
+
+CANADIANS
+
+_By_
+
+W. H. Ogilvie
+
+
+    With arrows on their quarters and with numbers on their hoofs,
+    With the trampling sound of twenty that re-echoes in the roofs,
+    Low of crest and dull of coat, wan and wild of eye,
+    Through our English village the Canadians go by.
+
+    Shying at a passing cart, swerving from a car,
+    Tossing up an anxious head to flaunt a snowy star,
+    Racking at a Yankee gait, reaching at the rein,
+    Twenty raw Canadians are tasting life again!
+
+    Hollow-necked and hollow-flanked, lean of rib and hip,
+    Strained and sick and weary with the wallow of the ship,
+    Glad to smell the turf again, hear the robin’s call,
+    Tread again the country road they lost at Montreal!
+
+    Fate may bring them dule and woe; better steeds than they
+    Sleep beside the English guns a hundred leagues away;
+    But till war hath ned of them, lightly lie their reins,
+    Softly fall the feet of them along the English lanes.
+
+ Author and _Country Life_.
+
+
+
+
+FIRST OF ITS KIND
+
+Eye-witness Account of a Duel at Sea between Great Steamers Built for
+Passenger Traffic
+
+
+Early in the war the Cunard trans-Atlantic steamer _Carmania_ was
+converted into an auxiliary cruiser. Painted black from stem to stern
+(that was before the art of “camouflage” was introduced), and mounted
+with eight 4.7 guns, she left Liverpool for a reconnoitering cruise
+in the South Atlantic. Between 600 and 700 miles east of the coast of
+Brazil there is a small island of rock known as Trinidad (not to be
+confused with the West Indian Island of that name). The _Carmania_ came
+in sight of this island one morning toward the end of September and
+discovered three steamers in the vicinity. As soon as these steamers
+caught sight of the piratical looking _Carmania_ they moved about
+uncertainly for a time and then made off. But when it was apparent
+that the black intruder was alone, the largest of the three steamers
+turned back. This ship proved to be the _Cap Trafalgar_, a magnificent
+steamer, the chief of the Hamburg-South American Line, built for the
+special purpose of successful competition with the British Royal Mail
+in securing the South American passenger traffic and shipping trade.
+She too was equipped as an auxiliary cruiser, with eight 4.1 guns, up
+to date, their newness offsetting the extra caliber of the _Carmania’s_
+older guns.
+
+The tonnage of the _Carmania_ was 19,524, that of the _Cap Trafalgar_,
+18,710. Splendid targets, both “so colossal,” said a writer, “as to
+be beyond the possibility of a failure to hit with any gun-layer.”
+A well-matched pair—ocean-going palaces, taken from their peaceful
+pursuits, transformed into war machines, neither having any appreciable
+advantage over the other as a belligerent, and now ranged against each
+other for a decisive duel. There was a fair field, too, for the two
+steamers seen with the _Cap Trafalgar_ continued their retreat and
+disappeared across the horizon, though one returned later.
+
+It was the first sea duel of its kind. Never before had two floating
+hotels played at gun fire with each other, each intent on sending the
+other to Davy Jones’s locker if possible. When the action began the
+vessels were separated by about 8,000 yards, and their nearest approach
+was about 4,000 yards. As the sinking of its enemy was the aim, the
+guns of each combatant were directed at the water line of the other.
+Of the first few shells fired by the _Cap Trafalgar_, three made holes
+in the _Carmania_ at and above the water line, one tore through the
+stewards’ quarters, one smashed the lower deck galley and carried away
+the fire main leading to the bridge and fore-part of the ship, the
+latter the most serious damage.
+
+A report of the engagement written two hours after, by one who took
+part in it was published in the _War Album De-Luxe_, from which the
+following is taken:
+
+
+A DISTURBED LUNCHEON
+
+“One never saw such a scatter as when we sat down to lunch and
+‘Action!’ was sounded! Feeling ran high that this time we were in
+earnest; everyone was at his post in the twinkling of an eye. Ten
+minutes afterwards the conflict started, at a range of about six miles,
+both ships closing rapidly. The din that followed was unnatural and
+terrifying, and men’s hearts leaped to their mouths, for here was
+death amongst us. But the heat of work changed white faces to red.
+Blood once seen revives savagery in the human breast, and all our
+thoughts, after those first few moments, were concentrated in the grim
+work at hand, which was to sink as speedily as possible the monster
+that was vomiting red and steaming arrogantly towards us.
+
+“By a clever maneuver our captain turned the ship round just as the
+enemy was bringing his pom-poms into play as well as the big guns, and
+brought our starboard battery, fresh and eager, to bear. Then we turned
+into demons, in a scene that had turned diabolical. Screaming shrapnel,
+returned by salvos of common shell, splinters everywhere, lumps of
+iron, patches of paint, a hurricane of things flying, hoarse shouting,
+and unintelligible sounds from dry throats, men discarding garments,
+and laughing with delirium—over all a white pall hiding the ghastly
+work.
+
+“What matter that a shot cannoned down the after companion and laid low
+three of the whip party? Volunteers were not wanting to close in the
+breach and keep up a brisk supply of ammunition to the hungry guns.
+Or that a shot glanced off the shield of No. 1 gun, past the officer
+in charge, and blew away the neck of a corporal of Marines passing
+projectiles along the deck, leaving him leaning over the magazine
+hatchway, head dangling down, and dripping blood on to the madmen
+working below? Or that a shell burst by the feet of a man carrying
+another one in his hands?
+
+“Word went round that we were on fire forward—the bridge, in fact,
+was blazing. A shell had torn through the cabins below, setting them
+alight, and the flames by this time reached and enveloped the bridge,
+since water could not be turned on in the first instance, as the main
+on the lower deck had been shot away. But the ill news was more than
+compensated for by the frenzied announcement that the enemy was also on
+fire and listing, moreover, on his side. So our main control was gone.
+The captain, first lieutenant, and navigating party had to leave the
+bridge to the flames—not before gaining us victory, however, by the
+splendid way they handled the ship in heading off the enemy, preventing
+him from turning round and bringing his idle guns on the port side to
+bear, and by keeping him on our starboard quarter so we were able to
+use five of our guns to his four.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Major William A. Snow
+
+_2nd Division, 2nd Engineers, Company “E”_
+
+He was cited four times in Division orders and twice recommended for
+the Distinguished Service Cross. He went into the first line at Verdun
+March, 1918. When the British were attacked by the Germans in the
+vicinity of Beauvais, in April, he received his majority in time to be
+in command of a battalion at Château-Thierry.]
+
+“The enemy listed a little more, and our work was done; his shooting
+became higher and more erratic, then stopped altogether. We ceased
+firing, and turned our attention to fighting the flames roaring up
+on high in the fore part of the ship. Luckily, we were able to stop
+the engines and keep the ship before the wind. The bridge and all its
+precious fittings and contents were doomed, as also the cabins below
+it; the officers who occupied them lost all their effects. A fireproof
+door in the staircase leading to the lower cabins effectually kept the
+fire from spreading in this direction, otherwise there might not have
+been very much left of the _Carmania_. The action raged hotly for an
+hour; after that, desultory firing was continued until the end.
+
+“Of the two colliers that accompanied the enemy, one steamed away at
+the commencement of the action and was never seen again. The other,
+and smaller of the two, followed suit until he noticed the plight of
+his escort, and returned to pick up the survivors. Anon, an order went
+round the decks: ‘All firemen down below.’ The firemen had been doing
+yeoman service, running hoses and buckets of water to the scene of
+the fire, just as the stewards had distinguished themselves by taking
+round water and limejuice to the guns’ crews under shell fire, and
+also helping with carrying away the wounded. The reason for this order
+was ominous. The yeoman of signals had sighted smoke on the horizon to
+the north, and made out a bunch of funnels. It could not but be the
+_Dresden_, or whatever German cruiser the armed merchantman we fought
+was in company with, returning to the assistance of her consort, who
+had been signaling to her during the action. A great pity, indeed, one
+of our cruisers was not in touch with us at the time. What a fine haul
+it would have been!
+
+
+_Vale_, CAP TRAFALGAR!
+
+“Just as we got the fire well in hand, and were starting to run to the
+American coast, we beheld the most awe-inspiring sight of our lives—the
+last moments of an ocean leviathan. The wounded ship, distant from us
+about five miles, suddenly lurched over on the starboard beam-ends,
+looking for all the world as if she were about to turn turtle. Lower
+and lower she went, until her huge funnels were level with the water,
+pointing in our direction like two tunnels side by side, and dense
+clouds of smoke and steam escaped from all parts of her as from a
+volcano in a high state of activity. As quickly again, the mammoth
+righted herself; down, down went her bows; up and up her stern, till
+quite one-third of the hull stood upright to the sky; then, with a
+majestic plunge, she slid beneath the waves, game to the end, for the
+last to disappear was the German flag.
+
+“A ring of foam and half a dozen boats crowded with dark forms were all
+that were left at 2 p.m. of the brave _Cap Trafalgar_ and her ornate
+saloons and winter gardens, the ship that conveyed Prince Henry of
+Prussia on his triumphant tour of the South American Republics.”
+
+The casualties of the _Carmania_ are reported to have amounted to nine
+men killed and twenty-six wounded out of four hundred and twenty-one
+hands all told, a low percentage owing to the wide distribution of the
+various parties. The survivors of the _Cap Trafalgar_ landed at Buenos
+Ayres consisted of eighteen officers and two hundred and ninety-two
+men, which would give her casualties at about eight officers and one
+hundred men if she carried the same number of men as the _Carmania_.
+
+Seventy-nine direct hits were counted on the _Carmania_, and
+innumerable small holes from splinters; her boats were riddled, as also
+masts and ventilators; her rigging and wireless aerial were shot away.
+
+
+
+
+NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN
+
+The Men Who Captained the Merchant Ships Are Among the Heroes of the War
+
+
+By telling the story of Captain Frank M. Custance, of the Royal Navy
+Reserve, as typical of the stories of a coterie of merchant ship men in
+the service, Mr. Ralph E. Cropley most interestingly reminds the public
+that the war was not altogether won by the men in the trenches. The
+merchant ship commanders played some small part in the winning. Indeed,
+Mr. Cropley goes somewhat further. He concludes his story of Captain
+Custance, which appeared in the New York _Evening Post_, with this
+paragraph:
+
+“Without their valor this war would have been over long ago and Germany
+would have won. I say this without reserve, for it is the truth. It has
+only been by their untiring sacrifices that the soldiers have gotten to
+the trenches at all and been kept supplied with munitions and food. The
+merchant ship men have done work which gold cannot pay for and never
+have thought of themselves—simply of the great cause which to them has
+meant the end of cruelty.”
+
+Though Captain Custance is an English seaman he is familiarly known to
+Americans who have sailed between New York and Bermuda in the winter or
+to the Land of the Midnight Sun in summer, for he was Captain of the
+tourist boat _Arcadian_ that made those trips in the different seasons.
+He was up among the Norwegian fords when England entered the war,
+and it was a question whether he could save his ship by evading the
+Germans. Not that he personally had any question about it. He proceeded
+to act with the calm assurance characteristic of his conduct in normal
+sailings, quietly determined to get safely away. So, excellent seaman
+that he was, “in the darkness of that famous Monday night of Aug. 4,
+1914, without a pilot, he took her through the dangerous ford to sea.
+’Twas indeed a feat.”
+
+But there were dangers at sea, too, for it was necessary to avoid
+any ship or craft that heaved in sight, and constant vigilance, with
+much dodging, was necessary before he got into Liverpool with his
+American passengers saved from anything so unpleasant and perilous as
+drifting in open boats on the high seas. With equal success he landed
+them in New York some days later, their number having been added to by
+Americans stranded in England.
+
+
+TURNED TO MINE-SWEEPING
+
+Then the _Arcadian_ was dismantled and turned into a transport, and
+Captain Custance took her back to England filled with Canadian troops.
+But wanting a more war-like job he appealed to the Admiralty and
+eventually was assigned to the perilous duty of mine-sweeping, to keep
+the sea about the Orkneys free from the floating or sunk mines, to the
+sowing and planting of which the Germans were devoting their devilish
+activities. When it is borne in mind that Captain Custance was then
+46 years old, with wife and several children, one may appreciate the
+patriotic zeal that kept him in this dangerous employ for two years.
+During that time he stuck at it with never a glimpse at his family
+until he was called to London to have the King confer on him the D. S.
+O.
+
+Those broad-beamed boats known as trawlers in which the fishermen ply
+their calling were the instruments employed in mine-sweeping, and
+admirable they were for the business, but comfortless enough for other
+purposes. Said the Captain in a letter: “It’s no joke monkeying about
+in a tiny craft hunting ‘tin fishes.’ In daylight it’s bad enough, but
+at night it’s extremely dangerous, as one can’t see the sea, and one
+is liable to half swamp oneself in turning. And as far as any comfort
+below goes, there isn’t any. Everything is damp and cold, and the
+steward loses the greater part of your food in bringing it to you,
+and what you finally receive is a cold, unpalatable mess. Yet, by God!
+it’s something to be out here having a chance to bag a bally German
+swine.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant William Herren
+
+_58th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company_
+
+His company was fighting near Villa Savage. The majority of their
+machine guns were destroyed. On the morning of April 7, 1918,
+Sergeant Herren went through a deathly artillery bombardment in order
+to get more machine guns and ammunition for his company. With his
+reinforcements and bravery he enabled the right flank of his company
+to advance, and capture a German machine-gun position and repulse
+counter-attacks.]
+
+Besides the danger from mines there was the excitement of submarine
+shelling of the fleet every now and then. In one attack of that kind
+Custance’s trawler struck a mine and sank. After that the Captain was
+given a steam yacht, no longer at her best, the _Mingary_, in which
+he did patrol work, visited and overhauled neutral ships, and kept a
+weather eye out for submarines and mines.
+
+The performance that gained him the D. S. O. was the day after the
+Jutland naval fight, when the German fleet had fled, leaving only
+the submarines to prowl and finish off the wounded if possible. The
+dreadnought _Warspite_ was one of the wounded and poorly protected
+by destroyers as she toiled along with deranged steering gear. The
+Captain saw three submarines maneuvering against the _Warspite_, and
+despite the fact that the chances were all against him in an attempt
+to beat off three submarines with his little yacht and its tiny guns
+Custance rushed the _Mingary_ pell mell to the rescue, acting with such
+suddenness that he took one submarine by surprise and was able to ram
+it, got so close that he could use his guns on the next one and sink
+it and so thoroughly scared the third one that it submerged instantly
+without an offer of fight.
+
+Later the Captain was in command of the _Maid of Honor_ in convoying
+colliers across the English Channel by night. There were no lights,
+there was no signaling by whistle, there was traffic both ways, troop
+ships, darkness everywhere. Skilled navigators were necessary—men of
+the merchant ship sort. Out of all his convoys going or coming, only
+three ships were torpedoed, only two being lost.
+
+In the final part of the war he crossed and recrossed the Atlantic in
+convoy. It was then that the _Justicia_ was torpedoed. “She remained
+afloat for twenty-four hours, and Custance would have saved her if a
+German had not dived under the ring of patrol boats that surrounded her
+and fired a finishing torpedo.”
+
+In getting off the dying _Justicia_ Custance nearly lost his life, yet,
+says Mr. Cropley, “I received a very apologetic letter saying he was
+sorry he hadn’t been able to save the cigarettes he was bringing over
+to me.”
+
+
+
+
+CHRISTMAS IN THE TRENCHES
+
+(_An Incident_)
+
+_By_
+
+Dan Burnet
+
+
+I
+
+    Still the guns!
+      There’s a ragged music on the air,
+      A priest had climbed the ruined temple’s stair,
+    Ah, still the guns!
+    It’s Christmas morning. Had ye all forgot?
+      Peace for a little while, ye battle-scarred—
+    Or do ye fear to cool those minds grown hot?
+      Up the great lovely tower, wracked and marred,
+    An old priest toils—
+    Men of the scattered soils,
+    Men of the British mists,
+      Men of France!
+      Put by the lance.
+    Men of Irish fists,
+    Men of heather,
+    Kneel together—
+    Men of Prussia,
+    Great dark men of Russia,
+    Kneel, kneel!
+    Hark how the slow bells peal.
+    A thousand leagues the faltered music runs,
+    Ah, still the wasting thunder of the guns,
+    Still the guns!
+
+
+II
+
+    Out of the trenches lifts a half-shamed song,
+      “Holy Night”
+    Here, where the sappers burrowed all night long
+      To bring the trench up for the morrow’s fight,
+      A British lad, with face unwonted white,
+    Looks at the sky and sings a carol through,
+      “God rest you merry, gentlemen!”
+    It was the only Christmas thing he knew.
+      And there were tears wrung out of hard-lipped men,
+    Tears in the strangest places,
+    Tears on troopers’ faces!
+
+
+III
+
+    They had forgotten what a life was for,
+    They had been long at suffering and war,
+    They had forgot old visions, one by one,
+      But now they heard the tolling bell of Rheims,
+      Tolling bell of Rheims;
+    They saw the bent priest, white-haired in the sun,
+    Climb to the hazard of the weakened spire,
+    They saw, and in them stirred their hearts’ desire
+    For Streets and Cities, Shops and Homes and Farms,
+      They only wanted space to love and live;
+    They felt warm arms about them—women’s arms,
+      And such caresses as a child might give
+    Coming all rosy in the early day
+      To kiss his world awake....
+                                  The British lad
+    Broke off his carol with a sob. The play
+      Of churchly musics, solemn, strange, and sad,
+    Fluttered in silver tatters down the wind,
+    Flung from the tower where the guns had sinned
+    Across the black and wounded fields.... The bell
+      Sang on—a feeble protest to the skies,
+    Until the world stood like a halted hell,
+      And men with their dead brothers at their feet
+      Drew dirty sleeves across their tired eyes,
+      Finding the cracked chimes overwhelming sweet.
+
+
+IV
+
+    Aye, still the guns!
+      And heed the Christmas bell,
+      Ye who have done Death’s work so well,
+    Ye worn embattled ones,
+    Kneel, kneel!
+    Put by the blood-stained steel,
+    Men from the far soils and the scattered seas,
+    Go down upon your knees,
+    While there lives one with peace upon his eyes,
+    While hope’s faint song is fluttered to the skies,
+    In that brief space between the Christmas suns,
+    Still the guns!
+
+
+
+
+SPYING AT ITS WORST
+
+The German Secret Service System the Scrap Basket of Official Honor
+
+
+Though the knowledge of an enemy’s plans, purposes and preparatory
+measures is of the highest importance in military campaigning, and
+though the utmost of courage and daring are often necessary to obtain
+the required information, the office of the spy has, from time
+immemorial, been contemned of men. There was but one fate for the
+captured spy under military rule. Even when the bravery and devotion
+of the adventuring spy have been admitted to admiration there has
+remained the instinctive aversion to the office. The reason for the
+almost universal mental attitude is that spying usually, if not
+invariably, involves treachery, the betrayal of trust and confidence
+gained by professions of friendship and sympathetic opinion. The word
+“spies” stirs the spleen of wholesome minded persons. It implies craft,
+duplicity, perversity. Few men have been willing to confess themselves
+spies. However greedily the sensational or adventure-loving reader
+may follow the narrative of the experiences, the desperate chances,
+the hazards, the daring risks, the narrow escapes of the successful
+spy, there is nevertheless a regretful wish that the valor, the
+intelligence, had found a nobler medium of expression.
+
+But because there is such a thing as fearless, generous self-sacrifice
+in the performance of undertakings or obligations that come under the
+general classification of spying, it is perhaps unfortunate that no
+attempt has been made to discriminate what may be termed honorable (in
+a military sense) espionage from ignoble spying. Surely there is a vast
+distinction between the soldier who volunteers to penetrate an enemy’s
+lines to ascertain particular facts and the person who under the
+protection of social or official privilege wins trust only to betray
+it. In the second class there probably is no more despicable violation
+of moral responsibility recorded in the history of nations than the
+German intrigue against the United States when this country was still
+at peace with Germany. The indictment is clearly drawn in a few words
+in the Flag Day address of President Wilson, June 14, 1917. He said
+speaking of the German Government:
+
+“They filled our unsuspecting communities with vicious spies and
+conspirators and sought to corrupt the opinion of our people in their
+own behalf. When they found they could not do that, their agents
+diligently spread sedition amongst us and sought to draw our own
+citizens from their allegiance—and some of these agents were men
+connected with the official embassy of the German Government itself
+here in our own capital.”
+
+
+ITS DIPLOMATIC AIDS
+
+Their Ambassador, Count Johann von Bernstorff; their military attaché,
+Capt. Franz von Papen; their naval attaché, Capt. Karl Boy-Ed; their
+financial agent, Dr. Heinrich Albert, were the diplomatic and social
+spies who engineered and supplied with necessary information the
+vicious under-agents of the spy system of which sedition and violence
+were the shameful instruments.
+
+With patient diligence, John Price Jones, a newspaper man, attached to
+the New York _Sun_, collected—from documentary evidence, from Secret
+Service officials and by means of his own investigation over a period
+of eighteen months—a vast amount of valuable and exact information, the
+vital part of which Small, Maynard and Company subsequently published
+in book form, under the title _The German Secret Service in America_.
+The information in that book, substantiated by governmental and other
+evidence, is authoritative, and we are indebted to it for much of the
+matter in this article.
+
+Of the organization of the spy system he says:
+
+“Count von Bernstorff, once his nation had declared war upon France and
+England, went to war with the United States. As ambassador, diplomatic
+courtesy gave him a scope of observation limited only by the dignity of
+his position. A seat in a special gallery in the Senate and House of
+Representatives was always ready for his occupancy; he could virtually
+command the attention of the White House; and senators, congressmen
+and office-holders from German-American districts respected him.
+Messengers kept him in constant touch with the line-up of Congress
+on important issues, and two hours later that line-up was known in
+the Foreign Office in Berlin. As head and front of the German spy
+system in America, he held cautiously aloof from all but the most
+instrumental acquaintances: men and women of prominent political and
+social influence who he knew were inclined, for good and sufficient
+reasons, to help him. One woman, whose bills he paid at a Fifth Avenue
+gown house, was the wife of a prominent broker and another woman of
+confessedly German affiliations who served him lived within a stone’s
+throw of the Metropolitan Museum and its nearby phalanx of gilded
+dwellings (her husband’s office was in a building at 11 Broadway,
+of which more anon); a third, woman intimate lived in a comfortable
+apartment near Fifth Avenue—an apartment selected for her, though she
+was unaware of it, by secret agents of the United States.
+
+
+BAIT FOR INGÉNUES
+
+“During the early days of the war the promise of social sponsorship
+which any embassy in Washington could extend proved bait for a number
+of ingénues of various ages, with ambition and mischief in their minds,
+and the gracious Ambassador played them smoothly and dexterously.
+Mostly they were not German women, for the German women of America were
+not so likely to be useful socially, nor as a type so astute as to
+qualify them for von Bernstorff’s delicate work. To those women whom
+he chose to see he was courteous, and superficially frank almost to
+the point of naïveté. The pressure of negotiation between Washington
+and Berlin became more and more exacting as the war progressed, yet he
+found time to command a campaign whose success would have resulted
+in disaster to the United States. That he was not blamed for the
+failure of that campaign when he returned to Germany in April, 1917, is
+evidenced by his prompt appointment to the court of Turkey, a difficult
+and important post, and in the case of Michaelis, a stepping-stone to
+the highest post in the Foreign Office.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Count Johann von Bernstorff.
+
+German ambassador to the United States at the time the _Lusitania_
+was torpedoed. One of his many acts of duplicity was the sending of
+a secret message to Germany asking for funds to be used to influence
+members of the United States Congress.]
+
+“Upon the shoulders of Dr. Heinrich Albert, privy counselor and
+fiscal agent of the German Empire, fell the practical execution of
+German propaganda throughout America. He was the American agent of
+a government which has done more than any other to coöperate with
+business towards the extension of influence abroad, on the principle
+that ‘the flag follows the constitution.’ As such he had had his
+finger on the pulse of American trade, had catalogued exhaustively
+the economic resources of the country, and held in his debt, as his
+nation’s treasurer in America, scores of bankers, manufacturers and
+traders to whom Germany had extended subsidy. As such also he was the
+paymaster of the Imperial secret diplomatic and consular agents.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Bain._
+
+Dr. Dumba
+
+Austrian Ambassador]
+
+“You could find him almost any day until the break with Germany in a
+small office in the Hamburg-American Building (a beehive of secret
+agents) at No. 45 Broadway, New York. He was tall and slender, and
+wore the somber frock coat of the European business man with real
+grace. His eyes were blue and clear, his face clean-shaven and faintly
+saber-scarred, and his hair blond. He impressed one as an unusual young
+man in a highly responsible position. His greeting to visitors, of whom
+he had few, was punctilious, his bow low, and his manner altogether
+polite. He encouraged conversation rather than offered it. He had none
+of the ‘hard snap’ of the energetic, outspoken, brusque American man of
+business. Dr. Albert was a smooth-running, well-turned cog in the great
+machine of Prussian militarism.
+
+
+CORRUPTION FUND OF MILLIONS
+
+“Upon him rested the task of spending between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000
+a week for German propaganda. He spent thirty millions at least in
+secret agency work, also known by the uglier names of bribery,
+sedition and conspiracy. He admitted that he wasted a half million.
+
+“His methods were quiet and successful, and his participation in the
+offenses against America’s peace might have passed unproven had he not
+been engaged in a too-absorbing conversation one day in August, 1915,
+upon a Sixth Avenue elevated train. He started up to leave the train
+at Fiftieth Street, and carelessly left his portfolio behind him—to
+the tender care of a United States Secret Service man. It contained
+documents revealing his complicity in enterprises the magnitude of
+which beggars the imagination. The publication of certain of those
+documents awoke the slumbering populace to a feeling of chagrin and
+anger almost equal to his own at the loss of his dossier. And yet he
+stayed on in America, and returned with the ambassadorial party to
+Germany only after the severance of diplomatic relations in 1917,
+credited with expert generalship on the economic sector of the American
+front.
+
+“Germany’s military attaché to the United States was Captain Franz
+von Papen. His mission was the study of the United States army. In
+August, 1914, it may be assumed that he had absorbed most of the useful
+information of the United States army, which at that moment was no
+superhuman problem. In July of that year he was in Mexico, observing,
+among other matters, the effect of dynamite explosions on railways.
+He was quite familiar with Mexico. According to Admiral von Hintze he
+had organized a military unit in the lukewarm German colony in Mexico
+City, and he used one or more of the warring factions in the southern
+republic to test the efficacy of various means of warfare.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Bain._
+
+Captain von Papen
+
+German Military Attaché]
+
+“Von Papen operated from New York after the outbreak of war. “German
+reservists who had been peaceful farmers, shopkeepers or waiters,
+all over the United States, were mobilized for service, and paraded
+through Battery Park in New York shouting ‘Deutschland, Deutschland
+über alles!’ to the strains of the Austrian hymn, while they waited
+for Papen’s orders from a building near by, and picked quarrels with a
+counter procession of Frenchmen screaming the immortal ‘Marseillaise.’
+Up in his office sat the attaché, summoning, assigning, despatching his
+men on missions that were designed to terrorize America as the spiked
+helmets were terrorizing Belgium at that moment.
+
+“... Although von Papen marshaled his consuls, his reservists, his
+thugs, his women, and his skilled agents, for a programme of violence
+the like of which America had never experienced, the military phase
+of the war was not destined for decision here, and there is again
+something ironical in the fact that the arrogance of Captain von
+Papen’s outrages hastened the coming of war to America and the decline
+of Captain von Papen’s style of warfare in America.
+
+
+BOY-ED, A TURKISH HALF-BREED
+
+“The Kaiser’s naval attaché at Washington was Karl Boy-Ed, the child
+of a German mother and a Turkish father, who had elected a naval
+career and shown a degree of aptitude for his work which qualified him
+presently for the post of chief lieutenant to von Tirpitz. He was one
+of the six young officers who were admitted to the chief councils of
+the German navy, as training for high executive posts.... His duties
+took him all over the world as naval observer, and he may be credited
+more than casually with weaving the plan-fabric of marine supremacy
+with which Germany proposed in due time to envelop the world.
+
+“He impressed diplomatic Washington in 1911 as a polished cosmopolite.
+Polished he was, measured by the standards of diplomatic Washington,
+for rare was the young American of Boy-Ed’s age who had his
+cultivation, his wide experience, and his brilliant charm. He was
+sought after by admiring mothers long before he was sought after by the
+Secret Service; he moved among the clubs of Washington and New York
+making intimates of men whose friendship and confidence would serve
+the Fatherland, cloaking his real designs by frivolity and frequent
+attendances at social functions. His peace-time duties had been to
+study the American navy; to familiarize himself with its ship power and
+personnel, with its plans for expansion, its theories of strategy, its
+means of supply, and finally, with the coast defenses of the country.
+He had learned his lesson, and furnished Berlin with clear reports.
+On those reports, together with those of his colleagues in other
+countries, hinged Germany’s readiness to enter war, for it would have
+been folly to attempt a war of domination with America an unknown,
+uncatalogued naval power. (It will be well to recall that the submarine
+is an American invention, and that Germany’s greatest submarine
+development took place in the years 1911-14.)
+
+“And then, suddenly, he dropped the cloak. The Turk in him stood at
+attention while the German in him gave him sharp orders—commands to
+be carried out with Oriental adroitness and Prussian finish. Then
+those who had said lightly that ‘Boy-Ed knows more about our navy than
+Annapolis itself’ began to realize that they had spoken an alarming
+truth. His war duties were manifold. Like von Papen, he had his corps
+of reservists, his secret agents, his silent forces everywhere ready
+for active coöperation in carrying out the naval enterprises Germany
+should see fit to undertake in Western waters.
+
+“America learned gradually of the machinations of the four executives,
+Bernstorff, Albert, Papen and Boy-Ed. America had not long to wait
+for evidences of their activity, but it was a long time before the
+processes of investigation revealed their source. It was inevitable
+that they could not work undiscovered for long, and they seem to have
+realized that they must do the utmost damage at top speed. Their own
+trails were covered for a time by the obscure identities of their
+subordinates. The law jumps to no conclusions. Their own persons were
+protected by diplomatic courtesy. It required more than two years
+of tedious search for orthodox legal evidence to arraign these men
+publicly in their guilt, and when that evidence had finally been
+obtained, and Germany’s protest of innocence had been deflated, it was
+not these men who suffered, but their country, and the price she paid
+was war with America.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+A Deadly Torpedo Leaving the Tube of an American Destroyer
+
+A Whitehead torpedo at the instant it leaves the tube. This tube is
+above the water line. Torpedo-boat destroyers carry both this kind
+of tubes and submerged ones. The torpedo, when fired from above the
+water, submerges itself to a depth determined by the adjustment of its
+horizontal steering gear, and thereafter runs its course at an even
+depth beneath the surface.]
+
+
+GERMANY’S SECRET ARMY
+
+“A hundred or more of their subordinates have been convicted of
+various criminal offenses and sent to prison. Still more were promptly
+interned in prison camps at the outbreak of war in 1917. The secret
+army included all types, from bankers to longshoremen. Many of them
+were conspicuous figures in American public life, and of these no small
+part were allowed to remain at large under certain restrictions—and
+under surveillance. Germany’s army in the United States was powerful
+in numbers; the fact that so many agents were working destruction
+probably hastened their discovery; the loyalty of many so-called
+German-Americans was always questionable. The public mind, confused
+as it had never been before by the news of war, was groping about for
+sound fundamentals, and was being tantalized with false principles by
+the politicians. Meanwhile Count von Bernstorff was watching Congress
+and the President, Dr. Albert was busy in great schemes, Captain von
+Papen was commanding an active army of spies, and Captain Boy-Ed was
+engaged in a bitter fight with the British navy.”
+
+But long after the departure of the principals for their native land
+the enterprises they had inaugurated persisted.
+
+Among the pre-war activities the German government made a contract with
+Dr. Karl Buenz, American head of the Hamburg-American Line, for the
+provisioning, during war, of German ships at sea, the contract being
+jealously guarded in the German Embassy at Washington. Merchant ships
+were to be used for the purpose. July 31, 1914, a cablegram from Berlin
+called on Dr. Buenz to begin filling his contract. The first ship to
+be loaded (with coal) was the _Berwind_, and the question arose as
+to who among the conspirators should apply for the clearance papers.
+Finally G. B. Kulenkampff, a banker and exporter, was directed to do
+so. He swore to a false manifest of the cargo and got the papers.
+The _Berwind_ carried food as well as coal for the provisioning of
+German warships to be found at secretly designated points, and her
+destination was not Buenos Ayres as the clearance papers declared, so
+the United States was unwittingly a party to German naval operations,
+on the third day of the war, by German mendacity. The _Berwind_ sailed
+for a little island known as Trinidad (not the British West Indian
+island) about 70° east of Brazil, and there her cargo was transferred
+to five German ships, one of which was the _Kap-Trafalgar_, presently
+sunk by the British auxiliary cruiser, the _Carmania_, which steamed
+into view while the _Trafalgar_, the _Berwind_ and one other of the
+vessels were still at Trinidad.
+
+It is interesting to know that most of the ships chartered for this
+lawless purpose did not carry out the intention. The _Unita_ was one of
+them and we are told:
+
+“Her skipper was Eno Olsen, a Canadian citizen born in Norway.
+Urhitzler, the German spy placed aboard, made the mistake of assuming
+that Olsen was friendly to Germany. He gave him his ‘orders,’ and the
+skipper balked. ’“Nothing doing,” I told the supercargo,’ Captain Olsen
+testified later, with a Norwegian twist to his pronunciation. ‘She’s
+booked to Cadiz, and to Cadiz she goes!’ So the supercargo offered me
+$500 to change my course. “Nothing doing—nothing doing for a million
+dollars,” I told him. The third day out he offered me $10,000. Nothing
+doing. So,’ announced Captain Olsen with finality, ‘I sailed the
+_Unita_ to Cadiz and after we got there I sold the cargo and looked up
+the British consul.’”
+
+Under the Buenz contract twelve ships were either purchased or
+chartered at a total cost of $1,419,394, and it is said that of their
+shiploads of supplies less than $30,000 worth were ever transferred to
+German war vessels. Buenz, after much delay in the proceedings, was
+sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment in the Federal penitentiary
+at Atlanta.
+
+
+THE WIRELESS TREACHERIES
+
+The Sayville Wireless Station on Long Island was for a long time a
+successfully controlled medium for the direction of spy and propaganda
+work in this country as well as for communication with wireless
+stations in Germany, in Central and South America, with wireless ships
+interned, etc., etc. To this and the other German-owned commercial
+plants in the United States Capt. Boy-Ed added amateur stations of
+more or less extended radius as auxiliaries. But owing to complaints
+of frequent interference with regular messages, the “United States
+presently ordered the closing of all private wireless stations, and
+those amateurs who had been listening out of sheer curiosity to the
+air conversation cheerfully took down their antennæ. Not so, however,
+a prominent woman in whose residence on Fifth Avenue lay concealed
+a powerful receiving apparatus. Nor did the interned ships obey the
+order: apparatus apparently removed was often rigged in the shelter
+of a funnel, and operated by current supplied from an apparently
+innocent source. And the secret service discovered stations also in
+the residences of wealthy Hoboken Germans, and in a German-American
+‘mansion’ in Hartford, Connecticut.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood, and Underwood._
+
+German Spies in France
+
+After living for ten years in France, they were discovered giving
+information to the Germans by telephone. They confessed and were shot.]
+
+Later suspicions were aroused by the activities of the German wireless,
+but the German operators were not at once removed. The United States
+began taking down the seemingly meaningless jargon that came every
+morning from the Nauen Station near Berlin. It was two years later,
+however, that a key to the jumble was discovered and the code revealed.
+Two codes in fact were found.
+
+“The chief significance of the discovery of the two codes is their
+conclusive proof that while von Bernstorff was protesting to the
+American government that he could not get messages through to Berlin,
+nor replies from the Foreign Office, he was actually in daily, if
+not hourly, communication with his superiors. Messages were sent out
+by his confidential operators under the very eyes of the American
+naval censors. After the break of diplomatic relations with Berlin,
+in February, 1917, the authorities set to work decoding the messages,
+and the State Department from time to time issued for publication
+certain of the more brutal proofs of Germany’s violation of American
+neutrality. The Ambassador and his Washington establishment had served
+for two years and a half as the ‘central exchange’ of German affairs in
+the western world. After his departure communication from German spies
+here was handicapped only by the time required to forward information
+to Mexico; from that point to Berlin air conversation continued
+uninterrupted.”
+
+It may be noted in passing that Captain Karl Grasshof of the cruiser
+_Geier_, that took refuge from the British by tying up in Honolulu
+harbor, gave high proof of the German nice sense of honor in respect
+of hospitality. He instituted a series of afternoon concerts by the
+ship’s band, that the music might drown out the noise of the wireless
+apparatus as he sent messages to raiders at sea or threw off false
+reports in English, the purpose of which was to make trouble between
+the United States and Japan. He said at one time that von Papen
+inspired this peculiar treachery, but afterwards denied it.
+
+
+TO INVADE CANADA
+
+On the military side, one of von Papen’s brilliant projects was to
+organize the German reservists in the United States into an army for
+the invasion of Canada. The plan was to transport men and guns by night
+from ports of the Great Lakes by means of powerful motor boats and
+attack defenseless lake cities, the object being to arouse such fear
+in the Canadians that they would keep their troops for home defense
+instead of sending them to the aid of England. This, however, was a
+project from which the craftier Bernstorff recoiled as smacking too
+much of open violence. Then von Papen proposed a scheme to blow up
+the Welland Canal as a terrorizing job. The plot was ascribed to “two
+Irishmen, prominent members of Irish associations, both of whom had
+fought in the Irish rebellion.”
+
+The spy, Horst von der Goltz, was the active agent in the preliminary
+steps, such as recruiting men for the job, securing explosives, etc.,
+Papen, in the name of Steffens, supplying the money and giving the
+necessary instructions. But after being carried forward almost to
+the point of action the Welland enterprise was, for some unknown
+reason, suddenly abandoned and the dynamite (three hundred pounds in
+suitcases), which had been taken to Niagara Falls, was left with an
+aviator, and Goltz, with his immediate associate, Constance Covani, a
+private detective, returned to New York. Von Papen was much provoked by
+the failure of his second plan to terrorize Canada. Goltz was sent on
+some commission to Germany in October, sailing on a forged passport,
+got safely to Berlin and, on his return trip in November, was arrested
+in England, spy fashion. After a protracted imprisonment, Goltz agreed
+to turn State’s evidence against his fellow conspirators. A number of
+arrests resulted, and the plots against Canada were fully revealed.
+
+As more and more precise rules for the issue of passports were made by
+the government the difficulties of the conspirators in making direct
+communication with Berlin increased correspondingly. It devolved upon
+von Papen to provide for the supply of passports to meet the needs of
+couriers and others who could not get passports in their own names.
+
+“The military attaché selected Lieutenant Hans von Wedell, who had
+already made a trip as courier to Berlin for his friend, Count von
+Bernstorff. Von Wedell was married to a German baroness. He had been
+a newspaper reporter in New York, and later a lawyer. He opened an
+office in Bridge Street, New York, and began to send out emissaries to
+sailors on interned German liners, and to their friends in Hoboken,
+directing them to apply for passports. He sent others to the haunts of
+tramps on the lower East Side, to the Mills Hotel, and other gathering
+places of the down-and-outs, offering ten, fifteen or twenty dollars to
+men who would apply for and deliver passports. And he bought them! He
+spent much time at the Deutscher Verein, and at the Elks’ Club in 43rd
+Street where he often met his agents to give instructions and receive
+passports. His bills were paid by Captain von Papen.”
+
+
+MANUFACTURING PASSPORTS
+
+The passports secured in this way by von Wedell and by his successor,
+Carl Ruroede, Sr., in the employ of Oelrichs & Co., were supplied to
+reservist officers whom the General Staff had ordered back to Berlin,
+and also to spies whom von Papen wished to send to England, France,
+Italy or Russia. Among the latter was Anton Kuepferle, who was captured
+in England, confessed and killed himself in Brixton jail.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _International News._
+
+Anti-German Riots in Britain
+
+ The destruction of the _Lusitania_ by a German submarine caused
+ anti-German riots in many parts of the world. These started in
+ Liverpool when the bodies of dead members of the crew were brought to
+ their homes there, and spread rapidly to other parts of the United
+ Kingdom. The photograph shows the looting of a German’s residence in
+ High Street, London.]
+
+When it became obvious that passports must be serving the ends of
+persons other than those to whom they were issued the government
+demanded that each passport should have the photograph of the bearer.
+But this did not disconcert the conspirators, as _The German Secret
+Service in America_ tells us. It says: “The Germans found it a simple
+matter to give a general description of a man’s eyes, color of hair,
+and age to fit the person who was actually to use the document; then
+forwarded the picture of the applicant to be affixed. The applicant
+receiving the passport would sell it at once. Even though the official
+seal was stamped on the photograph the Germans were not dismayed.
+
+“Adams [Albert G. Adams, a United States Secret Service agent, who had
+insinuated himself into Ruroede’s confidence] rushed into Ruroede’s
+office one day waving a sheaf of five passports issued to him by the
+government. Adams was ostensibly proud of his work, Ruroede openly
+delighted.
+
+“‘I knew I could get these passports easily,’ he boasted to Adams.
+‘Why, if Lieutenant von Wedell had kept on here he never could have
+done this. He always was getting into a muddle.’
+
+“‘But how can you use these passports with these pictures on them?’
+asked the agent.
+
+“‘Oh, that’s easy,’ answered Ruroede. ‘Come in the back room. I’ll
+show you.’ And Ruroede, before the observant eyes of the Department
+of Justice, patted one of the passports with a damp cloth, then with
+adhesive paste fastened a photograph of another man over the original
+bearing the imprint of the United States seal.
+
+“‘We wet the photograph,’ said Ruroede, ‘and then we affix the picture
+of the man who is to use it. The new photograph also is dampened, but
+when it is fastened to the passport there still remains a sort of
+vacuum in spots between the new picture and the old because of ridges
+made by the seal. So we turn the passport upside down, place it on a
+soft ground—say a silk handkerchief—and then we take a paper-cutter
+with a dull point, and just trace the letters on the seal. The result
+is that the new photograph dries exactly as if it had been stamped by
+Uncle Sam. You can’t tell the difference.’
+
+
+NABBED AT SEA
+
+“Through Adams’ efforts Ruroede and four Germans, one of them an
+officer in the German reserves, were arrested on January 2, on the
+Scandinavian-American liner _Bergensfjord_ outward bound to Bergen,
+Norway. They had passports issued through Adams at Ruroede’s request
+under the American names of Howard Paul Wright, Herbert S. Wilson,
+Peter Hanson and Stanley F. Martin.
+
+“Von Wedell himself was a passenger on the _Bergensfjord_, but when he
+was lined up with the other passengers, the Federal agents, who did
+not have a description of him, missed him and left the vessel. He was
+later (January 11) taken off the ship by the British, however, and
+transferred to another vessel for removal to a prison camp. She struck
+a German mine and sank, and von Wedell is supposed to have drowned.”
+
+An explicit letter from von Wedell to von Bernstorff dispelled any
+possibility of doubt that the German Ambassador was fully cognizant of
+the false passport frauds.
+
+“Ruroede was sentenced to three years in Atlanta prison. The four
+reservists, pleading guilty, protested they had taken the passports out
+of patriotism and were fined $200 each.
+
+“The arrest of Ruroede exposed the New York bureau, and made it
+necessary for the Germans to shift their base of operations, but did
+not put an end to the fraudulent passport conspiracy. Capt. Boy-Ed
+assumed the burden, and hired men to secure passports for him.”
+
+But the increased vigilance and thoroughness of the British reduced
+this service to a negligible quantity before the entrance of the United
+States into the war squelched it entirely.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+From the Fighting Top of the Battleship _Wyoming_
+
+The _Wyoming_ is 562 feet in length, of 26,000 tons displacement, and
+carries twelve 12-inch and twenty-one 5-inch guns.]
+
+An incident in connection with the arrest of Ruroede is related by
+French Strother in his story “Fighting German Spies” published in _The
+World’s Work_. Ruroede “was being urged by the Assistant United States
+District Attorney to ‘come across’ with the facts about his activities
+in the passport frauds, and he had stood up pretty well against the
+persuasions and hints of the attorney and the doubts and fears of his
+own mind. About eleven o’clock at night, as he was for the many’th time
+protesting his ignorance and his innocence, another agent of the Bureau
+of Investigation walked across the far end of the dimly lit room—in one
+door and out another—accompanied by a fair-haired lad of nineteen.
+
+“‘My God!’ exclaimed Ruroede, ‘have they got my son, too? The boy knows
+nothing at all about this.’
+
+“This little ghost-walking scene, borrowed from _Hamlet_, broke down
+Ruroede’s reserve, and he came out with pretty much all the story,
+ending with the melancholy exclamation ‘I thought I was going to get an
+Iron Cross; but what they ought to do is to pin a little tin stove on
+me.’”
+
+
+A SENSATIONAL CAPTURE
+
+In addition to von Papen, Dr. Albert and Boy-Ed, one of Bernstorff’s
+effective agents was Wolf von Igel, who was the leader of the dynamite
+men of the conspiracy. He set up at 60 Wall Street ostensibly in the
+“advertising” business. Attention was attracted to him by the fact that
+his visitors during the two years he was undisturbed were Germans who
+had nothing whatever to do with advertising. Moreover, conspicuous in
+his office was a large safe bearing the insignia of the German Imperial
+Government. Suspicions were aroused and by degrees these suspicions
+were strengthened by circumstances and incidents that indicated von
+Igel as a German agent. Therefore, as the New York _Times_ reported,
+one morning in April, 1916, while von Igel was engaged preparing a
+mass of papers taken from the safe for transfer to Washington, the
+office was entered by four United States Secret Service agents from the
+Department of Justice, who made their way past the guardians always on
+duty, put von Igel under arrest, and undertook to seize the papers.
+The German was powerful and brave. With the aid of one associate he
+stubbornly fought the officers, striving to rescue the papers, to close
+the safe, to get to the telephone and communicate with his superiors.
+Revolvers were drawn by the Secret Service men. They produced no
+effect upon the intrepid von Igel.
+
+“This is German territory,” he shouted. “Shoot me and you will bring on
+war.”
+
+There was no shooting. But after a protracted struggle the defenders
+were overpowered and the papers seized. The German Embassy at once
+entered its protest. These were official papers. They were sacrosanct.
+The diplomatic prerogative of a friendly nation had been overridden and
+the person of its representative insulted. To this the State Department
+replied that the invaded premises at 60 Wall Street were described
+in the contract as a private business office for the carrying on of
+advertising, and that von Igel had not been formally accredited as a
+German representative.
+
+When the papers were examined by the Department of Justice the reason
+for von Igel’s determined fight became apparent. Here, in the form of
+letters, telegrams, notations, checks, receipts, ledgers, cashbooks,
+cipher codes, lists of spies, and other memoranda and records were
+found indications—in some instances of the vaguest nature, in others of
+the most damning conclusiveness—that the German Imperial Government,
+through its representatives in a then friendly nation, was concerned
+with—
+
+Violation of the laws of the United States.
+
+Destruction of lives and property in merchant vessels on the high seas.
+
+Irish revolutionary plots against Great Britain.
+
+Fomenting ill-feeling against the United States in Mexico.
+
+Subornation of American writers and lecturers.
+
+Financing of propaganda.
+
+Maintenance of a spy system under the guise of a commercial
+investigation bureau.
+
+Subsidizing of a bureau for the purpose of stirring up labor troubles
+in munition plants.
+
+The bomb industry and other related activities.
+
+One of the most significant papers in the von Igel collection was a
+letter directly convicting von Papen of paying money to a plotter (Paul
+Koenig, manager of an alleged Bureau of Investigation established by
+the Hamburg-American Steamship Company for secret service purposes)
+designing to blow up merchant ships sailing from the port of New York.
+Koenig had reported the make of the bombs which it was proposed to use.
+They were made to look like lumps of coal, to be concealed in the coal
+laden on steamers of the Allies. By this or other means thirty ships
+carrying munitions to the Allies were sunk.
+
+
+MORE BERNSTORFF CRAFT
+
+Closely related to and to some extent under the guidance of von Igel
+was the German and Austro-Hungarian Labor Information and Relief
+Bureau, with central headquarters at 136 Liberty Street, New York
+City, and branches in Cleveland, Detroit, Bridgeport, Pittsburgh,
+Philadelphia, and Chicago. The head of the enterprise was Hans
+Liebau, from whom it took its familiarly accepted name of the “Liebau
+Employment Agency.” During the trying days which followed the arrest
+of the Welland Canal conspirators it was unwaveringly asserted that
+the Liebau concern was a bona fide employment agency and nothing else,
+with no object other than to secure positions for German, Austrian, or
+Hungarian workmen seeking employment. That was for publication only. In
+von Igel’s papers the truth appears, brought out by the refusal of the
+Austro-Hungarian Embassy to continue its subsidies to the bureau.
+
+That the Austro-Hungarian Embassy had taken official cognizance of the
+bureau previously, however, is disclosed in the letter written by the
+Ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian Minister for Foreign Affairs, which
+was found in the possession of James F. J. Archibald by the British
+authorities August 30, 1915. In this letter the Ambassador stated:
+
+“It is my impression that we can disorganize and hold up for months, if
+not entirely prevent, the manufacture of munitions in Bethlehem and the
+Middle West, which, in the opinion of the German Military Attaché, is
+of importance and amply outweighs the comparatively small expenditure
+of money involved.”
+
+Representations on behalf of the bureau’s efficiency were made, under
+date of March 24, 1916, in a letter to the German Ambassador, von
+Bernstorff:
+
+“Engineers and persons in the better class of positions, and who had
+means of their own, were persuaded by the propaganda of the bureau to
+leave war material factories.”
+
+The report comments with unconcealed amusement upon the fact that
+munitions concerns innocently wrote the bureau for workmen (which, of
+course, were not furnished) and continues in reviewing later conditions
+in the munitions industry:
+
+“The commercial employment bureaus of the country have no supply of
+unemployed technicians.... Many disturbances and suspensions which war
+material factories have had to suffer, and which it was not always
+possible to remove quickly, but which on the contrary often led to
+long strikes, may be attributed to the energetic propaganda of the
+employment bureau.”
+
+The captured documents contained letters and communications that
+established intimate relations between the German Diplomatic Service
+and the Irish revolutionary movement. Among others was the letter
+concerning a Justice of the New York Supreme Court, Daniel F. Cohalan,
+beginning, “Judge Cohalan requests the transmission of the following
+remarks.” The remarks are then quoted as follows:
+
+“The revolution in Ireland can only be successful if supported from
+Germany, otherwise England will be able to suppress it, even though it
+be only after hard struggles. Therefore help is necessary. This should
+consist, primarily, of aerial attacks in England and a diversion of
+the fleet simultaneously with Irish revolution. Then, if possible, a
+landing of troops, arms, and ammunition in Ireland, and possibly some
+officers from Zeppelins. This would enable the Irish ports to be closed
+against England and the establishment of stations for submarines on the
+Irish coast and the cutting off of the supply of food for England. The
+services of the revolution may therefore decide the war.”
+
+“He asks that a telegram to this effect be sent to Berlin,” the letter
+continues. It is but fair to say that Judge Cohalan has denied making
+the request.
+
+[Illustration: Poster for the Fourth Liberty Loan]
+
+Other documents revealed the German Secret Service dealings with Sir
+Roger Casement, subsequently executed by the British for treason, but
+though the Department of Justice had this incriminating evidence, it
+did not reach the Attorney General until the afternoon following the
+arrest of Casement. The cause of Casement’s arrest was not, therefore,
+information furnished by the Department, as was loosely charged at the
+time.
+
+
+LANSING’S REVELATION
+
+The most sensational of the revelations of German plotting in the
+United States was made by Secretary Lansing on September 21, 1916,
+when he published without comment a telegram written by Ambassador
+Bernstorff himself and asking his government for $50,000 to be used
+in influencing Congress. This was not one of the papers taken from
+von Igel, but was of much later date, and Mr. Lansing stated that the
+cablegram had not been sent to Germany through the State Department,
+leaving it to be implied that it went by way of some neutral legation.
+
+There was a veritable storm of excitement in Congress over the
+imputation of bribery, some Congressmen in the heat of the moment
+intimating that they knew what members had benefited from the fund.
+But later it was made evident that Bernstorff had no idea of bribery
+but of starting a volume of letters and telegrams from various parts
+of the country to influence Congressmen against a declaration of war.
+Some time afterwards Secretary Lansing made public the fact that when
+Bernstorff asked for the $50,000 to influence the American Congress
+he was already aware that Germany was about to resume her ruthless
+submarine warfare which she had assured the United States would be
+abandoned.
+
+
+THE BOLO PASHA FOLLY
+
+The most amazing instance thus far discovered of the German
+government’s lavish waste of the German people’s money for useless
+intrigues in other countries is that revealed after the arrest of Paul
+Bolo, alias Bolo Pasha, in Paris, Sept. 29, 1917. The following account
+is taken from the _New York Times Current History_:
+
+“Bolo had long been under suspicion and had been temporarily under
+arrest several weeks before, but only upon receipt of important
+evidence from the United States was he imprisoned without bail. He is
+a Frenchman, born at Marseilles, and, according to an article in the
+Paris _Matin_, is a brother of an eloquent French prelate of that
+name. He has had an adventurous career in various countries, including
+Egypt, and at the beginning of the war he was penniless; but when
+in Switzerland in March, 1915, he met Abbas Hilmi, former Khédive
+of Egypt, and apparently concluded an arrangement by which he was
+to receive $2,500,000 to be used in influencing the French press in
+favor of a German peace. The plan was approved by Gottlieb von Jagow,
+German Foreign Minister, who was to pay the money partly through the
+ex-Khédive and partly through Swiss and American banks.
+
+“In accordance with this arrangement $1,000,000 was paid by roundabout
+methods through Swiss banks, to avert suspicion. Abbas Hilmi and an
+associate are said to have collected $50,000 as a commission. After
+that time Bolo Pasha and Abbas Hilmi seemed to have fallen out, for
+their relations ceased. At the time of his arrest Bolo was said to have
+received $8,000,000 from Germany, of which $2,500,000 had been traced
+to the Deutsche Bank. Large portions of this sum were said to have been
+paid through an American channel. The actual facts, now proved by the
+documents, go far toward confirming those original estimates.
+
+“Bolo arrived in New York on February 22, 1916, and left on March 17
+following. He had rooms at the Plaza Hotel, and was careful not to
+be seen in public with German agents. He saw Bernstorff secretly in
+Washington.
+
+“When the French government got an inkling of his traitorous activities
+it appealed to Governor Whitman of New York for evidence, and ten days’
+work by Merton E. Lewis, the Attorney General of the State, assisted
+by an expert accountant, resulted in sensational disclosures which
+were made public on the evening of October 3. The evidence, which
+included photographic reproductions of many telltale checks, letters,
+and telegrams, revealed the fact that Count Bernstorff, then German
+Ambassador at Washington, had eagerly fallen in with Bolo’s proposition
+to betray France by corrupting the press in favor of a premature
+peace and had advanced him the enormous sum of $1,683,500 to finance
+the plot. The State Department and Ambassador Jusserand examined the
+evidence and attested its genuineness.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  From _Punch_, Sept. 9, 1914.
+
+India for the King
+
+The man on horseback is a Hindu. To his right is a Mohammedan, to his
+left a Parsee. This cartoon from _Punch_ depicts the loyalty of the
+natives of India in the World War.]
+
+“Many banks had been used to confuse and hide the transaction, but
+the persons and agencies who figured knowingly in it are Bolo Pasha,
+Ambassador von Bernstorff, and two bankers—Hugo Schmidt, former New
+York agent of the Deutsche Bank of Berlin, who acted as Bernstorff’s
+financial agent, and Adolph Pavenstedt, former head of the New York
+banking house of G. Amsinck & Co.
+
+“Of the mass of documents exhibited by Attorney General Lewis, the
+most important was a letter written by Bolo Pasha to the New York City
+branch of the Royal Bank of Canada on March 14, 1916, three days before
+he sailed to return to France. That letter reads:
+
+  “‘New York, March 14, 1916.
+
+ “‘The Royal Bank of Canada, New York, N. Y.
+
+ “‘Gentlemen: You will receive from Messrs. G. Amsinck & Co. deposits
+ for the credit of my account with you, which deposits will reach the
+ aggregate amount of about $1,700,000, which I wish you to utilize in
+ the following manner:
+
+ “‘First—Immediately on receipt of the first amount on account of this
+ sum pay to Messrs. J. P. Morgan & Co., New York City, the sum of
+ $170,068.03, to be placed to the credit of the account with them of
+ Senator Charles Humbert, Paris.
+
+ “‘Second—Establish on your books a credit of $5,000, good until the
+ 31st of May, in favor of Jules Bois, Biltmore Hotel, this amount to be
+ utilized by him at the debit of my account according to his needs, and
+ the unused balance to be returned to me.
+
+ “‘Third—Transfer to the credit of my wife, Mme. Bolo, with agency T of
+ Comptoir National d’Escompte de Paris a sum of about $524,000, to be
+ debited to my account as such transfers are made by you at best rate
+ and by small amounts.
+
+ “‘Fourth—You will hold, subject to my instructions, when all payments
+ are complete, a balance of not less than $1,000,000.
+
+  “‘Yours truly,
+
+  “‘BOLO PASHA.’
+
+“That is how the $1,683,500, which was the exact amount Bernstorff
+ordered Schmidt to place at the service of Bolo, came into the latter’s
+actual possession.
+
+
+BERNSTORFF THE MASTER MIND
+
+“Direct evidence that Count Bernstorff was the master mind behind the
+plot on this side of the Atlantic came to light in five dispatches that
+were made public by Secretary Lansing on October 5. These messages were
+exchanged in the Spring of 1916:
+
+ “‘_The Department of State communicates to the press the following
+ telegrams bearing upon the case of Bolo Pasha, exchanged between Count
+ von Bernstorff and Herr von Jagow, German Minister of Foreign Affairs._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ “‘Number 679, Feb. 26. I have received direct information from an
+ entirely trustworthy source concerning a political action in one
+ of the enemy countries which would bring peace. One of the leading
+ political personalities of the country in question is seeking a loan
+ of one million seven hundred thousand dollars in New York, for which
+ security will be given. I was forbidden to give his name in writing.
+ The affair seems to me to be of the greatest possible importance.
+ Can the money be provided at once in New York? That the intermediary
+ will keep the matter secret is entirely certain. Request answer by
+ telegram. A verbal report will follow as soon as a trustworthy person
+ can be found to bring it to Germany.
+
+  “‘BERNSTORFF.’
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ “‘Number 150, Feb. 29. Answer to telegram Number 679. Agree to
+ the loan, but only if peace action seems to you a really serious
+ project, as the provision of money in New York is for us at present
+ extraordinarily difficult. If the enemy country is Russia have nothing
+ to do with the business, as the sum of money is too small to have any
+ serious effect in that country. So, too, in the case of Italy, where
+ it would not be worth while to spend so much.
+
+  “‘JAGOW.’
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ “‘Number 685, March 5. Please instruct Deutsche Bank to hold nine
+ million marks at disposal of Hugo Schmidt. The affair is very
+ promising. Further particulars follow.
+
+  “‘BERNSTORFF.’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase._
+
+Sergeant William M. Butterfield
+
+_32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “G”_
+
+ A descendant of the famous Rebel general, Milo J. Butterfield. He was
+ made a corporal and requested to be reduced to the rank of private,
+ in order to get to the front more quickly. He participated in three
+ drives: Château-Thierry, Soissons, and Argonne. He was made a Sergeant
+ in Company “G” as a reward for his splendid fighting in the latter
+ offensive.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ “‘Number 692, March 20. With reference to telegram Number 685, please
+ advise our Minister in Berne that some one will call on him who
+ will give him the passport Sanct Regis and who wishes to establish
+ relations with the Foreign Office. Intermediary further requests that
+ influence may be brought to bear upon our press to pass over the
+ change in the inner political situation in France so far as possible
+ in silence, in order that things may not be spoiled by German approval.
+
+ “‘BERNSTORFF.’
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ “‘Number 206, May 31. The person announced in Telegram 692 of March 20
+ has not yet reported himself at the legation at Berne. Is there any
+ more news on your side of Bolo?
+
+ “‘JAGOW.’
+
+“In France the most sensational feature of the case was Bolo’s payment
+of $170,000 to Senator Charles Humbert, owner of _Le Journal_. The
+money was in part payment for 1,100 bonds of that newspaper. Senator
+Humbert immediately came out with a statement to prove that he was
+entirely unaware of the treasonable purpose of the purchases. He gave
+facts showing that Bolo Pasha had used his contract with _Le Journal_
+to extract money from Germany. On Oct. 12, the French Military Court
+appointed a sequestrator for the money advanced to Senator Humbert. It
+amounted in all to $1,200,000 and was handed over to the care of the
+Deposit and Consignment office, a section of the Ministry of Finance.
+
+“Whatever the total number of millions extracted from the German
+government by Bolo Pasha, the utter futility of the expenditure, so far
+as Germany is concerned, must remain one of the most striking features
+of the case.”
+
+
+A CONTINUING EVIL
+
+The exposures of German intrigue and the departure from this country of
+the official representatives of Germany who had so grossly abused their
+diplomatic privileges did not by any means put an end to pro-German
+activities and expenditures. They were uninterrupted though necessarily
+transferred to channels of less commanding importance. What was true
+late in 1917, was practically true of the major part of 1918, before
+the armistice. Societies as well as individuals continued to distribute
+German money and carry on pro-German or anti-English propaganda. The
+_New York Times_ said in October, 1917:
+
+“The thing needs no proof. She is paying every man who will accept pay
+for the same purpose for which, before the war began, she was paying
+every man who would accept pay to handicap and weaken the arm of the
+American government.
+
+“How are we to recognize the trail of her money? Before the war she was
+organizing strikes, blowing up factories, and purchasing the creation
+of a false public opinion against trading with the Allies. The outbreak
+of war somewhat altered her aims; there have been no purchased strikes
+lately and no dynamiting of factories. Her aim, which is always the
+same—the weakening of the government’s arm—can now be best attained by
+creating a false public opinion in favor of laying down our arms and
+consenting to peace before the objects of the war are attained. All her
+own moves from Berlin are now directed to that end, and when we find a
+movement in the United States which duplicates the moves from Berlin
+it is safe to assume that Germany is backing it in the same way in
+which she backed other movements, to quote von Bernstorff, ‘on former
+occasions.’
+
+“It makes no difference that some of the men who are engaged in this
+movement may be merely foolish or deluded and not in receipt of money
+from Wilhelmstrasse. There are others who are, and these dupes are
+merely their tools. One and all they are doing the work for which
+Germany pays those who get the pay and those who do not. The ignorant
+zealot goes where the paid traitor sends him. That the ignorant zealot
+does not know the paid traitor is paid does not alter in the slightest
+the deadly effect of his action, the deadly effect calculated on and
+purposed by the German paymaster.”
+
+The _New York Tribune_, commenting on the facility of espionage and
+propaganda by Germans, said:
+
+“Conditions are incredible. These enemy aliens, acting as spies and
+carriers of information, are everywhere.
+
+“They are going freely to and fro.
+
+“They are in the Army and Navy.
+
+“They occupy hundreds of observation posts.
+
+“They are in possession of hundreds of sources of information of
+military value.
+
+“They are in factories producing war-materials.
+
+“They are in all the drug and chemical laboratories.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Tribitsch Lincoln
+
+ The man in the middle, exmember of parliament, is hand-cuffed to a
+ detective. He confessed that he was a spy for the German government.]
+
+“‘If you discharge the Germans,’ says Herman A. Metz, a manufacturer
+of drugs and chemicals, ‘you will close every chemical plant in the
+country.’”
+
+
+ORGANIZED PROPAGANDA
+
+To quote again from _The German Secret Service in America_:
+
+“Many of the peace movements which were set going during the first
+three years of the war were sincere, many were not. A mass meeting held
+at Madison Square Garden in 1915 at which Bryan was the chief speaker,
+was inspired by Germany. In the insincere class falls also the ‘Friends
+of Peace,’ organized in 1915. Its letterhead bore the invitation:
+‘Attend the National Peace Convention, Chicago, Sept. 5 and 6,’ and
+incidentally betrayed the origin of the society. The letterhead stated
+that the society represented the American Truth Society (an offshoot
+of the National German-American Alliance), The American Women of
+German Descent, the American Fair Play Society, the German-American
+Alliance of Greater New York, the German Catholic Federation of New
+York, the United Irish-American Societies and the United Austrian and
+Hungarian-American Societies. Among the ‘honorable vice-chairmen’
+were listed Edmund von Mach, John Devoy, Justices Goff and Cohalan (a
+trinity of Britonophobes), Colquitt of Texas, ex-Congressman Buchanan
+(of Labor’s National Peace Council fame), Jeremiah O’Leary (a Sinn
+Feiner, mentioned in official cables from Zimmermann to Bernstorff as a
+good intermediary for sabotage), Judge John T. Hylan, Richard Bartholdt
+(a congressman active in the German political lobby), and divers
+officers of the Alliance.
+
+“The American Truth Society, Inc., the parent of the Friends of Peace,
+was founded in 1912 by Jeremiah O’Leary, a Tammany lawyer later
+indicted for violation of the Espionage Act, who disappeared when his
+case came up for trial in May, 1918; Alphonse Koelble, who conducted
+the German-American Alliance’s New York political clearing house;
+Gustav Dopslaff, a German-American banker, and others interested in
+the German cause. In 1915 the Society, whose executives were well and
+favorably known to the German embassy, began issuing and circulating
+noisy pamphlets, with such captions as ‘Fair Play for Germany,’ and ‘A
+German-American War.’ O’Leary and his friends also conducted a mail
+questionnaire of Congress in an effort to catalogue the convictions of
+each member on the blockade and embargo questions. Their most insidious
+campaign was an effort to frighten the smaller banks of the country
+from participating in Allied loans, by threats of a German ‘blacklist’
+after the war, to organize a ‘gold protest’ to embarrass American
+banking operations, and in general to harass the Administration in its
+international relations.
+
+[Illustration: Prize Winning War Savings Poster]
+
+“So with their newspapers, rumor-mongers, lecturers, peace societies,
+alliances, bunds, vereins, lobbyists, war relief workers, motion
+picture operators and syndicates, the Germans wrought hard to
+avert war. For two years they nearly succeeded. America was under
+the narcotic influence of generally comfortable neutrality, and a
+comfortable nation likes to wag its head and say ‘there are two sides
+to every question.’ But whatever these German agents might have
+accomplished in the public mind—and certainly they were sowing their
+seed in fertile ground—was nullified by acts of violence, ruthlessness
+at sea, and impudence in diplomacy. The left hand found out what the
+right hand was about.”
+
+
+PAUL KOENIG, THE ATLAS LINE’S MAN
+
+One of the delectable agents of the Bernstorff-von Papen intrigues was
+a “bull-headed Westphalian” named Paul Koenig, who had been one of
+the Hamburg-American Line’s detectives in service with the subsidiary
+company, the Atlas Line. His duties brought him into close relations
+with sailors, tug-captains, wharf-rats, longshoremen and keepers of
+dives of the lowest sort. That experience, coupled with the fact that
+he was, as his apelike countenance suggests, crafty and brutal, made
+him an ideal man for von Papen’s more dastardly purposes, especially as
+Koenig had under him the company’s police force of ten or twelve men,
+obedient to his will. Here was a nice little organization ready to hand.
+
+On von Papen’s request the Atlas Line put Koenig entirely at his
+disposal, and no time was lost in making use of his service. Under
+von Papen, Koenig became the chief of a majority of the German Secret
+Service groups in the eastern part of the country. Gradually his
+work extended to the execution of commissions for the higher-ups,
+Bernstorff, Dr. Albert, the curious Austrian Ambassador, Dr. Dumba,
+as well as the orders of von Papen. He was a sort of factotum to
+them on various occasions, guard, messenger, investigator, etc. But
+to preserve the air of unsuspicious employment the Line continued to
+pay his wages, his work for the conspirators being covered by special
+bills and von Papen’s special checks. Koenig kept a book in which were
+listed the names of hundreds of persons—German-Americans and Americans,
+clerks, army reservists, scientists, city and federal employees,
+etc.—indicating his wide range of sources of information and the
+effectiveness of his system of poisonous propaganda.
+
+His staff had numbers and special initials as well as aliases for
+identification in correspondence and telephone or other communications.
+He provided against the tapping of his telephone wires by talking in
+code. His code seems to have been devised with some sense of humor in
+the possibility of sending listeners-in on wild-goose chases, which was
+often the result. Then to prevent being shadowed he had one or two of
+his own men trail him, ready to notify him by signal if he seemed to be
+the object of too persistent attention. It is said he had the trick,
+when being followed, of suddenly turning a corner and waiting until the
+detective came up, when, taking a good look to identify the follower,
+he would go on with a boisterous laugh. By this trick he came to know
+quite a number of the agents of the Department of Justice. Such a
+cunning and cautious fellow of course gave the police a deal of trouble
+to keep tabs on him. Mr. John Price Jones says in his book:
+
+
+A SUPERSUBTLE KNAVE
+
+“So elusive did he become that it was necessary to evolve a new system
+of shadowing him in order to keep him in sight without betraying
+that he was under surveillance. One detective, accordingly, would be
+stationed several blocks away and would start out ahead of Koenig. The
+‘front shadow’ was signaled by his confederates in the rear whenever
+Koenig turned a corner, so that the man in front might dart down a
+cross-street and maneuver to keep ahead of him. If Koenig boarded a
+street car the man ahead would hail the car several blocks beyond, thus
+avoiding suspicion. In more than one instance detectives in the rear,
+guessing that he was about to take a car, would board it several blocks
+before it got abreast of Koenig.
+
+“It was impossible to overhear direct conversation between Koenig and
+any man to whom he was giving instructions. Some of his workers he
+never permitted to meet him at all, but when he kept a rendezvous it
+was in the open, in the parks in broad daylight, or in a moving-picture
+theater, or in the Pennsylvania Station, or the Grand Central
+Terminal. There he could make sure that nobody was eavesdropping. If
+he met an agent in the open for the first time he gave him some such
+command as this:
+
+“‘Be at Third Avenue and Fifty-ninth Street at 2:30 to-morrow afternoon
+beside a public telephone booth there. When the telephone rings answer
+it.’
+
+“The man would obey. On the minute the telephone would ring and the
+man would lift the receiver. A strange voice told him to do certain
+things—either a definite assignment, or instructions to be at a similar
+place on the following day to receive a message. Or he might be told
+to meet another man, who would give him money and further orders. The
+voice at the other end of the wire spoke from a public telephone booth
+and was thus reasonably sure that the wire he was talking over was not
+tapped.”
+
+But cunning, like vaulting ambition, sometimes “doth o’erleap itself,”
+and Koenig’s fall into the clutches of the law was due to that excess
+of caution that forbade him to trust any of his men or assistants. His
+rule was to employ no one man more than once in any service that gave
+him a “hold” on Koenig sufficient to warrant blackmail or threaten
+exposure. The detectives found this out, by observation. Then they
+noticed that one George Fuchs, a young relative with whom Koenig had
+been quite chummy at first, came to be seen less and less in his
+company. The detectives thereupon set about making the acquaintance of
+Fuchs and getting into his good grace. It did not take them long to
+learn that he was resentful of his unappreciative relative, and they
+gave sympathetic ear to his complaints. The desired result was the
+betrayal of Koenig to the authorities.
+
+
+
+
+AS TO SPIES IN ENGLAND
+
+A Dozen Were Shot, Hundreds Were Imprisoned, But “Cherished Spies” Were
+Allowed To Go Free Because Their Work Was So Bad.
+
+
+There has never been a war since the one in which the daughter of
+Jupiter and Leda, the inconstant Helen, figured so conspicuously, that
+has not had its fact or fiction of “beautiful” women. Whether it be
+Homer or Timothy Tubbmutton who wields the recording pen, there is
+always the woman beautiful to flavor the narrative. And usually the
+“beautiful” is a clever spy who casts a seductive spell over diplomats,
+statesmen, generals or, if need be, corporals of the guard. Inevitably
+a war of a magnitude to take in every clime and nation offered alluring
+field for the play of the reportorial or literary imagination, and we
+have had—in novel, movie and magazine as well as in the columns of the
+press—stories unlimited about beautiful women spies.
+
+It goes without saying that, with the rarest possible exception, beauty
+is not a feature of the type of person whose mentality delights in
+“treasons, stratagems and spoils.” But we seldom have an authoritative
+pronouncement on the subject, and for that reason it is particularly
+interesting to reproduce in part an interview Miss Gertrude Lynch
+had with an English secret service official in 1917 while the war
+was still very much on. Miss Lynch was one of the “Vigilantes,” an
+association of American writers whose object was to “help win the war”
+by the dissemination of educative information. The interview with the
+English official was to get some light on the German espionage system
+as applied to England. Though not named, the official is described as
+the spy expert of England. A great many spies, of one and another sort,
+were nabbed in England. The article says:
+
+
+ONLY A DOZEN SHOT
+
+“There have only been twelve spies shot since the beginning of the war,
+but hundreds are either in penal servitude for life or serving shorter
+sentences. The actual number was not known to the official who talked
+with me on this topic—with the distinct understanding that I should
+not mention his name or title. He is the acknowledged authority on the
+spy evil. Not far from where we sat, in a formidable cabinet which
+looked as if it held other interesting documents, the papers taken from
+von Papen were carefully locked.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+French and German Soldiers as Comrades in Death
+
+Clearing a battlefield after the advance of the French armies in
+September, 1915. The fallen of both armies were loaded together on
+wagons and hauled to convenient places for interment. Their identity
+was learned from numbered metal tags on cords around the neck, or sewn
+into the clothing.]
+
+“‘No woman spies have been shot in England and only one among the
+feminine lot—a bad lot—who are serving sentence could possibly
+lay claim to being a “beautiful lady” spy. This woman had all the
+hall-marks of the fiction and cinema character, charming in manner,
+well gowned, having plenty of money, traveling about luxuriously,
+and was finally nabbed with the incriminating papers on her. But the
+popular conception of the feminine secret agent rarely exists outside
+of sensational stories because only women without moral sense can take
+up this profession, and when a woman is devoid of moral sense she is
+sure to be devoid of the other qualities that might make her work
+efficacious.
+
+“‘There are, of course, numberless men and women who would be spies if
+they had not been interned, and, among the 30,000 Germans who are at
+this moment so confined, there are doubtless several who treasure the
+belief that they would have been of inestimable use to their country;
+but as they will never get a chance to prove themselves wrong that poor
+solace is permitted them.
+
+“‘We have,’ continued my informant, ‘a great number of “cherished
+spies” with us. These are the spies who go about plying their
+profession and believing themselves the personification of that
+cleverness the Germans demand for this work. That is why we have dubbed
+them “Our Cherished Ones.” They are carefully watched. We let them go
+on doing bad work because it is much better to keep a bad spy doing bad
+work than it is to take him and perhaps have a spy who might do good
+work sent in his place.
+
+“‘We would hate to lose our “cherished spies.” We don’t intend to!
+
+“‘America has the job of the century. I wouldn’t know where to tell her
+to begin. Spies that were there and have left had plenty of time to lay
+their plans before the unrestricted submarine warfare began.
+
+“‘With 8,000,000 Germans in America, what you have to find out is
+whether or not a German has been denationalized, a process that
+can only be gone through in Germany. It is not enough to know that
+he has been naturalized and that he claims to be a good citizen to
+your country. The fact that he has become a naturalized citizen
+does not free him from the call to fight for his own land. If he is
+denationalized as well as naturalized you are then safe, but not
+before. In England we had only a very small number who were found to be
+denationalized, a fairly negligible unit.
+
+“‘I should say that the rush by foreigners immediately after the
+declaration of war in America was not because before they had been
+indifferent or hostile, but because they feared to be called upon to
+fight for their own countries. You will probably find that many of the
+Germans had been denationalized and were finishing up the process.’”
+
+
+AMERICA’S HIGH-CLASS SPIES
+
+America had a monopoly of the so-called high-class spies, according
+to this authority. The average German spy was described as a man who
+has one or more convictions hanging over his head—an unsentenced
+criminal—and these men were paid only about $250 a month. The statement
+continues:
+
+“‘The last spy we caught was only a day or so ago. We had been after
+him for some time and he was traveling with a perfectly good American
+passport.
+
+“‘The high-class spies with you are responsible for the sabotage, for
+the strikes on the docks and in the factories. They are pacifists,
+anticonscriptionists. It is a situation terribly serious for you. They
+are going to delay what they can not prevent. Don’t flatter yourselves
+that the important spies have been driven out. If I had been a spy in
+America and the warning had been given to me so long in advance, I
+would have laid my lines very well. Look out for those lines; you may
+trip.
+
+“‘What should be done with a spy in America? He should be shot as soon
+as his espionage has been proved. No weakness should be permitted
+because he has many affiliations there.
+
+[Illustration: French Peasants Sent to the Front by Germans
+
+ In certain areas in France the German commanders feared that the
+ inhabitants would give information to the French armies, and so moved
+ all the population either into concentration camps near the front or
+ to points a long way in the rear of the lines. Here is shown a wagon
+ train filled with peasants who had been forced to leave their homes
+ with only the few necessities these civilian heroes could carry.]
+
+“‘I was in Germany eight years ago. Everywhere I was asked, “Are you
+ready to fight America?” That was the pretty little German game.
+Even then they were dying to rub into us the fact that America was our
+enemy. In the beginning, when the commercial party—Herr Ballin and
+his clique—were in power, they pretended a great affection for you.
+It was contrary to their desire that the submarine warfare became so
+terrible—not because they hated its brutalities, don’t make any mistake
+about that, but because they thought it a diplomatic blunder. Then and
+now they have a press which harps on the unfriendly feeling that exists
+between you and us. That often reiterated phrase that “America is
+fighting Great Britain’s battles for her” was made in Germany.
+
+“‘I’m not such a fool as to think that America loved us in the past,
+but that she ever hated us as the Germans have said and that we have
+hated her as they still say in subtle, indefinable ways in some of your
+papers, is unbelievable by either of the parties concerned. Nations
+have faults as do individuals. We’ve made mistakes. We may have talked
+a little too much about the _Shannon_ and _Chesapeake_ and you too much
+about Bunker Hill and that tea-party in Boston Harbor. Let’s have an
+end to it—it all helps Germany too much. Take away the text-books from
+your children which teach them to hate us. If you try it, the German
+school-teachers will try to keep them, see if they don’t.
+
+“‘America ought to love us now if she has not in the past, if national
+love is founded on respect, as it should be. We can point to ourselves
+with pride. We have given up in this war the thing we most believed
+in—personal freedom. We have made untold sacrifices and we are ready to
+give up everything—everything. Anything in your press that makes you
+see these facts in a distorted way is false, spy-work of the subtle,
+underground, submarine mentality sort that the Germans excel in.
+
+“‘Look out for it. It isn’t the work of the “lovely lady spy” or that
+of the man with a conviction suspended while he does their dirty work
+that you are in danger from. It is just where I have pointed out.
+
+“‘You asked me a while ago what England would do in case Germany won.
+I will tell you and you can draw from it the lesson of spy—and other
+German effort.
+
+“‘If Germany should win, there won’t be any one here when it happens to
+know anything about it.’”
+
+
+
+
+EDITH CAVELL’S BETRAYER
+
+A Traitor of Belgium Posing as an Allied Soldier Served the Germans
+
+
+The basest of the spies in the German Service of whom there is any
+account probably was Gaston Quien, the betrayer of Edith Cavell. He was
+a degraded moral type, and had been convicted of various minor offenses
+before the war, being a “bad citizen.” He was at St. Quentin when the
+Germans arrived there, and according to testimony he at once placed
+himself on familiar terms with them. He was nicknamed “Doublemetre”
+(Two-yarder) because of his great stature. The Germans saw that they
+could make use of him, and proceeded to do so.
+
+The circumstances of his employment were about as follows:
+
+In 1915 the German commanders in Northern France and Belgium were
+angered at the fact that hundreds of Belgian and Allied soldiers hidden
+in various villages were eventually smuggled through the lines into
+Holland or France by an organization known to have its headquarters in
+Brussels.
+
+[Illustration: A Loan Poster]
+
+Quien opportunely arrived in Brussels and posed as an Allied aviator
+who had been obliged to alight behind the German lines, and, after
+burning his plane, had evaded capture. Along with several French
+soldiers, he was hidden for a time at the château of Prince and
+Princess Crouy. There Louise Thuliez, the school teacher decorated
+early in 1919 with the Legion of Honor, secretly passed him on to
+Brussels, by way of Mons. At Brussels he was lodged for several days
+in Miss Cavell’s nursery. Finally an engineer named Capiau and Mme.
+Bodart accompanied him and a group of Allied soldiers to the Dutch
+frontier, where, by payment of $15 a head to smugglers, they were
+conducted into Dutch territory.
+
+Once at The Hague, Quien made no further effort to get into France.
+Instead, he returned to Brussels and betrayed to the Germans the entire
+organization for helping Allied soldiers out of Belgium.
+
+Miss Cavell was tried and executed soon afterward. Miss Thuliez also
+was sentenced to death, but pardoned. Princess Crouy, Mme. Bodart and
+Capiau were sentenced to twelve years at hard labor. An architect named
+Bauco, also betrayed by Quien, was shot at the same time Miss Cavell
+met her fate. Quien continued in the employ of the Germans in various
+capacities, finally establishing himself in Interlaken, where he worked
+with their most noted spies. After the armistice he was arrested and
+tried for treason in a Belgian court. He was found guilty, but was not
+executed, pending an appeal.
+
+
+
+
+EDITH CAVELL
+
+_By_
+
+George Edward Woodberry
+
+
+    The world hath its own dead; great motions start
+      In human breasts, and make for them a place
+      In that hushed sanctuary of the race
+    Where every day men come, kneel, and depart.
+
+    Of them, O English nurse, henceforth thou art,
+      A name to pray on, and to all a face
+      Of household consecration; such His grace
+    Whose universal dwelling is the heart.
+
+    O gentle hands that soothed the soldier’s brow,
+      And knew no service save of Christ the Lord!
+        Thy country now is all humanity!
+    How like a flower thy womanhood doth show
+      In the harsh scything of the German sword,
+        And beautifies the world that saw it die!
+
+ By permission of _Scribner’s Magazine_ and author.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.
+
+Corporal John R. O’Brien
+
+_Second Division, 23rd Infantry, Company K_
+
+After his platoon commander had been severely wounded and his sergeant
+had been killed on June 6, 1918, he assumed command, kept the men
+on the line, controlled their fire, and by good advice and judgment
+conserved life.]
+
+
+
+
+THE SPY MILL
+
+It Did Not Wait for Winds to Swing Its Arms for German Guidance
+
+
+In a book, recently published, called _Espions, Espionnage_, one
+story has to do with a windmill: “Celebrated along the whole Aisne
+front, there existed at Craonne a mill boldly designated, ‘Mill of
+the Spy.’... The miller, devoted to the interests of our enemies, had
+found the means of informing them of the movements of our troops by
+disposing the arms of the mill in different positions.” The French has
+a beautifully final sound—“the miller, devoted to the interests of our
+enemies.” “But to tell the truth, neither the miller himself nor the
+actual information which he was able to impart, made a great deal of
+difference in the fighting. What it was, that made, or almost made,
+the difference, I believe, has never been satisfactorily ascertained.
+The miller at least was not there, then. Of course he may have had
+confederates, but if so, the destruction of the mill was so sudden, so
+complete, that there was left no trace of them.”
+
+The information given by the mill to the Germans was almost entirely
+negligible, and would have penetrated to them anyway through the medium
+of the spies with which both lines were always swarming. Of course,
+at first, before they realized the agency of the mill, the French
+were not a little troubled and disconcerted by the amount of data the
+Germans seemed to possess, and the speed with which it was acquired.
+For instance, for a while the Boches amused themselves with knowingly
+greeting each regiment as it moved up to take its turn in the front
+line trench. There was a measure of clairvoyance implied in the big
+white board with black lettering that would go up on top of the German
+barbed wire as surely as there was a change of guard on the French
+side: “Bonjour, 77e!” or the number of French trench casualties: “Morts
+——,” “Blessés ——.” And so it went on day after day.
+
+A week of this, in dull, rainy weather, was enough to set nerves on
+edge, but then they caught the miller, whose execution put, it was
+thought, the quietus on the mill. And upon the morning of the 27th of
+November, they moved forward stealthily to the surprise attack.
+
+Then a poilu looked back. It was a miserable, gray, shrouded morning,
+when the shadow cast by any object is merely a blur around that
+object—the whole a blot upon a cloudy plain. The mill stood, a black,
+spectral shape in the fog, on a slight eminence, the most commanding
+point in the surrounding country. As he looked, suddenly a long, black
+arm fell, abruptly, while the corresponding one, lighter in color,
+rose a foot or two. Besides the troops, it was the only moving thing
+in that breathless landscape. “Sacré-bleu!” a poilu exclaimed. As one
+and another began to gape behind them at his sudden start of surprise,
+slowly the whole motion was reversed. Light arm down, black arm up.
+Nothing more occurred. The mill was as motionless as they, though
+afterwards some of them declared that they had been able to see Tom
+Bene himself, hanging, with a ghastly face, athwart the arms, as men
+are sometimes hung to the spokes of a wheel. Then, as a sound came
+from the German trenches, as with one impulse, the men rushed—back
+toward the mill, which they literally, by means of fire and bombs, tore
+shred from shred. Then they turned to meet the Germans, who, warned
+by this extraordinary wigwagging, by whatever agency or agencies, had
+instituted a counter-attack. The French were not driven, but they stood
+the attack in their own trenches. “Afterwards, to those who had been
+there to see, more vivid than the angels at Mons, more vivid than the
+vision of the Little Corporal, to those who thought they saw it, was
+that gray morning, the foiled attack, and this malevolent motion of a
+secret intelligence in a dream landscape.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Century._
+
+Belfry of the Cathedral at Ypres
+
+ No city had more bombardments than Ypres during the World War. The
+ Germans used heavy siege-guns which made great holes often 50 feet
+ across and 30 feet deep. This picture shows the effect of the great
+ shells on the great cathedral of Ypres.]
+
+
+
+
+ALOIS THE SILENT
+
+He Planned to End the War by Slaying Its Instigator and Failing—Died
+
+
+One of the hero-martyrs of Belgium was Alois Van Keirsbilk, a
+well-to-do citizen of Thielt, beloved of his townspeople, a man of
+family, and a zealous patriot. He did what he might to serve, and many,
+they say in Thielt, were the services rendered. But there came a day
+when the rumor went round that the German Kaiser and his entourage were
+to visit Thielt, and Van Keirsbilk suddenly conceived a great project
+for the salvation of Belgium, for the liberation of the world from the
+nightmare of war. Egbert Hans tells the story of Alois Van Keirsbilk
+and it was first published in its completeness in the _New York
+Times_ of Sunday, June 22, 1919. But a little abbreviated, it is here
+reproduced as Hans told it:
+
+“Thielt was the headquarters of the Fourth German Army and sheltered
+the Commander-in-Chief with a staff of hundreds of officers. Alois Van
+Keirsbilk was chief conductor on the railway between Thielt and Bruges.
+Also he was the chief of a secret organization which had only one
+object—‘help to our boys and death to the enemy.’ The organization was
+in communication with the Belgian army through spies who made regular
+trips into Holland across the ‘cable of death,’ and many a German plan
+originated at headquarters in Thielt failed, thanks to the activity of
+Alois and his men.
+
+“It was not long before Alois saw his chance for a big stroke. The
+Kaiser was coming to Thielt on the first of November. A desperate
+attack was to be made against the Belgian forces along the Yser and
+from there on against Ypres and Dunkirk, and Wilhelm II in person was
+to inspect the preparations.
+
+“Kill the Kaiser and the war will be over, was the firm conviction of
+Alois and his friends, and they set to work. Alois acquired all the
+information that his organization could procure as to the movements
+and schedule of the imperial visitor, and sent all the details to his
+agents in the Belgian army, with the request that airmen be sent at the
+opportune moment ‘to kill the Kaiser!’
+
+“Only one of the three messengers who were sent out reached the other
+side of the electric cable, for at that time the guards were doubled.
+But one was sufficient, and when the first of November came Alois felt
+confident that something would happen.
+
+
+“THE BEST LAID PLANS”
+
+“The big dinner at which the Kaiser and his staff were to gather
+around the table, and for which all the best silver in town had been
+requisitioned, was to begin at 2 o’clock. At that moment anxious eyes
+watched the sky toward the west. Would they come, the airmen with their
+bombs to do the deed that would finish the war? Would they be in time?
+
+“At 2.15 there was a speck in the blue sky. It grew bigger and bigger,
+and bigger, and soon the watchers distinguished three flying machines.
+In haste Alois communicated with his friends. Barely had those who were
+warned taken shelter when the first explosion was heard. Then for a few
+minutes the town of Thielt shuddered as bomb after bomb exploded.
+
+“It was a well-managed raid and the daring airmen escaped in safety,
+but it was all in vain. There had been a sudden change in the Kaiser’s
+schedule and the war lord had left Thielt at 2 o’clock sharp. During
+the bombardment his motor cars were speeding along the road to Bruges
+and his life was safe.
+
+“But the commander of the Fourth German Army raged in his private
+office at the _kommandatur_. The secret of the visit had plainly got
+out. The Kaiser, the idol of 70,000,000 Germans, had barely escaped
+death. The guilty had to be found and punished.
+
+“A contra-spy system was organized at once and large sums were promised
+for any bit of information. Slowly but surely Alois was drawn into the
+net woven by a most minute and complete investigation. On Feb. 2 he was
+summoned to the _kommandatur_ and taken prisoner. Already three of his
+coöperators were there.
+
+“It was then that Alois Van Keirsbilk showed the courage which won for
+him the name of ‘the Silent Hero.’ He knew that one word spoken lightly
+might betray the whole of his organization, and his last word to his
+friends who were still free had been, ‘Do not let my absence or death
+scare you; but keep up the work that we have been doing.’ After his
+arrest nothing could induce him to speak even a word. All devices, old
+and new, were tried by the _kommandatur_—tortures as well as promises,
+the menaces of a cruel death, and the promise of life in luxury. It
+was all in vain. Perhaps Alois thought of the many lives he had in his
+hands. Anyway, he remained silent.
+
+“He was condemned to death on Feb. 25, and then the Germans created and
+applied as devilish a scheme of mental torture for a human being as
+could be devised. Alois had two children, and a third was to be born
+soon.
+
+“‘On the day that new life enters your home your life will end unless
+you speak,’ said the German inquisitor. Undoubtedly Alois thought of
+his wife, who would be calling for him that day more than ever. Perhaps
+he thought of the new baby also. Nevertheless he was still true to his
+name, ‘the Silent.’
+
+“On the 5th of April a little girl was born in the Van Keirsbilk home.
+It might seem unbelievable, but evidently the Germans had waited for
+the event. On the same day they sent official word to ‘Madame Van
+Keirsbilk’ that if she desired to see her husband still alive, she
+could see him that day at 3 o’clock in the prison at Ghent. A merciful
+neighbor nurse saw to it that the message did not reach the mother,
+then nursing her day-old baby. Instead the eldest girl, 10 years old,
+was sent to the prison to see her father. Full of joy, in her happy
+ignorance, she exclaimed:
+
+“‘Oh, father, you must come home with me. We have a little sister, and
+mother wants to show it to you. Come, father!’
+
+“But father could not come. He pressed his little girl in his arms.
+He could not tell her she would never see him again, for he wanted to
+spare the mother, who had to live for the children. Not a word did he
+say. One kiss, and the big prison gate closed after the child, while
+her father prepared himself to die.
+
+
+FACED DEATH A HERO
+
+“His end came next morning at half-past five in the _cour_ of the
+prison. Four Belgians were to fall that day. When Van Keirsbilk arrived
+at the place of execution three were already lying dead against the
+wall. For some unknown reason he went to the muzzles of twelve German
+rifles alone.
+
+“He refused to be blindfolded. ‘Let not a German hand touch me in
+this solemn moment when I die for my country. I have no fear of your
+bullets,’ the Belgians heard that he said, and erect he waited for the
+moment when his agony would come to an end. A few seconds later his
+body, with those of his comrades in death, was thrown into the ditch.
+
+“In the afternoon of the same day a German soldier knocked at the door
+of the ‘Widow Van Keirsbilk’ and delivered a parcel to the devoted
+neighbor who was caring for the new baby and its mother. The woman
+opened it, and with horror found that it contained the suit of clothes
+of the unhappy master of the house. That was the German announcement of
+his death.
+
+“Loving friends managed to keep the news from the widow for several
+days, although the continual absence of her husband plainly made her
+fear. But one morning she was looking through the window into the
+street, when the church bells began to ring for a funeral service.
+The people attending looked up at her and nodded with sympathy. None
+told her, but perhaps the unhappy woman read the pity that was in the
+eyes of the passers-by. Nobody knows, but suddenly a terrible look of
+suspicion came into her eyes. She rushed downstairs, where the neighbor
+nurse was preparing the meal for the children, and, seizing her by the
+arms, cried out:
+
+“‘Who is dead? For whom are the bells ringing? Is it for Alois? Tell
+me, or I will run out into the street and find out. I must know where
+Alois is. I must know it if he is dead.’ Then and there the sad news
+had to be broken, and the widow of Alois began a time of lonely misery
+only broken by the struggle to keep her three children fed and clothed.”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Red Cross Magazine._
+
+A Long-Range Bombardment
+
+Italian artillery bombarding Austrian trenches on a distant
+mountain-side, preparatory to a general attack.]
+
+Egbert Hans concludes his story of Alois the Silent:
+
+“To-day the Belgian flag flows again from the tower of Thielt and the
+thrifty people of Flanders are busy rebuilding their homes. Many of the
+men are missing; some died on the battlefield, others in prison, but
+all died fighting for the small strip of land they called their own,
+and those who remain cherish the memory of their heroes. They will tell
+their stories to their children and grandchildren, thus adding another
+page to the glorious history of Flanders, and among those stories will
+be that of Alois Van Keirsbilk, who tried to end the war by ending its
+instigator, and who failed and died, silent.”
+
+
+
+
+EYE OF THE MORNING
+
+The Popular Dutch Dancer Who Played the Rôle of German Spy to Her Cost
+
+
+A story redolent of intrigue, adventure and a kind of romance is that
+of “Mata-Hari”—which is Japanese for “Eye-of-the Morning,” and is
+the name by which a Dutch dancer was known in the rendezvous of the
+light world of the European capitals before the war. Her real name is
+Marguerite Gertrude Zelle McLeod, and in 1917 her public and dashing
+career of art and adventure came to an abrupt stop by her arrest,
+trial, condemnation, and imprisonment, under sentence of death, in
+the prison of St. Lazare, Paris. She was condemned as a German spy,
+the specific offense being the betrayal to the Germans of the secret
+of the new, carefully guarded war weapon, the Tank. Reams have been
+written about this woman since her arrest, but nothing probably that
+would have anything like the interest for the public that will attach
+to the “memoirs,” the writing of which, reporters say, was her prison
+occupation.
+
+Among the stories published at the time was one in the New York _World_
+in October, 1917, that presented what was known of her connection with
+the leak of the tank secret. The success of the tank depended largely
+on the element of surprise when it was put into the fighting front.
+Therefore the planning, construction and shipment of tanks to the Somme
+were conducted with the utmost possible secrecy. Necessarily, however,
+a certain number of persons in France and England were in a position
+to know; but, as it took a good many months to get the machines in
+readiness and habituate a crew to their rolling, pitching, sickening
+motion, the circle of those who knew more or less about it increased,
+and in some way not yet explained, Mata-Hari learned something of
+the secret. It is rumored that a member of the Chamber of Deputies
+inadvertently gave her her first information. The _World_ said the
+rumor was strengthened by the fact that Mata-Hari had plenty of coal
+for her apartment during the fuel famine that winter. That in itself
+is proof enough to everybody of her intimacy with some high official,
+as few people, short of Deputies, had influence enough to obtain a
+hundredweight of coal during the bitter months of January, February,
+and March.
+
+“In any event, Mata-Hari learned vaguely of tanks early in 1916, when
+the Krupp guns of the Crown Prince were daily booming nearer and nearer
+to Verdun in that terrific struggle which was to mark the turning-point
+of the war. Mata-Hari also learned that the tanks were being
+constructed in England, and would be shipped to France via certain
+ports—and she got the names of the ports, too.”
+
+[Illustration: Zeppelin _L-15_ Sinking Off the Kentish Coast
+
+The airship was brought down April 1, 1916, by British anti-aircraft
+guns.]
+
+Suddenly, Mata-Hari, then in Paris, decided to return to Holland, her
+native land, explaining to curious inquirers that she married a Dutch
+army officer with a Scotch name (McLeod) who had divorced her and
+that she was going to arrange a settlement.
+
+
+SHE ACQUIRES A DRAGON
+
+“The dancer proceeded to Rotterdam. Investigation there has since
+proved that she had no ‘communal rights property’ to settle with any
+one, and further that Captain MacLeod of the Dutch Army was known among
+his fellow officers as pronouncedly pro-German.
+
+“Soon Mata-Hari returned to Paris. She was seen at the Café de Paris
+and at Maxim’s, and at Armenonville in the Bois with an English officer
+who wore on the lapel of his collar, as insignia denoting his branch
+of service, a little twisted brass dragon. Months later, when more of
+these badges were seen on British officers passing through Paris, it
+became known that the dragon was of the official insignia denoting
+service with the tanks.
+
+“Mata-Hari sported a new bauble soon after taking up with the
+Englishman—a jeweled replica of his gold insignia—her dragon had real
+emeralds for eyes, and a carrot-shaped ruby for a tongue darting from
+its opened fangs.
+
+“In May, 1916, a little more than a month before the Somme offensive
+opened and tanks were first used, Mata-Hari appeared before the police
+magistrate of her district and requested a safe conduct to visit a
+certain port in France. The reason she gave was that her fiancé, an
+English officer, was seriously wounded and in hospital there. He had
+sent for her to come to see him. Perhaps they would be married at his
+death-bed if he could not recover, she volunteered, dabbing at her eyes
+with a lace handkerchief. The safe conduct was made out, and Mata-Hari
+arrived at a certain French port almost simultaneously with the first
+consignment of tanks shipped over from England.”
+
+She spent the greater part of her time for a week strolling about the
+town making frequent excursions by night, and then just a month before
+Foch and Haig began their drive along the Somme she appeared again in
+Paris.
+
+“The first thing she did was to apply for a visé on her passport
+permitting her to go to Spain. San Sebastian was the place she
+mentioned, as she explained she wished to attend the horse-races
+there. Her papers were stamped and sealed and she left almost
+immediately for the fashionable winter resort in the south.
+
+“Madrid, Spain, and Nauen, Germany, are in constant wireless
+communication. There are other radio stations, privately owned,
+in Spain which can flash messages to Germany, according to Allied
+intelligence officers who have investigated. And of course there
+are innumerable German agents, spies, and propaganda disseminators
+infesting the land of the Dons.
+
+“Secret service reports disclose the fact that Mata-Hari was seen much
+in company at San Sebastian race-track with a man long looked upon
+with suspicion by the French government. He was a frequent caller upon
+her at the hotel where she stopped, and it was reported that he made
+many of the big bets she placed on horses that did not materialize as
+winners.
+
+
+AGAIN THE DEPUTY
+
+“Soon Mata-Hari came back to Paris and the apartment near the Bois de
+Boulogne. And once more the limousine owned by the individual whom
+rumor has branded a Deputy began rolling up to her door twice a week
+and sometimes oftener.
+
+“Then came the simultaneous Franco-British offensive at the Somme.
+Tanks went into action for the first time, and according to General
+Haig’s official _communiqué_ his ‘Land ships achieved satisfactory
+results.’”
+
+But, notwithstanding the “satisfactory results,” several of the tanks
+were surprisingly put out of action and the investigation of the how
+and the wherefore revealed the fact that they had been disabled by a
+peculiar, small-caliber penetrating shell unlike anything known before.
+They were fired by guns of a special manufacture.
+
+Instantly it became evident that the enemy had become aware of what
+was in store for him and had constructed an “anti-tank” gun. And when
+the booty in the captured German positions was examined, the British
+found they had several good specimens of Krupps’ newest weapon. Several
+German officers of higher rank taken prisoners confirmed suspicions by
+explaining they had received description of the tanks several weeks
+before, and had been instructed how to combat them.
+
+Suspicion aroused, items of information, curious circumstances in
+accountable movements, bits of gossip were put together and military
+law took charge of Mata-Hari.
+
+For some reason the finish of her memoirs is not yet; but the
+fictionist, attempting to forecast a sensation, has written this:
+
+“So Mata-Hari writes feverishly, and all Paris waits eagerly!—except
+the one who waits apprehensively—to see if she will name the _ami_ who
+gave her the first inkling of the tanks.
+
+“Pinned to the corsage of the Empire-cut black silk dress which
+Mata-Hari wears in her narrow cell in St. Lazare prison is a curious
+gold brooch. It is shaped like a twisted dragon, and its eyes are
+emeralds!”
+
+
+
+
+BETTER WRECKER THAN SPY
+
+Scion of a Noble Prussian Family Who Failed to Deliver the Goods
+
+
+Though he may not have been a conspicuous success as a spy, Gustav
+Constantin Alvo von Alvensleben had a very decided record as a wrecker.
+Through his directive genius many concerns, industrial and financial,
+went to utter smash, involving the loss of an unknown but huge number
+of millions of dollars and causing a suicide or two. In the brief span
+of years between 1904 and 1911 Alvo rose from the precarious state of a
+hobo to the lofty plane of millionairedom. That is a performance that
+requires some doing, and indicates a mental aptitude for the peculiar
+office of “playing your fellow man” considerably above the ordinary.
+
+And Gustav, or, as he was more commonly named, Alvo, played with no
+mean counters. Among his clients was Kaiser Wilhelm himself, who,
+through Alvo, invested two and a half million dollars in British
+Columbia timber. Other clients were the ex-Chancellor Bethmann-Hollweg,
+Gen. von Mackensen, the conqueror of Rumania; Emma von Mumm, the
+champagne queen; Bertha Krupp, the gun woman, and others of equal
+prominence in Germany. The companies he organized or coupled up
+with his enterprises—nearly all of which collapsed when the shadow
+of war blighted Alvo’s golden prospects—included the Alvensleben
+Canadian Finance and General Investment Company, the Standard Fish and
+Fertilizer Co., the Vancouver Timber and Trading Co., the Piercite
+Powder Co., the German-Canadian Trust Co., etc. Also with these
+went several of the Pacific Coast’s largest financial and industrial
+concerns, including the Bank of Vancouver, the Issaquah and Superior
+Coal Mining Company of Seattle, and the Dominion Trust Company, whose
+failure following the alleged suicide of its managing director, W. R.
+Arnold, was one of the greatest scandals in the history of the Dominion
+of Canada.
+
+Two private banks of Seattle closed their doors as a result of their
+connection with the I. and S. Coal Company, one of the projects of the
+gambler-financier. The final liquidation of his original real estate
+and financial company in Vancouver disclosed liabilities of over one
+and a half millions, with assets of about $3,000, insufficient to
+satisfy the liquidator’s fees.
+
+
+NOT A NONDESCRIPT
+
+It is assumed that Alvo would have been able to extricate himself from
+his difficulties and avert the bankruptcy into which he was forced but
+for the outbreak of war. The fatality lay in the fact that all his
+investments were in countries with which the Kaiser was or was about to
+be at war.
+
+But to begin at the beginning, as we find it in an issue of the
+_Canadian Courier_ of October, 1917, when Alvo’s career came to a
+conclusion, temporarily at least, by his internment as a spy.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _National Service._
+
+Protecting French Works of Art
+
+A scaffolding built around the statue of “Flore” at Versailles to
+protect it from enemy air raids.]
+
+He was not a mere nondescript adventurer. He was the youngest son
+of Count Werner Alvo von Alvensleben, erstwhile German Ambassador to
+Russia, when Nicholas was Czar. The young man had a taste for the
+livelier side of life, gaily dissipated his allowance and seemed
+to regard college life not so much as an educational purpose as a
+convenience to the sowing of wild oats. This was not at all to the
+liking of Papa von Alvensleben and in an hour of unsuppressed wrath and
+resentment he cast the young man off and bade him shift for himself.
+This was an unexpected climax to his pleasure quest, and rather
+shocked Alvo. He remembered that the Kaiser was an intimate friend of
+his father’s, of the family indeed, and it jarred his pride to be an
+outcast from a circle of such distinction. He felt under obligation to
+reëstablish himself in the good graces of his father and the august
+personage whom he had so often familiarly _hoched_. So he set out to
+subdue some fraction of the world to his service and credit. He did not
+immediately find a field of action.
+
+It was in the rôle of a hobo that he drifted into Western America and
+began casting about for the horn of plenty from which he hoped to
+shake substantial advantage. Two inches above six feet in stature, two
+years under forty years of age, he was typically Prussian, stubborn,
+unreasonable, of violent temper. But he was a good talker and not
+without imagination. Behold him arrived in Seattle. The _Canadian
+Courier_ says:
+
+
+HOBO TO MILLIONAIRE
+
+“He was practically dead broke. An employment office extracted from
+him the usual $2 fee—all he had—and sent him to a job in a lumber-mill
+some distance from the city. Alvo tramped many miles to the mill only
+to be refused employment upon his ticket. He could scarcely speak any
+English, but he knew how to use his fists. Walking all the way back
+to Seattle, he proceeded to beat up the employment agent in thorough
+and picturesque fashion. Afterward he secured temporary rough work at
+various mills along Puget Sound.
+
+“His first job in British Columbia was the whitewashing of a
+salmon-cannery at the little village of Ladner, near the mouth
+of the Fraser River. His wardrobe included overalls and a dozen
+dress-shirts—the latter relics of his grander days—but he had no socks.
+From wielding the whitewash-brush to hauling the nets was the next
+step, and it was not long before the Prussian Junker’s son was engaged
+in partnership with a rough-neck fisherman making nightly trips out
+into the Gulf of Georgia, and doing his share in one of the hardest and
+most dangerous callings in the world, that of a deep-sea salmon-fisher.
+
+“In two months, with the money obtained from his salmon fishing, he was
+enabled to purchase an ancient mare and a light wagon. Over night he
+blossomed out as a produce-dealer, buying poultry and dairy products
+from the farmers in the vicinity of Ladner. These he brought to the
+city of Vancouver and sold them from house to house in opposition to
+the Chinamen. Business increased, and the staid old Vancouver Club, a
+hoary and the most exclusive institution, in which only the most elect
+held membership, became his best customer.
+
+“But Alvo did not stay long in the business; but went up by leaps and
+bounds. Real-estate clerk, then curb-broker, then large independent
+dealer were some of his upward steps, until two years after he had sold
+his last load of produce to the Vancouver Club he was himself a member.”
+
+There was one little incident of the club life which pleasantly reminds
+us that Alvo was not an upstart and therefore not a snob. He was
+entertaining a German baron soon after having become a member, and he
+noticed that the waiter eyed him very curiously. Presently divining the
+reason, Alvo suddenly looked up at the waiter and said: “Yes, by jingo,
+I’m the man who used to deliver chickens at the back door. Now go on
+serving dinner, and stop staring.”
+
+
+PLAYS THE GAME WELL
+
+“When the real-estate boom struck Vancouver in 1905,” continues the
+_Courier_, “Alvensleben was quick to see the opportunities in land.
+The old wild gambling spirit of his youthful days was still strong
+upon him. He was the man for the moment, reckless, willing to take
+chances, and a born mixer. He cabled relatives in Berlin, who had
+heard of his early successes, and induced them to invest large sums
+of money. His first investment yielded enormous and quick profit, and
+thus established his prestige in Germany, for he promptly repaid the
+investors with a 1,000 per cent. on their money. In the next three
+years he made several visits to Germany, brought men of royal blood to
+the Pacific coast, and was given several audiences with the Kaiser,
+whose accredited representative he became. In all probability, at a
+very conservative estimate, Alvensleben caused $20,000,000 of German
+capital to be invested in British Columbia and Washington State.
+
+“In 1908, after a very romantic courtship, he married Edith Mary
+Westcott, a popular Vancouver girl, daughter of one of the leading
+society matrons. Following the marriage the financier purchased the
+largest private estate in Vancouver’s most select residential district,
+Point Grey, where he erected a magnificent home. His name, high foreign
+connections, and expenditure on entertainment that set a hitherto
+unknown high mark in the very British city of Vancouver, quickly
+brought him valuable social connections.
+
+“His business ventures broadened with astounding rapidity, but most of
+his purchases for himself and clients were made on ‘agreements,’ with
+the expectations of making big margins in the prevalent boom. A good
+salesman himself, he was also the easiest mark for wildcat schemes
+who ever came out of Europe, owing to his gambling mania. Soon his
+companies became loaded up with timberlands, bought at inflated prices,
+wild lands, doubtful mining leases, Alberta oil shares, and other
+unproductive assets. Some of his wealthy clients thrust upon him their
+useless sons, whom he was forced to maintain in his office at high
+salaries.
+
+
+SHY ON DIVIDENDS
+
+“In 1912 the first trouble arose over dividends not being forthcoming
+from his investments. He was still strong in Berlin and went there
+and raised fresh capital with which he succeeded in placating some of
+his investors. Then he was attacked in a Vancouver German paper which
+charged him with unscrupulous methods in handling foreign capital.
+Copies of this were mailed to Berlin to members of the Reichstag by the
+Vancouver editors, and the matter was brought up for discussion by
+that body. Alvo was game. He sued the local paper and secured judgment
+in a criminal action against the editors. But the fat was in the fire
+as far as his German clients were concerned, though he managed to keep
+his affairs afloat.
+
+“In the early part of 1914 the financier’s creditors, both in Europe
+and Canada, were pressing him. He was tied up in such a mass of deals,
+counter-deals, and trades of property with Arnold and the Dominion
+Trust Company that an army of auditors has never as yet succeeded in
+untangling them. He owed over $10,000 to one of Vancouver’s chartered
+banks on some Victoria Island timber deals, which he had anticipated
+selling to the British Columbia government for a park reserve. The
+Vancouver manager and a dozen of the staff were dismissed through their
+connection with this loan.”
+
+He doubtless had advance notice of the outbreak of war, for he suddenly
+left Canada.
+
+Later interviewed by a New York paper he said he could “best serve his
+country and his clients by returning to the Pacific Coast,” and from
+the outbreak of the war until his arrest on the suspicion that he was
+implicated in a plot to steal the plans of the Puget Sound Navy Yard
+of Bremerton, he remained in Seattle and other American Pacific Coast
+cities.
+
+
+THE WIND-UP
+
+“Rumors were afloat several times that he had visited Vancouver in
+disguise. After one of these reports appearing in the local papers,
+Alvensleben wrote to a friend in Vancouver, saying: ‘You can tell the
+good people of Vancouver I have something better to do than visit their
+city in the disguise of a Hindu or any other of their numerous allies.’
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+Exhausted French Soldiers Resting in a Farmyard
+
+A pile of straw was a welcome couch to men who had been for days in
+the trenches near the Yser. Men under artillery fire were often unable
+to get any sleep for several days. Sometimes their nerves were so
+shattered that they were unable to sleep after they were relieved.
+Deafness from the concussion of their own heavy artillery was also a
+frequent occurrence.]
+
+“Alvensleben’s brother, Bodo, who was in charge of the Victoria branch
+of the Alvensleben Canadian Finance and General Investment Company,
+left hurriedly a few days before the outbreak of war to join his unit.
+The wildest rumors were circulated as to the spying operations of the
+brothers. It was said that Bodo had been taken off a ship by a British
+man-of-war, and when searched had in his possession the plans of the
+Canadian navy-yard at Esquimalt, and for this he was shot. Alvo
+denied the report, but whatever happened to this escaping brother,
+British censorship has never let out. Joachim von Alvensleben, an elder
+brother, well known from his various visits to Vancouver, was killed
+early in the war.”
+
+The third and most brilliant of the brothers, the gambler-financier
+Alvo, was arrested at Portland and taken to Seattle, where he was
+interned “till the end of the war.” Concerning his subsequent
+proceedings there is no important information; at all events his
+meteoric career made a chapter of life which Vancouverites will never
+tire of discussing.
+
+
+
+
+DELICATE SCRUPLES
+
+One of Von Papen’s Dynamiters More Conscientious than His Chief
+
+
+“Porter, boss?” The remark was an entirely facetious one, but the
+brakeman did not like to have his humor disregarded. Therefore when he
+got home he told his wife about the rum party he had met in the cut
+above the Vanceboro railroad bridge—a six-footer, carrying a suitcase.
+The brakeman would have been rather more than disgruntled, if Werner
+Horn had closed with his offer—that is, he would have been, had he
+known that the suitcase contained dynamite, and that its owner was an
+_Oberleutnant_ in the German army. The man with the suitcase had passed
+for a Swede in the hotel at Vanceboro, and his appearance warranted it.
+But his recent experience as manager of a coffee plantation in Moka,
+Guatemala, had not effaced the imprint of ten years in the service. He
+marched out upon the bridge, the brakeman having disappeared, as if he
+were taking a town. He was going into the enemy’s territory and fire
+his single shot. He was going to blow up the bridge, over whose rails
+flowed a tide of death to the Germans—cargoes of guns and shells bound
+for St. John and Halifax.
+
+He would have preferred to join his regiment and fight, but von Papen
+had been unable to get him passage when he reported, at the time of
+the outbreak of the war, and told him that this affair was equally his
+duty. The Kaiser’s agent had likewise informed him, to soothe him,
+for Horn had refused to endanger innocent human lives—that there were
+no more passenger trains after eleven. It was now nearly midnight.
+Suddenly a whistle shrieked behind him, and in a moment the glaring
+lights of an express train’s locomotive shone upon him. Horn clutched
+with one hand at a steel rod of the bridge, and swung out over the
+river, holding the suitcase safe behind him with the other. The train
+thundered by, and left him to recover his footing on the ice-coated
+bridge. Once more, this time from the Canadian side, an express
+thundered past, and again he went through the same painful process.
+
+He might have blown up the bridge comfortably, from the American side,
+but this he had refused to do. America was a neutral country. Germany
+was not at war with America, therefore to blow up the American side of
+the bridge was an outrage, a crime. He struggled on, the biting wind in
+his face. Past the middle now—a spy, liable to the penalty of death.
+
+There was a fifty-minute fuse with his dynamite, but when he saw that
+the passenger-trains continued to run (von Papen’s schedules must have
+been out-of-date), Horn decided that what he was to do must be done at
+once, before another train started across. Feeling with his benumbed
+fingers in his pocket for a knife, he cut off the fuse and with it the
+long half-hour that was his chance of escape from capture. A very slim
+chance, if you like, through the Maine woods knee-deep in snow, but
+still a chance.
+
+
+THE EXPLOSION
+
+He fixed the dynamite against a girder of the bridge above the Canadian
+bank of the river, adjusted the explosive cap, and touched his cigar
+to the end of the three-minute fuse. Then he stumbled back across the
+gale-swept icy bridge, and back into the hotel at Vanceboro, just as
+the dynamite exploded with a report that broke half the windows in
+the town, and twisted rods and girders on the bridge. Everybody in
+Vanceboro was aroused, but Horn, after a futile attempt to rub his
+hands and feet with snow, turned in and went to sleep. He had seen
+all he wanted to of dynamite. In a town turned out of doors with
+excitement, sleeping was in itself an act to arouse suspicion.
+
+People remembered the tall Swede who had been hanging around Vanceboro
+for a couple of days, and the suitcase which he had been seen to hide
+in a wood-pile near the tracks. After some delay, during which Horn
+slept peacefully, the sheriff and a couple of Canadian constables were
+got on the job, and they took him at about noon in Teague’s Hotel. He
+was wearing German colors on both sleeves, for he had been told that
+they would be regarded, were he caught, in the light of a uniform. He
+offered little resistance, but in telling his story, he interpolated
+an innocent lie that caused the Canadian officials a good deal of
+anxiety. He had not brought the dynamite in his suitcase, he said,
+but had carried the empty suitcase to the bridge, where an Irishman
+from Canada, in response to the pass-word “Tommy,” had given him the
+dynamite. This detail he afterwards cleared up, when asked to set his
+name to a paper concluding, “I certify on my honor as a German officer
+that the foregoing statements are true.” He would not sign a lie and
+set his name to it as the truth.
+
+“Too scrupulous for a spy,” one of the newspapers called him, in the
+perplexities awakened by this early manifestation of the afterwards
+famous bomb-plot, “and too thickheaded for an honest man.” Werner Horn
+was extradited to Canada, and everybody joined in congratulating the
+man, whoever he might have been, who slept in the lower berth the night
+Horn took an upper for Vanceboro. It had developed during the trial
+that the big German, to disencumber himself, had chucked the suitcase
+under the lower berth, against the shoes and the hot-water pipes, then
+had climbed into the upper, to sleep peacefully through the night as
+was his wont. The evil effects of dynamite were comparatively novel at
+that time, even to bomb-plotters.
+
+
+
+
+FRUSTRATED DIABOLISM
+
+A Ruthless Tool of German Duplicity Fails Only Because He Trusted the
+Wrong Man with His Secret
+
+
+One of the most nefarious of the schemes formulated in Germany and
+financed by the German government for operation in this country in
+the period of our neutrality, and of which von Papen was aware, was
+that which one Robert Fay undertook to carry out in 1915. This man had
+invented an infernal machine, the purpose of which was to blow up ships
+at sea to prevent the transportation of munitions and food supplies
+from this country to France and England. The story was well told in the
+_World’s Work_ after Fay and his accomplices had been jailed.
+
+The device was a box containing forty pounds of trinitrotoluol, to
+be fastened to the rudder post of a vessel, and so geared to the
+rudder itself that its oscillations would slowly release the catch
+of a spring, which would then drive home the firing pin and cause
+an explosion that would instantly tear off the whole stern of the
+ship, sinking it in midocean in a few minutes. Experts in mechanics
+and experts in explosives and experts in shipbuilding all tested the
+machine, and all agreed that it was perfect for the work which Fay had
+planned that it should do.
+
+[Illustration: The Hand-to-Hand Fight on Board the Destroyer _Broke_]
+
+Fay had three of these machines completed, he had others in course
+of construction, he had bought and tested the explosive to go into
+them, he had cruised New York harbor in a motor boat and proved by
+experience that he could attach them undetected where he wished, and
+he had the names and sailing dates of the vessels that he meant to
+sink without a trace. Only one little link that broke—and the quick
+and thorough work of American justice—robbed him of another Iron Cross
+besides the one he wore.
+
+
+A PLOT HATCHED IN GERMANY
+
+Fay and his device came straight from the heart of the German Army,
+with the approval and the money of his government behind him. He, like
+Werner Horn, came originally from Cologne; but they were very different
+men. Where Horn was almost childishly simple, Fay’s mind was subtle
+and quick to an extraordinary degree. Where Horn had been humane to
+the point of risking his life to save others, Fay had spent months in
+a cold-blooded solution of a complex problem in destruction that he
+knew certainly involved a horrible death for dozens, and more likely
+hundreds, of helpless human beings. Horn refused to swear to a lie even
+where the lie was a matter of no great moment. Fay told at his trial
+a story so ingenious that it would have done credit to a novelist and
+would have been wholly convincing if other evidence had not disproved
+the substance of it. The truth of the case runs like this:
+
+Fay was in Germany when the war broke out and was sent to the Vosges
+Mountains in the early days of the conflict. Soon men were needed in
+the Champagne sector, and Fay was transferred to that front. Here
+he saw some of the bitterest fighting of the war, and here he led
+a detachment of Germans in a surprise attack on a trench full of
+Frenchmen in superior force. His success in this dangerous business
+won him an Iron Cross of the second class. During these days the
+superiority of the Allied artillery over the German caused the Germans
+great distress, and they became very bitter when they realized, from
+a study of the shells that exploded around them, how much of this
+superiority was due to the material that came from the United States
+for use by the French and British guns. Fay’s ingenious mind formed a
+scheme to stop this supply, and he put his plan before his superior
+officers. The result was that, in a few weeks, he left Germany, armed
+with passports and $3,500 in American money, bound for the United
+States on the steamer _Rotterdam_. He reached New York on April 23,
+1915.
+
+One of Fay’s qualifications for the task he had set for himself
+was his familiarity with the English language and with the United
+States. He had come to America in 1902, spending a few months on a
+farm in Manitoba and then going on to Chicago, where he had worked
+for several years for the J. I. Case Machinery Company, makers of
+agricultural implements. During these years, Fay was taking an extended
+correspondence school course in electrical and steam engineering, so
+that altogether he had a good technical background for the events of
+1915. In 1906, he went back to Germany.
+
+What he may have lacked in technical equipment, Fay made up by the
+first connection he made when he reached New York in 1915. The first
+man he looked up was Walter Scholz, his brother-in-law, who had been
+in this country for four years and who was a civil engineer and had
+studied mechanical engineering on the side. When Fay arrived, Scholz
+had been out of a job in his own profession and was working on a rich
+man’s estate in Connecticut. Fay, armed with plenty of money and his
+big idea, got Scholz to go into the scheme with him, and the two
+were soon living together in a boarding house at 28 Fourth Street,
+Weehawken, across the river from uptown New York,
+
+
+A SHAM GARAGE
+
+To conceal the true nature of their operations they hired a small
+building on Main Street and put a sign over the door announcing
+themselves in business as “The Riverside Garage.” They added
+verisimilitude to this scheme by buying a second-hand car in bad
+condition and dismantling it, scattering the parts around the room
+so that it would look as if they were engaged in making repairs.
+Every once in a while they would shift these parts about so as to
+alter the appearance of the place. However, they did not accept any
+business—whenever a man took the sign at its face value and came in
+asking to have work done, Fay or Scholz would take him to a nearby
+saloon and buy him a few drinks and pass him along by referring him to
+some other garage in the neighborhood.
+
+The most of their time they spent about the real business in hand.
+They took care to have the windows of their room in the boarding house
+heavily curtained to keep out prying eyes, and here under a student
+lamp, they spent hours over mechanical drawings which were afterward
+produced in evidence at the trial of their case. The mechanism that
+Fay had conceived was carefully perfected on paper, and then they
+confronted the task of getting the machinery assembled. Some of the
+parts were standard—that is, they could be bought at any big hardware
+store. Others, however, were peculiar to this device and had to be
+made to order from the drawings. They had the tanks made by a sheet
+metal worker named Ignatz Schiering, at 344 West 42nd Street, New
+York. Scholz went to him with a drawing, telling him that it was for a
+gasoline tank for a motor boat. Scholz made several trips to the shop
+to supervise some of the details of the construction and once to order
+more tanks of a new size and shape.
+
+At the same time Scholz went to Bernard McMillan, doing business under
+the name of McMillan & Werner, 81 Center Street, New York, to have him
+make a special kind of wheels and gears for the internal mechanism of
+the bomb, from sketches which Scholz supplied. At odd times between
+June 10th and October 20th McMillan was working on these things and
+delivered the last of them to Scholz just a few days before he was
+arrested.
+
+In the meanwhile Fay was taking care of the other necessary elements
+of his scheme. Besides the mechanism of the bomb, he had to become
+familiar with the shipping in the port of New York, and he had to get
+the explosive with which to charge the bomb. For the former purpose he
+and Scholz bought a motor boat—a 28-footer—and in this they cruised
+about New York harbor at odd times, studying the docks at which ships
+were being loaded with supplies for the Allies and calculating the
+best means and time for placing the bombs on the rudder posts of these
+ships. Fay finally determined by experience that between two and
+three o’clock in the morning was the best time. The watchmen on board
+the ships were at that hour most likely to be asleep or the night
+dark enough so that he could work in safety. He made some actual
+experiments in fastening the empty tanks to the rudder posts, and found
+that it was perfectly feasible to do so. His scheme was to fasten them
+just above the water line on a ship while it was light, so that when
+it was loaded they were submerged and all possibility of detection was
+removed.
+
+
+THE ROAD TO BETRAYAL
+
+The getting of explosives was, however, the most difficult part of
+Fay’s undertaking. This was true not only because he was here most
+likely to arouse suspicion, but also because of his relative lack
+of knowledge of the thing he was dealing with. He did know enough,
+however, to begin his search for explosives in the least suspicious
+field, and it was only as he became ambitious to produce a more
+powerful effect that he came to grief.
+
+The material he decided to use at first was chlorate of potash. This
+substance in itself is so harmless that it is an ingredient of tooth
+powders and is used commonly in other ways. When, however, it is mixed
+with any substance high in carbons, such as sugar, sulphur, charcoal,
+or kerosene, it becomes an explosive of considerable power. Fay set
+about to get some of the chlorate.
+
+Fay’s fellow conspirators were Germans—some of them
+German-Americans—and each in his own way was doing the work of the
+Kaiser in this country. Herbert Kienzle was a dealer in clocks with a
+store on Park Place, in New York. He had learned the business in his
+father’s clock factory deep in the Black Forest in Germany and had come
+to this country years ago to go into the same business, getting his
+start by acting as agent for his father’s factory over here.
+
+One of the first things in Fay’s carefully worked out plan was to
+locate a place to which he could quietly retire when his work of
+destruction should be done—a place where he felt he could be safe from
+suspicion. After a talk with Kienzle he decided that Lusk’s Sanatorium,
+at Butler, N. J., would serve the purpose. This sanatorium was run by
+Germans and Kienzle was well known there. Acting on a prearranged plan
+with Kienzle, Fay went to Butler and was met at the station by a man
+named Bronkhorst, who was in charge of the grounds at the sanatorium.
+They identified each other by prearranged signals and Fay made various
+arrangements, some of which are of importance later in the story.
+
+Another friend of Kienzle’s was Max Breitung, a young German employed
+by his uncle, E. N. Breitung, who was in the shipping business in New
+York. Breitung supplied Fay with the information he needed regarding
+munitions-laden ships which Fay should elect to destroy.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  © _Underwood and Underwood._
+
+German Prisoners Recaptured After an Escape from Fort McPherson]
+
+Fay asked Kienzle how he could get some chlorate of potash, and Kienzle
+asked his young friend Breitung if he could help him out. Breitung
+said he could, and went at once to another German who was operating in
+New York ostensibly as a broker in copper under the name of Carl L.
+Oppegaard, though his real name was Paul Siebs, and for the purpose of
+this story he might as well be known by that name. Siebs had also been
+in this country in earlier days, and during his residence in Chicago,
+from 1910 to 1913, he had become acquainted with young Breitung. He,
+too, had gone back to Germany before the war, but soon after it began
+he had come back to the United States under his false name, ostensibly
+as an agent of an electrical concern in Gothenburg, Sweden, for the
+purpose of buying copper. He frankly admitted later that this copper
+was intended for reëxport to Germany to be used in the manufacture
+of munitions of war. He did not have much success in his enterprise
+and he was finally forced to make a living from hand to mouth by
+small business transactions of almost any kind. He could not afford a
+separate office, so he rented desk room in the office of the Whitehall
+Trading Company, a small subsidiary of the Raymond-Hadley Corporation.
+His desk was in the same room with the manager of the company, Carl L.
+Wettig.
+
+When Breitung asked Siebs to buy him some chlorate of potash Siebs
+was delighted at the opportunity to make some money and immediately
+undertook the commission. He had been instructed to get a small amount,
+perhaps 200 pounds. He needed money so badly, however, that he was very
+glad to find that the smallest kegs of the chlorate of potash were 112
+pounds each, and he ordered three kegs. He paid for them with money
+supplied by Breitung and took a delivery slip for it. Ultimately this
+delivery slip was presented by Scholz, who appeared one day with a
+truck and driver and took the chemical away.
+
+
+POTASH TOO WEAK
+
+Fay and Scholz made some experiments with the chlorate of potash and
+Fay decided it was not strong enough to serve his purpose. He then
+determined to try dynamite. Again he wished to avoid suspicion and
+this time, after consultation with Kienzle, he recalled Bronkhorst
+down at the Lusk Sanatorium in New Jersey. Bronkhorst, in his work
+as superintendent of the grounds at the sanatorium, was occasionally
+engaged in laying water mains in the rocky soil there, and for this
+purpose kept dynamite on hand. Fay got a quantity of dynamite from
+him. Later, however, he decided that he wanted a still more powerful
+explosive.
+
+Again he applied to Kienzle, and this time Kienzle got in touch
+with Siebs direct. By prearrangement, Kienzle and Siebs met Fay
+underneath the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn Bridge, and there Siebs
+was introduced to Fay. They walked around City Hall Park together
+discussing the subject; and Fay, not knowing the name of what he was
+after, tried to make Siebs understand what explosive he wanted by
+describing its properties. Siebs finally realized that what Fay had in
+mind was trinitrotoluol, one of the three highest explosives known.
+Siebs finally undertook to get some of it for him, but pointed out to
+him the obvious difficulties of buying it in as small quantities as he
+wanted. It was easy enough to buy chlorate of potash because that was
+in common commercial use for many purposes. It was also easy to buy
+dynamite because that also is used in all kinds of quantities and for
+many purposes. But trinitrotoluol is too powerful for any but military
+use, and it is consequently handled only in large lots and practically
+invariably is made to the order of some government. However, Siebs had
+an idea and proceeded to act on it, and without any delay.
+
+He went back to the Whitehall Trading Company, where he had desk room,
+and saw his fellow occupant, Carl Wettig. Wettig had been engaged in a
+small way in a brokerage business in war supplies, and had even taken a
+few small turns in the handling of explosives. He agreed to do what he
+could to fill the order.
+
+Carl Wettig was the weak link in Fay’s chain of fortune. He did
+indeed secure the high explosive that Fay wanted, and was in other
+ways obliging. But he got the explosive from a source that would have
+given Fay heart failure if he had known of it, and he was obliging for
+reasons that Fay lived to regret. Siebs made his inquiry of Wettig on
+the 19th of October. The small quantity of explosives that he asked
+for aroused Wettig’s suspicions, and as soon as he promised to get it
+he went to the French Chamber of Commerce near by and told them what
+he suspected and asked to be put in touch with responsible police
+authorities under whose direction he wished to act in supplying the
+trinitrotoluol.
+
+From that moment Fay, Siebs, and Kienzle were “waked up in the morning
+and put to bed at night” by detectives from the police department
+of New York City and operatives of the Secret Service of the United
+States. By arrangement with them Wettig obtained a keg containing
+twenty-five pounds of trinitrotoluol, and in the absence of Fay
+and Scholz from their boarding house in Weehawken, he delivered it
+personally to their room and left it on their dresser. He told Siebs he
+had delivered it and Siebs promptly set about collecting his commission
+from Fay.
+
+
+TAKEN INTO CUSTODY
+
+Siebs had some difficulty in doing this, because Fay and Scholz, being
+unfamiliar with the use of the explosive, were unable to explode a
+sample of it and decided that it was no good. They had come home in the
+evening and found the keg on their dresser and had opened it. Inside
+they found the explosive in the form of loose white flakes. To keep it
+more safely, they poured it out into several small cloth bags. They
+then took a sample of it and tried by every means they could think of
+to explode it. They even laid some of it on an anvil and broke two or
+three hammers pounding on it, but could get no result. They then told
+Siebs that the stuff he had delivered was useless. Siebs repeated their
+complaint to Wettig, and Wettig volunteered to show them how it should
+be handled. Accordingly, he joined them the following day at their
+room in Weehawken and went with them out into the woods behind Fort
+Lee, taking along a small sample of the powder in a paper bag. In the
+woods the men picked up the top of a small tin can, built a fire in
+the stump of a tree, and melted some of the flake TNT in it. Before it
+cooled, Wettig embedded in it a mercury cap. When cooled after being
+melted, TNT forms a solid mass resembling resin in appearance, and is
+now more powerful because more compact.
+
+However, before the experiment could be concluded, one of the swarm of
+detectives who had followed them into the woods stepped on a dry twig,
+and when the men started at its crackling, the detectives concluded
+they had better make their arrests before the men might get away; and
+so all were taken into custody. A quick search of their boarding house,
+the garage, a storage warehouse in which Fay had stored some trunks,
+and the boathouse where the motor boat was stored resulted in rounding
+up the entire paraphernalia that had been used in working out the
+whole plot. All the people connected with every phase of it were soon
+arrested.
+
+Out of the stories these men told upon examination emerged not only
+the hideous perfection of the bomb itself, but the direct hand that
+the German government and its agents in this country had in the scheme
+of putting it to its fiendish purpose. First of all appeared Fay’s
+admission that he had left Germany with money and a passport supplied
+by a man in the German Secret Service. Later, on the witness stand,
+when Fay had had time enough carefully to think out the most plausible
+story, he attempted to get away from this admission by claiming to have
+deserted from the German Army. He said that he had been financed in
+his exit from the German Empire by a group of business men who had put
+up a lot of money to back an automobile invention of his, which he had
+worked on before the war began. These men, so he claimed, were afraid
+they would lose all their money if he should happen to be killed before
+the invention was perfected. This tale, ingenious though it was, was
+too fantastic to be swallowed when taken in connection with all the
+things found in Fay’s possession when he was arrested. Beyond all doubt
+his scheme to destroy ships was studied and approved by his military
+superiors in Germany before he left, and that scheme alone was his
+errand to this country.
+
+
+EXPLAINED TOO MUCH
+
+Far less ingenious and equally damning was his attempt to explain away
+his relations with von Papen. The sinister figure of the military
+attaché of the German Embassy at Washington leers from the background
+of all the German plots; and this case was no exception. It was known
+that Fay had had dealings with von Papen in New York, and on the
+witness stand he felt called upon to explain them in a way that would
+clear the diplomatic service of implication in his evil doings. He
+declared that he had taken his invention to von Papen and that von
+Papen had resolutely refused to have anything to do with it. This would
+have been well enough if Fay’s explanation had stopped here.
+
+But Fay’s evil genius prompted him to make his explanation more
+convincing by an elaboration of the story, so he gave von Papen’s
+reasons for refusal. These were not because the Fay device was
+calculated to do murder upon hundreds of helpless men, nor because to
+have any part in the business was to play the unneutral villain under
+the cloak of diplomatic privilege. Not at all. At the first interview,
+seeing only a rough sketch and hearing only Fay’s description of
+preliminary experiments, von Papen’s sole objection was:
+
+“Well, you might obtain an explosion once, and the next ten apparatuses
+might fail.”
+
+To continue Fay’s explanation:
+
+“He casually asked me what the cost of it would be and I told him in my
+estimation the cost would not be more than $20 apiece. [$20 apiece for
+the destruction of thirty lives and a million-dollar ship and cargo!]
+As a matter of fact in Germany I will be able to get these things made
+for half that price. ‘If it is not more than that,’ von Papen said,
+‘you might go ahead, but I cannot promise you anything whatever.’”
+
+[Illustration:
+
+  _Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly._
+
+The French Nation Celebrates
+
+One of the most impressive features of the national holiday observances
+in Paris on July 14th, 1918, was the parade by Russian troops led by a
+giant color-bearer marching along the Grand Boulevard amid the applause
+of enormous crowds. These were a portion of the army sent by the Czar,
+to fight for the Allies in France. Persistent rumors that thousands of
+Russians were landed in England to fight on the Western front proved a
+hoax.]
+
+Fay then went back to his experiments and when he felt that he had
+practically perfected his device he called upon von Papen for the
+second time. This time von Papen’s reply was:
+
+“Well, this thing has been placed before our experts and also we have
+gone into the political condition of the whole suggestion. Now in the
+first place our experts say this apparatus is not at all seaworthy; but
+as regards political conditions I am sorry to say we cannot consider it
+and, therefore, we cannot consider the proposition any further.”
+
+In other words, with no thought of the moral turpitude of the scheme,
+with no thought of the abuse of diplomatic freedom, but only with
+thoughts of the practicability of this device, and of the effect upon
+political conditions of its use, von Papen had put the question before
+technical men and before von Bernstorff, and their decision had been
+adverse solely on those considerations—first, that it would not work,
+and second, that it would arouse hostility in the United States. At no
+stage, according to Fay’s best face upon the matter, was any thought
+given to its character as a hideous crime.
+
+
+PERFECTED DEVILRY
+
+The device itself was studied independently by two sets of military
+experts of the United States government with these results:
+
+First, that it was mechanically perfect; second, that it was practical
+under the conditions of adjustment to a ship’s rudder which Fay had
+devised; and third, that the charge of trinitrotoluol for which the
+container was designed, was nearly half the quantity which is used on
+our own floating mines and which is calculated upon explosion twenty
+feet from a battleship to put it out of action, and upon explosion
+in direct contact, absolutely to destroy and sink the heaviest
+superdreadnought. In other words, beyond all question the bomb would
+have shattered the entire stern of any ship to which it was attached,
+and would have caused it to sink in a few minutes.
+
+A brief description of the contrivance reveals the mechanical ingenuity
+and practical efficiency of Fay’s bomb. A rod attached to the rudder,
+at every swing the rudder gave, turned up, by one notch, the first
+of the beveled wheels within the bomb. After a certain number of
+revolutions of that wheel, it in turn gave one revolution to the next;
+and so on through the series. The last wheel was connected with the
+threaded cap around the upper end of the square bolt, and made this
+cap slowly unscrew, until at length the bolt dropped clear of it and
+yielded to the waiting pressure of the strong steel spring above. This
+pressure drove it downward and brought the sharp points at its lower
+end down on the caps of the two rifle cartridges fixed below it—like
+the blow of a rifle’s hammer. The detonation from the explosion of
+these cartridges would set off a small charge of impregnated chlorate
+of potash, which in turn would fire the small charge of the more
+sluggish but stronger dynamite, and that in turn would explode the
+still more sluggish but tremendously more powerful trinitrotoluol.
+
+The whole operation, once the spring was free, would take place in a
+flash; and instantly its deadly work would be accomplished.
+
+
+WHAT FAY PICTURED
+
+Picture the scene that Fay had in his mind as he toiled his six
+laborious months upon this dark invention. He saw himself, in
+imagination, fixing his infernal box upon the rudder post of a ship
+loading at a dock in New York harbor. As the cargo weighed the ship
+down, the box would disappear beneath the water. At length the ship
+starts on its voyage, and, as the rudder swings her into the stream,
+the first beat in the slow, sure knell of death for ship and crew is
+clicked out by its very turning. Out upon the sea the shift of wind and
+blow of wave require a constant correction with the rudder to hold the
+true course forward. At every swing the helmsman unconsciously taps out
+another of the lurking beats of death. Somewhere in midocean, perhaps
+at black midnight, in a driving storm, the patient mechanism hid below
+has turned the last of its calculated revolutions. The neck piece from
+the bolt slips loose, the spring drives downward, there is a flash, a
+deafening explosion, and five minutes later a few mangled bodies and
+a chaos of floating wreckage are all that is left above the water’s
+surface.
+
+
+
+
+HERE’S TO CONSTABLE RITCHINGS
+
+It Is Probable that His Record is Unique in the Annals of War Since
+Spartan Days
+
+
+Few men have the modest estimate of duty in relation to self that has
+given an unsought celebrity to Arthur Ritchings of Cardiff, Wales.
+If his conduct may be taken as evidence of his philosophy of life,
+doing one’s duty in the world confers no particular distinction on
+the individual—the discharge of a moral obligation establishing no
+title to swank, swagger or puffed-upness. Possibly it is necessary to
+be a Welshman to appreciate Ritchings’ mental attitude, for it seems
+that the people of Cardiff saw nothing abnormal or eccentric in the
+behavior of their townsman, regarding it quite as a matter of course.
+Indeed it was a London paper that acquainted the Cardiffians that they
+had in their midst a hero deserving of especial respect. We get the
+particulars from the same source.
+
+When Germany fell foul of Belgium, Arthur Ritchings was a member of the
+Cardiff Constabulary, in plain terms, a policeman. As soon as England
+declared war in 1914, Ritchings threw aside his truncheon, and other
+police insignia, and enlisted in the Army as a private. He served
+in that capacity for three years, doing the job with thoroughness,
+having an eye single to duty. Though unobtrusive in all his doings,
+not in the least inclined to celebrate in canticles of self-praise his
+deeds in trench or field, he nevertheless came to the notice of his
+superiors finally, and in November, 1917, his bravery won him promotion
+on the field. He was made second lieutenant. But he went right ahead
+in his normal way, yet, having once attracted their attention, he
+could not keep out of the view of his superiors, and so in February,
+1918, they called him up and gave him to understand that in their
+opinion he measured up to a captaincy. But Ritchings just went right
+on being Ritchings, and so they made him a major. Then they made him
+a lieutenant colonel, and there is no conjecturing what they would
+have had to do with him had the war continued a little longer. As it
+was they made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, pinned on his
+breast the Croix de Guerre with palms, gave him the Military Cross, and
+did what they could to persuade him that as he had been a gallant and
+daring soldier so also had he been an able and decisive officer. In the
+meantime the Germans had done what they could to further his interests
+by wounding him on six different occasions.
+
+Now, the war having been fought and won, his duty no longer commanding
+the wear of khaki, Lieutenant Colonel Ritchings retired from the
+Army and returned to his native Cardiff. His townsmen welcomed him,
+congratulating him that he had managed to escape death for a further
+enjoyment of the unemotional serenity of the sturdy Welsh town. The
+Chairman of the Municipal Bench publicly declared that he was glad to
+see Ritchings back, and spoke approvingly of the fact that his war
+record was a credit to the town.
+
+
+HIS HOME HONORS
+
+Then Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings—with four years of active
+military service to his credit and field rank worn at the front, with a
+breast-load of decorations and the proved ability to command over 3,000
+fighting men—stepped over to police headquarters, took up his truncheon
+and resumed his familiar duties as a common policeman in a mining town,
+where the care of drunks and disorderlies alone taxed his military
+genius.
+
+There the matter might have ended but for the interests of a person who
+had no particular business to come fussing around in Cardiff affairs.
+This person happened to be one of those ordinary mortals who hold the
+notion that certain honors attached to heroism and military achievement
+are not sufficiently represented by mere medals and things, and this
+person thought it in high degree outrageous that a man who had lifted
+himself by valor from private to lieutenant colonel should be permitted
+to walk a beat and swing a club as a means of serving the Crown. This
+indignant person wrote a passionate letter to the London _Times_, with
+the result that Cardiff took a second view of the situation, and the
+Watch Committee (a sort of police commissioner) took the ex-lieutenant
+colonel off his beat and gave him the lofty job of training the police
+to the proper dignity of constabulary service.
+
+This, however, did not entirely satisfy outside admirers of Ritchings,
+honorable as it might seem to Cardiffians, so the Lord Mayor was
+pressed for information whether there was any intention of appointing
+the distinguished officer to a higher and more responsible position on
+the force. That dignitary (and a Lord Mayor truly esteems himself a
+dignitary in England) went to the extent of admitting that he thought
+that he might say that all the members of the Watch Committee were
+in sympathy with the idea, and that he had no doubt that when the
+opportunity occurred Colonel or Constable Ritchings would be given a
+place better suited to his merits.
+
+And what said Ritchings concerning himself? Why, merely this, that
+he “recognized as every right-thinking man would that he had a moral
+obligation to return to the Cardiff police force for the reason that
+the ratepayers had been contributing during his absence to the support
+of his dependents at home.”
+
+Well, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings, here’s hats off to you!
+
+
+
+
+WHAT GILLES BROUGHT IN
+
+Driving His Automobile over a Shell-Swept Road a French Lad Braved
+Death to Deliver the Dead
+
+
+It was during the dreadful few days when the Germans came closest to
+Paris, a French writer tells us. Gilles Thurmand—sixteen years old,
+whose mother kept the _Côte d’Or_—had got hold of an old motor-car
+which had been smashed up in the first days of the rush to the front,
+had tinkered with it until it ran again, and then had driven it out
+to see what he could pick up. He went in the direction of Givres, for
+he heard that there were a good many wounded along the roads, and the
+French were yielding. He had come as far as a little coppice, where he
+slowed down at the sight of a couple of French uniforms. The Germans
+began suddenly to shell the part of the road over which he had just
+driven. He did not pay much attention to this at the time, for he
+was so engrossed with the French officers, of whom there were three
+standing, and a fourth badly wounded. They had been cut off from their
+regiment, and were left in this little patch of wood either to be
+killed by one of the enemy’s shells, or to be taken prisoner. “Get in,”
+Gilles told them, “and we’ll make a run for it. I’m game if you are.”
+He was extremely proud of having to do with so many officers at once,
+and besides, he thought, it might be the means of getting him admitted
+into the Army. Just as they were lifting the wounded man onto the floor
+of the vehicle, which was about the size of a Ford limousine, Gilles’
+sharp eyes spied another blue coat through the trees at a little
+distance away, and he ran over to the man, who wore the uniform of a
+captain. He was squatting over something in the denser underbrush, and
+raised up hastily as Gilles came toward him.
+
+“Let me get you out of this,” said Gilles, “along with these others.”
+
+“Yes, come with us,” said Major Hervé, the senior officer of the party,
+limping toward them to find out the cause of the delay. The strange
+officer responded rather thickly that he couldn’t—that he had his duty
+to perform, and would prefer to remain at his post. The major, finding
+that arguing with him was of no avail, commanded him rather shortly to
+follow the rest, and when he still demurred, ordered the other three to
+bring him. They did so, gently enough, believing him to be a little
+unbalanced by shell-fire. Then they all climbed into the crazy vehicle,
+shut the door, and Gilles, mounting to the front seat, set out to drive
+them through a quarter of a mile of fire and brimstone, which was as
+near to hell as anything he had ever imagined.
+
+Shells whizzed past, and bullets hailed upon the roof. Once or twice
+Gilles heard a faint cry in the back of the motor, and he knew some
+one was hit, but he bent doggedly to his wheel, and didn’t once look
+round, for fear, as he phrased it, that he would “lack courage to go
+on again.” Though a bomb ripped off the fender and nearly capsized
+the car, Gilles himself was not touched, and presently he drove into
+a silence as deafening as the noise had been. It was the outskirts
+of a camp, and there were a few simple little everyday noises like
+the rattling of dishes and the chopping of wood. But it was like the
+cemetery of Père La Chaise to Gilles. He could not hear a sound. Two
+or three Frenchmen in khaki came running toward him as he slid off the
+box and opened the rear door. Three dead bodies tumbled out. The two
+left inside were those of the last-found officer and the badly wounded
+man. They, too, were dead. How had they been killed? Not by shell fire,
+certainly. Examination proved that they had died by pistol shots.
+Gilles, taken into custody, his teeth chattering with fear, pointed out
+the officer who had forcibly been made a member of their party. The
+man was searched. There were found upon him a spare telephone receiver
+and a map of the district, together with other evidence proving him
+a German spy. He had probably been directing the German fire at the
+moment when Gilles had so inopportunely come upon him. His great
+reluctance to join the party was explained. During their wild ride he
+had apparently found time to put a bullet through the head of each of
+his unsuspecting captors. Whether one of them or he himself had caused
+his own death, could not be discovered.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+
+“Tell Her Not to Worry”
+
+    “Dear Father, guard our gallant men
+    Within whose hearts is love enshrined,
+    And bring them safely home again
+    To those they cannot leave behind!”
+
+  Arthur Guiterman.]
+
+
+
+
+THE ROCK OF THE MARNE
+
+The Story of Col. U. G. McAlexander and the Heroic 38th Infantry,
+Defender’s of the Surmelin Valley, the “Gateway to Paris”
+
+By CAPTAIN J. W. WOOLRIDGE, U. S. Infantry
+
+
+When two divisions of German shock troops pile up on a regiment of
+American fighting men, one does not need to be gifted in imagination to
+see war in all its ramifications and vicissitudes.
+
+I admit that to those of us who participated the picture as a whole is
+blurred by proximity while spots are multicolored and accentuated into
+sheets of concentrated lightning.
+
+The historian of the future will view the battle from afar and do much
+better, particularly as he will not be hampered by individual facts.
+Therefore we shall tell you the story and not the history of the 38th’s
+recent unpleasantness.
+
+The scene is laid in that erstwhile heavenly little valley of the
+Surmelin which finds its resting place on the banks of the River Marne.
+The semi-mountainous ridges that flank this little valley are wooded
+with what the French call trees; they are tangled with shrubs and
+second growths that make for ideal machine-gun nests, as we shall see.
+
+Down in the bosom of the valley meanders the Surmelin river, so called
+we presume because the French do not know our word “crick.” It is
+heavily foliaged creek; its value we first recognized in its production
+of trout through the agency of the festive “OF” grenade tossed into its
+tiny pools.
+
+This valley is a series of golden wheat fields and garden patches.
+Not fields as you know them but as the French crofter laboriously
+cultivates by hand to the limits of one man’s activities—small, though
+profuse, spots of shining cereal decorated resplendently with carmine
+red poppies. * * * * *
+
+The maps show this valley to be the gateway to Paris—that is, from the
+farthest point of the second German drive to the Marne. Would you call
+it the 38th’s good fortune to be given this gateway to defend? Anyway,
+the fates so decreed and we were rushed by the fastest means possible
+from our training billets, with French beds five feet high, at Arc,
+Cour le Vecque, and Comprey, to stem the tide and thereby block the way
+to Paris.
+
+The 38th had made some marches before and has since, but none of us
+will forget when we pulled into the woods back of St. Eugene that last
+day of our trek. We had revised the tables of field equipment on the
+way so that when we got there we didn’t bother to spread our blankets.
+We simply laid down and hoped in a maudlin, disconnected way one of the
+shells the Germans welcomed us with would make a direct hit and end it
+all.
+
+The Colonel was right there ahead of us. Nobody ever knows how he does
+it but he is always ahead of us and we have gotten used to a confident
+feeling of knowing it’s all right to go anywhere the Colonel is ahead.
+He warned us about aeroplane observation and gas shells and said, “Be
+ready for orders to move up!”
+
+Our position was taken without delay on the south bank of the Marne,
+which is about fifty yards wide and which at that time separated us
+from the enemy. The Colonel gave orders directly opposite to the “live
+and let live” principle. “Don’t let anything alive show itself on the
+other side except those you go over and get for information!”
+
+So we gave them some lessons in rifle fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+With the French opposite them the Germans had an insulting and cocky
+way of strolling about their business in plain view at a few hundred
+yards. The French custom of running themselves ragged trying to hit the
+enemy with a hand grenade did not appeal to us, so we became, in the
+German opinion, disgustingly belligerent with our rifles.
+
+Their movements soon after our advent became surreptitious and
+reptilian. So at night we paddled over in various nondescript
+flotillas, dug them out of their holes or chased their patrols around
+a bit—and sometimes got chased back again somewhat the worse for wear.
+They sprinkled us with H. E.’s and gas and we likewise sprinkled them.
+It was a great game and we thrived on it.
+
+One dark night a patrol of theirs came over right at the point of a
+sentry post of ours. As they reached for the bank with a boat-hook a
+Yank accommodatingly took hold and pulled them in. He said, “Come on
+over, Fritz. We are waiting for you,” and our men proceeded to pacify
+one boat load of misdirected Huns.
+
+That sort of thing was our daily, or rather nightly, ration, until
+prisoners and intelligence officers began to tell a new story. The
+Boche were preparing for another grand offensive and this time their
+objective was Paris with no stops.
+
+The French on our right were generous with their warnings and made
+feverish arrangements for something or other—we thought at the time
+it was for battle. Aeroplanes and scouts verified this rumor and it
+looked like business. So the whole thing so far as our sector was
+concerned—the Gateway to Paris, the Valley of the Surmelin—was put up
+to the Colonel, U. G. McAlexander, who at once proceeded to make hay
+while the making was good.
+
+“Rowe, you hold the front line with two companies of your battalion,
+don’t you?”
+
+“Yes, sir, with two companies in their immediate support,” answered
+Major Rowe, commander of the 2nd Battalion.
+
+“Very well,” said the Colonel. “Thicken the lines by moving one company
+up. This will give you three company fronts on our sector and your
+remaining company will entrench themselves in echelon formation, so,”
+indicating on map with pencil marks the exact position he wished them
+in. “They will act in close support on the extreme right and also as a
+right flank rearguard. The weak point on this line is on our right. I
+don’t believe the French will hold and I shall arrange my regiment to
+meet that contingency.”
+
+This was a direct statement as usual; no equivocation in the Colonel’s
+remarks. But we were all greatly surprised, as everybody else had
+complete confidence in the gallantry of the French division on our
+right. It was our first introduction to the depth of the man in his
+preparation for battle. But for his judgment on their instability this
+would be a requiem, not a story.
+
+The regiment was arranged on advanced and original principles of
+“formation in depth.” The 2nd Battalion, Major Rowe, as above; then
+the 1st Battalion, Major Keeley, and the 3rd, Major Lough. The Colonel
+looked us over individually and collectively, took a rifle to a point
+near the river in broad daylight, sniped a while as though to challenge
+the enemy, and said, “Let ’em come.”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The evening of July 14th (1918) came with a darkness you could feel.
+French crickets cricked in a language we could not understand. Night
+birds winged their uncertain way in pursuit of life, liberty, and
+happiness. Frogs croaked and walked—not hopped—after the manner of no
+other frogs on earth. The Y.M.C.A.—God bless them!—sent chocolates
+and cigarettes down to the men in the very front lines. The rolling
+kitchens steamed up in preparation of the boys’ one hot meal per day
+to be delivered by carrying parties to the front. Company commanders
+made the usual night reconnaissance of their positions, chatted with
+the lieutenants and again learned that a plebiscite of the men would
+produce a reiteration of the Colonel’s “Let ’em come.”
+
+Our artillery lugged over the usual intermittent harrassing fire, but
+the murmuring pines and whispering hemlocks went A.W.O.L.[1] so far as
+looking out for the Germans was concerned. For all the noise they made
+you could hear your eyelashes meet. Their quiet finally became ominous
+and there was a general stiffening of our cerebral vertebra.
+
+At exactly 12 o’clock it happened.
+
+All the demons of hell and its ally, Germany, were unleashed in a
+fierce uproar that transcended all bombardments of the past. It
+thundered and rained shells, H.E.’s shrapnel and gas. They swept our
+sector as with a giant scythe, and as far back as their guns would
+reach.
+
+For hours that seemed weeks we huddled in our tiny splinter proofs or
+open slit trenches in the horrible confusion of it all, but we lovingly
+patted our, as yet, cold steel and awaited the second shock we knew
+would come—the shock of bodies, material bodies that we could see, feel
+and fight—something tangible, so that we could release our mad lust to
+kill this great snake that was slowly coiling around us, this furious
+beast that was volcanically tearing at our vitals.
+
+God, what hallucinations under a pounding like that!
+
+Yes, we wanted them to come. We wanted anything to come that we could
+see, feel, and fight. We wanted to fight, I tell you. Not to lie there
+on the rocking ground with hell crashing and the devils snatching at
+our guts, our eyes, our lungs.
+
+What was that in our lungs?
+
+Yes, Damn them, Gas!
+
+They are not satisfied to drench us at long distances with all the
+steel they can crowd into space but the dirty, ghoulish, primeval Hun
+racks his warped and tortured brain for a method more becoming the
+slime and filth of his rotten being.
+
+Well, so be it. We fight him back with his weapons, so on with the gas
+masks, it’s only a bluff. He can’t come himself in his poison—and he’s
+coming, he’s coming! It became a song in our hearts—“He’s Coming! He’s
+Coming!”
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We began to brighten perceptibly. Instead of the earth rocking it
+became the gentle tossing of a languorous, moonlit sea. We leaned our
+heads in genuine affection against the dirt sides of our little slit
+trench and began to marvel at its motherly shelter. How they could
+churn up the whole world and never drop one in! Of course they could
+not drop one in. They had no brain, the swine.
+
+If a chemist could run them through a Pasteur filter, he would
+get a trace of intellectual process about the mental grade of the
+Pithecanthropus erectus!
+
+That’s it. He is shooting away his fireworks in the vain hope of
+something. Wonder what it is. Anyway, he shot it away for eight hours
+on our support and reserve lines, but at about 4 o’clock on the morning
+of the 15th he lifted his general bombardment on the front line and
+started a rolling barrage, one hundred meters in three minutes.
+
+Behind it, almost hugging it, they came!
+
+God, weren’t we glad to see the grayness of them!
+
+This was more like. Something we could see, feel and fight. And when we
+say they came we mean two divisions of them.
+
+“When two divisions of German shock troops pile up on a regiment of
+American fighting men”—Do you remember what we told you!
+
+Well! they piled up, at first with excellent formation and a
+distribution of machine guns, as bumble bees distribute themselves
+after the small boy wallops their nest with his handful of switches—all
+over everywhere.
+
+On the river bank where they came in crowds, boats, and pontoon
+bridges, it was eye to eye, tooth to tooth, and hand-to-hand. It was
+a strange silence after the barrage had passed. The tack-tack-tack of
+machine guns, mounted and firing from boats as they came, and the clash
+of steel as the bayonets met sounded like a death stillness compared to
+it.
+
+The lines on the river were fought out completely. The barrage had not
+reached the railway bank and reënforcements could not be sent to them.
+They paid the supreme price, but the action delayed the enemy advance
+so that the organizations in depth could unlimber and meet the advance
+with the result as stated above—this is a story, not a requiem.
+
+Their barrage got away from them, an unpardonable crime in military
+science but humanly pardonable when one learns they thought it
+impossible to be met and fought on the river bank.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our line of resistance was the Metz-Paris Railway. The embankment is
+some nine feet high with tiny slit trenches on the forward edge but
+not sufficiently forward to be on the military crest. When the Boche
+started their advance across the wheat fields intervening, some five
+hundred yards, this embankment became a living thing and American
+Springfields began to laugh in their faces.
+
+That wasn’t fair. They had been assured with all German sangfroid that
+there would be no resistance after their barrage. But those were shock
+troops brought from afar with orders. “To Paris. No Stop-overs.”
+
+Though their brains became loose-leaf ledgers with no index and the
+Kaiser became a more ghastly figure, they were fighters. I should say,
+professional soldiers. So they came on. We admit they looked like the
+whole German army and we had to wonder if the little old Springfield
+would keep on laughing. We had been warned of a big offensive, but we
+did not know the Boche thought our front was like a city park, free for
+all.
+
+The Springfield did keep on laughing and after covering about half the
+distance they were transferred from a soldiers’ maneuver column into
+a German military omelet. However, their machine guns had infiltrated
+through the high wheat and covered our front as flies cover spilled
+molasses.
+
+The rest hit the ground and continued their advance in a more becoming
+manner, like a mole. They wriggled themselves, many of them to the very
+foot of the railway embankment, where they were safe from our fire for
+the above mentioned reason. They rested, then charged the crest, were
+hurled back; rested, threw stick grenades and charged some more, but
+never successfully, until the splendid heroes of that line joined their
+comrades of the river bank, joined them on that long journey to that
+land which knows no war.
+
+Then came the supporting troops from their immediate rear in a charge
+to which history will never do justice. They couldn’t come before, as
+there is only room for a certain number to fight on the forward edge.
+To the Germans on the embankment the Kaiser must have taken on a more
+material aspect; they saw visions of Paris, but visions only, which
+disappeared like mist in the sunshine.
+
+It was not sunshine that hit them. No. It was an earthquake. San
+Francisco one April morning of 1906 had nothing on that shock which
+must have been felt back in the Reichstag. Bayonets, rifle butts, fists
+and teeth. Our boys in khaki were overwhelmed by numbers in gray.
+
+But the McAlexander spirit; that is God-given and Heaven-sent!
+
+The Colonel had said, “Let ’em come.” Well, here they are, and God, the
+joy of it all!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Did you ever turn yourself loose in a mad passion that knew no limit?
+Were you ever blinded by blood and lust to kill and let yourself go
+in a crowd where you could feel their bodies crumble and sink to the
+depths below you, then brace yourself on them, and destroy, destroy,
+destroy!
+
+I hope not, but we did—and what do numbers amount to against spirit? In
+San Francisco the earthquake subsided and we were left to contemplate
+and ponder. There was no subsiding of these seismic demons of Colonel
+Ulysses Grant McAlexander, once they had their orders. We were to hold
+that railroad. Did we hold it, Go down there and count the German
+graves. Six hundred before one company alone. Ask the prisoners, pens
+of them, why they didn’t fulfil their mission. They don’t know just
+what happened, but whatever it was, it was awful, colossal.
+
+Sir, they did not even take the first line of resistance of the
+38th. An officer, later captured, stated that only twelve of the 6th
+Grenadiers, the Kaiser’s favorite Prussian shock troops, returned to
+their side of the Marne.
+
+Yes, back they went, and they stood not upon the manner of their
+going, although I will say their machine guns covered their retreat
+to the limit of their ability. Without their usual “nest” arrangement
+they were comparatively easy picking for us. For instance, during the
+retreat Corporal Newell with his squad augmented by two men went down
+into the field and captured five guns, killing or capturing their crews.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+During the heat of battle one lone private crawled down the embankment
+through the wheat to the flank of a machine-gun crew who were too busy
+on their front to know where his shots were coming from. He picked off
+seven Germans and dragged the gun back with him. These incidents are
+not typical, but they serve to illustrate the many, many remarkable
+individual feats of heroism of the 38th, under the stress of battle.
+
+No grander man lived than Lieutenant Kenneth P. Murray, killed in a
+flank attack which started in a line from the railway to the church in
+Mézy, drove in one hundred and eighty-five prisoners, but from which
+only three returned, the company commander and two privates. Lieutenant
+Mercer M. Phillips died on the railway with a blood-dripping bayonet
+on the rifle in his hands. Lieutenant David C. Calkins, whose troops
+blocked the enemy’s progress at the river edge until the barrage passed
+and those in his support could get into action, made the supreme
+sacrifice.
+
+Many, many other splendid souls, born leaders of brave men, joined the
+great majority with a smile on their lips and pistols empty.
+
+Lieutenant Colonel Frank H. Adams, that great soldier with a lion’s
+heart, and yet who led his command by an irresistible personal
+magnetism, by precept and example and never an unkind word—that big,
+handsome, he-fighter won the Distinguished Service Cross by standing in
+the way of a whole regiment, not one that he had any direct connection
+with, but one nearby that was practically routed by the shock the 38th
+stood and fought back. He brought comparative order out of chaos and
+succeeded in getting them in a support position.
+
+We could mention hundreds of great deeds by great men on that day, but
+this is a story of the 38th, not of the indomitable spirits that go to
+make it up, or we would never reach the end.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+At 10 o’clock, on the 15th, our front was fairly cleared and we
+were beginning to feel that it was a great day, when something else
+happened. Can you, who were not with us, imagine how a prohibitionist
+feels on a yachting party? Completely surrounded by hell and damnation
+and can’t get off.
+
+The enemy had penetrated to our left like the boll weevil through a
+Southerner’s cotton patch and fortified himself with minenwerfers,
+machine guns and barbed wire. They did not penetrate to our right. No,
+they simply walked over and wondered how much of a hike it was to
+Paris. We were then aware of the reason for “Feverish preparations on
+the part of the French on our right.”
+
+Do you remember what we told you? We thought it was to fight, but
+evidently no such idea ever marred the sweet thoughts of the 131st.
+Say what you please, make any defense you like. They weren’t there.
+And that’s the business we have in hand just now. They weren’t there.
+Whence they came or whither they went we know not. A. W. O. L. most
+likely, but that is neither here nor there.
+
+On the morning of July 15, 1918, when Colonel McAlexander was hurling
+battalion after battalion of the 38th into the Surmelin valley, the
+Gateway to Paris, and out-fighting, out-maneuvering, out-generaling the
+Kaiser’s favorites, there were no friendly troops on our right where
+they had been on the evening of the 14th.
+
+However, thank God for a real soldier’s instinct. The Colonel had
+anticipated and was prepared to meet a right flank attack. Good old
+Captain Reid was there to meet them when they tried to consolidate
+their line through our regiment. He met them first with rifle fire,
+then with the bayonet, and finally with butts. He fought them all over
+the ridge and down on every side except our side. He never let them
+set foot on our sector of the Marne and though it cost him nearly his
+entire command he was there when fresher troops could get to him for
+relief.
+
+On the left we repulsed a heavy rear attack and a light flank attack
+with a handful of the most exhausted troops in France—old “G” company
+reduced to fifty-two men from two hundred and fifty-one—taking up new
+positions and fighting off ten to one is a picture that will ever live
+in the memory of the 38th.
+
+Major Rowe made desperate efforts to reinforce, but the Boche, just at
+that place, had us under direct fire of Austrian 88’s, German 77’s, and
+one pounders. You know what direct fire means. Effective forces can’t
+be sent against it, that’s all.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+So, for three days we fought on our flanks, for three days the German
+high command gave us all they had in their desperation to open the
+gateway. The Colonel received an order. “Fall back if you think best.”
+
+[Illustration: “THE DAY IS DONE.”
+
+After a long, hard day, the voice of the bugle was a welcome sound to
+the ears of the tired soldiers.]
+
+He answered, “Is it up to my decision?”
+
+The answer: “Yes.”
+
+The Colonel’s answer: “Then I hold my lines!”
+
+God, what a world of torture and yet solace in that answer! What a
+world of pain and joy! We were shot to ribbons, cut to small sections,
+unfed, and oh, so tired; but the drive would never have stopped once
+they consolidated their lines through the 38th.
+
+It was Paris for them and a terrible defeat for us if we withdrew and
+gave them the little Surmelin valley. The Colonel had been studying the
+attack orders taken from captured German officers and knew as no one
+else knew what it meant to fall back.
+
+He was there for a soldier’s purpose and did a soldier’s duty. He paid
+an awful price, made sacrifices of officers and men that tore his heart
+to pieces. But he held the Gateway to Paris and not only that, drove
+them back across the Marne and _followed them across_.
+
+Believe it or not, it was an absolute physical impossibility, but we
+went right on after them and fought them again at Jaulgonne—still
+nobody on our right, mind you—where for several days and several nights
+it steadily rained and where for the same length of time we hammered
+them with shot and bayonet until they fell back with such impetus that
+our next big battle was at Fismes on the River Vesle.
+
+One soldier was heard to remark: “I don’t see any more prisoners coming
+in. I wonder what can be the matter?”
+
+Second soldier: “Didn’t you hear the Colonel say he had all the
+information he needed?”
+
+There are not many of us left of the old 38th. There has been
+considerable talk in French circles about “Regiment d’elite,”
+“unconquerable tenacity,” and the like. Yes, our flag is to be
+decorated with the Croix de Guerre and it is generally recognized in
+high French command that “McAlexander’s defense was peculiarly American
+in conception, plan and execution.” You see we have been under French
+command and our deeds have not been recounted at home. All the glory
+goes to the High Command.
+
+Things like this though, we keep close to our hearts:
+
+  27 July, 1918.
+
+  General Order I.
+  (From the Field.)
+  To the Officers and Men of the
+  38th U. S. Infantry.
+
+ The Colonel commanding the regiment wishes to praise you for the
+ heroic manner in which you took your baptism of fire on July 15, 1918,
+ upon the banks of the Marne. No regiment in the history of our nation
+ has ever shown a finer spirit or performed a greater deed.
+
+ Let us cherish within our hearts the memory of our fallen comrades.
+ Salute them! Then forward!
+
+  MCALEXANDER.
+
+And look at this for an official report and try to remember if in all
+history such a feat was ever before accomplished:
+
+  Headquarters, 38th U. S. Infantry.
+  A. P. O. 740, France, 8 August, 1918.
+
+  From: Commanding Officer, 38th U. S. Infantry.
+  To: The Adjutant General, U. S. Army.
+  (Through Military Channels.)
+  Subject: Capture of Prisoners from Three German
+  Divisions.
+
+ 1. In the second battle of the Marne, July 15-23, 1918, the 38th U.
+ S. Infantry was attacked on the south bank of the Marne, July 15-18,
+ by two German divisions, and it captured prisoners from each of their
+ regiments, namely:
+
+                { 6th Grenadier Guards
+  10th Division { 47th Infantry
+                { 398th Infantry
+
+                { 5th Grenadier Guards
+  36th Division { 128th Infantry
+                { 175th Infantry
+
+ 2. On July 22, 1918, this regiment attacked the 10th Division Landwehr
+ on the north bank of Marne and captured prisoners from its three
+ regiments, namely:
+
+                         { 372nd Infantry
+  10th Division Landwehr { 377th Infantry
+                         { 378th Infantry
+
+ 3. It is believed that the capture of prisoners from nine enemy
+ regiments during nine days of battle constitutes a record justifying a
+ report to the War Department.
+
+ 4. Identification of twenty-one separate and distinct regimental
+ and other units were secured from enemy positions in front of this
+ regiment.
+
+  U. G. MCALEXANDER,
+  Colonel, 38th U. S. Infantry.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] Military abbreviation for “absent without leave.”
+
+
+
+
+AMERICA’S HIGHEST WAR HONOR
+
+The 78 Soldiers Who Won the Congressional Medal of Honor for an Act of
+Supreme Courage
+
+
+England’s most coveted reward for heroism in battle is the Victoria
+Cross. France gives her _Médaille Militaire_; Germany, her Iron Cross.
+
+There has been little need of war medals in the United States, but with
+the entrance of this country into the war Congress established its
+medal of honor—called by its full title, The Congressional Medal of
+Honor.
+
+This decoration is given only to those who achieve an act of supreme
+courage, or, as “General Orders” have it, to those who in action “have
+fought with conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the
+call of duty.”
+
+Seventy-eight of the 1,200,000 men in the A. E. F. received these
+awards. Fifty-seven of this number were enlisted men, twenty-one were
+officers. Nineteen awards were posthumous. For every 15,400 soldiers
+who were in action one received the Congressional Medal.
+
+The best showing was made by the 30th Division, the National Guard
+organization of the Carolinas and Tennessee. Second honors go to the
+89th Division, which is the selective draft unit of Western Missouri,
+Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, South Dakota, and New Mexico. The third
+largest is the 33rd or National Guard Division of Illinois. Fourth
+honors go to the famous 2nd Division of Regulars, which includes the
+Marines, while fifth place is shared by the two New York divisions, the
+27th and 77th. The list follows:
+
+
+1ST DIVISION
+
+_Colyer, Wilbur E., Sergeant_, Co. A, 1st Engineers, 1st Division,
+Ozone Park, L. I.—Verdun, France, Oct. 9, 1918. Volunteering with two
+other soldiers to locate machine-gun nests, Sergeant Colyer advanced on
+the hostile positions to a point where he was half surrounded by the
+nests, which were in ambush. He killed the gunner of one gun with a
+captured German grenade and then turned this gun on the other nests,
+silencing all of them before he returned to his platoon. He was later
+killed in action.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Ellis, Michael B., Sergeant_, Co. C, 28th Infantry, 1st Division, East
+St. Louis, Ill.—Exermont, France, Oct. 5, 1918. During the entire day’s
+engagement he operated far in advance of the first wave of his company,
+voluntarily undertaking most dangerous missions and single-handed
+attacking and reducing machine-gun nests. Flanking one emplacement,
+he killed two of the enemy with rifle fire and captured seventeen
+others. Later he single-handed advanced under heavy fire and captured
+twenty-seven prisoners, including two officers and six machine guns,
+which had been holding up the advance of the company. The captured
+officers indicated the locations of four other machine guns, and he in
+turn captured these, together with their crews, at all times showing
+marked heroism and fearlessness.
+
+
+2ND DIVISION
+
+_Bart, Frank J., Private_, Co. C, 9th Infantry, 2nd Division, Newark,
+N. J.—Médéah Farm, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Private Bart, being on duty
+as a company runner, when the advance was held up by machine-gun fire
+voluntarily picked up an automatic rifle, ran out ahead of the line,
+and silenced a hostile machine-gun nest, killing the German gunners.
+The advance then continued, and, when it was again hindered shortly
+afterward by another machine-gun nest, this courageous soldier repeated
+his bold exploit by putting the second machine gun out of action.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Cukela, Louis, First Lieutenant_, 5th Regiment Marines, 2nd Division,
+Minneapolis, Minn.—Villers-Cotterets, France, July 18, 1918. When his
+company, advancing through a wood, met with strong resistance from
+an enemy strong point, Lieutenant Cukela (then Sergeant) crawled out
+from the flank and made his way toward the German lines in the face of
+heavy fire, disregarding the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded in
+getting behind the enemy position and rushed a machine-gun emplacement,
+killing or driving off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand
+grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion of the strong point,
+capturing four men and two damaged machine guns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hoffman, Charles F., Gunnery Sergeant_, 5th Regiment Marines, Second
+Division, Brooklyn, N. Y.—Château-Thierry, France, June 6, 1918.
+Immediately after the company to which he belonged had reached its
+objective on Hill 142, several hostile counter-attacks were launched
+against the line before the new position had been consolidated.
+Sergeant Hoffman was attempting to organize a position on the north
+slope of the hill when he saw twelve of the enemy, armed with five
+light machine guns, crawling toward his group. Giving the alarm,
+he rushed the hostile detachment, bayoneted the two leaders, and
+forced the others to flee, abandoning their guns. His quick action,
+initiative, and courage drove the enemy from a position from which
+they could have swept the hill with machine-gun fire and forced the
+withdrawal of our troops.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Kocak, Matej, Sergeant_, Co. C, 5th Regiment Marines, 2nd Division,
+Albany, N. Y.—Soissons, France, July 18, 1918. When the advance of his
+battalion was checked by a hidden machine-gun nest he went forward
+alone, unprotected by covering fire from his own men, and worked in
+between the German position in the face of fire from an enemy covering
+detachment. Locating the machine-gun nest, he rushed it, and with his
+bayonet drove off the crew. Shortly after this he organized twenty-five
+French colonial soldiers who had become separated from their company,
+and led them in attacking another machine-gun nest, which was also put
+out of action.
+
+[Illustration: American Troops on Parade in Paris on July 4, 1919
+
+Immediately after the ceremonies incident to the naming of the “Avenue
+du President Wilson.”]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Kelly, John Joseph, Private_, 6th Regiment Marines, 2nd Division,
+Chicago, Ill.—Blanc Mont Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Private Kelly ran
+through our own barrage 100 yards in advance of the front line, and
+attacked an enemy machine-gun nest, killing the gunner with a grenade,
+shooting another member of the crew with his pistol, and returned
+through the barrage with eight prisoners.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Van Iersal, Louis, Sergeant_, Co. M, 9th Infantry, 2nd Division,
+Newark, N. Y.—Mouzon, France, Nov. 9, 1918. While a member of the
+reconnoissance patrol sent out at night to ascertain the condition of a
+damaged bridge, Sergeant Van Iersal volunteered to lead a party across
+the bridge in the face of heavy machine-gun and rifle fire from a range
+of only 75 yards. Crawling alone along the débris of the ruined bridge,
+he came upon a trap, which gave away and precipitated him into the
+water. In spite of the swift current, he succeeded in swimming across
+the stream, and found a lodging place among the timbers on the opposite
+bank. Disregarding the enemy fire, he made a careful investigation of
+the hostile position by which the bridge was defended and then returned
+to the other bank of the river, reporting this valuable information to
+the battalion commander.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Pruitt, John H., Corporal_, 78th Co., 6th Regiment of Marines, 2nd
+Division, Phoenix, Ariz.—Blanc Mont Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918.
+Corporal Pruitt single-handed attacked two machine guns, capturing them
+and killing two of the enemy. He then captured forty prisoners in a
+dugout near by. This gallant soldier was killed soon afterward by shell
+fire while he was sniping at the enemy.
+
+
+3RD DIVISION
+
+[Illustration: Made in France
+
+American locomotive builders assembling an engine in shops behind the
+battle lines.]
+
+_Barkley, John L., Private, first class_, Company K, 4th Infantry,
+3rd Division, Blairstown, Mo.—Cunel, France, Oct. 7, 1918. Private
+Barkley, who was stationed in an observation post half a kilometer
+from the German line, on his own initiative repaired a captured enemy
+machine gun and mounted it in a disabled French tank near his post.
+Shortly afterward, when the enemy launched a counter-attack against
+our forces, Private Barkley got into the tank, waited under the
+hostile barrage until the enemy line was abreast of him, and then
+opened fire, completely breaking up the counter-attack and killing
+and wounding a large number of the enemy. Five minutes later an enemy
+77-millimeter gun opened fire on the tank point blank. One shell struck
+the driver wheel of the tank, but this soldier, nevertheless, remained
+in the tank; and after the barrage ceased broke up a second enemy
+counter-attack, thereby enabling our forces to gain and hold Hill 253.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hays, George Price, First Lieutenant_, 10th Field Artillery, 3rd
+Division, Okarchee, Okla.—Grèves Farm, France, July 14-15, 1918. At
+the very outset of the unprecedented artillery bombardment by the
+enemy of July 14-15, 1918, his line of communication was destroyed
+beyond repair. Despite the hazard attached to the mission of runner, he
+immediately set out to establish contact with the neighboring post of
+command; and, further established liaison with two French batteries,
+visiting their position so frequently that he was mainly responsible
+for the accurate fire therefrom. While thus engaged, seven horses were
+shot under him and he was severely wounded. His activity, under most
+severe fire was an important factor in checking the advance of the
+enemy.
+
+
+5TH DIVISION
+
+_Allworth, Edward S., Captain_, 60th Infantry, 5th Division, Crawford,
+Wash.—Cléry-le-Petit, France, Nov. 5, 1918. While his company
+was crossing the Meuse River and Canal at a bridgehead opposite
+Cléry-le-Petit, the bridge over the canal was destroyed by shell fire
+and Captain Allworth’s command became separated, part of it being on
+the east bank of the canal and the remainder on the west bank. Seeing
+his advance units making slow headway up the steep slope ahead, this
+officer mounted the canal bank and called for his men to follow.
+Plunging in, he swam across the canal under fire from the enemy,
+followed by his men. Inspiring his men by his example of gallantry,
+he led them up the slope, joining his hard-pressed platoons in front.
+By his personal leadership he forced the enemy back for more than
+a kilometer, overcoming machine-gun nests and capturing a hundred
+prisoners, whose number exceeded that of the men in his command. The
+exceptional courage and leadership displayed by Captain Allworth made
+possible the reëstablishment of a bridgehead over the canal and the
+successful advance of other troops.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Woodfill, Samuel, First Lieutenant_, 60th Infantry, 5th Division,
+Fort Thomas, Ky.—Cunel, France, Oct. 12, 1918. While he was leading
+his company against the enemy his line came under heavy machine-gun
+fire, which threatened to hold up the advance. Followed by two soldiers
+at 25 yards, this officer went out ahead of his first line toward a
+machine-gun nest and worked his way around its flank, leaving the two
+soldiers in front. When he got within 10 yards of the gun it ceased
+firing, and four of the enemy appeared, three of whom were shot by
+Lieutenant Woodfill. The fourth, an officer, rushed at Lieutenant
+Woodfill, who attempted to club the officer with his rifle. After a
+hand-to-hand struggle, Lieutenant Woodfill killed the officer with
+his pistol. His company thereupon continued to advance until shortly
+afterward another machine-gun nest was encountered. Calling his men
+to follow, Lieutenant Woodfill rushed ahead of his line in the face
+of heavy fire from the nest; and when several of the enemy appeared
+above the nest he shot them, capturing three other members of the crew
+and silencing the gun. A few minutes later this officer for the third
+time demonstrated conspicuous daring by charging another machine-gun
+position, killing five men in one machine-gun pit with his rifle. He
+then drew his revolver and started to jump into the pit, when two other
+gunners only a few yards away turned their gun on him. Failing to kill
+them with his revolver, he grabbed a pick lying near by and killed
+both of them. Inspired by the exceptional courage displayed by this
+officer, his men pressed on to their objective under severe shell and
+machine-gun fire.
+
+
+26TH DIVISION
+
+_Dilboy, George, Private, first class_, Co. H, 103rd Infantry, 26th
+Division, Boston, Mass.—Belleau, France, July 18, 1918. After his
+platoon had gained its objective along a railroad embankment, Private
+Dilboy, accompanying his platoon leader to reconnoiter the ground
+beyond, was suddenly fired upon by an enemy machine gun from 100 yards.
+From a standing position on the railroad track, fully exposed to
+view, he opened fire at once, but, failing to silence the gun, rushed
+forward with his bayonet fixed through a wheat field toward the gun
+emplacement, falling within twenty-five yards of the gun with his right
+leg nearly severed above the knee and with several bullet holes in his
+body. With undaunted courage he continued to fire into the emplacement
+from a prone position, killing two of the enemy and dispersing the rest
+of the crew.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Perkins, Michael J., Private, first class_, Company D, 101st Infantry,
+26th Division, Boston, Mass.—Belieu Bois, France, Oct. 27, 1918. He,
+voluntarily and alone, crawled to a German “pillbox” machine-gun
+emplacement, from which grenades were being thrown at his platoon.
+Awaiting his opportunity, when the door was again opened and another
+grenade thrown, he threw a bomb inside, bursting the door open; and
+then, drawing his trench knife, rushed into the emplacement. In a
+hand-to-hand struggle he killed or wounded several of the occupants and
+captured about twenty-five prisoners, at the same time silencing seven
+machine guns.
+
+
+27TH DIVISION
+
+_Eggers, Alan Louis, Sergeant_, M. G. Company, 107th Infantry, 27th
+Division, Summit, N. J.—Le Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming
+separated from their platoon by a smoke barrage, Sergeant Eggers,
+Sergeant John C. Latham, and Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took cover in
+a shell hole well within the enemy’s lines. Upon hearing a call for
+help from an American tank which had become disabled 30 yards from
+them, the three soldiers left their shelter and started toward the
+tank under heavy fire from German machine guns and trench mortars. In
+crossing the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea was mortally wounded; but
+his companions, undeterred, proceeded to the tank, rescued a wounded
+officer, and assisted two wounded soldiers to cover in a sap of a
+nearby trench. Sergeant Eggers and Sergeant Latham then returned to
+the tank in the face of the violent fire, dismounted a Hotchkiss gun,
+and took it back to where the wounded men were, keeping off the enemy
+all day by effective use of the gun, and later bringing it, with the
+wounded men, back to our lines under cover of darkness.
+
+[Illustration:
+
+ Two Officers of the United States Army Aviation Section, Lieutenant
+ Morrow and Lieutenant Holliday, making a flight in a Burgess Tractor.]
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gaffney, Frank, Private, first class_, 108th Infantry, 27th Division,
+Lockport, N. Y.—Ronssoy, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Private Gaffney, an
+automatic rifleman, pushed forward alone with his gun, after all the
+other members of his squad had been killed, discovered several Germans
+placing a heavy machine gun in position. He killed the crew, captured
+the gun, bombed several dugouts, and, after killing four more of the
+enemy with his pistol, held the position until reinforcement came up,
+when eighty prisoners were captured.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Latham, John Cridland, Sergeant_, M. G. Co., 107th Infantry, 27th
+Division, Westmoreland, England.—Le Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918.
+Becoming separated from their platoon by a smoke barrage, Sergeant
+Latham, Sergeant Alan L. Eggers, and Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took
+cover in a shell hole well within the enemy’s lines. Upon hearing a
+call for help from an American tank, which had become disabled thirty
+yards from them, the three soldiers left their shelter and started
+toward the tank under heavy fire from German machine guns and trench
+mortars. In crossing the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea was mortally
+wounded, but his companions, undeterred, proceeded to the tank, rescued
+a wounded officer, and assisted two wounded soldiers to cover in the
+sap of a nearby trench. Sergeant Latham and Sergeant Eggers then
+returned to the tank, in the face of the violent fire, dismounted a
+Hotchkiss gun, and took it back to where the wounded men were, keeping
+off the enemy all day by effective use of the gun and later bringing
+it, with the wounded men, back to our lines under cover of darkness.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Luke, Frank, Jr., Lieutenant_, 27th Aero Squadron, Phoenix,
+Ariz.—Murvaux, France, Sept. 29, 1918. After having previously
+destroyed a number of enemy aircraft within seventeen days, he
+voluntarily started on a patrol after German observation balloons.
+Though pursued by eight German planes, which were protecting the enemy
+balloon line, he unhesitatingly attacked and shot down in flames three
+German balloons, being himself under heavy fire from ground batteries
+and the hostile planes. Severely wounded, he descended to within fifty
+meters of the ground; and flying at this low altitude near the town of
+Murvaux, opened fire upon enemy troops, killing six and wounding as
+many more. Forced to make a landing and surrounded on all sides by the
+enemy, who called upon him to surrender, he drew his automatic pistol
+and defended himself gallantly until he fell dead from a wound in the
+chest.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_O’Shea, Thomas E., Corporal_, M. G. Co., 107th Infantry, 27th
+Division, Summit, N. J.—Le Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming
+separated from their platoon by a smoke barrage. Corporal O’Shea,
+with two other soldiers, took cover in a shell hole well within the
+enemy’s lines. Upon hearing a call for help from an American tank,
+which had become disabled thirty yards from them, the three soldiers
+left their shelter and started toward the tank under heavy fire from
+German machine guns and trench mortars. In crossing the fire-swept area
+Corporal O’Shea was mortally wounded and died of his wounds shortly
+afterward.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Waalker, Reider, Sergeant_, Co. A, 105th Infantry, 27th Division,
+Noretrand, Norway.—Ronssoy, France, Sept. 27, 1918. In the face of
+heavy artillery and machine-gun fire, he crawled forward in a burning
+British tank in which some of the crew were imprisoned, and succeeded
+in rescuing two men. Although the tank was then burning fiercely and
+contained ammunition which was likely to explode at any time, this
+soldier immediately returned to the tank, and, entering it, made a
+search for the other occupants, remaining until he satisfied himself
+that there were no more living men in the tank.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Turner, William S., First Lieutenant_, 105th Infantry, 27th Division,
+Dorchester, Mass.—Ronssoy, France, Sept. 27th, 1918. He led a small
+group of men to the attack, under terrific artillery and machine-gun
+fire, after they had become separated from the rest of the company
+in the darkness. Single-handed he rushed an enemy machine gun which
+had suddenly opened fire on his group and killed the crew with his
+pistol. He then pressed forward to another machine-gun post, 25 yards
+away, and had killed one gunner himself by the time the remainder of
+his detachment arrived and put the gun out of action. With the utmost
+bravery he continued to lead his men over three lines of hostile
+trenches, cleaning up each one as they advanced, regardless of the fact
+that he had been wounded three times, and killed several of the enemy
+in hand-to-hand encounters. After his pistol ammunition was exhausted,
+this gallant officer seized the rifle of a dead soldier, bayoneted
+several members of a machine-gun crew, and shot the others. Upon
+reaching the fourth-line trench, which was his objective, Lieutenant
+Turner captured it with the nine men remaining in his group, and
+resisted a hostile counter-attack until he was finally surrounded and
+killed.
+
+
+28TH DIVISION
+
+_Mestrovitch, James I, Sergeant_, Co. C, 111th Infantry, 28th Division,
+Fresno, Cal.—Fismette, France, Aug. 10, 1918. Seeing his company
+commander lying wounded thirty yards in front of the line after his
+company had withdrawn to a sheltered position behind a stone wall,
+Sergeant Mestrovitch voluntarily left cover and crawled through heavy
+machine-gun and shell-fire to where the officer lay. He took the
+officer upon his back and crawled back to a place of safety, where he
+administered first-aid treatment, his exceptional heroism saving the
+officer’s life.
+
+
+29TH DIVISION
+
+[Illustration: “Listening In”
+
+ An American Signal Battalion outpost “listening in” on a suspicious
+ wire somewhere in France. Complete telephone units including women
+ operators went over with the American troops.]
+
+_Costin, Henry G., Private_, Co. H, 115th Infantry, 29th Division, Cape
+Charles, Va.—Bois de Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. When the advance
+of his platoon had been held up by machine-gun fire and a request was
+made for an automatic-rifle team to charge the nest, Private Costin was
+the first to volunteer. Advancing with his team under terrific fire
+of enemy artillery, machine guns, and trench mortars, he continued
+after all his comrades had become casualties, and he himself had been
+seriously wounded. He operated his rifle until he collapsed. His act
+resulted in the capture of about 100 prisoners and several machine
+guns. He succumbed from the effects of his wounds shortly after the
+accomplishment of his heroic deed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gregory, Earl D., Sergeant_, H. Q. Co., 116th Infantry, 29th Division,
+Chase City, Va.—Boise de Consenvoye, north of Verdun, France, Oct. 8,
+1918. With the remark, “I will get them,” Sergeant Gregory seized a
+rifle and a trench-mortar shell which he used as a hand grenade, left
+his detachment of the trench-mortar platoon, and, advancing ahead of
+the infantry, captured a machine gun and three of the enemy. Advancing
+still further from the machine-gun nest, he captured a 7.5-centimeter
+mountain howitzer, and, entering a dugout in the immediate vicinity,
+single-handed captured nineteen of the enemy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Regan, Patrick, Second Lieutenant_, 115th Infantry, 29th Division, Los
+Angeles, Cal.—Bois de Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. While leading
+his platoon against a strong enemy machine-gun nest which had held up
+the advance of two companies, Lieut. Regan divided his men into three
+groups, sending one group to either flank, and he himself attacking
+with an automatic-rifle team from the front. Two of the team were
+killed outright, while Lieut. Regan and the third man were seriously
+wounded, the latter unable to advance. Although severely wounded,
+Lieut. Regan dashed with empty pistol into the machine-gun nest,
+capturing thirty Austrian gunners and four machine guns. This gallant
+deed permitted the companies to advance, avoiding a terrific enemy
+fire. Despite his wounds, he continued to lead his platoon forward
+until ordered to the rear by his commanding officer.
+
+
+30TH DIVISION
+
+_Adkinson, Joseph B., Sergeant_, Co. C, 119th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Atoka, Tenn.—Bellicourt, France, Sept. 29, 1918. When murderous
+machine-gun fire at a range of fifty yards had made it impossible for
+his platoon to advance, and had caused the platoon to take cover,
+Sergeant Adkinson alone, with the greatest intrepidity, rushed across
+the fifty yards of open ground directly into the face of the hostile
+machine gun, kicked the gun from the parapet into the enemy trench, and
+at the point of the bayonet captured the three men manning the gun. The
+gallantry and quick decision of this soldier enabled the platoon to
+resume its advance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Blackwell, Robert L., Private_, 119th Infantry, 30th Division, Hurdles
+Mills, N. C.—Saint Souplet, France, Oct. 11, 1918. When his platoon
+was almost surrounded by the enemy and his platoon commander asked
+for volunteers to carry a message calling for reinforcements, Private
+Blackwell volunteered for this mission, well knowing the extreme danger
+connected with it. In attempting to get through the heavy shell and
+machine-gun fire this gallant soldier was killed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Dozier, James C., First Lieutenant_, Co. G, 118th Infantry, 30th
+Division, Rock Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain, France, Oct. 8, 1918. In
+command of two platoons, Lieutenant Dozier was painfully wounded in
+the shoulder early in the attack, but he continued to lead his men,
+displaying the highest bravery and skill. When his command was held
+up by heavy machine-gun fire he disposed his men in the best cover
+available, and with a soldier continued forward to attack a machine-gun
+nest. Creeping up to the position in the face of intense fire, he
+killed the entire crew with hand grenades and his pistol; and a little
+later captured a number of Germans who had taken refuge in a dugout
+nearby.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Foster, Gary Evans, Sergeant_, Co. F, 118th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Inman, S. C.—Montbrehain, France, Oct. 8, 1918. When his company was
+held up by violent machine-gun fire from a sunken road Sergeant Foster,
+with an officer, went forward to attack the hostile machine-gun nests.
+The officer was wounded, but Sergeant Foster continued on alone in the
+face of heavy fire and by effective use of hand grenades and his pistol
+killed several of the enemy and captured eighteen.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hall, Thomas Lee, Sergeant_, Co. G, 118th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Fort Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain, France, Oct. 8, 1918. Having overcome
+two machine-gun nests under his skillful leadership, Sergeant Hall’s
+platoon was stopped 800 yards from its final objective by machine-gun
+fire of particular intensity. Ordering his men to take cover in a
+sunken road, he advanced alone on the enemy machine-gun post and killed
+five members of the crew with his bayonet and thereby made possible the
+further advance of the line. While attacking another machine-gun nest
+later in the day this gallant soldier was mortally wounded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Heriot, James D., Corporal_, Co. I, 118th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Providence, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny, France, Oct. 12, 1918. Corporal Heriot,
+with four other soldiers, organized a combat group and attacked an
+enemy machine-gun nest which had been inflicting heavy casualties on
+his company. In the advance two of his men were killed, and because
+of the heavy fire from all sides the remaining two sought shelter.
+Unmindful of the hazard attached to his mission, Corporal Heriot, with
+fixed bayonet, alone charged the machine gun, making his way through
+the fire for a distance of thirty yards and forcing the enemy to
+surrender. During his exploit he received several wounds in the arm,
+and later in the same day, while charging another nest, he was killed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hilton, Richmond H., Sergeant_, Co. H, 118th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Westville, S. C.—Brancourt, France, Oct. 11, 1918. While Sergeant
+Hilton’s company was advancing through the village of Brancourt it was
+held up by intense enfilading fire from a machine gun. Discovering
+that this fire came from a machine-gun nest among shell holes at the
+edge of the town, Sergeant Hilton, accompanied by a few other soldiers
+but well in advance of them, pressed on toward this position, firing
+with his rifle until his ammunition was exhausted, and then with his
+pistol killing six of the enemy and capturing ten. In the course of
+this daring exploit he received a wound from a bursting shell, which
+resulted in the loss of his arm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Karnes, James E., Sergeant_, Co. D, 117th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Knoxville, Tenn.—Estrées, France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance his
+company was held up by a machine gun which was enfilading the line.
+Accompanied by another soldier, he advanced against this position and
+succeeded in reducing the nest by killing three and capturing seven of
+the enemy and their guns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Lemert, Milo, First Sergeant_, Co. H, 119th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Grossville, Tenn.—Bellicourt, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Seeing that the
+left flank of his company was held up, he located the enemy machine-gun
+emplacement which had been causing heavy casualties. In the face of
+heavy fire he rushed it single-handed, killing the entire crew with
+grenades. Continuing along the enemy trench in advance of the company,
+he reached another emplacement which he also charged, silencing the
+gun with grenades. A third machine-gun emplacement opened upon him
+from the left, and, with similar skill and bravery, he destroyed this
+also. Later, in company with another sergeant, he attacked a fourth
+machine-gun nest, being killed as he reached the parapet of the
+emplacement. His courageous action in destroying in turn four enemy
+machine-gun nests prevented many casualties among his company and very
+materially aided in achieving the objective.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Talley, Edward R., Sergeant_, Co. L, 117th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Russellville, Tenn.—Ponchaux, France, Oct. 7, 1918. Undeterred
+by seeing several comrades killed in attempting to put a hostile
+machine-gun nest out of action, Sergeant Talley attacked the position
+single-handed. Armed only with a rifle, he rushed the nest in the face
+of intense enemy fire, killed or wounded at least six of the crew, and
+silenced the gun. When the enemy attempted to bring forward another gun
+and ammunition, he drove them back by effective fire from his rifle.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Villepigue, John C., Corporal_, Co. M, 118th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Camden, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny, France, Oct. 15, 1918. Having been sent out
+with two other soldiers to scout through the village of Vaux-Andigny,
+he met with strong resistance from enemy machine-gun fire, which killed
+one of his men and wounded the other. Continuing forward without
+aid, 500 yards in advance of his platoon and in the face of enemy
+machine-gun and artillery fire, he encountered four of the enemy in
+a dugout, whom he attacked and killed with a hand grenade. Crawling
+forward to a point 150 yards in advance of his first encounter, he
+rushed a machine-gun nest, killing four and capturing six of the enemy
+and taking two light machine guns. After being joined by his platoon he
+was severely wounded in the arm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Ward, Calvin, Private_, Co. D, 117th Infantry, 30th Division,
+Morristown, Tenn.—Estrées, France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance
+Private Ward’s company was held up by a machine gun, which was
+enfilading the line. Accompanied by a non-commissioned officer, he
+advanced against this post and succeeded in reducing the nest by
+killing three and capturing seven of the enemy and their guns.
+
+
+31ST DIVISION
+
+_Slack, Clayton K., Private_, Co. E, 124th Infantry, 31st Division,
+Lampson, Wis.—Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. Observing German
+soldiers under cover fifty yards away on the left flank, Private
+Slack, upon his own initiative, rushed them with his rifle, and,
+single-handed, captured ten prisoners and two heavy-type machine guns,
+thus saving his company and neighboring organizations from heavy
+casualties.
+
+
+33RD DIVISION
+
+_Allex, Jake, Corporal_, Co. H, 131st Infantry, 33rd Division,
+Chicago.—At Chipilly Ridge, France, Aug. 9, 1918. At a critical point
+in the action, when all the officers with his platoon had become
+casualties, Corporal Allex took command of the platoon and led it
+forward until the advance was stopped by fire from a machine-gun nest.
+He then advanced alone for about thirty yards in the face of intense
+fire and attacked the nest. With his bayonet he killed five of the
+enemy, and when it was broken used the butt end of his rifle, capturing
+fifteen prisoners.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Anderson, Johannes S., Sergeant_, Co. B, 132d Infantry, 33rd Division,
+Chicago, Ill.—Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. While his company was
+being held up by intense artillery and machine-gun fire, Sergeant
+Anderson, without aid, voluntarily left the company and worked his way
+to the rear of the nest that was offering the most stubborn resistance.
+His advance was made through an open area and under constant hostile
+fire; but the mission was successfully accomplished, and he not only
+silenced the gun and captured it, but also brought back with him
+twenty-three prisoners.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Gumpertz, Sydney G., First Sergeant_, Co. E, 132nd Infantry, 33rd
+Division, New York City.—Bois de Forges, France, Sept. 26, 1918. When
+the advancing line was held up by machine-gun fire, Sergeant Gumpertz
+left the platoon of which he was in command, and started with two
+other soldiers through a heavy barrage toward the machine-gun nest.
+His two companions soon became casualties from bursting shell, but
+Sergeant Gumpertz continued on alone in the face of direct fire from
+the machine gun, jumped into the nest and silenced the gun, capturing
+nine of the crew.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hill, Ralyn, Corporal_, Co. H, 129th Infantry, 33rd Division, Oregon,
+Ill.—Dannevoux, France, Oct. 7, 1918. Seeing a French aeroplane fall
+out of control on the enemy side of the Meuse River with its pilot
+injured, Corporal Hill voluntarily dashed across the footbridge to the
+side of the wounded man, and, taking him on his back, started back to
+his lines. During the entire exploit he was subjected to murderous fire
+of enemy machine guns and artillery, but he successfully accomplished
+his mission and brought his man to a place of safety, a distance of
+several hundred yards.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Loman, Berger, Private_, Co. H, 132nd Infantry, 33rd Division,
+Chicago.—Consenvoye, France, Oct. 9, 1918. When his company had reached
+a point within 100 yards of its objective, to which it was advancing
+under terrific machine-gun fire, Private Loman, voluntarily and
+unaided, made his way forward, after all others had taken shelter from
+the direct fire of an enemy machine gun. He crawled to a flank position
+of the gun, and, after killing or capturing the entire crew, turned the
+machine gun on the retreating enemy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Mallon, George H., Captain_, 132nd Infantry, 33rd Division, Kansas
+City, Mo.—Bois de Forges, France, Sept. 26, 1918. Becoming separated
+from the balance of his company because of a fog, Captain Mallon, with
+nine soldiers, pushed forward and attacked nine active hostile machine
+guns, capturing all of them without the loss of a man. Continuing
+on through the woods, he led his men in attacking a battery of four
+155-millimeter howitzers, which were in action, rushing the position
+and capturing the battery and its crew. In this encounter Captain
+Mallon personally attacked one of the enemy with his fists. Later, when
+the party came upon two more machine guns, this officer sent men to the
+flanks while he rushed forward directly in the face of the fire and
+silenced the guns, being the first one of the party to reach the nest.
+The exceptional gallantry and determination displayed by Captain Mallon
+resulted in the capture of 100 prisoners, eleven machine guns, four
+155-millimeter howitzers, and one anti-aircraft gun.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Pope, Thomas A., Corporal_, Co. E, 131st Infantry, 33rd Division,
+Chicago.—Hamel, France, July 4, 1918. His company was advancing behind
+the tanks when it was halted by hostile machine-gun fire. Going forward
+alone, he rushed a machine-gun nest, killed several of the crew with
+his bayonet, and, standing astride of his gun, held off the others
+until reinforcements arrived and captured them.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Sandlin, Willie, Private_, Co. A, 132nd Infantry, 33rd Division,
+Hayden, Ky.—Bois de Forges, France, Sept. 26, 1918. He showed
+conspicuous gallantry in action by advancing alone directly on a
+machine-gun nest which was holding up the line with its fire. He killed
+the crew with a grenade and enabled the line to advance. Later in the
+day he attacked alone and put out of action two other machine-gun
+nests, setting a splendid example of bravery and coolness to his
+comrades.
+
+
+35TH DIVISION
+
+_Skinker, Alexander R., Captain_, 138th Infantry, 35th Division, St.
+Louis, Mo.—Cheppy, France, Sept. 26, 1918. Unwilling to sacrifice his
+men when his company was held up by terrific machine-gun fire from
+iron “pill boxes” in the Hindenburg line, Captain Skinker personally
+led an automatic rifleman and a carrier in an attack on the machine
+guns. The carrier was killed instantly, but Captain Skinker seized the
+ammunition and continued through an opening in the barbed wire, feeding
+the automatic rifle until he, too, was killed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Wold, Nels, Private_, Co. I, 138th Infantry, 35th Division, McIntosh,
+Minn.—Cheppy, France, Sept. 26, 1918. He rendered most gallant service
+in aiding the advance of his company, which had been held up by
+machine-gun nests, advancing with one other soldier and silencing the
+guns, bringing with him upon his return eleven prisoners. Later the
+same day he jumped from a trench and rescued a comrade who was about to
+be shot by a German officer, killing the officer during the exploit.
+His actions were entirely voluntary, and it was while attempting to
+rush a fifth machine-gun nest that he was killed. The advance of his
+company was mainly due to his great courage and devotion to duty.
+
+
+36TH DIVISION
+
+_Sampler, Samuel H., Sergeant_, Co. M, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division,
+Mangum, Okla.—St. Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. His company having
+suffered severe casualties during an advance under machine-gun fire,
+was finally stopped. Sergeant Sampler, then a Corporal, detected
+the position of the enemy machine guns on an elevation. Armed with
+German hand grenades, which he had picked up, he left the line and
+rushed forward in the face of heavy fire until he was near the hostile
+nest, where he grenaded the position. His third grenade landed among
+the enemy, killing two, silencing the machine guns and causing the
+surrender of twenty-eight Germans, whom he sent to the rear as
+prisoners. As a result of his act the company was immediately enabled
+to resume the advance.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Turner, Harold L., Corporal_, Co. F, 142nd Infantry, 36th Division,
+Seminole, Okla.—St. Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon
+had started the attack, Corporal Turner assisted in organizing a
+platoon consisting of the battalion scouts, runners, and a detachment
+of the Signal Corps. As second in command of this platoon, he
+fearlessly led them forward through heavy enemy fire, continually
+encouraging the men. Later he encountered deadly machine-gun fire which
+reduced the strength of his command to but four men, and these were
+obliged to take shelter. The enemy machine-gun emplacement, twenty-five
+yards distant, kept up a continual fire from four machine guns. After
+the fire had shifted momentarily, Corporal Turner rushed forward with
+fixed bayonet and charged the position alone, capturing the strong
+point, with a complement of fifty Germans and four machine guns.
+His remarkable display of courage and fearlessness was instrumental
+in destroying the strong point, the fire from which had blocked the
+advance of his company.
+
+[Illustration: American Troops at the Double-Quick
+
+This picture shows our boys charging on snow-covered ground.]
+
+
+42ND DIVISION
+
+_Manning, Sidney E., Corporal_, Co. C, 167th Infantry, 42nd Division,
+Flomaton, Ala.—Breuvannes, France, July 28, 1918. When his platoon
+commander and platoon sergeant had both become casualties soon after
+the beginning of an assault on strongly fortified heights overlooking
+the Ourcq River, Corporal Manning took command of his platoon, which
+was near the center of the attacking line. Though himself severely
+wounded, he led forward the thirty-five men remaining in the platoon,
+and finally succeeded in gaining a foothold on enemy position, during
+which time he had received more wounds, and all but seven of his men
+had fallen. Directing the consolidation of the position, he held off
+a large body of the enemy only fifty yards away by fire from his
+automatic rifle. He declined to take cover until the line had been
+entirely consolidated with the line of the platoon on the flank, when
+he dragged himself to shelter, suffering from nine wounds in all parts
+of the body.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Neibaur, Thomas C., Private_, Co. M, 167th Infantry, 42nd Division,
+Sumner City, Idaho.—Landers, St. Georges, France, Oct. 16, 1918. On
+the afternoon of Oct. 16, 1918, when the Côte de Chatillon had just
+been gained after bitter fighting and the summit of that strong bulwark
+in the Kriemhilde Stellung was being organized, Private Neibaur was
+sent out on patrol with his automatic-rifle squad to enfilade enemy
+machine-gun nests. As he gained the ridge he set up his automatic
+rifle and was directly thereafter wounded in both legs by fire from a
+hostile machine gun on his flank. The advance wave of the enemy troops
+counter-attacking had about gained the ridge; and, although practically
+cut off and surrounded, the remainder of his detachment being killed or
+wounded, this gallant soldier kept his automatic rifle in operation to
+such effect that by his own efforts and by fire from the skirmish line
+of his company, at least 100 yards in his rear, the attack was checked.
+The enemy wave being halted and lying prone, four of the enemy attacked
+Private Neibaur at close quarters. These he killed. He then moved along
+among the enemy lying on the ground about him. In the midst of the fire
+from his own lines, and by coolness and gallantry, he captured eleven
+prisoners at the point of his pistol, and, although painfully wounded,
+brought them back to our lines. The counter-attack in full force was
+arrested, to a large extent, by the single efforts of this soldier,
+whose heroic exploits took place against the sky line in full view of
+his entire battalion.
+
+
+77TH DIVISION
+
+_Kaufman, Benjamin, First Sergeant_, Co. K, 308th Infantry, 77th
+Division, Brooklyn, N. Y.—Forest d’Argonne, France, Oct. 4, 1918. He
+took out a patrol for the purpose of attacking an enemy machine gun
+which had checked the advance of his company. Before reaching the
+gun he became separated from his patrol, and a machine-gun bullet
+shattered his right arm. Without hesitation he advanced on the gun
+alone, throwing grenades with his left hand and charging with an empty
+pistol, taking one prisoner and scattering the crew, bringing the gun
+and prisoner back to the first-aid station.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_McMurtry, George G., Captain_, 308th Infantry, 77th Division, New
+York City.—Forest d’Argonne, France, Oct. 2-8, 1918. Captain McMurtry
+commanded a battalion which was cut off and surrounded by the enemy;
+and, although wounded in the knee by shrapnel on Oct. 4th and suffering
+great pain, he continued throughout the entire period to encourage his
+officers and men with a resistless optimism that contributed largely
+toward preventing panic and disorder among the troops who, without
+food, were cut off from communication with our lines. On Oct. 4th,
+during a heavy barrage, he personally directed and supervised the
+moving of the wounded to shelter before himself seeking shelter. On
+Oct. 6th, he was again wounded in the shoulder by a German grenade,
+but continued personally to organize and direct the defense against
+the German attack on the position until the attack was defeated. He
+continued to direct and command his troops, refusing relief, and after
+assistance arrived personally led his men out of the position before
+permitting himself to be taken to the hospital on Oct. 8th. During this
+period the successful defense of the position was due largely to his
+efforts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Miles, L. Wardlaw, Captain_, 308th Infantry, 77th Division, Princeton,
+N. J.—Révillon, France, Sept. 14, 1918. Captain Miles volunteered to
+lead his company in a hazardous attack on a commanding trench position
+near the Aisne Canal, which other troops had previously attempted
+to take without success. His company immediately met with intense
+machine-gun fire, against which it had no artillery assistance, but
+Captain Miles preceded the first wave and assisted in cutting a passage
+through the enemy’s wire entanglements. In so doing he was wounded five
+times by machine-gun bullets, both legs and one arm being fractured,
+whereupon he ordered himself placed on a stretcher and had himself
+carried forward to the enemy trench in order that he might encourage
+and direct his company, which by this time had suffered numerous
+casualties. Under the inspiration of this officer’s indomitable spirit
+his men held the hostile position and consolidated the front line
+after an action lasting two hours, at the conclusion of which Captain
+Miles was carried to the aid station against his will.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Peck, Archie A., Private_, Co. A, 307th Infantry, 77th Division,
+Hornell, N. Y.—Forest d’Argonne, France, Oct. 6, 1918. While engaged
+with two other soldiers on patrol duty he and his comrades were
+subjected to the direct fire of an enemy machine gun, at which time
+both his companions were wounded. Returning to his company, he obtained
+another soldier to accompany him to assist in bringing in the wounded
+men. His assistant was killed in the exploit, but he continued on,
+twice returning, and safely bringing in both men, being under terrific
+machine-gun fire during the entire journey.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Smith, Frederick E., Lieutenant Colonel_, 308th Infantry, 77th
+Division, Portland, Ore.—Binarville, France, Sept. 28, 1918. When
+communication from the forward regimental post of command to the
+battalion leading the advance had been interrupted temporarily by the
+infiltration of small parties of the enemy armed with machine guns,
+Lieut. Col. Smith personally led a party of two other officers and
+ten soldiers, and went forward to re-establish runner posts and carry
+ammunition to the front line. The guide became confused and the party
+strayed to the left flank beyond the outposts of supporting troops,
+suddenly coming under fire from a group of enemy machine guns only
+fifty yards away. Shouting to the other members of his party to take
+cover, this officer, in disregard of his own danger, drew his pistol
+and opened fire on the German gun crew. About this time he fell,
+severely wounded in the side; but, regaining his footing, he continued
+to fire on the enemy until most of the men in his party were out of
+danger. Refusing first-aid treatment, he then made his way in plain
+view of the enemy to a hand grenade dump and returned under continued
+heavy machine-gun fire for the purpose of making another attack on
+the enemy emplacements. As he was attempting to ascertain the exact
+location of the nearest nest, he again fell, mortally wounded.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Whittlesey, Charles W., Lieutenant Colonel_, 308th Infantry, 77th
+Division, Pittsfield, Mass.—Binarville, in the Forest d’ Argonne,
+France, Oct. 2-7, 1918. Although cut off for five days from the
+remainder of his division, Major Whittlesey maintained his position
+which he had reached under orders received for an advance; and held his
+command, consisting originally of 463 officers and men of the 308th
+Infantry and of Company K of the 307th Infantry together, in the face
+of superior numbers of the enemy during the five days. Major Whittlesey
+and his command were thus cut off, and no rations or other supplies
+reached him, in spite of determined efforts which were made by his
+division. On the fourth day Major Whittlesey received from the enemy
+a written proposition to surrender, which he treated with contempt,
+although he was at that time out of rations and had suffered a loss
+of about 50 percent. in killed and wounded of his command and was
+surrounded by the enemy.
+
+
+78TH DIVISION
+
+_Sawelson, William, Sergeant_, Co. —, 312th Infantry, 78th Division,
+Harrison, N. J.—Grandpré, France, Oct. 26, 1918. Hearing a wounded
+man in a shell hole some distance away calling for water, Sergeant
+Sawelson, upon his own initiative, left shelter and crawled through
+heavy machine-gun fire to where the man lay, giving him what water he
+had in his canteen. He then went back to his own shell hole, obtained
+more water and was returning to the wounded man when he was killed by a
+machine-gun bullet.
+
+
+82ND DIVISION
+
+_Pike, Emory J., Lieutenant Colonel_, Division Machine Gun Officer,
+82nd Division, Des Moines, Iowa.—Vandières, France, Sept. 15, 1918.
+Having gone forward to reconnoiter new machine-gun positions, Colonel
+Pike offered his assistance in reorganizing advance infantry units,
+which had become disorganized during a heavy artillery shelling.
+He succeeded in locating only about twenty men, but with these he
+advanced; and when later joined by several infantry platoons rendered
+inestimable service in establishing outposts, encouraging all by
+his cheeriness, in spite of the extreme danger of the situation.
+When a shell had wounded one of the men in the outpost, Colonel Pike
+immediately went to his aid and was severely wounded himself when
+another shell burst in the same place. While waiting to be brought
+to the rear, Colonel Pike continued in command, still retaining his
+jovial manner of encouragement, directing the reorganization until
+the position could be held. The entire operation was carried on under
+terrific bombardment; and the example of courage and devotion to duty,
+as set by Colonel Pike, established the highest standard of morale and
+confidence to all under his charge. The wounds he received were the
+cause of his death.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_York, Alvin C., Sergeant_, Co. G, 328th Infantry, 82nd Division, Pall
+Mall, Tenn.—Châtel-Chéhéry, France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon had
+suffered heavy casualties and three other non-commissioned officers had
+become casualties, Corporal York assumed command. Fearlessly leading
+seven men, he charged, with great daring, a machine-gun nest which was
+pouring deadly and incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic feat
+the machine-gun nest was taken, together with four officers and 128 men
+and several guns.
+
+
+89TH DIVISION
+
+_Barger, Charles D., Private, first class_, Co. L, 354th Infantry, 89th
+Division, Stotts City, Mo.—Bois de Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918.
+Learning that two daylight patrols had been caught out in No Man’s Land
+and were unable to return, Private Barger and another stretcher bearer,
+upon their own initiative, made two trips 500 yards beyond our lines,
+under constant machine-gun fire, and rescued two wounded officers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Barkeley, David B., Private_, Co. A, 356 Infantry, 89th Division, San
+Antonio, Texas.—Pouilly, France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information was
+desired as to the enemy’s position on the opposite side of the River
+Meuse, Private Barkeley, with another soldier, volunteered without
+hesitation and swam the river to reconnoiter the exact location.
+He succeeded in reaching the opposite bank, despite the evident
+determination of the enemy to prevent a crossing. Having obtained his
+information, he again entered the water for his return, but before his
+goal was reached he was seized with cramps and drowned.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Chiles, Marcellus H., Captain_, 356th Infantry, 89th Division, Denver,
+Col.—Le Champy-Bas, France, Nov. 3, 1918. When his battalion, of which
+he had just taken command, was halted by machine-gun fire from the
+front and left flank he picked up the rifle of a dead soldier and,
+calling on his men to follow, led the advance across a stream, waist
+deep, in the face of the machine-gun fire. Upon reaching the opposite
+bank this gallant officer was seriously wounded in the abdomen by a
+sniper; but before permitting himself to be evacuated he made complete
+arrangements for turning over his command to the next senior officer;
+and under the inspiration of his fearless leadership his battalion
+reached its objective. Captain Chiles died shortly after reaching the
+hospital.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Forrest, Arthur J., Sergeant_, Co. D, 354th Infantry, 89th Division,
+Hannibal, Mo.—Rémonville, France, Nov. 1, 1918. When the advance of
+his company was stopped by bursts of fire from a nest of six enemy
+machine guns, he worked his way single-handed without being discovered
+to a point within fifty yards of the machine-gun nest. Charging,
+single-handed, he drove out the enemy in disorder, thereby protecting
+the advance platoon from annihilating fire, and permitting the
+resumption of the advance of his company.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Funk, Jesse N., Private, first class_, 354th Infantry, 89th Division,
+Calnan, Col.—Bois de Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918. Learning that
+two daylight patrols had been caught out in No Man’s Land and were
+unable to return, Private Funk and another stretcher bearer, upon
+their own initiative, made two trips 500 yards beyond our lines, under
+constant machine-gun fire, and rescued two wounded officers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Furlong, Richard A., First Lieutenant_, 353rd Infantry, 89th Division,
+Detroit, Mich.—Bantheville, France, Nov. 1, 1918. Immediately after the
+opening of the attack in the Bois de Bantheville, when his company was
+held up by severe machine-gun fire from the front, which killed his
+company commander and several soldiers, Lieutenant Furlong moved out in
+advance of the line with great courage and coolness, crossing an open
+space several hundred yards wide. Taking up a position behind the line
+of machine guns, he closed in on them, one at a time, killing a number
+of the enemy with his rifle, putting four machine-gun nests out of
+action, and driving twenty German prisoners into our lines.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Hatler, M. Waldo, Sergeant_, Co. B, 356th Infantry, 89th Division,
+Neosho, Mo.—Pouilly, France, Nov. 8, 1918. When volunteers were called
+for to secure information as to the enemy’s position on the opposite
+bank of the Meuse River, Sergeant Hatler was the first to offer his
+services for this dangerous mission. Swimming across the river, he
+succeeded in reaching the German lines after another soldier who had
+started with him had been seized with cramps and drowned in midstream.
+Alone he carefully and courageously reconnoitered the enemy’s
+positions, which were held in force, and again successfully swam the
+river, bringing back information of great value.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Johnston, Harold I., Sergeant_, Co. A, 356th Infantry, 89th Division,
+Denver, Col.—Pouilly, France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information was
+desired as to the enemy’s position on the opposite side of the River
+Meuse, Sergeant Johnston, with another soldier, volunteered without
+hesitation and swam the river to reconnoiter the exact location of the
+enemy. He succeeded in reaching the opposite bank, despite the evident
+determination of the enemy to prevent a crossing. Having obtained
+his information, he again entered the water for his return. This was
+accomplished after a severe struggle, which so exhausted him that he
+had to be assisted from the water, after which he rendered his report
+of the exploit.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Wickersham, J. Hunter, Second Lieutenant_, 353rd Infantry, 89th
+Division, Denver, Col.—Limey, France, Sept. 12, 1918. Advancing with
+his platoon during the St. Mihiel offensive, he was severely wounded
+in four places by the bursting of a high-explosive shell. Before
+receiving any aid for himself he dressed the wounds of his orderly who
+was wounded at the same time. Then, although weakened by the loss of
+blood, he ordered and accompanied the further advance of his platoon.
+His right hand and arm being disabled by wounds, he continued to fire
+his revolver with his left hand, until, exhausted by loss of blood, he
+fell and died from his wounds before aid could be administered.
+
+
+91ST DIVISION
+
+_Katz, Philip C., Sergeant_, Co. C, 363rd Infantry, 91st Division,
+San Francisco, Cal.—Eclis-fontaine, France, Sept. 26, 1918. After his
+company had withdrawn for a distance of 200 yards on a line with the
+units on its flanks, Sergeant Katz learned that one of his comrades had
+been left wounded in an exposed position at the point from which the
+withdrawal had taken place. Voluntarily crossing an area swept by heavy
+machine-gun fire, he advanced to where the wounded soldier lay and
+carried him to a place of safety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Miller, Oscar F., Major_, 361st Infantry, 91st Division, Los Angeles,
+Cal.—Gesnes, France, Sept. 28, 1918. After two days of intense physical
+and mental strain, during which Major Miller had led his battalion
+in the front line of the advance through the forest of Argonne, the
+enemy was met in a prepared position south of Gesnes. Though almost
+exhausted, he energetically reorganized his battalion and ordered an
+attack. Upon reaching open ground, the advancing line began to waver
+in the face of machine-gun fire from the front and flanks, and direct
+artillery fire. Personally leading his command group forward between
+his front line companies, Major Miller inspired his men by his personal
+courage; and they again pressed on toward the hostile position. As
+this officer led the renewed attack he was shot in the right leg, but
+he nevertheless staggered forward at the head of his command. Soon
+afterward he was again shot in the right arm, but he continued the
+charge, personally cheering his troops on through the heavy machine-gun
+fire. Just before the objective was reached he received a wound in the
+abdomen which forced him to the ground, but he continued to urge his
+men on, telling them to push on to the next ridge and leave him where
+he lay. He died from his wounds a few days later.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Seibert, Lloyd M., Sergeant_, Co. F., 364th Infantry, 91st Division,
+Salinas, Cal.—Epinonville, France, Sept. 26, 1918. Suffering from
+illness, Sergeant Seibert remained with his platoon and led his
+men with the highest courage and leadership under heavy shell and
+machine-gun fire. With two other soldiers he charged a machine-gun
+emplacement in advance of their company, he himself killing one of the
+enemy with a shotgun and captured two others. In this encounter he was
+wounded, but he nevertheless continued in action; and when a withdrawal
+was ordered he returned with the last unit, assisting a wounded
+comrade. Later in the evening he volunteered and carried in wounded
+until he fainted from exhaustion.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_West, Chester H., First Sergeant_, Co. D, 363rd Infantry, 91st
+Division, Idaho, Falls, Idaho.—Bois de Cheppy, France, Sept. 26, 1918.
+While making his way through a thick fog with his automatic-rifle
+section, his advance was halted by direct and unusual machine-gun
+fire from two guns. Without aid he at once dashed through the fire,
+and attacking the nest killed two of the gunners, one of whom was an
+officer. This prompt and decisive hand-to-hand encounter on his part
+enabled his company to advance further without the loss of a man.
+
+
+93RD DIVISION
+
+_Robb, George S., First Lieutenant_, 369th Infantry, 93rd Division,
+Saline, Kan.—Séchault, France, Sept 29-30, 1918. While leading his
+platoon in the assault on Séchault, Lieutenant Robb was severely
+wounded by machine-gun fire; but rather than go to the rear for proper
+treatment he remained with his platoon until ordered to the dressing
+station by his commanding officer. Returning within forty-five minutes,
+he remained on duty throughout the entire night, inspecting his lines
+and establishing outposts. Early the next morning he was again wounded,
+once again displaying his remarkable devotion to duty by remaining in
+command of his platoon. Later the same day a bursting shell added two
+more wounds, the same shell killing his commanding officer and two
+officers of his company. He then assumed command of the company and
+organized its position in the trenches. Displaying wonderful courage
+and tenacity at the critical times, he was the only officer of his
+battalion who advanced beyond the town; and by clearing machine-gun
+and sniping posts, contributed largely to the aid of his battalion in
+holding their objective. His example of bravery and fortitude and his
+eagerness to continue with his mission despite severe wounds set before
+the enlisted men of his command a most wonderful standard of morale and
+self-sacrifice.
+
+
+TANK CORPS
+
+_Call, Donald M., Second Lieutenant_, Tank Corps, Larchmont, N.
+Y.—Varennes, France, Sept. 26, 1918. During an operation against enemy
+machine-gun nests west of Varennes, Lieutenant Call, then Corporal, was
+in a tank with an officer, when half of the turret was knocked off by a
+direct artillery hit. Choked by gas from the high-explosive shell, he
+left the tank and took cover in a shell hole thirty yards away. Seeing
+that the officer did not follow, and thinking that he might be alive,
+Corporal Call returned to the tank under intense machine-gun and shell
+fire and carried the officer over a mile under machine-gun and sniper
+fire to safety.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Roberts, Garold W., Corporal_, Tank Corps, San Francisco,
+Cal.—Montrebeau Woods, France, Oct. 4, 1918. Corporal Roberts, a tank
+driver, was moving his tank into a clump of bushes to afford protection
+to another tank which had become disabled. The tank slid into a
+shell hole ten feet deep and filled with water, and was immediately
+submerged. Knowing that only one of the two men in the tank could
+escape, Corporal Roberts said to the gunner, “Well, only one of us can
+get out, and out you go.” Whereupon he pushed his companion through the
+back door of the tank and was himself drowned.
+
+
+
+
+  Transcriber’s Notes
+
+  pg 37 Changed: They let go their ammuntion belts
+             to: They let go their ammunition belts
+
+  pg 50 Changed: Colonel Montgomery commandered General O’Ryan’s
+                 racing car
+             to: Colonel Montgomery commandeered General O’Ryan’s
+                 racing car
+
+  pg 64 Changed: generally understod among us brothers
+             to: generally understood among us brothers
+
+  pg 75 Changed: The comandming officer of the 32nd
+             to: The commanding officer of the 32nd
+
+  pg 78 Changed: into the French capital were greeted with enthsuiasm
+             to: into the French capital were greeted with enthusiasm
+
+  pg 82 Changed: Had is done what had been intended
+             to: Had it done what had been intended
+
+  pg 106 Changed: a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s adtillery
+              to: a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s artillery
+
+  pg 127 Changed: I could not restrtain myself any longer
+              to: I could not restrain myself any longer
+
+  pg 277 Changed: picked up 156 offcers and men
+              to: picked up 156 officers and men
+
+  pg 309 Changed: Involntarily, without the smallest intention of
+                  quitting
+              to: Involuntarily, without the smallest intention of
+                  quitting
+
+  pg 345 Changed: (an offishoot of the National German-American
+                  Alliance)
+              to: (an offshoot of the National German-American
+                  Alliance)
+
+  pg 383 Changed: awaited the second shock we knew would some
+              to: awaited the second shock we knew would come
+
+  pg 390 Changed: further established liason with two French batteries
+              to: further established liaison with two French batteries
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***
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+<body>
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***</div>
+
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width: 85%">
+<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover">
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h1>DEEDS OF HEROISM AND BRAVERY</h1>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp5" id="i_a_half-title" style="max-width: 6.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_half-title.jpg" alt="Decoration">
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_a_frontispiece" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_frontispiece.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+By J. F. Bouchor<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">Honor to the Brave</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center no-indent fs200 wsp">
+DEEDS OF HEROISM<br>
+AND BRAVERY</p>
+<p class="center no-indent fs150 wsp">
+<em>The Book of Heroes and<br>
+Personal Daring</em></p>
+<br>
+<p class="center no-indent wsp lh">INTRODUCTION BY<br>
+<span class="fs130">RUPERT HUGHES</span><br>
+<br>
+<span class="fs90">EDITED BY</span><br>
+<span class="fs120">ELWYN A. BARRON</span><br>
+<br>
+<em>Profusely Illustrated</em></p>
+<br>
+<figure class="figcenter illowp15" id="i_a_title_page" style="max-width: 24.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_a_title_page.jpg" alt="Decoration">
+</figure>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<p class="center no-indent wsp lh"><span class="smcap fs150">Harper &amp; Brothers Publishers</span><br>
+NEW YORK AND LONDON<br>
+Established 1817<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p class="center no-indent fs70 wsp">
+<span class="smcap">Deeds of Heroism and Bravery</span></p>
+
+<hr class="r5">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs70 wsp">Copyright, 1920, by Harper &amp; Brothers<br>
+Printed in the United States of America<br>
+<span class="fs90">E-V</span><br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable lh" style="width: 70%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdr fs70">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">I. FIELD AND TRENCH ORDEALS</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“And a Few Marines”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AND_A_FEW_MARINES">1</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Forward Lancers</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FORWARD_LANCERS">10</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">An Unparalleled Hero</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AN_UNPARALLELED_HERO">13</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Nemesis of Flame</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_NEMESIS_OF_FLAME">18</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">He Jests at Scars</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HE_JESTS_AT_SCARS">20</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Epic of the Foreign Legion</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EPIC_OF_THE_FOREIGN_LEGION">27</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“Doc” of the Fifth</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DOC_OF_THE_FIFTH">32</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Couldn’t Stop Them</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COULDNT_STOP_THEM">35</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of Our Boys</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_OUR_BOYS">41</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Guthrie of the Kilties</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GUTHRIE_OF_THE_KILTIES">44</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not So Unspeakable</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_SO_UNSPEAKABLE">47</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Medical Corps</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_MEDICAL_CORPS">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Some Red Cross Weaklings</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SOME_RED_CROSS_WEAKLINGS">49</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“Eh! Men, ’Twas Grand!”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EH_MON_TWAS_GRAND">55</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One Survived</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_SURVIVED">57</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Tank Man Talks</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TANK-MAN_TALKS">58</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Garibaldi Code</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_GARIBALDI_CODE">62</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Bald Facts</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_BALD_FACTS">65</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">O’Leary Stepped In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#OLEARY_STEPPED_IN">71</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">When the Yanks Went In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHEN_THE_YANKS_WENT_IN">74</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Humor and Heroism</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HUMOR_AND_HEROISM">79</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">England’s Indian Warriors</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ENGLANDS_INDIAN_WARRIORS">85</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Lively Introduction</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_LIVELY_INTRODUCTION">92</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Valiant Gentleman</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_VALIANT_GENTLEMAN">95</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Where Denominations End</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHERE_DENOMINATIONS_END">100</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Buckeyes or Spearheads</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BUCKEYES_OR_SPEARHEADS">103</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal Holmes’ Way</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CORPORAL_HOLMESS_WAY">106</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not Dead But Fighting</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_DEAD_BUT_FIGHTING">109</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">When the Light Failed</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHEN_THE_LIGHT_FAILED">114</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Cloud of Blacks</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_CLOUD_OF_BLACKS">116</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Hubbell Bagged ’Em</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HUBBELL_BAGGED_EM">121</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Was He a Coward?</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WAS_HE_A_COWARD">123</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Two Heroes of Hill 60</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TWO_HEROES_OF_HILL_60">128</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Freyberg, V. C.</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COLONEL_FREYBERG_VC">131</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of the D. S. C. Men</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_THE_D_S_C_MEN">133</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Colored Troops Reach the Rhine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#COLORED_TROOPS_REACH_THE_RHINE">135</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Good Old Potts</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GOOD_OLD_POTTS">138</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">It Was Up to Bill</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#IT_WAS_UP_TO_BILL">139</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Rendezvous</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_RENDEZVOUS">142</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Staying to the End</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#STAYING_TO_THE_END">146</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Without the Glamour</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WITHOUT_THE_GLAMOUR">147</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Big Adam’s Hare Soup</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BIG_ADAMS_HARE_SOUP">156</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Blue Grass Canadian</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_BLUE_GRASS_CANADIAN">158</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Mistress “Razzle Dazzle”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#MISTRESS_RAZZLE_DAZZLE">165</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Painter Soldier</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_PAINTER_SOLDIER">169</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">II. WOMEN WHO DARED</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell Martyr Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELLMARTYR-HEROINE">172</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Picardy Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_PICARDY_HEROINE">181</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Girls of the Battalion</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#GIRLS_OF_THE_BATTALION">183</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Her Ambulance Unit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HER_AMBULANCE_UNIT">186</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A True Heroine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_TRUE_HEROINE">188</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Heroine of Humanity</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_HEROINE_OF_HUMANITY">190</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">III. ADVENTURE IN THE AIR</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One of the Great “Aces”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_OF_THE_GREAT_ACES">191</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Lafayette Escadrille</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_LAFAYETTE_ESCADRILLE">196</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Legendary Hero</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_LEGENDARY_HERO">202</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Worthy Citation</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WORTHY_CITATION">207</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Challenge Duel</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_CHALLENGE_DUEL">209</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">An American Wonder</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AN_AMERICAN_WONDER">211</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One to Twenty-two</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_TO_TWENTY-TWO">215</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">From Saddle to CockPit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FROM_SADDLE_TO_COCKPIT">215</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Dodging “Jack Death”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DODGING_JACK_DEATH">221</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Warneford’s Triumph</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WARNEFORDS_TRIUMPH">223</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">One Minute Plus</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ONE_MINUTE_PLUS">227</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“The Pictures Are Good”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_PICTURES_ARE_GOOD">232</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Subduing the Turk</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SUBDUING_THE_TURK">235</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Daring Pursuit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_DARING_PURSUIT">237</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Roosevelt Boys</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_ROOSEVELT_BOYS">238</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Just What He Wanted</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#JUST_WHAT_HE_WANTED">249</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">“The Red Battle Flyer”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_RED_BATTLE_FLYER">253</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Pat O’Brien Outwits the Hun</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#PAT_OBRIEN_OUTWITS_THE_HUN">257</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Track and Trackless Winner</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_TRACK_AND_TRACKLESS_WINNER">259</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Gunboat (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_GUNBOAT">264</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">IV. SEA AND SUB-SEA STORIES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Captain Fryatt’s Murder</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CAPTAIN_FRYATTS_MURDER">265</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Jules Verne Vindicated</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#JULES_VERNE_VINDICATED">271</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Weddigen’s Wonder Feat</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WEDDIGENS_WONDER_FEAT">274</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Torpedoed</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TORPEDOED">281</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Valleys of the Blue Shrouds</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_VALLEYS_OF_THE_BLUE_SHROUDS">288</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rizzo Sinks the <em>Wien</em></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#RIZZO_SINKS_THE_WIEN">290</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELL">291</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">As of Old</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AS_OF_OLD">293</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Death in a Submarine</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DEATH_IN_A_SUBMARINE">295</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">A Notable Exploit</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#A_NOTABLE_EXPLOIT">297</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Rescue Extraordinary</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#RESCUE_EXTRAORDINARY">304</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">I Have a Rendezvous with Death (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#I_HAVE_A_RENDEZVOUS_WITH_DEATH">315</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Tricking the Turk</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#TRICKING_THE_TURK">317</a><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</span></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Canadians (Poem)</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CANADIANS">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">First of Its Kind</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FIRST_OF_ITS_KIND">318</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Not to Be Forgotten</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#NOT_TO_BE_FORGOTTEN">322</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Christmas in the Trenches</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#CHRISTMAS_IN_THE_TRENCHES">324</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">V. ESPIONAGE AND SPIES</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Spying at Its Worst</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#SPYING_AT_ITS_WORST">326</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">As to Spies in England</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AS_TO_SPIES_IN_ENGLAND">348</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell’s Betrayer</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELLS_BETRAYER">352</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Edith Cavell</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EDITH_CAVELL2">354</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Spy Mill</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_SPY_MILL">355</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Alois the Silent</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#ALOIS_THE_SILENT">357</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Eye of the Morning</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#EYE_OF_THE_MORNING">360</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Better Wrecker than Spy</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#BETTER_WRECKER_THAN_SPY">363</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Delicate Scruples</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#DELICATE_SCRUPLES">368</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Frustrated Diabolism</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#FRUSTRATED_DIABOLISM">369</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Here’s to Constable Richings</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#HERES_TO_CONSTABLE_RITCHINGS">378</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">What Gilles Brought In</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#WHAT_GILLES_BROUGHT_IN">379</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" style="margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em;" colspan="2">VI. AMERICA AT THE FRONT</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Rock of the Marne</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#THE_ROCK_OF_THE_MARNE">381</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">America’s Highest War Honor</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#AMERICAS_HIGHEST_WAR_HONOR">388</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ILLUSTRATIONS_IN_COLOR">ILLUSTRATIONS IN COLOR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<table class="autotable lh" style="width: 70%">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl" colspan="2">Honors to the Brave</td>
+<td class="tdr fs80"><em><a href="#i_a_frontispiece">Frontispiece</a></em></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">The Sister of Mercy</td>
+<td class="tdr fs80"><em>Facing page</em></td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_048fp">48</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sergeant George E. Burr</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_102fp">102</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Captain Douglass Campbell</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_152fp">152</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal Walter E. Gaultney</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_200fp">200</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Sergeant Herman Korth</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_254fp">254</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_304fp">304</a></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdl">Corporal John J. O’Brien</td>
+<td class="tdc">”</td>
+<td class="tdr"><a href="#i_b_354fp">354</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs130"><em>Bravery</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">By RUPERT HUGHES</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Formerly Major United States Army</p>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Bravery</span> is the beautiful, impatient gesture of the soul at its highest
+reach, baring its own breast to a fatal wound in its eagerness to
+deal a fatal blow at something it abhors.</p>
+
+<p>Bravery is poetry, drama in deed instead of word. It has always
+been lovable and beloved.</p>
+
+<p>There is distinguished valor as there is distinguished art, for there
+are degrees of courage as of intelligence and talent. Many people
+think beautiful thoughts: a few express them. Someone frames an old
+idea with an exquisite twist of phrase and a universal proverb results.
+So some one citizen expresses in one felicitous act an ideal of his people
+and is accepted as their national hero.</p>
+
+<p>Conspicuous bravery always owes part of its success to good
+fortune. At the cry of a leader—or in this war at the arrival of “zero
+hour” on the wrist watches—a whole regiment went forward, nearly
+every man doing his duty with complete courage. Some heroes were
+dogged and unimaginative; some revealed ingenuity or invention. But
+to a single man fell the opportunity and the inspiration to do some extra
+task with a certain picturesque felicity. His unluckier companions and
+his generals rejoiced to celebrate him, diminishing their own prestige
+to enhance his. And the story of his happy thought becomes the delight
+of his nation, and perhaps of many nations.</p>
+
+<p>There is a kind of injustice in it as there generally is in awards and
+preferments. Where all have forgotten selfishness and comfort and
+cast their lives into the furnace, it seems a pity that only a few should
+emerge with fame. And yet since we can no more remember all our
+heroes than we can call the roll of the stars in our sky, it would be a
+mistake to favor no one, to have no crosses of war.</p>
+
+<p>The schoolboys cherish the name of Leonidas and the 300 Spartans
+at Thermopylæ. But they ignore the 700 Platæans who perished also,
+and as bravely. This is regrettable, and yet it is better to make a watchword
+of the name Leonidas than to forget the whole event because it is
+more than the brain will carry.</p>
+
+<p>Fame is a lottery with a few capital prizes. The winners show
+perhaps no more wisdom, no more courage than all the other gamblers.
+In the baseball phrase they simply “luck in.” Yet they will get their
+names in the papers, people will boast of knowing them; prestige and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</span>
+fortune will be theirs and oblivion will absorb the others. But if you
+are going to have lotteries succeed, you must offer capital prizes and
+pay them. And war is the lottery of lotteries.</p>
+
+<p>There have always been wars and, unless hope shall triumph over
+experience at last, there always will be wars; and there will always be
+an appetite for tales of heroism. The earliest literature records them
+and so must the latest.</p>
+
+<p>Since no man has any more lives to give for his country than our
+schoolteacher spy had, all heroisms are in a sense equal; for, since a
+man risks the only life he has, it matters little how, whether from a
+cave-man’s axe or a shell that shoots eighty miles.</p>
+
+<p>Bravery is no new thing. It cannot be listed as one of the inventions
+of this war. It is matter for enough pride that there was no
+failure of it in quality, but rather an unheard-of versatility in it, and
+an unequaled quantity; for never before was there a war in which so
+many soldiers were engaged, or so incessantly engaged or under such
+hardships, or such varied dangers. To an extent unapproached hitherto,
+nations were mobilized <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</i>. For the first time they settled down
+at grips in continuous lines from frontier to frontier with no relaxation
+of vigilance or activity through long years of sun, snow, rain, and mud.</p>
+
+<p>It is curious to note that in this war, innumerable hosts of brave
+men were dragged into glory—one might say “kicked upstairs”—by
+conscription.</p>
+
+<p>In America we had the small Regular Army, the slightly larger
+and very irregular National Guard; then armies of volunteers, followed
+by armies recruited willy-nilly through the exemption boards. Not
+only did the draft compel enlistment, but the very prospect of it drove
+many men to volunteer before they were drawn. This is said in no
+derogation, for obligations vary and many a man who could not find
+the way to volunteer was glad to be coerced. And some of the men
+who volunteered at once would better have stayed at home.</p>
+
+<p>Though the American Armies began in various strata, in a very
+short time all distinctions were abolished and everybody was “U. S.”</p>
+
+<p>The glory was similarly shuffled. In the records of achievements
+in ground gained, prisoners taken, casualties endured, the Regular Army,
+the National Guard divisions and the draft divisions were rivals of such
+close conclusion that disputes continue as to the actual priorities. In
+any case the margins are narrow. Here also luck played its part, for
+the morale of the enemy and the ground to be taken varied enormously
+from day to day and from place to place.</p>
+
+<p>Curiously, the most successful American hero of the war, judging
+by the score, was a “conscientious objector,” Sergeant York. His conscience
+did not lead him to the fanatic lengths of many others who defied
+the government and refused to obey any commands whatever; strange
+perverse creatures who were such lovers of liberty that they would do
+nothing to defend it, men who abhorred the thought of killing their
+fellow creatures so utterly that they would not lift a finger to put a stop
+to slaughter and disarm the German butchers. Sergeant York’s religious<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</span>
+scruples did not carry him so far, yet he was a reluctant and a tardy
+entrant into the war, and he was with difficulty persuaded to accept the
+immortal fame awaiting him.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant York was a straight-shooting open-living mountaineer.
+Yet there were city-bred heroes whose impetuosity led them to plunge
+into the war long before it spread to America. One of these was an
+actor and a dancer. Wallace McCutcheon, who pretended to British
+citizenship, got in at the start, and by sheer bravery and persistence rose
+from private to major. He would indeed have been a colonel if his
+second wound had caught him fifteen minutes later, for his colonel was
+killed then and he would have been automatically promoted.</p>
+
+<p>There were sons of wealthy parents and sons of humble parents
+who joined the French, the Canadian or the British forces and fought
+in the skies, or on land or sea for years before the rest of the nation
+decided to follow them overseas.</p>
+
+<p>This was a world war indeed, a universal struggle, and there was
+no race, color, condition, creed, or trade that was not represented and
+brilliantly represented. Clergymen, priests, waiters, polo-players, convicts,
+negroes, musicians, ditch-diggers, gunmen, farmers, chorusmen,
+gamblers—the entire list of heroes would exhaust any classification of
+the human race or its activities. A complete beadroll of heroes would
+fill a city directory, and make the most dismal reading.</p>
+
+<p>The only way in which justice can be done to anybody at all, is by
+omitting even to mention the vast majority, and to select a few at
+random, like a clutch of sample red apples from an enormous harvest.</p>
+
+<p>It is not feasible to attempt internationalism or non-partisanship.
+We must ignore the splendid heroism of other nations and leave them
+to the celebration of their own heroes and the neglect of ours.</p>
+
+<p>Of our own there remains too great a multitude to permit a
+systematic selection of examples. Some are here because they had the
+luck to be observed by skillful observers and recorders, as many kings
+are remembered because their historians or poets were superior to those
+of other kings.</p>
+
+<p>This volume, then, has all the faults of any other anthology. Yet
+the most imperfect anthology is better than no bouquet at all; and a
+bouquet is the happiest representative of a garden, as a framed canvas
+is the best memorial of a sunset.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection, there is a quaint poem of Emily Dickinson’s;
+she attached it to some flowers she selected from her garden:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container fs90">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">I send two sunsets—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Day and I in competition ran.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I finished two, and several stars,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While He was making one.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">His own is ample—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But as I was saying to a friend,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Mine is the more convenient</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To carry in the hand.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</span></p>
+<p>So it may be said of this volume: it does not contain the entire star-crowded
+firmament of the War of Wars, but it is “more convenient to
+carry in the hand.”</p>
+
+<p>It would be belittling the bravery of our own men and the men of
+the Allies to pretend that the enemy lacked courage. The Germans and
+Austrians fought brilliantly, scientifically, ruthlessly. Individuals displayed
+the purest heroism and chivalry. But since it is impossible to
+catalogue everybody, I imagine that this omission, at least, will be
+indulgently regarded.</p>
+
+<p>America entered the war late but at a time of peculiar desperation.
+Her appearance on the field changed the whole balance of power.</p>
+
+<p>Before this time, the <i lang="it" xml:lang="it">generalissimo</i>, Foch, was like a gambler trying
+to break the bank with his last remaining gold pieces. Immediately
+after, he was a man with an inexhaustible supply of remittances. What
+would have been insane recklessness before now became good strategy,
+and he could at last follow out his life-motto: “Attack, attack, attack!”</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand the Germans, having entered the war as cold-blooded
+business men, and conducted it with all the soullessness of the
+proverbial corporation, realized speedily that the investment was a failure
+and made every effort to get out as cheaply as possible.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies realized that their victory would be wasted if Germany
+were permitted to retire with any prestige. A crushing and undeniable
+defeat was of the utmost importance. Hence the Americans were called
+upon to attack with human sledgehammers the hinges of the German
+defense and the strong points of rearguard action. Their losses were
+therefore huge for the brief time of engagement, since they ran to meet
+danger with an amazing fire.</p>
+
+<p>Heroes sprang up, as from sown dragon’s teeth; so fast that there
+was no recording them. In air, on land and sea, and under the land
+and the sea, our men wrought so godlike well that it is pitiful to leave
+any of them without his meed of praise.</p>
+
+<p>A word ought to be said also, for the prevented heroes, the unwilling
+absentees from the battle, those who ate their hearts out in
+America as instructors in camps, as dealers in supplies, plodders in
+paper work.</p>
+
+<p>Of the Regular Army officers, who had dedicated their lives to
+valor, made bravery their profession, hardly more than one-third were
+even enabled to cross the sea, and a large mass of the small portion
+that got across was never permitted to come within earshot of the fighting
+line. War has no bitterer cruelties than the fate of such men.</p>
+
+<p>There were National Guard men and officers, too, who had given
+a large part of their leisure to military training only to find themselves
+condemned to inaction. There was a vast amount of plucking by
+surgeons, for disabilities that had not prevented men from earning success
+in civil life. But trench life was so searching a test of strength that
+youth was almost as essential as in the prize ring.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the stay-at-homes had a rightful share in the glory of the
+men they trained and sent as their delegates to the victory. Conspicuously<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</span>
+absent were Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, who did so much
+to inspire his countrymen with battle-ardor, and General Leonard
+Wood, who built up the whole system of officers’ training camps, advancing
+us incalculably along the road to preparedness.</p>
+
+<p>Then there was the thwarted courage of the countless men who
+tried to volunteer from civil life and were refused in droves, or furnished
+with an almost ironical uniform to emphasize their domesticity. This
+was the swivel-chair army, and the badge of service was the silver
+chevron. At first granted as an honor, it proved so unwelcome that it
+had to be enforced by order.</p>
+
+<p>Uniforms of a sort were worn also by Red Cross, Y. M. C. A.,
+Knights of Columbus, Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army, and
+other semi-civilians, thousands of whom reached the battle front and
+many of whom displayed perfect gallantry.</p>
+
+<p>Women to an extraordinary degree took part in this war. The
+Russian Battalion of Death was the most startling verification of the
+Amazonian myths, but in every country there were women unnumbered
+who courted danger with a superb consecration to duty.</p>
+
+<p>There is no stranger or more persistent falsehood than the claim
+that women are less belligerent than men. It has been constantly
+reiterated that if women had the vote, or even the say, there would
+be no more wars. As if history had not abounded in women whose
+native ferocity or patriotism inspired them to frenzies of wrath, or self-sacrifice!</p>
+
+<p>In this war as in all wars, mothers surrendered their boys with
+fortitude, or compelled them into the ranks. Mothers without sons to
+give envied their luckier sisters. Women made speeches, posters, wrote
+articles, poems, songs, did office work, drove ambulances, trucks, and
+toiled in munitions factories where danger was more unceasing than on
+the battle front.</p>
+
+<p>The Red Cross women and their untrained aids, many of them
+women of noble birth or of the most delicate heritages, shared the hardships
+of the men. The Salvation Army women made doughnuts and
+pies in the front line trenches. The Y. M. C. A., the Y. W. C. A., and
+numerous other organizations crowded to the front. Actors and
+actresses faced death in order to make cheer for the soldiers about to die.</p>
+
+<p>The difficulty was always to keep the throngs back from the fighting-lines
+rather than to whip them forward.</p>
+
+<p>The fighting-line was indeed a vague term, for children were killed
+in their cradles in cities far distant from the battle front. Worshipers
+in a Paris church were killed on a Good Friday by a shot from a German
+cannon fired eighty miles away.</p>
+
+<p>The raids by Zeppelins and aeroplanes, the planting of explosives
+in factories, the sowing of mines in seas, the activities of spies and
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">saboteurs</i> made it uncertain just where danger was. There was courage
+everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The variety of dangers was beyond anything hitherto recorded, and
+a certain supremacy in dauntlessness might be claimed by our generation;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</span>
+for men are most easily frightened by risks they are not used to,
+and every month seemed to bring some new astonishment. The submarine
+and the flying machine had never been employed in wars before.
+They were as terrifying to their passengers as to their targets. They
+brought remote civilians and non-combatants into their field of fire by
+intention or indifference.</p>
+
+<p>The air-raids over London and Paris and the sinking of the
+<em>Lusitania</em> and various hospital ships horrified the world. The first
+gas attacks added a new shudder to war. The prolonged and hideous
+imprisonment in the trenches where men stood to arms in icy mud kept
+the soul and the body on the rack. The hand grenade came again into
+fashion with a new deadliness. The machine-gun literally sprayed the
+field with bullets, mowing men down as with the scythe of death. The
+tanks were such a prodigy as the first elephants brought into battle.
+Depth bombs for submarines, land-mines, cannon on railroad tracks,
+trench-knives, incendiary bullets, barbed wire charged with lightning—it
+would be impossible to enumerate the new devices for inflicting wounds
+and death.</p>
+
+<p>Yet science could not invent a way to frighten men out of their wits
+or out of their patriotism. The men in danger simply took what came
+and held on while the scientists in the rear devised some new defense
+for the new offense.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was more spectacular than the development of the air-duel
+and the air-battle by whole fleets of airships. The penalty for bad
+luck in such an encounter was to fall thousands of feet in a blazing
+machine. But candidates for these super-chivalrous jousts were
+innumerable.</p>
+
+<p>Naval warfare had its novelties in frightfulness as well. Vessels
+were subject to destruction by a planted or a drifting mine or by a
+torpedo shot from an unseen submersible. The destruction of a populous
+ship was like the cataclysm that annihilates a city. The tortures of
+patrol duty, the management or the pursuit of submarines, the combats
+with airships, the protection of convoys, and numberless new-fangled
+terrors were all superimposed on the ancient dangers of seafaring.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the fighting navy there was the mercantile marine charged
+with the transportation of incredible amounts of supplies and millions
+of soldiers. With these ships the submarine worked fearful havoc,
+filling the Seven Seas with hulks and corpses.</p>
+
+<p>Yet in spite of all the surprises of science, this war, like all other
+wars of the past—and it is safe to say of the future—was waged upon
+the most ancient lines, and its battle-technic was reducible to simple terms.</p>
+
+<p>A, B and C attack D, E and F. A superiority in weapons must be
+met by a superiority in morale or a superiority in tactics. Ability to
+attack and to endure attack are the proofs of fitness to survive. The
+victor will be the latter one to quit fighting. While the war must be
+won by masses of men, the quality of the mass is the algebraic total of
+the individual qualities.</p>
+
+<p>A hero is a man plus. A coward is a man minus. A few heroes<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</span>
+will counteract the influence of many cowards or even lend them strength
+enough to become heroes also.</p>
+
+<p>In its individual heroes, moral, spiritual and physical, lies therefore
+the prosperity of a nation. It is well that a nation should keep its eye
+on its heroes, and reward them well, at least with fame.</p>
+
+<p>This volume devoted to accounts of individual achievements is
+something more than picturesque. It is as important to the record as
+the consideration of any of the larger aspects of war. It strikes the
+human note, and the human note is vital in so human a thing as a war;
+since war gives humanity its widest and fiercest vibration from the
+utmost baseness to the supreme nobility.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_SOLDIER">THE SOLDIER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs90"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">Rupert Brooke</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">If I should die, think only this of me:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That there’s some corner of a foreign field</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That is for ever England. There shall be</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Gave once her flowers to love, her ways to roam,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A body of England’s, breathing English air,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And think this heart, all evil shed away,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A pulse in the eternal mind, no less</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From <em>The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke</em>, Copyright, 1915, by John Lane Company.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs200 wsp bold">Deeds of Heroism and<br>
+Daring</p>
+</div>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AND_A_FEW_MARINES">“AND A FEW MARINES”</h2>
+
+<h3>Eye-witness Account of the Belleau Wood Action in the Marne Salient
+Beginning June 6th, 1918</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> has been insisted that more than their
+share of glory was bestowed upon the
+Marines for their work at Château-Thierry,
+other units of the A.E.F. being entitled to
+share the honors of those terrible but wonderful
+days when the barbarians were stopped.
+That is of course true, for the battle generally
+described as Château-Thierry had to do
+with a region, not merely a town, and it was
+in Belleau Wood and at Bouresches that the
+Marines fought so splendidly and so successfully
+to save Paris. Honors conferred in
+the early and censored dispatches have since
+been more properly distributed, and the various
+divisions—the 1st and 2d, the 3d, the 26th
+and the 42d—engaged at different points and
+at different times, have had the just recognition
+of the honors due them. But the distribution
+has not in any degree diminished the
+proud record of the Marines in maintaining
+the place of honor to which they were assigned
+June 6th. A very voluminous and authoritative
+account of the 6th Regiment, 2d
+Division, and its service in France was written
+by its commander, Brig. Gen. A. W. Catlin
+under the title <em>With the Help of God and a
+Few Marines</em>. In that volume one may find
+the authentic details of the heroic exploits of
+the Marines. But we are now concerned only
+with the incidents and events that caused the
+French to change the name of Belleau Wood
+(Bois de Belleau) to “Bois de la Brigade de
+Marine.”</p>
+
+<p>The first spring drive of the Germans began
+March 21, 1918. It swept across the Somme
+and over the plains of Picardy irresistibly.
+Foch seemed unable to check the advance and
+there was consternation among the Allied nations,
+and the men in the trenches were
+anxious and restless. The enemy were sweeping
+everything before them. “With forty
+divisions, including some 400,000 of their
+best troops, and with the greatest auxiliary
+force of tanks, machine guns and poison gas
+projectiles ever mobilized,” says Gen. Catlin,
+“they rolled on for thirty miles in spite of
+enormous losses, advancing at the rate of six
+or eight miles a day, capturing men and guns
+by the wholesale, and occupying 650 square
+miles of territory. There were simply not
+enough French and British to stop them. The
+Allies resisted heroically, but they were forced
+to yield to the unanswerable argument of
+superior weight. And where was the American
+aid that the French people had been
+building their failing hopes upon?</p>
+
+<p>“Held at Rheims and west of Soissons, the
+Germans thrust a U-shaped salient clear down
+to the Marne, its rounded apex resting on a
+contracted six-mile front between Château-Thierry
+and Dormans, but thirty-five scant
+miles from Paris.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Then the harried soldiers of France arose
+in their might for a last grim stand. The
+name of the Marne was a rallying cry for
+them. ‘They shall not,’ they muttered between
+gritted teeth; and they did not pass.”</p>
+
+<p>Fighting shoulder to shoulder with the
+French on the Marne at Château-Thierry was
+the 3rd Division of Regular troops who had
+arrived on May 31st in the nick of time in
+support of the French. On this occasion the
+7th Machine Gun Battalion defended the
+bridge at Château-Thierry with the greatest
+heroism, suffering very heavy losses, and to
+them especially belongs the credit of checking
+the enemy’s attempt to cross the river.</p>
+
+<p>To the northwest of the town lay Belleau
+Wood, a natural fortress which was full of
+Germans. Although the enemy had been
+checked in the attempt to cross the Marne, his
+position in Belleau Wood was a very strong
+one, constituting an excellent point of vantage
+for a sudden thrust against the Allied line
+along the river. Foch now decided to call
+upon American troops and the Marines of the
+2nd Division were ordered up and sent into
+the line to capture Belleau Wood.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE AMERICAN WAY</h3>
+
+<p>The delay occasioned by the French-American
+resistance at Château-Thierry gave time
+for the organization of the defensive strategy
+which culminated in the battle of Belleau
+Wood. It is interesting to know in connection
+with Château-Thierry that the Americans
+entered under the direction of the French.
+General Catlin says apropos of the Belleau
+Wood preparation:</p>
+
+<p>“I think the French hesitated to trust us
+too far in this crisis. We were without tanks,
+gas shells, or flame projectors. We were untried
+in open warfare. But General Harbord
+begged to be allowed to tackle the job.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Let us fight in our own way,’ said he,
+‘and we’ll stop them.’</p>
+
+<p>“The situation was acute; there seemed to
+be no alternative. General Harbord was
+given free rein, and in that moment we
+passed out from our French tutelage and acted
+as an American army fighting side by side
+with our hard-pressed Allies. The battle of
+Belleau Wood was fought by American
+troops, under American officers, supported by
+American guns, in a typically American manner.
+And the battle was won.”</p>
+
+<p>The details of this battle in the wood are
+not to be given here. One or two of the
+facts that stand out must serve as illustrative
+of the whole splendid performance. The advance
+began with the 5th Battalion under
+Major Berry and the 6th Battalion under
+Major Holcomb holding the center, the
+French on the left and the 23d Infantry
+on the right, Sibley’s battalion supporting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FACING THE MYSTERY</h3>
+
+<p>“We stood facing the dark, sullen mystery
+of Belleau Wood. It was a mystery, for
+we knew not what terrible destruction the
+Hun might be preparing for us within its
+baleful borders, nor at what moment it might
+be launched in all its fury against us. That
+the wood was strongly held we knew, and so
+we waited.</p>
+
+<p>“No one knows how many Germans were
+in those woods. I have seen the estimate
+placed at 1,000, but there were certainly more
+than that. It had been impossible to get
+patrols into the woods, but we knew they
+were full of machine guns and that the enemy
+had trench mortars there. We captured five
+of their minenwerfers later. So far as we
+knew, there might have been any number of
+men in there, but we had to attack just the
+same, and with but a handful. Sibley and
+Berry had a thousand men each, but only half
+of these could be used for the first rush, and
+as Berry’s position was problematical, it was
+Sibley’s stupendous task to lead his 500
+through the southern end of the wood clear
+to the eastern border if the attack was not
+to be a total failure. Even to a Marine it
+seemed hardly men enough.</p>
+
+<p>“Orders had been given to begin the attack
+at 5 o’clock. The men knew in a general way
+what was expected of them and what they
+were up against, but I think only the officers
+realized the almost impossible task that lay
+before them. I knew, and the knowledge
+left me little comfort. But I had perfect
+confidence in the men; that never faltered.
+That they might break never once entered my
+head. They might be wiped out, I knew, but
+they would never break.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_003" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_003.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Where the Marines Made Their Début</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This is the road where the Marines in the name of America served
+notice on the German war lords that they could not capture Paris.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“It was a clear, bright day. At that season
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</span>of the year it did not get dark till about 8.30,
+so we had three hours of daylight ahead of
+us.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as I received the orders I got
+Holcomb and Sibley together at the former’s
+headquarters, some 500 yards back of the
+line.</p>
+
+<p>“With map in hand, I explained the situation
+to them without trying to gloss over any of
+its difficulties, and gave them their orders. The
+men seemed cool, in good spirits and ready
+for the word to start. Some one has asked
+me what I said, what final word of inspiration
+I gave those men about to face sudden
+death.</p>
+
+<p>“I am no speech maker. If the truth
+must be told, I think what I said was, ‘Give
+’em Hell, boys!’ It was the sort of thing
+the Marine understands. And that is about
+what they did.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A BULLET THROUGH THE LUNG</h3>
+
+<p>“Just about the time Sibley’s men struck the
+woods a sniper’s bullet hit me in the chest. It
+felt exactly as though some one had struck
+me heavily with a sledge. It swung me clear
+around and toppled me over on the ground.
+When I tried to get up I found that my
+right side was paralyzed.</p>
+
+<p>“Beside me stood Captain Tribot-Laspierre,
+that splendid fellow who stuck to me through
+thick and thin. He had been begging me to
+get back to a safer place, but I was obstinate
+and he never once thought of leaving me.
+When I fell he came out of his cover and
+rushed to my side. He is a little man and
+I am not, but he dragged me head first back
+to the shelter trench some twenty or twenty-five
+feet away. My life has been spared and
+I owe much to that Frenchman.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_004" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_004.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Bridge Across the Marne at Château-Thierry</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Where the 7th Machine Gun Battalion of the 3rd Division Checked the German Drive.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I have heard of men getting wounded who
+said that it felt like a red-hot iron being
+jammed through them before the world turned
+black. None of these things happened to me.
+I suffered but little pain and I never for a
+moment lost consciousness. Nor did any
+thought of death occur to me, though I knew
+I had been hit in a vital spot. I was merely
+annoyed at my inability to move and carry
+on.</p>
+
+<p>“The bullet went clean through my right
+lung, in at the front and out at the back,
+drilling a hole straight through me.</p>
+
+<p>“No orders as to the adjustment of rifle
+sights had been given, as the range was point
+blank. Watches had been synchronized and
+no further orders were given. As the hands
+touched the zero hour there was a single
+shout, and at exactly 5 o’clock the whole line
+leaped up simultaneously and started forward,
+Berry’s 500 and Sibley’s 500, with the
+others in support.</p>
+
+<p>“Instantly the beast in the wood bared his
+claws. The Boches were ready and let loose
+a sickening machine gun and rifle fire into
+the teeth of which the Marines advanced. The
+German artillery in the woods increased the
+fury of its fire, and the big guns at Belleau
+and Torcy, a mile and a half away, pounded
+our advancing lines.</p>
+
+<p>“On Berry’s front there was the open wheat
+field, 400 yards or more wide—winter wheat,
+still green but tall and headed out. Other
+cover there was none. On Sibley’s left there
+was open grass land perhaps 200 yards wide;
+his right was close to the woods.</p>
+
+<p>“Owing to the poor communications, the
+two battalions engaged in what were virtually
+independent actions, and, as I had feared,
+Berry got the worst end of it. He had to
+face that wide open space, swept by machine
+gun fire, with a flanking fire from the direction
+of Torcy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS SIBLEY’S MEN ADVANCED</h3>
+
+<p>“My eyes were on what Sibley’s men were
+doing, and I only knew in a general way
+what was happening to the battalion of the
+5th. But Floyd Gibbons, the correspondent
+of the Chicago <cite>Tribune</cite>, was with Berry and
+saw it all. He was, in fact, seriously wounded
+himself, and has lost an eye as a result. Gibbons
+says that the platoons started in good
+order and advanced steadily into the field between
+clumps of woods. It was flat country
+with no protection of any sort except the bending
+wheat. The enemy opened up at once and
+it seemed, he says, as if the air were full of
+red-hot nails. The losses were terrific. Men
+fell on every hand there in the open, leaving
+great gaps in the line. Berry was wounded
+in the arm, but pressed on with the blood
+running down his sleeve.</p>
+
+<p>“Into a veritable hell of hissing bullets,
+into that death-dealing torrent, with heads
+bent as though facing a March gale, the shattered
+lines of Marines pushed on. The headed
+wheat bowed and waved in that metal cloudburst
+like meadow grass in a summer breeze.
+The advancing lines wavered, and the voice
+of a Sergeant was heard above the uproar:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Come on, you —— — ——! Do you
+want to live forever?’</p>
+
+<p>“The ripping fire grew hotter. The machine
+guns at the edge of the woods were
+now a bare hundred yards away, and the
+enemy gunners could scarcely miss their targets.
+It was more than flesh and blood could
+stand. Our men were forced to throw themselves
+flat on the ground or be annihilated, and
+there they remained in that terrible hail till
+darkness made it possible for them to withdraw
+to their original position.</p>
+
+<p>“Berry’s men did not win that first encounter
+in the attack on Belleau Wood, but it was
+not their fault. Never did men advance
+more gallantly in the face of certain death;
+never did men deserve greater honor for valor.</p>
+
+<p>“Sibley, meanwhile, was having better luck.
+I watched his men go in and it was one of
+the most beautiful sights I have ever witnessed.
+The battalion pivoted on its right,
+the left sweeping across the open ground in
+four waves, as steadily and correctly as though
+on parade. There were two companies of
+them, deployed in four skirmish lines, the men
+placed five yards apart and the waves fifteen
+to twenty yards behind each other.</p>
+
+<p>“I say they went in as if on parade, and
+that is literally true. There was no yell and
+wild rush, but a deliberate forward march,
+with the lines at right dress. They walked
+at the regulation pace, because a man is of
+little use in a hand-to-hand bayonet struggle
+after a hundred yards dash. My hands were<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</span>
+clenched and all my muscles taut as I watched
+that cool, intrepid, masterful defiance of the
+German spite. And still there was no sign
+of wavering or breaking.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RIGHT QUALITIES THERE</h3>
+
+<p>“Oh, it took courage and steady nerves to
+do that in the face of the enemy’s machine
+gun fire. Men fell there in the open, but the
+advance kept steadily on to the woods. It
+was then that discipline and training counted.
+Their minds were concentrated not on the enemy’s
+fire but on the thing they had to do
+and the necessity for doing it right. They
+were listening for orders and obeying them.
+In this frame of mind the soldier can perhaps
+walk with even more coolness and determination
+than he can run. In any case it was an
+admirable exhibition of military precision and
+it gladdened their Colonel’s heart.</p>
+
+<p>“The Marines have a war cry that they can
+use to advantage when there is need of it. It
+is a blood-curdling yell calculated to carry
+terror to the heart of the waiting Hun. I am
+told that there were wild yells in the woods
+that night, when the Marines charged the
+machine gun nests, but there was no yelling
+when they went in. Some one has reported
+that they advanced on those woods crying,
+‘Remember the <em>Lusitania</em>!’ If they did so, I
+failed to hear it. Somehow that doesn’t sound
+like the sort of things the Marine says under
+the conditions. So far as I could observe not
+a sound was uttered throughout the length of
+those four lines. The men were saving their
+breath for what was to follow.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_006" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_006.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">What American Artillery Fire Did to Vaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Captured German officers declared that the American fire was the most deadly and concentrated
+they had ever faced.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_007" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_007.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">American Soldiers in Vaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The capture of Vaux, situated on the Château-Thierry-Paris highway, marked the beginning of the check to the Germans in their drive to the Marne
+in 1918. One of the big guns which fired on Paris was situated near here.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I am afraid I have given but a poor picture
+of that splendid advance. There was
+nothing dashing about it like a cavalry charge,
+but it was one of the finest things I have ever
+seen men do. They were men who had never
+before been called upon to attack a strongly
+held enemy position. Before them were the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</span>dense woods effectively sheltering armed and
+highly trained opponents of unknown strength.
+Within its depths the machine guns snarled
+and rattled and spat forth a leaden death. It
+was like some mythical monster belching smoke
+and fire from its lair. And straight against it
+marched the United States Marines, with
+heads up and the light of battle in their eyes.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, they made it. They reached the
+woods without breaking. They had the advantage
+of slightly better cover than Berry’s
+men and the defensive positions at the lower
+end of the woods had not been so well organized
+by the Germans as those on the western
+side. The first wave reached the low growth
+at the edge of the woods and plunged in.
+Then the second wave followed, and the third
+and the fourth, and disappeared from view.”</p>
+
+<p>About an hour later Catlin had the attention
+of a surgeon, but while he lay there gas
+shells began bursting nearby and they put
+the gas mask on him. “I never knew before
+how uncomfortable one of those things could
+be. It is hard enough for a man to breathe
+with a lung full of blood without having one
+of those smothering masks clapped over his
+face.” He was got to Lucy for treatment
+and then taken to Paris, where quarts of blood
+were drawn from his pleural cavity. The
+wonder is that he came through it at all.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE BELLEAU WOOD</h3>
+
+<p>“The action was all in the hands of the
+platoon officers. Success or failure rested on
+their shoulders. It is not the general who
+wins such a battle as that, but the captain,
+the sergeant, the private.</p>
+
+<p>“It has been called an exaggerated riot,
+that desperate conflict in the wood. It was
+hand-to-hand fighting from the first, and those
+Germans, hating cold steel as they do, soon
+learned what American muscle and determination
+are like. From tree to tree fought our
+Marines, from rock to rock, like the wild
+Indians of their native land. It is the sort of
+fighting the Marine has always gloried in.
+And in that fighting they beat the Germans
+on two points—initiative and daring, and accuracy
+of rifle fire. They picked the German
+gunners out of the trees like squirrels, and in
+innumerable fierce onslaughts that took place
+at the machine gun nests the Marines always
+struck the first blow and it was usually a
+knock-out. It was a wild, tempestuous, rough-and-tumble
+scrap, with no quarter asked or
+given. Rifles grew hot from constant firing
+and bayonets reeked with German gore. It
+was man to man, there in the dark recesses
+of the woods, with no gallery to cheer the
+gladiators, and it was the best man that
+won.</p>
+
+<p>“The thick woods made the fighting a matter
+of constant ambuscades and nerve-racking
+surprises, but the Marines tore on. With Sibley
+at their head nothing could stop them.
+Machine gun nests whose crews held out
+formed little islands in the welter about which
+the Marine flood swept, eventually to engulf
+them. Some of the Germans turned and fled,
+abandoning their guns; others waited till
+caught in the rear and then threw up their
+hands and surrendered; some waited in huddled
+groups in the ravines till the gleaming-eyed
+devil dogs should leap upon them; some
+stuck to their guns till an American bullet or
+an American bayonet laid them low. One
+by one the guns were silenced or were turned
+in the opposite direction.</p>
+
+<p>“They started in at 5 o’clock. At 6:45 the
+report was sent to headquarters that the
+machine gun fire at the lower end of the woods
+had been practically silenced. At 7:30 German
+prisoners began to come in.</p>
+
+<p>“Night fell with the fighting still going
+on and only the flash of shooting to see by.
+But at 9 o’clock word came from Sibley by
+runner that he had got through and had attained
+the first objective, the eastern edge of
+the wood. In four hours he and his men had
+passed clear through the lower quarter of
+Belleau Wood, traversing nearly a mile, and
+had cleaned things up as they went. And
+only 500 of them started; I hesitate to mention
+the number that finished.</p>
+
+<p>“At 10 o’clock reinforcements were sent in
+with orders to consolidate the position.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE TAKING OF BOURESCHES</h3>
+
+<p>In the meantime other Marines, the 96th
+Company of Major Holcomb’s battalion and
+one of Sibley’s reserve companies, were engaged
+with the task of ejecting the Germans
+from Bouresches, the town just east of the
+woods, as necessary to be cleared as Belleau<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</span>
+Wood itself. Holcomb’s men got to Bouresches
+first and went in.</p>
+
+<p>“Half of this little force was under Captain
+Duncan and the other half under Lieutenant
+Robertson. The enemy’s fire, as they neared
+the town, was frightful, and more men fell
+than kept going. Duncan was shot down
+while coolly advancing with his pipe in his
+mouth. Robertson, who, by the way, was
+afterward shot through the neck near Soissons,
+led the remnant on and entered the
+town.</p>
+
+<p>“There were probably 300 to 400 Germans
+in that town and the place bristled with machine
+guns. There were guns at the street
+corners, behind barricades, and even on the
+housetops, but the Marines kept on. They
+attacked those machine guns with rifle, bayonet,
+and grenade in their bitter struggle for
+a foothold. They were outnumbered when
+they started, and one by one they were put
+out of the fighting. But they kept going,
+taking gun after gun, until the Germans, for
+all their numbers and advantage of position,
+began to fall back. And Lieutenant Robertson
+took Bouresches with twenty men!</p>
+
+<p>“He sent back word at 9:45 that he had
+got in and asked for reinforcements, but he
+did not wait for them. Those twenty men
+started in to clean up that town in the approved
+Marine fashion, and he was well on
+his way when Captain Zane’s company of Holcomb’s
+battalion arrived to support him. Then
+Engineers were sent in to help consolidate
+the position.</p>
+
+<p>“But the town was not yet fully won. The
+Germans began displaying counter-activity,
+and the Marines sent back word that they
+were running short of ammunition. Lieutenant
+William B. Moore, the Princeton athlete,
+and Sergeant Major John Quick (of
+whom more anon) volunteered to take in a
+truck load. With a small crew chosen from
+fifty who wanted to go, they started with
+their precious, perilous freight, over a torn
+road under a terrific fire. The whole way
+was brilliantly lighted by enemy flares and
+the solitary truck offered a shining mark to
+the German gunners. It rolled and careened
+fearfully over the gullies and craters, shells
+shrieked and whistled over their heads and
+burst on every hand, and as they neared the
+town they drove straight into the fire of the
+spouting machine guns. But John Quick
+bears a charmed life and they got through
+unscathed.</p>
+
+<p>“That ammunition truck saved the day at
+Bouresches, for after it got in, Zane’s men
+proceeded to clean up the town. At 11
+o’clock that night the report was sent in to
+headquarters to the effect that the Germans
+had been driven out of Bouresches. At 2:30
+a.m. they made an attempt to get in again,
+but the counter-attack was smothered by our
+machine gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The next day, with the help of the Engineers,
+our position in the town was made
+secure.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN TREACHERY</h3>
+
+<p>“There were evidences everywhere, during
+this fighting, of German treachery. Those
+Prussians were nasty fighters. The following
+is quoted from the letter of a quartermaster’s
+sergeant who talked with a number of our
+wounded in the hospital:</p>
+
+<p>“‘If evidence were lacking of ingrained
+German untrustworthiness and treachery, the
+following from the lips of three men, one an
+officer, would be ample. During the progress
+of a hot engagement a number of Germans,
+hands aloft and crying “Kamerad!” approached
+a platoon of Marines who, justifiedly
+assuming it meant surrender, waited
+for the Germans to come into their lines as
+prisoners. When about three hundred yards
+distant, the first line of Germans suddenly
+fell flat upon their faces, disclosing that they
+had been dragging machine guns by means of
+ropes attached to their belts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘With these guns the rear lines immediately
+opened fire and nearly thirty Marines went
+down before, with a yell of rage, their comrades
+swept forward, bent upon revenge. I
+am happy to state that not a German survived,
+for those who would have really surrendered
+when their dastardly ruse failed were
+bayoneted without mercy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘As stated, I talked separately with three
+different Marines at different times, and have
+no doubt of the truth of the story. When it
+spreads through the Corps, it will be safe to
+predict that the Marines will never take a
+prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Can they be blamed? As one man remarked,
+“A good German is a dead German.”<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</span>
+Another said, “They are like wolves and can
+only hunt in packs. Get one alone, and he
+is easy meat.”</p>
+
+<p>“‘Little of this sounds uplifting, and
+smacks of calloused sensibilities. But the
+business that brought these men to France is
+not a refined one. It is kill or be killed, perhaps
+both, and the duty of each man in the
+American army is to kill as many of the
+enemy as may be, before he, in turn, is killed.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I will not deny that my nerves are tense
+with horror at what I have seen, and with
+pride at what our boys have done, even while
+my soul is sick with this closer view of the
+red monster, War.’”</p>
+
+<p>The Marine brigade was cited by the
+French army for its work in the capture of
+Bouresches and Belleau Wood and the regimental
+colors have the Croix de Guerre with
+the palm; but, let it be recorded as evidence
+of what the Marines were that there were
+518 individual citations for conspicuous valor
+and extraordinary heroism in action, including
+officers and privates.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FORWARD_LANCERS">“FORWARD, LANCERS!”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And Captain Grenfell’s Cavalry Troops Lived Over “the Charge of the
+Light Brigade”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> first officer in the British Army to
+win the Victoria Cross in the great war
+was Captain Francis O. Grenfell. He gained
+the coveted reward on August 24, 1914, almost
+at the commencement of the British fighting
+in Belgium, it was at the time of the
+great battle at Mons and the perhaps more
+momentous retreat that followed. The gallant
+little English army was struggling desperately
+to escape from the superior force of
+Germans, who gave it no rest. The cavalry
+was ordered to charge the enemy—to delay,
+head off and harass him as much as possible.
+Foremost among the Lancers—mounted soldiers
+carrying lances—who were always to the
+front in this dangerous and difficult undertaking,
+was Captain Grenfell of the 9th.</p>
+
+<p>The German guns caused terrible execution.
+The German infantry came on in dense columns—like
+peas thrown out of a sack, as one
+soldier described it. They pressed hard on
+the whole of the main body of the army but
+especially dangerous was the position of the
+5th Division. To relieve this section the 9th
+Lancers were ordered to charge.</p>
+
+<p>“Although all knew they might be going
+to certain death,” as the story is told by G.
+A. Leask, “not one of the gallant men faltered.
+They sang and shouted like schoolboys
+as their horses thundered over the ground.
+They treated the charge in the spirit of sport.
+These dashing cavalrymen, as they rode
+straight at the German guns, presented one
+of the finest sights of the whole war. There
+has been little opportunity to engage in cavalry
+charges since. Grenfell rode at the head
+of his men, encouraging them by his coolness.
+One who took part in the charge has said
+that he was the life and soul of the squadron,
+shouting the loudest, always in the front, setting
+an example to his comrades by his fearless
+riding.</p>
+
+<p>“At first all went well. Few of the Lancers
+had fallen, and the dashing cavalrymen
+were looking forward to a real fight at close
+quarters with the German gunners, who were
+playing such havoc among our troops. The
+men were in excellent spirits, although they
+knew their danger.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“INTO THE JAWS OF DEATH”</h3>
+
+<p>“Suddenly a murderous fire from the enemy
+pulled them up. Grenfell’s cheery voice rose
+above the awful din of bursting shells, urging
+his men to continue the charge. They recovered,
+and followed their leader. Then the
+enemy’s fire became hotter. It was like riding
+into the jaws of death. Twenty concealed
+German machine guns rained death on the
+horsemen at a distance of not more than 150
+yards. Even then the gallant 9th did not
+waver, for they were led by a hero. Standing
+up in the stirrups and brandishing his sword
+Captain Grenfell called to his men to ride
+straight on. They cheered and obeyed. It
+now seemed as though nothing could stop this
+wild charge. Both men and horses had become
+infuriated.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_011" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_011.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Rifle Brigade Fighting Its Way Through Neuve Chapelle</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This brigade is the youngest of regiments in the regular British Army.
+It was the first to enter the village of Neuve Chapelle.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Grenfell himself seemed to bear a charmed
+life, while all around him empty saddles told
+their terrible tale. He did not come through
+the charge unscathed, but his wounds were not
+serious.</p>
+
+<p>“The Lancers continued to sweep forward
+until finally held up by the enemy’s barbed
+wire, cunningly concealed in the long grass.
+The German trap had succeeded. To proceed
+farther was impossible, and in order to
+escape total annihilation the gallant horsemen
+reluctantly turned their horses’ heads and
+rode back. Of the 9th Lancers not more than
+forty came out of the ordeal.</p>
+
+<p>“The charge of the Lancers had failed, but
+it will live forever in military annals. It
+proved to the world that the British cavalry
+was as dashing and brave as in the days of
+old.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>GRENFELL RESCUES THE GUNS</h3>
+
+<p>Grenfell’s second great exploit came on the
+same day. It was equally daring. When the
+survivors of the 9th Lancers rode off the field
+the Captain, although not seriously wounded,
+was greatly in need of rest. That, however,
+was not yet to be. He had espied a railway
+embankment, and quickly made for it with the
+men under his charge. When they arrived
+at the shelter they found a number of men of
+the 119th Field Battery, which had been put
+out of action and abandoned. There was the
+danger of the guns being captured by the enemy
+and turned against the English. It had
+been a great day for the artillery, no less
+than for the cavalry.</p>
+
+<p>“This battery had been in action earlier in
+the day with the object of delaying the German
+advance and relieving the terrible pressure
+on the harassed infantry, who were being
+driven back from Mons by superior forces.
+The 119th Battery had given and received
+a terrific fire. One Germany battery had
+been silenced by the gunners, who were afterward
+attacked by three of the enemy’s batteries
+from different directions. The unequal
+contest was very fierce while it lasted. All
+the gunners had been killed by shrapnel, and
+the survivors of the battery were ordered to
+seek safety.</p>
+
+<p>“Up till now it had been found impossible
+to attempt the rescue of the guns. They
+remained exposed to the German shells and
+would have been captured but for the gallantry
+of Captain Grenfell. An officer of the
+119th Battery, Lieutenant Geoffrey Blemell
+Pollard, who had been trying to devise means
+to save his guns, came to where the Lancers
+were resting, and put the matter before them.
+Would they assist him to get the guns
+away?”</p>
+
+<p>Captain Grenfell heard the lieutenant’s request.
+He carefully climbed to the top of the
+embankment, surveyed the position, and returned.
+He had seen that the Germans had
+now captured the guns.</p>
+
+<p>Grenfell determined to get the guns, regardless
+of the cost. He asked for volunteers and
+before he had done speaking two dozen Lancers
+had given in their names. They did not
+need to be told that Grenfell would lead—they
+had been in the charge with him and
+knew that he would not send others to do his
+work. They would have followed him anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>Grenfell led his little party of troopers into
+the open. Bullets were flying around, shrapnel
+was bursting near. “He was as cool as
+if he was on parade,” said a corporal who took
+part.</p>
+
+<p>He led his men right into the hurricane
+of shot and shell. Every few minutes they
+stopped for breath, then on again. Advancing
+at a rapid rate they reached the guns.</p>
+
+<p>“So unexpected was the charge of Grenfell’s
+squadron that the Germans, taken by surprise,
+fled in panic. Grenfell gave quick directions;
+rapidity of action was essential, for
+the Germans in the rear of the guns were
+pouring in a rapid fire. One gun was safely
+man-handled out of action. Grenfell was
+not the man to leave a task half-finished, and,
+braving the shells, he galloped back to the
+guns. By the time he reached them some of
+the battery’s horses had been brought up, and
+Grenfell assisted to hitch them to the guns.
+This done, the latter were galloped off the
+field. Not one gun of the 119th Battery was
+lost, and most of the wagons were recovered.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</span>
+Only three men were hit during the rescue
+operations. Thus ended one of the quickest
+and most gallant gun-saving exploits of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>“Later in the day Captain Grenfell was
+wounded. A bullet struck him in the thigh,
+and two of his fingers were injured. He
+was brought back from the firing-line, and
+an ambulance was sent for.</p>
+
+<p>“While awaiting the ambulance a motor-car
+dashed along. ‘That’s what I want,’ said
+Captain Grenfell. ‘What’s the use of an
+ambulance to me? Take me back to the
+firing-line.’ He entered the motor-car and
+went back to fight....</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Grenfell was twice invalided
+home, but on each occasion curtailed his rest
+in order to get back to the firing-line. He
+was killed while in command of the left section
+of the 9th Lancers on May 24, 1915.
+The Germans had broken through the line, but
+Grenfell held, and in the words of his Commanding
+Officer, Major Beale Browne, ‘saved
+the day.’”</p>
+
+<p>Thus died one of the greatest heroes of the
+war, a soldier to his fingertips, a born leader,
+a true gentleman. His men loved him because
+they knew his worth. In his will he
+left his Victoria Cross—the most honorable
+decoration England bestows—to the men of
+his regiment, “to whom the honor of my gaining
+it was entirely due.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN_UNPARALLELED_HERO">AN UNPARALLELED HERO</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Church Elder and Champion Turkey-Shooter Who Killed 25 Germans
+and Captured a Machine Gun Battalion</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Six</span> feet tall, weighing a trifle over two
+hundred pounds, brawny as becomes a
+man whose time was divided between blacksmithing
+and farming, clear-cut and strong of
+feature, kindly of disposition but positive and
+resolute by the testimony of keen blue eyes
+and flaming red hair—that is the general description
+of Alvin C. York, native of the
+Tennessee Mountains, extraordinary hero of
+the Argonne Battle, and modest withal.</p>
+
+<p>There is no story of the great war that
+reads more like an extravagant fiction; but it
+is thoroughly attested, its truth unquestionably
+established by official investigation and by the
+sworn statements of fellow soldiers as one of
+the most amazing individual achievements in
+the four years crowded with deeds of almost
+incredible heroism and daring.</p>
+
+<p>In a sentence: On Oct. 8, 1918, less than
+a year after he joined the army, Alvin C.
+York, as Corporal York, Company G, 328th
+Infantry, 82d Division, A. E. F., during operations
+in the Argonne sector, killed twenty-five
+Germans, captured 132 prisoners, including
+a major and several lieutenants, and put
+out of commission thirty-five machine guns—and
+did it by his “lonesome,” subduing the machine
+gun battalion with his rifle and automatic
+pistol.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the thing that gives vivid additional
+interest to the thrilling story is the fact that
+its hero was an elder of the Church of Christ
+and Christian Union—a sect scrupulously opposed
+to any kind of fighting and firm as conscientious
+objectors to war—and was one of
+the most devout and earnest members of his
+home church, in Pall Mall, Tennessee. And
+thereby hangs a romance!</p>
+
+<p>He had been one of the young bucks of the
+region, a typical mountaineer; a dead shot
+with rifle or pistol; champion of the turkey-shooting
+matches; breezy, jovial, liberal of
+oath, free with the demijohn, and not averse
+to a fight. He was one of eleven children,
+having seven brothers and three sisters, and
+when his father (blacksmith and farmer) died
+in 1911, Alvin, then twenty-four years old,
+took on the two occupations as head of the
+family; the older brothers married and went
+away. But in hours not demanded by smithy
+or farm he followed the bent of his old habits
+for the next two or three years, when, yielding
+to his mother’s entreaties, he gave up
+drinking and settled into sobriety. The “girl
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</span>of all the world” urged him to join the
+church. So he waited a year, thinking the
+thing over. Convinced that it was the right
+course to pursue, he joined the church in
+1915.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_014" style="max-width: 45.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_014.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Alvin C. York</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">As Corporal York of the 328th Infantry he captured 132 prisoners, killed twenty-five German
+machine-gunners and put out of operation thirty-five machine guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When the United States declared war and
+conscription came, York was second elder of
+his church and, naturally, pastor and congregation
+urged him to abide by the doctrine of
+the church and claim exemption as a conscientious
+objector. He was sorely troubled.
+He believed in his religion, was soulfully committed
+to it, but he loved his country too—and
+patriotism is also a religion. He refused to
+claim exemption, and went with the draft to
+Camp Gordon in Georgia, but was obviously
+unhappy in his divided duty. He talked many
+times on the subject with Captain Danforth
+and Major Buxton. In addition to much reasoning
+they cited scriptural passages from the
+Old and New Testaments, that convinced him
+there are times when the sword is the instrument
+of divine justice, and before the 82d
+Division sailed for France, the conscientious
+objector declared himself satisfied that he was
+on the right course, and gave himself wholeheartedly
+to the duties of the soldier.</p>
+
+<p>And a good soldier he was, cheerfully,
+promptly obedient to orders, quick in mastering
+details, and distinguished by the cool, positive
+conduct of the self-reliant by habit and
+of the fearless by nature. He was made
+Corporal of Company G, 328th Infantry, 82d
+Division, a division made up of representatives
+of every state in the Union, hence the A. A.
+(All-America) in its insignia.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EARLY INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>Over the sea went the 82d and was speedily
+in action, doing valorously in the Meuse-Argonne
+battles. And then, Oct. 8, at 6 o’clock
+in the morning, the 2d Battalion of the 328th,
+Corporal York with Company G, set off from
+Hill 223 with the Decauville railroad as its
+objective, two kilometers to the west. They
+had to cross a valley of several hundred yards
+and climb the ridges of a hill, all the time
+under machine gun fire from three directions.
+The guns from one hill had the Americans
+enfiladed, and Acting Sergt. Bernard Early
+was ordered to take two squads, and put the
+guns out of action. Early had sixteen men
+under him, one of whom was Corporal York.</p>
+
+<p>They set out to climb the hill with a heavy
+fire from a ridge at their backs, but the density
+of the trees and brush permitted them to
+get beyond observation without loss, though
+bullets continued to cut through the trees as
+they struggled and stumbled upward through
+the tangle. They crossed the crest and began
+the descent of the opposite slope, and suddenly,
+on the farther side of a little stream they came
+upon a group of Germans, twenty to thirty
+in number, seated on the ground for a meal.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_015" style="max-width: 47.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_015.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Home, Sweet Home</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Back home again in the Tennessee mountains.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Americans fired and there were a few
+return shots, but the majority of the surprised
+Germans threw down their guns and held up
+their hands in sign of surrender, and the
+others followed suit promptly, including the
+major in command of the battalion. They
+were amazed to find that their captors were
+American.</p>
+
+<p>Sergt. Early had them line up and was
+just ready to take them out when, in the
+expressive words of a survivor, “all hell broke
+loose.” Machine-guns placed in “fox-holes”
+that had been pointed the other way were
+swung round, and from the slope above Early’s
+detachment, began a fusillade. The German
+prisoners at once dropped down and lay on
+their bellies as did some of the Americans,
+others seeking the shelter of trees. Six of the
+little detachment were killed outright. Early
+was shot three times through the body and
+Corporal Cutting and Private Muzzi were
+wounded. On one side of York was Private
+Wareing, on the other Private Dymowski,
+both shot to pieces, York untouched. This
+fire reduced the party to eight, York and seven
+privates. Of the latter, one was pinned behind
+a tree, the others were guarding the
+prisoners. That is the testimony of the men
+themselves. They did no shooting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“ALL THE TIME I WAS A-USING MY RIFLE”</h3>
+
+<p>York, when he dropped at the first fire
+of the machine-guns, found himself in a little
+path by a clump of bushes; the machine-guns
+were peppering from a distance of less
+than thirty yards, cutting off the tops of the
+bushes about York. On his return to the
+United States May 22, 1919, York said to
+a reporter: “I sat right where I was, and
+it seemed as if every gunner was a-firing
+straight at me. All this time, though, I was a-using
+my rifle, and the enemy he was a feeling
+the effects of it. One of our boys yelled that
+it was impossible to get the best of the situation,
+but I yelled back ‘Shut up!’ I knew one
+American was better than ten Germans if he
+kept his wits.”</p>
+
+<p>He had no thought of surrender and “Somehow,
+I knew I wouldn’t be killed.” Aiming
+as he used to when shooting off the heads of
+the turkeys, he spotted Germans in the “fox-holes,”
+those firing from behind trees or
+over logs, with deadly precision, himself lying
+low to have the protection of the German
+prisoners prostrate between him and the machine-guns.
+He was not the man to miss a
+mark at that range. One boche had the indiscretion
+to rise in order to fling a small
+bomb at the rifleman. The bomb missed its
+object; not so the responsive bullet. “I got
+him square,” said York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“I WHIPPED OUT MY AUTOMATIC”</h3>
+
+<p>“I turned in time to see a Heinie Lieutenant
+rise up from near one of them machine-guns
+and with six or seven men come charging
+toward me with fixed bayonets. They were
+only twenty yards away from me when I
+whipped out my automatic and I potted them
+off one after another.” (This man York, by
+the way, in a contest with an automatic pistol,
+hit a penny match-box every shot at forty
+paces.)</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as the Germans saw the Lieutenant
+drop, most of the machine-guns stopped
+firing and the battle sort of quieted down, but
+I kept on shooting until the Major with the
+first batch of Germans we had come across,
+and who was lying on his stomach to avoid
+being hit by his own gunners, called to me in
+perfect English that if I would stop shooting
+he would make them all surrender, so I did.
+Then I called all our boys, and their affidavits
+show they came, and we herded the Germans
+in front of us and started toward our lines.
+I walked among four German officers and had
+our wounded bring up the rear. The Major
+asked me how many men I had, and I just
+told him, ‘I have a-plenty.’”</p>
+
+<p>On the way they stirred up several more
+machine-gun nests, one of which put up a fight
+and York felt it a regrettable necessity to
+“shoot a man there.” After that when a nest
+was flushed the Major touched him on the
+arm and said, “Don’t kill any more, and I’ll
+make them surrender.” This was done and
+the hill was pretty well cleared up before they
+got to the other side and York’s herd of prisoners
+numbered 132, counted and certified to
+by Lieutenant Joseph A. Woods, Asst. Division
+Inspector, as they were reported to the
+P. C. of the 2d Battalion, 328 Infantry, that
+same Oct. 8.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PROMOTED AND DECORATED</h3>
+
+<p>Now what should be done with a corporal
+who, with rifle and automatic pistol, outfought
+a machine-gun battalion and took 132 prisoners
+in addition to killing twenty-five of the
+enemy? First they made him a Sergeant.
+Then somewhat later, after his amazing story
+was officially examined and verified by affidavits,
+in the presence of all the officers of the
+82d Division, Major General C. P. Summerall
+decorated him with the Distinguished
+Service Cross, and said to him: “Your conduct
+reflects great credit not only upon the
+American Army, but upon the American people.
+Your deeds will be recorded in the history
+of the Great War, and they will have
+an inspiration not only to your comrades but
+to the generations that will come after us.
+I wish to commend you publicly and in the
+presence of the officers of your division.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_017" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_017.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Committee of Public Information from Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major-General R. L. Bullard and His Entire Divisional Staff</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Major-General Robert Lee Bullard saw far more actual fighting than many of his colleagues in the old regular Army establishment.
+He led the First Division in France and later received the honor of being put in command of the Second Army Corps, many of his
+troops distinguishing themselves at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Then the French, to whom valor is a thing
+of divine sanctity, awarded him that enviable
+soldier’s treasure, the Croix de Guerre, and
+in presenting it to him Marshal Foch, who
+knows right well what brave deeds are, told
+him that his was the greatest act of bravery
+and presence of mind under great stress performed
+by any soldier of the Allied Armies.
+Add to this that badge of nobility, the Congressional
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>But with the two crosses on his breast and
+the medal in prospect, Sergeant York had a
+light in his eyes and a hesitant smile on his
+lips when he spoke of a Tennessee girl, “the
+prettiest in the state,” that rather suggested
+the idea that in his opinion his proudest distinction
+would be when Miss Grace Williams
+became Mrs. Alvin York.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“I FEEL A HEAP STRONGER SPIRITUALLY”</h3>
+
+<p>And what could he say to the Church of
+Christ and Christian Union Pastor and members
+waiting to welcome him home to Pall
+Mall and into renewed fellowship? Probably
+what he said to the reporter who asked
+him a leading question. When he was drafted
+he had no real idea what the fighting was
+about. “But when I got to camp,” he said,
+“and my officers told me we were fighting for
+democracy and peace on earth and for the
+protection of the small nations, then I knew
+it was no sin to kill. In fact, I feel a heap
+stronger spiritually than before I went over
+to fight. No man could go through what I
+did without the help of God. I feel He gave
+us our great victory because we were in the
+right.</p>
+
+<p>At a reception given York by the Tennessee
+Society of New York, Major General
+Duncan, who commanded the 82d Division,
+said this:</p>
+
+<p>“It is a unique distinction for me to have
+on one side of me the Admiral who safely
+conducted all of our troops overseas and on
+the other side one of the most distinguished
+soldiers the world has ever produced. His
+deeds are of the character that will go down
+in history for our boys and girls to read of and
+admire.</p>
+
+<p>“York was awarded his medals for having
+been the leader of a small party which brought
+in a large number of prisoners after he had
+killed twenty-five. When I heard of his feat
+I ordered a full investigation, which resulted
+in the award of the Congressional Medal. I
+am happy to see your society doing honor to a
+man who so thoroughly deserves it.</p>
+
+<p>“I hope your unprecedented policy of banqueting
+a non-commissioned officer will be forever
+followed and honor done to the man
+who carries the gun—the man who goes over
+the top.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_NEMESIS_OF_FLAME">THE NEMESIS OF FLAME</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Vision of Inferno from which Even a Dante Would Have Shrunk——“What
+Hell Must Be Like”</h3>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_019" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_019.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Liquid Fire—The War’s Most Terrible Weapon</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">It was introduced by the Germans and later adopted by the French. The inflammable liquid was carried in tanks on the backs of soldiers and the
+flames were expelled through a nozzle at the end of a short hose.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">As</span> a rule the experience of one “caught
+in his own trap” is regarded with a good
+deal of satisfaction by human nature in general.
+The spectacle of anyone “hoist with his
+own petard” seems quite in the line of poetic
+justice, and there is not much sympathy with
+the victim. But there are instances when the
+merited recoil punishment is too ghastly, too
+appalling to permit of any other sensation than
+that of horror, and a French correspondent on
+the Somme has recorded such an instance.
+One detachment of the French line was under
+heavy and concentrated fire, and the commanding
+officer thought it advisable to withdraw
+the men to a better position, about fifty
+yards in the rear. The correspondent quotes
+the statement of the soldier left behind to
+watch and signal the movements of the enemy.
+He says:</p>
+
+<p>“I fixed myself about fifteen feet up in the
+crotch of a big tree and seized a telephone
+which was connected with the nearest battery.
+From there I could see a German trench at
+the edge of a little wood, about eighty yards
+from the trench my comrades had vacated.</p>
+
+<p>“For nearly an hour nothing happened.
+Occasionally I noticed heads peering from the
+Boche trench, trying to see into the empty
+trench which was hidden from them by a
+slight rise of the ground just before it. They
+would have been a splendid mark for a sniper,
+but I had other work this time. Suddenly
+a group of about forty Boches crept from
+the wood, rapidly followed by the best part
+of a company. I telephoned: ‘Enemy advancing
+led by a detachment of flamenwerfer,’ for
+I had recognized the devilish apparatus carried
+by the foremost group. When the latter
+were about eighty feet from the empty trench,
+they halted in a hollow just below the rise of
+ground, and then, with appalling suddenness,
+a dozen jets of white and yellow flames darted
+up to fall plumb into the trench. The dense
+smoke hid the Germans from me for a time,
+but, thanks to my mask, I was able to gasp information
+to the battery.</p>
+
+<p>“A few moments later I had a glimpse of
+what hell must be like. Our gunners had
+the range to an inch, and a torrent of shells
+burst right among the flame-throwers, exploding
+the containers. Great sheets of flame shot
+up, one jet from a container just grazing me,
+burning my clothes so that my ribs were
+scorched rather badly. But it was impossible
+to escape. The ground was a sea of fire. In
+the midst of it the Germans, like living
+torches, were dying horribly. One man spun
+round like a top, not even trying to run away,
+until he fell in a pool of flame. Others rolled
+on the ground, but the blazing liquid ran over
+them everywhere, and I could smell the sickening
+odor of burning flesh.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t think any of the fire-throwers escaped.
+Their screams, heard despite the cannonade
+and rifle fire, seemed to continue terribly
+long. The company behind them was
+panic-stricken. As the smoke lifted, I saw
+them moving back to the wood, and our <em>mitrailleuse</em>
+did severe execution, spreading
+added slaughter over that scene of horror.</p>
+
+<p>“I was nearly fainting with the fumes and
+the pain of my burns. The Captain sent a
+patrol, which found me hanging limply in
+the tree fork. They had trouble getting me,
+but luckily the Germans were too staggered
+to interfere.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HE_JESTS_AT_SCARS">HE JESTS AT SCARS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Bomb Thrower and Tank Master Who “Paid His Way in Huns”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> is very hard to pick out definitely any
+single name and exclaim “Here is the
+Hero!” Not that that man would not be a
+hero, but that he is not the only hero, and
+definite naming of some seems to exclude all
+the rest. If this book shows anything, it
+shows that in the horrors of the vast conflagration—in
+the terrible, awe-inspiring strain of
+the fighting on earth and on water, and underneath,
+and above—practically all the millions
+involved proved themselves heroes. Many of
+them found no chance to show their valor in
+lone ventures, and not all of them lost the
+lives they were so ready to give up. But they
+were heroes—all of them—though no papers
+heralded in brave headlines their deeds of
+glory, and no medals shine forth the commendation
+of the superior officers. All we
+need to see is the mud-stained uniform—and
+that look in the eye. This book is really
+a dedication to the innumerable heroes we do
+not name—heroes to be perhaps ever nameless
+in human documents.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard even where men were given the
+opportunity for individual bravery to pick
+them out. Official records are brief, and, in
+the main, the men themselves refuse to tell.
+But <cite>Scribner’s Magazine</cite> has uncovered one of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</span>
+these hard-to-get heroes. He calls himself
+Lieutenant “Z.,” and it is only between the
+lines that we read of his endless sacrifice,
+courage, and death-defying accomplishments.</p>
+
+<p>The story is taken from letters written by
+him in the trenches. At the very beginning
+of the war he had enlisted as a trooper in a
+newly-formed cavalry regiment. All winter
+they waited to be called to action. Spring
+came—and yet no call or need for horsemen.
+They therefore volunteered to dismount, and
+were sent to Flanders. He himself joined
+the “Bombing Squad.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_021" style="max-width: 56.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_021.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Forward With Hand Grenades</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A strong arm, a keen eye, and a disregard for danger are the requisites for the man who throws
+grenades or bombs.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Bomb throwing, he soon found, is “quite
+a ticklish business, needing care and accuracy.
+A badly thrown bomb may kill one’s own
+men remarkably easily, and in the hands of
+inexperienced men I should call them good
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</span>allies for the Germans.” But his own efficiency
+speaks for itself. In some ten days the
+records named him as wounded, and he writes
+a hasty letter home to say that he is well. “My
+wound is only a scratch on the arm,” he complains,
+“and I did not show it to the doctor
+until our return to these billets. It is ridiculous
+to return me as ‘wounded.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>LIVING NINE PINS</h3>
+
+<p>“We went into the trenches on Saturday
+night last, and came out Thursday morning
+just before dawn. Four days and five nights
+practically without sleep, and being shelled by
+Jack Johnsons more or less the whole time.
+It is a one-sided game, with the odds with the
+artillery. We sit and hold a trench, being
+the nine pins while the guns roll the ball at
+you. You can do nothing but swear softly.
+No Germans actually attacked our trench,
+but they tried to do so on each side of us.
+But on Tuesday afternoon about 6.30 p.m. I
+got a little of my own back from them. I
+had just returned with a sack full of water
+bottles from a stream near by behind our
+trench, where we dodge snipers, when the
+call suddenly came for ‘Bomb throwers to
+the front’ and the rifles and machine guns
+started a terrific popping. I was in shirt
+sleeves, and just slammed on my ammunition
+equipment and skedaddled off with my rifle
+up the trench towards the racket, incited by a
+great eagerness to get into the thick of it.</p>
+
+<p>“After a long time, as it was a long way,
+crouching and running and crawling I got
+to where I could see our men throwing bombs
+into the Germans. You could hear nothing
+for the noise, for it seemed as if every German
+rifle, Maxim, and big gun was turned
+on that spot; their shrapnel was going
+‘Brrangg’ overhead and their shells going
+‘Whangg’ all about. I took a few shots at the
+devils with my rifle, by way of resting and
+getting my breath, and then I got hold of a
+box of bombs and started to crawl and drag
+it up there. The box was heavy and, to my
+delight, another young chap, a Strathcona,
+came and helped me. We dragged and
+humped it along, over bumps and across shell
+holes and over our dead, until we got to the
+extreme point where the Germans were retreating
+up their trench and being bombed
+by our men unmercifully. There I found
+my own Sergeant of our bomb throwing squad,
+to my great relief.</p>
+
+<p>“I had never thrown a live bomb in my
+life but soon found out, as it is quite a simple
+affair and they were lovely bombs for working.
+You could see a clump of German bayonets
+huddled like sheep, over their parapet
+top, and you chucked a bomb into it and
+prayed for the explosion. When it came the
+bayonets wavered and wabbled and then disappeared.
+If the bomb did not explode you
+waited and backed up because those plucky
+Germans lighted it again and threw it back.
+And so on and so on. I <em>know</em> I got 3
+bombs into them fairly and squarely and heard
+them explode and saw the bayonets flop down.
+We finally got to a place at a turn in the
+trench, an angle, and our men, the —— something
+or other, were firing directly across
+us, excitedly of course, and they killed about
+12 of our men there, two of them being of
+my squad and within a few feet of me, and
+two more were wounded. I was by that time
+about played out and the bombs were all exhausted,
+so we sat down to wait for more,
+and when they came I could not get up, for
+I had cramp in both of my legs and had to
+be rubbed and rubbed. That must have been
+about 8 p.m. But I could drag around, so I
+dressed two wounded men and helped to fill
+sand bags and pass them along until 10 p.m.
+I should judge. About 10.30 p.m. the only
+officer present told us the thing was over for
+the time and no more could be done, and we
+crawled back, as the rifles and Maxims and
+shrapnel and Jack Johnsons were just as busy
+all the time. The Sergeant and I got back
+to our own trench after 11 p.m. and I was
+more than tired. Never have I been so played
+out in my whole life. We lost three killed, two
+wounded, and another who went off his head
+later, out of nine, including the Sergeant, out
+of our bomb throwing squad. And I had not a
+scratch. Just a bump on the breast bone
+from something kicked up by a Jack Johnson.
+It was a bad thing for the Germans but we
+lost a lot of good men there.</p>
+
+<p>“Our troop was 38 strong but now only
+26 are left. We were in the foremost British
+trench of the British front here and our
+Troop had the post of honor. So we ought
+not to mind anything.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_023" style="max-width: 48.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_023.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant John F. Nugent</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 165th Infantry, 83rd Brigade</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was recommended for the Distinguished Service Cross for three days’ fighting in the Château-Thierry
+Sector. He was mentioned for having maintained liaison under heavy bombardment, as
+well as having performed first-aid work.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>“PAID HIS WAY IN HUNS”</h3>
+
+<p>Our bomb thrower was twice promoted for
+bravery, and finally was offered a commission
+in his regiment “for setting traps for Fritz
+when he goes a-sniping.” A bomber is called
+on to do a lot of work besides bombing, such
+as crawling about at night sniffing trouble,
+and likely points where Huns may be blown
+sky high. He would like to get a quick promotion
+but “at any rate,” he writes, “I can
+truthfully say that I have already blotted out
+enough Huns to pay for my scalp, if that
+business deal comes to the point of record.
+And it is a most cheerful and fortifying sensation.
+I would like my epitaph to read ‘He
+paid his way in Huns.’”</p>
+
+<p>Wounds, yes, and minor disabilities, but he
+writes, “I don’t need my left side to throw
+bombs and the Lord has spared my right side
+for a special purpose. I have got more than
+my share of Huns as it is and I firmly intend
+to get some more. Three of us, with sufficient
+bombs, accounted for 46 dead Huns, 26
+wounded and 22 prisoners in one single afternoon.
+This was a redoubt which they surrendered,
+after they had had enough.”</p>
+
+<p>He was finally sent away to an Officers’
+Training Camp and after six weeks came back
+to the front as first lieutenant. In the meantime,
+though, his regiment had been remounted
+and was doing patrol duty. Patrol duty did
+not suit Lieutenant Z. He therefore joined
+the Machine Gun Corps, and spent several
+months in a “Tank Menagerie.” At Messines
+Ridge he led a division of the “Rhinos”
+into battle. The Military Cross he won there
+is only small evidence to the steadfast heroism
+he displayed that day.</p>
+
+<p>He was well acquainted with conditions by
+that time. His description of a battle at the
+Somme shows that:</p>
+
+<p>“I was only fifteen hundred yards from our
+front line, and the place taken was on an upward
+slope, so all was in full sight. At the
+given moment, 4.45 p.m. of a lovely summer
+evening, up they went, ‘over the top,’ famous
+Celtic regiments, all together, a long and gallant
+line. Bayonets sparkling in the sun, up
+the slope they go! Behind me our massed
+batteries are making one great crashing roar
+till your temples throb and throb, and ahead
+of our men the very earth is heaving and
+moving amidst a fog of green and black and
+yellow and gray smoke. Now, No Man’s
+Land, so long a desert, is full of life and
+death and joy and misery. White vicious
+balls of shrapnel puff above; or deadly black
+and green ones, and below the great spouts
+and mushroom columns of jet-black smoke
+spring up like fungoid growths here and there.
+The shrill rat-tat of machine guns and the
+pop-pop-pop of rifles can be heard. On the
+little figures run and jump, and the bayonets
+gleam and sparkle, and the first line disappears
+into the trench ahead, and you are left
+to imagine what follows. Still, No Man’s
+Land is well populated. Wave after wave is
+speeding straight ahead. The ground is dotted
+with immovable dots, and others which can
+crawl. A bright magnesium star shoots up
+well ahead, and the batteries lift their fire
+without checking. The waves all surge forward
+and out of sight at last, and No Man’s
+Land is left to its misery. Then you see the
+stretcher-bearers out there among the great
+grinding ‘crumps’ and the shrapnel, calmly
+picking up their men, and back they come
+slowly. You watch one group of five. Four
+bearers and a mangled something which is
+alive. A monster spout and cloud springs up
+near. They swerve and crouch for a few seconds
+and on they come. Another black death
+entirely hides them from view, and you wonder.
+No! Here they come. So slowly and
+steadily through the cloud, and you say to
+yourself: ‘Hurry, hurry; for God’s sake run!’
+But they don’t. They walk slowly and carefully
+with their burden, straight and the shortest
+way. Some win home and some do not.
+Other men are carrying others, and some
+hobble and limp and stagger by themselves.
+And all the while the big shells burst and
+the shrapnel sprays the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“No Man’s Land is again a desert, dotted
+with dots of death.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A GO WITH A TANK</h3>
+
+<p>On June 6th he was given orders to lead
+a tank through battle. He must have had
+brave folks at home to write:</p>
+
+<p>“When you get this, I shall have been
+through the mill and either all right, in hospital,
+or blotted out, so don’t worry. As soon
+as I can I will write and let you know the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</span>news; if I can’t, some one else will. We
+hope to make a page of history, and go into
+it with light hearts and great confidence.
+This place is Bedlam, the lions about to be
+fed, the parrot-house at the Zoo, and a few
+other noisy places combined. I went through
+gas last night near dawn, and had no respirator
+(forgot it). Held my breath till I nearly
+burst and blew up, and made record time.
+Beyond a harmless whiff picked up when I
+exploded for air, which has made smoking less
+of a pleasure, no harm done.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_025" style="max-width: 45.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_025.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Grady Parrish</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He reorganized his platoon and personally led it in the attack on Côte de Chatillon. By his daring
+acts he broke up a heavy enemy counter-attack on his front, thereby setting to his men an example
+of exceptional heroism and devotion to duty.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Good-by. I have had a long run out here,
+and I must not complain, and I have thoroughly
+enjoyed it and would repeat it, every
+bit of it, if it were necessary.”</p>
+
+<p>The next letter speaks for itself:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">In Belgium</span>, June 10th, 1917.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+“<span class="smcap">Dear M.</span>:</p>
+
+<p>“Your letter found me in hospital and was
+most delightful company. My trouble is not
+much, just a bullet through fleshy part of
+right forearm and a graze in the side, and I
+am up and about and going back to my lot in
+a day or two. We were an active part in
+the great drama of the 7th, and what with the
+bursting mine-earthquakes and the tempestuous
+bombardment, one was lucky to be left
+with one’s senses. I, personally, was very
+successful, reaching all my objectives and getting
+slap into the blue-gray devils, Bavarians,
+and blazing away like a dreadnought. Oh!
+The sights which were seen! Luck, good and
+bad, was with me, for my bus caught on fire
+in action just where the thing was thickest,
+and I ordered the whole crew out, with fire-extinguishers,
+to put it out. Out we went
+and got busy. I left my crew on the sheltered
+side (more or less), but my corporal,
+without orders, got on top, while I went to
+the exposed side, vociferously ordering the corporal
+down, and we got the blaze out between
+us.</p>
+
+<p>“Meantime one of my crew was bowled
+over. We got him back inside and later he
+came to and is recovering. Where I was
+the bullets were splattering around me and
+hitting old ‘Squash ’em Flat’ and splashing
+me with fine sprays of broken metal, and
+there it was I got my trifling wound and
+scratches, but it was only bad Bavarian shooting
+that kept me and my corporal (who was
+untouched) from being turned into human
+sieves. After that, we carried on, and as I
+had finished my job to the last letter, we came
+on home, and I brought the old thing back
+safely.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOMETHING OF A MYTH</h3>
+
+<p>“Our game sounds comfortable and protected,
+but that is a myth. It is a mystery
+how ever any of us got there or got back.
+You feel very important because you are
+heralded, followed and encircled by miniature
+geysers of earth, smoke and biff-bang! Your
+own infantry flees from you as if you bore
+the plague. A good many of our lot got into
+serious trouble, and quite a few faces of chums
+are missing to-day. The day for the British
+Army was a veritable howling success, and
+the Boche fought here with no spirit at all.
+They bolted like rabbits, throwing away rifles
+and equipment, some back to Berlin and some
+to us, hands up, and Kamerading. Our casualties
+were very light, indeed, owing to the
+absolutely artistic work of the artillery; and
+with our airmen the combination is unbeatable.
+These wonderful airmen! Like meteors
+in the sky, they swoop and fly, entirely regardless
+of everything but the job on hand.</p>
+
+<p>“Our men fight so cheerfully and whimsically
+and sarcastically. There is no vestige
+of hate toward the Boche, only an abiding
+disgust and hearty contempt—a feeling as
+toward a mongrel who has fairly gone and got
+hydrophobia and must be killed to save valuable
+human life. We are really most jubilant
+over the past three days’ work, and every
+one is smiling and happy and cracking jokes.
+Gramophones are whirling at top speed, bands
+are playing in the camps, pipes are skirling and
+moaning and quickening the pulse, and the
+Hun is licking his wounds in silence over
+there to the east, in silence and afraid.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p>The War Office took cognizance of the little
+affair:</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">London</span>, July 12th, 1917.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+“<span class="smcap">To</span> ——:</p>
+
+<p>“Beg to inform you that Lieutenant Z.,
+Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, was
+wounded June 7th, but remained at duty.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">Secretary, War Office.</span>”<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>On June 20th the Military Cross was
+awarded to Lieutenant Z.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EPIC_OF_THE_FOREIGN_LEGION">EPIC OF THE FOREIGN LEGION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Its Wonderful Story Will Stand as One of the Vital Things of the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> self-redeemed have always had the
+world’s sympathy—sometimes they have
+won the world’s acclaim. Visitors to that
+shrine of French honor and glory, the famous
+Hôtel des Invalides, may now see the battleflag
+of the Foreign Legion, draped between
+the flag of the Cuirassiers who fell at Reichshofen,
+and the standard borne by the Garibaldians
+in 1870-1871—not only draped in
+that honorable association, but wearing on its
+folds the cross of the Legion of Honor. And
+those who know will tell visitors that that
+flag was the flag of the redeemed.</p>
+
+<p>It was said with shame and contempt at
+first that the Foreign Legion was composed
+of the riff-raff, scalawags and murderous upstarts
+of the nether world. So it was, but
+events proved that “there is a spirit in man”
+that can throw off degraded conditions and
+rise to the performance of nobly heroic deeds
+and sacrifices. This Legion, made up of
+renegades and social outcasts from all quarters
+of the globe, men beyond the pale of
+the law speaking a various language, tendered
+its services to France in 1915, was recognized
+by the President of the Republic, accepted
+by the Commander-in-Chief and admitted to
+the army on an equal footing with the regular
+regiments of the line. The pariahs became
+soldiers of France.</p>
+
+<p>It was an extraordinarily nondescript assembly—all
+nationalities, all colors, from the
+black of the negro to the blonde of the Saxon,
+having but two things in common, their former
+outlawry and the “spirit that quickeneth,” and
+through the quality of that spirit they squared
+their debt to life,—for the Legion dissolved
+in the fire that met the “drive” in September,
+1915, so soon after it entered the service.
+As one of the few survivors wrote: “War did
+its worst thoroughly with the Legion. We
+had the place of honor in the attack, and we
+paid for it.” Right good words.</p>
+
+<p>There is all the material for an epic in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</span>
+glory of the Foreign Legion. A great deal
+has been written about it, but the best is yet
+to be written—some time when the war is
+further away, and out of its horror the things
+that glow will rise into clearer view. Really,
+it is a great thing when the reject of the
+social order spring from their fugitive haunts
+and rush to death in defense of the higher
+civilization. In the meantime there is the
+moving story, graphically yet simply told,
+by Legionary Morlae, a survivor, published
+in the <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite> for March, 1916.</p>
+
+<p>The Legion was placed in the van, and
+Morlae’s company formed the front line of
+the extreme left flank.</p>
+
+<p>Infinite care had been taken with the preparations,
+every detail provided for, even to the
+extent of arming twelve men from each company
+with long knives and hand grenades
+for use in their assigned duty as “trench-cleaners”;
+this duty was to enter the German
+trenches and caves and bomb-proofs and
+“dispose of such of the enemy as were still
+hidden therein after we had stormed the trench
+and passed on to the other side.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>JUST BEFORE GOING INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>“One hour before the time set for the advance,
+we passed the final inspection and deposited
+our last letters with the regimental
+postmaster. Those letters meant a good deal
+to all of us, and they were in our minds during
+the long wait that followed. One man
+suddenly began to intone the <em>Marseillaise</em>.
+Soon every man joined in singing. It was a
+very Anthem of Victory. We were ready,
+eager, and confident: for us to-morrow held
+but one chance—Victory.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_028" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_028.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Scribners.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Platoon of the Foreign Legion</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The legion of adventurous spirits who fought for France, made up of renegades and social outcasts from all quarters of the globe. It
+had the right of honor in an attack and went through the bitterest fighting on the Western front.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I had written to my friends at home. I
+had named the man in my company to whom
+I wished to leave my personal belongings.
+Sergeant Velte was to have my Parabellum
+pistol; Casey my prismatics; Birchler my
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</span>money-belt and contents; while Sergeant Jovert
+was booked for my watch and compass.
+Yet, in the back of my mind, I smiled at my
+own forethought. I knew that I should come
+out alive.</p>
+
+<p>“I recalled to myself the numerous times
+that I had been in imminent peril: in the
+Philippines, in Mexico, and during the thirteen
+months of this war: I could remember
+time and again when men were killed on
+each side of me and when I escaped unscratched.
+Take the affair of Papoin, Joly,
+and Bob Scanlon. We were standing together
+so near that we could have clasped hands.
+Papoin was killed, Joly was severely wounded,
+and Scanlon was hit in the ankle—all by the
+same shell. The fragments which killed and
+wounded the first two passed on one side of
+me, while the piece of iron that hit Bob went
+close by my other side. Yet I was untouched!
+Again, take the last patrol. When I was
+out of cover, the Germans shot at me from
+a range of 10 meters—and missed! I felt
+certain that my day was not to-morrow.</p>
+
+<p>“Just the same, I was glad that my affairs
+were arranged, and it gave me a sense of conscious
+satisfaction to think that my comrades
+would have something to remember me by.
+There is always the chance of something unforeseen
+happening.</p>
+
+<p>“The strain was beginning to wear off.
+From right and left there came a steady murmur
+of low talk. In our own column men
+were beginning to chaff each other. I could
+distinctly hear Subiron describing in picturesque
+detail to Capdevielle how he, Capdevielle,
+would look, gracefully draped over the
+German barbed wire; and I could hear Capdevielle’s
+heated response that he would live long
+enough to spit upon Subiron’s grave; and I
+smiled to myself. The moment of depression
+and self-communication had passed. The men
+had found themselves and were beginning
+their usual chaffing. And yet, in all their
+chatter there seemed to be an unusually sharp
+note. The jokes all had an edge to them.
+References to one another’s death were common,
+and good wishes for one another’s partial
+dismemberment excited only laughter.
+Just behind me I heard King express the hope
+that if he lost an arm or a leg he would at
+least get the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">médaille militaire</i> in exchange.
+By way of comfort, his chum, Dowd, remarked<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</span>
+that, whether he got the medal or not,
+he was very sure of getting a permit to beg
+on the street-corners.”</p>
+
+<p>Here is a significant touch to be remembered.
+An hour before midnight as they
+passed down to the front trenches the men
+in the supporting trenches regarded them enviously
+in the darkness, demanding to know
+why these men should be going into battle
+ahead of themselves. And the answer came,
+“Nous sommes la Légion.” “A-a-a-a-h la
+Légion!” That was the satisfactory explanation.
+“Our right to the front rank seemed
+to be acknowledged. It did every man of
+us good.”</p>
+
+<p>It was the recognition of the right to redemption!</p>
+
+
+<h3>OVER THE TOP AT DOUBLE-QUICK</h3>
+
+<p>There had been heavy artillery fire through
+the night, increasing in intensity as the hour
+of the morning appointed for the attack approached.
+The Germans, informed by their
+airmen of an unusual commotion in the enemy
+first line, began shelling that point, and the
+uproar was terrific when the signal was given
+for the Legion to go over the top. Says
+Morlae:</p>
+
+<p>“I felt my jaws clenching, and the man
+next to me looked white. It was only for a
+second. Then every one of us rushed at the
+trench-wall, each and every man struggling to
+be the first out of the trench. In a moment
+we had clambered up and out. We slid over
+the parapet, wormed our way through gaps
+in the wire, formed in line, and, at the command,
+moved forward at march-step straight
+toward the German wire.”</p>
+
+<p>As they moved forward at double-quick,
+men fell right and left under bursting shell,
+and the rain of bullets from the machine guns;
+but through all the appalling uproar Morlae
+could hear the clear, high voice of his captain
+shouting “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En avant! Vive la France!</i>”</p>
+
+
+<h3>STEADILY ON ACROSS A WALL OF FIRE</h3>
+
+<p>They went steadily on, supported by the
+fire of the rows of “75’s,” the fire-curtain in
+front outlining the whole length of the enemy’s
+line clearly, accurately. But above
+them was blackness, the low-flying clouds
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</span>mingling with the smoke curtain; and out of
+that blackness “fell a trickling rain of pieces
+of metal, lumps of earth, knapsacks, rifles,
+cartridges and fragments of human flesh. The
+scene was horrible and terrifying. Across
+the wall of our own fire, poured shell after
+shell from the enemy, tearing through our
+ranks. From overhead the shrapnel seemed
+to come down in sheets, and from behind the
+stinking, blinding curtain came volleys of
+steel-jacketed bullets, their whine unheard and
+their effect almost unnoticed.... With me
+it was like a dream as we went on, ever on.
+Of a sudden our fire curtain lifted. In a moment
+it had ceased to bar our way and
+jumped like a living thing to the next line
+of the enemy. We could see the trenches
+in front of us now, quite clear of fire, but
+flattened almost beyond recognition. The
+defenders were either killed or demoralized.
+Calmly, almost stupidly, we parried or thrust
+with the bayonet at those who barred our way.
+Without a backward glance we leaped the
+ditch and went on straight forward toward the
+next trench, marked in glowing outline by our
+fire. I remember now how the men looked.
+Their eyes had a wild, unseeing look in them.
+Everybody was gazing ahead, trying to pierce
+the awful curtain which cut us off from all
+sight of the enemy. Always the black pall
+smoking and burning appeared ahead—just
+ahead of us—hiding everything we wanted to
+see.” And so on to the next trench ahead,
+what was left of it, where bayonet and gun-butt
+did their work speedily and then on, leaving
+the finishing touches to the “trench cleaners.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_030" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_030.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Placing the Stars and Stripes in St. Paul’s Cathedral, London</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The American Legion—men who were serving in the Canadian Army—presented to the Cathedral
+the flag of the United States and the flag of Canada. They were first placed on the altar
+and after a short service were carried to the north transept.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Later of a sudden the German artillery in
+front ceased fire, and from the trench ahead
+the German troops “were pouring out in
+black masses and advancing toward us at a
+trot.” They thought it was a counter-attack
+and set themselves to meet it. But then the
+French artillery suddenly stopped firing and
+the supposed counter-attack was seen to be a
+surrender, the enemy coming forward in columns
+of four, officer leading, with hands up.
+As the prisoners were being escorted to the
+rear, the German artillery, aware of its mistake,
+resumed fire, viciously throwing shells
+among the masses of prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>At last they gained the communication
+trench that led to their objective, the Navarin
+Farm. The trench was filled with dead or
+wounded Germans; and when they got to the
+final trench, it was wholly unoccupied. The
+French gunmen had done their work thoroughly.
+The men advanced into open position
+and dug in separately, smoked, chaffed each
+other, now and then made a dash to a neighbor’s
+hole, taking cheer in the fact that the
+charge was over and the object won.</p>
+
+<p>But of the Legion such a pitiful few were
+left that it passed as a fact, surviving only as a
+memory; its war-sealed flag with the cross of
+the Legion of Honor, hanging in the Hôtel
+des Invalides, being the testimony of its service
+well done.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DARE-DEVIL FIGHTERS FROM THE PARIS SLUMS</h3>
+
+<p>As an addendum to this account of the final
+action of the Foreign Legion, brief reference
+to the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bataillon d’Afrique</i> is quite appropriate.
+This battalion was organized by the French
+government in 1832 for the purpose of bringing
+under indefinite military discipline the city
+roughs, Apaches, sneak-thieves, pickpockets,
+swindlers, forgers and other offenders of the
+lower world. All the social refuse whom the
+authorities despaired of making useful to civil
+life were sent to join this battalion, which
+differed from the ordinary battalion consisting
+of 1,000 men, in having no numerical limit.
+It was maintained in Africa. These soldiers
+were young daredevils, keen, brave, daring,
+and veritable terrors in a fight. This was so
+characteristic of them that the best French
+officers were eager to have command of them,
+especially as they were devotedly obedient to
+their officers.</p>
+
+<p>When France was forced to defend herself
+against Germany at the outbreak of the Great
+War, there were 5,000 of the Bataillon
+d’Afrique, 3,000 garrisoned in Tunis and
+2,000 in Morocco. They were summoned to
+France, and the first detachment of several
+thousand landed at Marseilles early in August
+and were at once hurried north and into
+Belgium. One battalion was surrounded at
+Charleroi by a detachment of the Prussian
+Guards, and the situation looked very black
+and desperate. But that did not affect the
+fighting spirit of the battalion (the Joyeux)
+except to give it intensity. The Joyeux buried
+their flag that it might be in no danger of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</span>
+falling into the hands of the enemy and, with
+fixed bayonets, by sheer force and will-power
+cut their way through the encircling guardsmen.
+This battalion was part of the heroic
+rearguard in the retreat from Belgium. At
+the battle of the Marne it took terrible revenge
+for its discomfiture by the Guards
+at Charleroi, when the Joyeux in their
+turn surrounded a regiment of the Prussian
+Guards, which did not cut a way
+out.</p>
+
+<p>They gave a fine account of themselves, that
+is, those who had survived the earlier campaigns
+in the final grand offensive of the
+Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Cecaldi, who led the Joyeux in
+many campaigns, said of them:</p>
+
+<p>“The place of the Joyeux is where the powder
+talks, face to danger. They ever give
+proof of a calm energy, devilish courage, attentive
+obedience. They fight always with a
+good humor. In the midst of shells and bullets,
+in the hardest part of the struggle, they
+make droll and witty remarks. And when
+the end comes the Joyeux know how to die
+nobly.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DOC_OF_THE_FIFTH">“DOC OF THE FIFTH”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Conversion of the Rev. J. H. Clifford, “Y” Worker, into A Hero
+Among Marines</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Not</span> every one understands that a soldier
+of the Lord has in him the material out
+of which to make a very effective soldier where
+shot and shell play havoc. The young men
+of the Army, Navy and Marines who went
+over to France to offer their lives in defense of
+their country’s ideals, discovered, in the experiences
+of the trenches, a something that rather
+cheapened in their estimation the forms and
+didactic solemnity of conventional religion.
+They had learned a more intimate thing, and
+it is the testimony of many clergymen that
+the “boys” found words only too cheap where
+works were in order. They had no hankering
+for sermons. They had caught an intimate
+understanding from the Unknown. They
+did not want to be preached to.</p>
+
+<p>Therein lies the secret of the affectionate
+familiar devotion of the men of the regiment
+to “Doc of the Fifth.” It is a story that has
+been told widely in the press, and has been
+requoted in numerous periodicals, but it is a
+delightful instance of what may be called the
+quiet heroisms of life.</p>
+
+<p>The Rev. John H. Clifford, minister of
+the Baptist Church in Tucson, Arizona, felt
+the urge to service on the other side when
+the United States began sending its boys to
+the fighting front. He promptly tendered
+himself as a “Y” worker, was accepted and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</span>
+sent abroad. His assignment carried him to
+the 5th Regiment of Illinois in the Vosges.
+He went prepared to do his duties as a minister
+of the Gospel and a servant of man.</p>
+
+<p>He wore the blouse and tunic of the chaplain,
+insignia that indicated to some of the
+“Boys” that superior altitude of moral pretension
+and holier-than-thouness they were unwilling
+to acknowledge too cordially. So
+when he tried to begin his work with the men
+of the 5th, he was greeted by the declaration,
+“We don’t want any damned parsons around
+here,” and for two weeks they held aloof,
+ignoring the efforts to establish religious services.</p>
+
+<p>But the Rev. John H. Clifford wasn’t a
+clergyman merely, he was a man—and he
+understood men. And this valuable asset incited
+a course of action destined to win the
+confidence and affection of those under his
+care. Instead, therefore, of standing on dignity
+and attempting to command the respect
+supposedly “due to the cloth,” he went to the
+men. He joined them in their hikes. He
+entered into their interests. He was ever
+ready to do his share and bear the equal hardships
+with them. They began to warm toward
+him, and finally, as one of the Marines put it,
+he was “adopted as a Leatherneck,” and he became
+to them “Doc”—“Doc of the Fifth.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_033" style="max-width: 46.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_033.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Rev. J. H. Clifford of the Fifth Marines</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Entering the service as a “Y” worker, Rev. Clifford later became attached to the Fifth Marines
+and remained with that organization throughout its fighting. The men became so fond of him
+that they named him “Doc of the Fifth” and attached the Globe, Anchor and Eagle to his collar.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SO THEY MADE HIM A MARINE</h3>
+
+<p>Then one night the boys of the 45th Company
+sat reasoning together and came to the
+flattering conclusion that “Doc” was still a
+trifling distance from them in the matter of
+regimental distinction, and needs must be
+brought into more intimate harmony with
+them. <cite>The Marine’s Magazine</cite> tells us that
+they secretly removed his blouse and tunic
+and had the company tailor sew on Marine
+buttons and attach the Globe, Anchor and
+Eagle to his collar. When “Doc” appeared
+at chow with his new decorations the officers
+were aghast, but later General (then Colonel)
+Doyen authorized him to wear them and there
+they have remained.</p>
+
+<p>“I am prouder to wear the Globe, Anchor
+and Eagle than I am to wear the Croix de
+Guerre which was given me after I had the
+opportunity of helping General Catlin when
+he was wounded,” said Dr. Clifford. “Any
+one of the boys would have done anything
+he could for the general in similar circumstances,
+but not everyone is awarded an emblem
+by the Marines themselves. A token of
+affection from such men as those is the greatest
+honor.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN THE THICK OF IT AT BELLEAU WOOD</h3>
+
+<p>He was with the 5th Regiment through
+that fame-winning Belleau Wood battle, and
+has endless stories to tell of experiences in that
+terrible fight, some of them amusing as an
+afterthought, though they were not so regarded
+at the time. For example, the experience
+when he and a stretcher bearer were
+crawling through the grass toward the trench
+where General Catlin lay seriously wounded.
+Shells were dropping and machine-gun bullets
+were slashing all about.</p>
+
+<p>“Keep closer down, Doc,” was the constant
+admonition of the stretcher bearer, “closer
+down.”</p>
+
+<p>“The lad didn’t realize, I guess,” Doc says,
+“that I was perfectly willing to get closer to
+the earth but my stomach prevented my doing
+so.”</p>
+
+<p>He says of the awful days in Belleau Wood,
+where his life was repeatedly in danger:</p>
+
+<p>“It was glorious to be with the boys there, as
+they saved Paris and made history. Out of
+the 1,600 men in the 3rd Battalion, there
+were only 200 left after ten days in Belleau
+Wood. Many a time the rosary I carried
+was covered with blood as one of those brave
+boys grasped it for the last time.” (Creed
+made no difference at a time like that.)</p>
+
+<p>“I could relate instances of individual heroism
+for hours at a time. I lay by the side of
+Top Sergeant Grant of the 20th Company
+while he picked off nine Germans consecutively
+at 400 yards; that’s Marine Corps
+marksmanship for you.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Anything I can do for you, boy?’ I asked
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘No, Doc,’ he said, ‘but you might pray
+while I aim.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’ve been doing that,’ I told him, ‘every
+time you squeeze the trigger.’ Later I saw
+him blown to pieces by a shell.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the chap named Young
+who saw Major Berry wounded and threw
+himself in front of him as a shield from the
+bullets that were flying like hail. Later,
+when I spoke to him about his act, he merely
+said, ‘I’ve done nothing.’ A few days afterward
+when he had volunteered to perform a
+dangerous mission in the town of Lucy and
+was doing what he would probably have called
+‘nothing,’ he, too, was killed by a bit of shell.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the boys saved me when I was
+stunned by shrapnel and in my stupor started
+to walk toward the German line. He saw
+where I was headed and got Doc out of that
+pretty quick. Then I was paralyzed by another
+piece of shrapnel and was taken to a
+Paris hospital. But I was lucky. I was out
+again in five weeks and got back at the front
+just in time to be with my boys when the
+great drive opened on July 18 at Soissons.”</p>
+
+<p>During that intense fighting he was again
+at the side of the men of the 5th to lend a
+hand whenever possible. One wounded Marine
+asked him for a smoke, which was forthcoming,
+but the lad was unable to take it,
+his hands were both shot.</p>
+
+<p>“Light it for me, will you, Doc?” he said,
+and Doc did, although he hadn’t had any
+practice for more than thirty years.</p>
+
+<p>Another story he tells is of a runner who,
+before one of the battles, asked him to lead a
+prayer meeting. Although somewhat astonished
+by the request, Doc complied and the
+meeting was duly held in a dugout. Later an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</span>
+officer was questioning the runner concerning
+his whereabouts.</p>
+
+<p>“I was in the dugout at a prayer meeting,”
+said the boy.</p>
+
+<p>“A prayer meeting?” demanded the officer.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, sir,” persisted the lad, “and it was
+a damned good prayer meeting.”</p>
+
+<p>Besides the Croix de Guerre, Dr. Clifford
+proudly wears the blue Cross of Lorraine,
+given him by an officer in that province.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COULDNT_STOP_THEM">COULDN’T STOP THEM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Thro’ Turkish Shells and Barbed-Wired Sea They Landed at Gallipoli</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Twenty</span> transports of Australians under
+General Birdwood, arriving at Gallipoli.
+In any circumstances, landing through
+rough seas and narrow beaches, under defiant
+cliffs and then climbing those cliffs is not
+nerve soothing for either impatient commanders
+or restless soldiers. But in war time
+with cannon belching at you—well, it costs.</p>
+
+<p>It was planned to surprise the Turks—those
+surprisingly straight-shooting Turks,
+with their infernal German guns and German
+officers. The men tried to hope, but it was
+really absurd to think the enemy would be
+surprised. In January the Allied troops had
+tried to force the Dardanelles. That had been
+sufficient warning. The enemy would not be
+caught napping only a few months later. Even
+the most hopeful of the men set about writing
+the letters which might contain their very last
+wishes, fears, bequests, expressions of love.
+Then the gloom passed and jokes and laughter
+came.</p>
+
+<p>At about two o’clock in the morning they
+dropped anchor. Each man stood at parade
+on the decks, and each was ordered to look to
+his supplies—a rifle, a bayonet, 150 rounds of
+ammunition, three days’ rations, a first-aid
+kit. It was weird contemplating this stretch
+of the Ægean and that bit of coast so soon
+to be washed by blood.</p>
+
+<p>Captain David Fanlon in his story of <cite>The
+Big Fight</cite> says: “The long procession of
+transports and their grim battleship escorts had
+stolen up in the night, a widely spread yet organized,
+concrete group of slowly-moving,
+black, gloomy monsters. Every light aboard
+each ship had been ordered out. Not even the
+pin-head flame of a cigarette might show on
+any deck.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</span></p>
+
+<p>“The only light we had was the faint green
+gleam that filtered over the smooth waters
+from a moon that had begun to wane and had,
+indeed, at this hour of three in the morning,
+nearly fallen behind the ragged jaw of the
+black cliffs.”</p>
+
+<p>That moon may have been very picturesque,
+but the men on those boats hated it, feared it,
+wished it in—any place but in the heaven
+above them. Its beam might act as a spotlight
+on the surprise attack. It looked like the evil
+<em>eye</em> of the <em>enemy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“I wonder,” said some one, “what that old
+green eye of a moon is looking at back of
+those dark, old cliffs? I wonder if he sees
+the big guns drowsing and the garrisons asleep
+or——”</p>
+
+<p>“What he’s seeing,” came a grumbling answer,
+“is the heathen blighters getting ready
+to bang hell out of us!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GREAT ADVENTURE BEGINS</h3>
+
+<p>“And now the men had assembled on the
+decks as soft-footedly as they might. They
+had gathered in the darkness into orderly rows
+like big companies of phantoms. The ship’s
+crews worked as spectrally and nearly as silently
+as the lowering of ladders and the
+launching of the boats would permit. Small
+steamboats, each with a swerving tail made
+up of barges and small boats, panted alongside
+the transports and battleships. With wonderful
+precision and swiftness the great ships
+spawned hundreds on hundreds of smaller
+craft, thousands on thousands of men, crowding
+the waters with them for as far as you
+could make out whichever way you looked in
+the faint moonlight.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_036" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_036.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>© New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Night Attack on the Dardanelles</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">British warships bombarding Turkish forts to protect the Allied landing parties.
+The fire that was returned was both accurate and deadly.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</span></p>
+
+<p>Of a sudden, the moon dipped and blinked
+out behind the cliffs. There was a sigh of
+relief. “God bless that damned old moon.”
+A moment before there had been just enough
+light to see the battleships coming on slowly
+in the rear with the obvious purpose of covering
+the attack. “Then you couldn’t see a
+blessed thing. The green waters had turned
+to ink. You only knew your comrades were
+with you in the same boat by the press of
+their swaying bodies against your shoulders
+and your ribs.”</p>
+
+<p>They were within two hundred yards of the
+shore.</p>
+
+<p>“Shouldn’t wonder,” whispered some one,
+“if we’re to surprise them after all.”</p>
+
+<p>“Then suddenly out of that weird darkness,
+that curious silence that had been disturbed
+only by the rapid, half-choked panting of the
+steam tugs, the surge of the water against the
+sides of the barges, the whispers, the occasional
+smothered laughs—all soft sounds—there
+came hell—veritable hell if ever hell
+comes to men on earth! And it came with
+a tremendous roar!”</p>
+
+<p>Captain Dave Fanlon was not an observer
+at the time. He was a participant. He gives
+a most thrilling account of the ghastly landing:</p>
+
+<p>“There was a swift, sharp lightening of the
+sky back of the gaunt, black cliffs, and our
+boats seemed thrown out of the water, thrown
+up into the air by the rocking thunder of the
+heavy guns of the Turkish batteries behind
+those cliffs. The water that had been so
+smooth an instant before, that was, in fact,
+so treacherously smooth, as had been the silence,
+was stabbed and chopped and sent into
+wild spume by a great rain of shells. Blinding
+blasts flared as suddenly, as here and there
+a boat with its living load was struck and shattered.
+Screams and hoarse, impulsive cries
+began to mingle with the explosions.”</p>
+
+<p>The Turks had the range as surely as if
+they were only ten feet away from the Australians.
+The English battleships began an
+angry, heavy retort. Whether they found
+their mark among the Turks or not, it seemed
+to make no difference. The enemy fire became
+more and more intense. Boat after boat was
+being smashed. Scores and scores of men, unable
+to swim, or weak swimmers, died right
+there.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAUGHT IN BARBED-WIRE NETS</h3>
+
+<p>Most of the men struggled. They tried to
+throw off their encumbrances. They helped
+one another to get rid of their knapsacks.
+They let go their ammunition belts—everything
+but their bayonets. They knew that even if
+they could make the shore there would be
+small hope for them without the bayonets.
+All the time came that devilish fire from the
+cliffs. The shore was not far off now. They
+swam. They were within fifty feet of it.
+Then they hit against a terrible snare.</p>
+
+<p>“The enemy had constructed on stakes in
+eight feet of water a barbed-wire entanglement
+along more than two miles of the beach.”
+Men ran their faces full tilt against the
+barbed wire’s fangs. They cursed and
+moaned. They hung on to the wire, but
+ducked every instant, for a scream of bullets
+was all around. Hundreds drowned. Hundreds
+were held like netted fish in the entangling
+wires. Many were lost in trying to
+get through that wire. But the attack went
+on. There was some space between the wire
+and the sea bottom. They crawled through!
+The enemy’s own shells smashed some of the
+wire. Bombing parties in battleship launches
+tore more sections open.</p>
+
+<p>Men did get through. They lay gasping on
+the beach. But bullets came thicker. They
+rose. Officers tried to organize the torn
+forces. The bombardment from the forts
+was ceaseless. The English ships roared back
+with thundering fire. Machine gun fire and
+rifle fire from Turks, concealed in mounds of
+sand and the clefts of the cliffs, were tearing
+down the brave Australians—ever dauntless.</p>
+
+<p>“The landing party was grotesque and
+wavering under the frightful storm. Shouts,
+yells, screams of pain, cries of alarm merged
+into a great clamor. The most heartening
+thing, somehow, in the darkness had become
+the Australian cry of ‘Coo-ee!’—sharp and
+musical, in which men had called themselves
+together into groups.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no living on the beach. The
+only way out of that immediate hell was to
+charge across the sands and get into the shelter
+of the dunes, to fight our way to the base
+of the cliffs and get away from the shells of
+the cliffs, and to fight a way into the enemy
+trenches in the table-lands.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</span></p>
+
+<p>Amidst the horror and confusion that
+reigned impossible deeds were performed.
+How it was ever done no one can tell.
+It was terrible. But it had to be done. Many
+of the English hadn’t a thing to fight with but
+the cold steel of their bayonets. The warships,
+of course, helped tremendously. The
+hills of sand and the stony cliffs were rent by
+merciless fire. You could see “the bodies of
+the enemies, clusters of them, spouting from
+the places of their concealment. Legs, arms,
+heads were flying wildly in the air.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>GOT THERE ANY OLD WAY</h3>
+
+<p>Captain Fanlon says:</p>
+
+<p>“We got up those sand ridges any old
+way—by digging in our bayonets like Alpine
+staffs, clawing with our free hands, scrambling
+with toe-holds and fighting up on all fours.</p>
+
+<p>“We had just gained a knoll of sand and
+bush and taken protection behind it for a
+minute’s breathing when one of my men, one
+of those sturdy cattlemen who had made their
+way out of the wilderness to get into the war
+for civilization, went down with a bullet in
+his leg.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Nothing much,’ he said, as I bent over
+him to examine the wound, ‘and don’t stop
+for me. Go on and come back for me later or
+maybe the Red Cross lads will find me.
+A little thing like this isn’t going to—’</p>
+
+<p>“He was smiling as he talked, but suddenly
+his head fell back, his smile widening into a
+horrible grin. A bullet had taken him in the
+neck. He was done for.</p>
+
+<p>“Of course, and luckily, there were only a
+few of our thousands that had been blown
+out of their boats and most of the lusty fighters
+of the landing force had their ammunition
+in hand. They were going after the Turks
+with the rifle volleys of deadly accuracy.</p>
+
+<p>“Having come alive through the terrible
+ordeal of that shell and bullet strand of open
+beach, the Australians and New Zealanders
+were fired to the highest fighting pitch. Companies
+of them sang as they climbed and
+pushed and struggled along—sang or rather
+yelled snatches of all manner of songs though
+they didn’t sound much like songs. More like
+strange, sustained savage war cries.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no staying the impetuosity of
+some of them.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>SOME WOULDN’T “DIG IN”</h3>
+
+<p>At last the Turks began to give way.
+They were on the run. But their forts two
+and three miles away were still pouring their
+fire. The men were ordered to dig in. Despite
+orders, however, “hundreds of our warriors
+refused to stop. They charged right on
+through the pathways and tunnels in the cliffs.
+We never saw them again. Those that were
+not killed were captured by the Turks. We
+used to say in speaking of them afterward that
+they had ‘gone on to Constantinople.’”</p>
+
+<p>The Australians had proved their mettle in
+this terrible adventure. Everlasting glory
+was theirs—soldiers so recently recruited. The
+soldiers, though, were not the only ones to
+be elevated to higher sacrifice in these soul-straining
+demands. “There was the work
+done by the Australian Army Service Corps—landing
+a steady procession of boats with
+medical and food supplies as well as ammunition,
+fleets on fleets of these boats from the
+transports and battleships moving to shore
+with the coolest regularity, with the waters
+around every one of them constantly thrashed
+by tons of falling shells. Scores of the boats
+were blown up. But the others never
+stopped.”</p>
+
+<p>“The stretcher-bearers and the doctors we
+could also see working calmly among the sand
+dunes, ignoring snipers’ bullets as though they
+had been harmless flakes of snow. Slow and
+painful files of the wounded—those who could
+walk or stagger along were being guided to
+protected places until the coming of night
+might enable their removal to the hospital
+ships.</p>
+
+<p>“As for the dead whose countless prone
+bodies were strewn upon the beach with curious
+pitiful inertness, so different from that of
+sleep that you know instinctively it means
+death—there was no use then risking live men
+to give the dead the attention, to award them
+such decencies of care and burial as were their
+due. This also would be the work of the
+night. Yes, and many a man as he worked
+over the graves of his fallen comrades pitched
+into that grave, himself become a dead man—betrayed
+to a sniper by the moonlight’s gleam.</p>
+
+<p>“Twilight veiled the sun and then very
+suddenly black night came.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_039" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_039.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">British Troops Meeting a Charge by the Turks</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Their fighting equipment reduced to machine guns and rifles, a small British unit at Gallipoli met the onrushing Turks in the open and drove them
+back.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Australians had done the thing men in
+authority had thought it impossible to do.
+Lord Kitchener later declared this one of the
+most brilliant feats of bravery and soldiering
+of the war.</p>
+
+<p>There were 20,000 men who landed at Gallipoli.
+Perhaps 1,000 of them are alive to-day.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE KIND OF MEN THEY WERE</h3>
+
+<p>And here is a tribute to the men who
+stormed the heights that may be found in the
+London <cite>Times’</cite> account of the campaign:</p>
+
+<p>“The most moving part in the Gallipoli
+story will ever be the splendid feelings it
+called forth in the breasts of young Australians.
+To them it was no ordinary adventure
+in warfare. These single-minded, loyal youths
+had different conceptions of God. But every
+conception fitted into the sublime conception
+that this work for their race and country was
+God’s work. Upon the tissue of their natures,
+the warm affections, the cleanliness and the
+liberty among which they had been brought
+up, this fighting call in Gallipoli precipitated
+something that seemed to them the highest
+thing possible. What they knew was that
+they wished to go to Anzac, that they
+were prepared to die there, that the Australian
+army had become for them a sacred institution.
+Their hearts were touched by the
+death of comrades, their eyes took fire at the
+sight of the distinctive Australian uniform.
+Gallipoli proved, if it did not in itself go far
+to produce, a warmth and generosity in the
+Australian character. The difficulty experienced
+by the commanders was not to get men
+to this shell-torn place of hardship, but to
+keep them from it. Half the members of the
+Light Horse Brigades and all the drivers of
+artillery and ambulances had been left behind
+in Cairo or Alexandria, to attend to the horses.
+But it was impossible to keep them there.
+They decided amongst themselves who could
+be spared. Everyone wished to go, those
+chosen were thought lucky. They boarded
+transports at Alexandria, stowed away until
+the ships were at sea, and then reported themselves
+to the officers commanding. One artillery
+brigade lost 39 of its men in this manner.
+General Hamilton could never find it in his
+heart to send back men who came with tears
+in their eyes and asked for nothing better than
+to be given privates’ work in Anzac. There<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</span>
+were cases in which sergeants gladly forfeited
+stripes and pay for the chance. Men could
+not bear to go back to their homes and say
+they had not done their share at Anzac.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>UNORTHODOX BUT STANCH</h3>
+
+<p>“And of their discipline, which was attacked
+because it was sometimes unorthodox,
+what better can be said than what was told
+in the undying story of the <em>Southland</em>? The
+<em>Southland</em> was torpedoed by a German submarine
+in the Ægean Sea, when conveying the
+21st Australian Infantry Battalion and part
+of the 23rd, 1,500 strong, from Alexandria
+to Mudros. They were Victorian country
+boys, recruited for the most part from the
+farms and stations of the Wimmera and the
+Goulburn Valley. Panic ensued among the
+ill-assorted crew of this converted German
+liner. Three of the four holds filled with
+water, the hatches of the hold first damaged
+were blown out and in the water there the
+Australians could see the dead bodies floating
+of their comrades killed by the explosion. No
+one thought that the ship could keep for long
+above water. But the soldiers stood at their
+stations. They waited for their turn. One
+went to the piano, and played favorite airs.
+Others, when volunteers were asked for,
+jumped into the water to right overturned
+boats. When at last all the men were off the
+stricken vessel, standing on half-submerged
+rafts, clinging to the edges of boats, swimming
+alongside improvised supports, volunteers were
+called for to stoke the ship into port, all the
+men within hearing offered for the hazardous
+task. Six officers and seventeen men climbed
+the rope ladders again, and with her bows
+under water and her stern low down, the ship
+was brought into Mudros and beached. It
+was a triumphant vindication of the discipline
+of Dominion troops. ‘The discipline was perfect,’
+wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official
+reporter at Anzac. ‘The men turned out immediately.
+There had been boat drill on the
+voyage and the men ran straight to their
+proper places and lined up.’”</p>
+
+<p>This praise of discipline which, though “unorthodox,”
+meets and never fails to meet the
+required end, reads quite as if it had been
+written of the boys of the United States’ expeditionary
+force.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_OUR_BOYS">ONE OF OUR BOYS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A California Youth of Heroic Soul Who Gave His Life to England</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">We</span> are constantly hearing of the hundreds
+of Americans who laid down
+their lives under the French colors. It was
+part of the debt we owed France. England,
+too, when she joined in the war for liberty,
+found many Americans hastening to her aid,
+and among the lives that were taken under her
+flag in the “great venture” was that of Harry
+Butters, a young Californian whose death in
+France called forth nation-wide eulogies in
+Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Young Butters, after a preliminary education
+at San Francisco, went to England and
+entered Beaumont College at Windsor. There
+amid England’s rural charms and the spell
+of England’s old traditions, he learned to love
+the country which sheltered him.</p>
+
+<p>At the outbreak of the war, Butters went
+back to America. He could not stay, however.
+There was a call to rise and to go.
+He went back to England and enlisted. It
+was as an officer of the British Army that he
+died.</p>
+
+<p>The London <cite>Observer</cite> voices England’s
+praise and love of the American:</p>
+
+<p>“This American boy—and what a straight,
+upstanding pattern of youth and strength he
+was—owed us no duty and he gave us all.
+He gave it not impulsively nor in adventurous
+recklessness, but with a settled enthusiasm
+belonging to the ‘depth and not the tumult
+of the soul.’ How much he gave is worth
+considering. His personal endowments and
+opportunities were such that when he made up
+his mind to quit everything in his bright California
+and to come into the war, his choice
+was heroic in the fullest sense of that word.</p>
+
+<p>“When he went back to America after leaving
+college, he was a young man of mark,
+framed to excel both in sport and affairs.
+He was very tall, supple, active, frank, and
+comely of face, as gay as he was good-looking.
+You saw by a glance at his hands that he had
+a born instinct for management and technique.
+He had been a good deal at sea. He knew
+all about horses and motor-cars. He was a
+crack shot and a fine polo-player. His business
+ability was shown as soon as he took over
+the management of his father’s estates. With
+this practical talent that could turn itself to
+anything he had other qualities. One remembers
+what a delightful, level, measuring glance
+he used to give suddenly from under his
+brows when he had finished rolling a cigarette
+and went on with his keen questioning about
+men and things. To talk with him was to receive
+a new and promising revelation of the
+mind of young America. Like so many of
+our own young soldiers in their attitude
+toward politics, he was not content with either
+of the old parties in the United States. He
+thought that his own generation, if it was
+earnest enough, might make a better hand both
+of social problems and world-relations. He
+hoped to play his part. Although he always
+thought of himself in a fine spirit as “an
+American citizen,” he wanted the United
+States to take a full share in the wider life
+of the world, and especially to work as far
+as possible for common ideals with the whole
+English-speaking race.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WARM HEARTED AND FEARLESS</h3>
+
+<p>“So when the news of the war came to San
+Francisco, he put aside as fair a prospect of
+wealth, success, happiness, and long life as
+could well open before a young man, and determined
+to throw in his lot with the old
+country and the Allies in the fight for civilization
+against all the armed might of lawless
+iniquity which had flung itself on Belgium.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_042" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_042.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Harry J. Adams</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>89th Division, 353rd Infantry, Company “K”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Following a retreating German into a house in the town of Boullonville on September 12, 1918,
+he fired the remaining two shots in his pistol through the door and ordered the surrender of the occupants.
+By his bravery, coolness and confidence he captured, single-handed, 375 prisoners.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“He was then twenty-two. He arrived in
+England in the early part of 1915 to join
+the British Army, and no military eye could
+doubt that the British Army had got a rare
+recruit. Harry Butters got his first commission
+in the 11th Royal Warwickshire Regiment.
+Afterward his technical faculty found
+more congenial scope when he transferred to
+the Royal Field Artillery. While training,
+he stayed a good deal at the rectory, Stow-on-the-Wold,
+Glos. The rector writes: ‘He was
+a warm-hearted, fearless young officer, as
+fine an American gentleman as ever crossed
+the Atlantic.’ It is much to say, but it
+is true.”</p>
+
+<p>“His captain writes that, ‘He was with his
+guns, and no one could have died in a nobler
+way. He was one of the brightest, cheeriest
+boys I have ever known, and always the life
+and soul of the mess.... We all realized
+his nobility in coming to the help of another
+country entirely of his own free will, and
+understood what a big heart he had. He
+was loved by all.’</p>
+
+<p>“He is in it to the finish, indeed, with comrades
+of his adoption, who have passed with
+him. He takes his last sleep out there with
+so many of the brave and true where none
+was braver and truer than he, and among the
+recollections of the great war, his name will
+not be forgotten. Beaumont will take care of
+that. In his old college we doubt not he will
+have his permanent memorial. In our thoughts
+the flags of Britain and America cover his
+heart with double honor. We shall never see
+them entwined again without thinking of
+him. No American can read these lines without
+being proud of him. No Briton can read
+them without feelings deeper, more moved
+than can be said in any words. We are grateful,
+as he would have liked, to his America
+that bred him.”</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Denis O’Sullivan, the widow of the
+famous Irish singer who was so eulogized by
+Mark Twain in his “Memoirs,” wrote to
+friends about the boy she affectionately called
+“stepson,” though there was no such tie between
+them:</p>
+
+<p>“Do you remember in poor Synge’s ‘Riders
+to the Sea’—the old mother says that now her
+last son is drowned, she will be able to sleep
+o’ nights?</p>
+
+<p>“The harrowing anxiety of every day in
+this time of war is over for me, too. On
+July 22, as you know, Gerard, my first stepson,
+was killed. And on August 31, at night,
+too, my last—Harry Butters—they were both
+as dear to me as my own—but Gerard had
+his own people here—he was not dependent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</span>
+on me, while in a way, Harry had only me—his
+sister was six thousand miles away. I
+haven’t been able to say much of him these
+last months as he had been getting the carbon
+copies of my letters to you. Yet it was so
+often on the tip of my fingers to enlarge upon
+the boy—his charm, his capabilities.</p>
+
+<p>“More still upon the drama of his last
+experiences—from the moment when he burst
+into Aldwych his first day in uniform, so
+big, so startlingly handsome—above all, so
+gay—a shout of ‘stepmother!’ that raised the
+dust in that crowded, smoky refuge where the
+hundreds of tired Belgians looked around in
+astonishment that anyone left in the world
+could be so fresh, so dazzling—through those
+months of his watch beside his guns or directing
+fire from his exposed shell-swept hillside—that
+awful moment when the enemy found
+the range and poured death down upon the
+shelter that was no shelter—when all the other
+officers within call took refuge there, fourteen
+in all, Harry, the youngest, but the one who
+dashed out under fire to carry what was left
+of one of his telephonists to the first-aid station—a
+poor mangled mass of humanity, still
+breathing and crying out, a deed that in a
+smaller war would have meant the Victoria
+Cross, but in this, only one of a thousand such
+daily—after it his sudden collapse from the
+shock—(‘No one knew it, stepmother! I
+managed to bluff it through!’) But his colonel
+had been through the same experience
+and backed the doctor up in sending him to
+the base for a few days.</p>
+
+<p>“Then his June leave, luckily due anyway,
+brought him over to No. 7 where he could
+be petted and taken care of—but it was a
+quiet Harry—no less clear-eyed and vigorous,
+but so, <em>so</em> tired.</p>
+
+<p>“Then Winston Churchill and Garvin trying
+to make him take three weeks’ extra leave,
+the boy’s refusal, his return to France, some
+weeks in the ammunition column, where,
+knowing him to be comparatively safe, I could
+carry an easier heart, then a hasty line: ‘Just
+going up to one of the batteries to replace a
+casualty. It’s too bad it comes while I’m in
+bad shape, but it can’t be helped, and it surely
+is what I’m here for, after all. Don’t worry
+any more than you can help.’</p>
+
+<p>“That was August 22, only short notes
+after that, though he could find time to write,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</span>
+‘I’m going to try to get over to Gerard’s
+grave. If I can find some flowers I’ll decorate
+it for you.’</p>
+
+<p>“His friend, Captain Zamora, to whom he’d
+given my address, could not have been with
+him at the last, for he had also had shell-shock
+and was with the ammunition column,
+but he wrote on the 1st of September that
+Harry had been with his guns the night before,
+when the call came, had gone in apparently
+the best of spirits—and the same
+shell killed him and his battery commander.</p>
+
+<p>“It has been so beautiful this week. I’ve
+never seen a harvest-moon more wonderful.
+One can only think what a world it is—and
+Harry and Gerard both out of it.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GUTHRIE_OF_THE_KILTIES">GUTHRIE OF THE “KILTIES”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The First Canadian to Enlist Came Back with Scars of Twenty-two Wounds</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Colonel Guthrie</span> must have been
+born a fighter. Certainly ever since he
+was seventeen he showed the disposition of
+the warrior. His military career began with
+the outbreak of the South African War, when
+he proceeded to enlist in the Transvaal as a
+member of the famous Fourth Canadian
+Mounted Rifles. Guthrie made just one
+complaint about the campaign: “It ended too
+soon.” His adventurous spirit was not satisfied.
+He enlisted in the naval police.
+That, however, was not exactly what he
+wanted.</p>
+
+<p>He returned to Canada in 1903. If civil
+pursuits were in order he would take them
+in the same spirit as an army campaign in
+the Transvaal. He studied law. When only
+twenty-seven he was elected a member of the
+legislature of New Brunswick. He was a
+success.</p>
+
+<p>Perhaps he would have lived his life without
+further intensive physical experiences. The
+war saved him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was August 4, 1914,” says the London
+<cite>Telegraph</cite>, “that fateful day upon which England
+declared war against Germany, closely
+following on the invasion of neutral Belgium.
+In a little theater up in the city of Fredericton,
+capital of the Province of New Brunswick,
+a large audience sat enjoying an interesting
+program. The second act had just
+ended. From the left wing of the stage
+walked the house-manager. A raised hand
+cut short the orchestra’s selection. Almost
+everybody knew what was coming. They
+had been expecting it for the last thirty hours.
+A silence fell over the entire house while nine
+words were pronounced by the house-manager:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Our mother country has to-day declared
+war against Germany.’</p>
+
+<p>“For a second—only a second—a lull fell
+over the audience. Then, as if prearranged,
+the orchestra struck up the strain of ‘God
+Save the King.’ From top to bottom the
+house was in uproar. Cheer after cheer rent
+the air. The audience as one stood singing
+the national anthem.</p>
+
+<p>“Seated well up in front in the orchestra
+as the manager’s announcement was made was
+a man about forty-four years old. The
+audience, with the exception of this particular
+man, began to settle back in their chairs as
+the singing of ‘God Save the King’ was concluded.
+With a stride which was noticeably
+military he walked toward the rear of the
+theater and left the building. Less than two
+blocks away was a telegraph-office. The lone
+night operator, half dosing, jumped to his
+feet as the door opened, and the man who a
+few seconds ago had left the theater entered.
+He addressed a telegraph-blank to ‘Sir Sam
+Hughes, Canadian Minister of Militia,’ and
+then followed an offer to raise a company
+of soldiers for an overseas expedition.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE RAISES A COMPANY</h3>
+
+<p>“‘Captain Percy Guthrie, Seventy-first
+York Infantry,’ the message which he handed
+the operator was signed. The first Canadian
+had volunteered his services to the King.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_045" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_045.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Charge of the London Scottish</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Subjected to a withering fire, the Scots were driven back from Messines three times. They finally rallied and took the position with the bayonet.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Captain Guthrie returned at once to the
+theater, joined his wife, and witnessed the
+rest of the performance. The curtain came
+down, and with his wife, Captain Guthrie
+again headed to the telegraph-office. This
+time the operator was not thinking about
+sleep. He had just received a reply to Captain
+Guthrie’s telegram and was anxiously
+awaiting his return. The answer read: ‘Offer
+accepted. Proceed to recruit volunteers forthwith.’”</p>
+
+<p>Guthrie raised his company and went to the
+front. He soon rose in rank, and at last was
+given command of a regiment of Scots.</p>
+
+<p>Guthrie is said to possess almost a boyish
+exuberance of spirit, but of some things he
+will not jest. He will not even talk about
+them. Evidently the horror he has met with
+at the front has left a permanent impression.
+The following incident is told by a close
+friend of the Colonel’s, Charles K. Howard,
+representative of the Canadian Government
+Railway:</p>
+
+<p>“On a night in the battle of Festubert the
+Tenth Canadians went over the trenches. The
+flares from the machine guns made the line
+as light as day. A piece of the German
+trenches was taken. The only injury that
+the Colonel at this portion of the scrap received
+were some tears in the legs from barbed
+wire entanglements, although he lost in three-quarters
+of an hour two-thirds of his battalion.
+The piece that was taken must be
+held until reinforcements came. These were
+a little slow in arriving. A captain held one
+end of the line while the Colonel, leading his
+men down the trenches, with his bombers
+cleared out another section. The German
+line began to give slowly. Step by step, they
+slid back around the traverses toward Givenchy.
+The Canadians gathered their strength
+and started to press forward. A brave Westphalian
+officer tried to hold his men and stem
+the tide. He stood up to his knees in mud,
+fighting until his last bomb was gone. The
+Colonel, at the head of his men, rushed upon
+the officer, who, weighing perhaps forty
+pounds less than the Colonel, was not daunted.
+He grasped the Colonel by both arms, holding
+him for a moment, and then, with the
+strength borne of despair, lifted him bodily
+into the air, holding him rigid so that he
+could not move.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</span></p>
+
+<h3>TAKES A MUD BATH</h3>
+
+<p>“The Canadians, dashing on behind, overbalanced
+the struggling pair, so that the Westphalian
+officer fell backward into the mud,
+with the Colonel on top. In the dark the
+Canadian soldiers did not know whether their
+leader had been killed or not. They did not
+take time to investigate. They rushed over
+the two struggling men, trampling them deeper
+and deeper into the mire of the trench. The
+Colonel found the throat of the German officer.
+The struggle was soon over, so that he
+could catch up to his men.”</p>
+
+<p>During the attack on Ypres Guthrie resigned
+his position and asked to be sent to the
+Tenth. Of that engagement, Mr. Howard
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“The Tenth had been badly battered in
+taking back from the woods four British
+guns that had been captured. The gallant
+Colonel Boyle, with seven machine-gun bullets
+in his body, had for two hours in the
+darkness of the night lain in a shell-hole surrounded
+by his men and in true Western
+style, with a revolver in each hand, had repelled
+repeated attacks. Then he was carried
+away to die, and Major MacLarinthe,
+second in command, leading the charge, was
+shot through the knee. After crawling forward
+with his men to a little clump of woods
+which he helped to capture he was shot
+through the head and killed. Major Ormand,
+too, fell wounded. Four officers of the thirty-one
+were left when it fell to the lot of Junior
+Lieutenant Guthrie, as he had become in
+order to go to the Tenth, to lead the battalion.</p>
+
+<p>“During the succeeding days the fighting
+surged back and forth over Ypres’s hillsides,
+during which time the battalion suffered
+greatly from the gas-clouds that were let loose
+now and then.</p>
+
+<p>“One time, when leading his men, the Colonel
+fell with a bayonet wound in the chin.
+On another occasion his nose was broken,
+but this did not put him out of action. He
+suffered from the concussion of a shell on
+another occasion and was knocked out for five
+hours. On another day he was put out of
+business by a gas-shell which exploded near
+him and he was dragged out of a ditch full
+of water by a British general, who forced<span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</span>
+him to emit the gas by thrusting his fingers
+down his throat. A scar on the knee shows
+where the Colonel was punctured with a bayonet-point.
+His hand has been ripped open
+by a bayonet which he held while grappling
+with an assailant. The outcome of it was
+that the Canadians held the line at Ypres
+until reinforcements came.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_SO_UNSPEAKABLE">NOT SO UNSPEAKABLE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Turk Whose Sense of Humor Made the Tommies His Friends at Gallipoli</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">War</span> has its humor. Even though it appear
+arms locked with death, there is
+a laugh on the side. It is probably true, as
+an old soldier once said, that if there were
+not a funny side to war an army could never
+get through its hell. The British troops on
+the Gallipoli Peninsula did not find the situation
+teeming with the hilarious, but there
+were moments of relief from the grim monster
+of trench fighting. Oddly enough one of
+the provoking causes of much mirth, seasoned
+with a due amount of vexation, was a
+rotund Turk in whom a sense of humor and
+an impudent daring mingled in a way to win
+the regard of the Tommies fighting in the
+trench opposite him. He alternated between
+tossing a bunch of dates and hurling a bomb
+into the trench of the Tommies with whom
+he exchanged laughter daily. Some of the
+Australians detected in him reminders of an
+eccentric “publican” who dispensed beer at
+home. So the Turk was dubbed “Fatty”
+Burns, the sobriquet of the keeper of the
+“pub.”</p>
+
+<p>A correspondent of the New York <cite>Globe</cite>
+tells the story as he got it from Trooper
+Clancy, one of the men in the trench opposite
+the merry Turk, at Russell’s Top, on Gallipoli,
+the two trenches being separated by
+less than twenty-five yards.</p>
+
+<p>“One old topper in the trench opposite me
+was a fair treat,” said Clancy. “He was so.
+My word! Used to pop up his head above
+the trenches and laugh at us. Then he’d pop
+down again. All along our side the boys
+would be taking shots at him, and they never
+hit. Then we could hear him laugh. We
+got so we liked him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Don’t shoot at the old orphan,’ the boys
+would say. ‘He looks like “Fatty” Burns.’”</p>
+
+<p>One morning the Light Horse had made
+a demonstration in order to keep the Turks
+from thinking of what was going on somewhere
+else. They were chased back to the
+trenches when they had done their part, but
+they left two men behind them. The sun
+was cruel hot, Clancy says. His rifle-barrel
+fair blistered his fingers. These poor chaps
+were lying there with their faces in the grizzling
+sand. The Australians could not reach
+them. It would have been suicide to try.</p>
+
+<p>“Here comes ‘Fatty’ Burns,” said some
+one.</p>
+
+<p>The Australians in stupefaction watched
+the old Turk. He had thrown aside his rifle
+and stood up at full length on the parapet
+of the trench. Anyone could have potted him
+at that range. Clancy doesn’t understand yet
+why no one did, except that they were all
+fond of the old blighter. “Fatty” Burns
+crawled into the open in a lazy sort of
+way and walked over to the two wounded
+men.</p>
+
+<p>“Gave them a drink of water, he did,” said
+Clancy, “and wiped their lips and then lugged
+them over to a bit of cover so we could go out
+and get them after night came. We gave a
+cheer for old ‘Fatty’ and he laughed at us
+before he went back into his hole. My word!
+How his white teeth did shine.”</p>
+
+<p>The Australians had more bully-beef than
+they needed. The cans got to be a nuisance.
+They were not permitted to refuse the stated
+allowance of bull each day. Until lately a
+British ration has been a fixed and immutable
+thing. One day it occurred to some one that
+“Fatty” Burns might like some meat. So
+they tossed three cans into his trench.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a terrible hullaballo, when they
+landed,” said Clancy. “I suppose they thought<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</span>
+it was some new-fangled kind of bomb. But
+an hour or so later some Turk threw us a lot
+of fine, fresh dates. We always reckoned it
+was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”</p>
+
+<p>Three or four days afterward “Fatty”
+Burns thrust head and shoulders above the
+trench-top again and laughed like sin. Then
+he threw something into Clancy’s trench.</p>
+
+<p>“I just had time to get my overcoat down
+on it before it went off,” said he. “‘Fatty’
+had scooped out the meat from one of our tins
+and filled it up with melinite and pieces of
+scrap-iron. It fair murdered my coat. I held
+it up above the parapet and shook it at ‘Fatty.’
+He laughed until he choked.”</p>
+
+<p>“A bully old sport was ‘Fatty’ Burns.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_MEDICAL_CORPS">THE MEDICAL CORPS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though the Reports Are all Too Few Every Doctor Was a Hero</h3>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_048" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_048.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Telephone Review.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Decorating American Soldiers with the Legion of Honor</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Colonel Carty of the U. S. Signal Corp receiving the insignia from General Berdoullat.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“If</span> there be degrees of chivalry the highest
+award should be accorded to the
+medical profession,” was said in the London
+<cite>Times</cite> in 1916. People didn’t know whether
+that was meant quite seriously. Soon they
+found out. Medical men were figuring heavily
+in the casualty lists, and more and more
+stories were coming over of exceptional courage
+and devotion to duty among the doctors,
+nurses, and ambulance drivers. Usually, also,
+no one but the wounded on the fields of battle
+knew how to appreciate the deeds of the non-combatants.
+There was in general
+no thrill attached to the
+records. They were simply records
+of steady self-sacrifice in
+the face of the greatest danger.</p>
+
+<p>The Times instanced a number
+of heroic doctors. Captain
+Chavasse was one of them.
+Utterly regardless of heavy firing
+he would time and again
+rush across the open to dress
+the wounded. He kept this up
+all through the engagement and
+then he himself was wounded
+in the side by a shell splinter.
+This injury he sustained while
+carrying an urgent case into
+safety, the journey being over
+500 yards of shell-swept ground.
+Afterwards at night he took
+up a party of twenty volunteers,
+rescued three wounded men
+from a shell hole only twenty-five
+yards from the enemy
+trench, buried the bodies of two
+officers, and collected many identity
+discs—and these things he
+did although he was fired on by
+machine guns and bombs.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_048fp" style="max-width: 45.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_048fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+By J. F. Bouchor<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Sister of Mercy</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Captain finally met his death while at
+such work. The official record gives only
+brief details: “Though severely wounded
+early in action, while carrying a wounded
+soldier to the dressing station, Chavasse refused
+to leave his post, and for two days he
+not only continued to perform his duties but
+also went out repeatedly under heavy fire to
+search for and attend the wounded who were
+lying out. During these searches Chavasse
+was practically without food, he was worn
+with fatigue and faint with his wound, yet
+he helped to carry in a number of badly
+wounded men, over heavy and difficult
+ground. It was due to his extraordinary energy
+and inspiring example that many wounded
+were rescued who would otherwise undoubtedly
+have succumbed to the bad weather
+conditions.”</p>
+
+<p>“There had been many displays,” adds the
+London <cite>Times</cite>, “of almost superhuman courage
+and endurance in the war, displays which
+had been recognized by the bestowal of the
+greatest of all naval and military distinctions;
+but standing out prominently even amongst
+these proofs of highest bravery and duty was
+the heroism of Chavasse.”</p>
+
+<p>It seemed almost as if such action became
+a tradition with the profession, for another
+hero was soon announced—Lieutenant George
+Allan Maling. During the heavy fighting
+near Fauquissart, Maling worked hard and
+incessantly under the unceasing shell fire. “He
+began his task at 6:15 in the morning, collecting
+and treating more than 300 men in the
+open and exposed to merciless fire. Throughout
+the whole of that day, during the evening,
+all through the night, without a break till
+eight o’clock next morning—twenty-six unbroken
+hours—he worked, reckless of shell
+and bullet. It seemed impossible that human
+strength could endure more. Eleven o’clock
+came, then a large high explosive shell burst
+and did dreadful havoc. It killed several of
+his patients, it wounded his only assistant, and
+it flung Maling down and temporarily
+stunned him. Yet no sooner did he regain
+consciousness than he pulled himself together
+and resumed his work. A second shell exploded,
+covering both Maling and his instruments
+with débris; yet even so, he had not
+finished—he extricated himself and continued
+his work single-handed.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SOME_RED_CROSS_WEAKLINGS">SOME RED CROSS WEAKLINGS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Captain Bobo and His Buddies Weren’t Good Enough for the Doctors</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is a reminder of the stone which
+the builders rejected in the story breezily
+told by Frank Ward O’Malley in the <cite>Red
+Cross Magazine</cite> for July, 1919. It records
+the heroism of Bobo—Captain Stephen N. Bobo,
+whose ancestors long ago undoubtedly
+spelled their name Beaubeaux. Steve was born
+in Memphis, Tennessee, and began early to
+react against southern ease. Anyway, as soon as
+he was graduated from college he made
+straight for Honduras. “Thence,” says
+O’Malley, “Steve went to Chile, where he
+started for Sidney on a trading schooner, but
+liked the little ship so well that he bought a
+controlling interest in her en route. At the
+Christmas Islands, Skipper Steve Bobo converted
+his schooner into a trader instanter—and
+made a little money on her. He was
+wrecked off Easter Island and, with five companions,
+had to swim seven miles to land.
+Skipper Bobo and four of his friends were
+compelled during that swim to help keep
+afloat betimes a sixth, whose swimming technique
+was poor.</p>
+
+<p>“He returned to Chile aboard a passing convict
+ship. He made a short visit home, then
+was off to the interior of China, where he
+made a little money. In turn he went to India;
+to the Philippines; to Hawaii, where he
+bought swamp lands, parceled the property
+and sold it to the Chinese tara farmers, and
+made a little money on that; to the State of
+Washington on a hydro-electric venture and
+made a little money on that; to the San Joaquín
+Valley of California, and made a little
+money at ranching.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_050" style="max-width: 47.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_050.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Carl W. Dasch</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd, Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On July 26th-August 1, 1918, near Croix Rouge Farm, he carried messages between the firing
+lines and battalion headquarters, at the same time picking up wounded men and carrying them
+out of the barrage to the first-aid station. During the whole series of engagements he did not
+sleep and his physical energy was taxed to the utmost.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Captain Bobo was resting up in April, 1917,
+and contemplating his next venture when
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</span>Uncle Sam decided that this world had not
+been made for Germany and advised the
+Kaiser of our intention to prove it. Bobo
+hurried to the first recruiting station. And
+then the San Francisco army doctors played
+their trick.</p>
+
+<p>They turned him down.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE JOLLY OLD RED CROSS”</h3>
+
+<p>“The way the army doctors talked to him
+made the young man wish ardently that instead
+of being a poor little anemic lad, who
+could do nothing but swim seven miles and
+sail schooners through typhoons and knock
+over tigers, he were one of those brawny athletes
+who had trained indoors on stenography,
+dress-goods salesmanship, and cigarettes and
+therefore were being uproariously welcomed
+into a selective service army by local draft
+boards.</p>
+
+<p>“‘But,’ cried young Mr. Bobo in effect,
+‘I’m telling the world fair that I want to go
+to France. And I want what I want when
+I want it. Now what other speedy way is
+there of getting to France besides the—Holy
+mackerel! I’ve got it! The jolly old Red
+Cross.’”</p>
+
+<p>Bobo wondered, when he was going across,
+if the Red Cross would ever allow him to
+sneak close enough to the front “to get gassed
+or shot or something.”</p>
+
+<p>When Bobo landed in France with the First
+Division he was assigned to the very humble
+task of serving soldiers with cocoa and sandwiches.
+He took up the task seriously, and
+did his work well, but then he got tired.
+Finally he got enough courage to suggest a
+plan to General O’Ryan.</p>
+
+<p>The army doctors were constantly sending
+men back from the front line because of some
+physical defects. Steve Bobo wanted the
+General to give him permission to establish
+a “Divisional Rest Camp” and fill it with
+those “darn fine fellows” whom the surgeons
+were throwing out. “Most of those men,” he
+said, “are volunteers, and all of them are the
+best sort of fighters. Instead, then, of sending
+them back to the rear for reclassification,
+turn them over to me, sir, we’ll show you
+something.”</p>
+
+<p>“That was done. Day by day into the Bobo
+‘Divisional Rest Camp’ came the men, sad
+beyond measure because the surgeons had
+found something in their anatomical architecture
+which was slightly out of kilter. Daily
+Captain Bobo put his unpromising material
+through a series of setting-up exercises. Thus
+it was that in next to no time he had surrounded
+himself with a Red Cross unit of
+husky youngsters who, as Lieut. Colonel J.
+Leslie Kincaid, Judge-Advocate of the Division,
+since has phrased it, ‘preferred to live
+in that part of hell which has no fire escapes.’
+By the time Captain Bobo had completed his
+organization he had forty-seven men in his
+Red Cross unit, with every man-jack in the
+outfit carrying papers to prove that the only
+reason he was not carrying a rifle was that an
+army surgeon had got the fool notion the man
+was not physically able to stand the gaff.</p>
+
+<p>“Cried Captain Bobo, when all had been
+made ship-shape, ‘We’re set, men: Let’s up
+and at ’em.’ And forward went the fightingest
+band of Red Cross ‘invalids’ that ever
+slapped a German dead and then piled him
+into an ambulance to try to save his life. Up
+with the front line fighting men, the little
+Red Cross band found themselves in no time,
+and, on occasions, hundreds of yards in advance
+of the front line trenches, out in a sunlit
+No Man’s Land.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>KNEW HOW TO GET ’EM</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenant-Colonel Kincaid remembers a
+little something about Bobo and “his Rough-necks”
+on a particular occasion.</p>
+
+<p>“I merely want to say,” he remarked, “that
+in the middle of the Hindenburg show Captain
+Bobo said ‘Presto!’ and ten ambulances
+appeared from nowhere at a moment when,
+believe me, ambulances were needed.</p>
+
+<p>“Colonel Montgomery, weeping for ambulances,
+thought of Captain Bobo. He gave
+the Red Cross man the high sign, and Captain
+Bobo just brushed aside a lot of flying
+metal and stepped close enough to Colonel
+Montgomery to ask the Colonel what was on
+his system. ‘Ambulances,’ shouted the Colonel,
+‘but I don’t know where to get ’em.’
+‘I do,’ answered Captain Bobo. ‘If you’ll give
+me a fast car I’ll flush a whole covey of ambulances,
+sir.’</p>
+
+<p>“Colonel Montgomery commandeered General
+O’Ryan’s racing car and Captain Bobo<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</span>
+climbed in. The Captain stepped on the accelerator
+and exploded toward Paris, a trip
+of 158 miles. And toward the middle of the
+next afternoon back came Bobo hellbent with
+ten ambulances in his wake. We were too
+busy then to ask him where he had got them,
+but when things had quieted down for a
+moment some days later we made inquiries.
+And we got this Bobo person’s number. Let
+me tell you in confidence—don’t repeat this
+to a soul, remember—this Bobo is an ambulance
+stealer. He and his gang were out and
+out Red Cross crooks. He had crashed into
+Paris, grabbed up every ambulance standing
+along a curb, bamboozled the drivers into believing
+that they were to take his orders, and
+had crashed out of Paris again at the head of
+his string of sputtering booty; and made
+straight for the front again at a time when
+I don’t know what we would have done if it
+hadn’t been for Captain Bobo and his ambulances.”</p>
+
+<p>O’Malley takes up the story again: “Bobo
+and his associates had had no sleep for almost
+thirty-six hours.</p>
+
+<p>“They were dirty, unshaven, haggard; nevertheless,
+they spent that night and all the next
+day picking up the white-faced, shattered boys
+who lay among the shell holes groaning with
+the thirst horrors which only those who have
+lost pints of blood know. Back to the ‘battalion
+aid post’ the lads were brought by Captain
+Bobo and his buddies, or variously to ‘first
+stations,’ which sometimes were within 200
+yards of the front line trenches—to dressing
+stations, or to the main dressing station back
+at ‘railhead.’ And there the sufferers received
+attentions, which sometimes meant a
+merciful anesthetic and sometimes the grimy
+but gentle fingers of Captain Bobo on cold,
+white eyelids as he closed the staring eyes forever.”</p>
+
+<p>Bobo and his daredevils became an institution
+with their division. Where danger lay,
+so long as there were wounded there, Bobo’s
+squad gloried.</p>
+
+<p>“One day, the Captain and his Red Cross
+crew learned that if they wanted to get their
+ambulances out to where the wounded lay
+they would have to circle the toe of a wooded
+knoll over an open road on which rained
+machine gun bullets every time anything alive
+showed itself to the Huns concealed in the
+woods on the hill. But they wanted to get
+to the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>“They started their engines and ‘stepped on
+’em’ so hard that the little ambulances would
+bang out into the open and whiz around the
+marked turn joyously, while the phut-phut-phut-phut
+of the Hun machine guns whipped
+the atmosphere into ribbons and the splinters
+from the racing ambulances flew high in air.
+Then they had to come back around that open
+turn again, and they went out again and back,
+and out and back, their ambulances looking a
+bit worm-eaten when the day was over but the
+Captain and each of the other Red Cross drivers
+still ‘all in one piece.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PRETTY GOOD MEN TOO</h3>
+
+<p>O’Malley tells the story of two of the Captain’s
+drivers—Privates Freddy Schroeder and
+Leo Smith, both from New York City—who
+were engaged in their customary hilarious
+sport when word came to the little Red Cross
+band that a medical detachment was out beyond
+the hindside of No Man’s Land and
+that it had been marooned there for thirty
+hours without food or water. “Zipp went
+Red Cross rowdies Freddy and Leo in their
+tawney ambulances decorated with the big
+Red Cross—fairest of targets for a German
+gentleman. And this time when the drivers,
+their ambulances loaded with grub and water,
+came to an open stretch of road they got not
+only machine gun bullet storms but Hunnish
+high explosives. And as they were sailing
+along through the metal storm on a straight
+stretch of open highway, a German shell exploded
+just ahead of them, so close that they
+barely had time to come to a stop on the edge
+of the crater. They were about to reverse and
+back off to where they had come from when
+another shell bit the road just behind them
+and made another crater.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_053" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_053.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Fred Carney</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited for extraordinary heroism in action between the Argonne and the Meuse. With
+great coolness and bravery under machine-gun and shell fire, he maintained liaison between his
+battalion and company and assisted in reorganizing his platoon after the platoon commander was
+wounded.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“There were Freddy Schroeder and Leo
+Smith on an ‘island platform’ of the road,
+with seemingly nothing left to do but to abandon
+their ambulances and crawl to safety the
+best they could. They didn’t do anything of
+the kind. Right out in the open they tugged
+at every sizable chunk of débris in sight and
+built a sort of bridge across the forward shell
+hole and went onward and brought welcome
+food and water to the marooned detachment.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</span>And in their own good time they came back
+over their ‘bridge’ again, jumped out and built
+another ‘bridge’ of the same kind over the
+second shell hole, and about dusk, sailed victoriously
+to their Red Cross quarters unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally there was another day that must
+be told of. It was the day at St. Souplet
+when two of the stricken residents of the little
+town crawled back to our lines and told the
+Mayor of Busigny (which had just been captured
+from the Huns) that many civilians,
+dozens of whom were wounded, were hiding in
+the cellars of St. Souplet. None of them
+dared show himself. The German patrols
+were still poking about the town and their
+machine guns were sweeping the village
+streets. Shells were dropping and death
+threatened the hidden ones in the cellars in
+other ways, especially in the form of gassing,
+the poisonous gas naturally tending to work
+downward to the cellars and other subterranean
+passages where the men, women, and
+children of St. Souplet lay hidden.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RESCUES A VILLAGE</h3>
+
+<p>“Somebody would have to do something
+about it. Who was always doing something
+or other about something? Battling Bobo
+and his Red Cross band!</p>
+
+<p>“To dash into the streets of St. Souplet
+would not help much because the dash would
+end in a patter of lead and a bouquet of whiz-bangs
+that would leave nothing but a shell
+hole where ambulances an instant before had
+been. Nevertheless young Captain Bobo and
+his men ‘had’ to get there. The Captain called
+together his Red Cross band, which that day
+numbered only thirty-five huskies, the others
+being absent on other work or ill. Captain
+Bobo explained the situation and asked the
+thirty-five how many of them would care to
+volunteer to go into St. Souplet with him—to
+go up to our front line trenches in the broad
+light of day and beyond, on into the buildings
+of a town still thoroughly held by the Germans.
+Pause a moment, reader, and guess
+how many of the thirty-five Red Crossers volunteered....
+Reader, you’re a wonder:
+you guessed the exact number the very first
+time!</p>
+
+<p>“And so the thirty-five started forward with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</span>
+Captain Bobo, scooting along in their ambulances
+parallel to the fighting lines for a little
+distance and then making a dash across lots
+to a grove which stood at an advanced spot
+where, up to that time, no American soldier
+had set his foot. And while an amazed
+American Army looked on, the little band
+made the woods and disappeared among the
+trees while hell cracked all around them.</p>
+
+<p>“Providence and Steve Bobo were with
+them. In the heart of the little clump of trees
+they found an old road which ran through a
+ravine to the nearest back alleys of St. Souplet.
+When they had come to a place where the
+old road climbed out of the ravine preparatory
+to entering the town, Captain Bobo
+jumped off the leading ambulance, gave his
+followers the high sign, and again gathered
+them about him for final directions. And
+Bobo and his band left their ambulances in
+the protecting ravine and began to crawl on
+their bellies across the last of the fields and
+into the town.</p>
+
+<p>“They followed by preference the backdoor
+route when they had wormed across the last
+field and straightened up to find themselves in
+St. Souplet. Even so it was necessary at times
+to make a dash for it across open streets, a
+dash that must be completed before the astonished
+German gentry at far ends of the streets
+could begin to pepper the thoroughfare with
+the machine gun bullets. Always, however,
+Battling Bobo and his band beat the bullets
+to it.</p>
+
+<p>“In the black cellars of the village they
+rooted around. Old women lay huddled in
+the underground gloom; one of them, a very
+old lady, had been shot through both thighs
+three days before and, quite unattended, lay
+cowering in her cellar until Captain Bobo
+dragged her forth and carried her back to
+where his ambulances lay hidden. There were
+old men, little children, young girls for whom
+the horror of their nights of hiding in the
+Boche infested village had a terror greater
+even than gas and the shriek of shells. One
+by one Bobo and his men carried the sufferers
+into back yards, through the winding alleys,
+back of protecting buildings, and so to the
+wooded ravine, where the ambulances were
+filled with the stricken villagers of St. Souplet
+and the bundles of scant belongings which they
+hugged to their trembling bosoms. Then the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</span>
+dash back through the grove and across the
+sunlit No Man’s Land to final safety—not
+final for the Red Cross band, for as soon as
+they had carried their first load of refugees
+behind the American lines they turned around
+and did it all over again, and again, and again.
+For four hours at one stretch they worked like
+beavers to save the villagers of St. Souplet,
+then organized a second series of trips and
+put in eight hours more darting to and from
+the town or squirming into its alleys and cellars.
+And Battling Bobo and his band got
+the villagers finally to safety without the loss
+of a Red Cross man, despite the fact that the
+‘Jerries’ were systematically shelling the village
+from the first moment the Red Cross
+rescuers entered it until the last villager had
+been saved.”</p>
+
+<p>There were forty-seven Red Cross men in
+Bobo’s band. To this day the Captain is
+trying to find out why only twenty of them
+were cited for exceptional heroism.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EH_MON_TWAS_GRAND">“EH! MON, ’TWAS GRAND!”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Braw Hieland Laddie’s Impressions of What Happened When “We
+Were Over the Top Like a Lot of Dogs Let Loose”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> powerful British thrust along the
+Somme will take its place in history as
+one of the striking instances of sheer courage
+fighting against frightful odds and winning
+out. In that “push” there were hundreds of
+thrilling individual adventures, but it is impossible
+to give each man his due, so splendid
+was the concerted action. But a representative
+of the London <cite>Telegraph</cite> talked in a
+hospital with a Scotsman wounded at
+Pozieres, and this excerpt from the published
+article throws an illuminating gleam over the
+whole battle front, and one feels that Scotty
+was but the mouthpiece burring out the spirit
+of his fellows as they plunged forward:</p>
+
+<p>“Eh, mon, it was hell, but it was grand.
+We’ve got a move on at last, and are paying
+the Huns out. For over a week our guns
+have been letting rip at them. Talk about
+the German guns in the early days of the war,
+they are not in it now. I was in the retreat
+from Mons, so I reckon I’ve seen some of
+the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“I got my packet Friday night,” he added,
+referring to his wounds. “We were pushed
+up to our front line trenches early Friday
+morning. Long before daybreak the guns
+were at it worse than ever. The noise fair
+drove some fellows daft, but the worst of all
+was waiting in the trenches for the order to
+charge. When that came we were over the
+top like a lot of dogs let loose. The ground
+was churned up for miles, and the front of
+the German trenches simply smashed to bits.
+We got there under cover of smoke, and
+fairly rolled in. I shall never forget the
+sight. The Germans were lying heaped up
+in all directions, and those who were alive
+showed no fight, but appeared to have gone
+‘clean potty.’</p>
+
+<p>“Further on we got into the supports,
+which had received a terrific smashing about,
+and it was there we had the scrap. At the
+last moment it seemed the Germans had
+rushed a crowd of chaps in, and they had
+hidden themselves in shell holes and were taking
+pot-shots at us. We rushed them with the
+bayonet and bombs, and some of them put up
+a good fight. I had one fellow in front of
+me, and felt myself a ‘goner,’ for I tumbled
+over some wire, when one of our chaps got
+his bayonet into him. The next second a
+German ‘outed’ my chum. ‘Never fear,
+Jock,’ he said, ‘you did the same trick for
+me once.’ That chap’s left a wife and six
+bairns away up north,” added the Scot.</p>
+
+<p>Asked how he received his wounds, the
+Scot became somewhat bashful. “Oh, one of
+the Huns got in at me,” he replied. Another
+wounded hero, however, took up the narrative.
+“He fair tumbled into a hole where
+there was half a dozen of ’em hiding,” said the
+second man. “Jock comes of a fighting race,
+and he gave the Huns a bit for hiding.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_056" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_056.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Black Watch on the Flanders Front</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The Black Watch of the British Army is the most famous of perpetuated regiments. Few of
+its original members survived the fierce fighting of the early days.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_SURVIVED">ONE SURVIVED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Episode of the Gallipoli Campaign Typical of the Fighting</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">This</span> account of a desperate engagement
+is brief, but it tells a wondrous story.
+It appeared in the London <cite>Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>The first capture of a Turkish trench and
+its retention deserve special notice because this
+brilliant exploit fired the whole of Anzac,
+after fifteen weeks of monotonous trench fighting,
+for the great aggressive operations of
+August and September. The work was known
+as Northern Turkish Despair Trench, or
+Tasman Post, and it was stormed under severe
+fire on July 31, by a composite company
+of the 11th Battalion (West Australia) of
+General E. G. Sinclair-MacLagan’s Third
+Brigade, under Captain R. L. Leane. After
+two days a heavy counter-attack was launched
+by a battalion of Turks, who regained a section
+of the work, but were again driven out.
+The episode cost Anzac 300 casualties, but
+showed what could be done. Near the close
+of the series of attacks which this success began
+was another charge, the simple truth of
+which was worth accomplishing, even at the
+cost. It was the charge of the First and
+Third Light Horse Brigades, differing from
+the charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava
+only in that it was made by horsemen who had
+volunteered to fight on foot, and that it succeeded
+in one object—that of holding large
+bodies of Turks who would otherwise have
+been used against the new British landing at
+Suvla Bay.</p>
+
+<p>The Eighth and Tenth Regiments of the
+Third Brigade went out from Walker’s
+Ridge. It was a charge into death from the
+first moment, and before the men of the second
+line leaped from their trenches they shook
+hands, knowing that they could not survive.
+They were met by a fusillade that became a
+continuous roaring tempest of machine gun
+and rifle fire, and out of the 300 men in the
+first line only one returned. The Second
+Regiment of the First Brigade was sent out
+from Quinn’s Post, charging into so impossible
+a fire that the first line had to be left to its
+fate, and the second, third, and fourth lines
+held in the trenches. The First Regiment of
+the First Brigade charged up the slopes of
+Dead Man’s Ridge and found a similar fate.
+It was all over within ten minutes—in the
+case of the charge from Quinn’s Post within
+a few seconds. “The Turkish machine guns
+drew a line across that place which none could
+pass,” wrote Captain C. E. W. Bean, official
+observer with the Australian Division, “and
+the one man who went out and returned unwounded
+put his escape down to the fact that
+he noticed the point on our sandbags on which
+the machine gun bullets were hitting, and
+jumped clear over the stream of lead. The
+guns were sweeping low, and a man who was
+hit once by them was often hit again half
+a dozen times as he fell through the stream
+which caught him. The whole of the first
+line was either killed or wounded within a few
+seconds of their leap from our trenches.” But
+though the charges shattered four regiments
+of as good fighting men as the Empire possessed,
+they created an imperishable impression.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>Approximately 23,709,000 males in the United States, between the ages of 18 and 45,
+inclusive, registered under the terms of the Selective Draft Law.</p>
+
+<p>Returns on casualties in the American Expeditionary Force up to November 18, 1917,
+include deaths from disease as well as battle casualties, slightly as well as severely
+wounded. Deaths from battle alone would be about 36,000. Compared with the reported
+British battle deaths of 659,000 for the period of the war, our losses were astonishingly
+light.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TANK-MAN_TALKS">TANK-MAN TALKS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>He Found the Little Fellows to His Taste But Didn’t Care for Heavies</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> general impression of the war tank
+is that of a huge juggernaut going, solemn
+and irresistible, over any sort of obstacle;
+but there seem to have been tank crews who
+did not regard the lumbering monsters worshipfully.
+They pinned their faith and devotion
+to the lighter and nimbler type of machine
+that could jaunt along at eight miles an hour
+and revolve on its own axis. The <cite>Scientific
+American</cite> had a special correspondent in
+France who reports somewhat jerkily the talk
+of an American tank-man who had a working
+acquaintance with the small, and to him decidedly
+preferable, type of fighter. The tank-man
+is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, you read a lot in newspapers about
+tanks. But no American tanks saw any action
+in France. There were three battalions of
+American tank troops that saw action; one
+with heavy tanks, with the British, and two,
+with light tanks, operating in the Argonne
+and the St. Mihiel actions. Some troops, too,
+if I do say it who shouldn’t! No, you’ll have
+to get some one else to talk about the heavy
+tanks; don’t know anything about them and
+don’t want to. Light tanks for me, every
+time. Yes, I’ll tell you about them if you are
+interested.</p>
+
+<p>“We used Renault tanks—light ones.
+Whiffet tanks some people call them. Weigh
+about seven tons and have two men for a
+crew. Fast? Too fast; faster than there’s
+any use of them to be, really. That was one
+of our troubles, running away from our infantry.
+No sense in having tanks that can
+get out of touch with the men they are supposed
+to precede and blaze a trail for! Those
+little Renaults can go eight miles an hour
+over good ground, and infantry is lucky if it
+goes two!</p>
+
+<p>“Two men, one of them is the engineer and
+the other the pilot. Some of the tanks have
+machine guns and some one-pounders; only
+one gun to a tank you know—those little fellows
+aren’t battleships. We started in with
+216 tanks. They cost about $10,000 each.
+Motor not unlike a good automobile motor;
+four-cylinder, about 40 horsepower. Indeed
+the tank has a lot of automobile mechanism
+about it. Those Renaults have four speeds
+forward and reverse.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GRENADES JUST EGGS</h3>
+
+<p>“You spin around in your own length. It’s
+astonishing how fast those little tanks can
+turn when they have to. Fast enough to cut a
+man in two if he’s in the way. Yes, it happened
+more than once. Some Boches had an
+idea they could do something to a Renault
+with a hand grenade and tried it at close
+quarters. Might just as well have thrown
+eggs at us, unless some splinters got in the
+slits. And if they were close enough and we
+whirled her round they were out of luck
+sure—broken legs, you know, or mashed ribs.</p>
+
+<p>“No, the Boche anti-tank gun never hurt us
+to amount to anything. Ever see one? It
+weighs about 50 pounds and shoots a whale of
+a bullet, but unless it strikes sharp at right
+angles it doesn’t go through. Pretty hard
+steel, you know, that tank armor. What did
+stop us, when we were stopped, was the 77.
+Even that took a direct hit. A 77 could go
+off right beside us and we’d hardly know it.
+But if it made a direct hit—well, you don’t
+expect to run a war without any casualties,
+of course. I recall one case where a 77 made
+a hit and set off all the ammunition in the
+tank. The tank was scrap steel and the men—well,
+we found a hand, and a shoe. Just
+literally blown to nothing.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_059" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_059.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The British Juggernaut of the Battlefield</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The Americans started in with 216 light tanks, a year after
+the British had used them in smashing the German defenses.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Of course there are places a tank can’t
+go. You read a lot about how a tank loves
+mud. Don’t you believe it. A tank can
+slither around in mud just like an automobile.
+Of course it can go, but it can’t climb at the
+same angle on mud as on dry ground and
+somehow we always did fight in the mud.
+Mud didn’t stop us of course, but it made it
+more difficult. On dry ground we can climb
+45 degrees, and 51 degrees in reverse.</p>
+
+<p>“You hear a lot about the way a tank can
+crawl over trenches. But that’s the big heavy
+tank. The little fellow can’t run over a
+trench the way it can down and up a shell
+crater. The Renault is tail heavy, you see. It
+gets its nose across a trench all right, but if
+the trench is a little too wide the heavy tail
+drops back into it. Then you have to get out
+and dig or get another tank to come and pull
+you out. That’s why two tanks together are
+worth four separately. They can jam themselves
+up and still get along by doing the
+brother act with chains. Once that I know
+of a tank got stuck and the second tank
+couldn’t pull it out. So the officer outside signals
+another tank and it comes up—all this under
+fire, mind—and he hooks that on, too, and
+the two of them pull the helpless one up and
+over. He got the D. S. C. for it, that officer.</p>
+
+<p>“It’s not nice when you’re stalled, you know.
+As long as you can move around, the 77 has a
+hard time getting you. But if you get stuck
+somewhere it doesn’t take a Boche gunner so
+very long to get your range. That’s why we
+were so anxious to have self-starters put on the
+American tanks, when we thought we were
+going to have American tanks. If there had
+been any self-starters on our Renaults we’d
+probably be shy about twenty casualties. Engine
+stalls, Boche gets busy, chap inside struggles
+with a crank, takes time, 77 lands, signal
+back for a reserve tank to come on into action.
+No, they didn’t put the self-starters on. Don’t
+ask me why; I don’t know.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO MUCH INGENUITY</h3>
+
+<p>“Sure, the American tanks were good tanks.
+We never used them in action that I know of.
+Those I saw got to France, or got where they
+might have been used, after the Armistice.
+But they were sure American all over—too
+much American, if you know what I mean.
+It’s a national failing, I guess, this business
+of being ingenious. There was so much ingenuity
+about those tanks there wasn’t always
+room for the crew. For instance, machine gun
+belts. When you use them, they are rolled up
+and in a carrier. Some wise tank builder<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</span>
+decided all the ammunition in a machine gun
+tank ought to be in carriers, rolled up ready
+for use. When he got through, there wasn’t
+any room inside for the crew! No sense to
+it, of course; the same amount of ammunition
+stores flat, and leaves plenty of room, and it
+only takes a few seconds to roll up a belt and
+put it in a carrier.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the compass. Some one
+must have read that British tanks carried
+compasses. So they did, until the tank crew
+could throw it away. So our American tanks
+came over with the handsomest compasses inside
+you ever saw; regular ship affairs, gimbals
+and all! Now, of course, that’s all foolishness.
+In the first place there wasn’t room
+for the compass and the crew. In the second
+place, when you start the engine, the compass
+does a fox trot, and keeps on whirling;
+it’s no good as a compass. And if it was, there
+wouldn’t be any sense in it; there’s a map
+stuck up right under your nose and that’s all
+you need, not to mention a few officers with
+flags telling you where to go, if they are not
+sitting on top going with you.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there was the speedometer. Why
+any one should imagine a tank crew needed a
+speedometer I don’t know. But there it was,
+ready to tell us just how fast we were going.
+Maybe they thought, down in Washington,
+we were going to establish a tank speed record
+or something.</p>
+
+<p>“And the hook—I mustn’t forget the hook.
+It’s so typically American—a device born of
+our national tendency to economise time.
+To put a hook in at the top of the tank
+meant at least two hours’ work. In 100
+tanks that was 200 hours or 24 working
+days, slowing up production. The
+idea of the hook was that it would be so
+convenient when a crane had to lift the tank.
+Now the average tank gets lifted by a crane
+just four or six times; on a car at the factory,
+off the car, on the ship, off the ship, and maybe
+on and off a car again. So to save the
+six or twelve minutes it would take a crew to
+slip a chain around the tanks, they put a hook
+at the top, because it was efficient!</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_061" style="max-width: 45.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_061.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Ralph M. Atkinson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While in command of a Stokes mortar platoon October 16, 1918, near Landres-et-St. Georges,
+Argonne, Sergeant Atkinson with three soldiers was advancing with the first wave of the assault,
+when on nearing the objective, he discovered about 250 of the enemy forming for a counter-attack.
+He advanced with the Stokes mortar under fire, and opened a murderous fire on the approaching
+enemy, dispersing them.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Oh, well, I oughtn’t to grouch. We never
+used the tanks. And no one that I know
+minds much. Those Renault tanks were little
+dandies. You have no idea how easily they
+run. You can crawl over a telegraph pole
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</span>and hardly feel it, so well worked out has
+been the spring suspension, the relation of
+rollers, chariots and treads. And they didn’t
+go in for any fancy touches, the Renaults.
+No armor for the guns nor fancy locks on the
+door to keep some one from crawling up and
+throwing a grenade inside, nor deflection armor
+at odd angles which never did anything but
+stop bullets and make splinters that otherwise
+would never have endangered any one’s eyes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SNIFFS AT HUN TANKS</h3>
+
+<p>“German tanks? Punk. Too slow, mechanism
+too exposed, too many slits. Oh, very
+well made, but poor design. Nor do I think
+very much of German tank men.</p>
+
+<p>“We had about 44 per cent. casualties, and
+that covers 22 actions. Ten per cent. of the
+casualties were deaths. But I don’t recall
+many men dying without doing something
+first.</p>
+
+<p>“I recall that there was one tank got stuck
+in a trench and nothing handy to rescue it.
+Captured, of course. Well, we captured it
+back two days later. Every round of ammunition
+was fired. Every pistol cartridge had
+been fired. And both men had been wounded
+long before they were killed; there was plain
+evidence of it in blood where no blood would
+be if they had just been snuffed out right at
+first. They must have put up a beautiful
+scrap. Americans don’t like to surrender,
+somehow.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_GARIBALDI_CODE">THE GARIBALDI CODE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>“To Be Ready Ever to Fight for the Cause They Think is Right”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Italy</span> at war without a Garibaldi somewhere
+in the fighting columns is unthinkable.
+Even before the days of the famous
+Liberator, Giuseppe himself, there were Garibaldi
+who had arms and hearts ready to
+strike for freedom; but since the days when
+the great patriot and lover of liberty made
+romance as well as history out of his revolutionary
+spirit, arms and the defense of freedom
+are tenets of religion with the Garibaldi.
+With the exception of the Russian-Japanese
+War, it is said there has been no conflict of
+powers or revolutionary struggle without its
+Garibaldi bearing gun or sword. It goes
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">sans dire</i>, then, that the outbreak of war which
+arrayed western democracy against the encroachments
+of German autocracy was like a
+clarion call to the blood of the Garibaldi.
+They did not wait for Italy to speak—France
+was calling and that sufficed.</p>
+
+<p>The son of the Great Garibaldi wrote letters
+to five of his seven sons scattered about
+the world. Two of them were in New York
+(Giuseppe, named for his grandfather, and
+Ricciotti, on his way to South America), one
+(Merotti) was in China, and one (Bruno)
+was in Cuba, and one (Sante) was in Upper
+Egypt. The two youngest, Costante and
+Ezio, were pursuing their studies in Italy.
+There was a sister, Italia, in Rio de Janeiro,
+who devoted herself to Red Cross organization.
+In the letters the sons were told to hold
+themselves in readiness for the receipt of a
+telegram appointing a rendezvous for which
+they were to start at once.</p>
+
+<p>The cablegram came; the rendezvous was
+Paris. Giuseppe and Ricciotti sailed from
+New York by the next available steamer.
+They found Costante and Ezio awaiting them.
+Bruno and Sante arrived a few days later.
+But Merotti could not come from China
+until several months later, when Italy had
+entered the war. Other Italians were there
+also to tender their services to France and
+they organized an Italian Legion that was incorporated
+with that famous multiple battalion,
+the Foreign Legion. The Italians were
+soldiers of fortune all, and the brothers had
+hoped to be sent to the Balkans, Giuseppe
+frankly confessing that guerrilla warfare was
+his preference. But Ezio, who was sent to
+drive a camion at Salonika, was the only Garibaldi
+who got to the Balkans.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_063" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_063.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sticking to Their Guns</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A drawing by F. Matania picturing a valiant group of Italians who, although overwhelmed by the enemy, remained with their battery until the
+last man was killed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Foreign Legion, as everyone knows,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</span>was made up of all sorts of adventurers,
+many of whom knew the meaning of grated
+windows and ankle chains, but “it isn’t where
+you come from in the battle-line but what
+you do that counts.” The world pretty well
+understands what the Foreign Legion did and
+how it was honored by grateful France. Elsewhere
+is told how they were given the place
+of honor in the attack on the Prussian Guard
+which they drove back, but with a loss that
+wrecked them as a legion.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_064" style="max-width: 51.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_064.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">General and Captain Garibaldi</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>In a talk with Lewis R. Freeman, published
+in <cite>The World’s Work</cite>, Giuseppe Garibaldi is
+quoted as saying:</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t recall anything that was actually
+said between us on the subject, but it seemed
+to be generally understood among us brothers
+that the shedding of some Garibaldi blood—or,
+better still, the sacrificing of a Garibaldi
+life—would be calculated to throw a great,
+perhaps a decisive, weight into the wavering
+balance in Italy, where a growing sympathy for
+the cause of the Allies only needed a touch
+to quicken it to action. Indeed, I am under
+the impression that my father said something
+to that effect to the two younger boys before
+he sent them on to France. At any rate, all
+three of the youngsters behaved exactly as
+though their only object in life was to get in
+the way of German bullets. Well—Bruno
+got his in the last week in December, ten or
+twelve days ahead of Costante, who fell on
+the 5th of January. Ezio—the youngest
+of the three fire-eaters—though through no
+fault of his own, had to wait and take his
+bullet from the Austrians on our own
+front.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack in which Bruno fell was one
+of the finest things I have ever seen. General
+Gouraud sent for me in person to explain why
+a certain system of trenches, which we were
+ordered to attack, must be taken and held, no
+matter what the price. We mustered for
+mass at midnight—it was Christmas, or the
+day after, I believe—and the memory of that
+icicle-framed altar in the ruined, roofless
+church, with the flickering candles throwing
+just light enough to silhouette the tall form of
+Gouraud, who stood in front of me, will never
+fade from my mind.</p>
+
+<p>“We went over the parapet before daybreak,
+and it was in the first light of the cold
+winter dawn that I saw Bruno—plainly hit—straighten
+up from his running crouch and
+topple into the first of the German trenches,
+across which the leading wave of our attack
+was sweeping. He was up before I could
+reach him, however (I don’t think he ever
+looked to see where he was hit), and I saw
+him clamber up the other side, and, running
+without a hitch or stagger, lead his men in
+pursuit of the fleeing enemy. I never saw him
+alive again.</p>
+
+<p>“They found his body, with six bullet
+wounds upon it, lying where the gust from a
+machine gun had caught him as he tried to
+climb out and lead his men on beyond the last
+of the trenches we had been ordered to take
+and hold. He had charged into the trench,
+thrown out the enemy, and made—for whatever
+it was worth—the first sacrifice of his
+own generation of Garibaldi. We sent his
+body to my father and mother in Rome, where,
+as you will remember, his funeral was made
+the occasion of the most remarkable patriotic
+demonstration Italy has known in recent years.
+From that moment the participation of our
+country in the war became only a matter of
+time. Costante’s death a few days later only
+gave added impulse to the wave of popular
+feeling which was soon to align Italy where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</span>
+she belonged in the forefront of the fight for
+the freedom of Europe.”</p>
+
+<p>After Italy came into the war, Giuseppe
+Garibaldi fought with his own countrymen,
+having the name of Colonel with those soldiers
+whose Herculean feats in the Alps made one
+of the most striking chapters in the war’s history
+of unprecedented achievements.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_BALD_FACTS">THE BALD FACTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Story of the Trenches by One Who Knew Them at Their Worst</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">He</span> has a very illusory view of life who
+knows only its sunny phases; and his is
+worse than a deceptive impression of war—especially
+the monstrous war of 1914-18—who
+has vision only of its valorous deeds and heroisms,
+its thrilling tales of daring and achievement,
+of splendid adventure and fearless sacrifices.</p>
+
+<p>Here is a revelation of the side of war seldom
+more than glanced at by those who tell
+of the moving exploits. It wears none of the
+trappings of romance; it is without allure; but
+it is terribly true. <cite>The New York Times
+History of the War</cite> made certain of that before
+publishing what it rightly described as
+one of the most thrilling human documents
+produced during that awful four years. The
+grim record of the young soldier’s experience
+is necessarily curtailed here, enough being
+given, however, to picture the grisly reality of
+war as millions of youths encountered it. It
+is not the stirring tale of a hero.</p>
+
+<p>Roméo Houle, French parentage, was born
+in New Bedford, Mass., in 1893. He was the
+son of a local barber, Zacharie Houle. In
+1912 he removed to Montreal, where he was
+employed as a barber, having followed his
+father’s calling. He had a grammar school
+education. He enlisted in the Sixty-first Regiment,
+First Canadian Division, Aug. 1, 1914,
+eager to serve in the war. He went with the
+Division to France, and was soon in the front
+trenches. During his service he made notes of
+his experiences. With the assistance of the
+editor of a French paper in New Haven,
+these notes were put into narrative form after
+young Houle, through the efforts of his father,
+was discharged from the army in 1916.</p>
+
+<p>The narrative begins: “The true story of
+the trenches has never been told. I know,
+because for many months I lived in trenches.
+I have slept daily in dread of bullet, shrapnel,
+mine and deadly gas; and nightly in fear of
+mine and gas—and the man-eating rats. I
+am one of the few soldiers living who entered
+the front trenches at the opening of the war
+and lived to fight the Germans in the front
+trenches in February, 1916. Of my original
+company (the Fourth of the Fourteenth Battalion,
+Third Brigade, First Canadian Division)
+which so gayly marched away to that
+hell at Laventie and Ypres—500 brave boys—I
+am one of the sixteen who survived. And
+returning unexpectedly, snatched by the American
+Government (as an American citizen who
+had enlisted under age) out of the very jaws
+of death, with the mud of the trenches still
+upon my clothing, I discovered how much
+American people have been talking of the
+trenches and how little, after all, they know
+about them.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AGONIES OF BODY AND MIND</h3>
+
+<p>And during that trench existence, there was,
+he thinks, no conceivable agony of body or
+mind which he did not see and experience.
+There was the gas—“a crawling yellow cloud
+that pours in upon you, that gets you by the
+throat, and shakes you as a huge mastiff
+might shake a kitten, and leaves you burning
+in every nerve and vein of your body with
+pain unthinkable, your eyes starting from their
+sockets, your face turned yellow green.”
+There were the rats—“I see them still, slinking
+from new meals on corpses, from Belgium
+to the Swiss Alps. Rats, rats, rats, tens of
+thousands of them, crunching between battle
+lines while the rapid fire guns mow the trench
+edge, crunching their hellish feasts. Full fed,
+slipping and sliding down into the wet trenches
+they swarm at night—and more than one poor
+wretch has had his face eaten off by them
+attacking him in his sleep.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_066" style="max-width: 46.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_066.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Whitney D. Sherman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 5th Regiment, 18th Company, U. S. M. C.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This soldier is a fine type of Marine and showed himself to be a brave and valiant soldier at
+the Battle of Belleau Woods, now known as the Bois de la Brigade de Marine. He was wounded
+in action June 10, 1918, in this engagement.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>There was the stink from decaying bodies,
+the filth of days and weeks of unmarked accumulation.
+“Ah! you would say ‘Roméo,
+Houle, you are lying’ were I to tell you some
+unbelievable things that I have really lived
+through. We go mad over there. My God!
+I am sick of adventure, for the adventures I
+have had will plague my sleep until I die.”</p>
+
+<p>His first acquaintance with the trench under
+fire was at Richebourg. “There Charles Lapointe,
+the first of our company to die, looked
+over the edge of the trench. That is death.
+Machine guns all the day sweep the trench
+edges. If you raise your hand your fingers
+will be cut off as by a knife. Well, Lapointe
+looked over the trench; and nobody knows
+what he saw. His brother was there to lay
+him down. He buried him (as we ever must
+the dead) in a hollow pit in our trench. And
+the brother had for a time the agony of having
+to fight and feel the earth over Charley’s
+breast give under his feet.”</p>
+
+<p>He fought in the first line again at Laventie,
+and there got his first taste of gas. It
+came while he was trying for a little rest after
+a turn at guard duty. Some one having
+stolen the two empty sandbags he had been
+using for bedding, he spread his overcoat on
+the ground and pulled a blanket over him.
+“The sun meantime was shining hotly on the
+heaps of dead bodies which lay not far outside
+the trench, and I was glad to cover my
+head with the blanket to shut out some of the
+awful stink. And that is how the smell of
+decaying bodies saved my life. Arthur Robillard,
+a car conductor back in Montreal, was
+on guard duty. I was roused by his falling
+over me. As I sat up something got me by
+the throat and I began to strangle for my life.
+The air was rent with awful cries. Many of
+my comrades lay dying and dead about me.
+I hurled myself in semi-madness into a huge
+crater near by in which there was a little
+water, and I fell in it face down.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BLOWN FROM THE TRENCH</h3>
+
+<p>“The water relieved me a little and I wet
+my handkerchief in it and covered my face.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</span>
+I crawled out and half blindly sought my
+chum, who was unconscious, and dragged him
+to the crater where the water was. I laid
+him there face downward, and he, too, revived
+a little, and then we lay waiting for death.”</p>
+
+<p>Ten minutes later there was a shouting that
+announced the approach of the Germans on a
+charge. Houle, followed by Robillard, ran
+back into the trench, got his gun and began
+firing. When the rifle became so hot that
+it burned his hands he threw it down and
+began hurling bombs. They were ordered to
+retreat to the next trench and the Germans
+began pouring into the vacated one. Houle
+and his fellows got hold of two machine guns,
+good for from 560 to 700 shots a minute.</p>
+
+<p>“I shall never forget those Germans. When
+our guns suddenly spoke their front line melted;
+their second crumpled before this destruction;
+but on, on, on they came, unflinching,
+marching with even steps into certain death.
+We were like lions at bay. It was our lives
+or the Germans’. Then, as fourteen of us
+fought together, a bomb dropped amid us, and
+killed eleven. I came to consciousness, lying
+in the bottom of a trench, with Roy leaning
+over me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Are you living yet, Roméo!’ he exclaimed
+in amazement. I rose dizzily. He and I and
+one other stood alone among our eleven dead
+friends.</p>
+
+<p>“Then Roy told me that I had been blown
+clear of the trench, twenty feet from where
+I stood, and that he had braved death to secure,
+as he supposed, my dead body. A careful
+examination showed that my only injury
+was a terrible bruise on the calf of my leg,
+where the round surface of a flying shard had
+struck me, but without breaking the skin.
+Miracles are but small matters when you fight
+in the presence of death.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’m not afraid now,’ I told Roy. And
+from then on I and all my soldier friends believed
+my life was charmed and that the Germans
+could not kill me.”</p>
+
+<p>The defenders were driven back to the
+fourth trench which they were almost immediately
+ordered to leave, which they did with
+all speed as it had been mined by the engineers
+and was ready to give the Germans a warm
+reception as they came surging in. Houle
+describes the explosion. “The whole earth
+seemed to leap skyward, and through and
+through the black mountain of earth and
+stones shot heads and arms and legs, torn fragments
+of what were once heroic men. Next
+to the gas which they gave us, I think our
+blowing them up was surely the worst thing
+men could do to men.”</p>
+
+<p>He describes mining operations, which are
+a big part of trench warfare, as one of the
+most dismaying features of trench life. Apparently
+the mines were more feared than anything
+else. “It was more terrible than gas
+poisoning to think that at any moment you
+would be thrown a thousand ways at once.... The
+soldier in the trench never knows
+when he may be blown into small pieces,—and
+that is why we are always prepared to risk
+uncertain dangers between the lines at night,
+instead of lying down in the wet trench
+hopelessly waiting for death.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FELT SAFEST WHEN ON GUARD</h3>
+
+<p>“I never felt so secure, indeed, as when I
+was on guard between the trenches. Through
+all the night I could hear the bullets go over
+me. Men go crazy there. And the insane
+are sent to England. Sometimes men go mad
+and become a menace to their own comrades
+and officers. They sometimes have to be
+killed. And there have been times when I
+crouched in some first line trench, where no
+communication trench joined us to the second
+or third line, where no doctor could reach
+us. And I have seen men so terribly wounded,
+enduring such agonies, and screaming so heart-breakingly
+for somebody to kill them, that our
+boys have done what they asked, to save them
+the unnecessary horror of living dismembered.
+And I have seen men of good health grow so
+weary of the trenches that they have simply
+stood up at noonday. Some machine guns
+swiftly ended them. And others, as I have
+written, simply stick their hands above the
+trench top and bullets trim off their fingers.”</p>
+
+<p>Fingerless hands are unprofitable in the
+trenches, and not very useful elsewhere in the
+activities of war. Getting rid of one’s fingers
+is a comparatively cheap exchange for release
+from the dangers and maddening anguish
+of long periods in the trenches. Houle did
+not think these men were cowards. “But only
+men who have lived in the trenches can understand.”
+Though he makes no claim to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</span>
+heroism for himself, Houle’s record shows that
+he was a resolute soldier doing valiant things
+that he sets down in his story quite as matters
+of routine experience—such as going out under
+fire to bring in the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>He names Ypres the “graveyard of the old
+Sixty-first.” They were carried to within six
+miles of the place in London buses, twenty-five
+men to a bus. The remaining distance
+they tramped. At Ypres they first met “the
+gallant French troops,” and his company of
+French-Canadians being at the left of the
+English line acted as interpreters. Here the
+trenches were but forty yards from the Germans
+and in bad condition; they were raked
+terribly by German machine guns on a height.
+There were dead bodies of Germans and
+French lying between that had been there three
+months, neither side having the chance to bury
+its dead. These were to be seen through the
+periscopes—but one did not need to see to
+know they were there. The Battle of Ypres
+was one of the greatest of the war, one of the
+most desperate, one of the most deadly in human
+toll, but out of it all comes the memory
+of the gas attacks to which the men were then
+so helplessly exposed.</p>
+
+<p>“There comes a sudden stinging in your
+nose. Your eyes water. You breathe fire.
+You suffocate. You burn alive. There are
+razors and needles in your throat. It is as
+if you drank boiling hot tea. Your lungs
+flame. You want to tear your body. You become
+half wild. Your head aches beyond description.
+You vomit, you drop exhausted,
+you die. It is a frightful thing to see your
+friends like that. Every other man seemed
+to fall. As I fought I marveled that I was
+spared. Again and again came to me the
+belief that my life was charmed. An ecstatic
+confidence bore me up. I was brave because
+I was so sure of life, while all my companions
+seemed groveling in death.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_069" style="max-width: 45.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_069.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Richard T. Smith</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 117th Field Battalion, Signal Corps</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Before daylight on the morning of March 17, 1918, while constructing communication lines in
+the vicinity of Fort de Manonviller, France, Captain Smith conducted his men to a place of safety,
+and while the fire was still intense returned and carried a wounded soldier to the dugout, where he
+fell exhausted.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>They left the trench for a charge, under a
+withering fire, but they pressed forward, and
+came to the enemy’s trench and leaped in.
+He saw four Germans trying to escape on
+the further side. “I did not fire, intending
+to make them prisoners. But the only thing
+I took was a great blow on the side of my
+head, and away went my prisoners.” That
+night he was one of twenty of his comrades
+who volunteered to attempt the recovery of
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</span>four field guns the English had lost. They
+joined men from the Tenth and Sixteenth
+Battalions. They were to storm the wood
+where the guns were. There were forty yards
+of open ground to traverse. The Germans
+worked havoc among them, but the remnant
+made the wood. In the darkness it was almost
+impossible to distinguish foe from friend.</p>
+
+<p>“I ran in and out among the trees and
+asked every one I met who he was. I came
+upon one big fellow. My mouth opened to
+ask him who he was, when his fist shot out
+and took me between the eyes. I went down
+for the count, but I knew who he was—he was
+a German. I got up as quickly as I could,
+you may be sure, and swung my rifle to hit
+him in the head, but the stock struck a tree
+and splintered. I thought I had broken all
+my fingers.</p>
+
+<p>“I found three wounded men, French, I
+thought they were, in that gloom. So I carried
+them into our trench. As I brought in
+the last one, the officer said, ‘You are doing
+good work, Houle.’ I asked him why he
+thought so, and he answered: ‘You have
+brought in three wounded men and when we
+put the light on them we found they were
+Germans.’ Well, I am glad I saved them.
+I would have done so anyhow, had I known
+their nationality. For we were all trained
+to give a wounded man help, whether he were
+friend or foe.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT SAFE TO HELP THE HUN</h3>
+
+<p>“Yet it is dangerous work, helping a
+wounded German. I never helped another,
+after the experience I had. It was one of the
+two occasions when I knew with certainty
+that I killed a man. He was a wounded German
+soldier. We found him suffering and
+weak. But we knew we could save his life
+and were dressing his wound. My back was
+turned. He took a revolver out of his tunic
+pocket and fired pointblank at me.</p>
+
+<p>“I do not know how I escaped death. Perhaps
+it was because his hand shook from weakness;
+perhaps my guardian saint turned aside
+that death bullet. Anyhow, he had his revolver
+in his hand. We had to act quickly.
+My officer spoke a quick word, and I made
+sure that he would never fire another shot.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, we got our machine guns. But the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</span>
+Germans had blown them up, and all our
+sacrifice of men was in vain.”</p>
+
+<p>The Battle of Ypres was a twenty-one day
+affair, and the toll exacted was appalling. Of
+the 500 boys of Houle’s company who left
+Canada only 20 survived. Then came other
+engagements until in May, 1915, he was again
+in Richebourg, and the next day an assault
+was made on the German first line trenches.
+The first two lines of trenches were taken
+without difficulty, but there was a counter attack
+at the third and out of Houle’s company
+(now reinforced to 365 men) 75 were killed,
+100 wounded and 20 taken prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>“We were obliged to leave our wounded
+in the trench with the dead. I lay until night
+in the German second line trench among the
+dead and wounded,” for of course there were
+no communications and no means of getting
+medical help for the men “writhing in agony
+all around us.” At night Highlanders from
+the 13th and 14th Battalions came to the relief.
+Three days later there was an attack
+at a point near Lacouture, where the Germans
+were entrenched in a hilly vantage. The
+French Canadians had been reinforced again,
+this time to 420. The Scots Grays and the
+Cold Stream Guards engaged in the assault.
+The artillery cleared the way for the charge.
+“On the third tussle we got into the German
+trenches. It was a close fight. We used even
+our fists. My bayonet was broken, and I
+used my gun as a club. There we remained
+until we got reinforcements. Out of 420 men
+my company was reduced to eighty. No, I
+could not be killed.”</p>
+
+<p>Then the French Canadians fought at
+Cuinchy and at La Basse—repetitions of the
+same story. He had fought in the front lines
+from almost the very opening of the war,
+“until all the bed I knew was wet earth, and
+all the rest I knew was snatches of sleep obtained
+during lulls in the roaring tumult.
+And long since I had had my fill of the fighting.”</p>
+
+<p>Then Jan. 10, 1916, he was summoned to
+headquarters to receive his discharge. He
+frankly rejoiced in the fact that he was free,
+free from the trenches, their fevers, their
+wounded and dead, their noxious odors, their
+deadly gases, their man-eating rats; free to
+go home to relatives and friends neither
+maimed nor wounded. Not that he had gone<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</span>
+unscathed. There was a dent in his skull
+made by a spent bullet, and a very bad bruise
+on the leg made by a piece of shell, but these
+were trifles.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NO WORDS TO DESCRIBE IT</h3>
+
+<p>“I take no credit for any special courage in
+the field. If I was brave it was because I had
+to be so. We were all brave who kept our
+senses. We became accustomed to a large
+degree to the incessant intimacy with dangers
+and death. We could look at frightful things
+without wincing.”</p>
+
+<p>He knows no word with which to describe
+war as he saw it. Hell is far too weak a
+word. “It is more horrible than the slaughter
+house, because the forms of death planned
+are more cruel, more mad, more devilish. We
+fight underground and under sea. We fight
+with fire, with steel, with lead, with poison,
+with burning oil, with gases. We are lower
+than the brutes, lower than the most degraded
+forms of life.... I am only Roméo Houle,
+a barber. But I have lived—God! I have
+lived. All the slaughter of heroes by the
+Meuse and on the Belgian border and in
+Northern France has passed before my eyes.
+And I, Roméo Houle, am forced to write this:
+‘We cannot make ourselves better nor the
+world more worth while by killing each other
+like beasts gone mad.... I hope never to
+fight again.’”</p>
+
+<p>And here is a final reflection of the soldier
+who confesses “I do not know why we fought.”</p>
+
+<p>“No Archduke’s little life was worth the
+titanic butchery of the world war. The beginning
+was petty and small. And I, looking
+back at horror, horror, horror, cannot forget
+the extraordinary friendships we made with
+the men in the enemy’s trenches. We were
+both only human beings, after all, Fritz and
+I. We had no wish to kill each other. We
+had much rather sit at the same table, with
+our wives and children around us, and talk
+of gardens, of fair pictures, and of great books.
+But for our officers and the nations which
+they represented peace would have been declared
+right there in the trenches—and that
+by the soldiers themselves.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="OLEARY_STEPPED_IN">O’LEARY STEPPED IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And Faith, Never a Dumas Hero was a Marker to This Sergeant of the
+Irish Guards</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">He</span> got the habit and trick of it early they
+say. He played outside the home cottage
+in Macroom, about forty miles from the
+city of Cork, charging imaginary foes, stick
+in hand, with so much vigor that the plump
+hens scuttled to cover. His mother at the
+door of the cottage demanded,</p>
+
+<p>“An’ what is it ye are doin’ now, Mike?”</p>
+
+<p>And the curly-haired youngster replied:</p>
+
+<p>“I’m a sodger.”</p>
+
+<p>Twenty years later the same mother stood
+outside the same cottage door in Macroom
+listening to the almost unbelievable story of
+a messenger who had dashed from Cork city
+by motor-car. Her son—her Mike—had won
+the great war medal. She heard how the
+world was ringing with the immortal exploit
+of Sergeant Michael O’Leary, V.C. Poems
+were being written about him. He had received
+an ovation in London such as kings
+might envy. And all this was no more than
+the brave Irish Guardsman deserved, for with
+his unaided strong right arm he captured an
+enemy position, and of ten Germans who stood
+in his path he killed eight and took the remaining
+two prisoners....</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary was sent to the front in November,
+1914. Mr. Leask has told the story.</p>
+
+<p>All around the La Bassée district fierce
+fighting had raged since October. The 1st
+Battalion of the Irish Guards, in common
+with other regiments, now experienced the
+severities of trench warfare. At the end of
+January they were stationed near the La Bassée
+brickfield, and the Germans were subjecting
+them to a withering fire.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_072" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_072.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Copyrighted in U. S. A. by New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">How Sergeant O’Leary of the Irish Guards Won the Victoria Cross</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">“He rushed on like one possessed, never looking behind to see if his comrades were following.
+A railway bank rose in front of him. He cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks....”</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</span></p>
+
+<p>The last night of January the enemy’s fire
+was particularly hot. It was decided that the
+trenches were too expensive to hold. But
+before evacuating them the men were ordered
+to storm the enemy’s position.</p>
+
+<p>In order to prepare the way for the assault,
+the artillery commenced one of the
+fiercest bombardments of the war up till then.
+The boom of the big pieces and the detonation
+of their shells were audible twenty miles
+away. The guns fired with such intensity in
+order to demolish what had become a regular
+bastion in the German lines, also to break
+down the barbed wire entanglements in front
+of the German trenches, and thoroughly to demoralize
+the enemy before the men stormed
+the positions.</p>
+
+<p>No. 2 Company of the Irish Guards was
+ordered to keep up a hot rifle fire. This was
+to make the Germans keep under cover, no
+matter how much they wished to escape from
+the artillery. The diversion also caused the
+enemy to expect an attack from this direction,
+with the result that he concentrated his fire
+on the trench occupied by No. 2 Company.</p>
+
+<p>Then No. 1, O’Leary’s Company, which
+was on the left of No. 2 Company’s trench,
+was ordered to charge. The Irish dashed
+over the parapet with a yell, their bayonets
+fixed, and rushed at the enemy in fine style.
+The distance they had to cover to reach the
+German positions was from 100 to 150 yards.
+The men were very eager to be at the enemy
+after their long spell in the trenches, and went
+for their foe at racing speed.</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary soon outstripped his comrades. His
+Irish blood was up. “You would laugh if
+you saw us chasing the Huns and mowing
+them down,” he wrote to his parents.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHARGE OF THE “MAD IRISHMAN”</h3>
+
+<p>He rushed on like one possessed, never
+looking behind to see if his comrades were following.
+A railway bank rose in front of him.
+He cleared it, and went on, heedless of risks,
+toward a strong barricade held by the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>O’Leary paused at a little mound and looked
+around. In front of him was a deadly machine
+gun, trained on the trench occupied by
+the second company of Irish Guards. As already
+explained, their work was to deceive
+the enemy and the maneuver had proved successful.
+Their rifle fire had prevented the
+Germans from showing their faces, and they
+had not seen that the British were racing
+toward them.</p>
+
+<p>When O’Leary reached the mound the Germans
+became aware of their danger and immediately
+prepared to turn the machine gun
+upon the advancing First company. It was a
+critical moment. O’Leary did not hesitate;
+he took deliberate aim with his rifle at the
+gun’s crew, five in number, and one by one
+they dropped as his unerring finger pressed
+the trigger. His bold move in a supremely
+dangerous situation had been successful. The
+machine gun was his. The lives of his comrades
+were saved. For an ordinary man this
+brave deed would have sufficed. But what
+O’Leary had just performed whetted his appetite
+for more.</p>
+
+<p>Another barricade farther on had caught
+his eye. With daredevil audacity, he bounded
+toward it. The Germans then were prepared
+for him, but he “got his blows in first,” and
+killed three more Germans. The two remaining
+had no stomach for the “mad Irishman.”
+They promptly raised their hands, and
+O’Leary secured them as his prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>He confessed afterward that his second exploit
+was a hazardous one. He had no bayonet
+at the time and had to trust solely to his
+marksmanship. His rifle was loaded with ten
+rounds, and eight of the bullets found a human
+billet. When the last two Germans surrendered
+he had no ammunition left, and had
+they not been demoralized by his sudden and
+audacious attack single-handed, the issue would
+have been different.</p>
+
+<p>Sergeant O’Leary had killed eight Germans,
+captured a machine gun, taken two Germans
+prisoner, and carried two strong positions,
+from which the rest of the attacking
+party would have been heavily fired upon.
+Some one has said that this exploit was thoroughly
+Irish in method and execution, and
+that O’Leary deserves to rank as one of the
+greatest heroes of modern warfare.</p>
+
+<p>Describing what happened afterward, Company-Quartermaster-Sergeant
+J. G. Lowry,
+of the Irish Guards, says:</p>
+
+<p>“O’Leary came back from his killing as cool
+as if he had been for a walk in the park, accompanied
+by two prisoners he had taken. He<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</span>
+probably saved the lives of the whole company.
+Had that machine gun got slewed
+round, No. 1 Company might have been nearly
+wiped out. We all quickly appreciated the
+value of O’Leary’s sprinting and crack shooting,
+and when we were relieved that night,
+dog-tired as we were, O’Leary had his arm
+nearly shaken off by his comrades.”</p>
+
+<p>When on furlough O’Leary was fêted and
+cheered as no V.C. hero has been. He received
+a splendid welcome in Cork and in
+his native village. The greatest day in his
+life, however, was June 26, 1915, when Londoners
+turned out in tens of thousands to acclaim
+him in the streets. To honor him the
+London Irish organized a demonstration in
+Hyde Park, at which over 60,000 persons
+were present. O’Leary drove from the Strand
+to the Park in an open carriage, cheered all
+along the route by an admiring throng.
+O’Leary was a proud man but, as he afterward
+protested, he “didn’t know what all this
+fuss was about. Faith, a bit of a shindy is
+no great matter at all, at all!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHEN_THE_YANKS_WENT_IN">WHEN THE “YANKS” WENT IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of the First American Soldiers to Go It Alone in Banging the
+Huns</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Because</span> they were recruited in the New
+England States, the boys of the 26th
+Division were known as “Yankees” or the
+“Yankee Division” and they set up pretty
+good claim to the distinction by acts of unit
+heroism not excelled for dash, daring and
+effective service by any troops opposed to the
+Huns. The “Yankee Division” was the first
+of the A.E.F. to take part in a great offensive
+in France. It was organized under the command
+of Maj. Gen. C. R. Edwards, Aug. 13,
+1917; arrived in France in September, and in
+January, 1918, was undergoing special training
+on the Chemin des Dames front. It
+was assigned to the Toul sector and was
+in position by the end of March. Ten days
+later the enemy struck its first serious blow at
+the line, “a blow which turned out to be far
+more serious to the Germans than to the New
+Englanders.” It was the beginning of the
+five days fight known as the battle of Apremont,
+though it really was the battle of Bois
+Brulé, the worst of the fight being in the
+“burned wood” on the hill top where the
+104th Regiment was stationed. In an article
+in the Boston <cite>Globe</cite> devoted to the 26th,
+Willard F. De Lue says:</p>
+
+<p>“From the very first day there had been
+artillery-action; in fact, the Boche set up a
+row while the Yankees were coming into the
+line, before they got their packs off. Now, at
+five o’clock in the morning of April 10, the
+Germans sent over a body of seven hundred
+or eight hundred picked shock-troops against
+Colonel Shelton’s boys.</p>
+
+<p>“But the Yankee artillery got the jump on
+them, and opened up with a barrage that
+couldn’t have been better. It smashed the
+Germans’ attack so badly that it broke down,
+and for the rest of that day, and for two
+more, the Boches were content to throw over
+a heavy artillery fire.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 13th, however, they were at it
+again. This time they planned a little better.
+The center of the assault was directed against
+the French units on the left of the 104th, and
+it wasn’t long before they sent over a hurry
+call for a counter-attack by the Yanks. The
+104th responded handsomely. They swept
+through Bois Brulé right on to the German
+flank, and relieved the pressure on the French
+line. But by that time their own flank was
+threatened. So the Yanks suddenly changed
+direction, and attacked by their own flank—a
+difficult maneuver, but beautifully executed.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_075" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_075.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy World’s Work.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Cantigny—The First American Offensive</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Here it was that our soldiers confirmed the confidence placed in them and won the admiration of the Allied High Command. Two days later
+Americans were ordered to hold the road to Paris and the crossing of the Marne at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The fighting kept up stubbornly. By one
+o’clock in the afternoon the Germans had
+broken through and grabbed some of the advanced
+points held by the 104th, and were
+filtering in through communication trenches.
+It was apparent this was no mere raid. So
+the reserves were ordered up. But before
+they arrived the enemy had been hurled back
+again, and by six that night the heaviest of
+the fighting was over. On the 14th there was
+further action; but the Boche had been licked,
+and he knew it. His losses were tremendous;
+ours comparatively light.</p>
+
+<p>“Many an act of heroism took place that
+day. The flags of the 104th Infantry were
+later decorated by the French for the gallantry
+displayed by its men. And the individual
+awards of American and French decorations
+are eloquent.</p>
+
+<p>“That was the first battle fought by
+Americans—any Americans—in France in
+which they were not supported by French
+infantry.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN EVERY AFTER BATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>Having been inducted into the firing line,
+the 26th had no surcease, but took part in every
+subsequent battle up to the signing of the
+armistice, missing the promised rest, time
+after time, owing to the exigencies of the
+campaigns. And according to the complaint
+of a captured German lieutenant, they did not
+always play the game right. On one occasion
+the moment an enemy barrage was lifted,
+a body of Yankees darted ahead and actually
+nabbed some of the advancing Huns, the lieutenant
+included. He sputteringly said in reproach
+of these tactics, “They should not have
+been where they were. They were coming
+right through our own barrage, and might
+have been wiped out.”</p>
+
+<p>That the Americans were so apt to be
+“where they shouldn’t have been” was greatly
+disconcerting to the Huns more than once.
+They did things in such an unconventional
+way, acting so much on individual initiative
+that they frequently spoiled the precise calculations
+of the German machine. The
+French had greater appreciation of the Yankee
+method. The commanding officer of the 32nd
+French said this of the 26th:</p>
+
+<p>“I salute its colors and thank it for the
+splendid services it has rendered here to the
+common cause. Under the distinguished command
+of their chief, General Edwards, the
+high-spirited soldiers of the Yankee Division
+have taught the enemy some bitter lessons at
+Bois Brulé, at Seicheprey, at Xivray Marvoisin;
+they have taught him to realize the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</span>
+staunch vigor of the sons of the great republic
+fighting for the world’s freedom.”</p>
+
+<p>The division was also in the Château-Thierry
+battle. Mr. Le Due writes:</p>
+
+<p>“On the 9th the fighting on this new field
+began. The Boche, in the early morning,
+swept down into Vaux and established machine-gun
+posts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘You’ve got to drive those (censored) out
+of there or we’ll be the laughing-stock of
+the division,’ was the word sent out by Colonel
+Logan. And so the driving began.</p>
+
+<p>“That fight for Vaux will be long remembered—a
+picturesque fight, with groups of
+men rushing here and there, cleaning up
+snipers and machine-gunners, rushing hostile
+positions; overhead the roar of the American
+barrage, below the hum of countless machine
+guns. The clean-up was thorough.</p>
+
+<p>“Three days later Foch’s famous counter-offensive
+began—on July 18, at 4:25 in the
+morning.</p>
+
+<p>“The night before, at ten o’clock, a terrific
+thunder-storm had broken. Lightning flashed
+and rain fell in sheets. But in the morning
+there came a clearing, and when the fated
+hour approached there was a rosy flush on the
+morning sky. Commanders wore an anxious
+look. A surprise had been planned, and a
+clear day was not to their liking. But just
+before the time set a heavy mist began to
+descend. All was well.</p>
+
+<p>“A gun spoke; then the roar from a
+hundred, a thousand iron-throated messengers
+of death. The creeping barrage had opened.
+The infantry was to attack simultaneously.</p>
+
+<p>“The Yanks moved forward on the left,
+pivoting upon their own right, held by the
+101st, in front of Vaux. The 102d came
+next; but it was the boys of the 103d and
+104th, on the left, that did the early fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We are in Torcy,’ was the first message
+sent back. Then came a delay. A hitch had
+taken place; but by nine o’clock Bouresches,
+Belleau, and Givry were in the hands of the
+Yankees.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_077" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_077.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Dugald E. Ferguson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 126th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When the infantry on his right was held up by fire from an enemy machine gun at Cierges,
+northeast of Château-Thierry, August 1, 1918, he seized a rifle, rushed around the flank of the
+enemy’s position, bayoneted two of the machine-gun crew and shot three of them, enabling the infantry
+to advance.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The first objectives taken, preparations
+were at once made for a further advance.
+But the French, to the north, had been held
+up. On the 19th there was no forward movement
+until three in the afternoon. Hill 193,
+above Givry, where the French were held up,
+was passed on the flank, causing the Germans
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</span>to fall back. Etrepilly and Etrepilly Woods
+were reached, taken, and passed. So, too,
+Genetrie Farm and the woods close by La
+Halmadière.</p>
+
+<p>“In the night of the 19th there was another
+halt. Then forward again at daybreak, with
+the 101st and 102d Infantry getting into
+action late this day, and sweeping forward,
+through Vaux and the woods close to Bouresches,
+they crossed the Soissons-Château-Thierry
+road, and by the 22d found themselves
+in front of Epieds and Trugny.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WINNING MORE FRENCH PRAISE</h3>
+
+<p>“It was here that the severest fighting
+of the drive took place. In Epieds the
+Germans planted machine guns every seven
+yards. In Trugny and in the woods that lie
+on the hillsides to the east of both towns they
+had done likewise.</p>
+
+<p>“The 101st tackled the Trugny proposition.
+Colonel Logan’s men were in and out
+of the town twice. But the German artillery
+had the range just right, and whenever the
+Yankees went in flooded the place with mustard-gas.
+On July 23 Colonel Logan borrowed
+a little ground on his right from the
+French, encircled Trugny on the south, and
+started up behind it, through Trugny Wood.
+It was a terrible fight, but that night the
+101st broke through the German defenses
+and forced a retreat. Meantime, the three
+other infantry regiments were making constant
+frontal attacks. The 102d got into
+Trugny and captured the gun now on Boston
+Common.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 23d the 103d and 104th Infantry
+Regiments were relieved; and on the 25th the
+101st and 102d were relieved. But the artillery
+brigade kept on, supporting three other
+American divisions, until the Vesle River was
+reached, August 5. It was in this drive particularly
+that Sherburne’s outfit earned the
+name of the best field artillery in France. A
+regular Army officer, watching the guns in
+action, said: ‘I have been in the Army thirty
+years and never have seen field artillery until
+this day.’</p>
+
+<p>“By August 7 the whole division, including
+the artillery, was back in villages along the
+Marne, between Château-Thierry and Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“The people of the countryside hailed the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</span>
+men of the 26th as ‘saviors of Paris.’ Those
+who went into the French capital were greeted
+with enthusiasm. Men and women embraced
+them and kissed them.</p>
+
+<p>“General Degoutte, famed commander of
+the French 6th Army, with which the Americans
+fought, wrote to General Edwards:</p>
+
+<p>“‘The operations carried out by the 26th
+American Division from July 18 to July 24
+demonstrated the fine soldierly qualities of
+this unit, and the worth of its fine leader,
+General Edwards. The 26th Division fought
+brilliantly ... advancing more than fifteen
+kilometers in depth in spite of the desperate
+resistance of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I take pleasure in communicating to
+General Edwards and his valiant division this
+expression of my esteem, together with my
+heartiest congratulations for the manner in
+which they have served the common cause.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>And so on until, drawn from temporary
+reserve at Verdun, the 26th was ordered into
+the Argonne battle. The <cite>Globe</cite> chronicler
+continues:</p>
+
+<p>“On October 15 the 104th was fighting in
+conjunction with the French and a squadron
+of fifteen French tanks. What the fighting
+was like may be judged from the fact that
+only one of those fifteen tanks came back.</p>
+
+<p>“On the 16th other units went in, and by
+October 18 command passed to General Edwards.
+The new position in line was on the
+east side of the Meuse River, facing generally
+east. Ahead lay the scrubby woods of Haumont,
+Chenes, Ormont, Belleau, and the skirt
+of the Bois de Wavrille, and of Samogneux,
+the latter to the extreme left, nearer to
+Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack on these positions began on the
+23d and continued until the 27th. The woods,
+so far as trees went, consisted of a few dead,
+blasted stumps, standing out like skeletons, in
+the midst of thick, deadly underbrush. The
+whole ground had been fought over recently.
+Bodies of dead French and Germans lay
+there. And in one place was a valley full of
+skeletons of the Crown Prince’s men who
+had made the desperate attack on the forts
+of Verdun.</p>
+
+<p>“These woods were taken and lost again,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</span>
+taken and lost, taken and lost. Four times
+did the 101st battle through Belleau, only to
+be blasted back by artillery. The enemy had
+sworn to stick it out, for an attack here threatened
+the lines of communication. And stick
+they did.</p>
+
+<p>“Of those last days a volume might well be
+written: of the desperate charges, the hell of
+shell-fire, the deluges of gas, the hum of millions
+of machine-gun death-messengers—death-messengers
+that brought their messages home.
+And through it all, partly over ground they
+had won before, they plunged in the dull desperation
+of despair. In the previous days they
+had been robbed of the officers they knew and
+loved. Edwards had been relieved October
+25. Others had preceded him, and others
+followed—Cole, Logan, Hume.</p>
+
+<p>“Desperately these boys fought and paid
+the price. On the 9th the line was drawn
+back a little, the accompanying units couldn’t
+keep pace. And still the battle raged—a
+bloody, maddening, disheartening battle—raged
+despite reports that an armistice had
+been agreed upon. Even at ten in the morning
+of November 11, one hour before the
+fighting was to stop, the 26th was ordered
+forward again ‘to straighten out the line.’
+In that hour hundreds were lost.</p>
+
+<p>“The Yankee division fought up to the last
+shot. That shot fired, the division remained
+a wreck. Gen. Frank E. Bamford, the new
+commander, reported that the division was in
+no condition to go to the Rhine. That day,
+the 11th, 1,200 replacements were received,
+and more were on their way. When the last
+hour’s fight began one regiment, normally
+3,000 strong, had only 240 rifles.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HUMOR_AND_HEROISM">HUMOR AND HEROISM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Glimpses of the Sunnier Side of the Men Who Played with Death</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">After</span> relating many pitiful, tear-compelling
+incidents of wounded and dying
+soldiers in trench and in the temporary hospitals
+back of the front, an English Chaplain
+turned from the saddening episodes to some
+of the humorous phases of his experience
+among the men—humorous by contrast, that
+is, for some of the touches are more than prods
+to laughter; this for example:</p>
+
+<p>“Once, in a hospital train, where a crowd of
+helpless men were being loaded in at a siding,
+I saw one man, groaning in agony from rheumatism,
+carried in. ‘Where are you wounded,
+old chap?’ asked the orderly. ‘Hoots!’ he replied,
+‘I’m na wounded at a’; fling me onywhere,
+an’ luk after the rest.’” The Chaplain
+continues:</p>
+
+<p>“There are countless streaks of humor and
+gleams of laughter even amid the sorrow-clouds
+of war. The mysterious diseases from
+which the soldier thinks he suffers sometimes
+puzzle you. He will proudly, and with a
+majestic solemnity, tell you that his illness
+has developed into ‘gasteria’—perhaps a more
+accurately descriptive name than science recognizes.
+More than one is sorry for his wife,
+who is distracted and harrowed by the ‘insinuendoes’
+of her neighbors, a word almost
+worthy of a place in the dictionary. And
+many will tell you of chums who have broken
+down, and who were not really fit to serve,
+having been always of a ‘historical’ tendency.
+One almost feels a plea for heredity there.</p>
+
+<p>“How grateful we were when we found
+occasions like these! For, though we were
+not downhearted, we were often war-weary.
+And frequently the good cheer of those whom
+we were there to comfort and strengthen
+really strengthened and comforted us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MICKY FREE REVIVED</h3>
+
+<p>“I remember an Irishman, quite of the type
+of Micky Free in Lever’s novel, a rollicking,
+jolly child of the Emerald Isle, pretty badly
+battered, but with a sparkle in his eye at
+which you could have lit a candle. He was
+from Dublin. I thought I should speak cheerfully
+to him, so I said, ‘Well, now, aren’t you
+lucky to be here, instead of home yonder, getting
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</span>your head broken in a riot?’ ‘Troth, I
+am, sir,’ said he. ‘Lucky to be here, anyway.
+And lucky is anny man if he’ll only get a grave
+to lie in, let alone a comfortable bed like this.
+Glory be! it’s myself that’s been the lucky one
+all the time.’ Near him lay another. ‘Don’t
+spake to him, your honor,’ said the first man
+with a laugh. ‘Sure, he’s a Sinn Feiner.’ But
+both of them were of opinion that the loyalty
+of the rebels might be awakened by contact
+with German shells. ‘Bring them out here,
+sir,’ said they, ‘and they won’t be Irishmen
+if they don’t get their dander riz with a whiz-bang
+flung at them. That would settle their
+German philandering. Sure, isn’t it too bad
+what we’ve been enduring to enable the spalpeens
+to stay at home, upsetting the State,
+flinging Home Rule back maybe a generation,
+with their foolishness, and we as good Irishmen
+as themselves can be?’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_080" style="max-width: 45.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_080.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Albert Fritz</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 16th Infantry, Company “I”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for extraordinary heroism in action south of Soissons, France, July 18-23, 1918. While
+attached to a machine-gun company as an ammunition carrier, he was wounded twice, but continued
+to carry ammunition while exposed to heavy shell fire.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The infinite variety of classes that make
+up our present army is astonishing. I told
+once of a Gordon Highlander landing in
+Havre with a copy of the Hebrew Psalms in
+the pocket of his khaki apron to read in the
+trenches. I saw, among our own Gordons,
+an Aberdeen divinity student, as a private
+reading in the mud the Greek Testament and
+the Sixth Book of Homer’s <cite>Iliad</cite>. Anything,
+from that to the <cite>Daily Mail</cite>, represents the
+reading of our men. This variety is also very
+noticeable among our officers. We had the
+lumberman from the vast forests of the West
+beside the accountant from San Francisco;
+the tea-planter from Bengal; the lawyer from
+the quiet Fife town beside the Forth; the artist;
+the architect; and the journalist. And
+it was this mixture that made possible episodes
+of irresistible comicality.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GLAD TO MEET HAIG</h3>
+
+<p>“For instance, to prevent waste of petrol
+in ‘joy-riding,’ a French barrier at one place
+near us had guards set upon it under a British
+officer. One day a young northern subaltern,
+entirely fresh to military work, was in charge;
+and the tale goes that he stopped Sir Douglas
+Haig’s car, asking him to show his permit
+and declare his business. When the general
+did tell who he was, the boy was so taken
+aback that he is said to have stammered, ‘So
+pleased to meet you!’</p>
+
+<p>“Again, a young officer told me that he
+was leading a well-known general around
+some trenches in the dark. They came to a
+traverse. ‘We’ll go round here,’ said the general,
+and the young fellow led the way. But
+a watchful Gordon leaped up suddenly with
+fixed bayonet, and, ‘Who goes there?’ The
+youth replied, ‘General Blank.’ ‘Ay, lad,’
+whimsically replied the Scot, ‘ye’d better try
+again. That cock ’ll no fecht wi’ the Cock o’
+the North.’</p>
+
+<p>“Another, a verdantly green soldier of the
+King, almost freshly off the ploughed haughs
+of home, met an officer of high rank. He was
+carrying his rifle, but he huddled it under
+his arm, and awkwardly saluted with the
+open hand as though he had it not. The
+officer said, very kindly, ‘Here, my man, is
+the way to salute your superior with your
+rifle’; and he went through the proper regulation
+field-officer’s salute. But Jock, after
+coolly watching him, as coolly replied, ‘Ay,
+ay; maybe that’s your way o’t; but I hae my
+ain way, and I’m no jist sure yet whilk’s the
+richt gait o’t.’</p>
+
+<p>“It would be worth while seeing this man
+after a few months’ training has brought him
+into the ‘richt gait o’t.’ In fact, the way in
+which the men have fallen into the habit of
+discipline is as wonderful as the way they
+leaped into the line of service for their country’s
+sake when they were not forced to go.
+I recall one, who was only a type of many.
+Up in the mouth of a West Highland glen is
+a little cottage on a croft. And the man there
+was the last of his race. When others passed
+out to the world-wide conflict, his mother,
+who was very old, opposed his going. But
+she died. And then he drew his door to,
+locked it, and went to share the battle for
+liberty which to-day is shaking the earth.
+There are far more men of peace than men of
+quarrel fighting for the soul-compelling things
+that are of value beyond this dying world,
+and these are made of the true victory stuff.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEY ARE NOT TALKERS</h3>
+
+<p>“None are less given to talk of what they
+have done than the very men whose deeds
+thrill others. They just saw the thing that
+was needed; they seized the flying moment,
+and did the deed that makes men’s hearts<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</span>
+stand still. They came out of it with something
+akin to the elation of the sportsman
+who has scored a goal. They saved their side
+in the game. That was what they aimed at,
+and they were satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>“In my last battalion were two men who,
+working together, did breathless things without
+themselves being breathless. They enjoyed
+them. After one ‘stunt’ our people in
+the trench observed a man hanging on the
+enemy’s wire. His hand was slowly moving
+to and fro. They watched carefully, and saw
+clearly that he was signaling to them. A
+little group of officers gathered and considered
+the matter. But it was entirely impossible,
+they thought, to dream of attempting a rescue
+before darkness. So they resolved to get together
+a rescue party in the night and save.
+Meanwhile, however, these two worthies
+slipped away, crawled over No Man’s Land,
+and brought the poor fellow in. Rebuked for
+their temerity, their reply was, ‘We couldna
+thole the sicht o’ a chum oot yonder like that.’
+Another time, after a bitter struggle in a patch
+of woodland between our line and the enemy’s,
+they came and reported that a man in khaki
+was to be seen moving from tree-stump to
+tree-stump, evidently in distress. ‘I think he’s
+daft,’ said one. And in the gloaming over
+they went, found him, and brought him in to
+safety. He had been wounded in the head
+and side, and left behind. The first day he
+had kept himself alive by drinking from the
+water-bottles of the dead; but he had lost
+his reason and his bearings, and was in despair
+when our brave fellows got him. And these
+men were killed later on by a slight accident
+down behind the lines.</p>
+
+<p>“It was difficult to get away from the touch
+of one’s environment and to overcome that unwelcome
+realization of the grim surroundings.
+One morning we had a weird reminder. When
+we opened the door of our hut, there, on the
+threshold, lay an unexploded ‘dud’ shell which
+had fallen in the night. Had it done what had
+been intended, we should have been very suddenly
+off somewhere among the stars. It made
+one think a little of solemn and strange things,
+and feel more than a little thankful to behold
+again the light of the sun.</p>
+
+<p>“People speak a good deal about the lust
+for blood and the fever-passion of battle. But
+our boys are not bloodthirsty.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT THE HUN TYPE</h3>
+
+<p>“A friend of mine, after a ‘scrap,’ saw a
+proof of this which almost cost him his life,
+as he had to resist the tendency to laugh, for
+he had been shot through the lungs. A big
+Scotsman, in a muddy kilt, and with fixed
+bayonet, had in his charge a German prisoner,
+who was very unwilling to get a move on.
+And Sandy shouted out to a companion on
+ahead, ‘Hey, Jock, he winna steer. What’ll I
+dae wi’ him?’ But Jock, busy driving his own
+man forward, just answered over his shoulder,
+‘Bring him wi’ ye.’ Both of these men had
+the sweat of conflict not dry upon them. But
+they never for a moment thought of driving
+the bayonet into that reluctant foe, as the
+German would have done most readily. Of
+course, one does occasionally find the old grim
+warrior still, quite contented under hard circumstances,
+finding indeed the conditions a
+kind of real relief after the rust of peaceful
+days.</p>
+
+<p>“This same friend, going one night along
+the trenches, almost thigh-deep in mud, came
+upon a grizzled Irishman, O’Hara, cowering
+in the rain. ‘Isn’t this a damnable war,
+O’Hara?’ said he. ‘Thrue for you, sir,’ was
+the unexpected reply. ‘But, sure, isn’t it better
+than having no war at all?’</p>
+
+<p>“A campaign like this brings one into touch
+with strange bedfellows. A man I know told
+me, ‘In one place, during the early terrible
+days, we crept into a cellar, and I lay down
+to try to sleep. But I soon found this to be
+impossible, for I became aware of somebody
+that kept running to and fro in the dark,
+driving all the rest away. I went out, and
+spoke to the doctor, whom I met. “Oh,” he
+replied, “that’s only our lunatic.” It was,
+indeed, a poor fellow who had gone mad in
+the retreat; and they could meanwhile do
+nothing but carry him along with them.’
+Perhaps the weirdest of all the strange mixtures
+whom I met out at the front was a
+young fellow at a mechanical transport camp.
+His father was a Russian Jew, his mother was
+English, his grandfather Dutch, and he himself
+was born in London and brought up in
+Glasgow. In a world of such widely international
+disturbance you almost expected him
+to go off into effervescence, like a seidlitz
+powder.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_083" style="max-width: 48.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_083.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major Henry E. Bunch</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd, Division, 168th Infantry, M. C.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On October 13-16, 1918, he went out in advance of the front line near the Bois de Chatillon,
+France, to reconnoiter a site for an aid station and an ambulance route. Seeing a wounded officer
+lying about 300 meters from the enemy’s line, he went to his rescue and carried him through terrific
+machine-gun and rifle fire to a shell hole, where he administered first-aid.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>DID NOT MERIT MERCY</h3>
+
+<p>“Amid the sorrows and the weariness of the
+times out there it was remarkable how closely
+laughter followed at the heels of tears. We
+had great fun over a colonel—not in our
+division—who was very unpopular. He did
+not know the depths of his unpopularity, but,
+deeming himself the best-beloved among his
+contemporaries, he was perfectly happy. One
+day, while he was sitting in front of his dugout
+reading an old newspaper, a sniper’s bullet
+passed quite close, and went ‘pip’ into
+the parados. He paid no attention, of course,
+for that was only a bit of the day’s work.
+But when another came, he thought it was an
+attention which carried civility a little too far.
+So he called a Scotsman to him, and said, ‘Go
+out, Jock, and nail that beggar.’ Jock crawled
+out, glad of the diversion, stalked the enemy,
+‘winged’ him, and was running up to ‘feenish’
+him, when the German held up his hands
+and cried, ‘Mercy, Englishman!’ But Jock
+replied, ‘Mercy? Ye dinna deserve nae mercy.
+Ye’ve missed oor colonel twice!’ I often
+wonder if Jock told the colonel how he
+had put it! Or is he still as happy as
+ever?</p>
+
+<p>“It is told of Jock that, on another occasion,
+when a German held up his hands, after
+a good deal of dirty work with them, and
+said, ‘Mercy, Englishman. I’ll go to England
+with you!’ Jock replied, grimly and
+coolly, ‘Ay, maybe. But, ye see, that’s no
+exactly whaur I was gaun to send ye.’</p>
+
+<p>“I was always much impressed by the Wesleyans,
+whom I often met in painful circumstances.
+I had never had anything to do with
+them till I came in contact with them
+wounded and suffering, but always most brave,
+patient, and truly religious. They bore their
+distresses without a murmur, and they died
+without fear. For they knew what they believed
+in. They had the gift of religion and
+the secret of a faith stronger than death. They
+were true mystics. I remember one day standing
+beside one of them who had been very
+dangerously stricken. His eyes were closed,
+and he was whispering continuously. I
+stooped down and listened. He was saying,
+over and over again, ‘Oh, God, remember
+me, and help me to get well, for the sake
+of those I love at home.’</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>SPEAKING TO GOD</h3>
+
+<p>“I was turning to slip away quietly, when
+he opened his eyes and said, ‘Whoever you
+are, don’t go, sir, I was only speaking to God.’
+His religion was so intimate a possession that
+he did not need to apologize for knocking at
+the door of love with his prayer.</p>
+
+<p>“Nothing could be more touching, and often
+at the same time funnier, than meeting men
+past military age who, sometimes for the sake
+of their boys serving, had slipped into the
+ranks, mentally folding down a corner of
+their birth-certificate over the date, and salving
+their consciences, as did one, who said to
+me, ‘I told them I was thirty-four—but I did
+not say on what birthday!’ I remember one
+old Scot, who could scarcely move, telling me,
+‘I doot I’ll hae to get oot o’ this, an’ awa’
+hame. Thae rheumatics is no good in the
+trenches; and they’re girnin’ at me again.’ Of
+course, he had ‘a laddie lyin’ up yonder,’ and
+a nephew, and ‘a guid-sister’s brither,’ and so
+on, like the rest. And, of course, if it were
+not for these pains he would be as good as
+ever he was! Some time later I met him in
+the rain, and asked how he felt now. ‘Oh,’
+said he, ‘I’m just fine the day. I seen my
+youngest laddie gaun up, and I’d a word or
+twa wi’ him. I’ll be writin’ his mither the
+nicht aboot it. He was lookin’ grand.
+It was fine to get a roar frae him in the
+by-gaun.’</p>
+
+<p>“I called on one old woman at home, and
+she told me that her husband had only the
+previous day, which was his birthday, gone off
+to France. ‘Eh,’ said she with unction, ‘he’s
+a good man, my man. I often think I was
+a lucky woman to have sic a man. D’ye ken—he
+never told a lie!’ ‘And yesterday was
+his birthday?’ I inquired. ‘And how old was
+he?’ ‘He was fifty-eight,’ was her answer.
+But when I asked how this modern rival of
+George Washington had got into the army
+with such an age, she innocently replied, ‘Ye
+see, he said he was thirty-twa.’</p>
+
+<p>“How these elderly men endured for any
+length of time all the discomforts at the front
+was beyond understanding. They were, of
+course, frequently caught, when youth was
+more able to skip nimbly out of the way of
+death. The little, shell-swept graveyards at
+the front got many of them very soon.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RUNNERS AND M.P.’S</h3>
+
+<p>“I spoke elsewhere, some time ago, of
+some of the forgotten and overlooked departments
+of our army. There are plenty such,
+of course. But one cannot help recalling
+amongst them the battalion runners, who
+carry messages over No Man’s Land, or anywhere,
+from post to post, when air and earth
+are filled with hissing death, and who also
+act as guides up to the trenches. They are
+absolutely fearless. This type varies from the
+gaunt, silent figure, that stalks before you
+like an Indian through the dark, to the garrulous
+youth who talks all the time over his
+shoulder as he goes. One of the latter was
+leading up our men, and the colonel said to
+him, ‘I hear that these dugouts are wretched
+water-logged holes.’ ‘Deed, they are that,’
+replied the guide. And then, gently, as if
+on a tender afterthought, ‘D’ye ken, sir, I’m
+often vexed for you; for I’m perfectly sure
+that you’re accustomed to something better
+than yon at home!’</p>
+
+<p>“Another is the military policeman, who
+controls and guides the traffic at the cross-roads,
+and where there is danger of shells
+falling, in such places as the square at Ypres.
+There, amongst evidences of steady peril,
+stands this quiet man with the red band on
+his arm; and he steps forward to warn you
+that it is not safe to be there! I cannot
+forget one road, when we were moving up
+to the front. The stream of life flowing on
+towards the fighting area was like the Strand
+in London at its busiest. The policeman with
+uplifted hand was as powerful there as at
+home. In a moment, at the signal, limbers,
+guns, motor-lorries, ambulances, mounted
+men, and marching infantry stood motionless
+till permitted to go on again.</p>
+
+<p>“The directions we got one day from an
+Irish policeman were unforgettable. He said,
+‘It’s quite easy, your honor. You see, when
+you go into Albert, you don’t go into it at all.
+But you turn to the right, keeping well to
+the left all the way.’ We thanked him, and
+trusted to Providence, as we are apt to do
+where there is nothing else that can be done;
+and, following our directions in a general way,
+we reached our place in safety!</p>
+
+<p>“Again, you will find, right up behind the
+front, the roadman busy, coolly filling up
+holes that shells have made, and behaving just
+as though he were working on a stretch of
+the Trossachs, or patching up the rut-worn
+tracks that the rain has damaged along by
+Loch Hourn.”</p>
+
+<p>Of the airmen flying their graceful, birdlike
+craft, he says: “There can be no
+braver hearts than those. Many a time we
+looked up at them, sailing overhead, and wondered;
+and the roughest Tommy sends something
+like a prayer with them as they go.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ENGLANDS_INDIAN_WARRIORS">ENGLAND’S INDIAN WARRIORS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Who Made Up the Indian Army; And Some V. C. Heroes</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> December of the first year of the war,
+a letter came to the Indian post-office in
+London with this address, written in the topknotted
+Marathi character, and hence perfectly
+incomprehensible to every one but the
+Jat orderly who read it:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container fs90">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“In the land of the European War</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The country of the King of France</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For my beloved son, the Sepoy Khundadad Khan</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the hand of any who bears this to him shall be that of a gentleman.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p>It was an extraordinary epistle to look at,
+very thick, and its envelope was an old official
+one that had been carefully ungummed and
+refolded wrong side out. And it had come
+from a tiny village on the banks of the
+Jhelum River, far away in India. But what
+was more extraordinary still, its owner received
+it that very day. For Khundadad Khan
+had become a very great man indeed, and his
+name was fully as well known in London
+then, as ever it had been in his native village.
+Lying in the Kensington hospital, he
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</span>stroked his long black curly beard, the exact
+color of his hair, and murmured, as he fingered
+the bulky contents of the letter (a parchment
+verse from the <cite>Koran</cite> tied up in silk
+with a dried serpent’s fang), “Oh, yes, it is a
+very good tawíz—charm—as such things go,
+and will no doubt keep off many demons.
+But the King-Emperor has given me a better
+one, is it not so, my friend?”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_086" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_086.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>American Press Association.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Second-Line Gurkhas Coming Up</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From whatever tribe they came they proved themselves worthy to fight in any army of Europe, as the “V. C.’s” awarded to the members of the
+Indian army show. The photograph shows the second line advancing amid shell fire to the reinforcement of the first line at captured German trench.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Undoubtedly, oh son of a most high excellence,”
+replied the little brown orderly
+respectfully, in Hindustanie. And it was so.
+For the king had given him the highest military
+honor of Great Britain, the V. C., the
+first ever bestowed upon a member of the Indian
+Army. What he had done to win it
+sounds like many another brave deed recounted
+of the men in the Great War. There is a
+similarity even in brave deeds. He had remained
+in a trench, firing a Maxim, after his
+British captain and all the men with him
+were killed or wounded, holding back the
+Germans until he, too, fell, severely wounded,
+and they passed on over his body. But the
+Germans had been held back, and that was
+the important point.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BROWN MEN</h3>
+
+<p>It was in August that the brown men first
+took ship at Calcutta and Bombay, and,
+leaving the sound of temple bell and muezzin,
+and commending themselves, no doubt, to Ava
+Ardu Sur Jasan, the angel presiding over the
+sea and great voyages, sailed away under
+the British Jack to fight for the Empire in a
+land they had never seen. They reached the
+Western front in September, and after a scant
+two weeks’ rest, were thrown in beside the
+almost exhausted British in the flat mud-country
+between Givenchy and Neuve Chapelle.
+The force consisted of about 50,000
+British and 65,000 native Indians, led by
+white officers, and with native officers to act
+as go-betweens. It was the first time, since
+the Moors had conquered Spain, long before
+Columbus sailed for America, that brown men
+and white had engaged in a death-grapple on
+European soil. But these brown men were
+from a continent, not a single nation.</p>
+
+<p>There were little Gurkhas from around
+Nepal, stout and muscular, with high topknotted
+and slant eyes like Chinamen, grinning
+like terriers from behind British steel. Their
+great friends, the Scotch, say they can see
+objects and detect sounds which are imperceptible
+to other people. And though they
+trot along contentedly enough with their rifles
+in trenches that are sometimes too high for
+them, their favorite weapon is their own sickle-shaped
+knife, the <em>khukri</em>. This they can either
+hurl or use at close range, in which latter
+case, we are told, it makes a sound like the
+cutting of fresh lettuce. Their friendship
+with the huge Scotchmen seems to come from
+a certain like-mindedness on the battlefield.
+It was a regiment of Gurkhas (the 4th) that
+on the terrible night of the nineteenth of December
+supported the Highland Light Infantry
+in gaining the foremost trench along the
+Bethune-La Bassée Road. But the little
+brown men held the trench, while the gallant
+Lieutenant Anderson, not content with this,
+rushed on with his Highlanders, shouting,
+“We are going to take Chapelle St. Roch!”
+He and his men passed on into the darkness—and
+were never seen again.</p>
+
+<p>There were long, athletic Sikhs from the
+land of the Five Rivers. The Sikhs’ knives
+are straight, for they are tall, brave men who
+let their hair grow, and who usually pray before
+fighting. Their knives are two-edged, and
+they carry on their other side a comb, as is
+likewise enjoined by their religion. Under
+Ranjut Singh, the Lion of the Punjab, they
+once carved for themselves an empire from
+the Sutlej to the Kabul River, and their
+greatest ambition even now is for one of them
+to be known as “Singh” (“Lion”) among his
+countrymen. This high honor one of them
+attained, together with the Indian Order of
+Merit, in the spring drive around Ypres. It
+happened that a young English lieutenant,
+J. Smyth, was ordered to supply ammunition
+to a company farther forward. In the course
+of the fighting, he found himself in an unconnected
+trench. Therefore, selecting fifteen
+Sikhs, he started forward with bombs in boxes,
+which they carried among them. Only three
+Sikhs were left unwounded, when finally, still
+under heavy direct fire, they conceived the
+idea of breaking up the boxes and carrying
+the bombs the rest of the way in their arms.
+One more Sikh fell dead before they reached
+their objective and delivered the bombs to
+their hard-pressed companions.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_088" style="max-width: 47.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_088.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">First Lieutenant James M. Symington</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 23d Infantry, 1st Battalion.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On June 6, 1918, near Château-Thierry, he voluntarily and outside of his regular duty rushed
+in front of the firing line and reorganized his men, leading toward the proper objective in the face
+of a barrage, changing a small reverse into a success.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The great bravery of the English officers
+of the Indian Army, and the enormous casualties
+among them—Captain Paris, Lieutenant
+Hayes-Saddler, Major Graham White, good
+English names innumerable—is part of the
+story of the Indian Army. It is said that
+their white skins among the dark faces of
+their men rendered them an easy mark to
+the German gunners. And their loss was
+graver for their troops than that of most
+officers, for each Englishman in command is
+obliged to know several of the innumerable
+dialects of India, and as there remained
+fewer and fewer men in command who could
+speak both English and the native tongues,
+the Indian troops became at times almost isolated.</p>
+
+<p>And there were men from tribes less well
+known: the Gurhwals, a comparatively new
+regiment, who proved their mettle at “the
+Indian Neuve Chapelle.” This was an engagement
+in November, not to be confused
+with the later battle of Neuve Chapelle, where
+the Indian troops actually gained the town,
+but were obliged to fall back, because of the
+lack of adequate support. Then there were
+the Pathans, who shoot like the Leatherstockings,
+and look, it is said, not unlike him, with
+their blue eyes and brown hair and their muscular
+frames. They are the fairest of the
+native Indians. Then there were the Rajputs,
+who have been the great gentlemen of
+the hills for many hundreds of years. Some
+of them were not subjects of the King of
+England at all, but citizens of the Feudatory
+States of India, who came down from their
+mud huts and mountain fastnesses to make
+the grand tour, as it were, and fight with
+the cunning implements of the white man.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WINNERS OF V. C.’s</h3>
+
+<p>From whatever tribe they came, however,
+they proved themselves worthy to fight in
+any army of Europe, as the V. C.’s awarded
+in the course of the war to the members of
+the Indian army will show. From G. A.
+Leask’s book, <cite>Heroes of the Great War</cite>, we
+summarize a few of their exploits, but many
+must go unnoticed here:</p>
+
+<p>The second Indian V. C. hero of the first
+year of the war, says Mr. Leask, was also
+one of the bravest. Naik Darwan Sing Negi,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</span>
+1st Battalion 39th Gurhwal Rifles, gained his
+reward for great gallantry on the night of
+November 23-24, 1914, near Festubert.</p>
+
+<p>The 1st Battalion 39th Gurhwals are recruited
+from that portion of the Himalayas
+lying within territory immediately west of
+Nepal, known as Gurhwal; and Naik, like
+most of the sturdy recruits drawn from this
+neighborhood, spent his boyhood herding his
+father’s sheep and goats on the bleak uplands
+and glacier valleys, often alone for weeks on
+end.</p>
+
+<p>One of the fiercest battles of the war took
+place around Festubert in the La Bassée district.
+On November 23rd the Germans made
+a determined attack upon some trenches near
+Festubert, held by the Indian corps. A counter-attack
+was organized during the night of
+the 23rd-24th, as our men were very hard
+pressed. In this great onslaught the 39th
+Gurhwal Rifles, all hardy warriors like Darwan
+Sing Negi from the northern hills, took
+a leading part. They leaped over the parapet
+with fixed bayonets, their faces set and grim.
+With irresistible dash they advanced to the
+captured trenches and drove the enemy off
+with terrible loss.</p>
+
+<p>Darwan Sing Negi received two severe
+wounds in the head and in the arm, but refused
+to give in. He led the way round each
+successive traverse, and we can imagine the
+terror he inspired in the hearts of the Germans
+when they saw this tall, fierce Indian
+hero, with white turban gleaming in the darkness,
+his eyes afire, advancing upon them with
+the bayonet. Although fired at by bombs and
+rifles at the closest range, nothing could daunt
+this fearless fighter. By his splendid courage
+and powerful arm he practically cleared the
+trench himself and so saved a serious situation.
+The fighting went on all the next day, but
+the heroic deed of Darwan Sing Negi on the
+previous night had averted the worst of the
+danger. He was decorated by the King just
+before his Majesty left France on December
+5, 1914.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE JEMADAR</h3>
+
+<p>The next month, April, saw the winning
+of another V. C. by an Indian officer. He
+was Jemadar Mir Dast, of the 55th (Coke’s)
+Rifles, though he won his distinction when he
+was attached to the 57th (Wilde’s) Rifles,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</span>both belonging to Indian Frontier Force.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_090" style="max-width: 47.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_090.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Joseph H. Stowers</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited for rushing into the open under fire January 2, 1918, through an area flooded with
+poisonous gas, to the assistance of a wounded comrade who was lying in an exposed position. He
+brought the wounded man back safely in his arms.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The jemadar—corresponding to our lieutenant—had
+already distinguished himself before
+coming to Europe to fight for his King-Emperor.
+He possesses the coveted Indian
+Order of Merit for gallant services on the
+Indian frontier while acting as guardian of
+the northern boundary.</p>
+
+<p>During both battles of Ypres the Indians
+fought magnificently. After the enemy’s
+poison-gas attack had made a temporary dent
+in the British line in the Ypres area, Sir
+John French ordered the Lahore Division of
+the Indian Corps, to which Mir Dast’s regiment
+was attached, to be moved up and placed
+at the disposal of the Second Army.</p>
+
+<p>A few days later, this corps, supported by
+the British cavalry, was pushed up into the
+front firing-line. The time had come for
+the British to assume the offensive. Fighting
+with the French on one of their wings, the
+Indians were successful in pushing the enemy
+back some little distance toward the north.
+Again the Germans let loose their poison gas,
+and rendered further advance impossible. Such
+was the position on April 26th.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians fought with determination to
+carry the German positions. A formidable
+series of trenches had to be assaulted in order
+to dislodge the enemy and so relieve the pressure
+on the rest of the line. Jemadar Mir Dast
+got his men ready and was waiting to advance.
+When the order was given to dash
+from the trenches, Mir Dast found himself
+detailed off to remain with his platoon in reserve.
+The others, advancing by short rushes,
+reached the crest of the first slope without
+a check, although a number fell by shell fire.
+On reaching the crest, however, the line came
+under a terrific machine gun and rifle fire.
+Whole swathes of men fell as if a scythe
+had been drawn across their legs. In spite
+of this, the line pressed on.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the dramatic sequel. The Germans
+suddenly released their gas. Although
+the French Colonials were the chief sufferers,
+the Indian troops were affected by it. The
+poor fellows were totally unprovided with any
+form of protection against this devilish device,
+and were falling fast, being at the same time
+under a hail of machine gun fire. No troops
+could have withstood the terrible conditions,
+and the line was forced to give way.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</span></p>
+
+<p>Jemadar Mir Dast, from his trench, had
+seen the oncoming poison cloud, and noticed
+the retirement of a part of the line. He had
+one of two alternatives presented to him.
+Either he must retire in conformity with the
+rest of the troops, or endeavor to get his men
+to stand firm and resist the attack. Mir Dast
+decided to remain.</p>
+
+
+<h3>STOOD THE BRUNT</h3>
+
+<p>Behind the dense volumes of gas and with
+ceaseless pointblank fire, the Germans approached
+nearer and nearer. Undaunted in
+the trying ordeal, Mir Dast remained firm,
+and collected all the men available, among
+whom were many who were recovering from
+the effects of gas. So many British officers
+had been killed that there was no one left
+to lead but himself. He therefore assumed
+command of the forces he had collected, and
+kept the men together until ordered to retire,
+all the while holding up the oncoming Germans
+with rifle fire.</p>
+
+<p>After dusk, Mir Dast left the trench with
+his small force. During this retirement, he
+picked up many men who were in the successive
+lines of trenches by which he passed,
+and brought them back to safety.</p>
+
+<p>Throughout the attack, the resolute conduct
+of Mir Dast was beyond praise. As the
+little band wended its way to the rear he
+encouraged each man individually by his
+cheery words and courageous example. He
+saw an officer lying wounded, and at great
+risk went and brought him to cover. A few
+yards farther on he made out the writhing
+figure of a gassed Indian officer. In spite of
+a hot rifle fire the intrepid jemadar made for
+him, and, with assistance, got the suffering
+officer out of the zone of fire. Then a second
+British officer was observed. The jemadar,
+knowing every minute was precious if he
+himself was to escape the fire and gas, stopped
+once again to perform his heroic work of
+rescue.</p>
+
+<p>In this way during the retirement the gallant
+Indian soldier brought in no less than
+eight wounded British and Indian officers.
+He was exposed in doing so to a very heavy
+fire, and was himself slightly wounded. Had
+he not shown such conspicuous bravery these
+eight men would have died on the field. Mir<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</span>
+Dast not only received bullet wounds, but
+was rendered very weak through the effects
+of the German poison gas.</p>
+
+<p>The gallantry of Mir Dast, as well as the
+behavior of the whole division at the second
+battle of Ypres, added yet another proud page
+to the record of the Indian army.</p>
+
+<p>The jemadar, when well enough to be
+moved, was sent to England, and there received
+from the hands of the King-Emperor
+the V. C. he had so deservedly won.</p>
+
+<p>He was much affected by the King’s praise
+and said afterwards, “What did I do?—nothing,
+only my duty; and to think that the
+great King-Emperor should shake me by the
+hand and praise me. I am his child.”</p>
+
+<p>It must be remembered that India’s service
+in the war was entirely voluntary.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_LIVELY_INTRODUCTION">A LIVELY INTRODUCTION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Ambulance Man’s First Twenty-four Hours at the Front Well
+Diversified</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> a letter to his father, Dr. John B. Sullivan
+of Brooklyn, N. Y., an aid with the
+American Ambulance Field Service in France,
+Eugene Sullivan, who got quickly into the
+thick of things, tells the incidents of his first
+day where the Germans were busy. The letter
+appeared in the Brooklyn <cite>Eagle</cite> as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, after being assigned to section ...
+we went immediately to the front by going to
+..., base of sector, and arriving there were
+picked up by section chief and then brought
+to section headquarters. Next morning, at
+eight, was sent out as aid to learn roads, stations,
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">postes de secours</i>, etc. First station at....
+Arriving there I expressed my disappointment,
+because everything looked so quiet,
+except for the village, which, by the way, at
+one time must have been lovely, but Germans
+had destroyed everything—every single house
+and building—only a few houses had walls
+standing. At the improvised relay station, or
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste de secours</i>, I left the ambulance and
+strolled to the top of a hill.</p>
+
+<p>“Here I could see and was in plain sight
+of a German observation balloon, and the German
+must have taken a dislike to my position,
+physique or otherwise, because before long
+some nice big high explosive shells started to
+come my way—so much so I had to postpone
+my sight-seeing tour and retire to the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste de
+secours</i> and join the others who were in an
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">abri</i>, which is an enlarged rat-hole in the
+ground. While there an ambulance from a
+station nearer the first line of trenches came
+in with some <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">blessés</i> (wounded) and left word
+that he was going to ... to the first hospital.
+It was then up to us to go forward to
+Pont ... to take the place of this ambulance,
+who on his return would take our place
+at ... Well, all went well and we hid the
+ambulance at Pont ... in some bushes to
+wait for some poor fellow to get his ‘ticket’
+for the hospital. Very little happened that
+day, except for the shells flying over our heads
+and a few airplane scraps, but no wounded.
+Toward evening an extra ambulance arrived,
+and we in the first ambulance got word to go
+still further to the front, to where they have
+never had an ambulance before, but on account
+of shell-fire had to wait until darkness.</p>
+
+<p>“This was like preparing me for the inevitable,
+but finally we got a French soldier to
+guide us, and the driver, Harry Dunn, the
+soldier, and yours truly, aid, started. All went
+well until about half over the rocky and
+muddy road to Dublin I noticed the soldiers
+running like mad for the trenches. For a
+few seconds I didn’t realize what it meant,
+until a shell burst right near us and pieces
+went hissing right over the top of the ambulance.
+Right then yours truly grabbed his
+steel helmet from the guide, who was holding
+it, and just planted it on his head, and, believe
+me, thought of home, mother, etc., said a few
+prayers, and finally landed under the cover of
+the French dressing station.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_093" style="max-width: 39.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_093.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant August Steidl</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 26th Infantry, Company “A”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He showed exceptional bravery and control over his platoon while advancing through enemy
+machine-gun and artillery fire before he reached his final objective, which he took with great
+daring.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Got well located and fixed a stretcher in
+lieu of a bed, and just about settled down
+to rest and sleep while waiting for candidates
+for ride in ambulance when the French batteries
+started up. They were a couple of
+hundred yards in rear of us and were firing
+over our heads, and I got up and stood at the
+door to see the fire of belching batteries, etc.
+Joe, each time one of those blame things went
+off my steel (crown) helmet just naturally
+rose off my head, but in a few minutes I got
+used to it and got well used to my surroundings
+and looked over everything. It seems
+all the fire of a couple of hours was just a
+small preliminary to an attack by a small company
+to jump into the German trenches, grab
+about a dozen prisoners and then back again—all
+so they could give the poor Boches the
+third degree for general information, etc.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WITNESSES AN AIR DUEL</h3>
+
+<p>“Finally, after all the firing, got a French
+soldier who had the good portion of his head
+left to take to the hospital, and as it was getting
+near daybreak we were ordered to ‘beat
+it’ under cover of darkness, or the little that
+was left of it. Got out all right, except that
+we darn near rode on top of a French battery,
+just as it was firing, only 100 feet in
+front of us, and, believe me, we hit only the
+high spots for about five miles. Got to hospital
+at ... O. K. and returned to ...,
+taking up our order of relief and settled down
+to enjoy some rest. Nothing doing for a couple
+of hours until just about 8 a.m., when our
+tour of duty (twenty-four hours) was finished,
+when a lot of machine-gun fire attracted
+our attention to the sky.</p>
+
+<p>“There we saw—in my opinion—the most
+wonderful and yet most horrible duel between
+two airplanes, French and German. Saw
+every move they made, until finally the German—or
+Boche, we call them—machine broke
+into flames and immediately the observer of
+the German machine jumped 7,000 feet to
+his death, leaving his pilot to finish the struggle;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</span>
+but although the poor wretch made a
+grand effort to right his plane after a fall
+like a rocket for 1,000 feet, the tail of his
+machine and one wing broke off and just
+dropped.</p>
+
+<p>“While dropping, the flames must have
+got to him, for he finally jumped, too,
+and his machine fell one way and he, all in
+flames, a little farther away. All the while
+the Frenchman in his victorious machine was
+flying—really dropping—and followed him
+down, making a spiral dive, and landed almost
+as quick. We jumped into our ambulance
+and hurried to the spot, and the sight which
+greeted us was horrible. I had my camera
+with me, but just couldn’t snap the picture.
+The victorious aviator then reached the spot
+and stood smilingly over the body while various
+ones took the picture.</p>
+
+<p>“The German balloon observers took it all
+in and when the crowd of us gathered they
+had their artillery just drop some shells among
+us, so we ‘beat it,’ and that was the end of
+my first twenty-four hours on the front. Some
+baptism.</p>
+
+<p>“A chap who came over with me—Osborn,
+of Dartmouth College—was only four days
+in active service with Section 28, and in going
+to the aid of one of his section ambulances
+got stalled himself and while repairing his car
+the Germans located him by a star shell which
+illuminates everything, and in this way they
+got a line on him and his ambulance. They
+paid no heed to red cross on ambulance, but
+let him have a shell, with the result that one
+leg was shattered and a piece of a shell went
+through his body and lung. The poor chap
+didn’t realize how seriously he was hurt or
+that he lost his leg later by amputation, but
+was apparently O. K., for on the morning of
+the day he died he was chatting merrily
+with every one, shaved himself and had a
+smoke. He even wrote a most wonderful and
+pathetic letter to his parents, and yet that
+night he died. Some say, or try to say, we
+don’t get under fire. I at least know what
+shell-fire is.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>At the date of the signing of the Armistice over 25 per cent. of the entire male population
+of the United States, between the ages of 18 and 31, were in military service. This
+represents a growth in the size of the American Army in 19 months of nearly twenty-fold,
+namely, from 189,674 in March, 1917, to 3,664,000 in November, 1918.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_VALIANT_GENTLEMAN">“A VALIANT GENTLEMAN”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>So Comrades Named Dick Hall, One of the First of Ours to Die</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Speaking</span> at the Lafayette Day banquet
+given in New York the evening of Sept.
+6, 1916, M. Jusserand, the French Ambassador,
+referring to the service of Americans in
+France before the United States entered the
+war, said:</p>
+
+<p>“Serving in the ambulances, serving in the
+Legion, serving in the air, serving Liberty,
+obeying the same impulse as that which
+brought Lafayette to these shores, many young
+Americans leaving home and family have offered
+to France their lives. Those lives many
+have lost, and never, even in antique times,
+was there shown such abnegation and generosity,
+such firmness of character: men like
+that Victor Chapman, who died to rescue
+American and French co-aviators nearly overcome
+by a more numerous enemy, and whose
+father, so justly admired for his gifts of mind
+and heart, decided that his son’s remains
+should be buried where he had fallen: ‘Let
+him rest with his comrades’; or that Richard
+Hall, killed by a shell while on the search for
+our wounded and whose mother hesitated to
+accept a permit to visit his flower-wreathed
+tomb at the front, because French mothers are
+not allowed to do so; or that Harvard graduate,
+the poet of the Legion, Alan Seeger, who
+felt that his hour could not be far remote and
+in expectation of it had written from the
+blood-soaked battlefield where he had fought
+for Liberty. The Frenchman who goes up is
+possessed with a passion beside which any of
+the other forms of experience that are reckoned
+to make life worth while seem pale in comparison.
+It is a privilege to march at his side—so
+much so that nothing the world could
+give could make me wish myself anywhere
+else than where I am.”</p>
+
+<p>And Emory Pottle, in telling for the
+<cite>Century</cite> the story of a “Christmas at Pont-à-Mousson”
+(1915) when he and his fellows
+of the American Ambulance Service in that
+sector had a “bonne fête,” superintended by
+Mme. Marion and pretty little thirteen-year-old
+Jeanne, says:</p>
+
+<p>“It was a gay meal, recklessly, happily so.
+No one in the sector to which we were attached
+was wounded that day. That, maybe,
+was the real holiday note. Though it may
+seem incredible, the meal ended with a huge
+plum pudding.</p>
+
+<p>“It ended, too, with something very grave
+and as I now think of it, very beautiful. The
+festival meal and the gifts were forgotten in
+the face of it. For it was, oh! not strangely,
+one of those events which lift men, if ever so
+briefly, out of their daily selves into unseen
+things. Our chief of Section was called to
+the telephone. He came back—we all saw it—with
+saddened face. ‘Fellows,’ he said
+slowly, ‘Richard Hall of Section III has
+been killed, blown off his car by a stray shell
+in the Vosges. He is the first of us all to go.’</p>
+
+<p>“We stood very silently and soberly about
+the table. Such news drove home abruptly,
+cruelly by reason of our Christmas gaieties—just
+what being there involved to us, to those
+who loved us. Very often we had jested and
+joked about death. None of us was a coward,
+I think; but—Hall dead—the first of the lot
+of us—dead—so far from home—Christmas!</p>
+
+<p>“‘Boys, let’s drink to him, the first of us
+to lay down his life for France. Here’s to
+Dick Hall, good old scout!’</p>
+
+<p>“So we drank, and I think no man there
+that night, where danger and death were always
+brooding darkly, failed to feel the dignity
+and honor of his calling.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MOTHER’S GIFT TO THE CAUSE</h3>
+
+<p>“A long time after, the mother of Richard
+Hall said to a friend of mine—said with clear,
+sad, gentle eyes—‘I am glad to give my boy
+to so great a cause!’ And we on the edge of
+the sinister Bois le Pretre, when the news
+of the boy’s death came to us that Christmas<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</span>
+day, felt, too, somehow, somewhere within us,
+that the cause was great, was ours.</p>
+
+<p>“Late that night I stood alone for a time
+under the starry sky of that strange hell we
+inhabited. Oddly enough, I felt, so I recall,
+a calmness and a courage, even a sort of happiness,
+new and strange. Though its approaches
+might be loud and frightening, I
+knew again that ‘the ways of death are silent
+and serene;’ an honorable death, a death of
+one’s own choosing for an ideal, for a cause.”</p>
+
+<p>An extract from a letter written to his
+parents on Decoration Day, 1916, by Louis P.
+Hall, Jr., next older brother of Richard—he,
+too, valiant in the Ambulance Service—gives
+an intimate glimpse of the qualities of heart
+and mind that endeared Richard Hall to his
+fellows and to all who knew him:</p>
+
+<p>“To-day at two I attended a beautiful
+memorial exercise. It was held at the monument
+to Washington and Lafayette in the
+Place des États-Unis, here in Paris. And
+during these exercises I took a little part when
+my officers and myself placed a great floral
+tribute at the base of the monument among
+the many others. On the tri-color ribbons of
+this tribute from the American Ambulance
+were these words: ‘To Richard Hall and the
+other Americans who gave their lives for
+France.’</p>
+
+<p>“And so it is, as you well know, that I have
+thought a great deal of Dick to-day. I believe
+I can recall almost every time I saw him
+during our last three months together in
+Alsace with the circumstances of each meeting.
+I can even remember many of the times
+and places we passed each other on the road.
+He invariably smiled as we waved to each
+other in passing, just as if he were as pleased
+to see me as I was to see him. And I wonder
+if that really could be true! How I did
+admire and love him as I knew him there in
+a life which brought forth all the best from
+a boy who had no worst. And coupled with
+his splendid character, indeed a part of it, was
+that fine reserve which never courted an open
+show of devotion from me. But he was my
+own brother and always must be my brother,
+what more could I have asked?... Though
+we were often miles apart for days at a time,
+each was doing his little share in alleviating
+that endless physical pain and bitter human
+suffering which made our own hardships seem
+as nothing. And there was always our next
+meeting, sometimes down in the valley, sometimes
+at a post in the mountains, when we
+would talk things over; but even then neither
+told the other all his inmost thoughts, for in
+such work our very depths were touched and
+stirred as they never had been touched and
+stirred before.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM DARTMOUTH TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>Richard Nelville Hall, less than 21 years
+old when killed, was the youngest son of
+Dr. and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, of Ann Arbor,
+Michigan. In June, 1915, he was a senior
+at Dartmouth College and with other members
+of that class he enlisted with the American
+Ambulance Corps for a period of three
+months, and was assigned to Section Three.
+When his term was up there was such urgent
+need of men and the new enlistments were so
+few that Dick volunteered to remain in service
+until he could be spared more easily. About
+that time Louis P. Hall, Jr., his next older
+brother, enlisted and surprised Dick by appearing
+in the yard of the American Ambulance
+Corps in Paris. Dick had just driven
+in from the firing line. The meeting can be
+appreciated only by those who know what a
+bond of affectionate devotion united the
+brothers, and which is expressed in the foregoing
+quotation from Louis’ letter to his parents
+dated Decoration Day, 1916.</p>
+
+<p>But even when recruits came the work of
+the Ambulance Corps was such that the need
+of men was increased, and Dick continued to
+drive his ambulance, postponing a little further
+his expected return home. There was
+terribly fierce fighting in the Vosges in that
+period, it will be remembered, and the demands
+upon the ambulance driver were almost
+incessant, the peril of it constant, gathering up
+the wounded from the battle front and hurrying
+them to a place of safety. For five months
+he had made those hazardous trips from battle
+front to safety station, unhesitatingly, devoted,
+inspired by the consciousness that he
+was engaged in saving, not in destroying life,
+his work not for France alone but for
+humanity.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_097" style="max-width: 48em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_097.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant David U. Binkley</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “I”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While a private, Sergeant Binkley, on July 28, 1918, sought and obtained permission to rescue his
+corporal who was lying severely wounded in the open near Sergy, northeast of Château-Thierry,
+France. He crossed an open area that was swept for more than 50 yards by enemy machine guns,
+reached the corporal and carried him safely back into the lines.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Lovering Hill, the chief of the section, says
+of him: “I have never known any one who
+always showed so much <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">dévouement</i> in his
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</span>work. He was the steadiest of all, and the
+most reliable. He never slacked up in times
+when work was dull, when day in and day
+out was the same grinding monotony; and in
+times of activity after many hours without
+rest or sleep, he was always cheerful and
+stuck to the work with a tenacity which was
+astounding. His frankness and straightforwardness,
+his cheerfulness and good nature,
+his kindness—for he was always the first to
+help his comrades—made him beloved by all
+of us, and by most of the French with whom
+he came in touch, who admired the wholehearted
+way in which he worked. In the
+technical matter of the upkeep of his car he
+was my special delight, for both his car and
+his equipment were always in perfect order.”</p>
+
+<p>The incidents of the days preceding the
+death of Hall have been indicated briefly in
+a tribute written soon after the fatality. There
+had been something of a respite from fighting,
+but on December 21 “the mountains spoke”
+and all the cars rolled upwards toward the post
+of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf—taken and retaken
+a score of times, a bare, brown, blunt shell-ploughed
+top where before the forest stood—up,
+elbowing and tacking their way through
+battalions of men and beasts. From one
+mountain slope to another roared all the lungs
+of war. For five days and five nights, scraps
+of days—the shortest of the year—nights interminable—the
+air was shredded with shrieking
+shells—intermittent lulls for slaughtering
+after the bombardment—then again the roar
+of the counter-attack.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE TRAVELED ROAD</h3>
+
+<p>“All this time, as in all the past months,
+Richard Nelville Hall calmly drove his car
+up the winding shell-swept artery of the
+mountain of war—past crazed mules, broken-down
+artillery carts, swearing drivers, stricken
+horses, wounded stragglers still able to
+hobble; past long convoys of Boche prisoners,
+silently descending in twos guarded by a handful
+of men; past all the personnel of war,
+great and small (for there is but one road
+on which to travel, one road for the enemy’s
+shell); past abris, bomb-proof, to arrive at
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Poste de Secours</i>; where silent men moved
+mysteriously under the great trees, where the
+cars were loaded with an ever ready supply
+of still more quiet figures (though some made
+sounds), mere bundles in blankets. Hall saw
+to it that these quiet bundles were carefully
+and rapidly installed, then rolled down into
+the valley where little towns bear stolidly
+their daily burden of shells thrown wantonly
+from somewhere in Bocheland over the mountain
+to somewhere in France—the bleeding
+bodies in the car, a mere corpuscle in the full
+crimson stream, the ever-rolling tide from the
+trenches to the hospital, of the blood of life
+and the blood of death. Once there, his
+wounded unloaded, Dick Hall filled his gasoline
+tank and calmly rolled again on his way.
+Two of his comrades had been wounded the
+day before, but Dick Hall never faltered. He
+slept when and where he could, in his car, at
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poste</i>, on the floor of our temporary
+kitchen at Moosch—dry blankets or wet
+blankets of mud, blankets of blood—contagion
+was pedantry, microbes a myth.”</p>
+
+<p>It was over this shell-swept, torturous road
+that Dick Hall was driving his car on its final
+errand of mercy when, in the first hours of the
+Christmas morning, death made friends with
+him. Some three hours later he was found by
+Matter, one of his comrades, the first to pass
+along the mountain road. It was between 3
+and 4 o’clock of the morning. Matter and Jennings,
+who came a little later, bore the body
+back in Matter’s car to Moosch, where his
+brother, Louis Hall, learned what had happened.
+Death had been instantaneous. A
+fragment of shell had penetrated his brain.
+Though he had other injuries (the car was
+utterly demolished), we have the testimony of
+Abbé Klein, the chaplain, that “even in death
+his face preserved the expression of smiling
+radiance, that frank and kindly nature that
+his comrades had learned to love in the
+months he had been with them.”</p>
+
+<p>“There in the small hours of Christmas
+morning where mountain fought mountain—on
+that hard bitter pass under the pines of
+the Vosgian sweep, there fell a very modest
+and valiant gentleman,” says the memorial
+from his comrades of Section Three, adding:</p>
+
+<p>“Dick Hall, we knew you, worked with
+you, played with you, ate with you, slept
+with you, we took pleasure in your company,
+in your modesty, in your gentle manner, in
+your devotion and in your youth—we still
+pass that spot, and we salute. Our breath
+comes quicker, and our eyes grow dimmer, we
+grip the wheel a little tighter—we pass better
+and stronger.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_099" style="max-width: 47.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_099.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private George W. Langham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 128th Infantry, Company “H”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Though he was severely gassed near Juvigny, north of Soissons, France, August 20-September
+2, 1918, he remained on duty with his company while it was in the front line. Later he aided in
+the work of carrying wounded men across the area covered by artillery and machine-gun fire.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>THE LIVING DEAD</h3>
+
+<p>The funeral services were held in the little
+Protestant Chapel five miles down the valley
+while the guns roared in a fierce battle raging
+for the possession of Hartmanns-Weilerkopf.
+At the conclusion of the ceremony Hall’s
+citation was read and the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Croix de Guerre</i>
+was pinned to a fold of the tri-color that
+wrapped his coffin. At the head of the grave
+was placed a wooden cross with the simple
+but all sufficient inscription, “Richard Hall,
+an American who died for France, December
+25, 1915.” The Alsatian women heaped
+flowers on the grave, and after kept it decorated
+and cared for. When the United
+States formally entered the war there was a
+further ceremony, when a French General
+laid a palm on the grave in the presence of
+Louis Hall and the American Corps.</p>
+
+<p>But Richard Hall was one of those fortunate
+servants whose service and humanity did
+not end with death. Very soon after he was
+killed, as a tribute to his memory a new
+ambulance car was sent to France to be driven
+by Louis Hall. It was the gift of a lady.
+Another followed, the gift of a New York
+gentleman, and a third ambulance was sent by
+Dr. and Mrs. Louis P. Hall, who also kept<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</span>
+a memorial bed in the American Ambulance
+Hospital at Neuilly until the end of the war.
+In addition to that they established a Loan
+Fund of $2,000 in the University of Michigan
+(Ann Arbor was Dick’s birthplace, his
+father a professor in the University) and $500
+was given to Dartmouth. In the same spirit
+of carrying on Dick’s work his parents’ efforts
+resulted in the sending of $18,000 to the
+“Fatherless Children of France” and ten
+thousand garments to the children of the
+Frontier.</p>
+
+<p>An editorial in the Philadelphia <cite>Press</cite> had
+this to say of Richard Hall:</p>
+
+<p>“Much more glorious is the death of this
+man than is that of the fighting soldier. His
+was a devotion, not to country and fireside
+and altar, but to an abstract conception of
+duty. There can be a selfishness, of a refined
+kind, to be sure, in even the greatest bravery
+shown by the soldier who is fighting for the
+preservation of his native land. Thoughts of
+his near and dear ones in that land inspire
+his actions and nerve his body and will for
+them. To the alien nurse, physician, hospital
+attendant there is no such inspiration. For
+them the inspiration must come from the
+depth of their humanity, and cannot be tinged
+with the slightest touch of self. German or
+Hun, Briton or Serb or Frenchman are all
+the same in their eyes if they are suffering
+from wounds or disease. Americans have a
+right to be proud of a fellow countryman like
+Richard Hall.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHERE_DENOMINATIONS_END">WHERE DENOMINATIONS END</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Christian Priest Who Was a Hero too Found They Vanished at the Front</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> we did not see much about
+them in the dispatches, those soldiers
+of the Most High, the army chaplains who
+went to the front, were often as heroic
+and self-sacrificing in attending to their
+duties as were the doughboys themselves.
+Among the many was Father John J. Brady
+of New York, the young Catholic chaplain
+of the 5th Regiment, U. S. Marines, who
+was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross
+for things he did in the Château-Thierry
+region in the deadly period of June, 1918.
+Some of the zealous folk who wish to put
+a ban on tobacco in all of its forms will hardly
+understand the quality of heroism that
+prompted Father Brady to risk his life on
+several occasions to carry cigarettes to men of
+the fighting line who could not otherwise
+have had the “soldier’s solace” after the perils
+and fatigues of long hours of trench service.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</span>Nevertheless, that generous and courageous
+act was among the valiant things for which
+his country officially honored him. In the
+big fight that turned back the Germans, this
+free-souled chaplain made two complete tours
+of the front line under severe fire, ministering
+in unusually trying circumstances to the
+wounded and dying men of his regiment.
+Right well the men of that regiment loved
+him—not because he was their chaplain but
+because he was the chaplain who understood.
+A wonderful thing is understanding. We recall
+that the wise Solomon rated it above all
+things else.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_101" style="max-width: 51.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_101.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Patrick Walsh</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 18th Infantry</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He captured a nest of enemy machine gunners who were doing particular damage to his
+unit and as a result he was decorated with the Croix de Guerre and the Distinguished Service
+Cross. He is said to be the first American soldier to receive the former decoration.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The <cite>Stars and Stripes</cite> in an article about
+Chaplain Brady has the key to the man in
+the opening paragraph, which quotes him as
+saying:</p>
+
+<p>“’Tis all one great church, the front line
+is. In all Christendom, in all the rest of the
+world you will not find so much unselfishness,
+so much Christian charity, so much loving
+kindness, as you find at the front. There, if
+anywhere, the men are brothers. We feel it.
+Denominations or sects are pretty much forgotten.
+Faith, war makes strange bunkies,
+and ’tis me and my pal, the Presbyterian
+minister, have been shelled out of the same
+quarters together.”</p>
+
+<p>The article continues:</p>
+
+<p>“Father Brady ought to know, for he penetrated
+the farthermost American position and
+has crawled beyond the front lines to hear
+confessions of Marines in the outpost. He
+was decorated for extraordinary heroism at
+the battle of Château-Thierry where his unfailing
+ministrations were a big factor in conserving
+the morale of the men.</p>
+
+<p>“The true spirit of the Marines is Father
+Brady’s. He laughs at obstacles and perils,
+and his indomitable will carries him through
+the most difficult tasks. Often he has accomplished
+the seemingly impossible and he is
+honored by Protestant and Jew as he is by
+those of his own faith. Regardless of creed,
+the Devil Dogs of the 5th Regiment are
+proud of their chaplain.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS LEATHERNECKS</h3>
+
+<p>“There was to be an attack the next morning
+in the gray hours before the sun was up,
+when Father Brady reached the wooded country
+between Soissons and Château-Thierry
+where his Leathernecks crouched under the
+Hun bombardments. He crawled and stumbled
+along the lines to hear confessions from his
+warriors. Hard-bitten old-timers who had
+not seen the interior of a church in years
+bared their souls and went light-hearted into
+the hell that followed the opening barrage.</p>
+
+<p>“Reaching the final outpost, the young
+priest spied a shallow trench from which a
+sentry peeped. In spite of warnings he slipped
+out among the shadows and wormed his way
+forward and rolled into the ditch. He heard
+the confession as he and the outpost lay side
+by side looking up at the stars, and as he crept
+back to cover he knew that he had never
+granted absolution in stranger places. He
+has said mass for the faithful with his altar
+cloth on the shattered stump of a tree during
+the last lull before the attack.</p>
+
+<p>“Friend and foe alike received the sacrament
+from the young Catholic priest. His
+enmity for the Germans ceased when he went
+among the young wounded Bavarians left on
+the field and gave them the last consolation
+of the church. Often he bent over young
+Germans, scarcely able to speak as they groped
+for their rosaries, and left them facing death
+more bravely.</p>
+
+<p>“One of his most dangerous tasks was the
+burial of the dead, which must be done at
+night, and frequently under shell fire. It is
+work that must be done in the open, for digging
+is almost impossible where the woods
+fill the soil with interlacing roots. It was on
+such a mission that personal tragedy touched
+him. Making his way to the crest of a hill,
+where he had been told a man lay dead, he
+found the face of one of his closest friends
+turned up to the moonlight.</p>
+
+<p>“In spite of the horrors he has witnessed
+and the sorrows he has shared, those who have
+met Father Brady recently say he is unchanged.
+Many men would have shrunk
+from his work, much of which was done alone
+with no comrade to speak a steadying word.
+Yet his spirit is still buoyant and his mind is
+unoppressed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A BIT OF A MISTAKE</h3>
+
+<p>“Many of his stories deal with the changes
+in spirit and practice that have followed the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</span>sharing of hardships. All the Marines were
+‘his boys.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘What a pother they’d have made in the
+old days of peace back home if they had
+caught me at a mistake I made the other
+night,’ he said. ‘In the confusion just before
+the attack I heard the confession of one old
+sinner of a sergeant. He got half-way through
+before I discovered that he was not a Catholic.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_102fp" style="max-width: 47.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_102fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">First-Class Sergeant George Burr</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 107th Field Signal Battalion, Company C</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Sergeant Burr, in charge of a detachment near Cierges, France, August 2, 1918, strung wire
+far in advance of the front lines, working through heavy artillery fire to the point where the
+regimental post of command was to be situated. When ordered to leave one man at the
+instrument, he himself remained.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘Why, you’re no Catholic!’ I told him.</p>
+
+<p>“‘No, Padre, I’m a Presbyterian,’ said he,
+‘but they say confession is good for the soul.
+Believe me, mine feels none the worse now.’</p>
+
+<p>“Once Father Brady received $2,000 from
+America to buy himself an automobile. He
+spent it on a club for the boys in his regiment.
+Later they found that the young priest
+could box and wrestle, and that he was the
+best referee that could be got for their fights.
+He built up trust and affection for himself
+during the weary months at the front.</p>
+
+<p>“He has been day and night with his regiment
+during the long period when they were
+in the midst of things. For a month at a
+time he has snatched what sleep he could
+wherever he might throw himself down, under
+hedges, in roadside barns and even in shell
+holes. But he has always had a word of
+cheer for the men, and in the most terrible
+days he has made both living and dying more
+bearable for the 5th Marines.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BUCKEYES_OR_SPEARHEADS">“BUCKEYES” OR “SPEARHEADS”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How the Ohio Doughboys Managed to Pick Up a New Nickname in France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> “Buckeye Division,” the 37th Ohio,
+got a new nickname for itself at Montfaucon
+in September, 1917. It was called
+“Spearheads” because of its ability to start a
+drive and carry on until its objectives were
+reached and captured. In a history of the
+Division Jack Koons (of the Cincinnati <cite>Inquirer</cite>),
+who was one of the Spearheads, tells
+in a breezily entertaining manner of the first
+experience of the boys going “over the top.”</p>
+
+<p>Montfaucon had been held for over three
+years by the Germans, and was one of the so-called
+“invulnerables.”</p>
+
+<p>The division historian says:</p>
+
+<p>“Just before dusk on the night of September
+25 the men began to enter the trenches.
+Blankets, overcoats, packs, and all unnecessary
+equipment were piled in large salvage heaps.
+Behind the lines, crouched beneath leafy
+screens of camouflage, was the artillery. At
+10.25 o’clock the first gun spoke and all along
+the line great splotches of red seared the sky
+and the boom, screech, and crack of the gigantic
+pieces echoed and reëchoed through the
+hills. Far across the landscape, rising from the
+plain and standing out upon the horizon, was
+Montfaucon. The white walls of the city
+could be seen distinctly in the daytime. A
+church steeple, long ago deserted by worshipers,
+stood, a vacant monument to the ravages
+of the foe. In the advance against Montfaucon
+it was necessary to advance approximately
+twelve kilometers, through two dense woods, a
+marshy land, up a sharp slope, another plain,
+and then a sharp ascent into the town. It was
+later learned that a German Division Headquarters
+was located in the town.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_103" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_103.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Committee Public Information.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Machine Gun in Action</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>AT THE ZERO HOUR</h3>
+
+<p>“Patrols advanced into No Man’s Land as
+the artillery cut away barbed-wire entanglements.
+The great guns rose into a rumble and
+death rode through the night on shells—bound
+toward Germany. At 2.25 o’clock in the
+morning of September 26 the barrage rose and
+thundered in volume. Like the roll of a
+mighty drum the sound could be heard for
+more than a hundred miles. At 5.05 o’clock
+the barrage rested on the German front lines—rested
+there for twenty-five minutes, cutting
+forests to the ground and demoralizing
+the enemy who fled into the deepest dugouts.
+At 5.30 o’clock, the zero hour, the boys from
+Ohio went over the top. Every county and
+village in the State was represented in that
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>“On and on they went. Machine-gun nests,
+carefully camouflaged with the hellishness
+shown only by the German, were discovered
+and destroyed. Here and there in the woodland
+Hun snipers were busy—but not for
+long. Men fell by the wayside in agony, refused
+assistance from comrades, and urged the
+men to go forward. That was the true Ohio
+spirit. The spirit that drove the Germans
+back mile after mile, that resulted in the capture
+of not only Montfaucon, twenty-four
+hours later, but Cierges and Ivoiry. These
+towns had been held by the Germans for four
+long years and were wrested away and liberated
+by Ohioans in forty-eight hours.
+In the prisoner cage were huddled approximately
+1,100 prisoners, many officers among
+them.</p>
+
+<p>“Relief came to the tired, fighting crew on
+September 30. Back they came a laughing,
+joking, dirty, sleepy division of fighting men—no
+longer boys. Behind them, buried in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</span>
+fields of eastern France, slept those sons of
+Ohio who had given their lives, their all.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOW THE FINAL EPISODES</h3>
+
+<p>“At 5.25 o’clock on the morning of October
+31 ‘Fritzie’ on watch along the Lys River
+was rudely awakened from his dreams of German
+beer and sauerkraut to face a typical go-get-’em
+barrage. It was a typical American
+barrage. Five minutes of drumfire. Five
+minutes of hell, fire, and damnation. Five
+minutes of terror. Across the Lys River
+scurried the Ohioans. Paddling in the icy
+water on logs and planks, the ‘doughboys’ went
+over, carrying rifles and machine guns. Engineers
+began to build bridges. For a few minutes
+the Germans hesitated, but it didn’t take
+them long to decide. Back they went to previously
+arranged positions. Here they planned
+to stop the infantry, but they were mistaken.
+In twenty minutes the Ohioans had reached
+their first objective. Three hours later they
+passed their second objective and dug in for
+the night. As they dug in the Germans dug
+out and started for the Escaut River. On
+the second day members of the 37th Division
+drove on through Cruyshautem and Huysse
+to the banks of the Scheldt (Escaut) River.
+Here, under a veritable rain of shrapnel and
+machine-gun fire, they established and held
+the only bridgeheads to be erected over this
+river during the war.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEIR LAST OVER</h3>
+
+<p>“In this drive through the fertile fields and
+populated country which had grown dormant
+under the four years of iron-hand rule of the
+Hohenzollern, more than twenty towns were
+liberated. Hundreds of men, women, and
+children, laughing, crying, cheering, greeted
+the men as they advanced and entered towns.
+The yellow, red, and black flags of Belgium
+appeared mysteriously from hiding places and
+swayed in the breeze. Apples and bottles of
+wine were resurrected and slipped down the
+throats of the boys in olive drab. Up ahead at
+Heurne, near Audenarde, the Americans were
+raising Cain with the Germans, who were
+falling back along the river.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_105" style="max-width: 41.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_105.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeants Eggers and Latham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>27th Division, 107th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In action against the enemy near La Catelet, France, on September 29, 1918, Eggers and Latham
+separated from their platoon in a smoke barrage, and took shelter in a shell-hole within the enemy’s
+line where an American tank was disabled with three men inside; it was in a heavy fire from
+enemy guns; but the two sergeants rescued the men in the tank, one, an officer, was wounded, and
+conveyed them all to a nearby trench—returned to the abandoned tank which was in a violent rain
+of artillery fire—dismounted the Hotchkiss gun and returned with it to the trench, where the
+wounded men were and there effectively protected themselves from the enemy until night time,
+when they were able to take the wounded officer and tank crew to their own trenches.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“On November 4, 1918, the Division was
+relieved by a French division and hiked thirty
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</span>kilometers to Thielt, the largest town they
+had been in since leaving Montgomery, Ala.
+Here they brushed away the dirt and dust,
+waxed and grew fat until November 9. On
+that date the Division advanced again past
+Deynze to Synghem. With peace rumors
+flashing through the air, on the morning of
+November 10, the 37th Division went over
+the top again, crossing the Escaut River
+north of their first sector, and drove the Prussian
+Guards before them. It was here that
+news of the armistice arrived on the morning
+of November 11. Orders had been received
+to suspend hostilities at eleven o’clock. At
+ten o’clock the men were prepared to follow
+another barrage.</p>
+
+<p>“Squatting in ‘funk’ holes, the men carelessly
+rolled cigarettes and waited for the hour
+to tick around. The announcement was made.
+‘Hostilities had ceased.’ Calmly, confidently
+they clambered to the ground. Across the
+fields the Germans were moving away. There
+was no exchange of shots. Another cigarette.
+The war was over.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CORPORAL_HOLMESS_WAY">CORPORAL HOLMES’S WAY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And a Right Good Way to Win the V.C. and the Hearts of Men</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Fred Holmes</span>, corporal in the Yorkshire
+Light Infantry, was awarded
+France’s chief military decoration, the
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Médaille Militaire</i>, for gallantry during the
+fight on the Aisne. The official account of
+the exploit is quite brief: Holmes saw a
+platoon of French struggling against heavy
+odds, whereupon he dashed over the river for
+a machine gun, carried it to the platoon, and
+turned it on the enemy, with such effect that
+the German pressure was immediately relieved.
+However, when Corporal Holmes’
+name is mentioned men usually think of
+the thrilling record at Le Cateau which
+brought him the V.C.</p>
+
+<p>The Yorkshire Light Infantry were in the
+very thickest of the fighting at Mons. At
+the little colliery town at Warmb they received
+a severe shaking from the enemy, but
+gave as good as they got. It was after the
+engagement at this place that the brave fellows,
+footsore and tired, but still cheerful,
+tramped many weary miles to the famous
+battlefield of Le Cateau.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary to describe the stand
+made there, but only to mention a few facts,
+as recorded by G. A. Leask in his <cite>Heroes of
+the Great War</cite>, without knowledge of which
+Holmes’s feat would be unintelligible.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were given to entrench, and the
+men set to work with zest, glad of the change
+from the continuous retreating. The task
+accomplished, the regiment lay down in the
+trenches, while the booming of the German
+guns grew ever louder.</p>
+
+<p>At dawn of August 26 there was suddenly
+a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s artillery.
+According to Holmes, “We could
+feel the breath from their guns. It was awful.”
+The Yorks stuck to their trenches,
+firing incessantly. They had been told that
+French troops would reinforce them, but as
+the day dragged on no French appeared. The
+British artillery kept up a hot fire from behind
+Holmes’s trench, which suffered the
+proverbial discomfort of the unlucky victim
+between two fires.</p>
+
+<p>Late in the afternoon the Yorks received
+orders to retire; to have remained longer
+would have meant annihilation. The troops
+retired in small sections, Holmes remaining
+with five men to the last to cover the retreat
+of the others.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes was actually the last man to leave
+the trench. No sooner had he climbed over
+the parapet than he met the full brunt of the
+enemy’s fire, which by this time had become
+fiercer than ever. He had seen many of his
+comrades drop to earth, but his heart was
+undaunted. Suddenly, when he had proceeded
+a few yards from the trench, he felt his boot
+clutched and heard his name called.</p>
+
+<p>“For God’s sake, save me, Fred!” said a
+feeble voice.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_107" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_107.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Firing at Close Range</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A British fieldpiece, in an exposed position and without cover of camouflage, firing point blank at the enemy.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKES UP HIS FRIEND</h3>
+
+<p>Holmes paused. There at his feet, unable
+to move, was one of his chums, his knees shattered
+by shrapnel. Holmes had only a brief
+moment for reflection. To delay meant certain
+death. The problem was how best to
+help the poor fellow. To take him back into
+the trench was the quickest way out of the
+difficulty, and the easiest. Had he done this,
+the Germans would soon have discovered the
+wounded man, and in all probability would
+have put an end to him. Holmes quickly dismissed
+this plan and decided upon the nobler
+and more dangerous course. He determined
+to make a dash with the wounded man, trusting
+to Providence to reach his lines in safety.</p>
+
+<p>He took the poor fellow in his stalwart
+arms, no light task, as his chum weighed
+twelve stone. Exerting his full strength,
+Holmes slung the man across his back. His
+only thought now was how to escape the bullets.
+All around him were the British dead
+and dying, heroes who had done their bit in
+the great battle.</p>
+
+<p>A slight drizzling rain was falling; it made
+the ground slippery, so that when Holmes
+resumed his dangerous journey he had the
+utmost difficulty in avoiding treading on the
+men who were at his feet. With infinite care
+he succeeded in reaching more open ground.</p>
+
+<p>After proceeding about one hundred yards
+he paused to take breath, for the burden on
+his back was a heavy load. At this stage his
+companion began to complain that Holmes’s
+equipment hurt him. Holmes laid the man
+down and removed the equipment. Knowing
+that he might have to make a long journey
+before he could reach assistance, he decided
+at the same time to drop his pack and rifle.</p>
+
+<p>The next few hundred yards were the most
+difficult, for a hailstorm of bullets and shells
+raged around. Holmes could hear them
+whistling as he staggered painfully along.
+Had he not been possessed of a splendid constitution
+he must have given in, but he was
+determined at all costs not to give in. So he
+continued on and went doggedly forward,
+with clenched teeth and grim countenance.</p>
+
+<p>On the way he came upon a wounded officer
+seated on the ground, his head between
+his hands. The officer looked up as he heard
+Holmes approach, and when he saw what the
+hero was doing suggested to him to leave
+the man with him and look after himself.
+This Holmes could not bring himself to do.
+Yard by yard he plodded steadily along. The
+poor fellow he was carrying began to lose
+heart. Holmes, although in terrible mental
+anguish himself, had to cheer him all the
+weary and dangerous way.</p>
+
+<p>Slowly but surely he made progress. Half
+a mile, then a mile was passed. Holmes took
+another rest. Then on again, until he came
+to a church flying the Red Cross. The Germans
+were shelling this, so he picked up his
+chum once more and proceeded to another
+village, where at length he was able to deposit
+his charge in the careful keeping of the
+British Red Cross.</p>
+
+<p>In all, Holmes carried his chum three miles,
+and every inch of the way was attended by
+danger from the enemy’s fire. It was certainly
+one of the most unselfish of the many
+courageous deeds which it is the purpose of
+this book to record.</p>
+
+<p>In order to rejoin his battalion Holmes had
+now to make another dangerous journey
+across a fire-swept zone. His road lay past
+a hill, at the bottom of which was a British
+18-pounder quick-firing gun. The horses
+were quietly grazing; the gunners and drivers
+lay around dead. Nearby was a trumpeter, a
+lad of seventeen, who was wounded. This
+lad shouted that the Germans were coming.
+Holmes looked round and saw that the enemy
+were surrounding the gun. Now, the
+true soldier has ever had a fondness for guns,
+and will die rather than let one fall into the
+enemy’s hands. It was in this spirit that
+Holmes now performed his second act of
+heroism.</p>
+
+<p>Placing the trumpeter on one of the horses,
+he hitched the team to the gun, then thwacked
+them with a bayonet he had picked up, and
+swung into the saddle. The Germans were
+all around; some actually grasped at the reins.
+Holmes shouted to the horses, and they rushed
+madly forward. One after another he bayoneted
+the nearest Germans, while bullets
+whistled by his ears. The horse Holmes rode
+had its right ear shot off. For eight miles the
+ride went on until the rear of a British column
+was reached and all danger passed. The
+poor trumpeter had fallen off in the furious
+rush.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_DEAD_BUT_FIGHTING">NOT DEAD BUT FIGHTING</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Jim Gardener Quit the Trolley to Do His Bit and Did It Thoroughly</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“When</span> we went to war,” said James C.
+Gardener, “I figured it out this way:
+‘I’m single and healthy and lots of other fellows
+are going over, and doggone me if I don’t
+go along and do my bit.’”</p>
+
+<p>So he went down to the Marines’ recruiting
+office, in Baltimore, and enlisted. He was
+sent to Philadelphia and on June 6, 1917,
+he was one of 250 men put aboard the <em>Hancock</em>
+which went to New York for orders and
+on June 13 sailed for France.</p>
+
+<p>Gardener had been a motorman on the
+Baltimore trolley, and when some months
+after he went to France the War Department,
+which did not then publish addresses,
+reported “J. C. Gardener killed in action” the
+<cite>Trolley Topics</cite> wrote an obituary of the motorman
+esteemed of his fellows; but as there
+was some uncertainty whether the J. C. Gardener
+killed was really the Baltimore boy, the
+obituary was withheld for more definite information.
+“Jimmie,” however, was mourned
+by his pals until there began to trickle through
+from one source and another rumors and reports
+that confirmed the doubt that the J. C.
+Gardener killed was really their “Jimmie.”</p>
+
+<p>Then one day, the war over, there walked
+into a group of trolley-men at the Baltimore
+car barns a strapping fellow, six feet three,
+weighing 195, wearing a khaki uniform with
+three gold service chevrons and three gold
+wound stripes, a division citation cord for
+bravery on his left shoulder and the Croix de
+Guerre with palm on his breast, and the boys
+were doggone certain that Jimmie Gardener,
+motorman, was very much alive and able to
+give an account of himself. The <cite>Trolley
+Topics</cite> lost no time in possessing itself of that
+account, and to that semi-monthly organ of
+the United Railways and Electric Company
+we are indebted for some of the details of the
+fighting experience of this trolley hero whom
+the great Foch kissed on either cheek.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Hancock</cite>, says Gardener was his twice
+by torpedoes on the way over, which “messed
+up both ends without crippling her very
+much.” He first saw action in a position
+“down below” St. Mihiel. He is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“It was about 4 a.m. of March 31st that
+they opened up with artillery. Right ahead
+of us was a graveyard. The shells first fell
+on the far side of the graveyard. Then they
+fell in the graveyard and tore up graves and
+generally ruined it. Then the shells began
+to crawl closer to us.</p>
+
+<p>“There were four of us on guard and we
+reported the coming of the Germans to the
+officers, and the men were routed out of the
+dugouts. One little fellow named Roach—we
+called him the boy scout—was so excited that
+he put his trousers on backward and got his
+shoes on the wrong feet.</p>
+
+<p>“He started with a box of ammunition for
+a gun and ran into another fellow with another
+box. The collision knocked him down
+and he rolled clear down a hill to the very
+place the gun crew was waiting for the ammunition.</p>
+
+<p>“Some of us had been joking and I remember
+a fellow named Clark who said he wondered
+which of us would live to take the story
+back home. A buddy of mine named Hanky
+said, ‘You fellows write your notes to your
+mothers and sweethearts and I’ll take ’em back
+to them.’ Poor Hanky was killed in that fight.</p>
+
+<p>“The fight lasted two hours. The point
+where I was had thirteen men to defend it.
+We had two Stokes guns.</p>
+
+<p>“There were five hundred men in the party
+that attacked this point, or, to be exact, 498,
+according to the officers. We cleaned up the
+whole business. Seven of our thirteen men
+were killed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THAT LITTLE FELLOW ROACH</h3>
+
+<p>Gardener’s next serious engagement was in
+the Belleau Wood battle.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_110" style="max-width: 45.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_110.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Color Sergeant Hardy C. Dougherty</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 18th Infantry, Headquarters Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited July 18-23, 1918, as a non-commissioned officer of splendid courage, energy and ability.
+When in command of reinforcements for the first line, he carried out his mission with complete
+success. Upon being relieved he returned to bring to safety on his back one of the seriously
+wounded of his detachment.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</span></p>
+
+<p>“We moved up to the woods gradually.
+We met Algerian troops belonging to the
+French Army. These Algerians claimed that
+they had been kept at the front too long. They
+were never taken to rest-camps or had any
+relief. Many of them committed suicide.
+They said they were tired of fighting. We
+met some that were running wild, shooting
+in all directions, and had to take shelter to
+keep from being hit by stray shots.</p>
+
+<p>“We met many French moving back, too.
+They said that the Germans were very numerous
+in the woods.</p>
+
+<p>“That little fellow, Roach, crawled out
+in a field, dug into a haystack and climbed to
+the top. From there he could see that Germans
+were hiding behind bushes farther on.</p>
+
+<p>“He came back and said he was going to
+raid ’em. The officers said he didn’t have
+any right to do this without orders. ‘Well,’
+said Roach, ‘this ain’t a regular battle, you
+know. This is just a little private party of
+my own.’ He said he wanted a dozen men
+to volunteer to go with him, and the dozen
+volunteered at once. I never saw a time when
+volunteers were called for among the marines
+that any one wanted to stay back. Everybody
+wanted to go.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, Roach got his men as quick as he
+could count ’em. ‘Come on, fellows,’ he said:
+‘I’m going to have them Germans for supper.’</p>
+
+<p>“We cleaned up fifty of ’em.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Did Roach or any of his dozen men get
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Croix de Guerre</i> for that?’ we asked.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, no,’ answered ‘Jimmie,’ ‘as I said,
+that wasn’t a regular affair. It was only
+Roach’s own party and there wasn’t nothing
+official about it.’ It was funny to see our
+bunch. Roach was a little fellow about five
+feet seven, and he chose as the second in command
+of his party a lanky artilleryman who
+was six feet eleven. The rest of us were just
+ordinary size, like me.’ (‘Jimmie’ Gardener
+is six feet three in his stocking feet and weighs
+195 pounds!)</p>
+
+<p>“That artilleryman had just drifted into
+our bunch somehow. They had put him out
+of the artillery because he had flat feet, and
+told him to go home. He said he didn’t want
+to go home. He wanted to fight, and he was
+going to stay with us whether he belonged
+with us or not, and he did.</p>
+
+<p>“In a day or two we were put in trucks
+and hurried forward. We knew now that
+the Germans were pressing hard in their attempt
+to reach Paris. The French were falling
+back. We were run in those trucks directly
+between the retreating Frenchmen and
+the advancing Germans, and we got mixed up
+with the enemy so quickly that we simply
+tumbled out of the trucks oftentimes to engage
+in hand-to-hand fighting with the Huns.</p>
+
+<p>“We went right at ’em, and this thing kept
+up for four days. We had nothing to eat,
+nothing to drink, nothing to smoke—and
+everybody longed for a smoke, even fellows
+who never smoked before they entered the
+service—and we had no sleep in all those four
+days and nights.</p>
+
+<p>“A great deal of the time we were in close
+fighting. There was where the Germans
+failed. They were all right when they were
+twenty-five or thirty yards away and could
+use their rifles, but when it came to the bayonet
+they turned and fled.</p>
+
+<p>“Sometimes we fought so close that it was
+impossible to use the bayonet. We had to
+knock ’em down with our fists first.</p>
+
+<p>“Everybody said the odds were against us in
+this fighting. While we had some reserves
+there were only two regiments of us fighting
+and we were against three German divisions,
+including the Prussian Guards. But in four
+days we advanced one and a half miles.</p>
+
+<p>“We suffered terrible losses. When we
+reached the town of Lucy, where we halted
+to be reorganized, there were only 150 men
+left in my company of 335 men.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MAJOR SAID IT</h3>
+
+<p>“There was another company whose commander
+was killed and a major took charge.
+In the middle of the fighting he had lost
+so many men that a French officer advised
+him to retreat. ‘Retreat hell!’ he cried: ‘I’m
+going on as long as I and one man are left.’
+It came near coming true, for when he
+reached Lucy he had just three men left with
+him out of an entire company.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_112" style="max-width: 49.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_112.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Brave to the Very End</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Though physically wounded—often mortally—the spirit of the French soldiers never perished, but
+immortalized their efforts in conflict.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We saw some horrible things in Lucy,
+At one house we found an old French woman,
+She said she was with her three daughters—16,
+18, and 20 years old—when the Germans
+came, and they had remained there without
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</span>any protection from the Huns who took charge
+of the house. We asked where her daughters
+were and she said they were upstairs and she
+guessed they were asleep.</p>
+
+<p>“Several of us went to learn the fate of
+the girls and we found all three stretched out
+with their throats cut from ear to ear, and
+their bodies horribly slashed. The Germans
+had deliberately butchered them when they
+were forced out of the town.</p>
+
+<p>“When we told the old lady of the fate
+of her daughters she was stricken with heart
+trouble and died in a few minutes, but before
+she died she asked that we bury her with the
+three girls in the little grove near her home.
+We did it although we were under fire the
+whole time, and eight of our men were killed
+while burying those French women.</p>
+
+<p>“The next day we pushed on and got
+through the woods. That was the hottest
+fighting of all. The Germans used more
+artillery, and when the day was over the
+number of men in my company had again
+been reduced to about 150. Some companies
+had only a dozen or fifteen men left.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the fellows killed that day was
+a fellow from South Baltimore who used to
+be a chum of mine before we went to war.
+His name was Halle. He said to me that
+morning: ‘Jim, I feel I’m going to get
+knocked off to-day. Never tell my people
+that I was killed. Just tell them that I am
+somewhere in France.’ He was killed and
+I haven’t told his people and never will, but
+they found it out through the War Department.</p>
+
+<p>“We next went to the Marne. There we
+fought in the river. It was tough luck for a
+fellow to be wounded there, for as he sank
+down he was drowned. It was often close
+fighting, bayonet to bayonet in midstream, and
+must have been a pretty sight for people to
+look at if there’d been any spectators there,
+but it wasn’t very pretty for those in the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“After the Marne battle our company’s
+ranks had to be filled again. Once more we
+had been reduced to about 150.</p>
+
+<p>“Next we went to Château-Thierry and
+fought there for nine days, which was followed
+by a three-day hike to Soissons, which we
+reached on July 18, 1918. The next day we
+went over the top at 3 a.m.</p>
+
+<p>“Ten minutes later I went down with a
+wound that crippled my ankle. I was gassed,
+too, and suffered shock. When I came to my
+senses in a hospital I had two other wounds
+that I didn’t know anything about. They told
+me that as the ambulance was carrying me to
+the rear it was struck by a shell which killed
+some of the other wounded men and presented
+me with a couple more wounds for good
+measure.</p>
+
+<p>“Outside of having been in a bunch of hospitals
+in France and America that’s about all
+I know about the war,” concluded “Jimmie”
+Gardener.</p>
+
+<p>“You haven’t told why you got the Croix
+de Guerre and the palm branch,” we suggested.</p>
+
+<p>“Oh,” said “Jimmie.” “I was awarded
+the Croix with the six other fellows for cleaning
+up that bunch of 498 Germans in the
+quiet sector I told you about. The affair
+they gave me the palm for was rescuing a
+lieutenant who was wounded in the Belleau
+Wood fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t know who the lieutenant was, but
+he was a newspaper man who had entered the
+fighting forces and he was out in advance of
+the line when he was wounded. Several of
+us volunteered to go out and bring him in,
+but we did not know exactly where he was.
+It was during the night and very dark. Along
+about four o’clock, as I was crawling along,
+I fell plumb into a shell-hole, and there he
+was with his leg shot off.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“SORT OF SWIMMING-LIKE”</h3>
+
+<p>“I put my coat around him and bandaged
+his leg up as well as I could. Then he got
+his arms around my neck and I held on to
+him with one hand and dragged myself, sort
+of swimming-like, along the ground with the
+other.</p>
+
+<p>“I had only an hour and a half before
+daybreak when the Germans would be able to
+see us, and in that time I managed to make
+about twenty yards to another shell-hole. We
+lay in that all day. The lieutenant suffered
+a great deal. I gave him what water I had
+in my canteen.</p>
+
+<p>“When night came on we started again and
+before morning had made the rest of the distance—about
+sixty yards—to our trenches.
+The lieutenant got well. They say he is a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</span>
+great writer of books and things. He belongs
+in New York State somewhere.”</p>
+
+<p>“Were you kissed when the Croix was presented
+to you?” we asked.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, General Foch pinned the badge on
+our coats and then kissed us on both cheeks.
+We were all smiling when the kissing was
+going on.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHEN_THE_LIGHT_FAILED">WHEN THE LIGHT FAILED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One Soldier Tells What It Is Like to Have Eyes Shot Out</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">You</span> may not think this a story of heroism;
+but if it does not fall into that class we
+do not know where to place it. There is
+no attacking a plane in mid-air and sending
+it crashing to earth; no leaping into trench
+and gathering a score or so of prisoners with
+the tilt of a bayonet; no running to stand
+on a parapet and hurl hand grenades against
+a rain of bullets; nothing to set your blood
+into a gallop to grip you and make you take
+off your hat to the man about whom Private
+Jesse A. Whaley, Co. K, 310th Inf., A. E. F.,
+is writing. And this is what Whaley wrote
+as it appeared in the New York <cite>Sunday
+Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“It is dark, the ground is damp and cold.
+There are men stirring about cleaning their
+rifles and there is a queer look on their faces.
+One private is sitting huddled in the trench;
+he is cold, he is hungry with that gnawing
+feeling in his stomach which comes from lack
+of food for many hours. He moves restlessly,
+thousands of things pass through his mind;
+home, loved ones. Suddenly a whistle sounds
+at our right and there is a rushing of men.
+There is but a second’s wait; it is the signal
+for the fight. It is now midnight, the men
+move to and fro, they disappear. When we
+come upon them again they are all lined up
+waiting for the barrage to start just outside of
+the wood. Does it seem possible that these
+men are the same who just a few minutes ago
+were sitting in the trench back in the wood?
+The barrage starts and the scene is lit with
+the strangest light our eyes ever saw. There
+is a roar in our cars, and suddenly all is dark
+with a blackness the eye cannot pierce. A
+flare breaks in the sky, lighting the strange
+scene which lies before us. To our right lies
+a valley in which are many more men. We
+see flashes of rifles, and now and again a flare
+shoots up, disclosing a clump of bushes which
+means almost certain death to those who approach
+it.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DASH STRAIGHT AHEAD</h3>
+
+<p>“The line moves steadily forward and a man
+from the back of the line rushes forward and
+breaks through with his rifle at the charge. It
+is the private who sat huddled in the trench.
+He makes a dash for the bushes, followed
+by other men. Men drop all along the line,
+but the clump of bushes is reached, and the
+men who made it are hidden from our view.
+Between us and the bushes men are lying
+where they fell, never to be walking mortals
+again.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly the roar grows louder, and we
+can hardly hear each other shout, although
+we are standing side by side. The ground
+trembles and great holes are dug up by the
+flying shells. We hear the whine of the
+deadly fragments and the whiz of machine-gun
+bullets as they pass us on all sides. It seems
+death to move, but we go forward so we
+can see what is happening on the other side
+of the bushes. As we go we stumble over
+the bodies of men lying where they fell, some
+partly blown to pieces. At last we come upon
+the men again, and the lines are very thin.
+The private we have been following is still
+untouched, but something has happened to his
+rifle and he is down on one knee working
+fast and furiously until he has fixed it and
+loaded it. Just as he fixes it we notice another
+man less than a hundred feet away, and
+by the light of a flare we see that his uniform
+is not like that of our private. He is a German,
+and holds in his hands something that
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</span>looks strangely like a small soup can with a
+stick attached to it. It is a deadly hand grenade.
+Before the American can dodge he
+throws it, the American starts forward to
+make another dash, and then the grenade explodes
+with a roar which shakes the earth,
+and the American falls, hit in the head. Slowly
+he rises to his feet in a dazed way and reaches
+for his rifle. He gropes for it without seeming
+to realize that it has been blown far out of
+his reach. He stands up straight and wipes
+his face, which is running with blood; he
+pushes his hair back, then takes a step to the
+left and falls over the body of a dead comrade,
+killed perhaps by the same grenade and
+at the same instant.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_115" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_115.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>National Service Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Remembering Their Fallen Comrades</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Members of the United States Marine Corps carving stones with which to mark the graves of their former brothers in arms.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“But that soldier was not killed—he was
+blinded for life. He is myself.”</p>
+
+<p>That is the story of Jesse A. Whaley, told
+by himself while an inmate of the Red Cross
+Institute for the Blind, where the blinded
+soldiers are aught trades and occupations in
+which the sense of touch serves for the lost
+eyes. To grip gun in a charge against the
+foe is possibly no more heroic than to grip
+life, resolutely to serve though blind.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_CLOUD_OF_BLACKS">THE “CLOUD OF BLACKS”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Terrible Effect of a Charge of Senegals Upon German Officer’s Sensibilities</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Perhaps</span> the most vivid and ecstatic description
+of a fight for trenches that was
+written in the course of the war or has been
+written since was from the pen of Rheinhold
+Eichacker, a German officer on the Western
+front. It was published in one of the German
+papers from which it was translated for
+the benefit of the New York <cite>Times</cite>. It deserves
+a permanent place in the historic record
+of desperate deeds of courage as an example
+of thoroughly adequate treatment, in literary
+form, of what may be styled “compound heroism.”
+The passionate frenzy of a personal
+experience could not be made more graphic
+with mere words as tools.</p>
+
+<p>The occasion was less feelingly covered by
+the German Army report, which said:</p>
+
+<p>“After a lengthy artillery preparation, white
+and colored Frenchmen attacked our positions
+in heavy force. They succeeded in getting a
+foothold in some of our most advanced
+trenches. A furious counter-attack drove
+them back again in a hand-to-hand encounter.
+Nothing else of importance.”</p>
+
+<p>But let us have Rheinhold Eichacker:</p>
+
+<p>“At 7.15 in the morning the French attacked.
+The black Senegal negroes, France’s
+cattle for the shambles. After a seven-hour
+suffocating drumfire that, according to all human
+reckoning, should not have left a mortal
+man alive. But we still lived—and waited.
+Six meters under the sod lay our ‘waiting
+rooms.’ Burrowed into the ground on a slant.
+‘Courage bracers,’ they call them out there.</p>
+
+<p>“At 7.15 the enemy shifted his fire backward
+upon our reserves. Our pickets sounded
+the alarm. We sprang to arms, with our gas
+masks in place. For a few seconds the trenches
+resembled an antheap. There was feverish
+hurrying, running, shouting, and shoving. Just
+for seconds. Then everybody was at his post.
+Everybody who was alive. Every one a rock
+in the seething waves. Every one determined
+to hold his position against hell itself.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“LET THEM COME”</h3>
+
+<p>“A gas attack! Several hundred pairs of
+wide-open warriors’ eyes fixed their glances
+upon the ugly, smoking cloud that, lazy and
+impenetrable, rolled toward us. Hundreds of
+fighting eyes, fixed, threatening, deadly. Let
+them come, the blacks! And they came. First
+singly, at wide intervals. Feeling their way,
+like the arms of a horrible cuttlefish. Eager,
+grasping, like the claws of a mighty monster.
+Thus they rushed closer, flickering and
+sometimes disappearing in their cloud. Entire
+bodies and single limbs, now showing in
+the harsh glare, now sinking in the shadows,
+came nearer and nearer. Strong, wild fellows,
+their log-like, fat, black skulls wrapped in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</span>
+pieces of dirty rags. Showing their grinning
+teeth like panthers, with their bellies drawn
+in and their necks stretched forward. Some
+with bayonets on their rifles. Many only
+armed with knives. Monsters all, in their
+confused hatred. Frightful their distorted,
+dark grimaces. Horrible their unnaturally
+wide-opened, burning, bloodshot eyes. Eyes
+that seem like terrible beings themselves. Like
+unearthly, hell-born beings. Eyes that seemed
+to run ahead of their owners, lashed, unchained,
+no longer to be restrained. On they
+came like dogs gone mad and cats spitting and
+yowling, with a burning lust for human blood,
+with a cruel dissemblance of their beastly
+malice. Behind them came the first wave of
+the attackers, in close order, a solid, rolling
+black wall, rising and falling, swaying and
+heaving, impenetrable, endless.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Close range! Individual firing! Take
+careful aim!’ My orders rang out sharp and
+clear and were correctly understood by all
+the men. They stood as if carved out of stone,
+their lips tightly pressed, the muscles of their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</span>cheeks swollen, and took aim. Just like rifle
+range work. The first blacks fell headlong in
+full course in our wire entanglements, turning
+somersaults like the clowns in a circus. Some
+of them half rose, remained hanging, jerked
+themselves further, crawling, gliding, like
+snakes—cut wires—sprang over—tumbled—fell.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_117" style="max-width: 52em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_117.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Spahis Winding Their War Bonnets</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Famed for their fierce charges, these French colonial troops were helpless in the face of
+prolonged shelling.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Nearer and nearer rolled the wall. Gaps
+opened and closed again. Lines halted and rolled
+on again. Whrr rratt—tenggg—ssstt—crack!
+Our artillery sent them its greeting!
+Whole groups melted away. Dismembered
+bodies, sticky earth, shattered rocks, were
+mixed in wild disorder. The black cloud
+halted, wavered, closed its ranks—and rolled
+nearer and nearer, irresistible, crushing, devastating!
+And the rifles were flashing all
+the time. A dissonant, voiceless rattle. The
+men still stood there and took aim. Calmly,
+surely, not wasting a single shot. The stamping
+and snorting of thousands of panting
+beasts ate up the ground between us.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“HELL SEEMED LET LOOSE”</h3>
+
+<p>“Now the wave was only 300 paces from
+our defenses—from their remnants—now only
+200—100—irresistible, seething and roaring—50
+paces!—‘Rapid fire!’ I roared, I
+shrieked, through the swelling cracking of the
+rifles. A hurricane swallowed my voice!
+Hell seemed let loose at a single blow, raging,
+storming, obliterating all understanding!
+Shoving and stamping, shrieking and shouting,
+cracking and rattling, hissing and screeching.
+A heavy veil hung over the wall. In this cloud
+pieces of earth, smoke spirals, black, red, white,
+yellow flashes, quivered and flared. Rattling,
+rapping, pounding, hammering, crackling. And
+the shots fell unceasingly. Clear and shrill the
+rifles, heavy and roaring the shells.</p>
+
+<p>“And now came the gruesome, inconceivable
+horror! A wall of lead and iron suddenly
+hurled itself upon the attackers and
+the entanglements just in front of our
+trenches. A deafening hammering and clattering,
+cracking and pounding, rattling and
+crackling, beat everything to earth in ear-splitting,
+nerve-racking clamor. Our machine
+guns had flanked the blacks!</p>
+
+<p>“Like an invisible hand they swept over the
+men and hurled them to earth, mangling and
+tearing them to pieces! As an autumn storm
+roars over the fields they swept in full flood
+over the ranks and snuffed out life! Like hail
+among the ears of grain, their missiles flew and
+rattled and broke down the enemy’s will!
+Singly, in files, in rows and heaps, the blacks
+fell. Next to each other, behind each other,
+on top of each other. Hurled in heaps, in
+mounds, in hillocks. Fresh masses charged
+and fell back, charged and stumbled, charged
+and fell. And there were always fresh forces!
+They seemed to spring from the very earth!</p>
+
+<p>“We had losses; heavy losses. Here a
+man suddenly put his hand to his forehead
+and swayed. There another sprang gurgling
+to one side and fell, as flat and heavy as a
+block of stone. S-s-s-t—it went above our
+heads. The French were throwing shrapnel
+against our trenches, hissing, cracking, and
+in volleys.</p>
+
+<p>“Hell still rages. The blacks get reinforcements.
+Finally the whites themselves charge,
+a jerky, rolling, bluish-green mass! In a powerful
+drive they get over the first rise in the
+ground. Now they have disappeared. Now
+they bob up, as out of a trap door. Here and
+there the ranks shoot forward in great leaps,
+the officers ahead of all, with their swords
+swinging high in the air, just as in the pictures!
+A splendid sight. Now they reach
+the bodies of the blacks. They halt for a few
+seconds, as if in horror, then on they roll
+over the dead, jumping, wallowing, dozens
+falling.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WE STILL STAND FIRMLY”</h3>
+
+<p>“Our nerves are strained to the snapping
+point, gasping, bleeding, feverish! We dare
+not waver. ‘Steady, men! Steady!’ We
+must calmly let them come as far as the wire
+entanglements, as the blacks did. The blacks?
+Where are they? Disappeared! Only they
+left their dead behind. The same thing will
+happen to the whites. We are waiting for
+them. The death-spewing machine guns are
+lying over there. They lie there and wait
+until their time comes. Steady, steady! They
+lie there and wait impatiently—but yet they
+are silent— Now!—No—I am raving!
+‘Rapid fire!’—I hiss—My neighbor staggers—I
+only listen and wait, wait and listen, for
+only one thing. Something that has to come,
+must finally come, has to come! Great God,
+otherwise we are lost! Be calm, be calm!
+Now they will begin reaping! Now they
+must begin to rattle, our machine guns, our
+faithful rescuers—now—at once! What can
+they be waiting for? Why, they are there
+in the wires already. Hell and Satan! No
+man can endure that! They are hesitating too
+long—the enemy is almost in the trenches!
+Ah! At last! A rattling—a hoarse crackling—Heaven
+help us, what is that?</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_119" style="max-width: 48.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_119.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private M. B. Ellis</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 28th Infantry, Company “C”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for extraordinary heroism in action. When south of Soissons, July 18-22, 1918, as a member
+of the 1st Division he showed unusual courage in carrying supplies and in attacking strong
+points at Breuil, Plaisy, and Berzy-le-Sec.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“A devilish howling rises hoarsely from
+over there, lacerating, bestial, shrieking! The
+blacks, the devils! How did they reach our
+flank over there? That’s where our machine
+guns are. It cannot be. There! Hell! They
+are carrying hand grenades, are in their rear!
+Heaven help us! And the whites! They
+are at our breastworks. Already they are in
+the trenches, fighting like wild beasts. Horror
+makes them crazy. Help is coming to us
+from the left. The second company has fallen
+upon their flank. The French run like hunted
+animals. A shell bursts in their midst, catches
+twenty or thirty of them and throws them in
+the air like toys. They run still further,
+through the air, bowling along on their heads,
+gruesomely—and fall in heaps to the ground.
+Heads, legs, twitching bodies! The French
+run until back of the bodies. The rest of
+them are cut to pieces, or made prisoners.
+But now our men must come back.</p>
+
+<p>“We struggle for breath. Wounded men
+writhe around and moan and groan heavily.
+The trench is bathed in blood. Far more than
+half of the company has been slain. We are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</span>
+only a handful. I assemble the valiant men
+and distribute them among the trenches. They
+stand resolutely, breathing hard and gasping.</p>
+
+<p>“A furious rattling and buzzing and hissing
+calls us again to our posts. They are charging
+anew. Now the whites again, in front,
+on the side. They are on our flank! Back of
+them the blacks in frightful clusters. ‘Bring
+the sandbags!’ The sandbags fly from hand
+to hand. A wall rises in the midst of the
+trench. The other half was overrun long
+ago and is a knot of struggling men. A piece
+of wood hits me on the shoulder—crack—I
+cry out! A shot lands in the midst of our
+ammunition—it was our last. This way with
+the hand grenades! We have got to smoke
+them out!</p>
+
+<p>“A roaring hurrah! Heaven help us, aid
+is at hand! The Fourth, and the Fifth—I
+know the men—and some of the First, too—all
+mixed up—dispersed troops rallied again.
+Now, up and at them! The French defend
+themselves furiously. They hold the trench.
+The dead are heaped up before their ramparts—but
+keep it up! A wild passion takes possession
+of me. My revolver and my dagger
+have been lost in the fighting. I seize a bottle.
+Hell sends it to me at the right moment.
+Like an animal mad with hate I rush forward.
+My bottle lands, crashing and splintering, on
+a wooly skull, with a distorted grimace. A
+hot shock rushes through my shoulder—a
+shock—a wrench—I grasp at the air—grasp
+something convulsively—throw myself in the
+air—and fall in a heap. A confused mist
+dances before my eyes.”</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>On November 11, 1918. the American Army had 80 fully equipped hospitals in the
+United States with a capacity of 120,000 patients.</p>
+
+<p>There were 104 base hospitals and 31 evacuation hospitals in the American Expeditionary
+Force, and one evacuation hospital in Siberia.</p>
+
+<p>Army hospitals in the United States cared for 1,407,191 patients during the war; those
+with the American Expeditionary Force cared for 755,354—a total of 2,162,545.</p>
+
+<p>Up to the end of July about 15 per cent, of the entire civilian medical profession of the
+United States went into active duty as medical officers of the army.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HUBBELL_BAGGED_EM">HUBBELL BAGGED ’EM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Lone Corporal Captures 31 of the Enemy in a Morning Frolic</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most spectacular of the valorous
+deeds in the Champagne engagement
+was the single-handed performance of Corporal
+Fred D. Hubbell, a Marine, from
+Toledo, Ohio. He captured and brought in
+for delivery nine German officers and twenty-two
+privates as the result of a morning’s
+pastime. It was during the attack on Blanc
+Mont, and in some way Hubbell got separated
+from his company, and in casting about
+to recover ground he saw the head of a
+German soldier pop from a dugout entrance
+and promptly duck down again. Hubbell felt
+a keen interest and determined to explore.
+But let him tell his own story, as he did in an
+interview reproduced by the <cite>Marine’s Magazine</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>“It was in the morning that the —th
+Company went forward and had almost obtained
+their objective when they ran into a
+series of dugouts occupied by German artillery
+officers. A few prisoners were taken from one
+of the dugouts and one of them said that
+there were no more there. About half an
+hour later, the company having been under
+machine-gun fire from our left, I happened
+to be crouching alone behind the entrance to
+a dugout waiting for a counter-attack that
+was reported to be coming, when I saw a
+Heinie stick his head out of a dugout.</p>
+
+<p>“I immediately told him to put up his
+hands, but he jumped back down the doorway
+and I heard him speak a few words of English
+and so called to him to come out, which he
+did. He said that there were at least thirty
+men in the dugout beside himself, whom he
+thought would surrender also, and a couple
+of officers. I told him that there were plenty
+of Americans around and that they might as
+well surrender because there was no chance
+for them to get away, and for them to leave
+their firearms all in the dugout and come out
+at once and they would not be harmed. He
+returned to the dugout and said he would go
+down and get them to come out. He went
+down but did not return.</p>
+
+<p>“After a considerable length of time I
+yelled down and threatened to throw a hand
+grenade and waited for them to come up but
+none came. As there were several entrances
+to the series of dugouts I was afraid that they
+would catch me from behind, so I moved off
+to the left under some shelter where I could
+get a different view of the entrance and I had
+only been there a short time when another
+Heinie stuck his head up and I yelled at him,
+thinking they were all coming out. After
+waiting several minutes I became leary that
+I would be caught from behind and started
+for help.</p>
+
+<p>“While on the way I passed another entrance
+to the series of dugouts and came upon
+one of the officers with his pistol in his hand
+evidently coming out looking for me. I yelled
+at him to throw up his hands, but he did
+not, instead, fell backward down the stairs
+in his haste to get away. Then I ran to the
+dugout entrance with a grenade in my hand
+and ordered them to come out or I would
+throw it down, and they came up at once.
+The German private who spoke English,
+whom I first caught showing his head out of
+the doorway, came up and stood by and passed
+on the orders to the officers and men to leave
+their firearms below and hold up their hands.
+Then they all filed out and gave themselves
+up. There was one major, one captain and
+seven lieutenants and twenty-two men in the
+party.</p>
+
+<p>“The private told me on the way to the
+rear that when he told the officers there was
+only one American outside they were furious
+and refused to surrender, and therefore would
+not come up, and ordered the private to sneak
+out of one of the dugouts and shoot me, but
+the private refused. All the privates were
+willing to give up, but the officers were not
+so anxious. They evidently had been caught
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</span>in their dugout by the barrage and could not
+get away without a great deal of risk.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_122" style="max-width: 45.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_122.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Sidney E. Manning</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While in charge of an automatic rifle squad near Croix Rouge Farm, northeast of Château-Thierry,
+July 27, 1918, he was wounded nine times before he rejoined his platoon. He prevented
+the enemy from closing in and continued to advance in the face of the most terrific fire by enemy
+machine guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>OTHER DOUGHTY CHAPS</h3>
+
+<p>But there were numerous single-handed exploits
+in that thrilling Champagne campaign,
+and among them are the following instances
+of the courage and initiative that characterized
+the American boys on the front.</p>
+
+<p>Private John J. Kelley, of Chicago, Illinois,
+during the same attack as that in which Hubbell
+took part, crossed through the barrage of
+his own artillery, killed the operator of a
+machine gun which was firing into his line,
+wounded another with his pistol and took
+eight prisoners. Private Samuel S. Simmons,
+of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, with Private
+Lambert Bos, of Granite, Idaho, and Private
+Joe N. Viera, of New Bedford, Massachusetts,
+volunteered and attacked a machine-gun
+nest in advance of their front line. They
+killed the crew, then descended into an enemy
+dugout and captured forty prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>Another instance is that of Corporal Horace
+P. Frye, of San Francisco, California. The
+position of his company on the hill east of
+St. Etienne was being continually swept by
+enemy machine-gun fire at apparently close
+range. Acting entirely upon his own initiative
+he determined to locate the source of the
+enemy fire and accordingly crawled forward
+unnoticed through 150 yards of open field,
+located the enemy guns and after throwing
+several hand grenades into their position he
+charged them and captured two machine guns
+and eleven men, with which he returned to
+his own lines through machine-gun fire.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WAS_HE_A_COWARD">WAS HE A COWARD?</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Singular Confessions of a Hollander Who Gave His Life for France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">What</span> is a coward? Is there any such
+thing as absolute bravery or absolute
+cowardice? When we characterize a particular
+person as a coward for failing to do, or
+refraining from doing, some specific thing are
+we quite sure that in the circumstances we
+would have acted differently? These are questions
+that suggest themselves when one reads
+what purport to be excerpts from the diary and
+letters of a confessed—or rather self-stigmatized
+coward, one Jan R——, a Hollander.
+He had lived in France some years, and soon
+after the outbreak of war became a naturalized
+citizen in order that he might join the
+French Army as a volunteer—not because he
+wanted to, but because he was ashamed to stay
+out.</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>Atlantic Monthly</cite> published all that
+was suitable of the available material in a
+long and intensely interesting article which is
+a curious record of psychological study and
+introspection. It is highly probable that the
+experience was by no means unique. A candid
+statement by the most daring of our heroes
+possibly would contain the admission that there
+were moments when the reflections of the Hollander
+were similar to his own.</p>
+
+<p>Jan R—— tells of morning awakenings
+from troubled sleep with “the oppression that
+something horrible was about to enter into his
+existence.” He felt a pang in his breast that
+he “should have to take part in the fighting.
+There was no escape.” He suffered a fear, a
+shifting fear that he “could sometimes suppress
+but never drive out.” The life in the training
+camp somewhat eased his emotions as he
+mingled with so many others, and at times
+he even got “flickerings of a desire to fight,”
+but it was not the real thing, he assumed; it
+was “more in the nature of artistic imagination.”
+In the distance was the rumbling and
+thudding of heavy gun fire, and as he heard
+it he felt “a strange respect and admiration,
+mingled with fear for the men in the first line
+of trenches.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_124" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_124.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Kadel &amp; Herbert.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">American and French Aviation Officers at an American Hangar</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American aviators were among the first from the United States to do their part in the great war. There were a great many things that the French
+could tell our boys, and the men of the two countries coöperated in this as well as many other branches of the service.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Before long our turn for the trenches will
+come. Most of the fellows are wishing for
+the time to come. At least that is what they
+say. I am dreading it. I am in earnest when
+I say that my life is of little value, even to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</span>myself. Yet I fear the trenches. Yesterday
+evening transports of wounded soldiers came
+past us repeatedly. Hearing the wailing and
+the groaning, seeing all the bloodiness made
+me sick.... The fear of the front suddenly
+overtook me. I violently reproached myself
+for having been so stupid as to enlist. There
+I was in the midst of this insane murder!
+And by my own free will!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE GOES TO THE FRONT</h3>
+
+<p>Finally his turn came for the front. One
+of his comrades was a youth named Gaston.</p>
+
+<p>“The dear boy has become very much attached
+to me. He believes that I am a strong
+support for him! Must I weep at this, or
+laugh? Gaston has told me in great confidence
+that he gets occasional attacks of cowardice.
+And he asked me whether I did not
+despise him. He is terribly afraid that the
+fellows will notice it, but he did not mind confiding
+in me. Why in me? He says it is
+because he admires my imperturbable calmness
+so much. What could I reply? It
+seemed best not to tell him how things stood
+with me. Apart from the difficulties such a
+confession would cause me, I concluded that
+it would also be better for him to believe in
+my courage.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOY REGARDED HIM AS A HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“A hero! But there are real heroes and
+make-believe heroes; and they are not always
+easily distinguishable. I do not hide from myself
+that I belong to the make-believes. And
+yet, it is remarkable that I did not find the
+second week at the front as terrible as the
+first. It is not as bad there as it seems. When
+once you get accustomed to the idea that you
+may be dead in a day, or in an hour, or in a
+minute, and when you are clear as to your
+future, your mood is relieved from constant
+depression. Involuntarily you become kind
+and helpful to those about you, you do not
+get vexed over trifles, you are ready to make
+all sorts of sacrifices. Of course, if, in the
+midst of such a condition, a grenade suddenly
+drops into your trench, if you see three or
+four of your comrades getting killed, your
+misery returns, no matter how good an outward
+appearance you may keep up. At least,
+for a while. But then again the thought
+comes that getting wounded means rest and
+safety, and good care. And death? that is
+still less terrible. One boasts of reaching one’s
+destination along the shortest road! Is not
+death every one’s final destination?...</p>
+
+<p>“It is peculiar that one can get so accustomed
+to danger.</p>
+
+<p>“I have tried to account for it, and it appears
+to be like this: at first our thoughts are
+almost incessantly occupied with the frightful
+things that are about to happen. Then moments
+come—only a single one at first—in
+which our thoughts wander away, involuntarily,
+and dwell on something else. Suddenly
+fear returns. But the periods of repose become
+more frequent and of longer duration.
+And when they are disturbed by fear the painful
+shock becomes gradually less violent.
+Neither does fear itself ache so hard. And
+then the time approaches when one is conscious
+of fear only on occasions when there
+is a violent fire, or when men fall. That is
+my present condition. There seems to be a
+further stage in which one is rid of fear for
+good. So far I shall not get.”</p>
+
+<p>One day he got a wound in the hip and
+was sent to the hospital. The nurses have
+gotten the idea that he is a hero. He accounts
+for it thus:</p>
+
+<p>“A friend of Gaston’s is a distant cousin
+of one of the nurses. Gaston inquired after
+me, and apparently used that occasion to do
+a good deal of boasting. At any rate, some
+greatly embellished stories of my <em>sangfroid</em>
+have been going the rounds here. Without
+having to lie, I could say that all this was invented,
+or at least highly exaggerated. The
+consequence was that I was looked upon, not
+only as a hero, but as a giant of modesty as
+well. It is very annoying. However, to be
+honest, I must confess that now and then this
+undeserved praise gives me a feeling of satisfaction;
+I have always known that I was
+weak-minded.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE IS PROMOTED</h3>
+
+<p>“Back to the trenches and made a Corporal.
+A small thing, eh? Just the same, it made
+me happy. I was touched by the friendly
+spirit of the fellows. Gaston shook my hand
+at least six times, muttering, ‘Ah, <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mon vieux</i>,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</span><i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mon vieux</i>, how I have missed you!’ This
+does one good. And I had better not get
+lost in the question as to how much of all this
+attachment I deserve.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_126" style="max-width: 49.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_126.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Charles S. Hoover</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 158th Field Artillery Brigade</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">During the offensive action near Brabant-sur-Meuse, Sergeant Hoover was in charge of two
+trench mortars. Wounded by shrapnel and knocked down by the explosion of bombs, he fired the
+one mortar that was undamaged until it was destroyed.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Finally comes the touchstone of character.
+Jan R—— wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“In the early morning of the 13th the cannonading
+was resumed, and again we had
+hours of exhausting expectation. Toward
+noon we noticed that an unusual event was
+coming. The captain shouted something. I
+could not understand a word. Gaston understood:
+the wire entanglements in front of the
+first line of trenches had been shot to pieces.
+We had to hold ourselves ready. There was
+incessant telephoning.</p>
+
+<p>“‘They are coming!’ some one yelled.</p>
+
+<p>“I could not restrain myself any longer
+and looked over the edge of the trench.</p>
+
+<p>“They were coming indeed; I saw them.
+In broad, irregular rows they were running
+toward us. Straight toward me, it seemed.
+And behind them, there came others, and
+still others, evermore. The German guns
+were silent now. And then suddenly ours
+began to roar with redoubled vigor.</p>
+
+<p>“Holes, narrow clefts, and fissures were torn
+in the massive gray billows that came rolling
+toward us.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Not a single one will get through!’ I
+heard some one shout.</p>
+
+<p>“But behind the first wave came a second
+one, and a third one behind that. I saw
+them approach, losing in vigor, yet remaining
+strong.</p>
+
+<p>“We were ready. In that moment I felt
+no fear! Like the others, I was burning to
+fly out of the trenches. Suddenly a strange
+silence came, and then the call: ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Attaquez!
+Attaquez!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“We clambered up, jumped over the edge
+of the trench, and ran forward. In front,
+to the left, to the right, everywhere there
+were French soldiers, storming forward.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw the Germans coming nearer, in their
+dirty gray uniforms, in rows, in heaps, and in
+smaller groups, some even singly. I saw the
+glistening and flickering of their bayonets. I
+heard them yell and shout. My heart
+thumped so hard that I had difficulty in
+breathing. Around me our men were shouting
+loudly. I was shouting too, and felt relieved
+when I heard my own voice, however
+indistinctly. Now and then a rifle-shot could
+be heard. We were running fast. ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">En avant!
+En avant!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly I became aware of a desire to
+hold back a little, and thereby to postpone, if
+only for a single second, the terrible moment
+of the clash. I happened to be pushed by a
+comrade behind me and I flew forward again.</p>
+
+<p>“At last we had reached the Germans. Six
+steps in front of me I saw Gaston bayoneting
+an officer. Not a second later the poor chap
+fell himself—hit by a rifle shot, as I learned
+later.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“BRAVO, CAPORAL”</h3>
+
+<p>“Suddenly a big German stood before me, a
+deathly pallor on his face, his mouth drawn,
+his eyes crazed with fear. His terror gave
+me courage and a feeling of superiority. I
+jumped on him. He tried to defend himself,
+but, with all my strength, I plunged my bayonet
+into his body. ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Bravo, caporal!</i>’ I heard
+some one call. Scores of my comrades ran
+past. I tried to catch up with them, stumbled
+over a body, and fell, with my head to the
+ground. But immediately I got up again and
+ran forward, more slowly however; my legs
+felt weak and powerless. Forward again!
+The attack had been repulsed. The German
+guns began thundering again; we had to return
+to our trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“I took the death of Gaston (and of many
+others) more calmly than I had feared. This
+is not so surprising after all. Death may
+strike any one of us at any moment. We have
+accepted that chance. But if that is our attitude
+toward ourselves, why should we not
+have it toward our friends?</p>
+
+<p>“But it still seems strange to me that I
+can not reach a definite judgment on my action
+in this last fight. Certain it is that the circumstances
+absolutely required my doing what
+I did, even leaving entirely out of consideration
+the fact that to every one his own life is
+dearer than that of a stranger. I can not hesitate
+in the choice between a French soldier
+and a German soldier. But it is equally certain
+that killing men runs counter to my nature
+and is absolutely irreconcilable with ideas
+which I had always accepted without question.
+Efforts to remove the contradiction between
+these thoughts must inevitably fail. It
+is in this way that I seek to explain the fact<span class="pagenum" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</span>
+that at one moment I am cheerful, and sing
+with the rest—that I am invariably rejoicing
+over my good luck in the last fight, not merely
+having escaped without even the slightest
+scratch, but having had besides the good fortune
+of killing two Germans; while the next
+moment I sit worrying silently, asking myself,
+‘How did it come to be possible that you
+are taking part in this frightful war—as a
+volunteer?’”</p>
+
+<p>He was to receive an answer on another
+plane. The story of Jan R—— seems to have
+concluded with the three words, “Fell at
+Souchez.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TWO_HEROES_OF_HILL_60">TWO HEROES OF HILL 60</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Oxford Graduate and Green-Grocer’s Assistant Win Their Spurs in the
+Same Crisis</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Sir John French</span> has described the
+fight for Hill 60 as “the fiercest fight
+in which British troops have ever been engaged.”
+The hill is southeast of Ypres. Its
+possession was essential to the British, for it
+dominated the surrounding country. The
+Germans held it, commanding excellent artillery
+observation toward the west and northwest.
+For months the British had been working
+to mine it. After much hard work the
+sapping was complete and one hundred tons of
+explosives placed in position.</p>
+
+<p>Saturday, April 17, 1915, was the appointed
+day for the great event. The explosion was
+timed for seven o’clock in the evening, and,
+according to program, up went the hill—Germans
+and all. It was like an earthquake.
+Simultaneously the artillery opened on the spot
+and poured in shells at the rate of five a
+minute. At a quarter past seven the infantry
+attack was launched, and the British were in
+possession of the ruins.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the second phase—the holding
+of Hill 60, which was the hardest task of all,
+for the German reinforcements came to the
+assault by the thousands; but as fast as they
+came rifle and gun fire mowed them down.</p>
+
+<p>During the next few days the Germans
+continued to attack ferociously, so much
+importance did they attach to the position.</p>
+
+<p>A private in the East Surreys, writing in
+the London <cite>Evening News</cite>, gave the following
+vivid word-picture of the battle:</p>
+
+<p>“The fight on Hill 60 was awful. The
+Germans used every kind of explosive, from
+small bombs to shells that shook the ground
+like an earthquake.</p>
+
+<p>“This went on from four o’clock in the
+afternoon to about four the next morning.
+Every German gun for miles around was
+trained on that hill.</p>
+
+<p>“Some of the German shells were filled
+with a stinking acid, which blinded one. I
+would rather take my chance in half-a-dozen
+bayonet charges than face such an awful
+bombardment again. The enemy charged
+four times, but we beat them back each time,
+and kept the hill until we were relieved next
+morning.”</p>
+
+<p>It was in these nerve-racking engagements
+that Second Lieutenant Geoffrey Harold
+Woolley and Corporal Edward Dwyer were
+awarded their honors for distinguished service.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FROM CURATE TO SOLDIER</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Woolley is the youngest son of
+Rev. G. H. Woolley, Danbury, Essex. He
+was educated at St. John’s School and Queen’s
+College, Oxford. While at the University
+he joined the Officers’ Training Corps. He
+studied for Holy Orders, and is all but a
+curate, inasmuch as he was on the eve of
+being ordained when, at the age of twenty-three,
+he decided to give his first service to
+his country.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Woolley has been described as a
+typical specimen of muscular Christianity. He
+excels at cricket, tennis, and football, and
+played the greater game of war with all his
+heart and soul.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_129" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_129.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Directing the Fire of a British Battery</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In the foreground the officer in charge of the battery is receiving information from observers who are able to trace the course of each shot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</span></p>
+
+<p>He received his commission in the 9th Battalion
+London Regiment, popularly known as
+the Queen Victoria Rifles. With the experience
+of the Officers’ Training Corps to help
+him, the young lieutenant soon made himself
+very efficient, and when, in November, 1914,
+the Queen Victoria Rifles embarked at Southampton
+for the front, he had already become
+very popular with his men, and shown high
+promise as a leader. Soon after landing in
+France the regiment was at the front, near
+Ypres, where it was usefully employed, chiefly
+in trench work.</p>
+
+<p>G. A. Leask in <cite>Heroes of the Great War</cite>
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“On the very first day that he went into
+the trenches, Lieutenant Woolley showed his
+mettle. A hand grenade was flung into his
+trench; without a moment’s hesitation the
+young officer picked it up, and before the fuse
+had burned to the charge, flung it out. His
+prompt and plucky act saved not only his own
+life, but the lives of at least six or seven of
+his men.</p>
+
+<p>“On the night of April 20-21 the Germans
+made a desperate attack on the trench held by
+Lieutenant Woolley’s regiment. The Queen
+Victoria Rifles fought with dogged determination
+not to be excelled by the most seasoned
+Regulars. Every German gun for miles
+around was trained on the hill. Again and
+again the Germans charged with the ferocity
+of despair.</p>
+
+<p>“One by one Lieutenant Woolley’s superior
+officers—a major, captain, and a lieutenant—had
+been killed.</p>
+
+<p>“The force under Lieutenant Woolley
+numbered at the start 150, including some
+Regulars. As the German attack grew fiercer,
+he noted how his little company was being
+thinned. The young officer did not despair.
+He was in sole command of Hill 60, and he
+realized that a hard and terrible time awaited
+them before relief came, but he summoned up
+all his courage and made up his mind to hold
+on at all costs. He went up and down the
+line calling to his brave men to ‘stick it’ and
+he infused all with his dauntless spirit.</p>
+
+<p>“A particularly fierce onslaught by the Germans
+commenced. Guns raked the trench
+with shells, enemy troops swarmed up, throwing
+bombs. Lieutenant Woolley moved among
+his men, giving orders as coolly as if on parade.
+The already diminished band of heroes
+dwindled more and more. Lieutenant Woolley
+knew that the situation was perilous, but
+he had no thought of giving in. The knowledge
+that so much depended upon him stirred
+his blood, and called forth every ounce of
+his fighting spirit and powers of leadership.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DETERMINED BOMBER</h3>
+
+<p>“He organized counter-attacks and led his
+men in throwing bombs at the vastly superior
+force of the enemy. Standing on the parapet
+of the trench, fully exposed to the enemy,
+Woolley hurled bomb after bomb. His men
+urged him to seek shelter, but he refused.
+For some time this amazing contest continued,
+a handful of British against thousands of Germans.
+But this little band of heroes by their
+superb bravery, led by a hero, kept the enemy
+at bay. When welcome relief eventually came,
+the company of 150 men had been thinned
+to 20-14 Territorials and 6 Regulars, a
+pathetic proof of the dauntless fight put up
+by those men.”</p>
+
+<p>The second hero of Hill 60 is one of the
+most popular medal winners of the war.
+Lance-Corporal Edward Dwyer at the time
+he obtained the coveted decoration was only
+eighteen years old, and had been a green-grocer’s
+assistant before the war.</p>
+
+<p>“This boy hero took the public imagination
+by storm, and with the possible exception
+of Sergeant O’Leary, no V.C. was more
+noticed on his return to England. He received
+enough hero-worship to last a lifetime.
+When home on leave Dwyer was bombarded
+by the attentions of admirers, kissed by women
+in the streets, and, as he confessed, subjected
+to greater trials than on the bomb-swept slopes
+of Hill 60.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO MUCH FUSS FOR HIM</h3>
+
+<p>“There was something romantic about the
+slim boy of eighteen who proved himself so
+heroic in the field, and his handsome appearance
+and jolly ways captivated every one.
+As his father confessed, with no little humor,
+‘They’re making such a fuss that Ted wants
+to get back to the battlefield for a rest.’”</p>
+
+<p>Dwyer had been fighting in France for nine
+months when the struggle at Hill 60 provided
+his great opportunity.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</span></p>
+
+<p>“During a particularly fierce attack on the
+morning of the 20th, Lance-Corporal Dwyer
+was in a trench on the side of Hill 60, about
+fifteen yards distant from where the Germans
+had entrenched themselves. So close were
+they, in fact, that Dwyer says he could actually
+hear them ‘talking their lingo.’ His section
+had suffered severely, and Dwyer risked
+his life by tending many of them as best he
+could. Some he brought from the open to
+the side of the trench, leaving the comparative
+safety of his position in order to save their
+lives.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, later on, he heard some one call
+out: ‘The Germans are coming!’</p>
+
+<p>“He looked through a spy-hole in the parapet
+and saw a number of the enemy creeping
+silently and stealthily across the intervening
+space between the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“Like the methodical soldier he is, Dwyer
+had kept a number of hand grenades, some
+fifty, all ready to fire.</p>
+
+<p>“Thus provided, he gallantly sprang on to
+the parapet of the trench. The Germans were
+creeping forward, thinking to surprise the
+British, but they had reckoned without Lance-Corporal
+Dwyer. He stood fully exposed
+to their fire, and threw his deadly missiles
+steadily and with excellent effect. For five
+minutes this eighteen-year-old hero stood all
+alone hurling grenade after grenade at the oncoming
+foe.</p>
+
+<p>“The Germans, led by an officer, showed
+great stubbornness. Had they known that a
+lad of eighteen alone was guarding the trench,
+they would have doubtless redoubled their efforts
+to capture it. Young Dwyer kept throwing
+his grenades. He had now sent twenty
+into the ranks of the enemy; now he had used
+up thirty. At this juncture the officer who
+was leading the Germans was hit, and this
+loss seemed to damp the ardor of the attackers.</p>
+
+<p>“Dwyer, however, began to show the first
+signs of uneasiness. His stock of grenades
+was fast running out. He had only half a
+dozen left, soon these had each found a target.
+Then in the nick of time reinforcements arrived,
+and the trench was saved. Dwyer
+alone had saved the situation.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLONEL_FREYBERG_VC">COLONEL FREYBERG, V.C.</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A New Zealand Soldier with the Qualities of a Fenimore Cooper Hero</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Colonel Freyberg</span> is another winner
+of England’s highest military honor—the
+Victoria Cross. “For enduring courage
+and brilliant leadership his achievement,”
+writes the London <cite>Times</cite>, “was unsurpassed
+by any act for which the Cross was conferred.”</p>
+
+<p>To begin with he carried an initial attack
+straight through the enemy’s front system of
+trenches, but after the capture of the first
+objective his command was much disorganized
+owing to mist and a heavy fire of all descriptions.
+The Colonel himself rallied and reformed
+his own men, as well as men from
+other units who had become intermixed. His
+own contempt of danger inspired the troops.
+He was finally able to lead them to the successful
+attack of the second objective. Colonel
+Freyberg had by this time been wounded
+twice, but he again rallied his men and reformed
+them, and, although under heavy artillery
+and machine-gun fire in a very advanced
+position and unsupported, still he held his
+ground for the rest of the day and throughout
+the night. On the following morning,
+having been reinforced, he organized an attack
+on a strongly fortified village, and such
+was his dash and enterprise that the village
+was captured and 500 prisoners were taken.
+For the third time the officer was wounded,
+and later in the afternoon he was again
+wounded, this time seriously, but he refused
+to leave the line until he had issued final
+instructions.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_132" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_132.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Brown &amp; Dawson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Getting the Range</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A range-finding station at a coast fortification. To the layman it is a combination of engineer’s office, telephone exchange, and telegraph office where
+soldiers work out the distance from the muzzle of their cannon to the enemy. In coast-defense work three range-finding stations usually coöperate in
+working out the distance.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The personality, valor, and utter contempt
+of danger on the part of this single officer enabled
+the lodgment in the most advanced objective
+of the Corps to be permanently held,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</span>and on this <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">point d’appui</i> the line was eventually
+formed.” So closed the official version
+of the gallant colonel’s performance.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Freyberg was by birth a New Zealander.
+He was not yet twenty-eight years of
+age. Born in Wellington, he developed both
+the physique and resourcefulness that were essential
+for the success of some of the enterprises
+which he undertook in the war. He
+won fame throughout Australasia as an exceptionally
+fine swimmer; he grew to be six
+feet in height, and broad and powerful in proportion;
+he achieved renown as an oarsman,
+a footballer and a boxer, and his physique won
+for him the affectionate nickname of “Tiny.”
+Leaving New Zealand he went to America,
+and drifting to Mexico found full scope for
+his adventurous aspirations; he fought in
+Mexico’s Civil War.</p>
+
+<p>In 1914, the London <cite>Times</cite> says, Freyberg
+came home, joined the Royal Naval Division,
+and was wounded in the hand at Antwerp.
+With good service to his record he went to
+Gallipoli with his battalion, being already a
+lieutenant-commander. In Gallipoli he again
+distinguished himself. General Paris was in
+charge of a force which was to make a feint
+landing at Bulair, the narrow neck of the
+Peninsula. Freyberg was given charge of the
+party, but, while prizing the honor, he proposed
+an alternative scheme which, he believed,
+would protect the lives of the men. This idea
+was that he should take colored flares and
+swim ashore, that he should then light the
+flares, as if a landing was anticipated, and then
+swim out again to a waiting destroyer. This
+he did, stripping, and painting his face and
+shoulders a dark color, so that he should not
+be seen swimming. Freyberg landed on the
+beach, lit the flares, made a reconnaissance,
+and swam off again, but owing to the darkness
+and the current he missed the boat which was
+to pick him up, and it was almost two hours
+before he was hauled on to the deck of the
+destroyer, more dead than alive. This remarkable
+feat of endurance and resourcefulness,
+more suggestive of an adventure from
+Mayne Reid or Fenimore Cooper than a sober
+act of modern war, won for the young officer
+the D. S. O.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_THE_D_S_C_MEN">ONE OF THE D. S. C. MEN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Act of Heroism and Martyrdom that Hardly May be Matched</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A Distinguished</span> Service Cross is a
+proud possession. It is at once a token
+of bravery and an evidence that bravery has
+been displayed in valiant service for the good
+or the saving of others. It implies a great
+risk taken, a danger faced, a sacrifice made—a
+something done that, however creditable to the
+man, is of special value because of its benefit
+or advantage to many besides the man. For
+that reason one Distinguished Service Cross
+differs from another in proud significance to
+the winner or to the relative to whom the
+cross comes as an after death testimony to the
+winner’s worth. The formal official paragraph
+that announces the award of the cross
+to this one or that one tells nothing or little
+of the service that gained the distinction, because
+the official estimate makes no discrimination
+between the sentimental values of the
+respective services, distinguished service being
+distinguished service.</p>
+
+<p>But there are varying qualities of bravery,
+different kinds of incitement to heroism, different
+elements in the acts of sacrifice; and
+one might like to know the varying values of
+the instant motives behind the acts—say, of
+a man who, in the heat and excitement of an
+engagement, rushes through a withering fire
+of shell and bullet to perform a serviceable
+act of desperate valor, with one chance in a
+thousand of coming safely off; or, of a man,
+without the stimulus of brain aflame and with
+the absolute certainty of death, who unhesitatingly,
+immediately lays down his life for
+his friends. Which is the higher courage?</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_134" style="max-width: 47.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_134.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Harold J. Devereaux</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “M”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While crossing the River Ourcq near Sergy, July 31, 1918, the corporal of his squad was wounded
+by machine-gun fire. The enemy continued to fire on the wounded man and Private Devereaux,
+alone, with the fire of his rifle, attacked the machine-gun and put it out of action.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>In the great list, the never fully-to-be-completed
+list of heroic deeds in the four years’
+war, is there any deed more sublime in essential
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</span>quality than that of Sergt. Willard D.
+Purdy, Company A, 127th Infantry, A. E. F.?
+You never heard of it? That’s the amazing
+thing—that this splendid exhibition of the
+highest character of devoted courage is hardly
+known at all! Really, it was so great a heroism
+that it seemed a commonplace in the telling.
+Here is the story. It reads very simply
+in the bald despatch of a newspaper man reporting
+the facts from Washington.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MARTYR HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“Washington, D. C., May 30.—[Special.]—The
+heroism of a Wisconsin sergeant, who
+deliberately sacrificed his own life to save
+those of his men in the fight at Hegenbach,
+Alsace, July 4, 1917, is told with official brevity
+and skeletonized simplicity in to-day’s war
+department report announcing the award of
+distinguished service crosses for bravery in
+action.</p>
+
+<p>“The martyr hero was Sergt. Willard D.
+Purdy, a member of Company A, 127th Infantry.
+During the engagement at Hegenbach,
+Sergt. Purdy, after returning with his
+patrol from a reconnaissance of the enemy’s
+line, was engaged in calling the roll of his men
+and collecting their hand grenades when the
+pin of one of the grenades became disengaged.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeing the grenade could not be thrown
+away without making certain the wounding
+of American troops—most probably some of
+his own men—Sergt. Purdy instantly commanded
+his men to run. Then he himself
+seized three of the grenades and, bending over,
+held them against his stomach. The grenades
+exploded, killing Sergt. Purdy instantly, but
+his presence of mind and self-sacrificing action
+had saved the lives of his companions.</p>
+
+<p>“When the pin of a grenade becomes disengaged
+nothing can be done to prevent the
+bomb from exploding within six or eight seconds.</p>
+
+<p>“Sergt. Purdy’s home address was Box 632,
+Marshfield, Wis., and his next of kin was
+given as Mrs. Esther Purdy, his mother.”</p>
+
+<p>No grand adventure; no risk with cheering
+comrades in a mad assault; no thrill with the
+consciousness of perils to be met and with
+luck avoided; no taking of hazards with the
+hope of an achieved success. Not like a flight
+into the air to shoot down, after vivid combat,
+an enemy plane. Not much of a story for
+the press. But think about it. Match it.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="COLORED_TROOPS_REACH_THE_RHINE">COLORED TROOPS REACH THE RHINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though They Had More Than Their Share of Trouble to Get to France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Everybody</span> knows what a record the
+15th New York Colored Regiment made
+in the war, how splendidly it fought, the heroism
+it displayed and the honors it received,
+but not everyone knows what adversities it had
+to contend with before it could get to France.
+The Colonel of that remarkable regiment
+(which revived the memory of the Civil War
+military reports that “the colored troops
+fought nobly”), Col. William D. Hayward,
+has given a humorous account of those difficulties.
+This was in one of the many talks
+Hayward—who has put off the title of Colonel
+and returned to the civilian simplicity of “Mister”—has
+been compelled to make in response
+to public requests. He said, broadly smiling:</p>
+
+<p>“The first thing I ever did in my life that
+anybody approved of was getting up that regiment.
+After I gathered my crowd of Harlem
+waiters, bellhops, indoor chauffeurs, and elevator
+boys I thought I’d never get them across.
+When the minute finally came for sailing I
+think every elevator on Riverside Drive
+stopped automatically.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_136" style="max-width: 46.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_136.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Second Lieutenant Carl C. Mayhew</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>26th Division, 101st Infantry.</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Cited for skill and courage displayed May 8, 1918, while making a daring patrol in the enemy’s
+front line trenches resulting in the death of 2 German officers and the gathering of valuable information.
+He participated in 44 raids, receiving 3 citations.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When our ship left in 1917 we sailed a
+little way, then broke down, came back, and
+tied up at Hoboken with our cargo of Thanksgiving
+turkeys and black troops. We got fixed
+up and started again. We didn’t get quite as
+far as before when the ship caught fire. I
+sneaked back and reported the mishap to General
+Shanks at the port of embarkation. Our
+ship was overhauled and a third time we set
+out full of hope, but the machinery broke
+down again. When I reported to General
+Shanks this time, he said: ‘Goodness gracious,
+Colonel, are you ever going to get those coons
+and turkeys to France?’</p>
+
+<p>“When at last we reached the French front
+in the Argonne Forest I reported to the French
+officer in command that I had arrived with the
+15th New York Infantry and would place myself
+and men at his disposal. ‘It is impossible!’
+exclaimed the officer. ‘There’s no such American
+unit due here.’ Finally he said in surprise,
+‘Are you the 369th Infantry Regiment
+of the United States?’ and I replied, ‘I are.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>GAVE THEM BOLOS</h3>
+
+<p>“Then they took all our American ordnance
+away and gave us bolos, which are knives
+modeled after those used by the Cubans. I
+was glad afterward, although I think my boys
+would have done better with razors. When
+we were leaving France I was told that the
+regiment would be presented with three thousand
+razors by the French. When we received
+the gift we found they were safety-razors.
+The regiment was insulted.</p>
+
+<p>“From March, 1918, until the following
+January we were with the Fourth French
+Army, under General Gouraud. On July
+15 I wrote Governor Whitman that the German
+Army was licked. They were at maximum
+strength and we at minimum, but ten
+American divisions were arriving monthly.</p>
+
+<p>“My boys had a sublime faith that they
+would win. The idea of defeat never entered
+their heads. No private or officer had<span class="pagenum" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</span>
+any doubt about our ability to break through.
+One day I found a number of the men buying
+German money that had been taken from
+the dead. I asked why they wanted it, and
+they answered, ‘We’ll be needin’ this here
+money soon.’ In five months they were spending
+it in the Rhine towns and talking Harlem
+German with a Yiddish accent. They were
+the advance guard of the Allied armies. The
+French gave them the honor of carrying
+the Stars and Stripes to the Rhine. And I
+was the first man to scoop water from the
+river. Can you beat that for Allied generosity?</p>
+
+<p>“The boys all had a keen sense of humor.
+When we docked at Hoboken they were eager
+to get ashore. One of them said to me:
+‘Colonel, the Generals is goin’ over the gangplank
+and the rats is goin’ over the hawsers.
+We hope you’ll tell us when it’s time for
+the regiment to go ashore!’</p>
+
+<p>“I remember one little negro on the other
+side who was carrying shells from an ammunition-dump
+to a train. He was so loaded
+down with 3-inch shells that he was sunk
+ankle-deep in the mud. He said to his officer,
+‘How you got my name on dat sheet?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Your name is Simpson,’ replied the officer.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Yas, sir, dass right; only I thought maybe
+you had “Sampson” by mistake.’”</p>
+
+<p>He jested about them freely, did Colonel
+Hayward, but the jests were of a kind to betray
+the intense pride he felt in the soldierly
+character and spirited daring of the men under
+him. The Hun learned to regard with
+wholesome fear a charge of Hayward’s “bellhops
+and waiters,” as he styled them.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>At the beginning of the war there were only 750 officers, 393 nurses, and 3,619 enlisted
+men belonging to the Medical Department of the American Army. In November, 1918,
+the corresponding figures were 39,363 officers, 21,344 nurses, and 245,652 enlisted men.</p>
+
+<p>In the 19 months elapsing from the declaration of the war to the signing of the armistice
+the American Army created an embarkation service which succeeded in shipping overseas
+2,075,834 men, and 5,153,000 tons of cargo.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole period of active hostilities the American Army lost at sea only 200,000
+deadweight tons of transports. Of this total, 142,000 tons were sunk by torpedoes. No
+American transport was lost on its eastward voyage.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GOOD_OLD_POTTS">GOOD OLD POTTS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of the Men the British Took to Gallipoli to Show Their Grit</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Private Frederick Potts</span> did a
+V. C. bit at Gallipoli. An attack was
+being made on a very strongly fortified Turkish
+position, a sector stretching from Hill 70
+to Hill 112. Potts was in the advance on
+Hill 70. It was a terrible day. The heat
+was intense. The country was uncommonly
+difficult, largely sand and scrub, the scrub
+being so parched that it took fire in many
+places from the shell fire, and in crossing these
+patches some of the men who fell wounded
+were burned to death. Potts’ section was
+ascending Hill 70 in short spurts, making
+occasional halts. After taking shelter in a
+little gulley, it was ordered to charge. Potts
+rushed forward with his comrades; but he
+had not gone more than twenty yards when
+he was shot down, a bullet having entered
+the left thigh. Potts was then about a quarter
+of a mile from the top of the hill. He
+was lucky enough to be lying in a little thicket
+formed of the scrub, and this gave him some
+sort of shelter and hid him from view. Not
+long after he fell there crawled towards him
+a fellow-townsman, who was badly wounded.
+Potts recognized him.</p>
+
+<p>“Is that you, Andrews?” he said.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes,” came the feeble answer.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m jolly pleased you’ve come,” said Potts.</p>
+
+<p>Then Andrews dragged himself as close as
+he could get—he had been shot through the
+groin—and the two lay perfectly still for
+some minutes fully expecting that the Turks
+would find and kill them.</p>
+
+<p>Very soon a third trooper who had been
+wounded made his way to the thicket. With
+great difficulty, room was found for him.
+Andrews had hardly moved his position so
+that the newcomer could be accommodated
+when a bullet mortally wounded the stranger.
+He cried piteously for water, but there was
+not a drop to be had, and the three wounded
+soldiers endured the agonies of thirst that
+whole afternoon of intense heat. The night
+came bitterly cold, increasing the suffering of
+the three. Moreover, a full moon made the
+night as clear as day, and every movement in
+the thicket was followed by a bullet from
+the Turks. A bullet grazed Potts’ left ear
+as he lay flat on the ground, face down. The
+morning brought death to the stranger. He
+had kept on murmuring wearily, “Water!
+Water!”</p>
+
+<p>The whole of the next day the two survivors
+lay hidden in the hot scrub, not daring
+to move, tortured by thirst, suffering from
+their wounds, and trying to get relief by
+sucking bits of stalks which they managed to
+pick from the shrubs. That night, as the only
+hope of salvation was to get away, they began
+to crawl off, Potts leading and Andrews following.
+They lay perfectly flat, and literally
+wriggled. From six at night—when darkness
+fell—till three in the morning they dragged
+themselves, dust-choked, a distance of about
+three hundred yards—as Potts calculated
+afterwards, thirty-three yards an hour. A bit
+of burnt scrub near at hand afforded slight
+protection; this was taken, and the troopers
+tried to sleep, but the extreme cold made rest
+impossible. When daylight came, some water
+was obtainable, but only by crawling to men
+who had been killed and whose bottles could
+be reached. This dreadful day passed, Potts
+doing his best to stanch his comrade’s bleeding
+wounds. The third night on the hill
+came.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SHOVEL TO THE RESCUE</h3>
+
+<p>The two men tried once more to get away
+and reach the British lines. Potts attempted
+to carry Andrews, but he was too weak and
+the effort failed. Then, says the London
+<cite>Times</cite>, when hope itself seemed to be abandoned,
+an inspiration came, suggested by an
+ordinary entrenching shovel, one of many
+which were lying on the hill. Potts wriggled
+to the shovel, managed to support Andrews<span class="pagenum" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</span>
+on it, stood up, and dragged desperately—all
+the more so because as soon as he rose the
+Turks opened fire. Famished and exhausted,
+he could not do more than pull his burden
+over the rough ground for about six yards;
+then he collapsed. Andrews, too, had suffered
+severely under the strain. But the next
+night Potts resumed his forlorn hope. He
+had his comrade on the shovel, lying flat; he
+supported him as best he could, and Andrews
+held grimly on to his rescuer’s wrists. For
+more than three hours, in the bright moonlight,
+down the scrub-infested, stony, dusty
+hillside, Private Potts dragged his helpless
+burden on the shovel; then came a sentry’s
+challenge, “Halt!” Inexpressibly joyful was
+the sound of the British voice to the two
+worn-out troopers; grimly humorous was the
+sentry’s question:</p>
+
+<p>“What are you doing? Are you burying
+the dead?”</p>
+
+<p>Potts explained: “I have a chap here
+wounded, and I’ve dragged him down the
+hill on a shovel. Could you not give me a
+hand?”</p>
+
+<p>Give a hand! Many a willing hand was
+given that night at the foot of that fatal hill,
+the scene of much tragedy, yet relieved by the
+bravery and resource of the twenty-two year
+old trooper, who might easily have saved himself
+by abandoning his wounded fellow; but
+he was not of that breed.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="IT_WAS_UP_TO_BILL">IT WAS UP TO BILL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>And in Spite of Regulations and Red Tape the Old Sergeant Got to France
+and Into the Front Lines</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Let</span> no one dare deny the heroism of Bill
+Davidson. His name may not be found
+among those cited for distinguished service,
+but that is because distinguished services are
+not enumerated in the military code. If there
+is an instance of more determined valor or of
+more successful triumph over the impossible
+it does not appear in the chronicles. Nevertheless
+it is necessary to introduce Bill Davidson,
+and the greatest distinction that can be
+conferred upon him in the estimation of Bill
+Davidson himself is to say he was orderly to
+Lieutenant Colonel John C. Greenway, First
+Division, A. E. F. He hailed from out Arizona
+way. In the days when the United
+States was engaged with Spain in the discussion
+of matters more or less serious, Jack
+Greenway was a Captain of Rough Riders,
+and Bill was his Sergeant, and by the testimony
+of that Captain, now Lieutenant-Colonel,
+Bill was the best first Sergeant in Cuba.
+There Bill took into his spiritual system an
+affection of devotion to Greenway that time
+and circumstances can never diminish.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, when the United States declared
+war against Germany, Bill, who was in the
+employ of the New Cornelia at Ajo, straightway
+thought of Jack Greenway. He said to
+himself, “All hell can’t keep Jack Greenway
+from going to the front, and it’s me for Jack
+Greenway.” He foresaw a great experience
+“over there,” the doing of extraordinary
+things, and he wanted to be with Greenway
+in the performance.</p>
+
+<p>Greenway, of course, tendered his services
+to the Government at once and was given a
+commission as Major of Engineers. Now let
+the Bisbee <cite>Review</cite> continue the story as it got
+it direct from Colonel Greenway in Bisbee
+town.</p>
+
+<p>One day Bill walked into the Captain’s office
+in Warren just as he was preparing to
+close his desk and quit the office.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, Captain, I’ve quit over yonder,”
+Bill remarked, after the salutations.</p>
+
+<p>“What did you quit for, Bill?”</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going into the army with you.”</p>
+
+<p>“Have you enlisted?”</p>
+
+<p>“Hell, no. I’m no fool. If I enlisted over
+here I might not go to France for months,
+perhaps not at all. I’m going with you, and
+shall enlist in your regiment after I get to
+France,” was the way Bill figured it out.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_140" style="max-width: 25.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_140.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Munseys.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Arthur McKeogh</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He brought relief to a battalion by making a
+daring journey through the German lines with
+two other men. On the way to the American
+lines he killed one German officer, fell into a
+trench with two others and killed them, and
+was under fire all the time.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Greenway couldn’t make Bill see the futility<span class="pagenum" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</span>
+of the idea of getting over to France without
+enlisting in the service, so there was nothing
+to do but let Bill come along. They took the
+train together at Osborn, Bill carrying his
+bed rolled up in a slicker, and together they
+made the trip to New York.</p>
+
+<p>Bill met some of his old comrades of the
+Cuban campaign and confided to them his
+plans. They told him how impossible it was,
+and that he could not even get on the dock at
+Hoboken without a pass. Bill’s urbane confidence
+may have been a little shaken but not
+his determination. He went to Washington
+to see Senator Ashurst, and the Senator tried
+to get Bill a passport but without success, as
+there was no way for the War Department to
+act in the circumstances. Bill came back to
+New York with more determination than
+ever.</p>
+
+<p>“I got my sailing orders,” said Greenway,
+“and with my sister, sister-in-law and Bill
+went to the Hoboken pier and found that I
+was to sail on the <em>Agamemnon</em>, which was
+formerly the German steamship <em>Kaiser Wilhelm
+II</em>. I went aboard and found that I had
+a large and comfortable stateroom and came
+ashore and told Bill.</p>
+
+<p>“Bill declared that he was going to get
+aboard of that boat, although I pointed out
+the guards to him and told him how impossible
+it was. Bill was not disconcerted in the
+least. After sizing up the situation to his
+own satisfaction he said:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Just you get somebody to talk to that
+guard over there to distract his attention
+while you are going through the gate.’</p>
+
+<p>“I got an officer friend of mine to talk to
+the guard, and Bill picked up my bags and
+followed me. To my surprise he got through
+the gate without being seen by the guard,
+and we proceeded to the gangplank. There
+we ran into a snag. The captain called out
+to stop that civilian, and Bill was held up.
+It was only momentarily, however. I stepped
+up and told the captain that he was a friend
+of mine, carrying my bags aboard for me, and
+the captain permitted him to pass.</p>
+
+<p>“When Bill got into that stateroom of
+mine he was the happiest man I ever saw. ‘If
+you get me off this boat they will have to
+throw me and hog-tie me and carry me off,’
+was the way Bill put it as he sank into a chair
+and wiped his forehead.</p>
+
+<p>“We sailed that night at high tide, and Bill
+stayed secreted in my room. I would smuggle
+food from the dining-room to him, but after
+two days of this Bill rebelled at having to live
+on cold food and declared that he intended
+having regular meals like the others on board.
+I told him that if he were discovered the
+chances were that he would find himself in
+the brig, but he said he would risk it, and out
+of my stateroom he went.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ON THE WAY TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“Bill had just one chance. There were
+150 civilians on board, going over for employment
+on government work in France. It
+was possible, but not at all probable, for Bill
+to mingle with them and get by. I went on
+to dinner in the first cabin, and after dinner
+concluded that I would look about for Bill.
+I expected to find him in the brig, but he was
+not there. I made my way to the dining-saloon
+where the civilian passengers had their
+meals and looked in.</p>
+
+<p>“At the extreme end of a very long table
+I saw Bill. He was engrossed in a menu and
+was ordering the most delectable things to be
+found on it. Everybody on the vessel got to
+know Bill and he was in his element. He
+needed no further guidance by me while on
+board. Arguments were referred to Bill for
+settlement and he was looked to among the
+civilian passengers as a general source of information,
+being consulted as to when we
+would arrive in the submarine zone, when
+we would land, and about everything else
+that came up.</p>
+
+<p>“How to get Bill ashore at Brest was a
+problem that loomed large before me, but it
+did not worry Bill to any great extent. Power
+Conway was on board and I enlisted his services,
+and between us we managed to smuggle
+Bill aboard the tug and get him ashore. Now
+the question was to get Bill to Paris, and in
+this I was assisted by General Harbord, U. S.
+M. C.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BILL ACCEPTED FOR SERVICE</h3>
+
+<p>“We arrived in Paris, where I was kept
+for several weeks at headquarters. One night<span class="pagenum" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</span>
+I returned home in Paris and informed Bill
+that I had been assigned to the First Division
+and ordered up to the front. Bill was delighted
+and ready to put off at once, and,
+although it seemed impossible to me, it never
+feazed him.</p>
+
+<p>“It never occurred to Bill that he was a
+civilian in France, with no military connection
+whatever, and that it would be impossible for
+a civilian to accompany me to the front. In
+this dilemma I placed the situation before
+Colonel Malin Craig. He is a general now,
+and it made a strong appeal to him. He
+wanted to make Bill a captain of military
+police, but Bill would have none of that. He
+wanted to get to the front, and to the front
+we started.</p>
+
+<p>“Together we arrived within seven miles of
+the front line before Bill was finally held up.
+He had come 7,000 miles on his own responsibility,
+without one line of authority from any
+one, and was now actually at the front and in
+the face of the enemy, and was still a civilian.
+And it was there in the Toul sector that Bill
+enlisted and became officially what he had
+been at heart and in fact for many weeks—one
+of the American Expeditionary Force.</p>
+
+<p>“From then on Bill and I were together
+without danger of being separated by army
+regulations. He became my orderly and remained
+so throughout. The only time we
+were separated was when Bill was in the hospital
+recovering from shell-wounds. We came
+back together and Bill went with me to Hot
+Springs, Ark., where we both took baths.
+We separated at Fort Worth, Bill going on
+to Ajo by another route, while I came on to
+Bisbee.”</p>
+
+<p>And that is the story of Bill Davidson,
+whose devotion to his chief is unlimited. It
+causes him to “do the impossible” and to override
+all of the regulations of the War Department.
+It is a story in the telling of which
+Colonel Greenway takes the greatest pride
+and in which a spirit of affection is dominant.</p>
+
+<p>Bill quit his job to go to war with Jack
+Greenway, and he did.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The original Selective Service Law of May 18, 1917, with its subsequent amendments,
+mobilized the man-power of the United States, between the ages of 18 and 45 inclusive.
+Under the original and later acts, approximately 23,709,000 men were registered and
+slightly over 2,800,000 were inducted into the military service.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_RENDEZVOUS">THE RENDEZVOUS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of America’s Young Poets Keeps a Tryst While Fighting for France</h3>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At some disputed barricade,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes back with rustling shade</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And apple-blossoms fill the air—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring brings back blue days and fair.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">
+
+<hr class="tb"></div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I to my pledged word am true—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I shall not fail that rendezvous.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent30">—<cite>Alan Seeger.</cite></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> poem from which the above opening
+and closing lines are taken was read for
+the first time by the majority of those who
+knew it after the poet had kept the rendezvous—only
+a little late of the appointed time,
+like a traveler who has missed a train.</p>
+
+<p>Alan Seeger loved France, and when he
+saw her in peril and his own America not
+likely to be brought into the conflict he went
+to France as a volunteer. Being an alien he
+was not eligible to the regular army, but the
+Foreign Legion welcomed him to fight for
+France under its flag. Among the men of
+the Legion was Rif Bear, a brilliant and
+traveled young Egyptian, and he became the
+close, the intimate friend of the poet with
+whom he found himself entirely in sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>Seeger was under fire in a series of engagements
+without suffering hurt, but he seems to
+have foreboded the end that came in the
+Champagne campaign. He was a fatalist as
+well as a dreamer—and there are those who
+believe that we bring to ourselves the fruit
+of our thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>After Seeger’s death Rif Bear wrote the
+facts and an appreciation in a personal letter
+to a lady in Boston. The letter was in
+French, but a translation of it has been published.
+There is a melancholy interest in the
+circumstances that a clerical error in the date
+of a temporary leave of absence cheated Seeger
+of one of the chief joys that could have come
+to him as a poet. The letter tells us that
+he ran one day to his friend in the triumph
+of happiness to show him a telegram which
+asked him to compose a poem to be read in
+public at a French-American demonstration—the
+memorial day ceremony. He was to have
+48 hours leave in which to write the poem
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</span>and attend the ceremony. But the promised
+leave did not come.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_142" style="max-width: 31.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_142.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Century Company.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Alan Seeger</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The young and gifted American poet who
+fought in the Foreign Legion. He was killed in
+action in the Champagne campaign.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The eve of the ceremony arrived—I can
+not recall the date—but no leave came. We
+were in the trenches and chance had placed
+me near Seeger in <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">petit poste</i> (the small
+outlook-post, some yards in advance of the
+first line trench). He confessed that he had
+lost all hope of going, and I tried to find all
+sorts of arguments to encourage him, that his
+leave might come at dawn, and that by taking
+the train at Ressons at 7 a. m. he could
+still reach Paris by noon and would have
+plenty of time, as the ceremony was at two.</p>
+
+<p>“The morning came, and instead of bringing
+the much-desired permission to leave, it
+brought a terrible downpour of rain, and the
+day passed sadly. He found consolation in
+the thought that it was only a postponement
+and that July 4 would soon arrive, when the
+Americans with the Foreign Legion might
+hope for forty-eight hours’ leave, as last year.”</p>
+
+<p>The explanation came later. It was a
+clerical error that cheated him; the forty-eight
+hours’ leave granted for the event was
+made out for June 30, instead of for May 30.
+Continuing the letter:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MARCHING ORDEAL</h3>
+
+<p>“On June 21, we left the sector of the
+Thiescourt Woods for an unknown destination,
+which proved to be the Somme. We took
+the train at Estrées St. Denis, and on June 22
+about 10 a. m. reached Boves. Under a
+blazing sun, in heat that seemed to have escaped
+from the furnace of hell, we started
+for Bayonviller. We had undergone no such
+march since the war began.</p>
+
+<p>“Weighed down by their sacks, prostrated
+by the heat, men fell by hundreds along the
+road. Hardly twenty of the two hundred
+forming the company arrived without having
+left the column. Seeger was one of these few.
+He told me afterward of the terrible effort
+that he had to make not to give up. At every
+halt he drank a drop of <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">tafia</i> (rum and coffee)
+to ‘give himself heart,’ and when he reached
+the end of the march he was worn out, but
+proud—he had not left the ranks.</p>
+
+<p>“We passed the eight days of repose at
+Bayonviller, almost always together, seeking
+the greatest possible enjoyment in our life at
+the moment and making dreams for the future
+after the war. Alan confided to me that
+‘after the war’ caused him fear—that he
+could not tell what destiny reserved for him,
+but that if the fates smiled on him it was
+toward the Orient that he would make. He
+loved the Orient—Constantinople, Cairo, Damascus,
+Beirut had a powerful fascination for
+him; their names would plunge him into profound
+reverie.</p>
+
+<p>“‘It is in the mysterious frame of the
+Orient,’ he used to say, ‘in its dazzling light,
+in its blue, blue nights, among the perfumes
+of incense and hashish, that I would live, love,
+and die.’</p>
+
+<p>“And then the talk would turn again on the
+war and he would say: ‘My only wish now
+is to make a bayonet charge. After that I
+shall see. Death may surprise me, but it
+shall not frighten me. It is my destiny.
+“<em>Mektoub</em>”’ (it is written). He was a
+real fatalist and drew courage and resignation
+from his fatalism.</p>
+
+<p>“During the night of June 30-July 1 we
+left Bayonviller to move nearer the firing-line.
+We went to Proyart as reserves.</p>
+
+<p>“At 8 o’clock on the morning of July 1
+there was roll-call for the day’s orders and
+we were told that the general offensive would
+begin at nine without us, as we were in
+reserve, and that we would be notified of the
+day and hour that we were to go into action.</p>
+
+<p>“When this report was finished we were
+ordered to shell fatigue, unloading 8-inch
+shells from automobile-trucks which brought
+them up to our position.</p>
+
+<p>“All was hustle and bustle. The Colonial
+regiments had carried the first German lines
+and thousands and thousands of prisoners kept
+arriving and leaving. Ambulances filed along
+the roads continuously. As news began to arrive
+we left our work to seek more details,
+everything we could learn seemed to augur
+well.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_144" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_144.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Private Charles Cameron</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 3rd Machine Gun Battalion, Company “B”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Decorated for extraordinary heroism in action near Soissons, France, July 19, 1918. When the
+infantry was held up by a trench occupied by Germans he voluntarily circled the trench and from
+the rear shot and killed one of the enemy and captured the others.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“About 4 p.m. we left Proyart for Fontaine-les-Capy
+and in the first line. Alan was
+beaming with joy and full of impatience for
+the order to join in the action. Everywhere
+delirious joy reigned at having driven the
+enemy back without loss for us. We believed
+that no further resistance would be met and
+that our shock attack would finish the Germans.
+After passing the night at Fontaine-les-Capy
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</span>we moved in the morning toward
+what had been the German first lines. I
+passed almost all the day with Alan. He was
+perfectly happy.</p>
+
+<p>“‘My dream is coming true,’ he said to me,
+‘and perhaps this evening or to-morrow we
+shall attack. I am more than satisfied, but
+it’s too bad about our July 4 leave. I can
+not hope to see Paris again now before the 6th
+or 7th, but if this leave is not granted me
+<em>“Mektoub! Mektoub”!’</em> he finished with a
+smile.</p>
+
+<p>“The field of battle was relatively calm, a
+few shells fell, fired by the enemy in retreat,
+and our troops were advancing on all sides.
+The Colonials had taken Assevillers and the
+next day we were to take their place in first
+line.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHEN THE HOUR CAME</h3>
+
+<p>“On July 3, about noon, we moved toward
+Assevillers to relieve the Colonials at nightfall.
+Alan and I visited Assevillers, picking
+up souvenirs, post-cards, letters, soldiers’ notebooks,
+and chattering all the time, when suddenly
+a voice called out, ‘The company will
+fall in to go to the first line.’</p>
+
+<p>“Before leaving one another we made each
+other the same promise as we had made before
+the Champagne battle (September 25,
+1915), that if one of us fell so severely
+wounded that there was no hope of escape
+the other would finish him off with a bullet
+in the heart, rather than let him await death
+in lingering torture. He showed me his revolver,
+saying, ‘I have more luck than you.
+If I can still use one arm I shall have no
+need of any one,’ and then we rejoined our
+different sections.”</p>
+
+<p>The order for attack came at 4 o’clock
+and the troops went forward, the flash and
+glitter of bayonets above the tall corn through
+which the men pressed making a curious spectacle
+against the going down of wave after
+wave of men under the terrific gun fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The losses were heavy and the enemy
+made a desperate resistance. The company
+of reserves was ordered to advance with the
+second wave of assault. ‘Forward!’ cried
+the captain, and the company deployed ‘in
+files of squadron,’ advancing slowly but surely
+under the enemy’s intense and murderous
+fire.</p>
+
+<p>“The first section (Alan’s section) formed
+the right and vanguard of the company, and
+mine formed the left wing. After the first
+bound forward, we lay flat on the ground, and
+I saw the first section advancing beyond us
+and making toward the extreme right of the
+village of Belloy-en-Santerre. I caught sight
+of Seeger and called to him, making a sign
+with my hand.</p>
+
+<p>“He answered with a smile. How pale he
+was! His tall silhouette stood out on the
+green of the corn-field. He was the tallest
+man in his section. His head erect and pride
+in his eye, I saw him running forward, with
+bayonet fixed. Soon he disappeared and that
+was the last time I saw my friend.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Forward!’ And we made a second
+bound, right to the wave of assault, which
+we left behind a little, and down we threw
+ourselves again. The fusillade became more
+and more intense, reaching a paroxysm. The
+mitrailleuses mow men down and the cannons
+thunder in desperation. Bodies are crushed
+and torn to fragments by the shells, and the
+wounded groan as they await death, for all
+hope of escaping alive from such a hell has
+fled.</p>
+
+<p>“The air is saturated with the smell of
+powder and blood, everywhere the din is
+deafening; men are torn with impatience at
+having to remain without moving under such
+a fire. We struggle even for breath and cries
+resound from every side. Suddenly a word
+of command, an order of deliverance, passes
+from mouth to mouth. ‘Forward! With
+bayonets!’—the command that Seeger had
+awaited so long.</p>
+
+<p>“In an irresistible sublime dash we hurl
+ourselves to the assault, offering our bodies
+as a target. It was at this moment that Alan
+Seeger fell heavily wounded in the stomach.
+His comrades saw him fall and crawl into
+the shelter of a shell-hole. Since that minute
+nobody saw him alive.</p>
+
+<p>“I will spare you an account of the rest
+of the battle. As soon as the enemy was
+driven back and Belloy-en-Santerre won I
+searched for news of Seeger. I was told of
+his wound and was glad of it, for I thought
+he had been carried away and henceforth
+would be far from the dangers of bullets
+and shells.</p>
+
+<p>“Thus ended this Fourth of July that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</span>
+Seeger had hoped to celebrate in Paris. On
+the next day we were relieved from the first
+lines and went into reserve lines. A fatigue
+party was left to identify the dead.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeger was found dead. His body was
+naked, his shirt and tunic being beside him
+and his rifle planted in the ground with the
+butt in the air. He had tied a handkerchief
+to the butt to attract the attention of the
+stretcher-bearers. He was lying on his side
+with his legs bent.</p>
+
+<p>“It was at night by the light of a pocket
+electric lamp that he was hastily recognized.
+Stretcher-bearers took the body and buried it
+next day in the one big grave made for the
+regiment, where lie 3 hundred bodies. This
+tomb is situated at the Hill 76 to the south of
+Belloy-en-Santerre.</p>
+
+<p>“As I think of the circumstances of his
+death I am convinced that after undressing to
+bandage himself he must have risen and been
+struck by a second bullet.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="STAYING_TO_THE_END">STAYING TO THE END</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How a Handful of Russian “Madmen” Held the Fort Until They Were
+Wiped Out</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Here</span> is a weird story of unavailing heroism
+on the part of a Russian officer and
+the remaining few of his company who held
+one of the forts in the siege of the Novogeorgievsk
+fortress. It is laconically told by
+the reporter but it needs no flourish:</p>
+
+<p>Several forts pass through the last hours
+of their life. All the fortifications are
+swept away; most of the guns are silent; the
+men are nowhere in sight. German infantry
+floods the plain. Columns of soldiers advance
+from the right and from the left. Their front
+seems impenetrable.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the forts, however, are still a few
+men. It is one limb of the stricken animal,
+with claws unsheathed, still throbbing with
+life. For these men there is a road of escape
+behind the fort, making their return to the
+fortress possible, but the “brave ones’ madness”
+asserts itself. The commanding officer
+gathers his men together and says:</p>
+
+<p>“Boys, it’s for you to say. If you speak
+the word, we’ll all go back, though I’m for
+staying here.... Remember if we stay, the
+chances are that not one of us will escape.
+Which shall it be?”</p>
+
+<p>“Of course, we’ll stay. What difference
+does it make? It’s just the same in the
+fortress.... We’ll stay and have our fun
+here.”</p>
+
+<p>They bared their heads, made the sign of
+the cross, and kissed each other like brothers.
+The officer informed the fortress, through
+underground telephone, of the decision of his
+men.</p>
+
+<p>“We stay here to the end. And maybe
+you’ll come and get us out.”</p>
+
+<p>A few moments later, the struggle between
+this handful of men and several German columns
+began. The Germans, encircling the
+silent fort, never expected to find amid its
+ruins a handful of “madmen.” The advancing
+columns were rolling on. Suddenly the
+ruins burst into life. Machine guns splashed
+their hail of lead, and a shell or two fell into
+the midst of the German columns.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans became furious. They rushed
+to the remains of the fort, and turned back,
+met by a living wall of lead and fire. The
+heavy German guns began their booming....
+Clouds of dust and broken stone surround
+the fort, which still speaks its language
+of fire. The officer reports the operations to
+the fortress through the telephone:</p>
+
+<p>“We are surrounded. Firing incessantly.
+They’re falling fast. They’ve turned back.
+They are hammering our covers with heavy
+guns. The Germans are beginning their attack.
+Firing, firing, firing. We’re mowing
+them down. How are things with you? We
+are waiting for you....”</p>
+
+<p>A half-hour later, the officer reports again:
+“They’re hammering hard. The arches seem
+to hold out. Attacking us again. We’ve<span class="pagenum" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</span>
+lots of ammunition. We are waiting for
+you....”</p>
+
+<p>Another hour goes by. “Everything around
+is strewn with bodies of Germans. They are
+all mad. Throw themselves on us like starved
+rats, and we shoot. Every shot tells.”</p>
+
+<p>A little later, the voice speaks excitedly:
+“The Germans are flooding everything.
+We’ve no time to fire.... We cut down
+ten, and twenty take their places.... We
+mow down the twenty, and forty others
+are there already.... The Germans are in
+the fort. We are still firing at those in the
+field.... They’re trying to break through
+the roof.... Can’t hear anything.... The
+Germans are piling rocks against our gun-openings....
+We are still firing.... Fire....”</p>
+
+<p>The voice stopped short. The Germans were
+in full possession of the fort.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WITHOUT_THE_GLAMOUR">WITHOUT THE GLAMOUR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Lieutenant of the Royal Irish Fusiliers That Stormed Ginchy Paints
+War’s Horrors in Vivid Language</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> is well, once in a while, to take a square
+look at the grim, the ghastly, the repellent
+aspects of war, the reality stripped of
+the glamour, and realize that heroism is not
+always manifest in valiant deeds, but is often
+expressed in endurance, in patient suffering,
+in the play or poise of the inner forces in terrible
+circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>The experiences at the storming of Ginchy
+through which Lieut. Arthur C. Young of
+the Seventh Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers,
+passed and which he embodied in a letter to
+a relative some days afterward, were not perhaps
+exceptional,—but his description of them
+is. It is very doubtful if a more literal, faithful
+yet graphically vivid picture of war in its
+actuality has come from the battle front. In
+simple direct language we get the horror, the
+awfulness of it—but we also get reflectively
+the quality of manhood that produces heroes.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Young was, at the outbreak of the
+war, a resident of Kobe, Japan, and he
+promptly volunteered, returned to England
+and joined the Fusiliers. He had had his
+share of fighting, knew right well what it
+meant to go over the top, before the day at
+Ginchy which was the subject of his letter.</p>
+
+<p>The storming of Ginchy described by Lieut.
+Young occurred Sept. 9, 1916. He says:</p>
+
+<p>“It had been taken once or twice before, I
+believe (some say four times), but even out
+here it is so difficult to get authentic news
+about things which are happening quite close
+to us that you will have to make allowances
+for my possible inaccuracies. Each time,
+however, it was recaptured by the Germans,
+for to them it was a most important stronghold,
+particularly from their artillery’s point
+of view. A gunner officer told me why this
+was. You must remember that artillery fire
+is not very effective unless there is good observation,
+for atmospheric conditions affect
+shooting considerably. Now, the best sort
+of observation is that obtained from high
+ground in a forward position—it is better
+even than airplane or balloon observation, so
+I am told. Well, Ginchy was the last bit
+of high ground which the Germans held, and
+now that they have lost it, they are dependent
+on their less certain aerial observations, or,
+failing that, they must shoot by the map,
+which is no better than guesswork. Hence the
+vital importance to the Germans of Ginchy.</p>
+
+<p>“On the night previous to the taking of
+Ginchy, my battalion had to take up a position
+on the further slope of the valley. We were
+some distance in rear at the time where the
+shells did not fall so plentifully. We had
+had nearly a week of it already, and a more
+horrible five days I have never passed in my
+life. We had been over the top from Falfemont
+Farm on the Tuesday, and had been
+thanked for our services in a special divisional
+order, but the price we had to pay for that feat
+was a big one, as the casualty list printed by
+this time only too well shows.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_148" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_148.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Treeing a Linesman Behind the Western Front</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</span></p>
+
+<p>“I was sent out to find a habitable trench
+for my company. We moved in there at dusk.
+We faced half-right, as it were, looking up
+the slope toward Ginchy. It was like being
+near the foot of Parliament Hill, with the
+village on top. Our right flank was down
+near the bottom of the valley; our left extended
+up to the higher ground toward the
+ruins of Waterlot Farm. The trench was
+very shallow in places, where it had been
+knocked in by shell-fire. I had chosen it as
+the only one suitable in the neighborhood, but
+it was a horrible place. British dead were lying
+about everywhere. Our men had to give
+up digging in some places, because they came
+down to bodies which were buried there when
+the parapet blew in. The smell turned us
+sick. At last in desperation I went out to
+look for another trench, for I felt sure the
+Germans must have the range of the trench
+we were in, and that they would give us hell
+when dawn broke. To my joy I found that
+a very deep trench some distance back had
+just been vacated by another regiment, so we
+went in there.</p>
+
+<p>“The night was bitterly cold. I have felt
+hunger and thirst and fatigue out here to a
+degree I have never experienced them before,
+but those torments I can endure far better
+than I thought I could. But the cold—my
+word! It is dreadful. I suppose life in the
+Far East does not harden one’s constitution
+against that torture. Many a night have I
+slept out in the open, in narrow, wet trenches,
+with the rain pouring down, and almost
+groaned with the agony of cold. If two can
+huddle together, you can get some warmth,
+but the trenches are frequently too narrow for
+that. I think I feel the cold more than any
+one.</p>
+
+<p>“However, dawn broke at last. It was
+very misty. All night we had been trying to
+get into touch with the unit on our left, but
+without success. So the Captain sent me out
+with an orderly to see whether I could manage
+it. We two stumbled along, but the mist
+was so dense we could see nothing. We came
+to one trench after another, but not a living
+thing could we see—nothing but dead, British
+and German, some of them mangled beyond
+recognition. Bombs and rifles and equipment
+were lying all over the place, with here and
+there a great-coat, khaki or gray according to
+the nationality of their one-time owners, but
+of living beings we could see no sign whatsoever.
+There was a horrible stench in places
+which nearly turned our stomachs.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DANGEROUS RECONNAISSANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“To make matters more wretched, we could
+not make sure of our direction, and were
+afraid of running into a German patrol, or
+even a German trench, for such accidents are
+by no means uncommon in this region. However,
+we managed to find our way back and
+report that up to such and such a point on
+the map (approximately) there was no one on
+our left. The Captain was not content with
+this, so I went out again, this time with another
+officer. Having a compass on this second
+occasion, I felt far more self-confidence, and
+to our mutual satisfaction we discovered that
+the unit on our left was the right flank of an
+English division. Captain —— was very
+bucked when we brought back this information.
+As the mist continued for some time
+afterward, we were able to light fires and
+make breakfast.</p>
+
+<p>“Now, I have forgotten to tell you that
+we were in reserve. The front line was some
+five or six hundred yards higher up the slope
+nearer Ginchy. We knew that a big attack
+was coming off that day, but did not think
+we should be called upon to take part. Accordingly,
+we settled down for the day, and
+most of the men slept. I felt quite at home,
+as I sat in the bottom of the deep trench,
+reading the papers I had received the previous
+day from England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“OVER THE TOP”</h3>
+
+<p>“It was about 4 o’clock in the afternoon
+when we first learned that we should have to
+take part in the attack on Ginchy. Now,
+you probably expect me to say at this point
+in my narrative that my heart leaped with joy
+at the news and that the men gave three rousing
+cheers, for that’s the sort of thing you
+read in the papers. Well, I had been over the
+top once already that week, and knew what
+it was to see men dropping dead all around
+me, to see men blown to bits, to see men
+writhing in pain, to see men running round<span class="pagenum" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</span>
+and round, gibbering, raving mad. Can you
+wonder, therefore, that I felt a sort of sickening
+dread of the horrors which I knew we
+should all have to go through? How the
+others felt I don’t exactly know, but I don’t
+think I am far wrong when I say that their
+emotions were not far different from mine.</p>
+
+<p>“You read no end of twaddle in the papers
+at home about the spirit in which men go into
+action. You might almost think they reveled
+in the horror and the agony of it all. I saw
+one account of the battle of Ginchy in which
+the correspondent spoke of the men of a certain
+regiment in reserve as ‘almost crying
+with rage’ because they couldn’t take part in
+the show. All I can say is that I should like
+to see such superhuman beings. It is rubbish
+like this which makes thousands of people in
+England think that war is great sport. As a
+famous Yankee General said, ‘War is hell,’
+and you have only got to be in the Somme
+one single day to know it. The man who
+says he loves being in a charge is a liar, and an
+adjective liar at that.</p>
+
+<p>“But to get on with the story. We were
+ordered to move up into the front line to reinforce
+the Royal Irish Rifles. None of us
+knew for a certainty whether we were going
+over the top or not, but everything seemed to
+point that way. Guides were sent down by
+the Rifles to lead us up. We wended our way
+up slowly, keeping as much as possible to the
+trenches, which were so shallow that the deepest
+part of them did not conceal more than
+our waists, but they were something to duck
+into if we heard a shell coming. The bombardment
+was now intense. Our shells bursting
+in the village of Ginchy made it belch
+forth smoke like a volcano. The German
+shells were bursting on the slope in front of
+us. The noise was deafening. I turned to
+my servant O’Brien, who has always been
+a cheery, optimistic soul, and said, ‘Well,
+O’Brien, how do you think we’ll fare?’ and
+his answer was for once not encouraging.
+‘We’ll never come out alive, Sir!’ was his
+reply. Happily, we both came out alive, but
+I never thought we should at the time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A CHARGE BY THE IRISH</h3>
+
+<p>“It was at this moment, just as we were
+debouching on to the scragged front line of
+trench, that we beheld a scene which stirred
+and thrilled us to the bottommost depths of
+our souls. The great charge of the Irish division
+had begun, and we had come up in the
+nick of time. Mere words must fail to convey
+anything like a true picture of the scene, but
+it is burned into the memory of all those who
+were there and saw it. Let me employ the
+simile of Parliament Hill. You are more than
+half way up it now. The flat top, where the
+village lies a heap of ruins, surrounded by a
+fence of shattered trees, is about 400 yards
+away. Between the outer fringe of Ginchy
+and the front line of our own trenches is No
+Man’s Land—a wilderness of pits, so close together
+that you could ride astraddle the partitions
+between any two of them. As you
+look half-right, obliquely along No Man’s
+Land, you behold a great host of yellow-coated
+men rise out of the earth and surge forward
+and upward in a torrent—not in extended
+order, as you might expect, but in one mass—I
+almost said a compact mass. The only
+way I can describe the scene is to ask you
+to picture five or six columns of men marching
+up hill in fours, with about a hundred yards
+between each column. Now, conceive those
+columns being gradually disorganized, some
+men going off to the right and others to the
+left to avoid shell holes. There seems to be
+no end to them. Just when you think the
+flood is subsiding, another wave comes surging
+up the beach toward Ginchy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_151" style="max-width: 46.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_151.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant-Colonel George L. Watson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Wounded three times and mentioned in orders five times, he was awarded many decorations,
+French, English, Belgium, Portuguese and American. He carried out the first American gas-projector
+attack.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We joined in on the left. There was no
+time for us any more than the others to get
+into extended order. We formed another
+stream converging on the others at the summit.
+By this time we were all wildly excited.
+Our shouts and yells alone must have struck
+terror into the Germans, who were firing
+their machine guns down the slope. But there
+was no wavering in the Irish host. We
+couldn’t run. We advanced at a steady walking
+pace, stumbling here and there, but going
+ever onward and upward. That numbing
+dread had now left me completely. Like the
+others, I was intoxicated with the glory of
+it all. I can remember shouting and bawling
+to the men of my platoon, who were only too
+eager to go on. The German barrage had
+now been opened in earnest, and shells were
+falling here, there, and everywhere in No
+Man’s Land. They were mostly dropping on
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</span>our right, but they were coming nearer and
+nearer, as if a screen were being drawn across
+our front. I knew that it was a case of ‘now
+or never’ and stumbled on feverishly. We
+managed to get through the barrage in the
+nick of time, for it closed behind us, and after
+that we had no shells to fear in front of us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE MENTAL SIDE OF FIGHTING</h3>
+
+<p>“I mention, merely as an interesting fact
+in psychology, how in a crisis of this sort one’s
+mental faculties are sharpened. Instinct told
+us when the shells were coming gradually
+closer to crouch down in the holes until they
+had passed. Acquired knowledge, on the other
+hand—the knowledge instilled into one by lectures
+and books (of which I have only read
+one, namely, Haking’s ‘Company Training’)—told
+us that it was safer in the long run
+to push ahead before the enemy got the range,
+and it was acquired knowledge that won.
+And here’s another observation I should like
+to make by the way: I remember reading
+somewhere, I think it was in a book by Winston
+Churchill, that of the battle of Omdurman
+the writer could recollect nothing in the
+way of noise; he had an acute visual recollection
+of all that went on about him, but his
+aural recollection was nil; he could only recall
+the scene as if it were a cinematograph
+picture. Curiously, this was my own experience
+at Ginchy. The din must have been
+deafening (I learned afterward that it could
+be heard miles away), yet I have only a confused
+remembrance of it. Shells, which at
+any other time would have scared me out of
+my wits, I never so much as heard—not even
+when they were bursting quite close to me.
+One landed in the midst of a bunch of men
+about seventy yards away on my right; I
+have a most vivid recollection of seeing a tremendous
+burst of clay and earth go shooting
+up into the air—yes, and even parts of human
+bodies—and that when the smoke cleared
+away there was nothing left. I shall never
+forget that horrifying spectacle as long as I
+live, but I shall remember it as a sight only,
+for I can associate no sound with it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“IT WAS HELL LET LOOSE”</h3>
+
+<p>“How long we were in crossing No Man’s
+Land I don’t know. It could not have been
+more than five minutes, yet it seemed much
+longer. We were now well up to the Boche.
+We had to clamber over all manner of obstacles—fallen
+trees, beams, great mounds of
+brick and rubble—in fact, over the ruins of
+Ginchy. It seems like a nightmare to me now.
+I remember seeing comrades falling round me.
+My sense of hearing returned, for I became
+conscious of a new sound, namely, the pop,
+pop, pop of machine guns and the continuous
+crackling of rifle fire. I remember men lying
+in shell holes holding out their arms and beseeching
+water. I remember men crawling
+about and coughing up blood, as they searched
+round for some place in which they could
+shelter until help could reach them. By this
+time all units were mixed up. But they
+were all Irishmen. They were cheering and
+cheering and cheering like mad. It was hell
+let loose. There was a machine gun playing
+on us near by, and we all made for it.</p>
+
+<p>“At this moment we caught our first sight
+of the Germans. They were in a trench of
+sorts, which ran in and out among the ruins.
+Some of them had their hands up. Others
+were kneeling and holding their arms out to
+us. Still others were running up and down
+the trench distractedly as if they didn’t know
+which way to go, but as we got close they
+went down on their knees, too. To the everlasting
+good name of the Irish soldiery, not one
+of these Germans, some of whom had been
+engaged in slaughtering our men up to the
+very last moment, was killed. I did not see a
+single instance of a prisoner being shot or bayoneted.
+When you remember that our men
+were now worked up to a frenzy of excitement,
+this crowning act of mercy to their foes
+is surely to their eternal credit. They could
+feel pity even in their rage.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ONLY TWO OFFICERS LEFT</h3>
+
+<p>“By this time we had penetrated the German
+front line, and were on the flat ground
+where the village once stood, surrounded by
+a wood of fairly high trees. There was no
+holding the men back. They rushed through
+Ginchy, driving the Germans before them.
+The German dead were lying everywhere,
+some of them having been frightfully mangled
+by our shell-fire. As I was clambering out of
+the front trench, I felt a sudden stab in my
+right thigh. I thought I had got a ‘blighty’
+[a wound serious enough to send him back to
+Britain], but found it was only a graze from
+a bullet, and so went on.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_152fp" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_152fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Douglass Campbell</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>Pilot, Air Service</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On May 19, 1918, Captain Campbell shot down an enemy biplane east of Flirey. On May
+27th, at Montsec, he shot down one German machine and drove two others behind their
+lines. On May 28th he brought down a German Albatros and drove five others back. On
+May 31st, over Lironville, he shot down an enemy plane and routed another. On June 5th,
+though shot through the back, he destroyed another German machine over Eply.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I managed to find my men without difficulty.
+They had rushed through the ruins of
+the village and were almost a hundred yards
+beyond the wood, where the ground dips down
+slightly into a shallow valley and mounts up
+gradually to a ridge about half a mile away.
+We were facing south here, having Delville
+Wood away to our left and Leuze Wood on
+our right. —— and I were the only two
+officers left in the company, so it was up to
+us to take charge. There were not more than
+half a dozen officers in this part of the line,
+and so we had a great deal of work to do. We
+could see the Germans hopping over the distant
+ridge like rabbits, and we had some difficulty
+in preventing our men from chasing
+them, for we had orders not to go too far.</p>
+
+<p>“We got them—Irish Fusiliers, Inniskillings,
+and Dublins—to dig in by linking up
+the shell craters, and though the men were
+tired (some wanted to smoke and others to
+make tea), they worked with a will, and before
+long we had got a pretty decent trench
+outlined.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SCENES AMONG PRISONERS</h3>
+
+<p>“While we were at work a number of Germans
+who had stopped behind, and were hiding
+in shell holes, commenced a bombing attack
+on our right. But they did not keep it
+up long, for they hoisted a white flag (a
+handkerchief tied to a rifle), as a sign of surrender.
+I should think we must have made
+about twenty prisoners. They were very
+frightened. Some of them bunked into a
+sunken road or cutting which ran straight out
+from the wood in a southerly direction, and
+huddled together, with hands upraised. They
+began to empty their pockets and hand out
+souvenirs—watches, compasses, cigars, pen-knives—to
+their captors, and even wanted to
+shake hands with us! There was no other
+officer about at the moment, so I had to find
+an escort to take the prisoners down. Among
+the prisoners was a tall, distinguished-looking
+man, and I asked him in my broken German
+whether he was an officer. ‘Ja! mein Herr!’
+was the answer I got. ‘Sprechen sie English?’
+‘Jah!’ ‘Good,’ I said, thankful that I didn’t
+have to rack my brains for any more German
+words; ‘please tell your men that no harm
+will come to them if they follow you quietly.’
+He turned round and addressed his men, who
+seemed to be very grateful that we were not
+going to kill them! I must say the officer
+behaved with real soldierly dignity, and, not
+to be outdone in politeness, I treated him with
+the same respect that he showed me. I gave
+him an escort for himself and told off three or
+four men for the remainder. I could not but
+rather admire his bearing, for he did not show
+anything like the terror that his men did.</p>
+
+<p>“I heard afterward that when Captain
+——’s company rushed a trench more to our
+right, round the corner of the wood, a German
+officer surrendered in great style. He
+stood to attention, gave a clinking salute, and
+said in perfect English, ‘Sir, myself, this other
+officer and ten men are your prisoners.’ Captain
+—— said, ‘Right you are, old chap!’
+and they shook hands, the prisoners being led
+away immediately. So you see there are certain
+amenities which are observed even on the
+bloodiest of battlefields. I believe our prisoners
+were all Bavarians, who are better mannered
+from all accounts than the Prussians.
+They could thank their stars they had Irish
+chivalry to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>“There were a great many German dead
+and wounded in the sunken road. One of
+them was an officer. He was lying at the
+entrance to a dugout. He was waving his
+arms about. I went over and spoke to him.
+He could talk a little English. All he could
+say was, ‘Comrade, I die, I die.’ I asked him
+where he was hit and he said in the stomach.
+It was impossible to move him, for our stretcher
+bearers had not yet come up, so I got my
+servant to look for an overcoat to throw over
+him, as he was suffering terribly from the cold.
+Whether or not he survived the night I do
+not know.</p>
+
+<p>“Our line was now extended across the
+sunken road and beyond the corner of the
+wood to our right. Darkness was coming on.
+Airplanes were hovering overhead, and shortly
+afterward our shells began to form a barrage
+in front. The Germans had evidently rallied,
+for we could see a long line of them coming
+up on our right, evidently from the direction
+of Leuze Wood. Our machine guns opened
+fire. The counter-attack was hung up, but the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</span>
+Germans must have dug themselves in for the
+night, for in the morning they gave us a good
+deal of trouble.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_154" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_154.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo by Fairchild, New York.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant George H. Pendleton</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">With two other officers and twenty men he was sent by the Belgian command to get information
+about the enemy. In a fight with a German patrol he was wounded, but returned to
+headquarters with the desired information. He is a great-grandson of Francis Scott Key.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>After the counter-attack had subsided, I was
+ordered to take my men and join up with the
+rest of the battalion on our right. There we
+spent the night in a trench. We must have
+been facing south. It was a miserable night
+we passed, for we were all very cold and
+thirsty. We had to keep digging. When
+morning broke it was very misty. We expected
+to be relieved at two in the morning,
+but the relief did not come till noon. Never
+shall I forget those hours of suspense. We
+were all hungry. The only food we could
+get was German black bread, which we picked
+up all over the place; also German tinned
+sausages and bully-beef. We had to lift up
+some of the dead to get at these things. Some
+of them had water bottles full of cold coffee,
+which we drank.</p>
+
+<p>“We all craved a smoke. Fortunately, the
+German haversacks were pretty well stocked
+with cigarettes and cigars. I got a handful
+of cigars off a dead German, and smoked
+them all morning. Also a tin of cigarettes.
+His chocolates also came in handy. Poor
+devil, he must have been a cheery soul when
+living, for he had a photograph of himself in
+his pocket, in a group with his wife and two
+children, and the picture made him look a
+jolly old sport. And here he was dead, with
+both legs missing! The trench (between ours
+and the wood) was stacked with dead. It
+was full of débris—bombs, shovels, and what
+not—and torn books, magazines, and newspapers.
+I came across a copy of Schiller’s
+‘Wallenstein.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>FORGETTING ENMITY</h3>
+
+<p>“Hearing moans as I went along the trench,
+I looked into a shelter or hole dug in the
+side and found a young German. He could
+not move, as his legs were broken. He begged
+me to get him some water, so I hunted round
+and found a flask of cold coffee, which I held
+to his lips. He kept saying ‘Danke, Kamerad,
+danke, danke.’ However much you may
+hate the Germans when you are fighting them,
+you can only feel pity for them when you see
+them lying helpless and wounded on the
+ground. I saw this man afterward on his
+way to the dressing station. About ten yards
+further on was another German, minus a leg.
+He, too, craved water, but I could get him
+none, though I looked everywhere. Our men
+were very good to the German wounded. In
+fact, kindness and compassion for the wounded,
+our own and the enemy’s, is about the only<span class="pagenum" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</span>
+decent thing I have seen in war. It is not at
+all uncommon to see a British and German
+soldier side by side in the same shell hole
+nursing each other as best they can and placidly
+smoking cigarettes. A poor wounded German
+who hobbled into our trench in the morning,
+his face badly mutilated by a bullet—he
+whimpered and moaned as piteously as a child—was
+bound up by one of our officers, who
+took off his coat and set to work in earnest.
+Another German, whose legs were hit, was
+carried in by our men and put into a shell
+hole for safety, where he lay awaiting the
+stretcher bearers when we left. It is with a
+sense of pride that I can write this of our
+soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a counter-attack on our left in
+the morning, and for a few minutes the machine
+guns were very active, but the Germans
+were beaten off. At last we were relieved,
+and made our way back, behind Guillemont,
+to be taken out of the line. We spent one
+night in a camp and next day came on here.
+I am writing this in a picturesque French village.
+You can see green fields and trees and
+stacks of corn and cattle when you look
+through the window. Here, at all events,
+‘grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled
+front’. I am not alone in hoping that
+we shall not have to go back to that hellish
+place.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, now, that’s the story of the great
+Irish charge at Ginchy, so far as I can tell it.
+I suppose by this time the great event has been
+forgotten by the English public. But it will
+never be forgotten by those who took part
+in it, for it is an event we shall remember
+with pride to the end of our days.</p>
+
+<p>“Need I tell you how proud we officers
+and men are of the Royal Irish Fusiliers who
+played as big a part as any in the storming
+of that stronghold, and who went into action
+shouting their old battle cry of ‘Faugh-a-Ballagh’—‘Clear
+the way!’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The estimated total war bill of the United States is 30 billions, which is equal to
+approximately $330 apiece for every man, woman and child in this country. The sum
+includes the 10 billions loaned to the Allies, and is estimated on the appropriations made
+by the first and second sessions of the 65th Congress, including the appropriations that
+were authorized, but were not expected to be expended before the fiscal year 1919.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BIG_ADAMS_HARE_SOUP">BIG ADAM’S HARE SOUP</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How the Scotch Snipers Fortified Themselves Against a German
+Attack at Dawn</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">What</span> may be described as a domestic
+scene in a dugout was presented with
+a flavor of humor by a correspondent in the
+mid-year of 1917. It was at a strategic point
+just behind the British first line trench.
+Though the men were ignorant of the reasons
+for a recent move, the fact was that
+officers were preparing to meet a German attack.
+The occupants of the dugout were
+snipers of Scotch nativity and not over fond
+of “blatherin’.” Unlike the usual failings and
+infirmities of the dugout, flooded or swampy,
+this was dry and comfortable. There were
+shelves on which their rifles were stacked,
+along with telescope sights and other instruments
+important to snipers, who are invariably
+the crack shots of the riflemen. There
+were pegs—bayonets thrust in between the
+sandbags—for the equipment of the men.
+Conveniences and advantages not a few; and
+room for comfortable grouping.</p>
+
+<p>We are introduced to the scene as preparations
+for a substantial meal are under way.
+Though the battalion had been hurried up
+from a village behind the lines where it had
+enjoyed a month’s rest, the rations had arrived,
+and moreover the careful purveyors of
+the sniper squad had brought along two plump
+hares shot the day before, and these were being
+devotionally fitted to the service of the
+inner man on the principal brazier. Another
+brazier was assigned to the less honorable
+office of heating water for tea. A few tallow
+dips feebly lighted the place and gave curious,
+half-substantial aspects to the men under the
+wavering canopy of smoke from pipes and
+cigarettes.</p>
+
+<p>A huge Scot is hanging solicitously over the
+cooking hares, wholly absorbed in the delightful
+occupation. He gives no heed to the men
+surrounding him in critical inspection of his
+performance, eagerly expectant of the result.
+These critical watchers are exceedingly careful,
+however, to make no comment to reflect
+upon the culinary skill of the man sedulously
+stirring the savory contents of the “dixie”
+over the brazier. The group reminded the
+correspondent of the gnomes Rip Van Winkle
+found in the Catskill mountains; solemn they
+were, grave with a sense of their responsibility.
+The Scots are not over given to gaiety, however
+sensitive to humor of their own conceiving.</p>
+
+<p>Gravest of all the assembly are those seated
+nearest the brazier, where the hare soup is
+stewing, and it is not difficult to infer that
+they are the veterans, the supersnipers, of the
+section. Their age, the manner in which the
+younger snipers defer to them and give them
+place, the cool confidence of their every look
+and movement, all mark them out as leaders
+among men.</p>
+
+<p>A notable group it was. Says the correspondent:</p>
+
+<p>“Each a man of distinct personality, yet
+collectively the deadliest unit on the whole
+battle-line; each of a name known outside the
+division and of a skill which has brought the
+section success in the trenches and credit on
+the test rifle-ranges behind the lines. Yet no
+trace of arrogance shows itself in their demeanor,
+and the careless observer might possibly
+have only caught a hint of the great reserve
+strength embodied in each of them. And
+all sit gravely and watch big Adam, who
+wields the spoon, stir the soup.”</p>
+
+<p>Suddenly there is a diversion from the other
+end of the dugout. Here two or three younger
+men have been sitting, and their conversation,
+gradually rising in key, has been slowly breaking
+in as a disturbing factor to the solemnity
+of their elders round the brazier. The noise
+now reaches a climax and an indignant voice
+exclaims:</p>
+
+<p>“Ye’re just a blether, Jimmy Duffus; just
+a big, bletherin’ eediot.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_157" style="max-width: 53.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_157.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Scots in the Village of Loos</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A Highlander Is Rescuing a Little French Girl from a Danger Alley.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“But I tell ye, Wullie, I heard the officer
+sayin’ so,” says Jimmy aggrievedly.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, even tho ye did,” rejoins Willie,
+“what richt hae ye to be turnin’ ower what
+the officer says in public?”</p>
+
+<p>“He didna tell me to keep it quate, Wullie
+Black.”</p>
+
+<p>“He didna tell ye onything at a’. It was
+jist thae big lugs o’ yours happened by at the
+time. And noo, like the big mooth ye are, ye
+goun clyping it a’ ower the place.”</p>
+
+<p>Jimmy rose threateningly, and Willie was
+not a whit behind him. Both were prepared
+for an immediate settlement. Another second<span class="pagenum" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</span>
+and they would have come to blows, but the
+sergeant intervened.</p>
+
+<p>“Come ower here, baith o’ ye,” he said
+sternly, and the two slunk up to him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was Duffus here, sairgeant, was sayin’
+that the officer was sayin’ that the Germans
+wud attack——”</p>
+
+<p>“Be quate, Black,” broke in the sergeant.
+“Ye’re but a poor, ignorant boy, Wullie,” he
+continued, speaking with great deliberation,
+“only good to hold the horse by the head. Go
+and clean that rifle or I’ll tak it from ye
+a’thegither.”</p>
+
+<p>Completely subdued by so dire a threat,
+Willie went off to this task with alacrity.
+Not only did he love his rifle, but he feared
+his sergeant’s eloquence. “And as for you,
+Duffus,” said the latter, turning to the other
+culprit, “if you do not keep your mooth shut
+aboot what your betters say, ye’ll be oot o’
+the section the morn’s mornin’. Jist mind in
+future that onything the officer wants the section
+to know, I’ll tell ye.”</p>
+
+<p>Jimmy subsided discreetly, abashed but not
+extinguished, and still bursting to blab. The
+sergeant adjusted himself to some bags of
+charcoal and dozed off. When the muffled
+sounds of impending snores assured Jimmy
+that the sergeant was asleep, he leaned eagerly
+forward and in a momentous whisper heard
+by the others discharged his high-tensioned information:</p>
+
+<p>“The officer said the Germans will attack at
+dawn!”</p>
+
+<p>Big Adam leaned forward and roused the
+sergeant. The younger man looked up inquiringly,
+expecting some authoritative statement
+on the subject. But as the sergeant
+lifted his head attentively, Big Adam, taking
+appreciative sips from the spoon, said only:</p>
+
+<p>“This is grand hare soup! Will ye tak’ a
+sup, Andra?”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_BLUE_GRASS_CANADIAN">A “BLUE GRASS” CANADIAN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Sergeant McClintock Was Brave Enough to Confess War Has Its Scare</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">While</span> the war was at its worst one
+of our boys, a Lieutenant, who had
+done trench service from “support” to going
+“over the top,” was, after serious wounds,
+invalided home as a training officer. He wore
+a medal on his breast that attested his bravery,
+but in a little talk at a club dinner he said,
+“If you hear any fellow say he was not
+scared when going ‘over the top’ or when
+scuttling around under shell and gun fire, you
+may safely set him down as a darned liar or
+as a mental defective. We do get scared a
+plenty—but we keep on fighting. It is true
+a man may forget his scare in the excitement
+of action, and generally does; but he has
+moments when the red goes out of his face.”</p>
+
+<p>Some of the coolest, bravest men taking
+part in desperate engagements have made similar
+statements. The thing in war is not a
+question of “to be scared or not to be scared,”
+but of unfailing obedience to orders in spite
+of colorless cheeks and tremblings of the flesh.
+That is an impression one gets from such
+accounts of war as that of Sergeant Alexander
+McClintock, a Kentucky boy, who felt the
+lure so keenly that in October, 1915, he hurried
+over to Canada and as soon thereafter
+as formalities permitted he joined the Canadian
+Grenadier Guards. In due course the
+Guards were sent across and were dropped
+into the front trenches in Belgium. From that
+time onward until he was invalided home
+wearing a Distinguished Conduct Medal for
+conspicuous bravery young McClintock had
+adventures not a few, enough and varied to
+make fascinating the book he wrote, <cite>Best o’
+Luck</cite>, which the George Doran Company published
+early in 1918. The Sergeant tells his
+story capitally, whether recounting experiences
+with those formidable and ghoulish beasts, the
+trench rats, or encounters with the not altogether
+admirable trench Hun. For a long
+time the life in the trenches was dull monotony,
+about the only relief in the way of amusement
+being found in shooting rats as they
+scurried along the parapet. He says:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>A COMFORTING STAFF OFFICER</h3>
+
+<p>“At last came the night when we were to
+go ‘over the top,’ across No Man’s Land,
+and have a frolic with Fritz in his own bailiwick.
+I am endeavoring to be as accurate
+and truthful as possible in these stories of my
+soldiering, and I am therefore compelled to say
+that there wasn’t a man in the sixty who didn’t
+show the strain in his pallor and nervousness.
+Under orders, we discarded our trench-helmets
+and substituted knitted skull-caps or
+mess tin covers. Then we blackened our
+hands and faces with ashes from a camp-fire.
+After this they loaded us into motor-trucks
+and took us up to ‘Shrapnel Corner,’ from
+which point we went in on foot. Just before
+we left, a staff officer came along and gave
+us a little talk.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_159" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_159.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo, by Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Benjamin E. Turner (Right) and His Brother,
+Private Robert I. Turner</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A man in American uniform appeared among the United States troops in the Vesle sector,
+shouted that resistance was useless, and that American officers had advised everybody to surrender;
+but Lieut. Turner ordered his men to stand fast. The alarmist was later identified as
+a German spy.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘This is the first time you men have been
+tested,’ he said. ‘You’re Canadians. I needn’t
+say anything more to you. They’re going to
+be popping them off at a great rate while
+you’re on your way across. Remember that
+you’d better not stand up straight, because
+our shells will be going over just six and a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</span>half feet from the ground—where it’s level.
+If you stand up straight you’re likely to be
+hit in the head, but don’t let that worry you,
+because if you do get hit in the head you
+won’t know it. So why in hell worry about
+it?’ That was his farewell. He jumped on
+his horse and rode off.</p>
+
+<p>“The point we were to attack had been
+selected long before by our scouts. It was
+not, as you might suppose, the weakest point
+in the German line. It was, on the contrary,
+the strongest. It was considered that the
+moral effect of cleaning up a weak point would
+be comparatively small, whereas to break in at
+the strongest point would be something really
+worth while. And, if we were to take chances,
+it really wouldn’t pay to hesitate about degrees.
+The section we were to raid had a
+frontage of 150 yards and a depth of 200
+yards. It had been explained to us that we
+were to be supported by a ‘box barrage,’ or
+curtain fire from our artillery, to last exactly
+twenty-six minutes. That is, for twenty-six
+minutes from the time when we started ‘over
+the top,’ our artillery, several miles back,
+would drop a ‘curtain’ of shells all around the
+edges of that 150-yard by 200-yard section.
+We were to have fifteen minutes in which to
+do our work. Any man not out at the end
+of the fifteen minutes would necessarily be
+caught in our own fire, as our artillery would
+then change from a ‘box’ to pour a straight
+curtain fire, covering all of the spot of our
+operations.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE AGONY OF WAITING</h3>
+
+<p>“Our officers set their watches very carefully
+with those of the artillery officers before
+we went forward to the front trenches. We
+reached the front at 11 p. m., and not until
+our arrival there were we informed of the
+‘zero hour’—the time when the attack was
+to be made. The hour of 12:10 had been
+selected. The waiting from eleven o’clock
+until that time was simply an agony. Some
+of our men sat stupid and inert. Others
+kept talking constantly about the most inconsequential
+matters. One man undertook to
+tell a funny story. No one listened to it, and
+the laugh at the end was emaciated and
+ghastly. The inaction was driving us all into
+a state of funk. I could actually feel my
+nerve oozing out at my fingertips, and if we
+had had to wait fifteen minutes longer I
+shouldn’t have been able to climb out of the
+trench.”</p>
+
+<p>Finally the moment for the attack arrived.</p>
+
+<p>“We sneaked out, single file, making our
+way from shell-hole to shell-hole, nearly all
+the time on all-fours, crawling quickly over
+the flat places between the holes. The Germans
+had not sighted us, but they were squirting
+machine-gun bullets all over the place
+like a man watering a lawn with a garden-hose,
+and they were bound to get some of us.
+Behind me I heard cries of pain and groans,
+but this made little impression on my benumbed
+intelligence. From the mere fact that
+whatever had happened had happened to one
+of the other sections of ten and not to my
+own, it seemed, some way or other, no affair
+to concern me. Then a man in front of me
+doubled up suddenly and rolled into a shell-hole.
+That simply made me remember very
+clearly that I was not to stop on account of
+it. It was some one else’s business to pick
+that man up. Next, according to the queer
+psychology of battle, I began to lose my sensation
+of fear and nervousness. After I saw
+a second man go down, I gave my attention
+principally to a consideration of the irregularities
+of the German parapet ahead of us,
+picking out the spot where we were to enter
+the trench. It seems silly to say it, but I
+seemed to get some sort of satisfaction out
+of the realization that we had lost the percentage
+which we might be expected to lose
+going over. Now, it seemed, the rest of us
+were safe until we should reach the next phase
+of our undertaking.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_161" style="max-width: 45.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_161.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Thomas H. Fallow</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When heavy machine-gun fire held up his advance, Capt. Fallow led his men in an attack on
+the woods in which the enemy was situated, captured many prisoners, cleared the woods, and
+inflicted severe losses.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>ALMOST CALM</h3>
+
+<p>“I heard directions given and I gave some
+myself. My voice was firm, and I felt almost
+calm. Our artillery had so torn up the
+German barbed wire that it gave us no trouble
+at all. We walked through it with only a few
+scratches. When we reached the low, sandbag
+parapet of the enemy trench we tossed
+in a few bombs and followed them right over
+as soon as they had exploded. There wasn’t
+a German in sight. They were all in their
+dugouts. But we knew pretty well where
+every dugout was located, and we rushed for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</span>the entrances with our bombs. Everything
+seemed to be going just as we had expected
+it to go. Two Germans ran plump into me as
+I rounded a ditch angle, with a bomb in my
+hand. They had their hands up and each of
+them yelled:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>!’</p>
+
+<p>“I passed them back to be sent to the rear,
+and the man who received them from me
+chuckled and told them to step lively. The
+German trenches were practically just as we
+had expected to find them, according to our
+sample. They were so nearly similar to the
+duplicate section in which we had practiced
+that we had no trouble finding our way in
+them. I was just thinking that really the
+only tough part of the job remaining would
+be getting back across No Man’s Land, when
+it seemed that the whole earth behind me
+rose in the air. For a moment I was stunned
+and half blinded by dirt blown into my face.
+When I was able to see, I discovered that all
+that lay back of me was a mass of upturned
+earth and rock, with here and there a man
+shaking himself or scrambling out of it, or
+lying still.</p>
+
+<p>“The philosophy of the British Tommies
+and the Canadians and the Australians on
+the Somme was a remarkable reflection of
+their fine courage through all that hell. They
+go about their work, paying no attention to
+the flying death about them.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If Fritz has a shell with your name and
+number on it,’ said a British Tommy to me
+one day, ‘you’re going to get it, whether you’re
+in the front line or seven miles back. If he
+hasn’t, you’re all right.’</p>
+
+<p>“Fine fighters, all. And the Scotch kilties,
+lovingly called by the Germans ‘the women
+from hell,’ have the respect of all armies. We
+saw little of the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">poilus</i>, except a few on leave.
+All the men were self-sacrificing to one another
+in that big melting-pot from which so
+few ever emerge whole. The only things it
+is legitimate to steal in the code of the trenches
+are rum and ‘fags’ (cigarettes). Every other
+possession is as safe as if it were under a
+Yale lock.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FIRE CURTAINS</h3>
+
+<p>The method in which “curtains of fire” are
+laid down is very clearly described.</p>
+
+<p>“While I was at the front I had opportunity
+to observe three distinct types of
+barrage-fire, the ‘box,’ the ‘jumping,’ and the
+‘creeping.’ The ‘box,’ I have already described
+to you, as it is used in a raid. The
+‘jumping’ plays on a certain line for a certain
+interval and then jumps to another line. The
+officers in command of the advance know the
+intervals of time and space and keep their
+lines close up to the barrage, moving with it
+on the very second. The ‘creeping’ barrage
+opens on a certain line and then creeps ahead
+at a certain fixed rate of speed, covering every
+inch of the ground to be taken. The men of
+the advance simply walk with it, keeping
+within about thirty yards of the line on which
+the shells were falling. Eight-inch shrapnel
+and high-explosive shells were used exclusively
+by the British when I was with them in maintaining
+barrage-fire. The French used their
+‘seventy-fives,’ which are approximately of
+three-inch caliber. Of late, I believe, the
+British and French have both added gas-shells
+for this use when conditions make it possible.
+The Germans, in establishing a barrage, used
+their ‘whiz-bangs,’ slightly larger shells than
+ours, but they never seemed to have quite the
+same skill and certitude in barrage bombardment
+that our artillerymen had.</p>
+
+<p>“To attempt to picture the scene of two
+barrage-fires, crossing, is quite beyond me.
+You see two walls of flame in front of you,
+one where your own barrage is playing, and
+one where the enemy guns are firing, and you
+see two more walls of flame behind you, one
+where the enemy barrage is playing, and one
+where your own guns are firing. And amid
+it all you are deafened by Titanic explosions
+which have merged into one roar of thunderous
+sound, while acrid fumes choke and blind
+you. To use a fitting if not original phrase,
+it’s just ‘Hell with the lid off.’”</p>
+
+<p>The wound that ended McClintock’s career
+with the Canadian forces was received at the
+battle of the Somme. Major Lewis, in command
+of that section, sent for him:</p>
+
+<p>“‘McClintock,’ said he, ‘I don’t wish to
+send you to any special hazard, and so far as
+that goes we’re all going to get more or less
+of a dusting. But I want to put that machine
+gun which has been giving us so much
+trouble out of action.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_163" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_163.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant-Colonel John W. Stewart</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He carried out special operations, for the infantry and heavy artillery. Practically all of his
+work was done under fire and he was many times mentioned in orders for his extraordinary
+efficiency.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I knew very well the machine gun he
+meant. It was in a concrete emplacement,
+walled and roofed, and the devils in charge
+of it seemed to be descendants of William
+Tell and the prophet Isaiah, They always
+knew what was coming and had their guns
+accurately trained on it before it came.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If you are willing,’ said Major Lewis,
+‘I wish you to select twenty-five men from the
+company and go after that gun the minute
+the order comes to advance. Use your own
+judgment about the men and the plan for
+taking the gun position. Will you go?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Yes, sir,’ I answered. ‘I’ll go and pick
+out the men right away. I think we can make
+those fellows shut up shop over there.’</p>
+
+<p>“Good boy!’ he said. ‘You’ll try, all
+right.’</p>
+
+<p>“I started away. He called me back.</p>
+
+<p>“‘This is going to be a bit hot, McClintock,’
+he said, taking my hand. ‘I wish you
+the best of luck, old fellow—you and the rest
+of them.’ In the trenches they always wish
+you the best of luck when they hand you a
+particularly tough job.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SAME TO YOU</h3>
+
+<p>“I thanked him and wished him the same.
+I never saw him again. He was killed in
+action within two hours after our conversation.
+Both he and my pal, Macfarlane, were
+shot down dead that morning.</p>
+
+<p>“When they called for volunteers to go
+with me in discharge of Major Lewis’s order
+the entire company responded. I picked out
+twenty-five men, twelve bayonet men and
+thirteen bombers. They agreed to my plan,
+which was to get within twenty-five yards of
+the gun emplacement before attacking, to place
+no dependence on rifle fire, but to bomb them
+out and take the position with the bayonet.
+We followed that plan and took the emplacement
+quicker than we had expected to do,
+but there were only two of us left when we
+got there—Private Godsall, No. 177,063, and
+myself. All the rest of the twenty-five were
+dead or down. The emplacement had been
+held by eleven Germans. Two only were left
+standing when we got in.</p>
+
+<p>“When we saw that the gun had been
+silenced and the crew disabled, Godsall and
+I worked round to the right about ten yards
+from the shell-hole where we had sheltered
+ourselves while throwing bombs into the emplacement
+and scaled the German parapet.
+Then we rushed the gun position. The officer
+who had been in charge was standing
+with his back to us, firing with his revolver
+down the trench at our men who were coming
+over at another point. I reached him before
+Godsall and bayoneted him. The other German
+who had survived our bombing threw up
+his hands and mouthed the Teutonic slogan
+of surrender, ‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>,’ My bayonet
+had broken off in the encounter with the
+German officer, and I remembered that I had
+been told always to pull the trigger after
+making a bayonet thrust, as that would usually
+jar the weapon loose. In this case I
+had forgotten instructions. I picked up a
+German rifle with bayonet fixed, and Godsall
+and I worked on down the trench.</p>
+
+<p>“The German who had surrendered stood
+with his hands held high above his head,
+waiting for us to tell him what to do. He
+never took his eyes off us, even to look at
+his officer, lying at his feet. As we moved
+down the trench he followed us, still holding
+his hands up and repeating, ‘Mercy, <em>Kamerad</em>!’
+At the next trench angle we took five
+more prisoners, and as Godsall had been
+slightly wounded in the arm, I turned the
+captives over to him and ordered him to take
+them to the rear. Just then the men of our
+second wave came over the parapet like a
+lot of hurdlers. In five minutes we had taken
+the rest of the Germans in the trench section
+prisoners, had reversed the fire steps, and had
+turned their own machine guns against those
+of their retreating companies that we could
+catch sight of.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Badly wounded in the knee a little later,
+the sergeant took refuge in a shell-hole. Four
+German prisoners on their way to the rear
+were requisitioned as stretcher-bearers and
+carried him in on an improvised litter.</p>
+
+
+<h3>KNICKERBOCKER WAITER</h3>
+
+<p>“It was a trip which was not without incident.
+Every now and then we would hear
+the shriek of an approaching ‘coal-box,’ and
+then my prisoner stretcher-bearers and I
+would tumble in one indiscriminate heap into
+the nearest shell-hole. If we did that once,
+we did it a half-dozen times. After each dive,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</span>
+the four would patiently reorganize and arrange
+the improvised stretcher again, and we
+would proceed. Following every tumble,
+however, I would have to tighten my tourniquets,
+and despite all I could do the hemorrhage
+from my wound continued so profuse
+that I was beginning to feel very dizzy and
+weak. On the way in I sighted our regimental
+dressing station and signed to my four
+bearers to carry me toward it. The station
+was in an old German dugout. Major Gilday
+was at the door. He laughed when he saw
+me with my own special ambulance detail.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Well, what do you want?’ he asked.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Most of all,’ I said, ‘I think I want a
+drink of rum.’</p>
+
+<p>“He produced it for me instantly.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Now,’ said he, ‘my advice to you is to
+keep on traveling. You’ve got a fine special
+detail there to look after you. Make ’em
+carry you to Poizers. It’s only five miles,
+and you’ll make it all right. I’ve got this
+place loaded up full, no stretcher-bearers, no
+assistants, no adequate supply of bandages and
+medicines, and a lot of very bad cases. If
+you want to get out of here in a week, just
+keep right on going now.’</p>
+
+<p>“As we continued toward the rear we were
+the targets for a number of humorous remarks
+from men coming up to go into the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Give my regards to Blighty, you lucky
+beggar,’ was the most frequent saying.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Bli’ me,’ said one cockney Tommy, ‘there
+goes one o’ th’ Canadians with an escort from
+the Kaiser.’</p>
+
+<p>“Another man stopped and asked about my
+wound.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good work,’ he said. ‘I’d like to have
+a nice clean one like that myself.’</p>
+
+<p>“I noticed one of the prisoners grinning at
+some remark and asked him if he understood
+English. He hadn’t spoken to me, though he
+had shown the greatest readiness to help me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Certainly I understand English,’ he replied.
+‘I used to be a waiter at the Knickerbocker
+Hotel in New York.’ That sounded
+like a voice from home, and I wanted to hug
+him. I didn’t. However, I can say for him
+he must have been a good waiter. He gave
+me good service.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="MISTRESS_RAZZLE_DAZZLE">MISTRESS “RAZZLE DAZZLE”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Rampageous, Self-Willed Old Thing Fondly Remembered by Her Non-Commander</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Captain David Fallon</span> is a young
+Irishman, but an old soldier. Before
+1914 he had fought against the hillmen in
+India, and had won the Indian Field Medal.
+At the opening of the war he was physical
+instructor and bayonet drill master at the
+Royal Military College. So expert a teacher
+was he that the authorities decided to keep
+him at his post training new officers. Dave
+Fallon couldn’t “see it” that way. He remonstrated
+strenuously. There were other
+men—older men—professional soldiers, he insisted,
+just as capable of training men as he
+was. Anyway he couldn’t stay out of the “big
+fight.” He pointed to his long service record,
+his Frontier Medal. He would be more valuable
+at the front. The authorities finally gave
+in.</p>
+
+<p>Fallon had no wild dreams of glory and
+distinction. “It is your amateur soldier,” he
+says, “who is most filled with such aspirations.
+Not that he hasn’t a right to entertain them,
+and try to act on them, for they have led
+many new-made soldiers into great and brave
+accomplishments. I don’t mean that such
+dreams are bad for a man. They are distinctly
+good. I only mean that with regulars
+soldiering is a cold, hard business and one isn’t
+given to enhancing it with romantic imaginings.”</p>
+
+<p>Little did Fallon think when he was urging
+himself on the military authorities for active
+duty that when the war was over there would
+be few soldiers with adventures more thrilling
+and perilous than fell to his lot.</p>
+
+<p>He went through the entire terrible campaign<span class="pagenum" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</span>
+at Gallipoli. He was in numerous fierce
+trench battles. He served as an aerial observer,
+and fought enemy planes. On the
+road to Thiepval he had a shoulder smashed
+by shrapnel, but he remained in command of
+his men behind barricades made of the dead
+bodies around them in “No Man’s Land.”
+For twenty-two hours they kept the Germans
+off. Then reinforcements came. On scout
+duty he frequently penetrated German
+trenches and gun positions in the night. At
+last he was detected in the enemy trenches.
+A bomb duel ensued. He was frightfully injured
+but managed to escape.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_166" style="max-width: 34.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_166.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo, by International Film Service</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Clyde Graham</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In company with an American officer he
+manned a tank and charged two towns under
+heavy German fire. The tank scattered a German
+battery and accumulated seventy prisoners.
+In peace time he is a college professor.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>These incidents and many others Captain
+Fallon relates in his book <cite>The Big Fight</cite>
+(W. J. Watt &amp; Company). One of his most
+interesting chapters is devoted to his experience
+in command of a tank. It was an amazing
+adventure.</p>
+
+<p>The Captain has fond memories of that
+good, old tank. “The dear girl was named
+‘Razzle Dazzle,’” he says.</p>
+
+<p>“She was very young, having been in service
+only three months, but rather portly. She
+weighed something over thirty tons. And in
+no way could you call the dear little woman
+pretty. She was a pallid gray and mud
+splashed when I got her and there was no
+grace in the bulging curves of her steel shape;
+or of her conical top; or her ponderous wheels.</p>
+
+<p>“She showed every aspect of being a bad,
+scrappy, old dearie. The minute I saw her
+in her lovely ugliness I knew she would like
+trouble and lots of it. She carried a six hundred
+horsepower motor. And out of her
+gray steel hoods protruded eight guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE GOES INTO ACTION</h3>
+
+<p>“The order had come to me about one in
+the morning, and it was nearly three when
+we started lumbering out toward the enemy
+trenches. We had about six hundred yards to
+cover. I knew little or nothing of her motor
+power or speed. My concern was with the
+efficiency of the guns. She pumped and
+swayed across ‘No Man’s Land’ at about
+four miles an hour. She groaned and tossed
+a great deal. And in fact, made such poor
+progress that my regiment, the Oxfords and
+Bucks, beat the old dearie to the enemy lines.
+Our men were among the barbed wire of the
+first line, fighting it, cutting it, knocking it
+down before the old ‘Razzle Dazzle’ got into
+action.</p>
+
+<p>“But she ‘carried on’ just the same. And
+when she smote the barbed-wire obstacles, she
+murdered them. She crushed those barriers
+to what looked like messes of steel spaghetti.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_167" style="max-width: 46.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_167.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William A. Hartman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 107th Engineers, Company “F”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was a member of a patrol sent out from the battalion post of command August 4, 1918, to
+reconnoiter the Vesle River front near Fismes for the location of possible sites for pontoon
+bridges. The patrol separated, but he continued to work alone, starting the construction of the
+bridges without orders.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Instead of sinking into trenches as I feared
+she would, she crushed them and continued to
+move forward. Of course, we were letting go
+everything we had, and from my observation
+hole, I could see the Germans didn’t like it.
+They had put up something of a stand against
+the infantry. But against the tank they were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</span>quick to make their farewells. It was a still
+black night, but under the star-shells we
+could see them scurrying out of our way.</p>
+
+<p>“This was very sensible of them because
+we were certainly making a clean sweep of
+everything in sight and had the earth ahead
+throwing up chocolate showers of spray as if
+the ground we rode was an angry sea of
+mud.</p>
+
+<p>“Every man in the tank was shouting and
+yelling with the excitement of the thing and
+we were tossed up against each other like
+loosened peas in a pod.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly out of a very clever camouflage
+of tree branches and shrubbery a German machine
+gun emplacement was revealed. The
+bullets stormed and rattled upon the tank.
+But they did themselves a bad turn by revealing
+their whereabouts, for we made
+straight for the camouflage and went over
+that battery of machine guns, crunching its
+concrete foundation as if it were chalk.</p>
+
+<p>“Then we turned about and from our new
+position put the Germans under an enfilade
+fire that we kept up until every evidence was
+at hand that the Oxfords and Bucks and supporting
+battalions were holding the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>“But this was only preliminary work cut
+out for the tank to do. I had special instructions
+and a main objective. This was a sugar
+refinery. It was a one-storied building of
+brick and wood with a tiled roof. It had
+been established as a sugar refinery by the
+Germans before the war and when this occasion
+arose blossomed as a fortress with a gun
+aimed out of every window.</p>
+
+<p>“To allow it to remain standing in hostile
+hands would mean that the trenches we had
+won could be constantly battered. Its removal
+was most desirable. To send infantry
+against it would have involved huge losses
+in life. The tank was deemed the right
+weapon.</p>
+
+<p>“It was.</p>
+
+<p>“And largely because ‘Razzle Dazzle’ took
+matters into her own hands. The truth is she
+ran away.</p>
+
+<p>“We rocked and ploughed out of the
+trenches and went swaying toward the refinery.
+I ordered the round-top sealed. And we
+beat the refinery to the attack with our guns.
+But they had seen us coming and every window
+facing our way developed a working gun.
+There were about sixteen such windows. They
+all blazed at us.</p>
+
+<p>“My notion had been to circle the ‘sugar
+mill’ with ‘Razzle Dazzle’ and shoot it up
+from all sides. We were getting frightfully
+rapped by the enemy fire, but there was apparently
+nothing heavy enough to split the
+skin of the wild, old girl. Our own fire was
+effective. We knocked out all the windows
+and the red-tiled roof was sagging. As I
+say, my notion was to circle the ‘mill’ and I
+gave orders accordingly. But the ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’s’ chauffeur looked at me in distress.</p>
+
+<p>“‘The steering gear’s off, sir,’ said he.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Stop her then and we’ll let them have it
+from here,’ I ordered.</p>
+
+<p>“He made several frantic motions with the
+mechanism and said:</p>
+
+<p>“‘I can’t stop her, either.’</p>
+
+<p>“And the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ carried out her
+own idea of attack. She banged head-on into
+the ‘mill.’ She went right through a wide
+doorway, making splinters of the door; she
+knocked against concrete pillars, supports and
+walls, smashing everything in her way and
+bowled out of the other side just as the roof
+crashed in and apparently crushed and smothered
+all the artillery men beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>“On the way through, the big, powerful
+old girl bucked and rocked and reared until
+we men and the black cat inside her were
+thrown again and again into a jumble, the
+cat scratching us like a devil in her frenzy of
+fear.</p>
+
+<p>“Closed up in the tank as we were, we
+could hear the roar and crash of the falling
+‘mill,’ and from my observation port-hole I
+could observe that it was most complete. The
+place had been reduced to a mere heap. Not a
+shot came out of it at us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE DEFIES CONTROL</h3>
+
+<p>“But still the ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was having
+her own way. Her motorist was signaling
+me that he had no control of her. This was
+cheerful intelligence because right ahead was
+a huge shell crater. She might slide into it
+and climb up the other side and out. I
+hoped so. But she didn’t. She hit the bottom
+of the pit, tried to push her way up and
+out, fell back, panted, pushed up again, fell
+back and then just stuck at the bottom of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</span>
+well, throbbing and moaning and maybe penitent
+for her recklessness.</p>
+
+<p>“Penitence wasn’t to do her any good. It
+wasn’t five minutes later when the Germans
+had the range of her and began smashing us
+with big shells. I ordered my men to abandon
+her and led them in a rush out of the crater
+and into small shell holes until the storm of
+fire was past.</p>
+
+<p>“When it was, ‘Razzle Dazzle’ was a
+wreck. She was cracked, distorted and shapeless.
+But the runaway engine was still plainly
+to be heard throbbing. Finally a last big
+shell sailed into the doughty tank and there
+was a loud bang and a flare. Her oil reservoir
+shot up in an enormous blaze.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Razzle Dazzle’ was no more. But she
+had accounted for the ‘refinery.’ And our
+infantry had done the rest. The German
+position was ours.</p>
+
+<p>“I was all enthusiasm for fighting ‘tanks.’
+But my superiors squelched it. For when I
+asked for command of a sister of ‘Razzle
+Dazzle’ next day, a cold-eyed aide said to me:</p>
+
+<p>“‘One tank, worth ten thousand pounds,
+is as much as any bally young officer may expect
+to be given to destroy during his lifetime.
+Good afternoon.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PAINTER_SOLDIER">THE PAINTER SOLDIER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Though Exempt by Age the Love Art Deepened Bade Him Fight for
+France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Elsewhere</span> in this volume is told how
+an American poet, Alan Seeger, gave his
+life for France. Here is the story of a French
+painter who, freely offering his life, gave what
+was even more precious to him than life. You
+may know the name Lemordant, and you may
+know the work signed by that name; if not,
+what pleasanter introduction to both than some
+words by Mary Fanton Roberts in the <cite>Touchstone</cite>?
+She says:</p>
+
+<p>“Perhaps all unconsciously, this heroic
+French artist-soldier has found the truth about
+democracy, and he tells it to us with lightning
+strokes and splendid color. In all of his pictures
+he is a painter of the simple people: of
+the workmen, the peasants, the sailors, the fishermen,
+and women. And he paints them
+working joyously with strength and exhilaration
+and interest. He paints them running
+in the meadows and dancing on the shore and
+laughing into each other’s faces. He paints
+them as great workmen, great lovers. They
+seem, these men and women, in their bright-colored
+clothes and their vivid faces, as much
+a part of the essential beauty of life as white
+clouds racing over the blue sky on a windy
+day, as the amethyst water through which the
+women splash bringing in the nets; they are
+as genuine as the yellow shore where the brilliant
+fishing-boats lie, as the poppies in the
+field, and the tulips in the home-gardens.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WOULD NOT REMAIN BEHIND</h3>
+
+<p>He was 37 years old when the war began,
+an age that entitled him to remain behind in
+the Home Defense Corps, but he chose to go
+to the front. Mr. Charles LeGoffic relates,
+in the <cite>Touchstone</cite>, the war experiences of
+painter Lemordant, the experiences of a veritable
+hero, hero exceptional. His first engagement
+of consequence was at Charleroi, where
+he was wounded and where he won a lieutenant’s
+commission.</p>
+
+<p>One night during the battle of the Marne,
+on the outskirts of the forest of Guebarre, his
+attention was attracted by some suspicious
+movements on the right. He crawled out,
+revolver in hand, followed by four men of
+his section, to investigate.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_170a" style="max-width: 49.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_170a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Brown Bros.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Victor Chapman</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Another American who gave his life as a flyer
+in the Lafayette Escadrille.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_170b" style="max-width: 50.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_170b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Paul Thompson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Norman Prince</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">One of the organizers of the Lafayette Escadrille,
+who was killed in action in France.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“He was not mistaken; at that spot, between
+two companies, our line showed a slight opening,
+a ‘break’ which the Germans were trying
+to enter. Lemordant sent one of his men to
+alarm the nearest company, and was making
+a half-circle toward his own company when<span class="pagenum" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</span>
+a huge Boche ruffian appeared in the darkness
+and fired at him pointblank. The
+bullet shaved his cheek; other bullets whistled
+about. The little troop had been winded, and
+there was only one way to get out of it, that
+was to reply by a general fire that would give
+the impression of an attack in force. The
+enemy would perhaps be impressed by it, and
+in any event this volley would put companies
+out on the alert. In fact, on both sides the
+firing became general, even the artillery took
+part in it; a seventy-seven burst near Lemordant,
+wounded him in his right side and
+threw him into the air with his full equipment.
+The wound was not serious, but Lemordant
+fell in such a way as to dislocate his
+hip-bones and to tear his muscles. Fainting,
+he was carried away to a field-hospital, where
+he remained until the ninth. The enemy was
+now in full retreat. On the eighth we had
+crossed Le Petit Morin, on the ninth we lay
+at Montmirail and at Champaubert, on the
+battlefields of the Napoleonic epic, and the
+birth of victory came to the armies of the
+Republic in the same cradle where the Imperial
+star had shed its last rays.</p>
+
+<p>“Lemordant refused to be sent to a base
+hospital. He was not yet strong. He could
+scarcely walk, the two wooden splints which
+they had placed over his pelvis came out of
+position at each sudden movement; but the
+splendid conscience of a leader of men had
+awakened in this idealist, this dreamer who
+but yesterday was so highly prejudiced against
+the military profession. He knew that in
+war-time an officer only holds his men by his
+own example and moral authority.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN OFFICER’S OBLIGATION</h3>
+
+<p>“‘An officer,’ he said to me, ‘literally must
+give all his existence, all his life-blood to his
+country; he must not spare a drop; less than
+any other is he allowed to invoke the relief
+of the “slightly wounded,” which permits him
+to go to some luxurious hospital in the Côte
+d’Azur and there appeal to the tender hearts of
+the Sisters of Charity. Wounded, sick, limping,
+he must be able to say to his soldiers who
+are complaining, “But do I not march, too?”
+Then they will follow him.’</p>
+
+<p>“On the morning of October 4, 1914, the
+41st attacked near Monchy-le-Preux....
+All went well at first. From time to time,
+whenever the ground was uneven, they rushed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</span>
+forward; a few unlucky ones are dropped out
+on the way. With the rest, Lemordant, although
+himself wounded in the hand, reached
+the enemy trench and carried it.</p>
+
+<p>“A second bullet at this moment grazes his
+right temple; a third, a little while after,
+wounds him on the top of his skull. It is now
+broad day, but it is northern weather, gray,
+cheerless, dark, uncertain. In the four great
+stages of his military life this painter soldier
+knew different climates; he has run the tone-scale
+from the burning blue of Charleroi to
+the bottomless night of Craonnelle, with the
+clear starlit heaven of the Marne between.</p>
+
+<p>“Is it of that he thinks, if it be that, in
+such a moment, he can think of anything
+except the safety of his men?</p>
+
+<p>“Confused movement on the plain—on his
+right frantic silhouettes which stand bolt upright,
+whirl about, collapse; another section
+of his company engaged on the same side is
+caught on the flank by machine guns set up
+in a sort of blockhouse behind a mound, in
+front of a pile of ruined huts. Without hesitating,
+with the firmness of decision which
+never abandons him in the most critical circumstances,
+Lemordant gets his men together,
+rallies the fugitives, and throws himself on
+the blockhouse—the battery of machine guns
+is put out of action. But Lemordant, climbing
+the slope, receives a bullet pointblank
+which goes through his right knee.</p>
+
+<p>“It is his fourth wound of the day, and his
+men wish to carry him off; he refuses, feeling
+that his presence is more necessary than ever.
+In spite of the pain he merely had his leg
+set in splints, then, fortifying the positions on
+the side toward the enemy, he sends a runner
+to Major Bernard to keep him in touch with
+his advance and to call for supports. The
+man is killed on the way. Another meets the
+same fate, and in the interim the German
+counter-attack breaks loose.</p>
+
+<p>“It is launched by a whole company, and it
+is terrifying to see this gray wave rolling over
+the plain, rising, sinking, rising again, and
+growing at each rush which brings it nearer
+the mound. Lemordant, by rigid demand,
+compels his men not to fire, to control their
+nerves. The charge gets within twenty meters
+of the mound, where it gathers itself up to
+come over in a single mass with the cry
+‘<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Vorwärts!</i>’</p>
+
+<p>“‘... Rapid fire—fire at will!’ roars Lemordant.</p>
+
+<p>“The charge vacillates, stops. Our men
+leap out of the trench to charge in turn. Lemordant,
+though wounded in the hand, in the
+forehead, on the head, and in the knee, charges
+with them, supported by a young soldier of
+his section. Chance brings him face to face
+with the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Oberst-leutnant</i>, who commands the
+counter-attack and whom he seizes by the
+throat; just then a fifth bullet strikes him
+over the right eye, breaking the frontal bone.
+It seems to him that his head has burst and
+that his eyes have spurted out into space.
+He falls heavily. It is all over!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHY THE NIGHT SO LONG</h3>
+
+<p>“How was he finally saved? He does not
+know yet. Wounded within the enemy’s lines,
+left for dead, he lay there four full days
+without care and for forty-eight hours he was
+unconscious. When he came to himself it
+was difficult to collect his thoughts. He did
+not know where he was. Around him was
+total darkness, and it did not pass away. He
+heard the groans, the death-rattle of the dying,
+the voices of the wounded who called to
+him. He dragged himself in their direction
+and asked them questions. Why did the night
+last so long? They answered that it was broad
+daylight—and he understood.</p>
+
+<p>“‘... I had thought of everything,’ he
+said to me. ‘Of death, of the most horrible
+wounds, but not of that!</p>
+
+<p>“‘... But as long as that too was necessary!’</p>
+
+<p>“Yet his martyrdom was not finished, and
+the worst of all perhaps remains. How shall
+I tell of that fearful suffering in wretched
+lazarettos, in the dung-heaps where the Germans
+laid our wounded in the villages behind
+the front! Most of them stayed there forever.
+He, with greater vitality, was carried
+to Cambrai, and from there stage by stage was
+transported to a hospital in Bavaria.</p>
+
+<p>“Melancholy journey! If he saw nothing,
+at least in the railway-stations he heard the
+yells of the mobs which crowded on the passage
+of the French wounded to gloat over their
+sufferings. Eventually his condition improved
+a little; his eyes, one pushed out of its socket,
+the other driven back in his head by the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</span>
+breaking of his frontal bone, had been put back
+in place; he began to see, he could even draw
+a few lines and make out large characters.
+But the idea of escape mastered him; two unsuccessful
+efforts had sent him to the guardhouse;
+on the third he was ordered to a reprisal
+camp; his departure was fixed for the
+next day. Calm and serene as ever, he wished
+before going to finish the series of addresses
+on the history of painting which he had undertaken
+for his fellow prisoners. In the
+course of the conference Lemordant wished to
+run over his notes; he could no longer make
+them out! A halo danced in front of him,
+obscuring everything! He had such a sense
+of anguish that he had to stop. But by a
+concentration of the will he mastered himself
+and improvised the rest of his address in a
+voice in which there was only the slightest
+trembling. At the end of the address the battalion
+chief leaped to the platform and took
+Lemordant in his arms.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOR THE LAST LOOK</h3>
+
+<p>“‘... What has happened to you?’ Then
+when he learned: ‘Ah, my poor friend, surely
+in your condition they can not send you to
+a reprisal camp; courage, you shall go to
+France!’</p>
+
+<p>“The commander of the guardhouse himself,
+feeling a sense of pity when he learned
+what had happened, offered to telephone to
+the camp commander and ask for a cancellation
+of the order. Lemordant refused; he
+wished to owe nothing to the destroyers of
+his country. He started for the reprisal camp.
+But there his blindness classified him almost
+immediately among the severely wounded who
+were listed for exchange. Switzerland received
+him for a time. At last arrived the
+moment when he could cross the French
+frontier.</p>
+
+<p>“He had waited for that moment with a
+sort of religious ecstasy. Blind, wounded in
+the back and side, with a broken knee, and a
+high fever, he hoped for a miracle, but expected
+one only from himself, from the power
+of his own will. He had asked the Red
+Cross nurses who had charge of him to tell
+him the moment when the train crossed the
+frontier. He would see it—see at least something
+belonging to it, no matter what—a
+hedge, a length of rail, a pebble, a tuft of
+grass. They did what he asked, took him to
+the door of the compartment, and there he
+exerted all his strength, all his will-power.
+It was not to be!</p>
+
+<p>“The frontier was left behind; he fell back
+fainting—totally blind!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELLMARTYR-HEROINE">EDITH CAVELL—MARTYR-HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The English Nurse Whose Tragic Heroism and Secret Execution Made
+Germany’s Defeat More Certain</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> penitence of generations cannot suffice
+to erase from the world’s judgment
+of German character the black stigma of the
+infamies perpetrated in Belgium. The implacable,
+brutal wantonness with which they
+were committed makes those crimes unforgettable.
+Ever conspicuous among them will be
+the conscienceless execution of Edith Cavell,
+the ministering angel, the merciful nurse murdered
+by military order,—with the subsequent
+deliberate approval of Imperial Germany. A
+military technicality was invoked in the attempted
+justification of the execution of this
+brave and devoted woman, who was secretly
+tried, by a German court-martial, on the
+charge of having aided English, French and
+German soldiers to escape from Belgium, and
+hurriedly done to death. The savagery of the
+event, which occurred in Brussels, Oct. 12,
+1915, sent a wave of horror and resentment
+throughout the civilized world equaled only
+by the universal indignation aroused by the
+sinking of the <em>Lusitania</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Cavell was the daughter of an English
+clergyman, the Rev. Frederick Cavell, for
+forty years vicar of Swardeston, Norfolk. In<span class="pagenum" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</span>
+1896 she entered the London Hospital to
+qualify as a trained nurse and later became
+staff nurse. In 1900 she went to Brussels
+on the invitation of Dr. Depage, a distinguished
+physician who had established in a
+suburb of Brussels a training school for Belgian
+nurses. Miss Cavell entered into the
+work so enthusiastically and furthered the
+plans of Dr. Depage with such success that
+the institution, whose influence was felt
+throughout Belgium, became the center of a
+large nursing organization of scientifically
+trained nurses. She had won the confidence
+of Dr. Depage so entirely that when, on the
+outbreak of the war, he was called to military
+service, she was left to continue the work
+in Brussels. All who came in contact with
+her agree that she was a woman of fine character
+and a capable leader, worthy of a high
+place in the list of great nurses of whom
+Florence Nightingale was the first.</p>
+
+<p>When the Germans occupied Brussels in
+1914 Miss Cavell was permitted to remain
+in the service to which she was so single-heartedly
+devoted, and it is a memorable fact, the
+more honorable to her for the ingratitude that
+rewarded her benevolent disinterestedness, that
+she and her assistants nursed with equal care
+and fidelity the wounded German soldiers and
+the Belgian victims of war. Her mission
+was one of beneficence to the maimed, the
+sick and the unfortunate, a humanitarian work
+that discriminated against none whose needs
+demanded her sympathy and aid.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HER DUTY TO HER COUNTRY</h3>
+
+<p>In the retreat of the French and British
+armies in late summer of 1914 a number of
+English and French soldiers cut off from their
+companies hid themselves in the woods, in
+trenches and in deserted houses, hoping to escape
+capture. Many were caught, and some
+of them were summarily shot. Others were
+sheltered and protected by farmers who provided
+them with civilian clothes and gave
+them employment until they could find means
+of escape into Holland. Similarly Belgian
+soldiers were given the chance to evade the
+Germans; but those who were captured were,
+in many instances if not usually, shot. It
+was because of this severity in the treatment
+of captured men that Miss Cavell the more
+readily yielded to her natural inclinations to
+aid the unfortunate who sought her help.
+That was her statement to the military court
+before which she was arraigned. She was
+asked why she had helped English soldiers to
+escape; she replied firmly that it was because
+she believed that if she had not done so the
+Germans would have shot them and that she
+thought she only did her duty to her country
+in trying to save men’s lives. Her prominence
+and her fame as nurse and comforter to the
+wounded attracted the soldiers to her as a
+sympathetic woman disposed to help, and it is
+not denied that she did help many. The Germans
+charged that she had assisted one hundred
+and thirty to get out of Belgium.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MISS CAVELL A PRISONER</h3>
+
+<p>Suspicion having been directed against her,—how
+is not clearly known—she was subjected
+to espionage and in consequence she was
+arrested August 15, 1915, and thrown into
+prison at St. Giles. This did not cause her
+any apprehension as she anticipated no more
+than a short imprisonment. She did not imagine,
+in fact, no one dreamed that the German
+authorities would with premeditation
+shoot a woman for pitying and showing mercy
+to the helpless.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Brand Whitlock, the American Minister
+to Belgium, who at that time represented
+(and until the United States entered the war
+continued to represent) British interests in
+Belgium, felt an intense sympathy with Miss
+Cavell and at once took up the matter of securing
+for her a fair and proper trial. He
+wrote a letter to Baron von der Lancken, the
+German Civil Governor of Belgium, stating
+that he had been urged by telegraph to take
+charge of the defense and requested that Mr.
+de Leval, councilor for the American Embassy,
+be allowed to see and confer with Miss
+Cavell. This letter was not answered. Mr.
+Whitlock again wrote more urgently. None
+too promptly the German Civil Governor
+finally made reply, refusing to permit anyone
+to see Miss Cavell as the Department of the
+Governor General “as a matter of principle
+does not allow an accused person to have any
+interviews whatever,” stating also that Miss
+Cavell had confessed her guilt and that her
+defense would be conducted by Mr. Braun.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN WAY</h3>
+
+<p>For some reason not ascertained, Braun
+could not undertake the defense, and it was
+turned over to Mr. Kirschen, a Rumanian,
+practising law in Brussels. Mr. de Leval
+thereupon wrote to Mr. Kirschen, as he stated
+in his narrative later:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I put myself in communication with Mr.
+Kirschen, who told me that Miss Cavell was
+prosecuted for having helped soldiers to cross
+the frontier. I asked him whether he had seen
+Miss Cavell and whether she had made any
+statement to him, and to my surprise found
+that the lawyers defending prisoners before the
+German Military Court were not allowed to
+see their clients before the trial, and were not
+shown any document of the prosecution. This,
+Mr. Kirschen said, was in accordance with the
+German military rules. He added that the
+hearing of the trial of such cases was carried
+out very carefully, and that in his opinion, although
+it was not possible to see the client before
+the trial, in fact the trial itself developed
+so carefully and so slowly, that it was generally
+possible to have a fair knowledge of all the
+facts and to present a good defense for the
+prisoner. This would especially be the case for
+Miss Cavell, because the trial would be rather
+long, as she was prosecuted with thirty-four
+other prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>“I informed Mr. Kirschen of my intention
+to be present at the trial so as to watch the
+case. He immediately dissuaded me from taking
+such attitude, which he said would cause a
+great prejudice to the prisoner, because the German
+judges would resent it and feel it almost as
+an affront if I was appearing to exercise a kind
+of supervision on the trial. He thought that
+if the Germans would admit my presence, which
+was very doubtful, it would in any case cause
+prejudice to Miss Cavell.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Kirschen assured me over and over
+again that the Military Court of Brussels was
+always perfectly fair, and that there was not
+the slightest danger of any miscarriage of justice.
+He promised that he would keep me
+posted on all the developments which the case
+would take and would report to me the exact
+charges that were brought against Miss Cavell
+and the facts concerning her that would be disclosed
+at the trial, so as to allow me to judge
+by myself about the merits of the case. He
+insisted that, of course, he would do all that was
+humanly possible to defend Miss Cavell to the
+best of his ability.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>The trial began Thursday, Oct. 7. Some
+opinion of the value of Mr. Kirschen’s assurance
+made “over and over again that the military
+court of Brussels was always perfectly
+fair,” etc., may be formed from the facts
+that Miss Cavell was not allowed to have a
+defender of her friends’ choosing, that she had
+no record of the evidence, oral or documentary,
+to study in preparation for her defense, that
+she was kept in solitary confinement for over
+nine weeks without opportunity to consult
+even with her legal advisers, during which
+time she was subjected to repeated cross examinations,
+and statements said to have been
+made by her confessing guilt were transmitted
+by the German authorities to the lawyer who
+subsequently was to defend her.</p>
+
+<p>The trial was conducted in German, a language
+she did not understand and which had
+to be interpreted to her. As a commentator
+said, “It obviously was impossible to place
+any adequate scheme of defense with a lawyer
+whom she saw for the first time when the trial
+began, a lawyer who had had no opportunity
+of studying the documents of the prosecution.
+That Mr. Kirschen did the best he could under
+the conditions is possible, though his subsequent
+conduct did not give assurance of the
+devotion and profound interest to be expected
+of a conscientious lawyer charged with an obligation
+that appealed at once to his humanity
+and his chivalry.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>SENTENCED TO DEATH</h3>
+
+<p>The fullest account of the trial was that
+given in M. de Leval’s report to Mr. Whitlock.
+It was as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Miss Cavell was prosecuted for having helped
+English and French soldiers, as well as Belgian
+young men, to cross the frontier and to go over
+to England. She had admitted by signing a
+statement before the day of the trial, and by
+public acknowledgment in Court, in the presence
+of all the other prisoners and the lawyers,
+that she was guilty of the charges brought
+against her, and she had acknowledged not only
+that she had helped these soldiers to cross the
+frontier, but also that some of them had thanked
+her in writing when arriving in England. This
+last admission made her case so much the more
+serious, because if it only had been proved
+against her that she had helped the soldiers
+to traverse the Dutch frontier, and no proof<span class="pagenum" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</span>
+was produced that these soldiers had reached
+a country at war with Germany, she could only
+have been sentenced for an attempt to commit
+the ‘crime’ and not for the ‘crime’ being duly
+accomplished. As the case stood the sentence
+fixed by the German military law was a sentence
+of death.</p>
+
+<p>“Paragraph 58 of the German Military Code
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Will be sentenced to death for treason any
+person who, with the intention of helping the
+hostile Power, or of causing harm to the German
+or allied troops, is guilty of one of the
+crimes of paragraph 90 of the German Penal
+Code.’</p>
+
+<p>“The case referred to in above said paragraph
+90 consists in—</p>
+
+<p>“... conducting soldiers to the enemy....’</p>
+
+<p>“The penalties above set forth apply, according
+to paragraph 160 of the German Code, in
+case of war, to foreigners as well as to Germans.</p>
+
+<p>“In her oral statement before the Court Miss
+Cavell disclosed almost all the facts of the
+whole prosecution. She was questioned in
+German, an interpreter translating all the questions
+in French, with which language Miss Cavell
+was well acquainted. She spoke without
+trembling and showed a clear mind. Often she
+added some greater precision to her previous
+depositions.</p>
+
+<p>“When she was asked why she helped these
+soldiers to go to England, she replied that she
+thought that if she had not done so they would
+have been shot by the Germans, and that therefore
+she thought she only did her duty to her
+country in saving their lives.</p>
+
+<p>“The Military Public Prosecutor said that
+argument might be good for English soldiers,
+but did not apply to Belgian young men whom
+she induced to cross the frontier, and who
+would have been perfectly free to remain in
+the country without danger to their lives.</p>
+
+<p>“Mr. Kirschen made a very good plea for
+Miss Cavell, using all arguments that could be
+brought in her favor before the Court.</p>
+
+<p>“The Military Public Prosecutor, however,
+asked the Court to pass a death sentence on
+Miss Cavell and eight other prisoners among
+the thirty-five. The Court did not seem to
+agree, and the judgment was postponed.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>WHITLOCK ATTEMPTS TO SAVE HER</h3>
+
+<p>The duplicity of the German authorities
+was later demonstrated. The political departments
+of the Governor-General of Belgium
+had given the American Legation positive
+assurance that it would be fully informed
+of developments in the case. As late as 6.30
+o’clock on Monday evening, three days after
+the trial, the Legation was positively informed
+by Conrad, of the political department, in
+answer to direct inquiries, that sentence had
+not been pronounced. Conrad renewed his
+previous assurances that he would not fail to
+inform the American officials as soon as there
+was any news. <em>At this time sentence of death
+already had been pronounced.</em></p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_175" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_175.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Mr. Brand Whitlock,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American Ambassador to Belgium during
+the war.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>At 8 o’clock that evening M. de Leval
+learned through private but reliable sources
+that Miss Cavell had been sentenced to death
+at 5 o’clock that afternoon, and that she would
+be shot at 2 o’clock the next morning. Thus
+the fact of her sentence was kept as secret as
+possible, the officials denying it, and her accusers
+were evidently so fearful that even at
+the eleventh hour a plea for mercy might prevail
+that they had her shot, in the night, within
+nine hours of her conviction.</p>
+
+<p>When, at 8 o’clock, M. de Leval was informed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</span>
+of the sentence and impending execution,
+there remained but six hours in which
+to attempt to save Miss Cavell’s life. He
+hurried to Mr. Whitlock, who was ill, unable
+to leave the house, but who wrote an impassioned
+note to Baron von der Lancken, the
+Civil Governor:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>My dear Baron:—I am too ill to present my
+request to you in person, but I appeal to the
+generosity of your heart to support it and save
+this unfortunate woman from death. Have
+pity on her.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 4em">Yours sincerely,</span><br>
+<span class="smcap">Brand Whitlock</span>.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST PLEA FAILS</h3>
+
+<p>With this letter and a plea for clemency
+addressed to the Governor-General, M. de
+Leval and Mr. Hugh Gibson, First Secretary
+of the Legation, went to the Marquis de Villalobar,
+the Spanish Minister, to beg his coöperation.
+He most heartily joined them and
+the three went to the house of the Civil Governor.
+Mr. Gibson reported the interview
+and its negative results to the American Minister:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Baron von der Lancken and all the members
+of his staff were absent for the evening. We
+sent a messenger to ask that he return at once
+to see us in regard to a matter of utmost urgency.
+A little after 10 o’clock he arrived, followed
+shortly after by Count Harrach and
+Herr von Falkenhausen, members of his staff.
+The circumstances of the case were explained
+to him and your note presented, and he read
+it aloud in our presence. He expressed disbelief
+in the report that sentence had actually
+been passed, and manifested some surprise that
+we should give credence to any report not emanating
+from official sources. He was quite
+insistent on knowing the exact source of our
+information, but this I did not feel at liberty
+to communicate to him. Baron von der Lancken
+stated that it was quite improbable that sentence
+had been pronounced, that even if so, it
+would not be executed within so short a time,
+and that in any event it would be quite impossible
+to take any action before morning. It
+was, of course, pointed out to him that if the
+facts were as we believed them to be, action
+would be useless unless taken at once. We
+urged him to ascertain the facts immediately,
+and this, after some hesitancy, he agreed to do.</p>
+
+<p>“He telephoned to the presiding judge of the
+court-martial and returned in a short time to
+say that the facts were as we had represented
+them, and that it was intended to carry out the
+sentence before morning. We then presented,
+as earnestly as possible, your plea for delay.
+So far as I am able to judge, we neglected to
+present no phase of the matter which might have
+had any effect, emphasizing the horror of executing
+a woman, no matter what her offense,
+pointing out that the death sentence had heretofore
+been imposed only for actual cases of espionage
+and that Miss Cavell was not even accused
+by the German authorities of anything so
+serious. I further called attention to the failure
+to comply with Mr. Conrad’s promise to inform
+the Legation of the sentence. I urged that
+inasmuch as the offences charged against Miss
+Cavell were long since accomplished, and that
+as she had been for some weeks in prison, a delay
+in carrying out the sentence could entail no
+danger to the German cause. I even went so
+far as to point out the fearful effect of a summary
+execution of this sort upon public opinion,
+both here and abroad, and, although I had no
+authority for doing so, called attention to the
+possibility that it might bring about reprisals.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THERE COULD BE NO APPEAL</h3>
+
+<p>“The Spanish Minister forcibly supported all
+our representations and made an earnest plea
+for clemency.</p>
+
+<p>“Baron von der Lancken stated that the Military
+Governor was the supreme authority
+(‘Gerichtsherr’) in matters of this sort; that
+appeal from his decision could be carried only
+to the Emperor, the Governor-General having
+no authority to intervene in such cases. He added
+that under the provisions of German martial
+law the Military Governor had discretionary
+power to accept or to refuse acceptance of an
+appeal for clemency. After some discussion he
+agreed to call the Military Governor on the
+telephone and learn whether he had already
+ratified the sentence, and whether there was
+any chance for clemency. He returned in about
+half an hour, and stated that he had been to
+confer personally with the Military Governor,
+who said that he had acted in the case of Miss
+Cavell only after mature deliberation; that the
+circumstances in her case were of such a character
+that he considered the infliction of the
+death penalty imperative; and that in view of
+the circumstances of this case he must decline
+to accept your plea for clemency or any representation
+in regard to the matter.</p>
+
+<p>“Even after Baron von der Lancken’s very
+positive and definite statement that there was
+no hope, and that under the circumstances ‘even
+the Emperor himself could not intervene,’ we
+continued to appeal to every sentiment to secure
+delay, and the Spanish Minister even led Baron
+von der Lancken aside in order to say very
+forcibly a number of things which he would have
+felt hesitancy in saying in the presence of the
+younger officers and of M. de Leval, a Belgian
+subject.</p>
+
+<p>“His Excellency talked very earnestly with
+Baron von der Lancken for about a quarter of
+an hour. During this time M. de Leval and I
+presented to the younger officers every argument
+we could think of. I reminded them of our
+untiring efforts on behalf of German subjects
+at the outbreak of war and during the siege
+of Antwerp. I pointed out that, while our
+services had been rendered gladly and without
+any thought of future favors, they should certainly
+entitle you to some consideration for
+the only request of this sort you had made since
+the beginning of the war. Unfortunately, our
+efforts were unavailing. We persevered until
+it was only too clear that there was no hope
+of securing any consideration for the case.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_177" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_177.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Final Tribute to Edith Cavell</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The funeral procession entering Westminster Abbey before being taken to the Cathedral in Norwich
+for interment.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>EDITH CAVELL’S LAST HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>M. de Leval had made application on Sunday
+evening that he and the British chaplain,
+the Rev. H. Sterling Gahan, might be permitted
+to see Miss Cavell in jail. This was
+at first refused, but on Monday evening, after
+the sentence of death had been passed, Mr.
+Gahan was allowed to visit her. Mr. Gahan
+subsequently wrote a simple and moving statement
+of what took place:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“To my astonishment and relief I found my
+friend perfectly calm and resigned. But this
+could not lessen the tenderness and intensity of
+feeling on either part during that last interview
+of almost an hour.</p>
+
+<p>“Her first words to me were upon a matter
+concerning herself personally, but the solemn
+asseveration which accompanied them was
+made expressly in the light of God and eternity.
+She then added that she wished all her
+friends to know that she willingly gave her
+life for her country, and said: ‘I have no fear<span class="pagenum" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</span>
+nor shrinking; I have seen death so often that
+it is not strange or fearful to me.’ She further
+said: ‘I thank God for this ten weeks’ quiet
+before the end.’ ‘Life has always been hurried
+and full of difficulty.’ ‘This time of rest
+has been a great mercy.’ ‘They have all been
+very kind to me here. But this I would say,
+standing as I do in view of God and eternity,
+I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must
+have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.’</p>
+
+<p>“We partook of the Holy Communion together,
+and she received the Gospel message
+of consolation with all her heart. At the close
+of the little service I began to repeat the words
+‘Abide with me,’ and she joined softly in the
+end.</p>
+
+<p>“We sat quietly talking until it was time for
+me to go. She gave me parting messages for
+relations and friends. She spoke of her soul’s
+needs at the moment and she received the assurance
+of God’s Word as only the Christian
+can do.</p>
+
+<p>“Then I said ‘Good-bye,’ and she smiled and
+said, ‘We shall meet again.’</p>
+
+<p>“The German military chaplain was with
+her at the end and afterwards gave her Christian
+burial.</p>
+
+<p>“He told me: ‘She was brave and bright
+to the last. She professed her Christian faith
+and that she was glad to die for her country.’
+‘She died like a heroine.’”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>VON BISSING’S DEFENSE</h3>
+
+<p>It is not surprising that the secrecy, the
+precipitate haste and the early morning hour
+of the execution gave rise to many sensational
+reports, among others that Miss Cavell fainted
+on the way, and was shot to death by the
+commanding officer as she lay unconscious.
+But it seems to be certain that the execution
+was carried out in the usual military way and
+without any aggravating incident. It was,
+however, quite in keeping with the brutal and
+conscienceless procedure throughout that the
+place of burial was kept secret, so that none
+of the friends of the martyred nurse could
+pay even the tribute of a tear at her grave.
+One needs but to look at the photographed
+face of von Bissing, the German Governor-General
+of Belgium responsible for the vindictive
+killing of Miss Cavell, to see the outward
+signs of a despicable soul. The only charitable
+thought with which one can review his
+acts is that his mind was already diseased and
+corrupted by the illness that not long after
+sent him to the final accounting for his Belgian
+infamies which—with the exception of
+Germany—roused the whole world to execration.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of note in this connection that
+in a talk with Mr. Karl Kitchen, a writer
+for the New York <cite>World</cite>, Von Bissing expressed
+great astonishment that an American
+newspaper man thought it worth while paying
+a visit to Brussels over “such an affair.” He
+was unable to understand “why the world is
+interested in the case. When thousands of
+innocent people have died in the war, why
+should anyone become hysterical over the death
+of one guilty woman?” And he admitted in
+the talk that the authorities had hurried on
+the execution not because Miss Cavell had
+helped fugitives to escape, but because they
+wanted to make her an example to awe the
+Belgians. He said:</p>
+
+<p>“A few years in prison is not sufficient punishment
+for an offense of this kind. For punishment
+in a case of this nature is meted out
+to deter others from committing the same offense.
+If the Cavell woman had been sent to
+prison she would have been released in two or
+three years—at the end of the war. Amnesty
+is usually granted to all prisoners convicted
+of offenses of this nature, espionage, and so
+forth, when peace is made.</p>
+
+<p>“The Cavell woman was not charged with
+espionage. The charge of aiding the enemy’s
+soldiers to escape which was made against her
+was sufficiently serious. Her death was deplorable—but
+I do not see why it should occasion
+such hysteria in America.”</p>
+
+<p>That was von Bissing’s self-justification.
+Baron von der Lancken’s plea was more
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">naïve</i>. As the execution was purely a military
+affair, he, the Civil Governor, did not interfere.
+“It would have been a breach of etiquette
+if he had done so!” It counted nothing
+with these official exponents of Kultur that
+Miss Cavell had been the compassionate and
+skillful nurse of numbers of wounded German
+soldiers in the Brussels hospitals. That offered
+them no reason for treating her with leniency.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_179" style="max-width: 47.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_179.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">1st Lieut. George W. Puryear</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The first American officer to escape from a German prison. While making his escape he
+was shot at six times, but by running directly at the guard who was shooting at him, and thus
+confusing his aim, he avoided being hit. He was captured July 26, 1918, and reached Switzerland,
+after swimming the Rhine.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_180a" style="max-width: 36.375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_180a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Memorial in Norwich, England, Dedicated
+to Edith Cavell</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>It was the worse for Germany that etiquette
+and native savagery put clemency aside
+in this case. As the London <cite>Times</cite> declared,
+“The late Miss Cavell’s death came like a
+trumpet call to the British nation. It showed
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</span>once again the real character of the enemy this
+country is fighting. To the soldiers in Flanders
+it gave a fresh battle-cry and to civilians
+at home it served to re-emphasize the need of
+greater effort and great sacrifice. Before
+leaping for the trenches for a charge the soldiers
+shouted: ‘For Miss Cavell.’”</p>
+
+<p>The King and Queen of England wrote to
+the aged mother of Miss Cavell expressing
+their sympathy with her and their horror of
+the deed that took her daughter from her.
+There was a great memorial service in St.
+Paul’s, the church itself and the churchyard
+around it being crowded by every class. The
+nation was thrilled. The French also made
+the cause their own. From Allies and neutrals
+the world over came messages of sympathy
+and indignation. Nowhere, perhaps,
+was the emotion deeper than in the United
+States. The American people were aroused in
+many ways. Their national dignity was offended,
+because their representatives had been
+slighted when attempting to save the Englishwoman.
+But this resentment counted for little
+as compared with the genuine wrath at an
+act of barbarous inhumanity to a woman.</p>
+
+<p>Her name has been honored in every possible
+way—in sculpture, in painting, in verse,
+in prose, in the sermons of the clergy, in the
+oratory of statesmen, and after the armistice
+England received home her body with such
+ceremonies as are reserved for those who have
+served the country greatly. An imposing ceremony
+in the ancient Westminster Abbey was
+attended by royalty and nobility, and the
+throng within and without the Abbey represented
+every class of English life. The funeral
+procession, in which marched hundreds of
+nurses, was witnessed by vast throngs along
+the route, and was in itself a memorable spectacle.
+The body of the martyr-heroine was
+taken to her native town for burial, where a
+monument portrait of herself, in the town
+square, will perpetuate to the eye a memory
+that will never perish from the English heart.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_180b" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_180b.jpg" alt="Bombed metal bridge in the river">
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_PICARDY_HEROINE">A PICARDY HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of Marcelle Semmer, Who Held Up the Advance of a German
+Army Corps</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">French</span> heroines were not few; indeed to
+be a woman of France was to be a heroine
+in those slow grinding years of the war that
+tired the soul, as it trampled the life of that
+country. But none of them was of greater
+courage or of more resolutely self-sacrificing
+purpose than a young woman of Picardy, a
+mere girl, Marcelle Semmer. She was the
+daughter of a phosphate factory owner, an
+Alsatian, who had quitted Alsace in 1871
+rather than remain as a subject of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>The story of her deeds was first given to
+the public by a lecturer at the Sorbonne, Paris,
+and was repeated by the Paris correspondent
+of the <cite>Times</cite>, but her fame had already run
+throughout the armies of France, and the
+Republic had honored her.</p>
+
+<p>After the defeat of the Allies at Charleroi,
+the French tried to make a stand along the
+Somme, but being unable to resist the overwhelming
+mass of the invaders, they fell back
+across a canal in the vicinity of Marcelle
+Semmer’s home. The enemy were in close
+pursuit. As the last group of the French
+crossed the bridge, Marcelle rushed forward
+and raising the drawbridge, threw into the
+canal the control key, without which the draw
+could not be lowered. This remarkable evidence
+of presence of mind and coolness was
+hardly to have been expected from a girl in
+such terrifying circumstances. The act was
+a daring one, as the advancing Germans did
+not hesitate to fire at her as well as at the
+retreating soldiers; but realizing that it would
+hold up the advance of the Germans she unhesitatingly
+confronted the danger. It was
+the saving grace for the French, for it was
+not until the next morning that the Germans
+were able to get together boats enough
+to form a pontoon across the canal. The
+retreat had the advantage of those precious
+hours of the hold-up.</p>
+
+<p>Though the risks were great, Marcelle remained
+in the village during the German occupation
+in order to be of possible assistance
+to the French. And she did render assistance.
+There was near the village Eclusier a subterranean
+passage used in the working of a
+phosphate mine, and in this passage Marcelle
+managed to conceal at different times sixteen
+French soldiers who had got separated from
+their command in the retreat from Charleroi
+and Mons. There she fed them, furnished
+them with civilian clothes and aided their
+escape into the French lines. It was not until
+she was helping the seventeenth to escape that
+she was caught and dragged, with a French
+soldier, before the local commandant. Asked
+if she meant deliberately to aid the soldier to
+escape, she replied firmly:</p>
+
+<p>“Yes. He is not the first. I helped sixteen
+others to get away. Do what you please with
+me. I am not afraid to die.”</p>
+
+<p>With little ceremony she was ordered to be
+shot. She was taken out for the purpose.
+The firing squad was drawn up and only
+waited the order to fire when suddenly there
+was a roar of French artillery bombarding the
+town and the position of the Germans around
+Eclusier. It was an unexpected French advance,
+and without thought of the girl the
+firing squad joined the confusion of men hurrying
+to the shelter of their defenses. Marcelle
+made her escape to the friendly subterranean
+passage. The French occupied Eclusier.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TWICE SAVED FROM THE GERMANS</h3>
+
+<p>The Somme lay between the opposing
+armies, and in the vicinity of Eclusier it forms
+a marshy lake. At flood the water covered
+the lines so that soldiers often lost their way,
+and here Marcelle found another means of
+serving France.</p>
+
+<p>The correspondent says:</p>
+
+<p>“Being thoroughly acquainted with the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</span>neighborhood, she used to pilot parties of soldiers.
+This brought her again close to death.
+While leading a squad of men who wanted to
+dig an advanced trench in the village of
+Frise she fell into the hands of a party of
+Germans.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_182" style="max-width: 49em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_182.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Fred C. Stein</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “F”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Close to Romagnes, on October 9, 1918, Stein captured a strong enemy machine-gun nest. He
+received two wounds while endeavoring to operate the machine gun, and then received another
+wound which was in the arm and almost disabled him.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“They locked her up in the little village
+church of Frise. On the morrow, she felt
+sure, they would shoot her.</p>
+
+<p>“But once more luck and the French artillery
+were her salvation. The French across
+the Somme began a lively bombardment of
+Frise. One shell blew a large hole in the
+church wall. Through this hole, unperceived
+by her captors, Marcelle crawled.
+Creeping past the Germans scattered through
+Frise, she soon tumbled, safe and sound, into
+the nearest French trench.</p>
+
+<p>“By this time her fame had spread and rewards
+began to shower upon her. She got
+the Cross of the Legion of Honor, and some
+time later the War-Cross. In spite of all she
+had gone through, she persisted in staying in
+the Somme country and continued to work
+for the cause of France. For fifteen months
+she remained, despite shot and shell, in her
+little Somme village, taking care of wounded
+soldiers. Also among her charges was a
+woman of 90, too feeble to travel to a safer
+place. Marcelle looked out for her night and
+day with unflagging devotion.</p>
+
+<p>“Everywhere soldiers knew and admired
+her. One English General ordered his soldiers
+to salute when she passed and refrain
+from addressing her unless she spoke first.”</p>
+
+<p>Under the strain of her volunteer work she
+finally came near to a breakdown and was
+persuaded to go to Paris. There she entered
+a nurses’ school to qualify for the care of the
+wounded, work being necessary to her to shut
+away her personal sorrows, as everything she
+possessed or held dear the war had taken
+from her.</p>
+
+<p>All this and more was told at the Sorbonne
+Conference, and then, says the <cite>Times</cite> correspondent,
+the narrator made a dramatic gesture
+and exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>“‘This little heroine of Picardy, this admirable
+girl, this incarnation of the qualities
+of the woman of France, this girl of simple
+origin, flawless dignity, of serious mind, and
+gentle ways, this girl of indomitable will-power,
+is here, ladies and gentlemen, here
+among you, in this room! And I feel that
+I am the spokesman for every one of you
+when I now extend to her the expression
+of our respect, our gratitude, our admiration!’</p>
+
+<p>“The auditors, every man, woman and child
+of them, leaped to their feet, mad with enthusiasm.
+They craned their necks to catch a
+glimpse of the heroine. Unable to escape
+them, the young girl stood up, blushing.
+Through the great hall of the Sorbonne,
+where the most famous people of the world
+had been honored by France, swept a storm
+of cheers. A reward more splendid than the
+Cross of the Legion of Honor, than the War-Cross,
+than the salutes of soldiers at the front,
+had come to Marcelle Semmer.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="GIRLS_OF_THE_BATTALION">GIRLS OF THE “BATTALION”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Russian Women Who Gave Splendid Proof That Soldierly Valor Knows
+No Sex</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> first reports of the Battalion of
+Death—the regiment of Russian women—were
+read in the western world they were
+regarded as the fiction of correspondents hard
+pressed for material. Fighting Amazons belonged
+to the legendary past. But the authentic
+confirmations of the story and the official
+recognition of the battalion’s services
+presently roused a curious interest in these
+women doing heroes’ work, and there was demand
+for information concerning the redoubtable
+“Madam Butchkareff” and the circumstances
+leading to the organization of the regiment
+of which she was given command.</p>
+
+<p>The story when told more than gratified the
+expectant interest. The London <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite><span class="pagenum" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</span>
+was the first to give the particulars as
+they are here presented.</p>
+
+<p>“Vera Butchkareff, or simply Yashka, as
+she has been christened by the men of the regiment
+to which she belonged, got much of her
+war-like spirit from her father, who fought
+through the whole of the Turkish war and
+was left a cripple for life. Her mother was
+a hard-working woman, with five children, of
+whom Yashka was the eldest, and she had to
+go out washing and cooking to earn enough
+to clothe and feed this flock.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_184" style="max-width: 44.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_184.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Marie Botchkareva,</p>
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Commander of the Battalion of Death</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At the age of five Yashka was sent out as
+nurse to a baby of three. And from that time
+she has never stopped working. She looks
+none the worse for it. Finely yet strongly
+built, with broad shoulders and healthy complexion,
+she can lift 200 pounds with the greatest
+of ease. She has never known what fear is.</p>
+
+<p>“Not long ago she remarked that during
+the last two years she had lived through so
+much that there remained but one danger yet
+to experience, that of flying. Just as she was
+saying that an aviator came up and offered to
+take her for a flight, and before the day was
+out she had exhausted her list of perils.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MARRIED AN UNKNOWN</h3>
+
+<p>“When she was sixteen years old her parents
+seized the first opportunity of getting her
+married. She never knew the man, but luckily
+as time wore on they grew very fond of each
+other, and were very happy. At first they
+both served in a shop, and thanks to their perseverance
+and frugality they were soon able
+to open a small shop of their own. But just
+as they began to prosper the war broke out,
+and he was one of the first to be called up.</p>
+
+<p>“She was very keen on accompanying him
+as a soldier, but he begged her to stay behind
+and work for her parents, whom they had
+been keeping.</p>
+
+<p>“She was always ready for any daring venture,
+and it was with great reluctance that
+she stayed at home in compliance with her
+husband’s wish. Time passed, and after long
+waiting she got the news that he had been
+killed in action in May, 1915. At once
+she went to her parents and said: ‘I have
+decided to go to the front, and you will either
+hear of my death or I shall return to you in
+honor and glory. I trust in God.’ And no
+persuasions were of any use.</p>
+
+<p>“For two years she lived in the trenches
+and fought like a man. She was wounded
+three times—in her arm, leg, and back. In
+the Lake Naroch battles there was a time
+when all the officers were killed and the men
+lost courage and lay down, too frightened to
+attack. Then she rose up and dashed forward
+calling on them to follow her. Every
+one obeyed her command, and the trench was
+captured. She has received two St. George’s
+medals and two St. George’s crosses for various
+feats of bravery. At the end of the two
+years she was legally admitted into the 28th
+Polozk Regiment.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RAISES HER BATTALION</h3>
+
+<p>“She was presented to Mr. Kerensky for
+her bravery, and after hearing all her experiences,
+the Minister of War asked what wish
+she would like to have granted. She straightway
+said: ‘I want to form a woman’s volunteer<span class="pagenum" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</span>
+battalion, which is to lead men into battle
+if they will not go of themselves.’ The
+idea was approved by Kerensky, and, with the
+sanction of the commander-in-chief, the battalion
+was formed.”</p>
+
+<p>There were 300 girls, most of them being
+recruits from the higher educational academies
+and secondary schools, with a few peasants,
+factory girls and servants. There were a few
+married women, but none with children were
+accepted. They ranged from 18 to 28 years
+in age and were of good physique, most of
+them pretty and of refined appearance. They
+wore their hair short, or their heads entirely
+shaved. They wore as uniform a soldier’s
+khaki blouse, short breeches, stockings, heavy
+soled shoes and forage cap. It was a mixed
+battalion in the matter of class; with the
+peasant and the factory girl marched the
+daughters of noble families, society women,
+writers, etc., for it was in the universities and
+schools that the Russian revolution found its
+most earnest advocates.</p>
+
+<p>These were the women who in action near
+Vilna that terrible July day exhibited great
+courage and coolness, and did such heroic service
+in the midst of a wavering and weakening,
+cowardly, panic-stricken body of troops that
+they have hardly a parallel in all history.
+Marie Golokbyova, a member of the battalion
+but eighteen years old, who enlisted from the
+high school, has told of the first engagement
+of the fighting girls.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THEIR FIRST ENGAGEMENT</h3>
+
+<p>“We went into action a fortnight after
+our arrival at the front under heavy German
+cannon fire. Given the order to advance,
+we rushed out of our trench. Feeling no
+sense of danger, we dashed toward the enemy
+in the wood. The machine guns began knocking
+over my companions. We were ordered
+to lie down. I noticed those at the front with
+me were all women. The men were further
+back.</p>
+
+<p>“I began shooting, the gun kicking my
+shoulder so hard that it is still blue and stiff.
+I was glad when we were ordered to charge
+the machine guns in the woods. We paid
+dearly, but we held on, and by night our
+scouts discovered the machine gunners and we
+shelled them out.</p>
+
+<p>“After the first attack I was attached to
+a machine gun, carrying ammunition to an advanced
+position under the fire of hidden German
+machine guns. We were advancing and
+constantly in danger of capture by the Germans.
+On one trip over newly captured
+ground I saw what I considered a wounded
+German officer lying on the ground. I went
+to help him with my gun in my right hand
+and the machine gun ammunition in my
+left.</p>
+
+<p>“Seeing me, he jumped to his knees and
+pulled out his revolver, but before he could
+shoot I dropped the ammunition and killed
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“How did I feel on taking a human life?
+I had no sensation except to rid my country
+of an enemy. There was no sentimentality.
+We were trying to kill them and they were
+trying to kill us—that is all. Any Russian
+girl or any American girl in the same position
+would have the same feeling.”</p>
+
+<p>Mme. Butchkareff—Commander Butchkareff—the
+peasant born leader of the heroic
+girls, was not only endowed with the highest
+quality of courage but she seemed to have an
+instinct for military command. She was, as
+her soldiers testified, “here, there, everywhere,”
+directing the action, adding the fire
+of her own spirit to the enthusiasm of the
+members of the battalion, urging them to
+“fight like real Russian soldiers,” and they met
+the demand. Said one of them:</p>
+
+<p>“None of us was afraid once we got
+started. We were in the midst of a great
+fusillade of shots. Then terrific big shells
+began bursting around us. We were again
+frightened a little when we first saw the dead
+about, but before very long we were jumping
+over the dead and quickly forgot all about
+them. We just forgot ourselves entirely.
+We were simply Russia fighting for her
+life.</p>
+
+<p>“As we ran forward we suddenly came
+upon a bunch of Germans immediately ahead
+of us. It was only a second until we were all
+around them.</p>
+
+<p>“They saw they were caught and threw
+down their rifles, holding up their hands.
+They were terribly frightened.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good God! Women!’ they exclaimed.”</p>
+
+<p>It might have been better for Russia had
+all her soldiers been women.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HER_AMBULANCE_UNIT">HER AMBULANCE UNIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An English Woman’s Contribution Was Her Fortune and the Daily Risk
+of Her Life</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Among</span> the decorations worn by Mrs.
+Hilda Wynne are the French Croix de
+Guerre, the Belgian order of Leopold, and
+the Russian Order of St. George—certificates
+of preëminent service in circumstances of danger
+that demand the high courage of utter
+self-devotion. Mrs. Wynne is a young English
+woman who gave her fortune to organize
+an ambulance unit and risked her life driving
+an ambulance on the firing line. Her organization
+was known as the Bevan-Wynne Unit,
+and it cared for some 40,000 wounded soldiers
+in the course of the war. Mrs. Wynne
+visited this country in the Autumn of 1917
+for the purpose of arousing interest in the
+public in the needs of soldiers in France.
+Happily her mission was a successful one.</p>
+
+<p>While she was in Denver the <cite>Post</cite> of that
+city induced Mrs. Wynne to tell some of her
+experiences, which are here reproduced.</p>
+
+<p>“Looking upon the human courage I have
+witnessed, from this distance and in the little
+breathing space I have taken from service I
+can recall thousands of heroic acts, but the
+bravest happened on the Russian front.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw two aviators go up to certain death.
+They were a Russian and a Frenchman. Both
+were little men. They went up to meet
+twenty German aeroplanes. It was suicidal.
+But they had been ordered to go—and theirs
+was the spirit of the gallant six hundred. I
+stood near them as they made ready to go.
+They said nothing. That is one of the lessons
+you learn in war—not to waste time nor
+words.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_186" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_186.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Women Ambulance-Drivers Served With All the Allied Armies</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Many of them received decorations for conspicuous bravery while under fire.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“They got their machines ready as a rider
+tests his saddle-straps and stirrups before starting
+for his morning gallop through the park.
+A little pothering and fixing of the machinery
+and they had gone. They went straight up
+and began blazing away at the German planes.
+I watched and the cords of my heart tightened,
+for the German planes, looking like great gray
+birds with wings widespread, came closer and
+closer. They surrounded them. They formed
+a solid double circle about them. Then they
+began to fire. And I turned and covered my
+eyes with my hands. A few seconds later
+what had been aeroplanes were splintered
+wood and what had been men a broken mass
+covered by smoking rags.</p>
+
+<p>“While this was the bravest act I saw in
+two and a half years on the firing line, I
+readily recall the most pathetic. It was the
+second line of men in the Russian trenches.
+They were unarmed soldiers. There were
+no guns for them. They took their places
+there expecting that the man in front might
+drop, and the second-line man could pick up
+his gun and take his place.</p>
+
+<p>“I have seen many of the Allies die. They
+all die bravely. At Dixmude when the fusiliers
+arrived 8,000 and went out 4,000 there
+was magnificent courage in death. The
+Frenchman dies calling upon his God. The
+Englishman says nothing or feebly jests; just
+turns his face to the wall and is still. The
+Russian is mystic and secretive. The Russian
+lives behind a veil of reserve. You
+never fully know him. In the last moments
+you know by his rapt look that his soul is in
+communion with his God.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AN IMPLACABLE BREED</h3>
+
+<p>“One of the deepest, unalterable truths of
+the war is the German power of hatred. It is
+past measuring. An example occurred at Dixmude.
+When we had been there three days
+we were driven out. I took my car filled
+with the wounded across a bridge just in time.
+A second after we had crossed there was a
+roar, then a crash. A shot had torn the bridge
+to pieces. Three weeks later to our hospital
+was brought a wounded German.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I know you,’ he said. ‘We nearly got
+you at the bridge at Dixmude.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘I remember,’ I said.</p>
+
+<p>“That man’s eyes used to follow me in a
+strange way. Build no beautiful theories of
+his national animosity disappearing, or being
+swallowed up in his gratitude. There was
+no such thought in his mind. The eyes said:
+‘I wish I had killed you. But since I didn’t
+I wish I might have another chance.’</p>
+
+<p>“This, after I had driven away a group of
+zouaves who had taken everything from him,
+including his iron cross, and who were debating
+whether to toss him into the canal then
+or that night.</p>
+
+<p>“Shells have a disturbing way about them,
+more disturbing to your plans than your equanimity.
+Shells prevented my having a nice
+comfortable illness. In southern Russia one
+can get little to eat. Coarse black bread is
+the chief food. It causes various disorders.
+I, afflicted with one of them, arranged a table
+in the corner of my tent, placed remedies on
+the table, undressed, and turned in, intending
+to have a cozy illness of a few days. But
+as I lay came an angry buzzing. A shell
+hissed through, carrying away a corner of my
+tent. That ended my illness. I had no more
+time to think of it.</p>
+
+<p>“The greatest peril I encountered was not
+from shells. One becomes used to them. One
+of the greatest dangers I faced was on a dark
+night drive along a precipice in the Caucasus.
+It was while the plan to bring troops through
+Persia to Russia was expected to be successful.
+I went ahead with some ambulances. It was
+necessary to take two Russian officers across
+the mountain. I offered my services. The
+road was an oddly twisting one. On one side
+was a high wall, on the other a precipice
+whose depth no one calculated. But as I
+allowed myself to look into it at twilight I
+could see no bottom to it. We started on
+the all-night drive at dusk. The precipice
+remained with us, a foot away, most of the
+distance. Had my car skidded twelve inches
+the story would have been different.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, too, I wandered once within the
+Turkish lines, mistaking them for our own.
+But amid a courteous silence I was allowed
+to discover my mistake and escape without
+harm.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TOO BUSY TO REFUSE HER</h3>
+
+<p>“I think I owe my opportunity to do my
+bit, in the way I have, to the fact that I arrived
+in Flanders a few hours before the fight<span class="pagenum" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</span>
+and the officers were too busy to send me
+back. I had seven automobiles, and knew how
+to use them. I took them to Dixmude and
+offered the automobiles and my services to
+the cause. I established headquarters at
+Furnes, which is seven miles from Nieuport,
+eight from Dixmude, and twenty from Ypres.
+I drove along the Yser Canal to the parts of
+the field that were under the heaviest fire, for
+there, I knew, my cars and I would be most
+needed. For a year I worked for the relief
+of the wounded of the French armies. Then
+I went to Russia, where I found the need of
+help and the sacrifice of life because of lack
+of that help almost inconceivable. The French
+armies have 6,000 ambulances. The Germans
+have 6,200. Russia, with a firing line
+of 6,000 miles, has only 600 motor-ambulances.</p>
+
+<p>“I established dressing-stations in the mountains.
+Some of these were 10,000 feet above
+the sea-level. There, on the canvas stretched
+between two horses, the wounded were
+brought, or so they started. For many
+of them died in the long journey, every
+step of which was torture to a wounded
+man.</p>
+
+<p>“The most exciting experience I ever had
+was on the Galician border. We could approach
+the battle-line only along the Tarnopol
+road, which ran for fifteen miles directly under
+German guns. I was speeding along it
+with an ambulance full of wounded soldiers
+when a shell struck the roadside and exploded,
+tearing a great hole in the earth fifty feet
+away. The concussion stopped us. Then we
+went on. I travel on my luck. Some time,
+I suppose, I shall travel too far.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TRUE_HEROINE">A TRUE HEROINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Type of Woman from Which Fate Fashions Jeannes D’Arc</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Had</span> there been a Myra Ivanovna in every
+sector of the Russian front in the wavering
+days, it is not extravagant to think the
+troops of the Czar might have resisted the
+propaganda as well as the guns of the Germans
+and pushed on—perhaps to Berlin.
+Myra was but twenty years of age, a Russian
+Sister of Mercy. She accompanied her
+brother, a military doctor, to the front. She
+was small, and weak and nervous, but she had
+a resolute will, an indomitable soul, and these
+gave energy and endurance to her body. She
+was one of the most active and tireless in ministering
+to the sick and wounded. The soldiers
+marveled to see so frail a creature perform
+such tasks as mark the duties of an ambulance
+nurse. Naturally, she inspired the devotion
+of those she served.</p>
+
+<p>It was in 1915. There had been heavy and
+dogged fighting and there were many
+wounded. The ambulances and the nurses
+were kept busy. Then the Germans succeeded
+in outflanking the regiment to which Myra
+was attached, and poured a deadly fire into
+the trenches. M. Kupchinsky, correspondent
+at the front for a Petrograd paper, told her
+story. The London <cite>Morning Post</cite> translated
+it. Here it is:</p>
+
+<p>“The ambulance near the 10th Regiment
+was not brought to the rear, despite the instructions
+of the commander. It was discovered
+that Sister Ivanovna was employed there in
+bandaging the wounded.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Let the ambulance station go back,’ she
+said; ‘I shall stay here, where my hands are
+wanted.’</p>
+
+<p>“The doctors and the wounded officers appealed
+in vain—she would not retreat until
+her brother ordered her to do so. No sooner,
+however, was the ambulance posted in a new
+situation than she moved back to her former
+position with a few volunteers. At this time
+the enemy’s reinforcements with machine guns
+opened a deadly fire from some heights commanding
+the position, and Ivanovna was
+slightly wounded by a bullet in the left arm.
+She bandaged the wound herself, and, without
+saying a word, continued her work.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_189" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_189.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Women in the Salvation Army Followed the American Army Wherever It Went and They
+Served Doughnuts to Men in the Front Trenches</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The position of the regiment was a perilous
+one. Every moment the strength of the
+enemy was increasing, and the Russian ranks
+were decimated by their long exposure to
+heavy fire. It was necessary to strike a rapid
+blow, sharp and decisive; but officer after
+officer was brought in wounded, and at last
+word came that the commander himself had
+been killed. Men began to drop back from
+the front trenches. Indecision in the ranks
+threatened a panic.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SWORD IN HAND, SHE LED THE ATTACK</h3>
+
+<p>“Seeing that the men were wavering, and
+actuated by indignant horror at the unequal
+fight, Sister Myra Ivanovna drew a sword
+from the sheath of a dead officer and ran from
+the station. She was followed by some of the
+wounded soldiers, who, with tears in their
+eyes, implored her to return, and even tried
+to detain her by holding her arms, but she
+freed herself.</p>
+
+<p>“Then, her eyes burning with excitement,
+she went forward. She was not alone, for the
+soldiers were anxious to defend this frail
+woman who was leading them back to the
+trenches, her sword raised in the air.</p>
+
+<p>“The soldiers of the 10th Regiment were
+wavering in the trenches when, at the critical
+moment, Sister Myra, surrounded by a group
+of wounded soldiers, with uplifted sword,
+rushed toward the trench. At once there was
+a resounding ‘Hurrah!’ and the rifles of the
+exhausted soldiers commenced once more their
+deadly clicking.</p>
+
+<p>“For a moment Sister Myra bent toward
+the occupants of the trench, and they heard
+the word ‘<em>Golubebiki!</em>’ (Dear ones). Then,
+rising to her feet, she ran forward, her sword
+flashing in the air. All the men followed
+her. But all the time the enemy machine-guns
+were steadily spitting forth their leaden
+pellets of death, and, though losing men
+with every step, the remnants of the company
+made a wild dash for the enemy’s trench,
+which they occupied after furious work with
+the bayonet. The enemy fled precipitately,
+but in the recesses of the trench, on the bloody
+ground trodden by the feet of the eager combatants,
+lay Sister Myra Ivanovna.</p>
+
+<p>“Rough soldiers bent over her, and now that
+the excitement of the fray was over they wept
+as they tried vainly to arrest the flow of blood
+from a wound in her throat. She was carried
+out of the fire, but before she had proceeded
+far another bullet struck her, and she fell
+dead among the group of soldiers.”</p>
+
+<p>“A true heroine,” writes Mr. Kupchinsky,
+“a type of the Russian woman who is guiding
+us to victory.”</p>
+
+<p>Alas! that was in 1915.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_HEROINE_OF_HUMANITY">A HEROINE OF HUMANITY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>This Young Englishwoman Risked Death in a Hideous Form to Save the
+Lives of Others</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> serene courage of self-devotion to
+the service of humanity does not have
+the acclaim of the world very often. We have
+not learned how to measure the values of
+quiet heroism—the heroism that works in the
+solitude. We thrill to feats of daring, we
+are rather complacent to the bravery of scientific
+experiment, though the risk of life be
+great.</p>
+
+<p>There is the story of a young Englishwoman,
+Miss Mary Davies, who, far behind
+the front with its stimulating excitement and
+without the inspiration of approving and emulous
+comrades, calmly, deliberately challenged
+death in one of its most horrible forms. She
+had seen the victims of one of the most terrible
+of war scourges—gaseous gangrene—suffering
+a loathsome death, and knew how hopelessly
+the surgeons in the laboratories of the American
+Ambulance where she served, worked to
+combat the plague. She realized that if inoculation
+with the bacilli of the disease could
+be successfully employed, thousands of wounded
+men would be saved, and she resolved to
+make the experiment.</p>
+
+<p>She had seen many examples of the horrible
+results of this infection and had observed
+the invariably fatal course of the disease
+in animals inoculated with the bacilli.
+She watched and assisted in the experiments
+in which guinea-pigs were inoculated with
+gangrene bacilli. She had become convinced
+of the efficacy of injections with quinine hydrochlorid
+and had concluded that the experiments
+on small animals had given all the results
+of which they were capable and that the
+time had come for an experiment on a normal
+human body, and not one from the battlefield,
+fatigued and wounded and possibly infected
+by other bacilli.</p>
+
+<p>Well aware that her plan would be prevented
+if it became known, she determined
+without a word to any one, to risk her life in
+an attempt to demonstrate the efficacy of the
+treatment, which she was convinced would
+cure the victims of this dread disease.</p>
+
+<p>Her preparations deliberately and completely
+made, she waited until she was about to
+leave for a holiday, so that her absence would
+not disturb the work in the laboratory. She
+chose the deadliest strain of bacilli in the laboratory,
+obtained from the latest fatal case,
+of which two drops of culture sufficed to kill
+a guinea-pig. Then she inoculated herself in
+a manner most certain to produce the disease
+in animals, injecting fifty times the amount
+used to kill a guinea-pig, making one injection
+deep into the muscles of her thigh, the other
+just beneath the skin. Two hours later she
+quietly came to the laboratory and asked to be
+treated in the same manner as the animals
+under experiment.</p>
+
+<p>The surgeons and attendants were greatly
+alarmed for her. Their experience had taught
+them the rapidity and horribleness of the effects
+of gangrene, the most dreaded and the
+most baffling of the diseases produced by the
+war. They began treatment of her at once,
+apprehensive and doubtful of results.</p>
+
+<p>Injections with a quinine solution were
+made at the points where she had inoculated
+the deadly bacilli. She was sent to the nearest
+hospital for observation and further treatment.
+Quinine injections were given a second
+time. Symptoms of a slight degree of
+infection developed within twenty-four hours,
+but they subsided without operation becoming
+necessary, and it is more than gratifying to
+know that recovery was rapid and complete.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Davies has been named a “heroine of
+science” and her brave and self-sacrificial deed
+will be properly recognized in medical science;
+but surely she has won a place in the world’s
+esteem and memory as a heroine of humanity.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_OF_THE_GREAT_ACES">ONE OF THE GREAT “ACES”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Raoul Lufbery, the Connecticut Boy Who Roamed the World to Die a
+Hero in France</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Great War brought into bold relief
+no more romantic figure or daring spirit
+than that of Major Raoul Lufbery, from
+Wallingford, Conn. The bare facts of his
+life have the flavor of incidents taken from
+the adventure story of a highly imaginative
+fiction writer. There is no need of invention
+or added color to make his history a thrilling
+tale. No presentation of it, however bald and
+commonplace the narrative, can cheat it of
+its romance and heroism. That he was one of
+the chief of the American “Aces” is in itself
+an epitome of adventure that might easily be
+elaborated into a volume.</p>
+
+<p>Lufbery was an adventurer in the dashing
+sense of the word. His blood was filled with
+the essence of unrest, the energy of motion
+that would not let him stay fixed to place.
+When he was seventeen years old Wallingford
+held him too much cabined and confined. He
+ran away from home as an explorer of the
+unknown world. Drawn, perhaps, by the
+spell of ancestral affinities, he made his way
+to France and wandered from place to place in
+the land of legend and romance, working at
+any job that would provide his keep and supply
+him with funds for his next excursion.</p>
+
+<p>From France he sailed to Algiers, where he<span class="pagenum" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</span>
+remained till he had satisfied his interest, when
+he set off for other scenes—Egypt, the Balkans,
+Germany, South America and then back
+to Wallingford for a peep at the home folks.
+He chuckled appreciatively on learning that
+his father was off doing a bit of globe-vagabonding
+on his own account.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_192" style="max-width: 27.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_192.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Illustrating Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major Raoul Lufbery, an American, Who
+Was Loved by Fellow-Flyers</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He stopped at home for a year, when the
+wander-bubbles of his blood got into ferment
+again, and trotting down to New Orleans
+he was tempted by military possibilities and
+enlisted in the Regular Army. He was sent to
+the Philippines, where he displayed such proficiency
+as rifleman that he won all the regimental
+prizes for the best marksmanship.
+That skill in getting bullets into the right spot
+was one of his great assets when he came to
+battling in the air over the fields of France.</p>
+
+<p>But even the Army waxed tame for Lufbery,
+and when his term of enlistment expired
+he was ready and eager to nose out what the
+still strange parts of the world had to offer
+him. He sailed for Japan, sampled the beauties
+and novelties of that country and then
+dipped into China. From China he went into
+India. A characteristic anecdote is told of
+him as ticket-seller in one of the railway stations
+of India. It has been said that he sustained
+himself with any kind of odd job as
+he roamed the world, and ticket-selling was
+one of the tedious sort of occupations least to
+his liking. A pompous type of native one day
+stood at the wicket.</p>
+
+<p>“Want a ticket?” Lufbery asked.</p>
+
+<p>“Say ‘Sir’ when you speak to me,” said the
+native, loftily.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE PRICE OF A JOB</h3>
+
+<p>With never a wink, Lufbery left his place,
+approached the offended person, took him by
+the back of the neck and with neatness and
+dispatch ejected him from the station. Under
+English civil law one is promptly summoned
+for assault, and as the person Lufbery had
+treated so summarily in accord with his own
+ideas of fitness chanced to be the richest and
+most influential merchant of Bombay, the
+summons cost the ticket-seller his place.
+Cochin-China was his resort, Saigon his haven,
+and there, if you please, he viewed with envious
+admiration the aerial antics of Marc
+Pourpe, the famous trick flyer.</p>
+
+<p>There came a day when Pourpe lost his mechanic,
+and his exhibitions came to a stop
+while he made vain quest among the natives
+for a substitute. None cared for the office,
+preferring infinitely the understood foundation
+of Mother Earth to antics in the air. Quite
+right—Lufbery applied for the job. Was he
+a mechanic? No. Did he know anything
+about an aeroplane motor? Not a thing.</p>
+
+<p>“Why the deuce, then, do you come bothering
+me?” demanded the irritated Pourpe.</p>
+
+<p>“I don’t know the job now,” Lufbery said,
+“but I can learn. You only have to show me
+once. Take me on. You won’t regret it.
+I’m not afraid of work.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</span></p>
+
+<p>Marc Pourpe is quoted as saying to some
+friends later in relating the incident:</p>
+
+<p>“His reasoning was full of logic. His
+method was original. I agreed, and I will
+say that never have I seen a person more devoted,
+more intelligent and more useful. He
+is already better informed about a motor than
+most of the so-called mechanics of Paris.
+Moreover, this boy has hung his hat in every
+country in the world. He is not a man, he is
+an encyclopedia. He can tell you what the
+weather is in a given season in Japan, in
+Egypt, in America, or in France. He observes
+everything and once he has noticed it,
+it is engraved on his memory.</p>
+
+<p>“He told me that in all his travels he had
+never been more than a week without working.
+He was hospital interne at Cairo, a stevedore
+in Calcutta, station master in India, a
+soldier in America. I am glad he is now a
+mechanic.</p>
+
+<p>“If he likes it, I will take him back with
+me at the end of my tour and will keep him
+with me. It is rare to find a good mechanic.
+His name is <em>Raoul Lafberg</em>, and he spent his
+childhood in the vicinity of Bourges. If I
+return with him, you will see what a sympathetic
+character chance has thrown in my way.
+So once more in my life everything goes
+well.”</p>
+
+<p>This shift of name on the sudden from Lufbery
+to Lafberg was due to a hope that the
+Frenchified turn would the more favorably
+determine Pourpe to engage his services, especially
+as Lufbery spoke French fluently, having
+learned it in his three years’ stay in France.</p>
+
+
+<h3>JOINS THE FOREIGN LEGION</h3>
+
+<p>So it was that Lufbery, as Pourpe’s mechanic,
+found himself in France when the war
+storm burst. Pourpe, who had a new type of
+plane, promptly enlisted as a flyer for his beloved
+France. As an American Lufbery could
+not be accepted except as a member of the
+Foreign Legion, which he hastened to join in
+the expectation that he could be transferred
+thence to service with his friend, which was
+done. But they were not long together at the
+front. Pourpe was killed the first or second
+of December, 1914.</p>
+
+<p>Thereupon Lufbery applied for admission
+to the regular French air service, which was
+granted and in a short time he was on the
+front with the Escadrille of bombardment,
+V. 102.</p>
+
+<p>But it was not until he joined the newly
+organized Escadrille Lafayette that his career
+of distinction began. His first victim was
+brought down, over Etain, July 30, 1916, the
+second five days later. He was cited by the
+French Government thus:</p>
+
+<p>“A model of address, of coolness, of courage.
+He has distinguished himself by numerous
+long distance bombardments and by the
+daily combats he has had with enemy aeroplanes.
+On July 30 he unhesitatingly attacked
+at close range four enemy machines.
+He shot one of them down near our own
+lines. He successfully brought down a second
+on the 4th of August, 1916.”</p>
+
+<p>His record grew apace. He got his third
+August 8, his fourth August 12, his fifth October
+12, and became an “Ace.” In December
+he brought down two in one day after a
+fight that nearly cost him his life as his jacket
+was torn with bullets. That victory gained
+him the award of the Legion of Honor. Incidentally,
+he was the first American to receive
+from England the British Military
+Cross which was conferred on him June 12,
+1917, when his record had mounted to ten
+enemy planes.</p>
+
+<p>That tenth plane exploit, by the way, was
+memorable. Lufbery was alone at an altitude
+of 18,000 feet when, at a distance, he
+saw a formation of seven Boche machines.
+Two of them were two-seater observation machines,
+the others were the protective escort.
+He flew into the sun to wait for a chance to
+attack. Soon one of the seven cut loose from
+the others, and immediately Lufbery dived
+for it and began firing, taking the enemy by
+surprise. After thirty shots or so his gun
+jammed, but no more shots were necessary.
+The enemy machine wobbled, shifted and began
+its downward plunge, and as Lufbery
+volplaned away he saw the wrecked machine
+crash into the German trenches.</p>
+
+<p>In an article written for the French publication
+<cite>La Guerre Aérienne</cite>, Lufbery describes
+an encounter he had one day when he
+was sent scouting over the Vosges, the panoramic
+beauty of which had so enthralled him
+he flew in sheer delight of the vision, nevertheless
+“all the time on guard.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</span></p>
+
+<p>Suddenly an enemy appeared a little below
+and behind him. He wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“It is a little one-seater biplane of the Fokker
+or Halberstadt type. A glance around
+assures me that he is alone. I am surprised
+at this, for it is certainly the first time that
+a machine of this sort has deliberately placed
+itself in a position so disadvantageous for
+fighting. Perhaps it is a trap. One never
+knows! If it only may prove to be a beginner,
+lacking experience, who listens to nothing
+but his courage in his purpose to become one
+of the great Aces of his country.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ATTACKS A MASTER OF HIS ART</h3>
+
+<p>“However that may be, the wind keeps
+blowing from the west and carries me farther
+and farther into the lines. It will not do to
+allow the Boche to have this advantage too
+long: I decide to begin the attack without losing
+another second.</p>
+
+<p>“An about face, followed by a sudden double
+spin, carries me a little behind my adversary.
+Profiting by this advantage I dive upon him,
+but with a remarkable skill he gets out of
+range of my machine gun. He has anticipated
+my maneuver and parried the blow before it
+was struck. I am now aware that I have
+to do with a master of his art. This first encounter
+has proved it to me.</p>
+
+<p>“Making my machine tango from right to
+left, I saw him again below me but much
+nearer than before by at least forty yards.</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly he noses up as if to begin a
+looping, and in this awkward position fires a
+volley at me which I dodge by a half turn to
+the right. A second time I attack but with
+no more success. The wind carries us to the
+north of Mulhouse, and I begin to ask myself
+if I am not playing my adversary’s game
+for him in delaying longer.</p>
+
+<p>“At this moment I chanced to glance in the
+direction of Belfort, which was about twelve
+miles within our lines. I perceived in the air
+little white flakes. Evidence of the presence
+of a Boche.</p>
+
+<p>“A lucky chance! I had now an excuse for
+abandoning without loss of honor the match,
+which I confess I am not at all sorry to leave.
+Only before leaving my adversary I feel that I
+must show him that I appreciate that he is
+a valiant foe and respect him as such. Drawing
+my left arm out of the fuselage I wave
+him a sign of adieu. He understands and desires
+to show courtesy on his part, for he returns
+my farewell.</p>
+
+<p>“All my attention is turned toward him
+whom I already consider as my new prey, a
+big white two-seater of very substantial appearance.</p>
+
+<p>“I draw nearer and nearer to him. Good
+luck! For the first time since I have been a
+chaser I am going to have the good fortune to
+battle within our lines. Also this increases my
+confidence until it makes me disregard measures
+of caution, even the science of tactics.</p>
+
+<p>“Another motive impels me to take more
+than ordinary risks. I am determined that he
+shall not escape me, and I make up my mind
+to shoot at him until I have won the victory.</p>
+
+<p>“What joy if I can only lodge a ball in his
+motor, or in his gasoline tank, which would
+oblige him to make a landing on French soil!
+Then I should be able to speak with the conquered
+and ask them their impressions of the
+aerial duel in which they had just taken part.
+But there is an old French proverb which says
+‘You must not sell the skin of the bear before
+you have killed him.’ I had occasion that
+day to prove the wisdom of this as you shall
+soon see.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“POOR COUCOU”</h3>
+
+<p>“Enough of dreaming! The moment for
+action has arrived. Quickly I place myself in
+the rear and on the tail of my enemy from
+whom I am separated by a distance of about
+fifty yards. Then I open fire with my machine
+gun, and continue firing up to the moment
+when my plane, his superior in speed,
+arrives so near the big two-seater that a collision
+seems inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>“Quickly I pull up, leap over the obstacle,
+and fall in a glide on the right wing. Increasing
+my speed I re-establish my equilibrium
+and prepare to tempt fortune a second time.</p>
+
+<p>“Curse the luck! It is of no use. The
+motor, the soul of my aeroplane, has received
+a mortal wound and is about to draw its last
+breath.</p>
+
+<p>“Turning my head I discover that the ailerons
+are also seriously injured. My enemy
+fortunately does not seem to wish to profit
+by the situation. He continues his flight in
+the direction of his own lines. Perhaps I<span class="pagenum" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</span>
+have wounded him very seriously. I hope so.
+Anyway, his flight leaves me master of the
+field. But that is a very small consolation.
+And also of short duration; for I am coming
+down faster and faster. At last I safely take
+the ground on the nearest flying field within
+gliding distance.</p>
+
+<p>“Pilots, observers, mechanics surround me
+and besiege me with questions. They have
+seen the fight and want the details. For the
+moment I do not explain much but that I
+have encountered a Boche who does not understand
+joking! Besides, I was in a hurry
+to examine the wounds of my little aeroplane.
+It is very ill, poor thing! Three bullets in
+the motor, the gasoline tank ruined, a strut
+out of commission, many holes in the hood,
+finally the left aileron was cut and broken
+off by the bullets. It had made its last flight!
+Poor Coucou!”</p>
+
+<p>An admirable story of Lufbery in <cite>Heroes
+of Aviation</cite> says in conclusion:</p>
+
+<p>“To recount all the aerial successes of this
+American champion is but to repeat the usual
+details of his sober inspection of his aeroplane
+and his arms before dawn; his calm scrutiny of
+the skies for the black crosses of the enemy
+planes; his adroit maneuvering for the best
+position from which to surprise the foe; his
+determined and patient attack; his exactness
+in machine gun marksmanship; his jubilant
+return to his comrades with another certain
+victory on his score.</p>
+
+<p>“During months of his service in France
+Lufbery suffered from acute seizures of rheumatism
+which frequently necessitated his return
+to the hospital. Quiet and unassuming
+in his conversation, Lufbery won universal
+respect from the mechanics and affectionate
+loyalty from his comrades. Every one who
+met him felt as Marc Pourpe wrote, ‘He
+is not a man, he is an encyclopedia.’</p>
+
+<p>“When America entered the war and began
+her preparations for her own Air Service in
+France, certain of the experienced fighting
+pilots who had been fighting for France were
+given charge of the new American escadrilles.
+Lufbery and William Thaw, both original
+members of N. 124, the Escadrille Lafayette,
+were commissioned Majors. To them fell
+the task of organizing the eager youths who
+were to assist in clearing from the skies of
+France the invading Huns.</p>
+
+<p>“Possessed of all the honors that his army
+could bestow upon a noble Soldier, and wracked
+with physical pains that were daily increased
+by inclement weather, an ordinary man would
+have been satisfied to seek his ease and fill his
+required duties with the instructions to his
+pilots. But Major Lufbery instructed by example,
+not by speech. Not unmindful of his
+value to his comrades as their mentor and
+commander and impelled by an ardor that
+knew no rest, Lufbery continued his active
+patrolling, exposed himself to every risk.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE LAST FLIGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“On Sunday, May 19th, the American Ace
+went aloft over Toul with his fighting
+squadron. Enemy fighting machines were
+flying over the American line. The latest
+designed Fokker aeroplane, a single-seater triplane,
+appeared deep enough within our territory
+to be cut off before he could escape.
+Lufbery darted swiftly to the attack.</p>
+
+<p>“Exact details of any air combat are known
+only to the combatants. Fighting machines
+of to-day move with a speed of 140 miles per
+hour. Approaching each other they lessen the
+distance between them at the rate of over 400
+feet each second. Let some one calculate the
+fraction of an instant given to the pilot
+in which he plans his maneuver, alters his
+position, takes his aim, and presses the trigger!</p>
+
+<p>“Lufbery’s machine fell in flames. He was
+seen to jump from the blazing mass when
+2,000 feet from the ground. A parachute attachment
+might have saved his life as his
+body was found to be uninjured from the
+enemy’s fire. A non-inflammable fuel tank
+might have permitted him to continue his attack
+until the Fokker triplane dropped as his
+nineteenth victory.</p>
+
+<p>“Deprived of these improvements, Lufbery
+died. With his lamented loss the title of the
+American Ace of Aces passed to Sergeant
+Frank L. Baylies, of New Bedford, Massachusetts,
+who after eight months at the front,
+had amassed a total of twelve enemy machines.
+Upon the gallant death of Baylies, Lieutenant
+Putnam of Brookline, Massachusetts, with ten
+official victories, headed the American list of
+Aces.”</p>
+
+<p>Though officially credited with only eighteen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</span>
+planes brought down in single combat,
+Lufbery was, in fact, the victor over twice
+that number of enemy planes. The rule for
+official recognition requires that a fall must
+be attested by eye-witnesses in addition to the
+flyer. Many of Lufbery’s “downs” were inside
+the enemy lines beyond the observation of
+any of his comrades, and others fell in such
+a way that it could not be said positively that
+they were destroyed.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_LAFAYETTE_ESCADRILLE">THE LAFAYETTE ESCADRILLE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Air Squadron Made Famous by American Youth Before America
+Entered the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> the first years of the war, when the war
+was yet a European War, when America
+as a nation was not ready to act, a group of
+American boys—roused by the righteousness of
+the war against Germany, and longing to help
+France—finally enlisted in the French aviation
+service. They had come to repay the debt
+America owed to the people who had sent
+Lafayette in her time of need. Therefore
+their section was given the name of Lafayette
+Escadrille. Americans glory in the homage
+paid to the daring deeds of Kiffin Rockwell,
+Victor Chapman, Norman Prince and Jim
+McConnell, of Thaw, Lufbery, Hall, Masson
+and Cowdin. Jim McConnell wrote a little
+book called <cite>Flying for France</cite> (Doubleday,
+Page &amp; Company), in which he describes with
+a vividness born of the gallant affection he
+felt for his friends and comrades the deeds of
+that glorious group, and the deaths of three
+of them. Then he too fell.</p>
+
+<p>McConnell first joined the American ambulance
+service in the Vosges, and was mentioned
+several times for conspicuous bravery
+in saving wounded under fire. It was in the
+ambulance service that he won the Croix de
+Guerre.</p>
+
+<p>Gradually, however, this heroism drew on a
+deeper feeling. The spirit of adventure gave
+way to the spirit of liberty. France’s struggle
+took on a new aspect. McConnell gave up
+the ambulance service and enlisted in the
+French flying corps.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately he began to feel something
+more than the mere bond of common danger
+drawing him to the members of the Escadrille.
+They were like brothers who had managed to
+grow up friends as well as kinsmen. They
+were a picked lot. There was William Thaw,
+of Pittsburgh, the pioneer of them all; Norman
+Prince, of Boston; Elliot Cowdin, of
+New York; Bert Hall, of Texas, and his
+chum James Bach—the first to fall into German
+hands. Bach had smashed into a tree
+in going to the assistance of a companion who
+had broken down in landing a spy in the German
+lines. Both he and his French companion
+had been captured. The last of the
+original six was Didier Masson. Soon Lufbery
+came, and Kiffin Rockwell of Asheville,
+N. C., and Victor Chapman of New York.
+Rockwell and Chapman had both been
+wounded in other branches of the service.</p>
+
+<p>It was Rockwell who brought down the Escadrille’s
+first plane in his initial aerial combat.
+“He was flying alone, when, over Thann,
+he came upon a German on reconnaissance.
+He dived and the German turned toward his
+own lines, opening fire from a long distance.
+Rockwell kept straight after him. Then, closing
+to within thirty yards, he pressed on the
+release of his machine gun, and saw the enemy
+gunner fall backward and the pilot crumple
+up sideways in his seat. The plane flopped
+downward and crashed to earth just behind
+the German trenches. Swooping close to the
+ground Rockwell saw its débris burning away
+brightly. He had turned the trick with but
+four shots and only one German bullet had
+struck his Nieuport.”</p>
+
+<p>The section was soon transferred to more
+dangerous territory. They were needed at
+Verdun. Fighting there came thick and fast.
+McConnell describes the activity of almost
+every one there. And every one was active.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</span>
+“Hall brought down a German observation
+craft. Thaw dropped a Fokker in the morning,
+and on the afternoon of the same day
+there was a big combat far behind the German
+trenches. Thaw was wounded in the arm,
+and an explosive bullet detonating on Rockwell’s
+wind-shield tore several gashes in his
+face. Despite the blood which was blinding
+him Rockwell managed to reach an aviation
+field and land. Thaw, whose wound bled profusely,
+landed in a dazed condition just within
+our lines. He was too weak to walk, and
+French soldiers carried him to a field dressing station,
+whence he was sent to Paris for further
+treatment. Rockwell’s wounds were less
+serious and he insisted on flying again almost
+immediately.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOW CHAPMAN FOUGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“A week or so later Chapman was wounded.
+Considering the number of fights he had been
+in and the courage with which he attacked it
+was a miracle he had not been hit before.
+He always fought against odds and far within
+the enemy’s country. He flew more than
+any of us, never missing an opportunity to go
+up, and never coming down until his gasoline
+was giving out. His machine was a sieve
+of patched-up bullet holes. His nerve was
+almost superhuman and his devotion to the
+cause for which he fought sublime. The day
+he was wounded he attacked four machines.
+Swooping down from behind, one of them, a
+Fokker, riddled Chapman’s plane. One bullet
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</span>cut deep into his scalp, but Chapman, a
+master pilot, escaped from the trap, and fired
+several shots to show he was still safe. A
+stability control had been severed by a bullet.
+Chapman held the broken rod in one hand,
+managed his machine with the other, and succeeded
+in landing on a nearby aviation field.
+His wound was dressed, his machine repaired,
+and he immediately took the air in pursuit of
+some more enemies. He would take no rest,
+and with bandaged head continued to fly and
+fight.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_197" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_197.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Distinguished Aviators of the Lafayette Escadrille.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From the left: Lufbery, Hinkle, Thenault, Bigelow, and Thaw.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Balsley, a newcomer, managed to get
+wounded in the meantime. He had started
+out with a party of four that had met a German
+squadron. Balsley attacked the nearest
+German, “only to receive an explosive bullet
+in his thigh. Extra cartridge rollers, dislodged
+from their case, hit his arms. He was
+tumbling straight toward the trenches, but
+by an effort he regained control, righted
+the plane, and landed without disaster.</p>
+
+<p>“Soldiers carried him to shelter, and later
+he was taken to a field hospital, where he lingered
+for days between life and death. Ten
+fragments of the explosive bullet were removed
+from his stomach. He bore up bravely
+and became the favorite of the wounded officers
+in whose ward he lay. When we flew
+over to see him they would say: ‘Il est un
+brave petit gars, l’aviateur américain.’ [He’s
+a brave little fellow, the American aviator.]
+On a shelf by his bed, done up in a handkerchief,
+he kept the pieces of bullet taken out
+of him, and under them some sheets of paper
+on which he was trying to write to his
+mother, back in El Paso.</p>
+
+<p>“Balsley was awarded the Médaille Militaire
+and the Croix de Guerre, but the honors
+scared him. He had seen them decorate officers
+in the ward before they died.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OF THEM TO DIE</h3>
+
+<p>“Then came Chapman’s last fight. Before
+leaving, he had put two bags of oranges in
+his machine to take to Balsley, who liked to
+suck them to relieve his terrible thirst, after
+the day’s flying was over. There was an
+aerial struggle against odds, far within the
+German lines, and Chapman, to divert their
+fire from his comrades, engaged several enemy
+airmen at once. He sent one tumbling to
+earth, and had forced the others off when two
+more swooped down upon him.” The wings
+of his plane suddenly buckled and the machine
+dropped like a stone.</p>
+
+<p>Chapman had only started the list of deaths.
+He was to be followed by perhaps the most
+beloved of all the section. Kiffin Rockwell
+had started off with Lufbery one morning.
+Just before he reached the lines he “spied
+a German machine under him flying at 11,000
+feet.” Rockwell had fought more combats,
+than the rest of the Escadrille put together,
+says McConnell. “He had shot down many
+German machines that had fallen in their
+lines, but this was the first time he had had
+an opportunity of bringing down a Boche in
+our territory.”</p>
+
+<p>Rockwell approached so close to the enemy
+plane that it seemed there would be a collision.
+The German aeroplane carried two machine
+guns. When Rockwell started his dive the
+enemy opened a rapid fire. “Rockwell
+plunged through the stream of lead and only
+when very close to his enemy did he begin
+shooting. For a moment it looked as if the
+German was falling, but then the French
+machine turned rapidly nose down, the wings
+of one side broke off and fluttered in the wake
+of the airplane, which hurtled earthward in
+a rapid drop. It crashed into the ground in
+a small field—a field of flowers—a few hundred
+yards back of the trenches. It was
+not more than two and a half miles from the
+spot where Rockwell, in the month of May,
+brought down his first enemy machine. The
+Germans immediately opened up on the wreck
+with artillery fire. In spite of the bursting
+shrapnel, gunners from a nearby battery
+rushed out and recovered poor Rockwell’s
+broken body.”</p>
+
+<p>“Lufbery engaged a German craft but before
+he could get to close range two Fokkers
+swooped down from behind and filled his
+aeroplane full of holes. Exhausting his ammunition,
+he landed at Fontaine, an aviation
+field near the lines. There he learned of
+Rockwell’s death and was told that two other
+French machines had been brought down
+within the hour. He ordered his gasoline tank
+filled, procured a full band of cartridges and
+soared up into the air to avenge his comrade.
+He sped up and down the lines, and made a
+wide détour to Habsheim, where the Germans
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</span>have an aviation field, but all to no avail.
+Not a Boche was in the air.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_199" style="max-width: 61.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_199.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Marines’ Watch on the Rhine</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">General Neville decorating the Colors of the 6th Regiment with the Croix de Guerre at Coblenz,
+Germany.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>No greater blow could have befallen the
+Escadrille than Rockwell’s death. “The bravest
+and best of us all is no more,” said the
+French Captain. “Kiffin was the soul of the
+Escadrille,” writes Jim McConnell. “He
+was loved and looked up to by not only every
+man in our flying corps, but by every one
+who knew him. Kiffin was imbued with the
+spirit of the cause for which he fought and
+gave his heart and soul to the performance of
+his duty. He said: ‘I pay my part for Lafayette
+and Rochambeau,’ and he gave the fullest
+measure. The old flame of chivalry burned
+brightly in this boy’s fine and sensitive being.
+With his death France lost one of her most
+valuable pilots. When he was over the lines
+the Germans did not pass—and he was over
+them most of the time.”</p>
+
+<p>“Rockwell had been given the Médaille
+Militaire and the Croix de Guerre, on the
+ribbon of which he wore four palms, representing
+the four magnificent citations he had
+received in the order of the army.”</p>
+
+<p>Kiffin was given a funeral worthy of a general.
+“His brother, Paul, who had fought in
+the Legion with him, and who had been
+rendered unfit for service by a wound, was
+granted permission to attend the obsequies.
+Pilots from all nearby camps flew over to render
+homage to Rockwell’s remains. Every
+Frenchman in the aviation at Luxeuil marched
+behind the bier. The British pilots, followed
+by a detachment of five hundred of their men,
+were in line, and a battalion of French troops
+brought up the rear. As the slow moving
+procession of blue and khaki-clad men passed
+from the church to the graveyard, airplanes
+circled at a feeble height above and showered
+down myriads of flowers.”</p>
+
+<p>The fates seemed to be envious of the
+American section in France. Rockwell had
+fallen September 23. On the 15th of October
+Norman Prince died. “It was hard to realize
+that poor old Norman had gone, but I do not
+think he minded going,” writes McConnell.
+“He wanted to do his part before being killed,
+and he had more than done it.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_200" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_200.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Few Members of the Lafayette Escadrille</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_200fp" style="max-width: 46.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_200fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal Walter E. Gaultney</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was selected by his commander as an example of his finest type of soldier, being “alert,
+ingenious, speedy,” and “heedless of personal danger.”</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>JIM’S TURN CAME</h3>
+
+<p>Thus did Jim McConnell—honest, tender,
+courageous Jim, Irish Jim—glory in the glory
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</span>of his friends and mourn their loss. His good
+humor and native wit remained to the last,
+but the deaths of those so dear to him were
+deepening his character. There are touches
+of tense seriousness in the book—a tragic note
+at times. It was hard to see those brave fellows
+go one by one, and so steadily. And you
+never could tell which of your remaining
+friends was to go next. Then of a sudden
+came Jim’s turn. There are a few letters
+which describe Jim’s death as tenderly as Jim
+wrote about Chapman and Rockwell and
+Prince. The affection, loyalty, and undying
+gallantry of the group is quite evident. In
+one of these letters, dated March 21, 1917,
+to Paul Rockwell, Edmond Genet tells of the
+last flight:</p>
+
+<p>“On Monday morning, Mac, Parsons, and
+myself went out at nine o’clock on the third
+patrol of the Escadrille. We had orders to
+protect observation machines along the new
+lines around the region of Ham. Mac was
+leader, I came second and Parsons followed
+me. Before we had gone very far Parsons was
+forced to go back on account of motor trouble.</p>
+
+<p>“Mac and I kept on, and up to ten o’clock
+were circling around the region of Ham,
+watching out for the heavier machines doing
+reconnoitering work below us. We went
+higher than a thousand meters. About ten,
+for some reason or other of his own, Mac suddenly
+headed into the German lines toward
+Saint Quentin—perhaps for observation purposes—and
+I naturally followed close to his
+rear and above him. At any rate we had
+gotten north of Ham and quite inside the
+hostile lines, when I saw two Boche machines
+crossing toward us from the region of Saint
+Quentin at an altitude higher than ours—we
+were then about 1,600 meters up. I supposed
+Mac saw them too. One Boche was far ahead
+of the other, and was in position to dive at
+any moment on Mac. I saw the direction
+Mac was taking, and pulled back climbing up,
+in order to gain an advantageous height over
+the nearest Boche. It was cloudy and misty
+and I had to keep my eyes on him all the time,
+so naturally I lost track of Mac.”</p>
+
+<p>The letter goes on to tell how the writer
+got back—to find Mac had not returned.</p>
+
+<p>“The one hope that we have is that some
+news of Mac will be brought by civilians who
+might have witnessed his flight over the lines
+north of Ham. We likewise hope that Mac
+was merely forced to land inside the enemy
+lines on account of a badly damaged machine,
+or a bad wound, and is well, but a prisoner.
+I wish, Paul, that I had been able to help Mac
+during his combat. The mists were thick,
+and consequently seeing any distance was difficult.
+I would have gone out that afternoon
+to look for him, but my machine was so damaged
+it took until yesterday afternoon to be
+repaired. Lieutenant de Laage and Lufbery
+did go out with their Spads, around the region
+north of Ham, toward Saint Quentin, but saw
+nothing of a Nieuport grounded or anything
+else to give news of what had occurred.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_201" style="max-width: 43.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_201.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain James Norman Hall,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American ace who was captured and made
+a prisoner of war by the Germans.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Four days later Genet wrote:</p>
+
+<p>“The evening before last definite news was
+brought to us that a badly smashed Nieuport
+had been found by French troops. Beside it
+was the body of a sergeant-pilot which had
+been there at least three days and had been
+stripped of all identification papers, flying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</span>
+clothes and even the boots. They got the
+number of the machine, which proved without
+further question that it was poor Mac.</p>
+
+<p>“Mac has been buried right there beside
+the road, and we will see that the grave is
+decently marked with a cross. The Captain
+brought back a square piece of canvas cut
+from one of the wings, and we are going to
+get a good picture we have of Mac enlarged
+and placed on this with a frame. I suppose
+that Thaw or Johnson will attend to his belongings
+which he had asked to be sent to
+you. In the letter which he had left in case
+of his death he concludes with the following
+words: ‘Good luck to the rest of you. Vive
+la France!’</p>
+
+<p>“All honor to him, Paul. The world, as
+well as France, will look up to him just as it
+is looking up to your fine brother and the rest
+who have given their lives so freely and gladly
+for this big cause.</p>
+
+<p>“The Captain has already put in a proposal
+for a citation for Mac, and also one for me.
+Mac surely deserved it, and lots more, too.”</p>
+
+<p>McConnell was awarded the Croix de
+Guerre with palm.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_LEGENDARY_HERO">A “LEGENDARY HERO”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Place in Fame to Which the French Assign Their Miracle “Ace”</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> that charming French style of which he
+is a known master, Henry Bordeaux tells
+the story of a frail little boy, delicate as a
+girl and having the general appearance of
+one, with his long curls, his too pretty face,
+his pale complexion, his gentle manners. Because
+he was so frail of body and so uncertain
+of health he was closely looked after by
+the women of the household, which means,
+among other things, that he was quite thoroughly
+spoiled. The child looked like a
+little princess, as though adapted more to a
+future of effeminate surroundings, not like
+a boy in whose infant breast waited a great
+spirit.</p>
+
+<p>One day, when the child was about six
+years old, it suddenly occurred to the father
+that they were taking a wrong course with
+the boy. After reflection he took the boy
+on his knee and said to him:</p>
+
+<p>“I’ve a great mind to take you with me
+where I am going.”</p>
+
+<p>“Where are you going, papa?”</p>
+
+<p>“Where I am going only men go.”</p>
+
+<p>“I wish to go with you.”</p>
+
+<p>The father hesitated, but finally said:</p>
+
+<p>“After all, it is better to be too soon than
+too late. Get your hat. I’ll take you.”</p>
+
+<p>He took him to the hair-cutter’s.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going to have my hair cut,” said the
+father. “How about yours?”</p>
+
+<p>“I wish to do as the men do,” the boy
+answered. And the beautiful curls were
+shorn.</p>
+
+<p>There were tears when the mother folded
+her transformed darling to her breast, but the
+child stiffening proudly declared: “Je suis un
+homme!”</p>
+
+<p>Bordeaux says here: “Il sera un homme,
+mais il restera longtemps un gamin aussi.
+Longtemps? Presque jusqu’à la fin—à ses
+heurs, jusqu’à la fin.”</p>
+
+<p>It was Georges Guynemer, who not so
+very long after flamed out a boy hero of
+France, doing deeds that struck the world
+with wonderment, and while the world marveled
+vanished mysteriously, leaving no trace
+behind.</p>
+
+<p>Small and feminine, educated chiefly by
+governesses and his sisters, later a day student
+at the Lyceum, afterwards for a time at Stanislas,
+he was not the stuff for a soldier, yet
+soldier he wished to be when France set out
+to repel the German horde. He was twenty
+years old then. He hastened to his father.</p>
+
+<p>“I’m going to enlist.”</p>
+
+<p>“You are in luck.”</p>
+
+<p>“Ah! you authorize me!”</p>
+
+<p>“I envy you.”</p>
+
+<p>“Then as an old soldier you can help me.
+You can speak for me.”</p>
+
+<p>“I will.”</p>
+
+<p>But it was to no avail. He was not able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</span>
+to carry the equipment and endure the fatigue
+of a private, and the effects of a childhood’s
+illness made it impossible for him to serve
+in the cavalry. He was rejected—laughed at
+by some, be it said.</p>
+
+<p>He made a second attempt to enlist with
+no better result. Says M. Bordeaux: “He
+returned with his father to Biaritz, pale,
+silent, mournful, in such a state of rage and
+bitterness that his face was distorted.” He
+wrote to his old preceptor at Stanislas: “If I
+have to lie at the bottom of an auto-camion
+I wish to go to the front; and I will go.
+I mean to serve, it doesn’t matter where nor
+how, it doesn’t matter in what branch, but go
+to the front, serve I will.”</p>
+
+<p>That sort of spirit is not to be denied. Fate
+and circumstances make way for it.</p>
+
+<p>He met the pilot of an airplane one day
+and in conversation with him asked: “How
+can one get into the air service?”</p>
+
+<p>“See the Captain; you’ll find him at Pau.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SMALL BEGINNING</h3>
+
+<p>His parents, or rather his father, consenting,
+he was on his way to Pau next morning.
+He rushed to Captain Bernard-Thierry with
+his plea. The Captain objected. Georges
+pleaded, passionately, tearfully, begging even
+as a child for a desired object. The troubled
+captain made the only practicable concession—he
+would receive the youth as a mechanician
+student. The heavens opened. “That’s the
+thing! That’s the thing! I know automobiles.”
+And so it began, with hard work to
+the like of which he had never been accustomed,
+his endurance of which was problematical.
+But January 26, 1915, he was
+named as pilot student; March 10, 1915, he
+made his veritable first flight. In a letter
+to his father about this time he said: “I
+believe I am not making a reputation for prudence,
+but I hope this will come. I shall
+know soon.”</p>
+
+<p>That reputation never came, on the contrary
+it was said of him: “Returning almost
+daily from his chases with his aeroplane and
+often his clothing riddled with bullets, hurling
+himself with absolute abandon against
+three, ten, fifteen or twenty enemy machines
+in formation, among which he usually succeeded
+in bringing down one or more; exulting
+in the number of wounds which his faithful
+planes brought home as if to bear witness
+to his charmed life, and encircling them with
+red paint to make them more conspicuous; on
+two occasions shooting down an enemy plane
+with a single bullet; on May 25, 1917, bringing
+down four enemy aeroplanes in one day—these
+extraordinary exploits coupled with the
+very extraordinary energy of this slim boy
+soon placed him upon a pedestal which raised
+him high above his comrades; and by reason
+of his many miraculous escapes from certain
+death, eventually surrounded him with a halo
+of fame unknown to the French populace
+since the day of Jeanne d’Arc.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_203" style="max-width: 32.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_203.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right">
+© <cite>Underwood &amp; Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Guynemer,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">France’s immortal knight of the air.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Conqueror in fifty-three aerial combats
+wherein the result was officially established
+by the verification of three or more eye-witnesses,
+Guynemer brought down as many
+more German aeroplanes quite as effectively
+if less officially. His comrades in the
+escadrille knew this and respected their chief
+accordingly.</p>
+
+<p>“Possessed of every decoration that a grateful
+nation could officially bestow upon him,
+conscious of a position in the public esteem
+that, tinctured as it was with the legendary,
+illumined him with more glory and worship
+than was accorded even to a Joffre or a Foch,
+Georges Guynemer fulfilled the expectations
+of his fellow countrymen, when on September
+11, 1917, he disappeared from the eyes of the
+world while in the full exercise of his duty.
+The heavens swallowed him up, and to this
+day no reliable clue to his disappearance has
+been discovered. Small wonder then that
+the people of France in contemplation of this
+last exploit of their adored hero place his memory
+with one acclaim alongside the niche so
+long occupied by the heroic Jeanne d’Arc!”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MIRACULOUS ESCAPES</h3>
+
+<p>His fellows and the soldiers in general were
+devoted to him; and that their devotion was
+something profounder than lip-service one incident
+of his career, one of his narrow escapes,
+will attest. It was in September, 1916.
+He was far within the enemy lines combating
+seven machines when a shot penetrated the
+radiator of his engine and the motor stopped.
+He was then quite fifteen miles distant from
+his own lines and about twelve thousand feet
+in the air. There was nothing for it but to
+point his machine for home, with the least
+practicable slant, and trust to the glide sustaining
+him until he could reach home lines.
+The turn made, he gave all his attention to
+his pursuers, who, not suspecting his plight
+and having a lively respect for the generalship
+of the redoubtable “Ace,” seemed to think
+discretion the better part of valor, did not
+continue the chase but dived for their own
+quarters. The machine on its glide fell
+lower and lower as he approached the trenches
+and finally the German gunners recognized
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</span>the craft as that of the dreaded young champion
+and the guns were leveled at him, and
+he was gliding through a veritable shower of
+bursting shrapnel. His machine was riddled
+and it was a grave question if it could reach
+the French lines. It crossed the German
+trenches a scant fifty feet above the heads
+of the enemy who stood up in the trenches
+in their eagerness to send a shot into the
+tattered plane that would bring it down.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_204" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_204.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Duel Above the Clouds</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A German plane falling in flames after a fight with a French plane.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The French soldiers, who had watched the
+coming of the Cigogne through the rain of
+bullets and realized the helplessness of their
+idol, were recklessly and excitedly hanging
+over their trenches raging that they were
+powerless to help. Almost simultaneously
+with Guynemer’s consciousness of his inability
+to reach his lines the poilus perceived the
+fact and with yells they leaped to the rescue,
+scrambling from their trenches in a wild
+charge against the Huns.</p>
+
+<p>The aeroplane fell into a shell hole some
+forty yards short of the French lines and was
+smashed to pieces, but the charmed pilot was
+thrown free of the wreck and was absolutely
+without injury when his rescuing comrades
+picked him up and surrounding him carried
+him hurriedly to their protecting trenches.
+He is credited with saying, when they marveled
+at his escape, “I was born on Christmas
+Eve. They cannot hurt me.”</p>
+
+<p>M. Bordeaux, who is a loving biographer,
+devotes over three hundred pages to the events
+and deeds of the amazing hero, and there is
+not with it all an event recorded that is not
+worthy the record. Among them is an
+instance of the irony of fate that occasionally
+turns intended service into serious hurt. It
+was in September, 1916, in the Somme battle.
+Guynemer had shot down two Boche machines
+and was after a third at an altitude
+of 10,000 feet when a foolishly fired French
+shell meant for the enemy machine caught him
+in full flight, breaking a wing and taking off
+part of his radiator. Of course the machine
+began falling to the earth. By energetic efforts
+with the controls and the swing of his
+body Guynemer succeeded in checking the fall
+and establishing a glide, but he could not
+lessen the velocity with which he was approaching
+the ground. The catastrophe was
+witnessed by the troops and when the Spad
+crashed head first they ran to take up the
+remains of the doomed pilot. But when they
+reached the spot there stood Guynemer unharmed
+regarding mournfully the wreck of his
+machine. An idea of the force of the impact
+may be had from the fact that the nose of
+the machine was driven so deep that it could
+not be budged.</p>
+
+<p>The jubilant soldiers lifted Guynemer to
+their shoulders and bore him to the General’s
+quarters. The General embraced him and
+ordered the troops to form for review. Then
+the adored aviator was led by the General
+down the lines. One can imagine the enthusiasm,
+the emotions of the French.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WON WITHOUT ARMS</h3>
+
+<p>Guynemer kept a diary of all his doings
+day by day, and his biographer makes free use
+of it. His method of entry was laconic. He
+never stressed a point. Take as an example
+of the style and as a character sketch of the
+man his entry of January 26, 1917, when he
+did that incredible thing, brought down and
+captured a two-seater enemy machine when
+he himself was without offensive arms. He
+went up in a borrowed machine of which he
+was sufficiently contemptuous. The day before
+he had not gone up. His only diary
+entry for that day was “Je regarde voler les
+autres et ronge.”</p>
+
+<p>The translation of his entry for the 26th
+is as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Bucquet lends me his taxi. Gun sights
+nothing, simply an emptiness. What a layout!
+Line of aim worse than pitiful.</p>
+
+<p>“12 o’clock saw a Boche at 12,000 feet.
+Up went the lift. Arrived in the sun. In
+tacking about was caught in nasty tail spin.
+Descending, I see the Boche 400 yards behind,
+firing at me. Recovering I fire ten shots. Gun
+jams completely. But the Boche seemed to
+feel some emotion and dived away full south
+with his motor wide open. Let’s follow him!</p>
+
+<p>“But I do not get too close to him, for
+fear he will see that I can’t shoot. Altimeter
+drops to 5,000 feet above Estrées-Saint-Denis.
+I maneuver my Boche as nicely as I can, and
+suddenly he redresses and sets off towards
+Rheims.</p>
+
+<p>“I essay a bluff. I mount to 2,000 feet
+over him and drop on to him like a stone.
+Made an impression on him but was beginning<span class="pagenum" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</span>
+to believe it did not take when he suddenly
+began to descend. I put myself 10
+yards behind him; but every time I showed
+my nose around the edge of his tail the gunner
+took aim at me.</p>
+
+<p>“We take the road towards Compiègne—3,000
+feet—2,000 feet again I show my nose,
+and this time the gunner stands up, takes his
+hands from his machine gun and motions to
+me that he surrenders. <em>All Right!</em></p>
+
+<p>“I see underneath his machine the four
+bombs in their resting place. 1,500 feet. The
+Boche slows down his windmill. 600 feet.
+300 feet. I swerve over him while he lands.
+I make a round or two at 300 feet and see
+that I am over an airdrome. But not having
+any gun or cartridges I cannot prevent them
+from setting fire to their taxi, a 200 H. P.
+Albatross, magnificent.</p>
+
+<p>“When I see they are surrounded I come
+down and show the two Boches my disabled
+machine gun. Some headpiece!</p>
+
+<p>“They had fired 200 shots at me. My ten
+bullets that I fired before I jammed had
+struck their altimeter and the revolution
+counter, hence their emotion! The pilot told
+me that my aeroplane I shot down day before
+yesterday at Goyancourt had gunner killed
+and pilot wounded in the knee. Hope this
+unique confirmation will be accepted by authorities.
+It will make my 30th.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FLIGHT INTO THE UNKNOWN</h3>
+
+<p>But after he had brought down his fiftieth,
+for some unaccountable reason a change came
+over Guynemer. He became nervous and
+irritable. He lost his old vivacity, nerve, dash,
+and with them his instincts of the air seemed
+to desert him. Friends urged him to rest,
+to give over fighting and direct his genius to
+teaching others to fly. But he answered:
+“They would say I would fight no more because
+France has no more decorations to give
+me”; and he had a jealous pride to work harder
+than ever, do even more valiant deeds. And
+he did work harder. He did take greater
+risks. He engaged in combats but was unable
+to win. Luck had turned and his chums,
+his comrades, knew him to be a sick man in
+no condition to fly. They ’phoned to their
+commanding officer in Paris begging him to
+come and take Guynemer away for a recuperative
+rest. Captain Brocard responded
+promptly. He arrived at the Dunkerque
+aerodrome at nine o’clock the next morning.
+But Guynemer had ordered his machine and
+taken flight half an hour before, accompanied,
+in another machine, by Lieut. Bozon-Verduras.</p>
+
+<p>It was Sept. 11, 1918. It was Guynemer’s
+last flight. All that is known of it Bozon-Verduras
+tells. Somewhat northeast of
+Ypres, at an altitude of 12,000 feet, a two-seater
+enemy machine was discovered. Directing
+Lieut. Bozon-Verduras to take a position
+above to guard against rescue, Guynemer
+rushed to the attack. While on guard the
+Lieutenant detected a distant enemy formation
+and drove forward to intercept its course.
+But without seeing him the formation
+changed its course and the Lieutenant returned
+to position. He did not, however, see Guynemer’s
+machine, nor did several hours of extended
+search lead to any trace above or below
+of the vanished aviator. His fuel exhausted,
+the Lieutenant returned to the aerodrome hoping
+Guynemer might be there. But he was
+not. All day they waited for his return. He
+never returned. “Undoubtedly,” said some
+one of the men, “he has been taken prisoner.”</p>
+
+<p>Says M. Bordeaux:</p>
+
+<p>“Guynemer a prisoner! He had said one
+day, laughingly, ‘The Boche will never have
+me alive’—but his laugh was terrible. No
+one believed Guynemer to be a prisoner.
+What then?”</p>
+
+<p>Nothing more is known. The Germans
+made contradictory and unreliable reports
+about his death. The simple minded among
+the French believe their hero an immortal,
+taken up into his native heaven. The lofty
+minded French name him “Héros légendaire,
+tombé en plein ciel de gloire, après trois ans
+de lutte ardente,” and this they have inscribed
+on a marble plaque in the crypt of the Panthéon,
+that temple which the French hold
+sacred as the “Sepulcher of Great Men.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WORTHY_CITATION">WORTHY CITATION</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Distinguished Service on the Battle Front for Which No Honors Provision
+Has Been Made</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> is a kind of heroism that never
+gets tagged. Many would not think it
+heroism. But when you come to analyze
+heroism into its elemental parts you find that
+it is a spiritual energy with myriad forms of
+expression, though these forms always have
+the character of self-dedication to an altruistic
+service. By that definition Capt. E. W. Zinn
+takes place in the ranks of war heroes; but if
+you have not seen what <cite>The Stars and Stripes</cite>—the
+official newspaper of the A. E. F., published
+in France—has said about him you
+probably never have heard of Capt. Zinn and
+his self-appointed mission. It is well to know
+about him; so here is the story as it appeared
+in the official organ:</p>
+
+<p>“It was Captain Zinn, a veteran of the
+French Foreign Legion and the Lafayette Escadrille,
+who, when eager young American
+aviators, fresh from their training-camps, reported
+for duty where the fighting was, assigned
+them to squadrons and each to a particular
+airplane. Thus it was that he came
+to know them all. He sent them to their
+stations. He knew what ships they would
+pilot in combat in the air, on bombing expeditions,
+on reconnaissances over the lines.</p>
+
+<p>“And now he seeks for those he sent out
+and who never returned. He asked that he
+might do it. If you talk to Captain Zinn
+about it, you know why he made the request.
+You know how he feels about that which he
+is doing. There is no mawkish sentiment
+about Captain Zinn.</p>
+
+<p>“But deep down within him Captain Zinn
+feels that he and no other should go out on
+the mission that now engages him. He has
+an interest that is intimate and personal.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_207" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_207.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Athletes Among French Airmen</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Georges Carpentier, heavyweight boxer (the second figure from the left).</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Already, Captain Zinn’s quest has led him
+over the greater part of northern France and
+into Belgium and Germany. Through the
+torn fields and woods in the Verdun, Château-Thierry,
+St. Mihiel, and Meuse sectors he has
+gone. He has tramped through the Argonne
+to Sedan and sought in the mountains that encircle
+Metz and hide the valley of the Moselle.
+Wherever there was fighting in which
+the American Air Service participated, there
+has gone, or will go, Zinn.</p>
+
+<p>“Out of 150 missing American aviators,
+Captain Zinn already has definitely located
+and identified the spots where seventy fell
+and were buried. It has required many days
+of painstaking search and inquiry to attain
+this result.</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Zinn has found that in a great
+many cases American fliers were buried either
+by the Germans or by civilians with no mark
+of identification left on them.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE UNIDENTIFIED</h3>
+
+<p>“Many times he has come upon a grave
+with a rude cross on which was scrawled:
+‘Unidentified American Aviator’ or ‘Two
+Unidentified American Aviators.’ He has had
+to obtain positive identification by careful examination
+of air-service records, questioning
+of peasants and civilians who saw American
+machines brought down and deductions based
+on the information he gathered. In some instances
+it has been necessary to open graves
+to make sure.</p>
+
+<p>“To start out with, Captain Zinn has the
+records of squadrons, which show, for instance,
+on what date a missing pilot went out,
+what his mission was, over what country he
+naturally would go, and what kind of machine
+he had. Perhaps an attack by an overwhelming
+force or an accident or other circumstances
+forced the pilot off the course
+marked out for him. When he failed to return,
+only speculation as to where he fell
+could be indulged in. Unless the Germans
+notified his squadron of his death and the location
+of his grave, he became one of the men
+for whom Captain Zinn now seeks.</p>
+
+<p>“There was the case of young Kenyon
+Roper, of the 91st Aero Squadron. By a
+process of elimination of facts gathered, it was
+fairly definitely established that Roper had
+come down in the night between the lines.
+Captain Zinn questions scores of peasant folk.
+But the search appeared to be hopeless. And
+then Captain Zinn heard that a small boy
+had a handkerchief that the dead flier had
+possessed. He found the boy and the handkerchief.
+And written in indelible ink on the
+little piece of linen was the name ‘Kenyon
+Roper.’ It was easy then to learn from the
+boy where the grave was and to be sure that
+Kenyon Roper lay sleeping there.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A LAST AUTOGRAPH</h3>
+
+<p>“Then there was the case of Lester Harter,
+of the 11th Squadron. He went out and his
+machine caught fire. Harter jumped, just as
+Major Lufbery did and as other aviators
+have done, and fell many thousand feet to his
+death. When awe-stricken peasants ran from
+the fields to his crushed body they found in
+his hand a scrap of paper, and on it was written
+in hurried, jerky letters, ‘Lester Harter.’</p>
+
+<p>“Fearing lost identity among the dead, Lester
+Harter must have written his name on
+that piece of paper before he jumped from
+his machine.</p>
+
+<p>“Then there were Kinne and McElroy, of
+the 99th Aero Squadron. Only a piece of
+the tail of their machine was found. Their
+plane came down in flames between Cunel
+and Nantillois. Both jumped. One day
+their squadron commander joined in the
+search for their bodies. He hunted for
+hours in a thick wood. And he gave up. He
+was standing on the edge of a covered shell-hole,
+discouraged. Some impulse caused him
+to stir the earth in the shell-hole with his foot.
+And there he found the body of young McElroy.
+Near by they later found Kinne.</p>
+
+<p>“There are many such stories that Captain
+Zinn can tell.</p>
+
+<p>“From the information he gathers, Captain
+Zinn writes personal letters to the relatives
+of the dead aviators, telling in simple
+words how and where they went to their
+deaths. His letters usually give the first true
+account of the manner in which the fighters
+of the air met their ends. Sometimes those
+letters destroy cherished hopes that the aviators
+reported as ‘missing’ by the War Department
+might some time, somehow, turn up.
+But it is better so, says Captain Zinn.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_CHALLENGE_DUEL">A CHALLENGE DUEL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Guns of Both Armies Suspend Fire as Captains Ball and Immelman
+Fight in Air</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was often said in the early months of
+the war that the air combats revived the
+spirit of ancient chivalry. It was true for a
+time, but German treachery and ruthlessness
+soon changed the character of the upper warfare.
+When the raider and the dastard entered,
+gallantry necessarily gave way to grim
+and merciless antagonism.</p>
+
+<p>There were many, though, on both sides
+who felt that no glory came to aviation from
+methods of frightfulness and reprisals for
+such frightfulness and to the last there were
+instances of clean, brave fights. One of the
+last duels on the knightly lines of conduct
+was that in which Captain Immelman, “The
+Falcon” of the German army, met Captain
+Ball, one of the most brilliant airmen of the
+British Royal Flying Corps. Immelman had
+a record of some fifty-one British airplanes
+downed. Captain Ball wanted to wipe out
+this record, and the daring German at the
+same time; so one day he flew over the German
+lines and dropped the following note:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="no-indent">
+“Captain Immelman:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>I challenge you to a man-to-man fight to take
+place this afternoon at two o’clock. I will meet
+you over the German lines. Have your anti-aircraft
+guns withhold their fire, while we decide
+which is the better man. The British guns will
+be silent.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“Ball.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Ball was by that time quite renowned. The
+Germans were aware of his official record. He
+had taken part in twenty-six combats, had destroyed
+eleven hostile machines, driven two
+out of control, and forced several others to
+land.</p>
+
+<p>In these combats Captain Ball had gone up
+alone. On one occasion he had fought six
+hostile machines, twice he had fought five
+machines, and once four. When leading two
+other British aeroplanes he had attacked an
+enemy formation of eight. On each of these
+occasions he had brought down at least one
+enemy.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans knew all that, but evidently
+Ball had picked an opponent worthy of him
+not only in skill but in courage and chivalry,
+for that day the answer to the note was
+dropped from a German machine:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="no-indent">
+“Captain Ball:<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>Your challenge is accepted. The guns will
+not interfere. I will meet you promptly at
+two.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“Immelman.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>CHEERS FROM OPPOSING TRENCHES</h3>
+
+<p>Far and wide along the trenches the word
+was spread. Firing stopped as though a flag
+of truce had been hoisted. Germans and English
+left covers and sought positions of vantage
+from which to watch the battle royal.
+At the appointed time both flyers rose promptly
+and made their way over “No Man’s
+Land.”</p>
+
+<p>“Cheering arose,” relates an eye-witness.</p>
+
+<p>“There were wild cheers for Ball. The
+Germans yelled just as vigorously for Immelman.</p>
+
+<p>“The cheers from the trenches continued;
+the Germans’ increased in volume; ours
+changed into cries of alarm.”</p>
+
+<p>Immelman was known to have a method
+of attack peculiar to himself. Instead of
+approaching his adversary from the side, he
+maneuvered to get squarely behind him. His
+study was to hold the nose of his machine
+almost on the tail of the aircraft he was
+pursuing. This gave him, Abbot points out,
+what used to be called in the Navy a raking
+position, for his shots would rake the whole
+body of the enemy airplane from tail to nose
+with a fair chance of hitting either the fuel
+tank, the engine, or the pilot. Failing to
+secure the position he coveted, this daring
+German would surrender it with apparent
+unconcern to the enemy, who usually fell into
+a trap. For just as the foeman’s machine
+came up to the tail of Immelman’s craft the
+latter would suddenly turn his nose straight
+to earth, drop like a stone, execute a backward
+loop and come up behind his surprised
+adversary, who thus found the tables suddenly
+turned....”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_210" style="max-width: 46.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_210.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">1st Lieut. Philip Benson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Volunteered for night bombing and was particularly efficient in “chassi” work. He gave the
+Germans a taste of their own medicine—by dropping bombs on German towns and firing upon
+German supply trains.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>We have left the description of the duel
+with the English in alarm.</p>
+
+<p>“Ball,” continues the eye-witness, “thousands
+of feet above us and only a speck in
+the sky, was doing the craziest things imaginable.
+He was below Immelman and was
+apparently making no effort to get above him
+and thus gaining the advantage of position.
+Rather he was swinging around, this way
+and that, attempting, it seemed, to postpone
+the inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>“We saw the German’s machine dip over
+preparatory to starting the nose-dive.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He’s gone now,’ sobbed a young soldier
+at my side, for he knew Immelman’s
+gun would start its raking fire once it was
+being driven straight down.</p>
+
+<p>“Then in a fraction of a second the tables
+were turned. Before Immelman’s plane could
+get into firing position, Ball drove his machine
+into a loop, getting above his adversary
+and cutting loose with his gun and smashing
+Immelman by a hail of bullets as he swept by.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A WREATH FOR HIS VICTIM</h3>
+
+<p>“Immelman’s airplane burst into flames and
+dropped. Ball from above followed for a few
+hundred feet and then straightened out and
+raced for home. He settled down, rose
+again, hurried back, and released a huge
+wreath of flowers, almost directly over the
+spot where Immelman’s charred body was
+being lifted from a tangled mass of metal.</p>
+
+<p>“Four days later Ball too was killed.”</p>
+
+<p>Shortly before his death Ball wrote to a
+friend: “You will be pleased to hear that I
+have ten more Huns, and that my total is
+now 40—two in front of my French rival.
+Oh, I’m having a topping time! To-day or
+to-morrow I’m being presented to Sir Douglas
+Haig. Am very pleased. I just want to
+get a few more if I can.”</p>
+
+<p>Ball’s wish was gratified. He got more
+than a few more and then—died as he had so
+often lived—fighting against great odds, for
+when last seen, on the evening of May 7,
+1917, he was high above the enemy’s lines engaging
+three German machines at once.</p>
+
+<p>What slender hope had been left for him
+was shattered by the War Office intimation
+that Ball had been killed. The brave young
+officer lost his life at a village 5½ miles
+east of La Bassée.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AN_AMERICAN_WONDER">AN AMERICAN WONDER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Brief but Greatly Achieving Career of Lieut. Frank Luke, Jr.—His
+Mysterious End</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Innumerable</span> are the instances, never
+to be reckoned, of the sudden meteoric
+flame of splendid daring—the sudden flash of
+the courageous soul in achievement, and the
+equally sudden extinction—that a thousand attested
+circumstances assure us characterized
+the terrible passing of the Great War. Happily
+for the world, always the better for new
+evidence that “divinity still lives in the hearts
+of men,” very many of those deeds of devoted
+heroism have been written into history for
+the inspiration of high-minded youth.</p>
+
+<p>There was no experience more aptly described
+as meteoric than that of Frank Luke,
+Jr., who joined the 27th Aero Squadron near
+Château-Thierry late in July, 1918, did brilliant
+service in that connection, and before
+the end of September had utterly disappeared
+from the knowledge of men—one of the missing
+never definitely accounted for.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</span></p>
+
+<p>Frank was a Phoenix, Arizona, boy, barely
+twenty when he entered the service. After
+a period of training in Texas he was sent to
+France and had further training at Issoudun
+and was then sent to join the squadron near
+Château-Thierry. He was an enthusiast for
+flying, never getting enough of it. It was like
+second nature to him, and he adhered to no
+rules but his own, apparently indifferent to
+safety regulations when in the air, and so
+impatient of restrictions that he almost invariably
+got lost from his flight when it went
+out in formation. This gave rise among his
+fellows to the belief that he was afraid to
+follow, his getting lost being the deliberate
+result of “funk.” In course of time, however,
+they came to understand that Frank Luke
+held no acquaintance with fear. He simply
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</span>had a method—method and initiative—and
+put his abilities to their most effective use.
+It was so good a method, so wisely reasoned
+and so admirably executed that in the space
+of seventeen days he shot down eighteen enemy
+balloons and planes.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_212" style="max-width: 46.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_212.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Frank Luke</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He joined an Aero Squadron near Château-Thierry, late in July, 1918, and before the end of
+September he disappeared without being heard from again.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Lieut. Col. Harold E. Hartney, Chief of
+Gunnery in the Air Service, at that time
+Commander of the Squadron to which Luke
+belonged, gave an account of the young aviator’s
+first exploit. August 6, 1918, the First
+Pursuit Group, which included the 27th
+Squadron, was operating on the Château-Thierry
+sector. The work was seriously interfered
+with by heavy barrages of pursuit
+planes maintained by the enemy to prevent
+Allied reconnaissance over the territory being
+evacuated. Col. Hartney says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST EXPLOIT</h3>
+
+<p>“Lieut. Luke believed that if he could get
+across the opposing lines unobserved and far
+enough, he would be able to take the enemy
+formations unaware and swoop down upon
+the unsuspecting rear man, shoot him down
+and get away in safety. Accordingly one day
+he went off on his own at great altitude and
+crossed over into enemy territory. Far below
+him he spied an enemy formation of six machines
+dropping down to land on their own
+aerodrome. Perfectly aware of the odds
+against him, he swooped from 15,000 feet to
+3,000 feet in one long dive, speeding at approximately
+200 miles an hour, closed in on
+the rear man, and from a distance of no more
+than twenty yards sent him crashing down.</p>
+
+<p>“The enemy formation had been taken completely
+by surprise. Before they could realize
+what had happened or engage Luke in combat
+the latter dropped to an elevation of less
+than 400 feet, and, zigzagging, made his way
+home, dodging anti-aircraft fire and machine-gun
+nests until he crossed the lines. By then
+he was completely out of gasoline and was
+compelled to make a forced landing near the
+front line. He had seen the enemy machine
+crash to earth, but was unable to give the
+location, and therefore he could not get from
+eye-witnesses on the ground the confirmation
+required to make the victory official.”</p>
+
+<p>That feat indicated the man. It was very
+soon apparent that on the occasions when he
+was “lost” he was off on adventures of his
+own, planning actions and studying the means
+to execute them,—qualifying himself for what
+he conceived to be his most valuable and effective
+service. He was a veritable hunter.</p>
+
+<p>The morning set for the opening of the St.
+Mihiel offensive, Sept. 12, 1918, the clouds
+hung low and the weather was such that ordinarily
+it would have been regarded as altogether
+unfit for flying. But Luke was not to
+be deterred by it. He was off at dawn in
+quest of enemy planes or balloons and after
+many vain explorations he finally discovered a
+German balloon at the extreme right of the
+American sector, but operated against a portion
+of the line allotted to other flyers. He
+returned to his aerodrome, and on reporting
+the balloon learned that it had been doing
+great damage by an enfilading fire, but that it
+had been attacked repeatedly without success
+both by American and French aviators. Luke
+offered to destroy the balloon and set off with
+Lieut. Fritz Wehner, his flying partner. The
+statement of eye-witnesses from the ground
+was that Luke dived suddenly out of the
+clouds taking the balloon wholly by surprise,
+but the balloon-gun which he was handling
+for the first time jammed when he attempted
+to discharge it. He rose into the clouds, got
+the gun free, immediately dived again and
+fired the heavy incendiary bullet that sent the
+balloon down in flames.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DOWNED THREE BALLOONS IN ONE DAY</h3>
+
+<p>Two days later he sent another balloon
+flaming down in somewhat more exciting circumstances.
+While he was speeding with
+an escort of other pilots, to attack three enemy
+balloons operating at an unusually low
+altitude, his escort became engaged with a
+formation of Fokkers. This would have
+made it seem to many pilots unwise to proceed
+with the attack; but Luke took advantage
+of the fight above to dive down and begin the
+assault on one of the balloons which, after
+several attempts, he succeeded in shooting
+down, though machine bullets and anti-aircraft
+shells and flaming onions were showered
+about him. As the balloon fell burning, Luke
+flew down to close range and turned loose
+his machine gun on the Huns on the ground
+with the desired result of many casualties.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</span>
+When he got back home he found that his
+machine was so full of bullet holes that a very
+few more taps would have weakened it
+enough to bring it down in collapse. But
+within five minutes he was in another machine
+and begging leave to go on a further quest.</p>
+
+<p>At 5 o’clock that afternoon he sent down
+the second balloon in flames. Later he discovered
+attempts being made to send up another
+balloon north of Verdun; he hastened back
+to his squadron and asked to be ordered
+out at dusk to surprise and destroy the big
+bag.</p>
+
+<p>He left with instructions not to descend
+on the balloon until 7.50 (that being for the
+benefit of his protective escort who would follow
+him down a few moments later). Precisely
+at 7.50 the watchers on the aerodrome
+saw the balloon flare in the darkness and
+fall to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>And so the story runs; each new adventure
+a companion thriller to the others, every machine
+in which he flew being more or less
+riddled with bullets, and the miracle is that
+the daring youth passed so many hazards unscathed.
+Col. Hartney is authority for the
+statement that balloon strafing is in reality
+“the most dangerous exploit any man in any
+branch of the service can undertake.”</p>
+
+<p>Frank Luke in seventeen days accounted
+for eighteen enemy balloons and planes. He
+was the first American flyer to win the Congressional
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS END A MYSTERY</h3>
+
+<p>But there is an end to successful adventures
+as to other things, and the brilliant career of
+this Arizona lad came to abrupt conclusion,
+leaving the shadow of mystery as to just how
+the hero passed on. Here is the story of the
+last exploit as Col. Hartley tells it:</p>
+
+<p>“His next official victory was on Sept. 28,
+when he shot down a German Hanoveraner
+airplane which was being escorted by a single-seater
+Fokker.</p>
+
+<p>“That evening he did not return to his own
+aerodrome, but remained all night with the
+French squadron and went out the next day
+for the express purpose of destroying three
+balloons. The wonderful story of his exciting
+fight against hopeless odds and of his
+glorious death need not be dwelt upon. For
+his work on Sept. 29 he was awarded the
+Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>“Briefly, what happened was that he flew
+over an American aerodrome and dropped a
+weighted message. The message asked that
+a lookout be kept for three drachens over on
+the German side. He was next seen to go
+over in that direction at a very high altitude,
+and when very nearly over the drachens was
+attacked by ten enemy machines. He engaged
+all of them single-handed and crashed two of
+the ten. Then he dropped—out of control,
+as it seemed, but most likely only pretending
+to be so. When he reached the level of the
+balloons he shot them down one after another
+in flames—all three of them. The anti-aircraft
+guns were very busy about the second
+balloon. After that he disappeared.”</p>
+
+<p>Beyond this all that is known is more or
+less speculative. Jan. 3, 1919, the Graves
+Registration officer of Neufchateau reported
+to the Chief of the A. E. F. Air Service on
+the subject of the grave of an unknown American
+aviator, killed Sept. 29, 1918, in the village
+of Murvaux (Meuse), and asked for possible
+information to identify the body. “Reported
+as having light hair, young, of medium
+height and rugged physique. Reported by the
+inhabitants that previous to being killed this
+man brought down three German balloons,
+two German planes and dropped hand bombs,
+killed eleven German soldiers and wounded a
+number of others. He was wounded himself
+in the shoulder and evidently had to make a
+forced landing, and upon landing opened fire
+with his automatic and fought until he was
+killed. It is also reported that the Germans
+took his shoes, leggings and money, leaving
+his grave unmarked.”</p>
+
+<p>Supporting the report is an affidavit (Jan.
+15, 1919) signed by twelve inhabitants of the
+village that gives the foregoing facts in detail
+and adds this:</p>
+
+<p>“Certify equally to have seen the German
+Commandant of the village refuse to have
+straw placed on the cart carrying the dead
+aviator to the village cemetery. This same
+officer drove away some women bringing a
+sheet to serve as a shroud for the hero, and
+said, kicking the body, ‘Get that out of my
+way as quick as possible.’”</p>
+
+<p>Two of the villagers placed the body on the
+cart.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_TO_TWENTY-TWO">ONE TO TWENTY-TWO</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Formidable Odds Against Which a Young English Pilot Daringly
+Battled, Only to Fall 14,000 Feet Into the Sea</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">German</span> air-raids on London which
+were entirely without military justification,
+being a part of the scheme of frightfulness,
+resulted in the death of relatively few
+persons; but they roused British resentment
+to a pitch that had a tremendous influence
+upon the fighting spirit of the soldiers at the
+front and the aviators summoned to the defense
+of London.</p>
+
+<p>In one of the later raids, Lieutenant I. E.
+R. Young, of the Royal Flying Corps, lost
+his life in highly dramatic circumstances that
+proved his heroic quality. The event is best
+recorded, perhaps, in a letter written by
+Young’s commanding officer to the father of
+the daring aviator. The letter was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“Your son, as you know, had only been in
+my squadron for a short time, but quite long
+enough for me to realize what a very efficient
+and gallant officer he was. He had absolutely
+the heart of a lion and was a very good pilot.
+Your son had been up on every raid of late,
+and had always managed to get in contact with
+the enemy machines. The last raid, which
+unfortunately resulted in his death, shows
+what a very gallant officer we have lost.</p>
+
+<p>“Almost single-handed he flew straight into
+the middle of the twenty-two machines, and
+both himself and his observer at once opened
+fire. All the enemy machines opened fire also,
+so he was horribly outnumbered. The volume
+of fire to which he was subjected was too
+awful for words. To give you a rough idea:
+There were twenty-two machines, each machine
+had four guns, and each gun was firing
+about 400 rounds per minute. Your son never
+hesitated in the slightest. He flew straight
+on until, as I should imagine, he must have
+been riddled with bullets. The machine then
+put its nose right up in the air and fell over,
+and went spinning down into the sea from
+14,000 feet.</p>
+
+<p>“I, unfortunately, had to witness the whole
+ghastly affair. The machine sank so quickly
+that it was, I regret, impossible to save your
+son’s body, he was so badly entangled in the
+wires, etc. H. M. S. —— rushed to the spot
+as soon as possible, but only arrived in time to
+pick up your son’s observer, who, I regret to
+state, is also dead. He was wounded six times,
+and had a double fracture in the skull.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FROM_SADDLE_TO_COCKPIT">FROM SADDLE TO COCKPIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Was a Problem of Mud That Turned Trooper Bishop Into an
+“Ace” of the Royal Flying Corps</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was not unnatural that intrepidity in the
+air should have commanded more of public
+attention and enthusiasm during the war
+than did the courage, daring and amazing fortitude
+of the men in the trenches. The sensation
+of novelty makes stronger appeal to the
+curious interest of humanity than do deeds
+and events no less masterful though more familiar
+to experience. So it was that the invaders
+of the air, who fought their duels or
+delivered their assaults above the clouds, came
+in for the lion’s share of the popular plaudits,—the
+miracles of the flyers having the advantage
+of the romantic and picturesque over<span class="pagenum" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</span>
+the miracles of the men who kept their feet
+on the earth. That is why there are more
+stories of the one than of the other. But are
+they not wonder stories? The career of any
+of the “Aces,” American, French, British, Italian,
+German, compels an affirmative answer.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_216" style="max-width: 41.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_216.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel William A. Bishop, a Canadian
+“Ace” of the Royal Flying Corps</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Among the many is that of Col. William
+A. Bishop, a Canadian member of the British
+Royal Flying Corps, his story rather the more
+interesting by reason of his living to tell it
+himself after the battles of the air had ceased.
+He had a record of forty-nine German planes
+and balloons actually destroyed. In addition to
+this, he was the victor in eighty to a hundred
+other fights high in air, the enemy engaged
+being driven from the field, either because
+of wounds or of that discretion said to be the
+better part of valor. In recognition of these
+achievements he received the Victoria Cross,
+the Distinguished Service Order, twice bestowed,
+and the Military Cross—all in a
+single fighting season and before he was twenty-three
+years of age. Perhaps the most remarkable
+thing about it all was that the hero
+of these officially honored achievements was
+little known, until the war ended, to the public
+at large. But that was due to the fact that the
+British policy was not to emphasize the performances
+of one branch of the service more
+than those of another. It is claimed that
+there were about forty “aces” of the British
+Royal Flying Corps of whom the world has
+never heard. Only when there was repeated
+mention of a name in <cite>The Official Gazette</cite>
+was the public made aware that a flyer had
+won exceptional title to honors.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop went to England as a cavalry officer
+in a unit of the Second Canadian Division,
+and expected that his services would be in
+the saddle, not in the cockpit. That was in
+July, 1915, in a period of torrential rains and
+consequent mud—cheer-despoilers of a cavalry
+camp. It was while wallowing in knee-deep
+mud that he viewed with envy a pilot gliding
+overhead in a trim little aeroplane, and the
+sudden desire possessed him to follow that
+airy mind-free branch of the service. He
+talked with a friend in the Royal Flying Corps
+who approved his purpose, and assured him
+the transfer could be made quite easily. He
+got the transfer and was soon training as an
+observer, his first lessons being flights in a
+ponderous training “bus” (as the airmen name
+their planes) that was not equal to a speed
+of more than fifty miles an hour. In a few
+months he got the observer’s badge or insignia,
+an O with a spread wing attached to
+one side, and within a little while was making
+observations and taking photographs in
+France over the enemy lines.</p>
+
+<p>This useful work, so highly important to
+the men fighting on the ground, was drudgery
+to him because he was burning to become a
+fighter. Some six months later his longing
+was gratified; he returned to England and
+set about acquiring the knowledge and skill
+to fly “on his own.” He had the usual experience
+of the beginner,—elation over his
+first “solo”; uncertainties, anxieties as to how
+to get back to earth safely; a somewhat humiliating
+landing, etc.; but he suffered no misadventure.
+The first week in March, 1917, he
+landed in Boulogne with ten or twelve other
+flying men for his second experience on the
+fighting front.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_217" style="max-width: 47em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_217.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">In Formation</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">These airplanes have ascended early in the morning for battle formation. The range of vision
+is interesting from this altitude.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>KEEPING UP WITH THE FORMATION</h3>
+
+<p>The first time he was to go over the lines
+his orders were to bring up the rear of a
+flight of six machines, and he found keeping
+up with the formation such a busying task
+that he could be conscious of little else. “Every
+time the formation turned or did anything unexpected,”
+he says, “it took me two or three
+minutes to get back in my proper place. But
+I got back every time as fast as I could. I
+felt safe when I was with the formation and
+scared when I was out of it, for I had been
+warned many times that it is a fatal mistake
+to get detached and become a straggler. And
+I had heard of German ‘head hunters’ too.
+They are German machines that fly very high
+and avoid combat with anything like an equal
+number, but are quick to pounce down upon
+a straggler, or an Allied machine that has been
+damaged and is bravely struggling to get
+home. Fine sportsmanship that!</p>
+
+<p>“The way I clung to my companions that
+day reminded me of the little child hanging to
+its mother’s skirts while crossing a street. I
+remember I also felt as a child does when it
+is going up a dark pair of stairs and is sure
+something is going to reach out somewhere
+and grab it. I was so intent on the clinging
+part that I paid very little attention to anything
+else.”</p>
+
+<p>Some distance off was another formation on
+patrol that became engaged with a Hun formation
+and he saw the young flyer of one of the
+machines, “one of our own,” going down in
+flames, but his reflections on that incident
+were suddenly interrupted by a “bang” of
+terrifying violence close to his ears. The tail
+of his machine shot up in the air and he fell
+three or more hundred feet before he could
+recover control. It was a shot from an “Archie”
+(an anti-aircraft gun), and Colonel
+Bishop says of it: “That shot, strange to
+relate, was the closest I have ever had from
+anti-aircraft fire.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE GERMAN “FLYING PIG”</h3>
+
+<p>In his highly entertaining book, <cite>Winged
+Warfare</cite>, Colonel Bishop introduces an amusing
+incident as the finish of this night’s patrol.
+He says:</p>
+
+<p>“We continued to patrol our beat, and I
+was keeping my place so well I began to look
+about a bit. After one of these gazing spells,
+I was startled to discover that the three leading
+machines of our formation were missing.
+Apparently they had disappeared into nothingness.
+I looked around hastily, and then discovered
+them underneath me, diving rapidly.
+I didn’t know just what they were diving at,
+but I dived, too. Long before I got down
+to them, however, they had been in a short
+engagement half a mile below me, and had
+succeeded in frightening off an enemy artillery
+machine which had been doing wireless observation
+work. It was a large white German
+two-seater, and I learned after we landed
+that it was a well-known machine and was
+commonly called ‘the flying pig.’ Our patrol
+leader had to put up with a lot of teasing
+that night because he had attacked the ‘pig.’
+It seems that it worked every day on this part
+of the front, was very old, had a very bad
+pilot and a very poor observer to protect
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a sort of point of honor in the
+squadron that the decrepit old ‘pig’ should
+not actually be shot down. It was considered
+fair sport, however, to frighten it. Whenever
+our machines approached, the ‘pig’ would
+begin a series of clumsy turns and ludicrous
+maneuvers, and would open a frightened fire
+from ridiculously long ranges. The observer
+was a very bad shot and never succeeded in
+hitting any of our machines, so attacking this
+particular German was always regarded more
+as a joke than a serious part of warfare. The
+idea was only to frighten the ‘pig,’ but our
+patrol leader had made such a determined dash
+at him the first day we went over that he never
+appeared again. For months the patrol leader
+was chided for playing such a nasty trick upon
+a harmless old Hun.”</p>
+
+<p>As Colonel Bishop’s story is that of one
+thrilling and perilous adventure following
+fast upon another, it is impossible to give
+his career in detail or recount even the chief
+of his many engagements. The fight in which
+he won the Military Cross is a good illustration
+of the clear judgment and fearlessness
+which characterized his exploits in general.</p>
+
+<p>The Allies had been preparing for the great
+offensive that began with the battle of Arras,
+and for a week in advance of the date set for
+the initiative (April 9th, 1917) the airmen<span class="pagenum" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</span>
+had been carrying out orders to keep the sky
+free from prying eyes of men in planes and
+to attack and destroy enemy observation balloons.
+The balloons flew from the same places
+every day because there were batteries of anti-aircraft
+guns stationed below that area.
+Bishop was assigned to the destruction of a
+particularly annoying balloon that went up
+daily in contempt of scouting planes. The
+balloon, because of cloudy weather, did not go
+up the first day after the assignment. The
+character of the fighting may be determined
+from the fact that in two days, April 6 and 7,
+the Allies lost twenty-eight machines as against
+fifteen German machines accounted for. But,
+says Bishop, “We considered this a small
+price to pay for the amount of work accomplished
+and the number of machines engaged
+(every class of machine was thrown into the
+clearing process) coupled with the fact that
+all our work was done within the German
+lines.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOW HE WON THE MILITARY CROSS</h3>
+
+<p>“My own experiences on the seventh of
+April brought me my first decoration—the
+Military Cross. The thrills were all condensed
+into a period of two minutes for me.
+In that time I was fortunate enough to shoot
+down an enemy machine and destroy the ‘sausage’
+I had started for two days before. This
+should have been excitement enough, but I
+added to it by coming within fifteen feet of
+being taken a German prisoner and becoming
+an unwilling guest of the Huns for the ‘duration.’</p>
+
+<p>“I was ordered after my particular balloon
+and had climbed to about 5,000 feet before
+heading for the lines. On my way there I
+had to pass over one of our own observation
+balloons. I don’t know what it was that attracted
+my attention, but looking down I
+saw what appeared to be two men descending
+in parachutes. A moment later the balloon
+below me burst into flames. I saw the enemy
+machine which had set it on fire engaged with
+some of ours, but as I had definite orders to
+proceed straight to the lines and destroy the
+hostile balloon which had been allotted to me,
+I was unable to join in the fighting.</p>
+
+<p>“Just about this time an amusing incident
+was in progress at our aerodrome. A Colonel
+of the Corps was telephoning my squadron
+commander, informing him that one of our
+balloons had just been destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, if it is any consolation, young
+Bishop, of my squadron, has just gone over to
+get one of theirs,’ replied my commander.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Good God,’ said the Colonel, ‘I hope he
+has not made a mistake in the balloon and set
+ours on fire.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_219" style="max-width: 50.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_219.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel Bishop Inspecting a Lewis Aircraft
+Gun</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At this moment I was serenely sailing over
+the enemy trenches keeping a sharp lookout
+for some sign of my own balloon. After flying
+five miles over the lines I discovered it
+and circled around as a preliminary to diving
+down upon it. But just then I heard the
+rattle of machine guns directly behind me and
+saw bullet holes appear as if by magic in the
+wings of my machine. I pulled back as if to
+loop, sending the nose of my machine straight
+up into the air. As I did so the enemy scout
+shot by underneath me. I stood on my tail
+for a moment or two, then let the machine
+drop back, put her nose down and dived after
+the Hun, opening fire straight behind him at
+very close range. He continued to dive away
+with increasing speed and later was reported
+to have crashed just under where the combat<span class="pagenum" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</span>
+had taken place. This victory I put down
+entirely to luck. The man flew directly in
+line with my gun and it would have been impossible
+to have missed him.</p>
+
+<p>“I proceeded now to dive for the balloon,
+but having had so much warning, it had been
+pulled down to the ground. I would have
+been justified in going home when I saw this,
+for our orders were not to go under 1,000 feet
+after the sausages. But I was just a bit peevish
+with this particular balloon, and to a certain
+extent my blood was up. So I decided to
+attack the ungainly monster in its ‘bed.’ I
+dived straight for it and when about 500
+feet from the ground, opened fire. Nothing
+happened. So I continued to dive and fire
+rapid bursts until I was only fifty feet above
+the bag. Still there were no signs of it catching
+fire. I then turned my machine gun on
+the balloon crew who were working frantically
+on the ground. They scattered and ran all
+about the field. Meantime a ‘flaming onion’
+battery was attempting to pelt me with those
+unsavory missiles, so I whirled upon them
+with a burst of twenty rounds or more. One
+of the onions had flared within a hundred
+yards of me.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>“SUDDENLY MY ENGINE HAD FAILED”</h3>
+
+<p>“This was all very exciting, but suddenly,
+with a feeling of faintness, I realized that my
+engine had failed. I thought that again, as
+during my first fight, the engine had oiled up
+from the steep diving I had done. It seemed
+but a moment before that I was coming down
+at a speed that must have been nearly 200
+miles an hour. But I had lost it all in turning
+my machine upon the people on the
+ground.</p>
+
+<p>“There was no doubt in my mind this time
+as to just where I was, and there appeared
+no alternative but to land and give myself
+up. Underneath me was a large open field
+with a single tree in it. I glided down, intending
+to strike the tree with one wing just
+at the moment of landing, thus damaging the
+machine so it would be of little use to the
+Huns, without injuring myself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A MIRACULOUS RECOVERY</h3>
+
+<p>“I was within fifteen feet of the ground,
+absolutely sick at heart with the uselessness
+of it all, my thoughts having turned to home
+and the worry they would all feel when I
+was reported in the list of the missing, when
+without warning one of my nine cylinders
+gave a kick. Then a second one miraculously
+came to life, and in another moment the old
+engine—the best old engine in all the world—had
+picked up with a roar on all the nine cylinders.
+Once again the whole world changed
+for me. In less time than it takes to tell it
+I was tearing away for home at a hundred
+miles an hour. My greatest safety from attack
+now lay in keeping close to the ground,
+and this I did. The ‘Archies’ cannot fire
+when you are so close to earth, and few
+pilots would have risked a dive at me at the
+altitude which I maintained. The machine
+guns on the ground rattled rather spitefully
+several times, but worried me not at all. I
+had had my narrow squeak for this day and
+nothing could stop me now.</p>
+
+<p>“I even had time to glance back over my
+shoulder, and there, to my great joy, I saw
+a cloud of smoke and flames rising from
+my erstwhile <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bête noir</i>—the sausage. We
+afterward learned it was completely destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a strange thing to be skimming
+along just above the ground in enemy territory.
+From time to time I would come on
+groups of Huns who would attempt to fire
+on me with rifles and pistols, but I would
+dart at them and they would immediately
+scatter and run for cover. I flew so low
+that when I would come to a clump of trees
+I would have to pull my nose straight up
+toward the sky and ‘zoom’ over them. Most
+of the Germans were so startled to see me
+right in their midst, as it were, they either
+forgot to fire or fired so badly as to insure
+my absolute safety. Crossing the three lines
+of German trenches was not so comfortable,
+but by zigzagging and quick dodging I negotiated
+them safely and climbed away to our
+aerodrome. There I found that no bullets
+had passed very close to me, although my
+wingtips were fairly perforated.</p>
+
+<p>“That evening I was delighted to get congratulations
+not only from my Colonel, but
+my Brigadier as well, supplemented later by
+a wire from the General commanding the Flying
+Corps. This I proudly sent home the
+same evening in a letter.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>“LIKE SHOOTING CLAY PIGEONS”</h3>
+
+<p>There seems to be a general feeling among
+airmen that theirs is not a business or profession,
+but a game. Colonel Bishop declares
+that it did not seem to him to be killing a
+man to bring down a machine; “it was more
+as if I were destroying a mechanical target,
+with no human being in it. Once or twice
+the idea that a live man had been piloting the
+machine would occur to me, and it would
+worry me a bit. My sleep would be spoiled
+perhaps for a night. I did not relish the idea
+of killing even Germans, yet, when in a combat
+in the air, it seemed more like any other
+kind of sport, and to shoot down a machine
+was very much the same as if one were shooting
+down clay pigeons. One has the great
+satisfaction of feeling that he had hit the target
+and brought it down; that one was victorious
+again.” The fascination that such a
+game has for the airman is easily understood.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop brought down his fortieth enemy
+plane six miles within the enemy lines, and
+escaped in spite of a hail of shells from anti-aircraft
+guns for five miles of the return trip,
+his machine being fairly well riddled; and,
+one day just at that time, his cup of happiness
+filled and overflowed with the award of the
+Victoria Cross.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DODGING_JACK_DEATH">DODGING “JACK DEATH”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A German Aviator’s Perils and Escapes On An Observation Tour</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> the early days of the war, the value of
+the flying machine as a weapon was not
+by any means appreciated. It was used for
+observation and bomb-dropping purposes almost
+exclusively. The Germans were the
+first to realize its possibilities as a gunning
+as well as bombing or spying craft. They
+began carrying rifles and pistols with which
+to pot enemy aviators, and the chivalry of
+the air, so excellent a feature of the initial
+period, disappeared, for, necessarily the Allied
+aviators were not slow to follow the lead.
+It was, however, in the early stage, September,
+1914, that the duel occurred of which the following
+is an account. The narrative was written
+by the German aviator, the chief figure in
+the adventure.</p>
+
+<p>The story, the truth of which is unquestioned,
+was published originally in the Berlin
+<cite>Tageblatt</cite> from which the New York <cite>Evening
+Post</cite> made the translation. It is of special interest
+as a report of one of the first, if not
+the first of the armed encounters between belligerent
+planes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OBSERVING THE RETREAT OF THE BRITISH</h3>
+
+<p>God be thanked! After a veritable Odyssey
+I am at last joined again this noon to my
+division. To be sure, my wanderings were
+not much to be wondered at, for, during my
+absence, my troop had advanced about sixty-five
+kilometers in a southwesterly direction.
+All the more joyfully, however, was I greeted
+on all sides, for I had already been given up
+after an absence of more than four days; and,
+indeed, I myself wondered, as I made my report
+to my commander, that Jack Death had
+so allowed me to slip through his fingers.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the 6th of September,
+I had ascended from D—— with the commission
+to report the positions of the enemy at
+S—— and F—— and to make charts of the
+opposing forces which I observed. First Lieut.
+K—— went with me as a guest on the flight,
+and my brave biplane soon bore us at an altitude
+of about 800 meters above the hostile
+positions, which were repeatedly sketched and
+photographed from aloft. As we had expected,
+we were soon the objective of a lively
+bombardment, and several times I felt a
+trembling of the machine, already well known
+to me, a sign that a shot had struck one of the
+wings. After a three hours’ flight we were
+able to give our report at the office of the
+General Staff of the —— army at M——,
+and earned for it the warmest praise and half
+of a broiled chicken and an excellent Havana.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</span></p>
+
+<p>As I was making my “Kiste” ready for
+flight again in the afternoon, with the help of
+several drivers of the General Staff auto—that
+is to say, refilling the benzine tank and
+carefully patching with linen the places where
+shots had pierced—I counted four of them,
+one in the body and three in the wings—a
+Bavarian officer of the General Staff informed
+me that he would be glad to observe the retreat
+of the English along the great military
+road toward M——. I prepared the machine
+at once, and ascended at about four o’clock in
+the afternoon with Major G——, the aforementioned
+General Staff officer.</p>
+
+<p>Following the road, it was at once obvious
+that the retreat of the English was a disorderly
+one, absolutely without plan, that it had
+apparently occurred to the troops to reach the
+fortified positions at Paris as soon as possible,
+and there to make their stand.</p>
+
+<p>At Paris! My flying companion shouted
+something into my face. Although the noise
+of the motor drowned it out, I believed that
+I nevertheless understood what he meant. I
+glanced at the benzine indicator. I had sufficient
+fuel. Then I held a direct course to the
+south, and after a period of about half an
+hour we saw ahead of us in the gray distance,
+far, far below, the gray, immeasurable sea of
+stone that was the chief city of France. At
+a speed of a hundred kilometers an hour we
+rushed toward it. It became clearer and
+plainer. The chain of forts, St. Denis, Montmartre,
+stood out; from the haze there raised
+itself the filigree framework of the Eiffel
+tower. And now—now we hover over the
+mellow panorama of Paris.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE “CONQUEROR” AT PARIS</h3>
+
+<p>There lay the white church of Sacré Cœur,
+there the Gare du Nord, from which the
+French thought to leave for across the Rhine;
+there Notre Dame, there the old “Boul Mich,”
+the Boulevard St. Michel, in the Latin Quarter,
+where I Bohemianized so long as an art
+student, and over which I now flew as a conqueror.
+Unprotected beneath me lay the heart
+of the enemy, the proud glittering Babel of
+the Seine. The thought of everything hateful,
+always attached to the great city, was swallowed
+up; an emotion of possession, of power,
+alone remained. And doubly joyful we felt
+ourselves. Doubly conquerors! In a great
+circle I swept over the sea of houses. In the
+streets raised itself a murmuring of the people,
+whom the bold “German bird” astonished,
+who cannot understand how the Germans
+are turning the French discovery to their
+own service more cleverly and advantageously
+than the French themselves.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE RETURN FROM PARIS</h3>
+
+<p>For nearly an hour we had been flying in
+swoops and had been shot at vainly from here
+and there below us, when there approached
+in extremely rapid flight from the direction
+of Juvisy a French monoplane. Since it was
+much faster than my biplane, I must turn and
+seek to escape, while the major made ready
+my rifle and reached for his revolver. The
+monoplane came steadily closer and closer; I
+sought to reach an altitude of 2,000 meters,
+in order to reach the protecting clouds, but
+my pursuer, on whom we constantly kept an
+eye, climbed more rapidly than we. And
+came always closer and closer. And suddenly
+I saw at a distance of only about 500 meters
+still a second biplane, attempting to block my
+way.</p>
+
+<p>Now it was time to act. In an instant my
+companion had grasped the situation. I darted
+at the flyer before us; then a turn—the major
+raised the rifle to his cheek. Once, twice,
+thrice, he fired. Then the hostile machine,
+now beside us, and hardly a hundred meters
+away, quivered and then fell like a stone. Our
+other pursuer had in the meantime reached a
+position almost over us, and was shooting at us
+with revolvers. One bullet struck in the body
+close beside the fuel controller. Then, however,
+impenetrable mist enfolded us protectingly;
+and the clouds separated us from the
+enemy, the sound of whose motor grew ever
+more distant.</p>
+
+<p>When we came out again from the sea of
+clouds, it was toward seven o’clock. In order
+to get our position, we descended, but suddenly
+there began to burst before us and behind us
+and beside us roaring shrapnel shells. I found
+myself still always over hostile positions and
+exposed to French artillery. “The devil to
+pay again!” Ever madder grew the fire! I
+noticed that the machine received blow after
+blow, but held cold-bloodedly to my course;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</span>
+at the time, it did not come into my mind at
+all that these little pointed pieces of steel
+meant death and destruction. Something in
+mankind remains untouched by knowledge and
+logic!</p>
+
+<p>There—suddenly before me, a yellow-white
+burst of flame! The machine bounds upward;
+at the same time the major shrinks together,
+blood runs from his shoulder, the wiring of
+one of the wings is shattered. To be sure, the
+motor still booms and thunders as before, but
+the propeller fails. An exploding grenade
+had knocked it to pieces, torn one of the wings
+to shreds, and smashed the major’s shoulder.
+Steeply my machine sinks to the ground. By
+calling up all my power, I succeed in getting
+the machine into a gliding flight, and I throw
+the biplane down into the tops of the forest
+trees. I crash through the branches and tree
+crowns. I strike heavily, and know no more
+what goes on around me.</p>
+
+<p>When I wake again from my unconsciousness,
+I find Major G. lying beside me on the
+ground, in the midst of a group of Landwehr
+men. German outposts had recognized me as
+a friend, and had forced their way into the
+woods, although only in small numbers, to
+protect me. Major G. had suffered a severe
+injury to his shoulder, which made it necessary
+to transfer him to the nearest field hospital.
+I, however, had only sustained a bruise
+on my leg, and after the application of an
+emergency bandage remained with the outpost,
+later to find my way, by all possible—and
+some impossible—means of transportation,
+back to my troop.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WARNEFORDS_TRIUMPH">WARNEFORD’S TRIUMPH</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Brilliant Exploit That Marked the First “Down” of a “Zepp” by
+Airplane</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> air raids on the coast towns of England
+were regarded as the most brutally
+wanton of the cowardly “frightfulness” tactics
+of the Germans employed against England.
+The killing of non-combatants, chiefly
+women and children, and the destruction of
+private property were the only material results
+of those raids, but the moral indignation
+of the world was aroused. After a period
+of suspension of this sort of warfare the Germans
+once more, in June, 1915, began raiding
+the East and Northeast Coast, the most serious
+of any that had happened being the raid
+of June 6.</p>
+
+<p>The raiders sailed over a town on the East
+Coast during the night and bombed it at their
+leisure. One large drapery house was struck
+and was completely wrecked, the entire building—a
+somewhat old one—collapsing. Adjoining
+these premises, with only a narrow
+roadway between, there was one of the most
+beautiful Norman churches in England. The
+church was wholly uninjured save a few of
+the panes in the glass windows. A rumor was
+spread over the country, and was generally believed,
+that a large number of girls and women
+“lived in” on the draper’s premises, and were
+killed when the house was struck. This rumor
+was false. The drapery firm had ceased
+to house its attendants on the premises for a
+couple of years before the raid. Some working-class
+streets were very badly damaged, a
+number of houses destroyed, and many people
+injured. It was one of the peculiarities of
+this raid that, unlike results from most of the
+others, all the people injured were struck while
+indoors. The total casualties here were twenty-four
+killed, about sixty seriously injured,
+and a larger number slightly injured.</p>
+
+<p>The outrage was quickly avenged by a
+young British naval airman, Flight Sub-Lieutenant
+R. A. J. Warneford, in one of the
+most brilliant aerial exploits of the war—the
+first Zeppelin brought down by an aeroplane.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Warneford, who was only 22 years of
+age, was the son of an Anglo-Indian railway
+engineer, and before the war was in the mercantile
+marine. He went home to “do something”
+for his country, enlisted in the 2nd
+Sportsman’s Battalion, was transferred to the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</span>
+Royal Naval Air Service, passed the tests for
+a pilot’s certificate within a few days, and was
+given a commission. He was noted at the
+flying school as one of the most brilliant pupils
+the instructors had ever known. A month
+after obtaining his commission he went to
+France, where his reckless daring soon made
+him conspicuous in a service where venturesomeness
+is the general rule. On the morning
+of June 7, 1915, at 3 a.m., he encountered a
+Zeppelin returning from the coast of Flanders
+to Ghent, and chased it, mounting above
+it and sailing over it at a height of 6,000 feet.
+Zeppelin and aeroplane exchanged shots, and
+when the Zeppelin was between one and two
+hundred feet immediately below him he
+dropped six bombs on it. One bomb hit the
+Zeppelin fairly, causing a terrific explosion,
+and setting the airship on fire from end to
+end.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_224" style="max-width: 42.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_224.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Leslie Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Tragic Death of Lieut. Warneford</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A few days after he had destroyed a Zeppelin, he fell to his death while making a flight near
+Paris. With him Henry Beach Needham, an American writer, was also killed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Warneford’s aeroplane was caught by the
+force of the explosion and turned upside down,
+but he succeeded in righting it before it
+touched the ground. He was forced to alight
+within the German lines. Nevertheless he
+restarted his engine, though not without great
+difficulty, and in due course returned to his
+station without damage. Only the framework
+of the Zeppelin was left, the crew being
+all burned or mangled, and the body of
+the machine being completely destroyed. The
+flaming framework dropped on the Convent
+School of St. Amandsberg, killing one nun
+and burning two Sisters who had rushed into
+the street with children in their arms. The
+machine on which Warneford made this
+attack was a Morane “Parasol,” a little monoplane
+with a pair of wings raised well above
+the pilot’s head. This construction gives the
+aviator full view on either side below, thus
+enabling him to take good aim for bomb dropping.
+The Morane of that type was also
+noted as a quick-climbing machine, a very
+decided advantage in attacking Zeppelins.</p>
+
+<p>The story of Warneford’s triumph sent a
+thrill through England. The King promptly
+sent a personal telegram of congratulation to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</span>
+him, and conferred upon him the Victoria
+Cross. The telegram ran as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I most heartily congratulate you upon
+your splendid achievement of yesterday, in
+which you single-handed destroyed an enemy
+Zeppelin.</p>
+
+<p>“I have much pleasure in conferring upon
+you the Victoria Cross for this gallant act.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“<span class="smcap">George</span> R.I.”<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Next day the French War Minister, on the
+recommendation of General Joffre, awarded
+Warneford the Cross of the Legion of Honor.
+It was known that he was returning on a
+visit to England. A splendid public welcome
+was prepared for him. He went first, however,
+to Paris, and there in company with
+Henry Needham, an American journalist, he
+set out on a new Henry Farman biplane,
+which he proposed to take by air to Dunkirk.
+Warneford and his passenger had risen to 700
+feet when the machine wobbled violently for
+a few seconds, and then overturned, throwing
+them both out. They were both killed instantly.
+The return to England was different
+from that which had been anticipated. In the
+late evening of June 21, a fortnight after the
+deed which won him fame, the train carrying
+Warneford’s body came into Victoria Station.
+Thousands of people had assembled there to
+pay their final tributes to the hero, and the
+little procession of the coffin covered by the
+Union Jack, mounted on a gun-carriage, and
+guarded by seamen of the Royal Naval Division,
+moved out amid the bared heads of the
+silent crowd. Warneford was buried in
+Brompton Cemetery.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>The strictly American aviation operations started in the middle of March, 1918, with
+the patrolling of the front from Villeneuve-les-Vertus by an American pursuit squadron
+using planes of the French-built Nieuport-28 type. These operations were in the nature
+of a tryout of the American trained aviators, and their complete success was followed
+by an immediate increase of the aerial forces at the front, with enlargement of their
+duties and field of action. By the middle of May, 1918, squadrons of all types—pursuit,
+observation, and bombing—as well as balloon companies were in operation over
+a wide front. These squadrons were equipped with the best available types of British
+and French-built service planes.</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_226" style="max-width: 46.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_226.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>New York Herald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Pilot in the Forward Gondola of a Zeppelin</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The front gondola of a Zeppelin is screened to protect the pilot and assistants. Searchlights
+and other means of illumination are carried on board to be used when necessary.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ONE_MINUTE_PLUS">ONE MINUTE PLUS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Three Attacking Hun Machines Downed by “Ricky” in About Seventy
+Ticks</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">No</span> one has succeeded better than Boyd
+Cable, in the <cite>Red Cross Magazine</cite>, in
+conveying an impression of what “Quick
+Work” means in the war combats between
+aeroplanes when the fighting machines are in
+expert hands. But after all it is doubtful
+if one can realize in reading how quick the
+action was, inasmuch as the fight took less
+time than you will require to read one of
+these columns aloud. As Mr. Cable says:</p>
+
+<p>“It is difficult, if not indeed impossible, to
+convey in words what is perhaps the most
+breath-catching wonder of air fighting work,
+the furious speed, the whirling rush, the sheer
+rapidity of movement of the fighting machines,
+and the incredible quickness of a pilot’s brain,
+hand, and eye to handle and maneuver a machine,
+and aim and shoot a gun under these
+speed conditions. I can only ask you to try
+to remember that a modern fast scout is
+capable of flying at well over a hundred miles
+an hour on the level, and at double that (one
+may not be too exact) in certain circumstances,
+and that in such a fight as I am going to try
+to describe here the machines were moving at
+anything between these speeds. If you can
+bear this in mind, or even realize it—I am
+speaking to the non-flying reader—you will
+begin to understand what airmen-o’-war work
+is, to believe what a pilot once said of air fighting:
+‘You don’t get time to think. If you
+stop to think, you’re dead.’</p>
+
+<p>“When the flight of half a dozen scout machines
+was getting ready to start on the usual
+‘offensive patrol’ over Hunland, one of the
+pilots, ‘Ricky-Ticky’ by popular name, had
+some slight trouble with his engine. It was
+nothing much, a mere reluctance to start up
+easily, and since he did get her going before
+the flight was ready to take off, he naturally
+went up with it. He had a little more trouble
+in the upward climb to gain a height sufficient
+for the patrol when it crossed the line to stand
+the usual respectable chance of successfully
+dodging the usual ‘Archie’ shells.</p>
+
+<p>“Ricky, however, managed to nurse her up
+well enough to keep his place in the formation,
+and was still in place when they started
+across the lines. Before they were far over
+Hunland he knew that his engine was missing
+again occasionally, and was not pulling as
+she ought to, and from a glance at his indicators
+and a figuring of speed, height, and engine
+revolutions was fairly certain that he was
+going almost full out to keep up with the other
+machines, which were flying easily and well
+within their speed.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>FOLLOWING THE CHANCE</h3>
+
+<p>“This was where he would perhaps have
+been wise to have thrown up and returned
+to his ’drome. He hung on in the hope that
+the engine would pick up again—as engines
+have an unaccountable way of doing—and
+even when he found himself dropping back
+out of place in the formation he still stuck
+to it and followed on. He knew the risk of
+this; knew that the straggler, the lame duck,
+the unsupported machine is just exactly what
+the Hun flyer is always on the lookout for;
+knew, too, that his Flight-Commander before
+they had started had warned him (seeing the
+trouble he was having to start up) that if
+he had any bother in the air or could not
+keep place in the formation to pull out and
+return. Altogether, then, the trouble that
+swooped down on him was his own fault, and
+you can blame him for it if you like. But
+if you do you’ll have to blame a good many
+other pilots who carry on, and in spite of
+the risk, do their best to put through the job
+they are on. He finally decided—he looked
+at the clock fixed in front of him to set a
+time and found it showed just over one minute
+to twelve—in one minute, at noon exactly, if
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</span>his engine had not steadied down to work,
+he would turn back for home.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_228" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_228.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Airplanes in Battle Formation</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">When the first light of day appeared enemy and allied airplanes both ascended and fought
+for the supremacy of the air.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“At that precise moment—and this was the
+first warning he had that there were Huns
+about—he heard a ferocious rattle of machine
+gun fire, and got a glimpse of streaking
+flame and smoke from the tracer bullets whipping
+past him. The Huns, three of them and
+all fast fighting scouts, had seen him coming,
+had probably watched him drop back out of
+place in the flight, had kept carefully between
+him and the sun so that his glances round and
+back had failed to spot them in the glare,
+and had then dived headlong on him, firing
+as they came.</p>
+
+<p>“They were coming down on him from
+astern and on his right side, or, as the Navals
+would put it, on his starboard quarter, and
+they were perhaps a hundred to a hundred
+and fifty yards off when Ricky first looked
+round and saw them. His first and most
+natural impulse was to get clear of the bullets
+that were spitting round and over him,
+and in two swift motions he had opened his
+engine full out, thrust his nose a little down,
+and was off full pelt. Promptly the three
+astern swung a little, opened out as they
+wheeled, dropped their noses, and came after
+Ricky, still a little above him, and so fairly
+astern that only the center one could keep
+a sustained accurate fire on him. (A scout’s
+gun being fixed and shooting between the
+blades of the propeller—gun and engine being
+synchronized so as to allow the bullet to
+pass out as the blade is clear of the muzzle—means
+that the machine itself must be aimed
+at the target for the bullets to hit, and two
+outer machines of the three could only so aim
+their machines by pointing their noses to converge
+on the center one—a risky maneuver
+with machines traveling at somewhere about
+a hundred miles an hour.)</p>
+
+<p>“But the fire of that center one was too
+horribly close for endurance, and Ricky knew
+that although his being end-on made him the
+smaller target, it also made his machine the
+more vulnerable to a raking shot which, piercing
+him fore and aft, could not well fail to
+hit petrol tank, or engine, or some other vital
+spot. He could do nothing in the way of
+shooting back, because, being a single-seater
+scout himself, his two guns were trained one
+to shoot straight forward through the propeller,
+the other, mounted on the top plane on a
+curved mount allowing the gun to be grasped
+by the handle above him and pulled back and
+down, to shoot from direct ahead to straight
+up? Neither could shoot backward.</p>
+
+<p>“Ricky, the first shock of his surprise over,
+had gauged the situation, and, it must be admitted,
+it was</p>
+
+
+<h3>“DANGEROUS IF NOT DESPERATE</h3>
+
+<p>“He had dropped back and back from the
+flight, until now they were something like a
+mile ahead of him. A mile, it is true, does
+not take a modern machine long to cover, but
+then, on the other hand, neither does an air
+battle take long to fight, especially with odds
+of three to one. With those bullets sheeting
+past him and already beginning to rip and
+crack through his wings, any second might see
+the end of Ricky. It was no use thinking
+longer of running away, and even a straight-down
+nose-dive offered no chance of escape,
+both because the Huns could nose-dive after
+him and continue to keep him under fire, and
+because he was well over Hunland, and the
+nearer he went to the ground the better target
+he would make for the anti-aircraft gunners
+below. He must act, and act quickly.</p>
+
+<p>“A thousand feet down and a quarter of
+a mile away was a little patch of cloud.
+Ricky swerved, dipped, and drove ‘all out’ for
+it. He was into it—400 yards remember—in
+about the time it takes you to draw three level
+quiet breaths, and had flashed through it—five
+or six hundred feet across it might have
+been—in a couple of quick heart-beats. The
+Huns followed close, and in that half-dozen
+seconds Ricky had something between fifty and
+a hundred bullets whizzing and ripping past
+and through his wings. As he leaped clear
+of the streaming wisps of the cloud’s edge he
+threw one look behind him and pulled the
+joy-stick hard in to his stomach. Instantly
+his machine reared and swooped up in the loop
+he had decided on, up and over and round.
+At the first upward zoom Ricky had pulled
+down the handle of his top gun and brought
+it into instant action. The result was that as
+he shot up and over in a perfect loop the center
+machine, which had been astern of him,
+flashed under and straight through the stream
+of his bullets.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Ricky whirled down in the curve of his
+loop with his gun still shooting, but now that
+he had finished his loop and flattened out,
+shooting up into the empty air while his enemy
+hurtled straight on and slightly downward
+ahead of him. Instantly Ricky threw
+his top gun out of action, and having now
+reversed positions, and having his enemy
+ahead, steadied his machine to bring his bow
+gun sights to bear on her. But before he
+could fire he saw the hostile’s left upper plane
+twist upward, saw the machine spin side on,
+the top plane rip and flare fiercely back and
+upward, the lower plane buckle and break, and
+the machine turning over and over plunge
+down and out of his sight. One of his bullets
+evidently had cut some bracing wires or
+stays, and the wing had given to the strain
+upon it. So much Ricky just had time to
+think, but immediately found himself in a
+fresh danger.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CLEVER WORK</h3>
+
+<p>“The two remaining hostiles had flashed
+past him at the same time as the center one,
+while he threw his loop over it, but realizing
+apparently on the instant what his maneuver
+was, they both swung out and round while
+he passed in his loop over the center machine.
+It was smart work on the part of the two
+flanking hostiles. They must have instantly
+divined Ricky’s dodge to get astern of them
+all, and their immediate circle out and round
+counteracted it, and as he came out of his loop
+brought them circling in again on him. In
+an instant Ricky was suddenly roused to the
+fresh danger by two following short bursts
+of fire which flashed and flamed athwart him,
+and caught a glimpse of the other two closing
+in and again astern of him and ‘sitting on
+his tail.’</p>
+
+<p>“Both were firing as they came, and again
+Ricky felt the sharp rip and crack of explosive
+bullets striking somewhere on his machine,
+and an instant later knew that the two were
+following him and hailing lead upon him. He
+cursed savagely. He had downed one enemy,
+but here apparently he was little if any better
+off with two intact enemies in the worst possible
+position for him, ‘on his tail,’ and both
+shooting their hardest. A quick glance ahead
+showed him the white glint of light on the
+wheeling wings of his flight, attracted by the
+rattle of machine guns, circling and racing to
+join the fight.</p>
+
+<p>“But fast as they came, the fight was likely
+to be over before they could arrive, and with
+the crack and snap of bullets about him and
+his own two guns powerless to bear on the
+enemy, it looked uncomfortably like odds on
+the fight ending against him. Another loop
+they would expect and follow over—and the
+bullets were crippling him every instant. Savagely
+he threw his controls over, and his machine
+slashed out and down to the right in a
+slicing two-hundred-foot side-slip.</p>
+
+<p>“The right-hand machine whirled past him
+so close that he saw every detail of the pilot’s
+dress—the fur-fringed helmet, dark goggles,
+black sweater. He caught his machine out of
+her downward slide, drove her ahead, steadied
+her, and brought his sights to bear on the
+enemy a scant twenty yards ahead, and poured
+a long burst of fire into her. He saw the bullets
+break and play on and about the pilot and
+fuselage. Then came a leaping flame, and a
+spurt of black smoke whirling out from her;
+Ricky had a momentary glimpse of the pilot’s
+agonized expression as he glanced wildly
+around, and next instant saw a trailing black
+plume of smoke and the gleam of a white underbody
+as the enemy nose-dived down in a
+last desperate attempt to make a landing before
+his machine dissolved in flames about him.</p>
+
+<p>“With a sudden burst of exultation Ricky
+realized his changed position. A minute before
+he was in the last and utmost desperate
+straits, three fast and well-armed adversaries
+against his single hand. Now, with two down,
+it was man to man—no, if he wished, it was
+all over, because the third hostile had swung
+left, had her nose down, and was ‘hare-ing’ for
+home and down toward the covering fire of
+the German anti-aircraft batteries. Already
+she was two to three hundred yards away,
+and the first German Archie soared up and
+burst with a rending ‘Ar-rrgh’ well astern of
+him. But Ricky’s blood was up and singing
+songs of triumph in his ears. Two out of
+three downed; better make a clean job of it
+and bag the lot.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAKING A CLEAN JOB</h3>
+
+<p>“His nose dipped and his tail flicked up,
+and he went roaring down, full out, after his
+last Hun. A rapid crackle of one machine
+gun after another struck his ear before ever
+he had the last hostile fully centered in his
+sights. Ricky knew that at last the flight
+had arrived and were joining in the fight. But
+he paid no heed to them; his enemy was in
+the ring of his sights now, so with his machine
+hurling down at the limit of speed of a falling
+body plus all the pull of a hundred and
+odd horsepower, the whole fabric quivering
+and vibrating under him, the wind roaring
+past and in his ears, Ricky snuggled closer in
+his seat, waited till his target was fully and
+exactly centered in his sights, and poured in
+a long, clattering burst of fire.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_231" style="max-width: 46.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_231.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major James A. Meissner</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was decorated for bravery in action in the Toul sector. He attacked many enemy observation
+balloons. He was shot down in his plane several times.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The hostile’s slanting nose-dive swerved
+into a spin, an uncontrolled side-to-side plunge,
+back again into a spinning dive that ended in
+a straight-downward rush and a crash end on
+into the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether it was Ricky or some other machine
+of the flight that got this last hostile
+will never be known. Ricky himself officially
+reported having crashed two, but declined to
+claim the third as his. On the other hand,
+the rest of the flight, after and always, with
+enthusiastic unanimity, insisted that she was
+Ricky’s very own, that he had outplayed, outfought,
+and killed three Huns in single combat
+with them—one down and t’other come on.
+If Ricky himself could not fairly and honestly
+claim all rights to the last Hun, the flight did.
+‘<em>Three!</em>’ they said vociferously in mess that
+night, and would brook no modest doubts
+from him.</p>
+
+<p>“As the last Hun went reeling down, Ricky,
+in the official language of the combat reports,
+‘rejoined formation and continued the patrol.’
+He pulled the stick toward him and rose
+buoyantly, knowing that he was holed over and
+over again, that bullets, and explosive bullets
+at that, had ripped and rent and torn the
+fabrics of his machine, possibly had cut away
+some strut or stay or part of the frame. But
+his engine appeared to be all right again, had
+never misbehaved a moment during the fight,
+was running now full power and blast; his
+planes swept smooth and steady along the
+wind levels, his controls answered exactly to
+his tender questioning touch. He had fought
+against odds of three to one and—he had won
+out. He was safe, barring accident, to land
+back in his own ’drome; and there were two
+if not three Huns down on his brazen own
+within the last—how long?</p>
+
+<p>“At the moment of his upward zoom on the
+conclusion of the fight he glanced at his
+clock which had not been hit by the enemy
+fire, could hardly believe what it told him,
+was only convinced when he recalled that
+promise to himself to turn back at the end
+of that minute, and had his belief confirmed
+by the flight’s count of the time between their
+first hearing shots and their covering the distance
+to join him. His clock marked exactly
+noon. The whole fight, from the firing of
+the first shot to the falling away of the last
+Hun, had taken bare seconds over the one minute.
+That pilot was right; in air fighting ‘you
+don’t get time to think.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_PICTURES_ARE_GOOD">“THE PICTURES ARE GOOD”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>That’s All That Observation Pilot Miller Cared About When the End
+Came</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Among</span> the men killed at Château-Thierry
+was John Q. Miller, of Fairview,
+N. C., first lieutenant of the air service,
+shot down July 24, 1918. He was one
+of the airmen of whom the public had probably
+not heard, for his courage and daring
+were not as spectacular as the bravery of Luke,
+Rickenbacker or Lufbery. At the time of
+his death he was the greatest observation pilot
+on the front, according to the story of Major
+Elmer R. Haslett in an issue of <cite>United States
+Air Service</cite>, the official publication of the
+Army and Navy Air Service Association.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_233" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_233.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">At the Tomb of Napoleon</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In this historic spot a hero of the World War is being decorated for bravery.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The unsung, silent heroes of the air are
+the observation pilots, who at the risk of life
+go forward into impossible places to get pictures
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</span>of enemy positions and come back with
+their machines riddled with shrapnel from
+“archie” fire. At the outset Miller, says
+Major Haslett, attracted attention for the
+serious way in which he took his work. He
+took assignment after assignment when he
+might have stayed back in the barracks, and
+never failed to complete his mission. Momentarily
+driven off by hostile aircraft or by too
+heavy “archie,” he would return to the job
+and come back with his pictures or observations,
+and his plane so full of holes that it
+had to be salvaged.</p>
+
+
+<h3>IN SPITE OF WOUNDS</h3>
+
+<p>Six Germans finally brought Miller and
+his observer down on his last trip over the
+lines, but not until the photographs had been
+made. Badly wounded, Miller pulled his
+plane out of a spin and landed his observer
+with the pictures. Major Haslett says:</p>
+
+<p>“He gave the plane the gun, and they took
+off on Johnny’s last ride. The plane accompanying
+was piloted by Lieut. Baker and an
+observer by the name of Lieut. Jack Lumsden,
+both of whom were the very finest of
+our personnel. On this mission Thompson,
+I believe, was taking photographs—oblique
+views—which must be taken very low, in fact,
+dangerously low, in order that the advancing
+troops may see from the photographs exactly
+what is in front of them. It was a very
+poor day, and the clouds were low.</p>
+
+<p>“As they were just finishing this perilous
+work, a drove of eleven Huns swooped out
+of the clouds and made for them. Five attacked
+Lumsden and Baker, and six attacked
+Thompson and Miller. Our boys were about
+two or three kilometers within the enemy’s
+lines, and, with such a superiority of numbers,
+of course, were immediately outclassed.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun planes surrounded Thompson
+and Miller, pouring in lead from all sides.
+Thompson, who had shot down a Boche before
+and had been in a number of scraps, was
+giving them the fight of his life. Miller was
+heading toward No Man’s Land. It is hard
+in such a fight to know exactly one’s location,
+and it is better to pick out one’s general direction
+when at such a low altitude, and be sure
+the plane is on the friendly side of the line
+before hitting the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“While still about a kilometer within German
+territory, a bullet struck Miller in the
+chest and another in the arm. Thompson
+told me that Miller put his hand over the
+fuselage as if semi-conscious, then the plane
+started to go from right to left, climb and
+dive as if partly under control.</p>
+
+<p>“As Thompson described it, it seemed as
+if Miller were doing his best to keep up his
+strength to go on with the flight. They
+crossed the lines, and as they did so Miller
+motioned to him in one of his conscious
+moments as if to point to home. He then
+put the plane into a dive.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the German planes had dropped
+out of the combat, but the others were determined
+upon putting the plane down in
+flames or out of control. In these last few
+seconds they closed in with every gun concentrated
+on Miller. This fighting was so
+close that Thompson was aiming point blank.
+Miller was shot again; he made some sort
+of a motion as if falling forward.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MILLER’S RALLYING FEAT</h3>
+
+<p>“In a moment Thompson scored a direct
+burst into one of the planes; it made a sudden
+climb, then went into a tail spin from which
+it never recovered. Thompson swung his
+tourrelle round to get the one coming up on
+his tail. While himself falling, by sheer
+good fortune Thompson, fighting to the end,
+turned loose all he had, and the plane underneath
+his tail ceased firing, dived and fell
+within a hundred yards of the other he had
+just got.</p>
+
+<p>“The three remaining Huns followed Miller
+down. One of them got Thompson in
+the arm and leg with an explosive bullet. The
+plane was out of control. By some miracle,
+Thompson says, as they were about to strike
+earth, Miller came out of his forward position,
+pulled the stick back, and the plane
+landed without a crash.</p>
+
+<p>“Thompson had enough strength to jump
+out of the cockpit and run around to Miller,
+who, with a strength that was superhuman,
+was climbing out of the cockpit, bleeding
+profusely, his face ghostly white.</p>
+
+<p>“He reached his arms up, man-like, and
+let them rest limply on Thompson’s shoulders.
+With closed eyes, and with a voice barely<span class="pagenum" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</span>
+audible, he mumbled: ‘Thompson, God bless
+you! They got me, but I got you home, boy—and
+we brought the pictures back. Get a
+motorcycle, Tommy, and take them to headquarters.
+You write a report—I can’t, Tommy;
+you see I can’t, Tommy. And be sure to
+put in it that the pictures are good—that the
+mission was successful.’</p>
+
+<p>“These were his last words, and he fell
+over unconscious. His wounds were of a hopeless
+nature, and he died without regaining
+consciousness a few minutes later in a sort of
+improvised dressing station in the front lines.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, those are incidents in the life of
+the observation game.</p>
+
+<p>“The official records credit Johnny Miller
+with the destruction of two enemy planes, and
+the French Government has bestowed upon
+him posthumously the Croix de Guerre with
+Palm, but those of us who had the pleasure
+of serving with him and who have lived to
+tell the tale credit Johnny Miller with having
+been just a plain, ordinary, brave fellow, who
+gave his life with all willingness to insure
+the successful completion of the mission to
+which his country assigned him.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SUBDUING_THE_TURK">SUBDUING THE TURK</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>When Captain Butt, the British Ace, Found Bakshish a Cure of Captivity</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> the war broke out, Alan Bott
+was one of the younger set of newspaper
+men in London. Soon after England cast
+in her lot with France, Bott was training with
+the airmen. Right speedily he became a fighting
+flyer and anon an Ace, with seven German
+planes to his credit. He won the Victoria
+Cross, and the rank of Captain. Readers may
+remember having heard him lecture when he
+made a tour of this country early in 1919,
+and gave very impressive pictures of adventures
+in the air. Not many aviators had the
+varied experiences that fell to the fortune of
+Captain Bott, for though he was for a time
+with his fellows of the Royal British Air
+Force operating in France, he was transferred
+to the East later and many of his thrilling adventures
+were in the Holy Land. He gave an
+account of one of these soon after his arrival
+in this country. He said:</p>
+
+<p>“It all began when I fell out of the clouds
+from a height of six thousand feet and bumped
+my nose after a fight with a Boche plane.
+It wasn’t exactly a fight with one plane,
+either. I was chasing a Boche who had a
+machine nearly as fast as mine, and by the
+time I caught up with him we were forty
+miles behind the enemy lines and above some
+rough, rocky, partly wooded hills.</p>
+
+<p>“I was just beginning to pepper the Boche
+when two enemy scout planes I had not seen
+literally dropped from the clouds right above
+and shot me up, especially the petrol tank.
+I whirled and crashed down, and the next
+thing I knew it was moonlight and my leg
+was paining like the deuce, held down by
+part of my engine. It was a very lonely,
+desert spot, and I figured that hill would be
+my last resting-place. I figured they would
+name it after me.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether fortunately or not a bunch of
+Arabs came along, sort of bandits, I suppose,
+and found me. As far as I could make
+out, after they lifted the engine off me they
+were tossing up whether they should kill me
+or turn me over to the Turks and get some
+bakshish, which is a popular pastime in that
+part of the country. They used to say that
+with £1,000 you could bribe the Grand Vizier
+himself.</p>
+
+<p>“While they were drawing lots to see
+whether I would live or die, a party of Turkish
+soldiers came along and chased the Arabs
+off, but detained me. In fact, they were decent
+enough to take me to an Austrian hospital
+at Afion-Kara-Hisson, about seventy
+miles from our base at Jaffa. It was three
+weeks before I could get around much, and
+then I foolishly tried to escape. My leg was
+so bad that the attempt was a foozle, as the
+guards caught me up before I had gone very
+far.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_236" style="max-width: 43.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_236.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Pearl J. Wines</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>90th Division, 358th Infantry, Company “E”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">While fighting in the St. Mihiel sector on September 12, 1918, Wines was wounded in his side
+by a party of Germans. Becoming infuriated he engaged the entire party: killed three of them,
+and captured the other two without aid of any kind.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>IN JAIL AT NAZARETH</h3>
+
+<p>“Finally, I was taken to Nazareth and put
+in a criminal jail with murderers and brigands,
+all filthy brutes. At first I was put in an
+underground dungeon, with one other man,
+an Arab, whose great penchant was chasing
+cooties. There were other English prisoners
+there, and we were all treated pretty badly.
+Our food consisted of a bowl of soup and a
+loaf of bread each day. It was some bread!</p>
+
+<p>“Several of us planned to escape and tried
+several stunts, none of which appealed to the
+Turks, until I selfishly hit on the scheme of
+becoming temporarily insane. I was very
+crazy, for a few days, and then the highly
+ornate boss of the jail shook his head seriously
+and said he would have to send me to Constantinople.</p>
+
+<p>“We finally began to rumble across the
+desert in a very slow train, and I decided to
+drop off at the first convenient way-station and
+cut across lots for Jaffa. We were quite near
+Constantinople before an opportunity came,
+and then, at the psychological moment, there
+was a very opportune train wreck, and I
+walked away and hid in among some rocks.</p>
+
+<p>“When night came I met a Turkish officer
+dressed in a German uniform, and then
+worked the popular game of bakshish, which
+is really the national game of Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>“I gave the officer a couple of Turkish
+pounds and he peeled the uniform. He put
+on mine and I have no doubt he was duly
+captured by the guards. I went to Constantinople
+and was saluted very regularly by
+Turkish and German soldiers. It took a lot
+of dodging to keep clear of the Germans in
+Constantinople, but I managed to get along,
+having a lot of fun sometimes in the cafés,
+listening to the gossip and plotting.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A STOWAWAY ON A “HELL SHIP”</h3>
+
+<p>“It appeared at that time that Turkey had
+been ready for quite a while to sign a separate
+peace, but the Allies couldn’t get the idea.
+My greatest desire was to get out of Constantinople,
+and I finally stowed away on a
+little rusty cargo-steamer bound for Odessa.
+We were rolling around the Black Sea one
+day when the crew were seized with Bolshevism
+and went on strike.</p>
+
+<p>“It was great on that ship with the engines
+dead. We rolled and rolled for days on end.
+I had bought a Russian sailor’s uniform by
+that time and so could go about without fear
+of capture. The main thing was to get a
+crust of bread and cup of water. It was a
+hell ship and no mistake, with the sun beating
+down all day and the officers and crew
+in continual fights.</p>
+
+<p>“Finally they patched up a truce and we
+made Odessa, the trip taking almost three
+weeks. It was bad in Odessa and when we
+heard that Bulgaria had made a separate peace
+I decided to make a try for the Bulgarian
+coast. I stowed away aboard another cargo
+steamship and finally reached Bulgaria and
+my British countrymen.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_DARING_PURSUIT">A DARING PURSUIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>In An Ordinary Plane Aviator Bone Chased a German Sea-Plane Over
+Sea</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">On</span> Sunday, March 19, 1916, four German
+sea-planes sailed over East Kent,
+England, in a bombing raid upon defenseless
+towns—Deal, Margate, Ramsgate—and arrived
+over Dover about 2 o’clock in the afternoon
+and dropped more than a dozen bombs,
+doing a considerable amount of damage. One
+bomb went through the roof of a Home where
+there were a large number of children; fortunately,
+the children, at the first sound of
+the raiders, had been taken to the shelter of
+the basement. Several children going to Sunday
+school were killed or injured. A woman
+walking along the street was blown into a
+doorway of a shop and badly hurt. The invaders
+were given very little time to do their
+work. British aeroplanes rose in pursuit. A
+sharp fight followed, both attackers and defenders
+using their machine guns freely in the
+air. One British airman particularly distinguished
+himself. Flight Commander R. J.
+Bone, R. N., pursued one of the German sea-planes
+out to sea for nearly 30 miles, in a
+small single-seater land machine. There, after
+an engagement lasting about a quarter of an
+hour, he forced it to descend, the German
+machine having been hit many times, and the
+observer disabled or killed. For this, Flight
+Commander Bone received the D. S. O.</p>
+
+<p>The commander left the aerodrome while
+the enemy machine was still in sight, and
+making no attempt to climb steeply, kept the
+enemy in view. After a pursuit of nearly 30
+miles he rose to 9,000 feet, 2,000 feet above
+the enemy. Rapidly overhauling the other
+machine, he attempted to make a vertical dive
+for it, both sides firing vigorously. Then he
+maneuvered ahead of the other and steered
+straight at him, diving below him and turning
+with a vertical right-hand bank immediately
+under him.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BROUGHT HIM DOWN</h3>
+
+<p>The German pilot swerved his machine to
+the left before they met, and the Englishman
+as he passed could see the German observer
+hanging over the right side of the fuselage, apparently
+dead or severely wounded. The gun
+was cocked at an angle of 45 degrees. Continuing
+his courageous maneuvers, Flight-Commander
+Bone brought his machine within
+15 or 20 feet of the enemy, and poured in
+five or six bursts of six rounds until the enemy
+dived deeply, with smoke pouring from
+his machine. The propeller stopped, but the
+pilot kept control and succeeded in landing
+safely on the water. Here the English airman
+had to leave him, as he could not come down
+on a land machine, and his engine showed
+signs of giving out.</p>
+
+<p>One machine apparently escaped from the
+fight at Dover and rapidly made its way to
+Deal, where it dropped seven bombs, doing
+considerable damage to property, but not killing
+or injuring any persons. A second pair
+of sea-planes appeared over Ramsgate at 2.10
+p.m. and dropped bombs on the town. Four
+children on their way to Sunday school were
+killed, and a man driving a motor-car near
+by was also killed. A hospital for Canadian
+troops was damaged, but no one in the building
+was hurt, and the nurses went out in the
+streets to assist in the work of tending the
+injured. One of the sea-planes traveled on
+from Ramsgate to Margate, where it dropped
+a bomb, damaging a house. The German aircraft
+were now all pursued by British machines
+and driven out to sea.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ROOSEVELT_BOYS">THE ROOSEVELT BOYS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Four Sons of a Famous Fighter Gather Their Own Laurels of War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Roosevelts are not the only family to
+have given four sons to the cause of their
+country, and those other sons have fought as
+bravely as Archibald and Theodore and Kermit,
+and died as daringly as Quentin. It isn’t,
+then, because the sacrifices of the Roosevelts
+are unique that they have become so dear to
+the hearts of Americans. The Roosevelts
+would be the first to decry any attempt to
+single out their deeds as any nobler than the
+deeds of their millions of comrades in arms.
+It seems only fair, however, to the traditions
+of our democracy that having recounted so
+many exploits by heroes who before the war
+were not known outside their little towns, we
+should include a few of the many, many names
+which proved that connection with more noted
+families did not make them any slower to welcome
+the dangers which war brought alike to
+rich and poor.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ARCHIE GOES TO FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>Back in June, 1917, Theodore Roosevelt,
+Jr., went across with Archie. Theodore was
+a Major then; Archie a Captain. Both were
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</span>assigned to General Pershing’s staff. In August
+it was reported that the two, anxious for
+real action, had been transferred to the 26th
+Infantry. So anxious was Archie to get into
+line duty that he accepted a reduction to Second
+Lieutenancy in order to get into the
+trenches.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_239" style="max-width: 50.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_239.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Pirie MacDonald.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Theodore Roosevelt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The late Ex-President of the United States, and great American Patriot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>All this had happened quickly. It was only
+in April that Archie had been engaged to
+Grace Lockwood. Some five days after that he
+had passed his examination for the Officers’
+Reserve Corps. By April 15 he had married.
+June 20 he left Plattsburg with confidential
+orders. June 25 his father announced that
+Archie and Theodore had left for France.</p>
+
+<p>Archie did not stay long as a Second Lieutenant.
+By Christmas, following distinguished
+service in leading patrols in No Man’s
+Land, General Pershing recommended that
+Archie be promoted. In February Archie was
+made a Captain. One month later Captain
+Archie was wounded in the arm and leg by
+shrapnel. He received the French War Cross
+while lying on the operating table. “He lay
+wounded for fourteen hours unattended,”
+writes an American surgeon in a letter home.
+In May Archie was reported able to walk
+again.</p>
+
+<p>His wounds did not make Archie callous to
+the suffering of others. In July (1918) we
+read that “Archie’s request for aid for Sergeant
+F. A. Ross whose hand was amputated
+will be heeded by Colonel Roosevelt.”</p>
+
+<p>A shrapnel wound of its nature usually
+results in more serious complications than an
+ordinary bullet wound. On July 13 the Captain
+had to undergo another operation for partial
+paralysis of the left arm. His spirit never
+wavered. When wounded he had directed that
+the wounded men in his command be attended
+first. Archie was hurt worse than he knew. It
+would take eight months, at least, for him to
+recover. In September he was brought back
+to the United States for special treatment.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_240" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_240.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Theodore Roosevelt and Family at the Time He Was Governor of the
+State of New York</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>THEODORE, THE IDOL OF HIS MEN</h3>
+
+<p>In the meantime Theodore was making
+himself feared, loved and famous. He was a
+Major, we said. He had been a Major once
+before, but under what different conditions—a
+Major in the Connecticut National Guards.
+He got into action from the very start. You
+could find him at the head of the most dangerous
+charges. In June (1918) he was cited
+for bravery after he had been gassed in the
+fight at Cantigny.</p>
+
+<p>Theodore, too, retained his tenderness despite
+war’s horrors. In July we read of his
+paying homage to Lieut. G. Gustofson, Jr.
+In September he writes to the widow of Lieut.
+Newbold telling her that he would be proud
+to have his two little sons grow up to live
+and die like the Lieutenant. Theodore’s men
+made an idol of him. That, however, did
+not save him a second wound—this time
+(July 24) it was in the left knee. He received
+it while leading a battalion in a charge
+at Ploisy. It was the same fearlessness which
+a month before had called forth the official
+citation.</p>
+
+<p>“On the day of our attack on Cantigny,
+although gassed in the lungs and gassed in
+the eyes to blindness, Major Roosevelt refused
+to be removed and retained the command
+of his battalion under a heavy
+bombardment throughout the engagement.”</p>
+
+<p>After his second operation Major Roosevelt
+was promoted once more, and it was as
+Lieutenant-Colonel that in November he occupied
+the headquarters of von Hindenburg’s
+son at Luxemburg.</p>
+
+
+<h3>KERMIT IN MESOPOTAMIA AND FRANCE</h3>
+
+<p>The Major’s younger brother Kermit had,
+like the rest, come in from the very start, but
+fortune kept at least this one member of the
+family a little safer. He had left Plattsburg
+to accept a position in the British Army as
+early as July, 1917. In September he was
+made Temporary Honorary Captain. After
+being rewarded with the Distinguished Service
+Order for bravery with the British in Mesopotamia,
+Kermit, through the aid of Lord
+Derby, obtained a transfer to the American
+Army. In April he was appointed Captain.
+By June he had received the British Military
+Cross.</p>
+
+
+<h3>QUENTIN</h3>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_241" style="max-width: 36.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_241.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="right fs80"><cite>© Underwood and Underwood.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Junior.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was gassed in the fight at Cantigny, and
+wounded when making a charge at Ploisy.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Kermit, Archibald, Theodore—all have
+done their duty, but, of course, death has
+made the youngest of the Roosevelts dearest
+to American hearts. Perhaps, indeed, the
+death of no other man at the front has so
+touched the people as that of young Lieutenant
+Quentin. He stands almost like the symbol
+of young America giving itself up for freedom.
+“In the sorrow of his parents,” writes
+the <cite>Outlook</cite>, “his fellow-countrymen have felt
+the sorrow of all who have lost sons in this
+struggle. In the pride his parents have simply
+expressed his fellow-countrymen have been
+able to understand in part the pride of all<span class="pagenum" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</span>
+those who have learned that for his purpose
+of making mankind free God has had need
+of their dearest. In honoring Quentin Roosevelt
+Americans honor all those young men who
+have rendered to their country their full
+measure of devotion.”</p>
+
+<p>Part of the special glory of the Roosevelts
+comes from the fact that they were watched
+so closely. Quentin, especially, was known to
+the nation from his very childhood. The nation
+knew him, and it watched him. Quentin
+died fighting against odds—a symbol of
+young American manhood.</p>
+
+<p>When we think of what Colonel Roosevelt
+and his sons stood for in this war there is
+something soul-stirring in the fact that the
+father and his youngest boy have both so suddenly
+passed away, and in the light of all this
+there is a pathetic significance in the answer
+which Colonel Roosevelt gave to the man who
+at a public meeting asked the Colonel why
+he himself had not gone across:</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_242" style="max-width: 49.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_242.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Quentin Roosevelt’s Entrance Card Into the
+Ecole de Tir Aerien</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I asked not only to go over there, but I
+came with one hundred thousand more men
+in my hands to help. And I will tell you,
+you man over there, that I have sent my four
+sons. I have sent over my four boys, for
+each of whose lives I care a thousand times
+more than I care for my own.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_242a" style="max-width: 36.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_242a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dr. Richard Derby,</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Lieutenant Colonel, Medical Corps, Army of the
+United States.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Of these four sons Kermit received his
+cross for bravery. Archibald and Theodore
+rose steadily from rank to rank—wounds and
+honor marking their path. And Quentin gave
+his life. There is something more than fortitude
+in the words of the proud, strong, old
+man bearing up against the saddest of tidings:</p>
+
+<p>“Quentin’s mother and I are very glad he
+got to the front and had the chance to render
+some service to his country, and to show the
+stuff there was in him before his fate befell
+him.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin Roosevelt was not yet twenty-one.
+He was born in Washington, November 19,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</span>
+1897, while his father was Assistant Secretary
+of the Navy. After 1901 Quentin, starting
+out as the “White House baby,” kept
+Washington interested and amused for seven
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Sturdy, impetuous, frank, and democratic,
+he was friends with everybody. He rode locomotives
+between Washington and Philadelphia
+with his chums, the engineers and firemen of
+the Baltimore &amp; Ohio and the Pennsylvania.</p>
+
+<p>Meantime, he was captain also of a crew
+of warrior Indians recruited from members
+of his classes in a public school.</p>
+
+<p>One day, during an illness of his brother
+Archie, Quentin decided that a sight of a pet
+pony might prove better than the White House
+doctor’s prescriptions.</p>
+
+<p>Without waiting for permission he went
+out to the stables, introduced the Shetland into
+one of the private elevators, and had the little
+horse on the way into his sick brother’s room
+before he was stopped.</p>
+
+<p>As recorded by the New York <cite>Times</cite>:
+“Quentin’s life while in Washington—he was
+running around here in kilts and afterward
+in short trousers when his father was President—was
+just the adventurous childhood of
+the boy who later slammed his motor cycle
+into a tree at Oyster Bay when he was trying
+to establish a new speed record and smiled
+when a home-assembled automobile took a
+corner under his guidance on one wheel. He
+was not afraid for himself and worried only
+about the expense of rebuilding the motor
+cycle.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin was sent to Harvard. He took a
+prominent part in athletics. He inherited his
+father’s pluck and determination. Like his
+father, too, Quentin suffered from a defect
+of vision. That is why when the first officers
+training-camp was organized and Archie
+was admitted and won a commission, Quentin,
+on account of his eyes, was rejected.</p>
+
+<p>He thereupon applied for enlistment in the
+Canadian Flying Corps. That was in April,
+1917. When the United States decided to
+send troops to Europe he was transferred to
+the United States Signal Corps as a private.</p>
+
+<p>He underwent a brief period of training at
+Mineola. He reached France a few weeks
+after Archie, who, we remember, was then a
+Captain. Theodore, Jr., was already commanding
+one of the first American battalions
+to go under fire. Kermit also had by that
+time sailed for the war zone.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HE MAKES A DOWN</h3>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_243" style="max-width: 24.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_243.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Kermit Roosevelt</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Quentin became known to his fellow flyers
+as “Q.” Before the fatal day he had been<span class="pagenum" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</span>
+fighting in the air five weeks. A few days
+before that last fight Quentin had a very
+narrow escape. He was cut off by a cloud
+from his fellows and coming out of the clouds
+saw three aviators whom he took for Americans.
+When he got quite close he found they
+were Boches, and coolly opened fire on them.
+All three attacked him. Quentin “did” for
+one of them and got home safe. An account
+of this is included in Captain McLanahan’s
+description of Quentin’s last days.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_244" style="max-width: 25.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_244.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Our airdrome was north of Verdun, about
+twenty miles back of the American front line.
+Quentin had joined us June 1. He had been
+instructor at the aviation school at Issoudun,
+and I had formed his acquaintance there. I
+left Issoudun for patrol work at the front
+about two months before Quentin was allowed
+to join us. They liked his work at
+the aviation school so well that he had a hard
+time to obtain leave to get into the more perilous
+work at the front, for which he was always
+longing.</p>
+
+<p>“Our regular occupation in the patrol service
+consisted of two flights a day, each lasting
+from an hour and a half to two hours. As
+this involved the necessity of going over the
+enemy lines, it was, of course, extremely trying
+upon the nerves. I doubt whether anybody,
+except perhaps the most foolhardy, ever
+performed this sort of work without feeling
+greatly exhausted after a few hours of so tense
+a strain. Nevertheless, we were often required,
+when circumstances demanded it, to
+go aloft four or even more times in the course
+of a day. This was of rare occurrence and
+only when the enemy showed extreme activity
+and every resource at our command had
+to be called into service in opposition.</p>
+
+<p>“Usually a patrol consisted of three squads
+of from six to eight planes, one squad going
+to a height of 20,000 feet, the second 12,000,
+and the third 4,000 feet. They would fly
+in V formation, the leader about a hundred
+feet below the level of the next two, these
+100 feet lower than those next after them,
+and so on to the last ones of the squad, who
+were always the highest.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>July 14 was an exceptionally fine day for
+the sort of work the squadron was doing.
+“We went up at eleven o’clock in the forenoon,”
+says Captain McLanahan, and describes
+the flight and the fatal fight that followed:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“There were eight of us, all, at that time,
+Lieutenants—Curtis, of Rochester, N. Y.;
+Sewall, of Bath, Me.; Mitchell, of Manchester,
+Mass.; Buford, of Nashville, Tenn.;
+Roosevelt, Hamilton, Montague, and I. As<span class="pagenum" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</span>
+was customary, we chatted together before
+we went up, and of course, planned what we
+were going to do. It was arranged that Lieutenant
+Hamilton was to lead, and in case of
+any hitch to his motor Lieutenant Curtis was
+to take his place in the van.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_245a" style="max-width: 22.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_245a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Western Newspaper Union.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Archie Roosevelt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">on Fifth Avenue in New York. He was wounded
+in action.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_245b" style="max-width: 48.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_245b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Facsimile of Quentin Roosevelt’s record card
+in the Ecole de Aerien de Casuaz.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The captain’s remarks at the bottom of the card:
+“Very good pilot; regular landings; very good
+shot; excellent military spirit, and very daring.”</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“There was a rather stiff wind blowing in
+the direction of the German lines, and when
+we reached an altitude of about 10,000 feet
+we began to be carried with great rapidity
+toward them. We had not yet sighted any
+enemy airplanes after we had been aloft an
+hour. Hamilton’s motor went wrong about
+that time and he had to glide back home.
+In a few minutes he was followed by Montague,
+whose motor also had gone back on him.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>MEETING THE ENEMY</h3>
+
+<p>“Half an hour after this, when we were
+five miles inside the German lines, we saw
+six of their Fokker planes coming toward us.
+They had been concealed until then by clouds
+between them and us, they flying on the under<span class="pagenum" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</span>
+side of the clouds. Our planes were of the
+Nieuport type, of the lightest pursuing kind,
+and in almost every respect like the type the
+Germans approaching us were using. The
+chief difference was that they carried stationary
+motors while ours were rotary ones, which
+gave us a trifle the advantage in turning.
+But this was more than neutralized by the
+very much greater inflammable material in
+our machines.</p>
+
+<p>“When we got to within 500 feet of each
+other both sides began firing. The weapons
+on each side were virtually identical, each
+Nieuport and each Fokker carrying two machine
+guns. As each plane had but one occupant,
+upon whom, of course, devolved the
+work not only of steering his craft but firing
+the guns, there was an arrangement by which
+these two duties could be executed with, so
+to speak, one movement. The steering gear
+and the firing and aiming devices were adjusted
+to a stick in front of the aviator, in
+such a manner that his hand could clutch all
+three levers at once and work each by a
+slight pressure.</p>
+
+<p>“Each of the machine guns carried about
+250 rounds of ammunition, and unless it got
+jammed it was capable of firing the entire
+lot in half a minute. In order to determine
+whether the aim is accurate some of the bullets
+are so constructed that they emit smoke
+and can thus be seen. These are called tracers.
+Without them it would be well-nigh impossible
+to gage one’s range so far up in the
+air, remote from anything by which comparisons
+could be made to rectify the judgment
+in aiming.</p>
+
+<p>“From the moment that I singled out the
+enemy whom I was to engage in duel I naturally
+lost sight of everything else and kept
+my eyes pretty well glued upon him alone.
+Now and then, of course, I would, when I
+got a chance, look backward, too. For one
+can never tell but that another enemy plane,
+having disposed of its opponent, may pay his
+respects to another one.</p>
+
+<p>“But if anybody imagines that an aviator
+engaged in battle with an active opponent
+gets a chance to help along an associate, or
+even to pay attention to what is happening
+to any of the others, he is mistaken. One has
+to be on the alert for every move the enemy
+makes, and even do a lot of correct guessing
+as to what would be the most logical next
+move for him to make. For it is upon that
+next move that the entire fortunes of the war
+for those particular two aviators may hinge.</p>
+
+<p>“After I had fired every round of ammunition,
+which seemed to be about the same
+time as my adversary discovered himself to
+be in the same plight, we drew away from
+each other and flew toward our respective
+bases. During our duel my airplane had
+become separated from the others of our
+unit and I could see no trace of them. I assumed,
+however, that they were either still
+fighting or had also finished and were on their
+way back home. Somehow I did not think
+of the third alternative, namely, that anything
+serious had happened to any of them.</p>
+
+<p>“Indeed, one’s thoughts are so completely
+directed toward the business in hand, especially
+during a fight, that there is not a moment’s
+time that can be devoted to other matters,
+even those of the dearest, tenderest, or
+most sacred nature. To divert the mind even
+for an instant from the grim business of battle
+itself would be scarcely short of suicidal.
+And the home-bound journey after the battle
+is enlivened by so continuous a gauntlet of
+bursting enemy anti-aircraft shells that they
+suffice to keep the mind engaged in ways and
+means of dodging them until the home base is
+finally reached. During an air-battle, of
+course, the anti-aircraft guns are silent, for
+their shells would be equally dangerous for
+friend and foe.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALL BUT QUENTIN RETURNED</h3>
+
+<p>Lieutenants Buford and McLanahan arrived
+after all of the others, except Lieutenant
+Roosevelt, had returned to the field. They
+were not worried about him at the time, but
+when hours went by and he failed to return,
+they knew that something had gone wrong.
+Still, they did not think he had been killed.
+As Captain McLanahan explains:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“We were encouraged to hope for the best
+by the fact that Quentin had remained out a
+considerable time longer than the rest of us
+three days before. On that occasion he had
+become separated from the squad, I don’t just
+know in what way, and when we saw him
+again he jumped out of his airplane in great<span class="pagenum" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</span>
+excitement and so radiant with elation and
+with so broad a smile that his teeth showed
+exactly in the same famous way as his father’s
+used to do. He never reminded us so much
+of his father as on that occasion.</p>
+
+<p>“He told us that after losing track of us
+he sighted a group of airplanes which he believed
+to be ours and headed his airplane
+toward them. He was too cautious, however,
+to take anything for granted, and so in steering
+toward the group he kept himself in the
+rear of them, and when he got closer he discovered
+that they had the cross of the Germans
+painted on them.</p>
+
+<p>“His first impulse was to get away as fast
+as possible; but then the hero in him spoke
+up and he decided to avail himself of the
+chance to reduce the number of our enemies
+by at least one. And so, flying quite close to
+the last one of the airplanes, he fired quickly
+and with such good aim that the plane immediately
+went down, spinning around, with
+its nose pointed to the ground.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I guess I got that one all right,’ he said;
+but he did not wait to see what the final outcome
+might be, for aviators are full of tricks
+and, by feigning disaster to their own machine,
+often succeeded in drawing an overconfident
+enemy to destruction. Quentin knew this;
+and moreover, he had another big contract
+on his hands, namely, to get away from the
+associates of the man whom he had attacked.
+They all turned upon him, firing from a
+dozen machine guns; but in firing his own gun
+he had wheeled about at the same instant,
+and in that way had a big handicap over the
+pursuers. He kept far enough in advance of
+them to get back within the American lines
+before they were able to lessen the distance
+sufficiently to make their shells effective. The
+rate of speed, by the way, was 140 miles an
+hour.</p>
+
+<p>“Despite his excitement and the really exceptional
+achievement, Quentin modestly refrained
+from declaring positively that he had
+bagged his man. It was only afterward, when
+we learned through an artillery observation-balloon
+that the airplane brought down by
+Quentin had been seen to strike the earth with
+a crash, that he himself felt satisfied that he
+was entitled to be regarded the victor. This
+was the occasion which brought him the Croix
+de Guerre.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_247" style="max-width: 27.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_247.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When the day passed and Quentin failed
+to return, his associates still remained hopeful
+that he had landed in the enemy lines, and
+had been taken prisoner. But there was
+further news, bad news, as Captain McLanahan
+relates:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Even this forlorn hope was dispelled the
+following day, when news was received that
+an observation-balloon’s crew had seen a Nieuport
+machine fall at Chamery, east of Fère-en-Tardenois,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</span>
+the place where Quentin had gone
+into the battle.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANS REPORT DEATH</h3>
+
+<p>“A few days after that German aviators
+flying over the American lines dropped notes
+announcing that Lieut. Quentin Roosevelt had
+been killed by two bullet wounds in the head
+and had been buried with military honors by
+the Germans.</p>
+
+<p>“After the armistice was signed, we saw
+the aviator who had killed Quentin. He was
+a non-commissioned officer and one of the
+most expert flyers in the enemy’s air service.
+After the armistice he was acting as an inspector
+in the surrender of German airplanes
+to the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>“This man said that when he learned that
+the officer whom he had brought down belonged
+to so prominent a family in America
+he felt sorry.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He was identified by a metal identification-plate
+fastened by a little chain to his
+wrist,’ said the German, ‘and I was then told
+of the young man’s prominence and his own
+personal popularity. Of course, even if I
+had known during the battle who he was, I
+would not have hesitated to try my best to
+down him; because, if I hadn’t, he surely
+would have downed me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘He made a gallant fight, although I recognized
+almost from the beginning of our
+duel that he was not as experienced as some
+others I had encountered and won out against.</p>
+
+<p>“‘As it was, he dipped and circled and
+looped and tried in a variety of ways to get
+above and behind me. It was not at all an
+easy task for me to get the upper hand and
+down him.’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_248" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_248.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">When the Great American Patriot Died Flyers Dropped Wreaths from
+the Air Over the Roosevelt Home at Sagamore Hill</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Simple praise this is, but sincere we feel.
+The German felt sorry for our boy-hero.
+“He made a gallant fight,” he said. And he
+was not the only German who was forced to
+give due admiration to the dauntless American.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</span>The enemy buried him with military
+honors, and marked his grave. The German
+Cross, however, has been removed from
+the grave of Quentin. The grave is now
+simply fenced with stones. The French strew
+flowers over it. It bears a soldier’s inscription:</p>
+
+<p>“Here rests on the field of honor First
+Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt, killed in action
+July, 1918.”</p>
+
+<p>A memorial just as eloquent in its simplicity
+is the letter from General Pershing to
+the father of Quentin:</p>
+
+<p>“Lieutenant Quentin Roosevelt during his
+whole career in the air service both as a cadet
+and as a flying officer was a model of the best
+type of young American manhood.”</p>
+
+<p>Quentin is a hero—a soldier—an officer—yet
+most of all he remains to our memory as
+our ex-President’s youngest boy. Eleanor
+Reed expresses this lasting appeal in her poem
+to Quentin, in the New York <cite>Times</cite>:</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Young Roosevelt is dead—and I whose son</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Is just a little boy, too young to go,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Read with bewildered eyes the tales recalled</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of pranks the little White House boy had played.”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="JUST_WHAT_HE_WANTED">JUST WHAT HE WANTED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Restless Seeker After Excitement, the War Filled the Bill for Lieutenant
+Roberts</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Few</span> young men enlisted for the war more
+frankly in the spirit of adventure than did
+Lieutenant E. M. Roberts, an American boy,
+born in Duluth, and seemingly born with the
+unrest of the winds of the Northwest in his
+blood. When he was but ten years old he ran
+away from home in obedience to the restless
+longing to fare for himself, go whither he
+listed, and taste the ruggedness of nature in
+experience. He tried lumbering in the Northwest.
+He crossed the border into Canada and
+successively turned his hand to many things—mining,
+automobile repair, railroad construction,
+cow-punching, sheep-raising, etc.—getting
+a liberal education in the “University of Hard
+Knocks,” as he expressed it, but never finding
+just the excitement he vaguely yearned for.</p>
+
+<p>He was in Calgary in October, 1914, and
+by chance learned from a newspaper in which
+he had wrapped a purchase, that there was
+war doing in Europe. It struck him that the
+thing sought, the desired excitement, was now
+ready to hand. He met an old friend and
+talked the news with him. The friend told
+him that there had been a call that morning
+for men for service in Europe. “Let’s join!”
+Both were of the same mind; both were ready
+for adventure. Next morning he enlisted as a
+member of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion.
+But the officer in charge of the barracks
+knew Roberts, and recalling that he was
+familiar with mechanics, transferred him to a
+mechanical transport section, not at all to his
+liking, mechanics being but a tame affair.</p>
+
+<p>In time he went with the battalion to
+France as driver of a lorry. He got a dose
+of gas at Ypres and was sent back to England
+for hospital treatment. On recovery he
+was returned to France as Section Sergeant,
+his duty being to scout the roads ahead on a
+motor cycle. He found that he was getting
+very little out of the war but hard work,
+plodding knee deep in mud much of the time
+while up there the flyers were having a jolly,
+enviable time. Ambition to get into the Royal
+Flying Corps seized him and never let go of
+him, but it was long before the opportunity
+to join came to him. Much experience of
+many kinds came his way, despatch riding
+among the rest, before the happy day when
+he was attached to an air squadron as gunner
+on probation, the getting of which position
+was in itself an adventure, as is duly set forth
+in <cite>A Flying Fighter</cite>, the intensely interesting
+story of his career told by Roberts himself.</p>
+
+<p>Though on the way he was yet far from
+his goal. He had first to go into the trenches
+to learn what infantrymen had to go through.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</span>
+He got a thorough lesson, which included
+prowls in No Man’s Land, charging enemy
+trenches and plunging in to prod with the
+bayonet and fling hand grenades and much
+like matter rather adapted, one would imagine,
+to disqualify an aspirant for service in the
+air, for rising above ground. But he arrived
+in due time at the dignity of an accepted aviator,
+and made his first flight. Then came the
+excitement of shooting down his first Hun,
+but we pass that and many other arresting incidents
+and exploits of his apprenticeship to
+come to his account of an exceptional sort of
+encounter with hostile planes that has in it all
+the elements of dramatic surprise.</p>
+
+<p>He was assigned to pilot duty with a scout
+and fighting squadron doing service in France,
+and his first turn of service consisted of patrol
+duty for three days running. It was an
+uneventful start, nothing occurring in the three
+days. On the fourth day he went up again
+on patrol to 20,000 feet. He was looking for
+Huns up there but found none. As it was
+very cold he decided to go down a way, and
+shut off power. He says:</p>
+
+<p>“At the level of 18,000 feet, I found myself
+sweeping along a very large peak of
+cloud. Intending to spoil its pretty formation
+I dived into it, and coming out on the other
+side, found myself along side of a Hun plane
+of the Albatross type. [Roberts was in a
+Spad.] I had no intimation at all that a Hun
+was present, and I guess he was in the same
+position.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE HUN WAVED AT ME AND I WAVED AT
+HIM”</h3>
+
+<p>“I suppose he was as much surprised as I
+was when he saw me emerging from the cloud.
+Neither of us could shoot at the other for
+the reason that the guns of the machines we
+were flying were fixed to the machine so that
+the machine itself has to be pointed.</p>
+
+<p>“We were so close together that this could
+not be done without our ramming one another,
+which both of us had to avoid if we
+did not wish to crash to the earth together.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun waved at me and I waved at
+him.</p>
+
+<p>“We found ourselves in a very peculiar
+situation. I was so close to him that I could
+see with the naked eye every detail of his
+machine. His face also I could see quite
+clearly, even to the wrinkles around his mouth.</p>
+
+<p>“There was something odd in our position.
+I had to smile at the thought that we were
+so close together and yet dared not harm one
+another. The Hun also smiled. Then I
+reached down to feel the handle on my pressure
+reservoir to make sure that it was in its
+proper place, for I knew that one of us would
+soon have to make a break.</p>
+
+<p>“I had never before met a Hun at such
+close quarters in the air and though we flew
+parallel to one another for only a few minutes,
+the time seemed like a week. I remembered
+some of the tactics told me by some of the
+older and best fighters in the corps, and was
+wondering how I could employ them. Finally
+a thought occurred to me. Two machines
+flying at the same height are not necessarily
+on exactly the same level, as they keep going
+up and down for about 20 feet.</p>
+
+<p>“I was flying between the Hun and his
+own lines and I had fuel for another hour
+and a quarter anyway. I wanted to make
+sure of this bird, but decided to play a waiting
+game. We continued our flight side by
+side.</p>
+
+<p>“After a while, however, much sooner than
+I expected, the Hun began to get restless and
+started to maneuver for position; like myself
+he was utilizing the veriest fraction of every
+little opportunity in his endeavor to out-maneuver
+the antagonist. Finally, the Hun
+thought he had gotten the lead.</p>
+
+<p>“I noticed that he was trying to side-slip,
+go down a little, evidently for the purpose of
+shooting me from underneath, but not far
+enough for me to get a dive on him. I was
+not quite sure as yet that such was really his
+intention, but the man was quick. Before I
+knew what had happened he had managed to
+put five shots into my machine, but all of them
+missed me.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE HUN SPINS EARTHWARD</h3>
+
+<p>“I maneuvered into an offensive position as
+quickly as I could, and before the Hun could
+fire again I had my machine gun pelting him.
+My judgment must have been fairly good.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun began to spin earthward. I
+followed to finish him, keeping in mind, meanwhile,
+that it is an old game in flying to let
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</span>the other man think you are hit. This bit
+of strategy will often give an opportunity to
+get into a position that will give you the drop
+on your antagonist. The ruse is also sometimes
+used to get out of a fight when in trouble
+with gun jam, or when bothered by a defective
+motor.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_251" style="max-width: 46.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_251.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant James B. Lepley</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 168th Infantry, Company “M”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On the night of July 14 and 15, 1918, to the northeast of Châlons-sur-Marne, near Souain, Lepley
+left his trench in a dense gas attack, and made his way to a wood through a rain of shrapnel. He
+went in search of two men lost from his platoon. He found them and guided them back to the
+trenches. A few days later, near Sergy, he led his platoon in a charge upon six machine-gun
+emplacements, which they captured, together with over thirteen prisoners of the Prussian Guards.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“I discovered soon that this precaution was
+not necessary, for the Hun kept spinning
+down to the ground. He landed with a
+crash.</p>
+
+<p>“A few minutes later I landed two fields
+away from the wreck and ran over to see the
+kill I had made.</p>
+
+<p>“I had hit the Hun about fifty times and
+had nearly cut off both his legs at the hips.</p>
+
+<p>“There was nothing left in the line of souvenirs,
+as the Tommies had gotten to the
+wreck before I did. I carried off a piece of
+his props and had a stick made of it. That
+night we had a celebration over the first Hun
+I had brought down behind our own line since
+I became a pilot.</p>
+
+<p>“Next day I went out to get another Hun
+to add to my collection. I was in the act of
+crossing the Hun lines when, bang! to the
+right of me came a thud, and my engine
+stopped. Revenge, I thought. I volplaned
+to the ground, made a good landing in a field
+just behind our lines, and, ’phoning up the
+squad, I then had another engine brought out
+to replace mine.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AVIATOR PRICE DOWNS THREE PLANES</h3>
+
+<p>“On my way to the squadron I witnessed
+one of the greatest air fights I have ever seen.
+It took place above the cemetery of P——.</p>
+
+<p>“Three Huns were aloft behind their own
+lines, and back of them was one of our patrolling
+scouts.</p>
+
+<p>“The Hun does not believe in coming over
+our lines if he can possibly help it, and generally
+he will maneuver so that any engagement<span class="pagenum" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</span>
+will have to be waged over German territory.</p>
+
+<p>“One of our men named Price, who was
+coming in from patrol, was pilot of the scout,
+which was flying at the same height as the
+Hun aircraft, about 12,000 feet. Price was
+well behind the Hun lines when they saw him,
+and all three of them made for him at once.
+I happened to be at an artillery observation
+post, which I had to pass on my way home,
+and so was able to get a good view of the
+combat.</p>
+
+<p>“The foremost of the Huns made straight
+for Price, and for a minute it looked as
+though he intended ramming him. The combatants
+separated again and began to fire upon
+one another, as the tut-tut-tut of the machine
+guns told me. Of a sudden one Hun volplaned,
+while another made straight for Price.
+I wondered what Price would do, but saw
+the next moment that he had ‘zoomed’ over
+the second Hun machine, which just then
+swooped down upon him. While Price was
+‘zooming’ I noticed that the first Hun was
+falling to the ground, having either been disabled
+or killed by Price’s machine gun.</p>
+
+<p>“Yet within a few moments the second Hun
+also crashed to earth, and the third was now
+making for home as fast as his motor would
+carry him; but Price chased and quickly
+caught up with him. It was an exciting race.
+Price was working his machine gun for all
+the thing was worth, and before long the third
+Hun went down.</p>
+
+<p>“Just five minutes had been required for
+the fight. When I met Price later I congratulated
+him. I remember wishing him all
+the good luck a fellow could have. But that
+did not help, for within a month he, too, came
+down in a heap.”</p>
+
+<p>Roberts won his lieutenant’s commission
+and achieved the distinction of Ace before he
+returned home. He was four times wounded
+in mid-air.</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>In April, 1918, the American forces just going into active sectors had three squadrons,
+two for observation and one for pursuit. Their strength totaled 35 planes. In May,
+1918, the squadrons were increased to nine. The most rapid growth occurred after
+July, 1918, when American De Haviland planes were becoming available in quantity
+for observation and day bombing service, and by November, 1918, the number of squadrons
+increased to 45, with a total of 740 planes in action.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_RED_BATTLE_FLYER">“THE RED BATTLE FLYER”</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Von Richthofen’s Brilliant Career in the Air an Offset to His Failure as
+a Uhlan</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> cheery egotism of a man fully assured
+within himself that he merits his
+own good opinion is the dominant note of
+Captain Baron Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen’s
+account of his experiences as a flyer.
+It is not an offensive egotism; you do not
+resent it; though you may smile, wondering
+that a spirit so entirely valiant could so lock
+arms with that quality of juvenile vanity commonly
+described as “cockiness.” Von Richthofen
+was a remarkable fellow, the most debonair
+as well as the most redoubtable of the
+German aviators and really entitled to exemption
+from the opprobrious terms of “Hun” and
+“Boche.” Though a resolute foe he did not
+forget that he was a gentleman, an aristocrat,
+and he played the game on that level. He
+was easily the foremost of aviators—as far as
+official recognition can determine priority—at
+the time of his death, April 21, 1918. He
+then had a record of 80 downs—70 aeroplanes
+and 10 observation balloons. His nearest rival
+at that time was Major Raymond Collishaw,
+the British Ace, with a record of 77.</p>
+
+<p>Von Richthofen was shot down on the
+Amiens front, over the Somme, April 21st, and
+his machine, a new and elaborate triplane of
+the Fokker type, recently presented to him—its
+speed was 140 miles an hour and it could
+climb 15,000 feet in 17 minutes—fell in the
+British lines. The esteem in which he was
+held by those who had so often sought to
+shoot him down was attested in his burial with
+full military honors and the tributes of genuine
+admiration heaped on his grave. In the
+fifteen months of his active flying he became
+the favorite of the Kaiser and the idol of the
+Germany Army. Some one has said, perhaps
+not too extravagantly, that the fall of Amiens,
+then besieged, would not have compensated
+Germany for the loss she sustained in the
+death of the greatest and most beloved of her
+heroes of the air.</p>
+
+<p>Von Richthofen belonged to the country
+gentry, of noble family. He entered the Cadet
+Corps when he was eleven years old. In 1911
+he entered the Army. At the outbreak of the
+war he was a lieutenant of Uhlans. He
+went to the Western front with his regiment.
+His first experience with whistling bullets
+was when he and his company of Uhlans,
+out to ascertain the strength of the enemy in
+the forest near Virton, were caught in a trap.
+They fled in wild disorder, not without casualties.
+He was in the trenches before Verdun
+and found it “boresome.” When off duty he
+sought amusement shooting game in the forest
+of La Chaussée. So passed several months.
+Then one day he rebelled against inactivity.
+It was not the thing for which he went to
+war. He made his plea to the higher powers.
+With much grumbling his prayer was granted.
+He joined the Flying Service in May, 1915.
+He made his first flight the next day as an
+observer. Of that experience he wrote in his
+book:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST FLIGHT</h3>
+
+<p>“The draft from the propeller was a beastly
+nuisance. I found it quite impossible to make
+myself understood by the pilot. Everything
+was carried away by the wind. If I took up
+a piece of paper it disappeared. My safety
+helmet slid off. My muffler dropped off. My
+jacket was not sufficiently buttoned. In short,
+I felt very uncomfortable. Before I knew
+what was happening, the pilot went ahead at
+full speed and the machine started rolling.
+We went faster and faster. I clutched the
+sides of the car. Suddenly, the shaking was
+over, the machine was in the air and the earth
+dropped away from under me.</p>
+
+<p>“I had been told the name of the place to
+which we were to fly. I was to direct my
+pilot. At first we flew right ahead, then my
+pilot turned to the right, then to the left,
+but I had lost all sense of direction above our
+own aerodrome. I had not the slightest notion
+where I was!”</p>
+
+<p>He continued—with steadily increasing
+knowledge of aircraft—to serve as an observer
+until October 10, 1915, when, having passed
+his examination and been accepted as a pilot,
+he had the ecstasy of his first solo-flight. In
+his book (<cite>The Red Battle Flyer</cite>, translated by
+T. Ellis Barker, published by Robert M. McBride
+&amp; Company), he describes that flight:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“I started the machine. The aeroplane
+went at the prescribed speed and I could not
+help noticing that I was actually flying. After
+all I did not feel timorous but rather elated.
+I did not care for anything. I should not
+have been frightened no matter what happened.
+With contempt of death I made a
+large curve to the left, stopped the machine
+near a tree, exactly where I had been ordered
+to, and looked forward to see what would
+happen. Now came the most difficult thing,
+the landing. I remembered exactly what
+movements I had to make. I acted mechanically
+and the machine moved quite differently
+from what I had expected. I lost my balance,
+made some wrong movements, stood on my
+head and I succeeded in converting my aeroplane
+into a battered school ’bus. I was very
+sad, looked at the damage which I had done
+to the machine, which after all was not very
+great, and had to suffer from other people’s
+jokes.</p>
+
+<p>“Two days later I went with passion at the
+flying and suddenly I could handle the apparatus.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOELCKE CIRCUS</h3>
+
+<p>It was not, however, until September 17,
+1915, when he was a member of the newly
+organized Boelcke flying squadron that came
+to be known as the Circus, that he scored his
+“first English victim.” It was “a gloriously
+fine day, and therefore only to be expected
+that the English would be very active,” so
+under the leadership of Boelcke the squadron
+took the air. As they approached the front,
+Boelcke discovered an Allied squadron going
+in the direction of Cambrai. There were
+seven of the Allies to five of the Germans.
+They came within range. Here is a sample
+of that “cockiness” with which von Richthofen
+described his various and manifold encounters:</p>
+
+<p>“The Englishman nearest to me was traveling
+in a large boat painted with dark colors.
+I did not reflect very long but took my aim
+and shot. He also fired and so did I, and both
+of us missed our aim. A struggle began and
+the great point for me was to get to the rear
+of the fellow because I could only shoot forward
+with my gun. He was differently
+placed, for his machine gun was movable. It
+could fire in all directions.</p>
+
+<p>“Apparently he was no beginner, for he
+knew exactly that his last hour had arrived
+at the moment when I get at the back of him.
+At that time I had not yet the conviction ‘He
+must fall!’ which I have now on such occasions,
+but, on the contrary, I was curious to
+see whether he would fall. There is a great
+difference between the two feelings. When
+one has shot down one’s first, second or third
+opponent, then one begins to find out how the
+trick is done.</p>
+
+<p>“My Englishman twisted and turned, going
+criss-cross. I did not think for a moment that
+the hostile squadron contained other Englishmen
+who conceivably might come to the aid
+of their comrade. I was animated by a single
+thought: ‘The man in front of me must come
+down, whatever happens.’ At last a favorable
+moment arrived. My opponent had apparently
+lost sight of me. Instead of twisting
+and turning he flew straight along. In a fraction
+of a second I was at his back with my excellent
+machine. I gave a short series of shots
+with my machine gun. I had gone so close
+that I was afraid I might dash into the Englishman.
+Suddenly, I nearly yelled with joy,
+for the propeller of the enemy machine had
+stopped turning. I had shot his engine to
+pieces; the enemy was compelled to land, for
+it was impossible for him to reach his own
+lines. The English machine was curiously
+swinging to and fro. Probably something had
+happened to the pilot. The observer was no
+longer visible. His machine gun was apparently
+deserted. Obviously I had hit the
+observer and he had fallen from his seat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS FIRST VICTIMS</h3>
+
+<p>“The Englishman landed close to the flying
+ground of one of our squadrons. I was so excited
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</span>that I landed also and my eagerness was
+so great that I nearly smashed up my machine.
+The English flying machine and my own stood
+close together. I rushed to the English machine
+and saw that a lot of soldiers were running
+towards my enemy. When I arrived I
+discovered that my assumption had been correct.
+I had shot the engine to pieces and both
+the pilot and observer were severely wounded.
+The observer died at once and the pilot while
+being transported to the nearest dressing station.
+I honored the fallen enemy by placing a
+stone on his beautiful grave.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_254fp" style="max-width: 49.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_254fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Herman Korth</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 121st Machine Gun Battalion, Company D</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Under heavy fire from machine guns and artillery. Sergeant Korth crawled to the crest of
+a hill, near Juvigny, north of Soissons, August 31, 1918, setting stakes to line the American
+artillery on enemy machine-gun emplacements. He remained in observation in this perilous
+position for half an hour, signaling back when American troops were endangered by the
+fire of the batteries.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When I came home Boelcke and my other
+comrades were already at breakfast. They
+were surprised that I had not turned up. I
+reported proudly that I had shot down an
+Englishman. All were full of joy, for I was
+not the only victor. As usual, Boelcke had
+shot down an opponent for breakfast and
+every one of the other men also had downed
+an enemy for the first time.</p>
+
+<p>“I would mention that since that time no
+English squadron ventured as far as Cambrai
+as long as Boelcke’s squadron was there.”</p>
+
+<p>“Still,” said von Richthofen, in his airily
+patronizing way, “the Englishman is a smart
+fellow. That we must allow. Sometimes the
+English came down to the very low altitude
+and visited Boelcke in his quarters upon which
+they threw bombs. They absolutely challenged
+us to battle and never refused fighting.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>BOELCKE’S FINISH</h3>
+
+<p>But October 28, 1916 (when the squadron
+had 40 downs to its credit), Boelcke, von
+Richthofen and four others flying in formation
+saw at a distance “two impertinent Englishmen
+in the air who actually seemed to be enjoying<span class="pagenum" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</span>
+the terrible weather.” The struggle
+began. “Boelcke tackled one, I the other.
+I had to let go because one of the German
+machines got in my way.” All that seems to
+have interested him further in the fight was
+the fact that Boelcke’s machine suffered a sort
+of collision with one of the other German
+machines, a part of his planes was broken off,
+his machine was no longer steerable and it
+fell. Boelcke was killed.</p>
+
+<p>Some little time after he had brought down
+his sixteenth victim von Richthofen was given
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Ordre pour le Mérite</i> and appointed commander
+of the Eleventh Chasing Squadron.
+It was then that the idea seized him to paint
+his machine a flaming red, which became afterward
+the personal identification of the Captain,
+who became famous through the adventures
+and success he had with his machine—<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le
+Petit Rouge</i>, as “everyone got to know
+my red bird.”</p>
+
+<p>French, English, and American airmen who
+gained wisdom at the front may find an amusing
+flavor in a sage remark of von Richthofen
+about the time he became captain of the squadron.
+“In my opinion, the aggressive spirit is
+everything and that spirit is very strong in us
+Germans. Hence we shall always retain the
+domination of the air.” Events did not altogether
+sustain the boast.</p>
+
+<p>But it is not necessary to object strongly to
+the complacency of a man who fought with
+undiminished valor throughout his flying career,
+accounted for 80 enemy machines, and
+died at last, shot down over the enemy’s lines.
+If he was self-confident to the degree of vanity,
+his audacity was truly admirable. He
+lacked just ten days of attaining his twenty-sixth
+birthday when he fell. The English
+grudged him no honors.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WORLD’S GREATEST LAUNCHING</h3>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>American shipbuilders established a world’s record on July 4, 1918, by launching 92
+ships of 450,000 deadweight tonnage—one third more than the tonnage produced during
+the fiscal year, 1915-16. The previous year’s record of total tonnage was 398,000
+tons in 1901. American Labor’s answer to Germany’s unrestricted warfare was the
+launching on one day of 54,000 tons more shipping than had been constructed in any
+previous year.</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_256" style="max-width: 46.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_256.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Lieutenant Pat O’Brien</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American youth who, in the early part of the war, joined the Canadian Royal Flying Corps.
+Shot down from a height of 8,000 feet, he was captured by the Germans. Afterwards making his
+escape, he passed through 72 days of harrowing ordeal leading finally to safety.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="PAT_OBRIEN_OUTWITS_THE_HUN">PAT O’BRIEN OUTWITS THE HUN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Remarkable Story of an American Boy in a Seventy-two Days’
+Ordeal of Escape from the Germans</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> publishers of his book, <cite>Outwitting
+the Hun</cite>, were not extravagant when
+they advertised Lieut. Pat O’Brien’s story as
+“one of the strangest and most thrilling since
+the outbreak of the war.” No one else had
+quite such an experience, and that he lived to
+tell of it was due to indomitable Irish pluck
+rather than to any favor of circumstances. You
+get the flavor of the capital book he wrote
+and the tone of the man from the name he
+transferred to the title page. There is no
+Lieut. Patricius, or even Lieut. Patrick
+O’Brien; but straightforward character-delivery
+in plain “Lieut. Pat. O’Brien.” and you
+get from it an odd sort of subconscious assurance
+that the very extraordinary story he tells
+of his escape from the Germans is every whit
+true. Yet, between his being shot down from
+a height of 8,000 feet and the last item of his
+seventy-two days of anguish and adventure in
+escaping the Huns there is many a challenge
+to credulity. There can be but little of his
+story reproduced here.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS A FIGHTING SCOUT</h3>
+
+<p>Pat started flying, in Chicago, in 1912. “I
+was then eighteen years old,” he says, “but I
+had had a hankering for the air ever since I
+can remember....</p>
+
+<p>“In the early part of 1916, when trouble
+was brewing in Mexico, I joined the American
+Flying Corps. I was sent to San Diego,
+where the Army flying school is located, and
+spent about eight months there, but as I was
+anxious to get into active service and there
+didn’t seem much chance of America ever
+getting into the war, I resigned and, crossing
+over to Canada, joined the Royal Flying
+Corps at Victoria, B. C.</p>
+
+<p>“I was sent to Camp Borden, Toronto,
+first to receive instruction and later to instruct.
+While a cadet I made the first loop
+ever made by a cadet in Canada, and after
+I had performed the stunt I half expected
+to be kicked out of the service for it. Apparently,
+however, they considered the source
+and let it go at that. Later on I had the
+satisfaction of introducing the loop as part of
+the regular course of instruction for cadets in
+the R. F. C., and I want to say right here
+that Camp Borden has turned out some of the
+best fliers that have ever gone to France.</p>
+
+<p>“In May, 1917, I and seventeen other
+Canadian fliers left for England on the <em>Megantic</em>,
+where we were to qualify for service
+in France....</p>
+
+<p>“Within a few weeks after our arrival
+in England all of us had won our ‘wings’—the
+insignia worn on the left breast by every
+pilot on the western front.</p>
+
+<p>“We were all sent to a place in France
+known as the Pool Pilots’ Mess. Here men
+gather from all the training squadrons in
+Canada and England and await assignments
+to the particular squadron of which they are
+to become members.”</p>
+
+<p>He was soon “called” to a squadron stationed
+about eighteen miles back of the Ypres
+Line. There were eighteen pilots. The
+routine was two flights a day, each of two
+hours’ duration. He presently found that
+his squadron “was some hot squadron,” the
+fliers being assigned to special-duty work,
+“such as shooting up trenches at a height of
+fifty feet from the ground.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>CAPTURED BY THE HUN</h3>
+
+<p>Pat holds August 17, 1917, as a day he
+will “not easily forget.” He has fairly good
+reason for thinking the day a fixity in his
+memory, for, as he says:</p>
+
+<p>“I killed two Huns in a double-seated machine
+in the morning, another in the evening,
+and then I was captured myself. I may have<span class="pagenum" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</span>
+spent more eventful days in my life, but I
+can’t recall any just now.”</p>
+
+<p>Considering the fact that he had been shot
+down from a height of 8,000 feet the miracle
+is that he became “a prisoner of war.” His
+fellows of the squadron who had seen the
+fight took it as a matter of fact that he had
+been killed outright. One realizes that a
+chap who could come through that sort of juggle
+with death was quite equal to his later
+adventures.</p>
+
+<p>Convalescent, after some time spent in
+a hospital, O’Brien was sent to the officers’
+prison camp at Courtrai, preparatory
+to transfer to a prison in the interior of Germany.
+He remained there nearly three weeks,
+to which he devotes an interesting chapter.
+He had many fellow prisoners, and, of course,
+one frequent topic of conversation was “what
+were the chances of escape?” There were
+many ingenious plans but O’Brien did not
+remain to attempt to carry out any of them.
+September 9th he and six other officers were
+marked off for transfer into Germany, and
+later were marched to the train that was to
+convey them. They were objects of derision
+to the crowd gathered at the station.
+There were twelve coaches, eleven of them
+containing troops going home on leave, the
+twelfth, fourth class, filthy, being reserved for
+the prisoners, eight of them under four guards.</p>
+
+<p>He proposed to the other officers that if
+the eight of them would at a given signal
+jump on the four guards and overpower them,
+they could, when the train slowed down on
+approaching a village, leap to the ground and
+take to flight. But the others turned the
+plan down on the ground that if they did get
+free they would be recaptured speedily.
+O’Brien therefore resolved to make a try on
+his own account by a leap from a window
+when the train was in motion. After long
+self-debate, as they were getting nearer and
+nearer to their destination he successfully put
+his resolution into effect.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MAKING HIS ESCAPE</h3>
+
+<p>Then began one of the most remarkable
+series of perils, hardships, struggles and curious
+adventures that fell to the lot of any
+individual in the course of the war. With
+the aid of a map, which he had stolen from a
+guard’s room at Courtrai, he set out with the
+distant Holland frontier as his objective. It
+is a narrative that loses by condensation, for
+there is hardly an adventure or experience
+that has not novel interest as O’Brien relates
+it. To avoid detection and capture he had
+to secrete himself by day, all his travel being
+by night. His guide was the Pole Star. “But
+for it I wouldn’t be here to-day.”</p>
+
+<p>About the ninth night he crossed into Luxemburg,
+but though the principality was officially
+neutral it offered no safer haven than
+Belgium would. Discovery would have been
+followed by the same consequences as capture
+in Germany proper. In the nine nights he
+had traveled perhaps seventy-five miles.</p>
+
+<p>He was nine or ten days getting across
+Luxemburg, a task that could have been
+accomplished in two days of normal travel,
+but swollen feet and knees, aching body and
+a hunger-griping stomach together with the
+necessity of stealth to avoid discovery, German
+guards, workmen and others often having
+to be widely circled are not conducive
+to speed. About the eighteenth day after his
+leap from the train he entered Belgium, and
+some days later brought up at the Meuse
+between Namur and Huy, where it was at
+least half a mile wide. There he came nearest
+of all to giving up the struggle. But he
+must get across. There was nothing to do
+but swim.</p>
+
+<p>There were adventures in Belgium, some
+amusing, some harrowing, all of them perilous
+to an English officer escaped from captivity.
+When, after narrow escapes not a few he
+reached the Holland frontier, one of the greatest
+of his herculean tasks presented itself.
+He had to pass the triple barbed-wire
+barrier with its electrically charged nine-foot-high
+fence. With hands and sticks he resolutely
+set to work to dig under the deadly
+barrier—hard work and most dangerous. He
+was forced to stop from time to time to
+escape detection. At last, on November 19,
+1917, the hole was finished. He writhed
+through and into Holland territory.</p>
+
+<p>A few more difficulties to surmount, then
+on board train for Rotterdam, a run to London,
+a presentation to the King, some banquet
+pleasures in London and, crowning all,
+home again, “in the little town of Momence,
+Illinois, on the Kankakee River.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_TRACK_AND_TRACKLESS_WINNER">A TRACK AND TRACKLESS WINNER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Eddie Rickenbacker, Who Won Popularity as an Auto Racer, Snatched
+Lasting Glory from the Void.</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> spirit of adventure had won for Eddie
+Rickenbacker a wide popularity long
+before he began plucking laurels from the
+skies. His performances as an automobile
+racer had made him the idol of lovers of that
+perilous sport and taught him the cool judgment
+and generalship in dealing with velocities
+which served him to such good purpose
+when he exchanged automobiles for aeroplanes.
+When America entered the war Rickenbacker
+was in England on automobile business, but
+hastened back to America with the intention
+of organizing a flying squadron of motor
+drivers for service in France. His plan was
+not possible at the time from the government
+point of view, and Rickenbacker accepted the
+position of chauffeur to General Pershing and
+sailed with that officer. It was not long after,
+however, that the loftier ambition found its
+channel and at Villeneuve, March 4, 1918,
+he became a member of Squadron 94, the so-called
+“Hat-in-the-Ring” squadron of which
+Major Lufbery was the commander. Lufbery
+was then America’s top ace, his service
+of more than three years in the French Air
+Service and with the Lafayette Escadrille having
+netted him seventeen Huns, omitting those
+not officially recorded. A little over two
+months later, May 19, 1918, Major Lufbery
+was killed by a leap from his flaming machine.
+The title of American Ace of Aces passed
+from Lufbery to Lieutenant Paul Baer, who,
+with a record of nine victories, had not gotten
+over his repugnance to shooting down an
+enemy aviator. Two days later Baer was shot
+down and captured. Lieutenant Frank Baylies
+succeeded to the title. He was killed
+June 12th with 13 victories to his credit. Then
+David Putnam, with 12 victories, took the
+lead. He was shot down in flames. Rickenbacker,
+who in the period between March and
+July had accounted for seven enemy machines,
+next was ace of aces for a brief time, but
+Frank Luke took the title from him in a
+single day’s stunning exploit, as told in the
+special story of that amazing young man. In
+due course, however, the Rickenbacker record
+grew becomingly and in addition to attaining
+the highest score on downs he conspicuously
+distinguished himself in the service as Squadron
+Commander. Some of his eulogists do
+not hesitate to give him preëminence as a commander
+because of the judgment he exercised
+in protecting himself and guarding the safety
+of less competent pilots.</p>
+
+<p>Not a few aviators have written books descriptive
+of their experiences and there is quite
+a library of these high adventure stories; but
+it is probable that the uncommonly voluminous
+book Rickenbacker has contributed to the long
+list is one of the most valuable because of the
+great variety of interesting matter it comprises.
+Indeed <cite>Fighting the Flying Circus</cite> has historic
+importance as well as storied interest and
+is not by any means a glorification of its
+author. That fact makes it rather difficult
+to take from the book the material wanted for
+a personal sketch without including attractive
+matter that would speedily exceed our limits
+of space—for example, the complete narrative
+of the exploit with “Rumpler Number 16”;
+or the story of Douglas Campbell, America’s
+first ace; or the story of Jimmy Meissner,
+who piloted his machine with the canvas
+gone; and others.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CHAGRIN A SAVING GRACE</h3>
+
+<p>Before Rickenbacker scored a victory he
+suffered many disappointments, and felt the
+chagrin of seeing his expected quarry escape.
+There was serviceable virtue in it all nevertheless,
+as he admits in his account of downing
+his first Hun. He says:</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_260" style="max-width: 57.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_260.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain “Eddie” Rickenbacker with His Mother and Sister</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“My preparation for combat fighting in the
+air was a gradual one. As I look back upon
+it now, it seems that I had the rare good
+fortune to experience almost every variety of
+danger that can beset the war pilot before I
+ever fired a shot at an enemy from an aeroplane.</p>
+
+<p>“This good fortune is rare, it appears to me.
+Many a better man than myself has leaped
+into his stride and begun accumulating victories
+from his very first flight over the lines.
+It was a brilliant start for him and his successes
+brought him instant renown. But he
+had been living on the cream at the start and
+was unused to the skim-milk of aviation. One
+day the cream gave out and the first dose of
+skim-milk terminated his career.</p>
+
+<p>“So despite the weeks and weeks of disappointment
+that attended my early fighting
+career, I appreciated even then the enormous
+benefit that I would reap later from these
+experiences. I can now most solemnly affirm
+that had I won my first victory during my
+first trips over the lines I believe I would<span class="pagenum" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</span>
+never have survived a dozen combats. Every
+disappointment that came to me brought with
+it an enduring lesson that repaid me eventually
+tenfold. If any one of my antagonists
+had been through the same school of disappointments
+that had so annoyed me it is probable
+that he, instead of me, would now be
+telling his friends back home about his series
+of victories over the enemy.”</p>
+
+<p>It was April 29, 1918, that he had his turn
+of luck. He was in the air with Captain
+James Norman Hall following a course
+towards Pont-à-Mousson, as that experienced
+flyer led the way.</p>
+
+<p>“Whether or not he knew all along that a
+German craft was in that region I could not
+tell. But when he began to change his direction
+and curve up into the sun I followed
+close behind him knowing that there was a
+good reason for this maneuver. I looked
+earnestly about me in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>“Yes! There was a scout coming towards
+us from north of Pont-à-Mousson. It was
+at about our altitude. I knew it was a Hun
+the moment I saw it, for it had the familiar
+lines of their new Pfalz. Moreover, my confidence
+in James Norman Hall was such that
+I knew he couldn’t make a mistake. And he
+was still climbing into the sun, carefully keeping
+his position between its glare and the
+oncoming fighting plane. I clung as closely
+to Hall as I could. The Hun was steadily
+approaching us, unconscious of his danger, for
+we were full in the sun.</p>
+
+<p>“With the first downward dive of Jimmy’s
+machine I was by his side. We had at least
+a thousand feet advantage over the enemy and
+we were two to one numerically. He might
+outdive our machines, for the Pfalz is a famous
+diver, while our faster climbing Nieuports had
+a droll little habit of shedding their fabric
+when plunged too furiously through the air.
+The Boche hadn’t a chance to outfly us. His
+only salvation would be in a dive towards his
+own lines.</p>
+
+<p>“These thoughts passed through my mind in
+a flash and I instantly determined upon my
+tactics. While Hall went in for his attack I
+would keep my altitude and get a position the
+other side of the Pfalz, to cut off his retreat.</p>
+
+<p>“No sooner had I altered my line of flight
+than the German pilot saw me leave the sun’s
+rays. Hall was already half-way to him when
+he stuck up his nose and began furiously climbing
+to the upper ceiling. I let him pass me
+and found myself on the other side just as
+Hall began firing. I doubt if the Boche had
+seen Hall’s Nieuport at all.</p>
+
+<p>“Surprised by discovering this new antagonist,
+Hall, ahead of him, the Pfalz immediately
+abandoned all idea of a battle and
+banking around to the right started for home,
+just as I had expected him to do. In a trice
+I was on his tail. Down, down we sped with
+throttles both full open. Hall was coming
+on somewhere in my rear. The Boche had
+no heart for evolutions or maneuvers. He was
+running like a scared rabbit, as I had run
+from Campbell. I was gaining upon him
+every instant and had my sights trained dead
+upon his seat before I fired my first shot.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WITHOUT A RETURN SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>“At 150 yards I pressed my triggers. The
+tracer bullets cut a streak of living fire into
+the rear of the Pfalz tail. Raising the nose
+of my aeroplane slightly the fiery streak lifted
+itself like a stream of water pouring from a
+garden hose. Gradually it settled into the
+pilot’s seat. The swerving of the Pfalz course
+indicated that its rudder no longer was held
+by a directing hand. At 2,000 feet above the
+enemy’s lines I pulled up my headlong dive
+and watched the enemy machine continuing on
+its course. Curving slightly to the left the
+Pfalz circled a little to the south and the
+next minute crashed onto the ground just at
+the edge of the woods a mile inside their own
+lines. I had brought down my first enemy
+aeroplane and had not been subjected to a
+single shot!”</p>
+
+<p>So capital a beginning had an appropriate
+sequence of performances and honors to match,
+among them, as early as May 15th, the Croix
+de Guerre. That day, too, Lieutenant Jimmy
+Meissner, the merriest, most reckless member
+of the squadron, took to his breast the Croix
+de Guerre, and much ado the two had to keep
+their elation within the limits of decorum,
+which stunt flying for the entertainment of the
+French officials did not diminish. Rickenbacker
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“Suddenly Jimmy Meissner stood by my
+side, grinning his most winsome grin. ‘Rick,’
+said he, ‘I feel that “Hate-the-Hun” feeling<span class="pagenum" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</span>
+creeping over me. What do you say to going
+up and getting a Boche?’</p>
+
+<p>“‘Right!’ I called back over my shoulder.
+‘Come along. We’ll take a real ride.’</p>
+
+<p>“As luck would have it, we had hardly left
+the ground when we saw a Hun two-seater,
+probably a Rumpler machine, very high above
+us. The Rumpler has the highest ceiling of
+any of the German two-seaters and frequently
+they sail along above us at an elevation quite
+impossible for the Nieuport to reach. It is
+maddening to attain one’s maximum height
+and see the enemy still sailing imperturbably
+along, taking his photographs and scorning
+even to fire an occasional burst at one. We
+climbed at our fastest to overtake this fellow
+before he could reach his safety spot. Evidently
+he got ‘wind up,’ for after a few
+minutes climbing he sheered off towards Germany
+and disappeared from our view. We
+completed our patrol of the lines without
+finding another enemy in the sky and returned
+to our field, where we landed with the mutual
+vow that on the morrow we would begin
+seriously our palm collecting shows until we
+might dangle our new Croix de Guerre well
+down below our knees.</p>
+
+<p>“Jimmy looked contemplatively down at my
+long legs.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Have a heart, Rick!’ he said softly, ‘think
+of the cost of the red tape!’”</p>
+
+<p>As combats in the air, however varied in
+the performance, have a great similarity in
+narrative, it were bootless to follow the captain
+through the many experiences that earned
+his distinction. The earlier incidents were
+when the squadron was confined to the use of
+Nieuports because more satisfactory machines
+were not available. He dwells with some
+pride of possession on the later equipment of
+Spads. Soon after getting them he had become
+Flight Commander, and relates an unusual
+experience to illustrate the extent to
+which the Flight Leader of a squadron feels
+himself morally bound to go.</p>
+
+<p>“Six of my Spads were following me in
+a morning’s patrol over the enemy’s lines in
+the vicinity of Rheims. We were well along
+towards the front when we discovered a number
+of aeroplanes far above us and somewhat
+behind our side of the lines. While we made
+a circle or two, all the while steadily climbing
+for higher altitude, we observed the darting
+machines above us exchanging shots at one
+another. Suddenly the fracas developed into
+a regular free-for-all.</p>
+
+<p>“Reaching a slightly higher altitude at a
+distance of a mile or two to the east of the
+mêlée, I collected my formation and headed
+about for the attack. Just then I noticed that
+one side had evidently been victorious. Seven
+aeroplanes remained together in compact formation.
+The others had streaked it away, each
+man for himself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SEVEN TO SEVEN</h3>
+
+<p>“As we drew nearer we saw that the seven
+conquerors were in fact enemy machines.
+There was no doubt about it. They were
+Fokkers. Their opponents, whether American,
+French or British, had been scattered and
+had fled. The Fokkers had undoubtedly seen
+our approach and had very wisely decided to
+keep their formation together rather than
+separate to pursue their former antagonists.
+They were climbing to keep my squad ever a
+little below them, while they decided upon
+their next move.</p>
+
+<p>“We were seven and they were seven. It
+was a lovely morning with clear visibility, and
+all my pilots, I knew, were keen for a fight. I
+looked over the skies and discovered no reason
+why we shouldn’t take them on at any terms
+they might require. Accordingly I set our
+course a little steeper and continued straight
+on towards them.</p>
+
+<p>“The Spad is a better climber than the
+Fokker. Evidently the Boche pilots opposite
+us knew this fact. Suddenly the last four in
+their formation left their line of flight and
+began to draw away in the direction of Soissons—still
+climbing. The three Fokkers in
+front continued towards us for another minute
+or two. When we were separated by less
+than a quarter of a mile the three Heinies
+decided that they had done enough for their
+country, and putting down their noses, they
+began a steep dive for their lines.</p>
+
+<p>“To follow them was so obvious a thing
+to do that I began at once to speculate upon
+what this maneuver meant to them. The four
+rear Fokkers were well away by now, but the
+moment we began to dive after the three
+ahead of us they would doubtless be prompt
+to turn and select a choice position behind our<span class="pagenum" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</span>
+tails. Very well! We would bank upon this
+expectation of theirs and make our plans
+accordingly!</p>
+
+<p>“We were at about 17,000 feet altitude.
+The lines were almost directly under us. Following
+the three retreating Fokkers at our
+original level, we soon saw them disappear
+well back into Germany. Now for the wily
+four that were probably still climbing for
+altitude!</p>
+
+<p>“Arriving over Fismes I altered our course
+and pointed it towards Soissons, and as we
+flew we gained an additional thousand feet.
+Exactly upon the scheduled time we perceived
+approaching us the four Fokkers who were
+now satisfied that they had us at a disadvantage
+and might either attack or escape, as
+they desired. They were, however, at precisely
+the same altitude at which we were now flying.</p>
+
+<p>“Wigwagging my wings as a signal for the
+attack, I sheered slightly to the north of them
+to cut off their retreat. They either did not
+see my maneuver or else they thought we were
+friendly aeroplanes, for they came on dead
+ahead like a flock of silly geese. At two
+hundred yards I began firing.</p>
+
+<p>“Not until we were within fifty yards of
+each other did the Huns show any signs of
+breaking. I had singled out the flight leader
+and had him nicely within my sights, when
+he suddenly piqued downwards, the rest of
+his formation immediately following him. At
+the same instant one of my guns—the one
+having a double feed—hopelessly jammed.
+And after a burst of twenty shots or so from
+the other gun it likewise failed me! There
+was no time to pull away for repairs!</p>
+
+<p>“Both my guns were useless. For an instant
+I considered the advisability of withdrawing
+while I tried to free the jam. But
+the opportunity was too good to lose. The
+pilots behind me would be thrown into some
+confusion when I signaled them to carry on
+without me. And moreover the enemy pilots
+would quickly discover my trouble and would
+realize that the flight leader was out of the
+fight. I made up my mind to go through
+with the fracas without guns and trust to
+luck to see the finish. The next instant we
+were ahead of the quartet and were engaged
+in a furious dog-fight.</p>
+
+<p>“Every man was for himself. The Huns
+were excellent pilots and seemed to be experienced
+fighters. Time and again I darted into
+a good position behind or below a tempting
+target, with the sole result of compelling the
+Fritz to alter his course and get out of his
+position of supposed danger. If he had known
+I was unarmed he would have had me at his
+mercy. As it was I would no sooner get into
+a favorable position behind him than he would
+double about and the next moment I found
+myself compelled to look sharp to my own
+safety.</p>
+
+<p>“In this manner the whole revolving circus
+went tumbling across the heavens—always
+dropping lower and steadily traveling deeper
+into the German lines. Two of my pilots had
+abandoned the scrap and turned homewards.
+Engines or guns had failed them. When at
+last we had fought down to 3,000 feet and
+were some four miles behind their lines, I
+observed two flights of enemy machines coming
+up from the rear to their rescue. We
+had none of us secured a single victory—but
+neither had the Huns. Personally I began to
+feel a great longing for home. I dashed out
+ahead of the foremost Spad and frantically
+wigwagging him to attention I turned my little
+’bus towards our lines. With a feeling of
+great relief I saw that all four were following
+me and that the enemy reënforcements were
+not in any position to dispute our progress.</p>
+
+<p>“On the way homeward I struggled with
+my jammed guns—but to no result. Despite
+every precaution these weapons will fail a
+pilot when most needed. I had gone through
+with a nerve-racking scrap, piquing upon
+deadly opponents with a harmless machine.
+My whole safety had depended upon their not
+knowing it.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AS SQUADRON COMMANDER</h3>
+
+<p>The night of September 24th Rickenbacker
+received the order promoting him to the command
+of the 94 Squadron, his pride and
+pleasure being greater than he could find
+words to express. He had been with the
+squadron since the first day at the front; but
+three of the original members were left—Reed
+Chambers, Thorn Taylor, and himself. He
+took counsel for himself that night and formulated
+rules for himself. He would never ask
+a pilot to go on a mission he would not
+undertake himself. He would lead by example
+as well as by precept. He would accompany
+the new pilots to watch their errors and
+give them more confidence by showing their
+dangers. He would work harder than ever
+he did as a pilot. Full of enthusiasm to carry
+out his purpose he started out the next morning
+on a lone, voluntary patrol and within
+half an hour returned to the aerodrome with
+two more victories to his credit—“the first
+double-header I had so far won.” He discovered
+a pair of L. V. G. two-seater machines,
+above which was a formation of five Fokkers.
+From a position well up in the sun Rickenbacker
+drove down at the nearest Fokker and
+sent it crashing with the first volley. The
+Huns were so surprised by the suddenness of
+the attack and the drop of one of them that
+their only thought was of escape. Before they
+recovered their wits and renewed their formation,
+one of the L. V. G. two-seaters was
+shot down in flames, and quite content with
+his morning’s work Rickenbacker put on gas
+and piqued for home.</p>
+
+<p>October 30th Rickenbacker won his 25th
+and 26th victories, the last that were added
+to his score. But on November 9th Major
+Kirby, who had just joined the 94 Squadron
+for a little air fighting experience, was one of
+a party of four who flew off for a try at
+the retreating Huns, and shot down an enemy
+plane across the Meuse. This was the last
+plane shot down in the war. Rather exultingly,
+pardonably so, Captain Rickenbacker
+says:</p>
+
+<p>“Our old 94 Squadron had won the first
+American victory over enemy aeroplanes when
+Alan Winslow and Douglas Campbell had
+dropped two biplane machines on the Toul
+aerodrome. 94 Squadron had been first to
+fly over the lines and had completed more
+hours flying at the front than any other
+American organization. It had won more victories
+than any other—and now, for the last
+word, it had the credit of bringing down the
+last enemy aeroplane of the war!”</p>
+
+<p>And this word from Laurence Driggs:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p>“After having visited some sixty-odd British
+flying squadrons at the front, many of the
+French escadrilles and all of the American
+squadrons, I was given the pleasure of entering
+Germany, after the armistice was signed,
+as the guest of the Hat-in-the-Ring Squadron,
+of which Captain Rickenbacker was and
+is the commanding officer. In no other organization
+in France did I find so great a loyalty
+to a leader, such true squadron fraternalism,
+such subordination of the individual to the
+organization. In other words, the commander
+of 94 Squadron had perfected the finest flying
+corps I have ever seen.”</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_GUNBOAT">THE GUNBOAT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dana Burnet</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out in the good, clean water where it’s blue and wide and deep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The pride of Britain’s navy lies with thunders all asleep,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the men they fling their British songs along the open sky,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But the little modest gunboat, she’s a-creepin’ in to die!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The First Line’s swingin’ lazy on the purple outer ring,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The proudest ships that ever kept the honor of a King!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But nosin’ down the roadway past the bones of other wrecks</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Goes the doughty little gunboat with her manhood on her decks!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Oh, the First Line’s in the offing, with its shotted lightnings pent,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The proudest fleet that ever kept the King in his sacrament!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But down the death-sown harbor where a ship may find her grave,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The plucky little gunboat is a-sinkin’ ’neath the wave!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Then sing your British chanteys to the ends of all the seas,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And fling your British banners to the Seven Oceans’ breeze—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But when you tell the gallant tale beneath the open sky</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Give honor to the gunboat that was not too small to die!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CAPTAIN_FRYATTS_MURDER">CAPTAIN FRYATT’S MURDER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Court-Martial in Which Vengeful Malice Mocked Justice and the Rules
+of Naval War In the Lust of Blood</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Brutal</span> blundering was a German characteristic
+throughout the war. Indeed
+it has been declared more than once that her
+abandonment of moral restraints and obligations,
+imposed by international codes and the
+laws of humanity, is responsible for Germany’s
+overthrow. Without entering into that question
+it is admitted that two of the German
+blunders—both of which were subjects of diplomatic
+efforts at prevention—which incensed
+the world and roused the United States from
+its dream of neutrality were the murders of
+Edith Cavell and Capt. Charles Fryatt. We
+have told the story of Miss Cavell; that of
+Capt. Fryatt is no less a testimony to German
+turpitude if less revolting to sentiment in that
+the first was a nurse, a ministering angel to
+the sick and wounded (German soldiers included)
+whose offense was due to her compassion
+for the helpless and hunted.</p>
+
+<p>Capt. Fryatt, an Englishman, was master
+of the Great Eastern Railway Company’s
+steamer <em>Brussels</em>, a merchant vessel. June
+23, 1916, the <em>Brussels</em> was captured by German
+warships. (The circumstances of the
+capture are presented in the report of First
+Officer Hartwell, which follows later.) The
+steamer, its officers and the crew were taken
+to Zeebrugge and searched. On Capt. Fryatt
+was found a gold watch that had been
+presented to him by the Mayor of Harwich
+at a public demonstration in his honor, the
+inscription commemorating an incident of
+March 20, 1915, when Capt. Fryatt attempted
+to ram the German submarine <em>U-33</em>,
+to avoid capture or destruction. After a brief
+imprisonment at Zeebrugge he was transferred
+to Bruges, where, July 27th, he was tried by
+court-martial, was condemned to be shot as a
+<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i> and was executed that same afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>June 28th the English Government first
+learned of the Germans’ intention to try
+Fryatt by court-martial, and immediately undertook
+to arrange for his proper defense.
+Sir Edward Grey telegraphed to the American
+Ambassador at Berlin requesting his efforts
+in this behalf and that he would convey
+to the German authorities the contention of
+the English Government that “in committing
+the act impugned Capt. Fryatt acted legitimately
+and in self-defense for the purpose of
+evading capture or destruction, and that the
+act of a merchant ship in steering for an
+enemy submarine and forcing her to dive is
+essentially defensive and precisely on the same
+footing as the use by a defensively armed vessel
+of her defensive armament in order to resist
+capture, which both the United States and
+His Majesty’s Government hold to be the
+exercise of an undoubted right.”</p>
+
+<p>In spite of possible influence and efforts,
+Ambassador Gerard’s intervention was unavailing,
+and on July 27th, the very day of
+the execution, he telegraphed to London that
+his efforts to secure a postponement of the
+trial were futile because the German Government
+insisted that “the German submarine
+witnesses could not be further detained.” In
+other words, the men whose business it was to
+conduct a sea campaign of lawlessness and
+“frightfulness” could not be delayed from their
+destructive work by anything so paltry as a
+consideration of justice and honor in the trial
+of a prisoner.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN EXULTATION</h3>
+
+<p>Neither Sir Edward Grey and Ambassador
+Gerard, nor others interested in securing a fair
+trial for the accused, imagined that his trial
+and execution would be the hurried work of
+an afternoon, and there was consternation
+when a Reuter despatch of July 28th gave the
+first news of the shooting and made public
+the German <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> as follows:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</span></p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“The accused was condemned to death because
+although he was not a member of a combatant
+force, he made an attempt on the afternoon
+of March 20, 1915, to ram the German
+submarine <em>U-33</em> near the Maas Lighthouse. The
+accused as well as the first officer and the chief
+engineer of the steamer received at the time
+from the British Admiralty a gold watch as a
+reward of his brave conduct on that occasion,
+and his action was mentioned with praise in the
+House of Commons.</p>
+
+<p>“On the occasion in question, disregarding the
+U-boat’s signal to stop and show his national
+flag, he turned at a critical moment at high
+speed on the submarine, which escaped the
+steamer by a few meters only by immediately
+diving. He confessed that in so doing he had
+acted in accordance with instructions from the
+Admiralty.</p>
+
+<p>“One of the many nefarious <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i> proceedings
+of the British Merchant Marine against
+our war vessels has thus found a belated but
+merited expiation.”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This report aroused intense indignation in
+England, and hardly less resentful feelings in
+neutral countries, especially in the United
+States, whose Ambassador in Berlin was the
+intermediary of the English protest against the
+basis of the court-martial. At once the British
+Foreign Office addressed a note to Ambassador
+Page in London in which was the statement:</p>
+
+<p>“His Majesty’s Government finds it difficult
+to believe that a master of a merchant
+ship who, after German submarines adopted
+the practice of sinking merchant vessels without
+warning and without regard to the lives
+of passengers or crew, took the only means at
+his disposal of saving not only the vessel but
+the lives of all on board can have been deliberately
+shot in cold blood for that action”;
+and the request was made that urgent inquiry
+be made by the United States Embassy at
+Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>The inquiry made it only too clear that the
+report was authoritative. Premier Asquith, in
+the House of Commons, July 31st, said: “I
+deeply regret that it appears to be true that
+Captain Fryatt has been murdered by the
+Germans.” That he was not speaking extravagantly
+in using the word “murdered” is
+evidenced by the fact that naval and military
+experts, including those of Holland, strongly
+suspected of more than a casual sympathy with
+the Germans, concurred in denouncing the execution
+as a “judicial murder,” and insisting
+that Fryatt was entitled to be regarded as a
+prisoner of war. In the subsequent review of
+the case it was demonstrated conclusively by
+many citations from German legal and military
+naval sources in declarations and regulations
+made in 1914 and earlier that “Capt.
+Fryatt was well within his rights in attempting
+to ram a hostile marine.” Had he sent the
+submarine with her crew to the bottom by
+shell fire in avoiding capture or destruction, he
+would have been held as a prisoner of war if
+subsequently captured, but because he used
+the only weapon at his command to escape the
+enemy vessel itself, “he was condemned to execution
+by a court of German naval officers as
+a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">franc-tireur</i>.”</p>
+
+<p>August 15th, in the House of Commons,
+Premier Asquith declared: “This country
+will not tolerate a resumption of diplomatic
+relations with Germany after the war until
+reparation is made for the murder of Capt.
+Fryatt.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE FIRST OFFICER’S REPORT</h3>
+
+<p>The first officer of the <em>Brussels</em>, referred to
+in the German <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> quoted, was William
+Hartwell. He was interned in Holland
+and from there sent the following report to
+Mr. C. Busk, one of the officials of the Great
+Eastern Railway. It gives all the particulars
+known of the arrest and execution of Capt.
+Fryatt:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“Sir: This being the first opportunity since
+the capture of the <em>Brussels</em> in 1916, I will endeavor
+to give you details of the capture and
+happenings up to July 27th, this being the date
+of Capt. Fryatt’s death. I beg to report that
+on June 22d the steamship <em>Brussels</em> left Rotterdam
+with cargo and passengers for Tilbury,
+stopping at the Hook of Holland. She left
+the Hook Quay at 11 p. m. on that day, the
+weather being very fine and clear. All saloon
+and cabin lights were extinguished before passing
+the North Pier Light. Directly after passing
+it, a very bright light was shown from the
+beach, about four miles north of the Hook,
+followed by a bright star, such as a rocket would
+throw. After a lapse of ten minutes this was
+repeated. On both occasions Capt. Fryatt
+and myself remarked upon it, as we had never
+seen similar lights on any previous occasions.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</span>
+After passing the Maas Light Vessel, all Board
+of Trade Regulation Lights were darkened.
+Five miles west of the light vessel a very small
+craft, probably a submarine not submerged,
+commenced Morseing the letter ‘S’ at intervals.
+No other lights were visible.</p>
+
+<p>“After running for one hour and thirty minutes,
+an extra sharp lookout was kept for a
+steamer that was going in the same direction
+and without lights, the port and starboard
+lights of the <em>Brussels</em> being put on for the
+time being. At 12:46 craft without lights were
+seen at a point on the starboard bow, traveling
+at a great speed in the opposite direction.
+These proved to be German destroyers of
+the latest type, five in all. Two came alongside
+on the starboard side, and one on the port
+side, the other two following close behind.
+During the time the destroyers were approaching
+their commanders were shouting orders to
+stop, asking the name of the ship, and threatening
+to fire on us. No firing occurred, however.
+As soon as Capt. Fryatt was assured
+that the destroyers were German, he gave orders
+for all passengers to be ready to take
+to the boats if necessary, and quietly instructed
+me to destroy all dispatches and official papers.
+His instructions were carried out, and as the
+last bag was destroyed German seamen, armed
+with pistols and bombs, appeared on the starboard
+alleyway. I passed through the saloon to
+the deck and met more German seamen, who
+were driving all the crew they could find
+over the rail on to the destroyers. I was
+ordered over the rail, but refused to go, and
+then met the officer who came on board to take
+charge. He requested me to show him to the
+bridge, which I did. He greeted Capt. Fryatt,
+and congratulated himself over the great prize.</p>
+
+
+<h3>GERMAN INTELLIGENCE</h3>
+
+<p>“Satisfied that all was well, the destroyers left
+and made for Zeebrugge. The course was
+given for the Schouwenbank light vessel, and
+the order was given for full speed ahead, but
+no reply came from the engine room, as the
+engineers had been driven over the side with
+the majority of the crew. This greatly excited
+the German officer, who drew his revolver
+and threatened to shoot Capt. Fryatt and myself
+if we failed to assist him, and to blow up
+the ship if the orders to the engine room were
+not complied with at once. It was some minutes
+before the German officer could be convinced
+that the engineers and most of the crew
+were on the destroyers. He then ordered his
+own men to the engine room, and instead of
+going full speed ahead, the engines were put
+on full speed astern. This also angered the
+officer, and matters became very unpleasant
+on the bridge. I was ordered to go to the
+engine room to inform the Germans of their
+mistake. By this time the steam was greatly
+falling back, owing to the stokers being away,
+and the order was given that all on board,
+except Capt. Fryatt and myself, should maintain
+steam till the ship arrived at Zeebrugge.
+On reaching the Schouwenbank light vessel the
+German flag was hoisted, and directly after
+the Flushing mail boat for Tilbury passed
+quite close.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_267" style="max-width: 41.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_267.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Naval Honors for Captain Fryatt</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The body received from Belgium is being escorted
+in lengthy procession through the streets
+of Dover.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Capt. Fryatt was assured that soon after
+her arrival at Tilbury the capture of the
+<em>Brussels</em> would be reported. The <em>Brussels</em>
+was met and escorted by several airplanes to
+Zeebrugge, where the destroyers were already
+moored. On arrival at Zeebrugge the <em>Brussels</em>
+was moored alongside the Mole. The engineers
+and crew all returned. The crew were
+sent to their quarters and kept under armed
+guard. The officers and engineers were placed
+under a guard in the smokeroom, and Captain
+the same in his room. The Belgian refugees
+were closely searched, and landed at Zeebrugge.
+After a stay of about five hours the <em>Brussels</em>
+left and proceeded to Bruges under her own
+steam.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_268" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_268.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Memorial Service to Captain Fryatt at St. Paul’s, London</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“For some reason Capt. Fryatt was kept in
+his cabin, and I was sent to the bridge, not
+to assist or officiate in any way, but simply
+to stand under guard and to be questioned at
+intervals by the Germans if they could get
+the right answers. During the passage from
+Zeebrugge to Bruges both sides of the canal
+were thronged in places, and both the soldiers
+and the marine Landsturm were greatly excited.
+On reaching Bruges the crew were
+taken off and sent to a waiting shed. Only
+Capt. Fryatt and myself, with many German
+officers, remained on board. After we had
+been questioned at lunch Capt. Fryatt and I
+were photographed, and we then joined the
+crew in the shed, being afterward taken to a
+building in the town. All of us, including
+stewardesses and twenty-five Russians, were
+packed in, leaving scarcely standing room.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHIPPED LIKE CATTLE</h3>
+
+<p>“After some hours, following a request to
+the prison commandant, the stewardesses were
+allowed separate quarters in the top of the
+building. Otherwise they were treated in the
+same way as male prisoners until they were
+separated to go to a different camp. At 3
+a. m., on June 25th, orders came for all to be
+ready for the train to Germany, the stewardesses
+joining us at the station. At 5 a. m.
+we all left, closely packed, in cattle trucks,
+and on arrival at Ghent we were escorted to
+very dirty and unhealthful quarters underground.
+At 5 a. m. on the following day we
+left Ghent for Germany, via Cologne, where
+the stewardesses and Russians were separated
+to go to other camps. After being exhibited
+at Berlin, as at Hanover and other stations,
+the rest went to Ruhleben, where they arrived
+at 5 p. m., June 28th. Two days later Capt.
+Fryatt and I received orders to the effect that
+we were to be prepared to leave the camp at
+8 p. m. for Bruges on ship’s business.</p>
+
+<p>“We arrived at Bruges at 7 a. m., on July
+2d, after visiting Ostend by mistake on the part<span class="pagenum" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</span>
+of the escort. We reported to the port commandant
+at 9 a. m., and were taken from
+him to the town prison and put in cells. From
+then onward we were treated as criminals. We
+were occasionally visited by German officials
+and questioned as to the submarine and other
+subjects, on which Capt. Fryatt made a clear
+and open statement to the Germans, with nothing
+condemning to himself. From the time of
+being placed in the prison at Bruges to July 15th
+I saw Capt. Fryatt and spoke to him on several
+occasions, after which I never spoke to him
+until one hour before he was shot.</p>
+
+<p>“I will endeavor to make you understand
+the so-called tribunal or trial. On July 24th
+Capt. Fryatt and myself were questioned and
+cross-questioned in the prison, and, so far as I
+could learn, Capt. Fryatt never added to or departed
+from his opening statement. It was
+then that we were first informed of the tribunal
+that was to follow. On July 26th we were
+told to be ready for the tribunal, which was to
+take place at Bruges Town Hall on the 27th
+at 11 a. m. On July 27th at 9 a. m. the door
+of the cell was opened, and an escort was waiting.
+To my surprise, four of the crew were
+in the waiting cell. Each man was escorted to
+the Town Hall, Capt. Fryatt and I being the
+last to go, and placed under a strong guard
+until the trial began.</p>
+
+<p>“At 12 noon Capt. Fryatt was called into
+his place before the so-called bench, and repeated
+his previous statement. I followed and
+answered questions that appeared to be ridiculous,
+not appearing either to defend or condemn
+Capt. Fryatt. At the same time an officer
+in uniform appeared, and, approaching
+Capt. Fryatt and myself, informed us in
+broken English that he was for the defense.
+The Naval Commandant of the port conducted
+the trial, and also acted as interpreter. At 4
+p. m. the Naval Commandant informed us that
+all was over so far, and that the decision, resting
+with the naval officers, would be made known to
+us in our cells.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SIXTEEN BULLETS</h3>
+
+<p>“After being again placed in the cells, the
+chief warder of the prison came to me at 5:30
+p. m. and told me I was to go and stop with
+Capt. Fryatt, as that was his last night. I
+then met Capt. Fryatt, who was very much distressed,
+not so much because of the verdict, but
+of the unfair and cowardly manner in which
+everything was done. He told me himself that
+he was to be shot on the next morning, and
+after having a talk for about an hour—it was
+then 6:30 p. m.—the prison official took his
+watch from his pocket and said that in a short
+time the escort would be there, and Capt.
+Fryatt would be shot at 7 p. m. The last
+twenty-five minutes I spent with him were appalling.
+At 6:55 p. m. I wished him good-bye,
+and promised I would deliver his last messages,
+which were many, and returned to my cell.</p>
+
+<p>“Punctually at 7 p. m., a very short distance
+from the prison walls, a band commenced to
+play, and poor Fryatt was no more. Late the
+same evening an official came to my cell and
+described to me, in the best way he could, how
+Fryatt died. He was shot by sixteen rifles,
+the bullets of which penetrated through his
+heart, carrying with them the clothes he was
+wearing through the body and out at the back.</p>
+
+<p>“Sir, I was and am still proud of Capt.
+Fryatt’s manly conduct right up to the last,
+and I may add that there was not a German
+present at the trial who could face him.”</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_269" style="max-width: 40.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_269.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Fryatt’s Grave</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>The Germans made a long official statement
+in an impotent attempt to justify this vengeful
+murder.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_270" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_270.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>D. Davison.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Deutschland</em> Arriving at Baltimore</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The <em>Deutschland’s</em> maiden trip was a trans-Atlantic voyage from Bremen. Its cargo was worth over two hundred thousand
+dollars in dyestuffs and medicines of German manufacture.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="JULES_VERNE_VINDICATED">JULES VERNE VINDICATED</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>How Capt. Paul Koenig of the <em>Deutschland</em> Turned Incredible Fiction Into
+Practical Reality</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> was a very positive thrill throughout
+the world when the startling report
+was published that a German submarine had
+crossed the Atlantic and, on July 10, 1915,
+entered an American port. It had not been
+believed possible at that time for a submarine
+to make so great and perilous a voyage, and
+the first news of the unique achievement was
+somewhat sceptically received. But when
+there was no remaining doubt that the
+<em>Deutschland</em>, dodging and evading British hostile
+craft, had actually voyaged from Bremen
+to Baltimore, Capt. Paul Koenig, commander
+of the U-boat, was prominently head-lined
+in the press.</p>
+
+<p>This historic event was interesting not only
+as something new and wonderful in marine
+annals, but there was a graver interest in the
+demonstration of the fact that distance from
+the base of operations was no sure protection
+from submarine warfare. No little alarm
+was manifested in the United States for a
+time. But this subsided, and the romantic
+side of the exploit appealed to the dullest imagination.</p>
+
+<p>When Capt. Koenig returned to Germany
+he wrote his experiences in book form, parts of
+which have been translated into several languages.
+No more absorbing story than Koenig’s
+own could easily be written, and from
+an American version of it the following excerpts
+were made.</p>
+
+<p>After leaving port the <em>Deutschland</em> traveled
+submerged until they were far out in the
+North Sea on their westerly course. It was
+about two o’clock in the morning. Capt.
+Koenig thought it safe to rise to the surface
+and gave orders for the emptying of the tanks.
+But as the boat approached the surface it began
+to toss and plunge in a way that gave
+warning of a storm above. The nearer the
+surface the wilder the antics of the boat,
+which occasionally indulged in regular leaps.
+The emptying of the tanks went calmly on
+nevertheless, Capt. Koenig being of the order
+of men not to be moved from a purpose by
+so inconsiderable a thing as an ill-mannered
+sea. They got to the surface without too
+much disorder. Then says Capt. Koenig:</p>
+
+<p>“I was just about to give orders to put
+on the oil-engines—when—what was that?
+That dark stripe over there—wasn’t that a
+smoke-flag? <em>Donnerwetter!</em> It’s a destroyer!</p>
+
+<p>“With one leap I am back in the turret
+and have closed the tower-hatch. ‘Alarm—submerge
+quickly—depth rudder—go to twenty
+meters.’</p>
+
+<p>“The whole boat trembles and shakes under
+the increased pressure and makes a couple
+of real jumps; it literally reels in the wild
+sea. Will it not go down pretty soon? With
+a sudden jerk the <em>Deutschland</em> darts below the
+surface and now, bending her bow lower and
+lower, rapidly descends into the depths. The
+light of the just dawning day disappears from
+the turret windows, the manometer shows in
+quick succession, two, three, six, ten meters.
+But the bow drops lower and lower.</p>
+
+<p>“The boat had bent forward in an angle of
+36 degrees and stood on its head, as it were.
+Its bow rested on the sea’s bottom and its
+stern was violently swinging back and forth.
+The manometer showed a depth of about
+fifteen meters. I quickly realized our situation.
+It was something less than comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>“We were revealing our position by a peculiar
+buoy, and we expected momentarily to
+hear the crashing blow of a shell in the stern.
+But everything remained quiet. The screws
+could no longer betray us. Also it probably
+was still too dark up there, and the destroyer
+perhaps had enough of its own troubles in the
+wild sea.</p>
+
+<p>“There must have been a combination of
+several causes. Aside from the fact that only
+in the most extraordinary and rare cases is it<span class="pagenum" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</span>
+possible for a big boat to submerge against a
+high sea, it is conceivable that in the haste
+which was forced upon us by the destroyer
+the tanks were not completely emptied of air.</p>
+
+<p>“But, above all, I recall that my first
+thought was the cargo. ‘Is the cargo safely
+stored? Can it lose its equilibrium?’ Curious
+as it may sound in retrospect, that is what
+I instinctively thought of. A ‘big steamer’
+captain doesn’t easily get rid of his second
+nature, even on a U-boat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A WASH, A FEAST AND A NIGHT’S REST ON
+THE OCEAN BOTTOM</h3>
+
+<p>“We have submerged and placed ourselves
+on the bottom. We are in no hurry. Why
+should we not for once give ourselves a little
+rest? Our resting-place was rather deep, but
+therefore safer and calmer.</p>
+
+<p>“This night on the bottom of the sea was
+truly a recreation for us all. One could for
+once take a good wash and go to bed in
+peace, without fearing to be frightened at
+the next moment with a ‘Hey-a’ in the speaking-tube.</p>
+
+<p>“But before resting we had a regular banquet.
+Both the phonographs were playing and
+the glasses were raised, filled with French
+champagne.</p>
+
+<p>“Our good Stücke, who was our steward,
+kitchen boy, and maid of all work, at the
+same time served us in such a dignified manner
+as if he were still a steward in the dining-room
+of the <em>Kronprinzessin Cecile</em>, as if he
+had never been in French captivity for nearly
+a whole year, in order to develop his ability
+in our company at the bottom of the sea.</p>
+
+<p>“Again we come to the surface the next
+morning. The pump is working with a hissing
+noise as we climb upward. On the twenty-meter
+depth the boat loses its stability.</p>
+
+<p>“First, we can see it on the manometer,
+then it is noticed on the depth rudder, which
+becomes more difficult to handle. And as the
+boat at times moves in unexpected jumps we
+realize there must be a considerable sea above.</p>
+
+
+<h3>RISING TO THE SURFACE</h3>
+
+<p>“I now carefully rise to the periscope depth
+and proceed for a time in this position and
+am looking around. Nothing can be seen except
+a stormy army of white wave-crests. This
+weather suits me exactly, as we need not be
+on our guard so very closely.</p>
+
+<p>“I decided therefore to rise to the surface.
+But before this is done the boat must be
+placed across the wind, as the long heavy
+hull would not otherwise be able to climb out
+of the water.</p>
+
+<p>“At slow speed, we place the <em>Deutschland</em>
+right across the seas. The boat rolls fearfully.
+It feels just as if the soul would shake out of
+its body, and now it obeys the deep rudder
+and its nose rises slowly out of the water.</p>
+
+<p>“When we are completely out of the water
+the ship makes the alarming motions of a
+pendulum all around the compass. Then
+comes the unpleasant moment when we have
+to turn the ship slowly into its course.</p>
+
+<p>“Protected by the thick conning tower windows,
+which the heavy seas are continually
+washing over and streaming down, with arms
+and legs ready to withstand the sharp twistings
+of our craft, I keep watch on all sides.”</p>
+
+<p>They were getting out of the North Sea
+into the Atlantic currents, in an increasing
+storm. The boat plunged and tossed sickeningly
+and the navigation was hard work.
+Finally they were free of the turbulent sea
+and rode into the ocean proper and its less
+angry motion.</p>
+
+
+<h3>OUT INTO THE BROAD ATLANTIC</h3>
+
+<p>“The reception of the Atlantic can not be
+called cordial. We undoubtedly had got accustomed
+to much during the past days, but
+I decide as far as possible to save my men’s
+nerves so that they will be able to withstand
+that which was about to come. I therefore
+selected the southerly course, hoping to get
+better weather, but I was not entirely successful.
+The seas continually sweep over the
+boat from stem to stern, because it is too heavy
+to be lifted out of them as other steamers are.</p>
+
+<p>“It certainly was not pleasant in the conning-tower,
+but it was a thousand times better
+than below deck, where the crew, because
+of the unbroken rolling of the ship, began
+to suffer on account of seasickness in the close
+and stagnant air. Many an old sailor offered
+himself on the altar of Neptune for the first
+time.</p>
+
+<p>“On the third day the storm begins to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</span>
+abate, the sea becomes calmer, and we can
+open all the hatches in order to get air and
+dry out. All who were off duty came up to
+stretch themselves on the deck in the sunshine
+and pull themselves together again after their
+confinement and suffering during the rough
+weather, which certainly was necessary. With
+pale faces, worn out by sleepless nights, they
+came out of the hatches, but hardly had they
+reached the fresh air and had felt the beautiful
+sea-wind blowing on their cheeks refreshingly
+before the dear cigars or pipes were produced.”</p>
+
+<p>Following days were fair for a time and
+the boat rode the surface. It was the daily
+practice on fair days to put the <em>Deutschland</em>
+through her diving exercises so important to
+efficiency in a sudden emergency. A very
+considerable part of the westward trip was
+made on the surface, though storms and the
+prospect of unfriendly encounters often
+enough sent them below.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DUMMY SMOKE-STACK</h3>
+
+<p>“During the calm days we had prepared a
+clever disguise which would change us from
+a submarine to a regular steamer. Out of
+sail-cloth we had made a smoke-stack which,
+with steel rings, we could fasten to the periscope
+and raise it up. To cover the conning-tower
+we had a dressing of sail-cloth so that
+it would look like the deck-house on a small
+freight-steamer. In this way we made ready
+for any possibility and directed our course
+through the beautiful sunshine until one evening
+at half-past seven a steamer appeared
+ahead of us on the port bow. We knew at
+once that he would pass close if we continued
+on our course. We changed it a little, swinging
+off a few points in order to test our disguise.</p>
+
+<p>“The smoke-stack is hoisted on the periscope
+and bellies out in the wind. In order to make
+it more real we build a fire in the lower opening,
+using cotton soaked in oil for fuel. At
+the same moment the conning-tower disappears
+under the cover, which trembles in the breeze.
+The oily cotton loses its honor and only
+stinks. There is no smoke coming from it.
+Every one is standing blowing with cheeks
+puffed out until our ‘tradelose,’ a foxy Berliner,
+fetches an air-pump and gets a big flame
+in our fake stoke-hole. With one hurrah his
+trick is rewarded; above the smoke-stack’s upper
+opening we could see a slender stream of
+smoke only to diminish to nothing in the next
+minute. We roar with laughter and again
+make ready to proceed with our dummy smoke-stack
+minus smoke.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_273" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_273.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International Film Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Deutschland</em> Arriving at Bremen, Having Returned from a Trans-Atlantic
+Voyage</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When our boatswain, Humke, comes with
+a jar filled with tar, the air-pump again starts
+to work, and at last big clouds of smoke pour
+out of the funnel. The effect was great.
+The steamer, which was at a distance, suddenly
+changes its course and comes straight
+for us.</p>
+
+<p>“This we had never expected. I therefore
+order the mast taken down and make ready
+for diving. Our canvas covering disappears
+from the conning-tower and with a deep bow
+the smoke-stack comes down.</p>
+
+<p>“As soon as the steamer sees this change
+in our make-up, fear fills his heart. He
+changes his course and flees, throwing thick,
+black clouds of smoke which we admire not
+without a feeling of jealousy.</p>
+
+<p>“Without hindrance we again hoist our funnel.
+The masts are raised. And while our
+steamer speeds away in her wild flight we
+laugh so the tears run down our cheeks.</p>
+
+<p>“Our fine disguise which was intended to
+let us pass unnoticed had instead attracted
+the steamer’s attention to us. He undoubtedly
+took us for a wreck or a ship in distress
+and came toward us with the kind intentions
+to save us. When he could suddenly see
+himself the target for the devilish cunning of
+a foxy U-boat he fled precipitately.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</span></p>
+
+<p>“What did the people of the steamer think
+when they recovered from their scare? Maybe
+they felt proud to have been able to escape
+from the heartless ‘pirate.’ And we, who
+would have been so proud if our disguise had
+worked a little better, were preparing to sink
+below the surface to avoid him.</p>
+
+<p>“Well, we thought, ‘better luck next time,’
+and we improved our invention with the result
+that two days later, while throwing off
+solid clouds of smoke, we passed by a steamer
+which we met without causing the least
+suspicion.”</p>
+
+<p>And so without mishap or misadventure the
+<em>Deutschland</em> fared to her destination, tarried
+some while in the American port where officers
+and men were discreetly entertained,
+the United States being a neutral country
+then. Suddenly, mysteriously she put to sea
+again. Many were the rumors of disaster to
+her—for the return trip was long and beset
+with peril from paroling and watchful destroyers
+eager to catch sight of her; but in due
+course and in triumphant contradiction of reports
+of her destruction the first authentic
+news was of her safe return to the home harbor.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WEDDIGENS_WONDER_FEAT">WEDDIGEN’S WONDER FEAT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Dramatic Sinking of Three British Cruisers by U-boat in the Early
+Days of the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Early</span> on the morning of September 22,
+1914, three 12,000-ton armored cruisers
+of the British Navy—the <em>Aboukir</em>, the <em>Cressy</em>,
+and the <em>Hogue</em>—were torpedoed in the North
+Sea and sunk by a German submarine, with a
+loss of 1,433 men. The news startled the whole
+world. It was as if three Goliaths, imposing,
+formidable, on parade in panoply, challenging
+the stoutest, had succumbed impotently to
+the assault of the diminutive David—for it
+was a solitary submarine that sank the naval
+giants in less than an hour. So adroit,
+rapid and precise had been the maneuvers of
+the submarine that the officers of the attacked
+warships were of the belief that there were
+several of the invisible devil-boats, and that
+the guns of the <em>Cressy</em> sank one of them. Nor
+did they become the wiser until Captain Lieutenant
+Otto Weddigen, commander of <em>U-9</em>,
+made report of his exploit on his return to
+Wilhelmshaven, whence he had set forth for
+the enterprise. Conditions, be it said, were entirely
+favorable to him, for the sea was calm,
+and the weather clear. The three cruisers,
+unsuspicious, were steaming along in close
+formation, patrolling the silent sea, and they
+gave him a famous victory—the destruction of
+the first warships by the U-boat.</p>
+
+<p>There follow three separate accounts of
+the event as related by three different sources,
+the first being that of an officer of the <em>Cressy</em>,
+published in the <cite>Manchester Guardian</cite>.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_275" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_275.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Photo Syndicate.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Crew Quarters Aboard a German Submarine</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The vast machinery leaves but little room for the crew. They enjoy none of the conveniences found on vessels that ply above water.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>EYE-WITNESS ACCOUNT BY AN OFFICER OF THE
+<em>Cressy</em></h3>
+
+<p>“I was awakened about 6:15 by the increase
+of our speed, and, thinking it was nothing
+more than just a slight spurt to take up
+our day patrol position, I lay quiet. However,
+about ten minutes later I felt the engines
+going full speed astern, so, guessing at
+once that something out of the ordinary was
+happening, I sat up, and, opening my scuttle,
+looked out. Conceive the jump I gave when
+I saw the <em>Aboukir</em>, about half a mile away,
+heeling over to port so that the starboard
+copper plates were plainly visible glistening
+red in the sun. I could also see considerable
+commotion on board her, and one of her starboard
+sea boats was lowered half-way, but
+seemed to have stuck there.</p>
+
+<p>“While I watched she seemed to heel over
+still more, so I leapt from my bunk, and, running
+into the next cabin, I found —— jumping
+out of his bunk, and together we ran up
+on to the quarterdeck. From there we could
+see that in the short time we had taken getting
+up on deck she turned over much more,
+and was down by the head, and while we
+watched we could see the sun shining on pink,
+naked men walking down her sides inch by
+inch as she heeled over, some standing, others
+sitting down and sliding into the water, which
+was soon dotted with heads. All this time we
+were hard at it lowering boats.</p>
+
+<p>“Both the sea-boats had gone, manned by
+nucleus crews, and Lieutenant ——’s voice
+could be heard as he directed the hands working
+the main derrick, which was hoisting up
+the launch—a boat capable of holding two or
+three hundred men. Other men under the
+direction of another lieutenant were busily
+throwing overboard every bit of wood that
+they could find for the swimming men to
+clutch—an act which materially aided in our
+escape afterward. I then ran along to the
+sick-bay and ordered the stewards to get hot
+blankets and coffee ready, and went below to
+get into some clothes.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE SHIP LIFTED, QUIVERING ALL OVER”</h3>
+
+<p>“I had only been in my cabin about a minute
+when there was a terrific crash, and the
+ship lifted up, quivering all over. A second
+or two later another and duller crash, and
+a great cloud of smoke, followed by a torrent
+of water, came pouring in through my open
+scuttle. The noise for a second or two was
+deafening; everything seemed to be breaking,
+and somewhere or other I could hear dishes
+and glass being crashed to pieces on the deck,
+and, in addition, all the lights in the ship
+went out. I ran out of my cabin and along
+to the first ladder, the aft deck being in darkness
+and full of smoke; conceive my dismay
+when I found that it had fallen down.”</p>
+
+<p>However, he found another ladder, farther
+on. On the deck was worse confusion than
+before. There was nothing left to do but
+make escape in the shortest possible order.
+He climbed down into the sea.</p>
+
+<p>“The first piece I clung to had sharp edges
+which hurt, so I left that and swam to a table
+floating near. Then another man came up
+and climbed on to my table, so I left it to him
+and struck out for a large spar which I caught
+sight of some little distance off. This afforded
+a very comfortable hold, and I lay over
+it, kicking gently with my legs to keep them
+warm, and I looked about me. Both the
+<em>Aboukir</em> and the <em>Hogue</em> had gone, and the
+<em>Cressy</em> was in front of me, about a quarter
+of a mile away. Then she began to fire her
+guns, and, hearing the shells going over my
+head, I looked behind, and there, about 300
+yards off, I saw the periscope of a submarine.</p>
+
+<p>“For some time the firing continued, several
+of the shells bursting most unpleasantly near,
+and then the men on the <em>Cressy</em> started cheering,
+and I heard after that they were unanimously
+of the opinion—true or not, I don’t
+know—that they had sunk one of the submarines.
+However, the firing continued for some
+time, till there was a sudden explosion, and
+a great column of smoke, black as ink, flew
+up as high as the <em>Cressy’s</em> funnels, while she
+heeled over about ten degrees. Nothing much
+further seemed to happen, however, and, looking
+about me, I caught sight of —— hanging
+on to a large fender of twigs, which kept revolving
+and ducking him under, so, calling to
+him, I started to push my spar toward him
+till I got near enough, and then, giving it a
+vigorous shove, pushed it alongside him and
+swam after it.</p>
+
+<p>“The two of us clung to that for some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</span>
+time, till the sound of an explosion made us
+look round to see the spray and smoke disappearing,
+and as we watched another torpedo
+struck, and the <em>Cressy</em> heeled right over and
+almost entirely disappeared in a very short
+space of time, the last few feet of ‘island,’
+however, taking a very long time to go. Soon
+after this I realized the wonderful fact that
+as the <em>Hogue</em> sank she must have righted herself,
+for the picket boat and steam pinnace had
+in some miraculous way floated clear quite
+undamaged, though half full of water, and
+were now about one hundred yards from us.
+Turning the spar so that it lay pointing toward
+the boats, and slipping the fingers of my left
+hand into a notch that seemed made for the
+purpose, I turned on my side and started to
+tow the spar toward the boats.</p>
+
+<p>“These were soon reached, and we found
+that some four or five people had already
+boarded them. With their help we scrambled
+on board, having been in the water about an
+hour and a quarter. After this there is not
+much to tell. The <em>Flora</em> hove in sight when
+we had been in the boat about an hour, followed
+by the <em>Titan</em>, and in an hour more we
+naked, shivering mortals were all taken off to
+the former.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE OFFICIAL REPORT</h3>
+
+<p>In the official report to the Admiralty made
+by Commander Bertram W. L. Nicholson
+we find the expression of the belief that there
+were several submarines, and that one was
+sunk. The report is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“The <em>Aboukir</em> was struck at about 6.25 a.m.
+on the starboard beam. The <em>Hogue</em> and
+<em>Cressy</em> closed and took up a position, the
+<em>Hogue</em> ahead of the <em>Aboukir</em>, and the <em>Cressy</em>
+about 400 yards on her port beam. As soon
+as it was seen that the <em>Aboukir</em> was in danger
+of sinking all the boats were sent away from
+the <em>Cressy</em>, and a picket boat was hoisted out
+without steam up. When cutters full of the
+<em>Aboukir’s</em> men were returning to the <em>Cressy</em>,
+the <em>Hogue</em> was struck, apparently under the
+aft 9.2 magazine, as a very heavy explosion
+took place immediately. Almost directly after
+the <em>Hogue</em> was hit we observed a periscope on
+our port bow about 300 yards off.</p>
+
+<p>“Fire was immediately opened and the engines
+were put full speed ahead with the intention
+of running her down. Our gunner,
+Mr. Dougherty, positively asserts that he hit
+the periscope and that the submarine sank.
+An officer who was standing alongside the
+gunner thinks that the shell struck only floating
+timber, of which there was much about,
+but it was evidently the impression of the men
+on deck, who cheered and clapped heartily,
+that the submarine had been hit. This particular
+submarine did not fire a torpedo at the
+<em>Cressy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“Captain Johnson then maneuvered the ship
+so as to render assistance to the crews of the
+<em>Hogue</em> and <em>Aboukir</em>. About five minutes later
+another periscope was seen on our starboard
+quarter and fire was opened. The track of
+the torpedo she fired at a range of 500 to
+600 yards was plainly visible and it struck us
+on the starboard side just before the after-bridge.</p>
+
+<p>“The ship listed about 10 degrees to the
+starboard and remained steady. The time was
+7.15 a.m. All the watertight doors, deadlights
+and scuttles had been securely closed
+before the torpedo struck the ship. All the
+mess stools and table shores, and all available
+timber below and on deck had been previously
+got up and thrown over side for the saving of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>“A second torpedo fired by the same submarine
+missed and passed about 10 feet astern.
+About a quarter of an hour after the first torpedo
+had hit a third torpedo fired from a submarine
+just before the starboard beam hit us
+under the No. 5 boiler room. The time was
+7.30 a.m. The ship then began to heel rapidly,
+and finally turned keel up, remaining so
+for about twenty minutes before she finally
+sank, at 7.55 a.m.</p>
+
+<p>“A large number of men were saved by
+casting adrift on Pattern 3 target. The steam
+pinnace floated off her clutches, but filled and
+sank.</p>
+
+<p>“The second torpedo which struck the
+<em>Cressy</em> passed over the sinking hull of the
+<em>Aboukir</em>, narrowly missing it. It is possible
+that the same submarine fired all three torpedoes
+at the <em>Cressy</em>.</p>
+
+<p>“The conduct of the crew was excellent
+throughout. I have already remarked on the
+bravery displayed by Captain Phillips, master
+of the trawler <em>L. T. Coriander</em>, and his crew,
+who picked up 156 officers and men.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_278" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_278.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Press Photo Syndicate.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Daily Wash Aboard a German Torpedo Boat</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Germany’s torpedo boats were outclassed by her U-boats. In the battle of Jutland the world first heard of the torpedo boats’ extensive use.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</span></p>
+
+
+<h3>CAPT. WEDDIGEN’S OWN STORY</h3>
+
+<p>And here is the story of the daring enterprise,
+one of the most extraordinary of naval
+exploits, told by Captain Lieutenant Otto
+Weddigen, Commander of <em>U-9</em>. He was 32
+years old at the time, and for the five years
+preceding had been attached to the submarine
+flotilla. He was married but twenty-four
+hours to his boyhood sweetheart, a Miss Prete
+of Hamburg, before he set out on the adventure
+that offered more than an even chance
+of making the bride a widow. Besides himself
+there were twenty-five men in the <em>U-9</em>
+and they were a picked crew.</p>
+
+<p>Weddigen’s own story of the cruise, first
+published in the United States by the New
+York <cite>World</cite>, was in part as follows:</p>
+
+<p>“I set out from a North Sea port on one
+of the arms of the Kiel Canal and set my
+course in a southwesterly direction. The name
+of the port I cannot state officially, but it has
+been guessed at; nor am I permitted to say
+definitely just when we started, but it was not
+many days before the morning of Sept. 22,
+when I fell in with my quarry.</p>
+
+<p>“When I started from home the fact was
+kept quiet and a heavy sea helped to keep
+the secret, but when the action began the sun
+was bright and the water smooth.</p>
+
+<p>“I had sighted several ships during my passage,
+but they were not what I was seeking.
+English torpedo boats came within, my reach,
+but I felt there was bigger game further on,
+so on I went. I traveled on the surface except
+when we sighted vessels, and then I submerged,
+not even showing my periscope, except
+when it was necessary to take bearings.
+It was ten minutes after 6 on the morning of
+Tuesday when I caught sight of one of the big
+cruisers of the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“I was then eighteen sea miles northwest
+of the Hook of Holland. I had then traveled
+considerably more than 200 miles from my
+base. My boat was one of an old type, but
+she had been built on honor, and she was behaving
+beautifully. I had been going ahead
+partly submerged, with about five feet of my
+periscope showing. Almost immediately I
+caught sight of the first cruiser and two
+others. I submerged completely and laid my
+course so as to bring up in the center of the
+trio, which held a sort of triangular formation.
+I could see their gray-black sides riding
+high over the water.</p>
+
+<p>“When I first sighted them they were near
+enough for torpedo work, but I wanted to
+make my aim sure, so I went down and in on
+them. I had taken the position of the three
+ships before submerging, and I succeeded in
+getting another flash through my periscope before
+I began action. I soon reached what I
+regarded as a good shooting point.”</p>
+
+<p>[The officer was not permitted to give this
+distance, but it is understood to have been considerably
+less than a mile, although the German
+torpedoes had an effective range of four
+miles.]</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE SHOT WENT STRAIGHT AND TRUE</h3>
+
+<p>“Then I loosed one of my torpedoes at the
+middle ship. I was then about twelve feet
+under water, and got the shot off in good
+shape, my men handling the boat as if she had
+been a skiff. I climbed to the surface to get
+a sight through my tube of the effect, and discovered
+that the shot had gone straight and
+true, striking the ship, which I later learned
+was the <em>Aboukir</em>, under one of her magazines,
+which in exploding helped the torpedo’s work
+of destruction.</p>
+
+<p>“There was a fountain of water, a burst of
+smoke, a flash of fires and part of the cruiser
+rose in the air. Then I heard a roar and felt
+reverberations sent through the water by the
+detonation. She had been broken apart, and
+sank in a few minutes. The <em>Aboukir</em> had
+been stricken in a vital spot and by an unseen
+force; that made the blow all the greater.</p>
+
+<p>“Her crew were brave, and even with
+death staring them in the face kept to their
+posts, ready to handle their useless guns, for
+I submerged at once. But I had stayed on
+top long enough to see the other cruisers,
+which I learned were the <em>Cressy</em> and the
+<em>Hogue</em>, turn and steam full speed to their dying
+sister, whose plight they could not understand,
+unless it had been due to an accident.</p>
+
+<p>“The ships came on a mission of inquiry and
+rescue, for many of the <em>Aboukir’s</em> crew were
+now in the water, the order having been given,
+‘Each man for himself.’</p>
+
+<p>“But soon the other two English cruisers
+learned what had brought about the destruction
+so suddenly.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</span></p>
+
+<p>“As I reached my torpedo depth I sent a
+second charge at the nearest of the oncoming
+vessels, which was the <em>Hogue</em>. The English
+were playing my game, for I had scarcely to
+move out of my position, which was a great
+aid, since it helped to keep me from being
+detected.</p>
+
+<p>“The attack on the <em>Hogue</em> went true. But
+this time I did not have the advantageous aid
+of having the torpedo detonate under the magazine,
+so for twenty minutes the <em>Hogue</em> lay
+wounded and helpless on the surface before
+she heaved, half turned over and sank.</p>
+
+<p>“But this time, the third cruiser knew that
+the enemy was upon her and she sought as best
+she could to defend herself. She loosed her
+torpedo defense batteries on boats, starboard
+and port, and stood her ground as if more
+anxious to help the many sailors who were in
+the water than to save herself. In common
+with the method of defending herself against
+a submarine attack, she steamed in a zigzag
+course, and this made it necessary for me to
+hold my torpedoes until I could lay a true
+course for them, which also made it necessary
+for me to get nearer to the <em>Cressy</em>. I had
+come to the surface for a view, and saw how
+wildly the fire was being sent from the ship.
+Small wonder that was when they did not
+know where to shoot, although one shot went
+unpleasantly near us.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE CRESSY TURNS TURTLE</h3>
+
+<p>“When I got within suitable range, I sent
+away my third attack. This time I sent a
+second torpedo after the first to make the
+strike doubly certain. My crew were aiming
+like sharpshooters and both torpedoes went to
+their bullseye. My luck was with me again,
+for the enemy was made useless and at once
+began sinking by her head. Then she careened
+far over, but all the while her men stayed at
+the guns looking for their invisible foe. They
+were brave and true to their country’s sea
+traditions. Then she eventually suffered a
+boiler explosion and completely turned turtle.
+With her keel uppermost, she floated until the
+air got out from under her and then she sank
+with a loud sound, as if from a creature in
+pain.</p>
+
+<p>“The whole affair had taken less than one
+hour from the time of shooting off the first
+torpedo until the <em>Cressy</em> went to the bottom.
+Not one of the three had been able to use any
+of its big guns. I knew the wireless of the
+three cruisers had been calling for aid. I was
+still quite able to defend myself, but I knew
+that news of the disaster would call many
+English submarines and torpedo-boat destroyers,
+so, having done my appointed work, I
+set my course for home.</p>
+
+<p>“My surmise was right, for before I got
+very far some British cruisers and destroyers
+were on the spot, and the destroyers took up
+the chase. I kept under water most of the
+way, but managed to get off a wireless to the
+German fleet that I was heading homeward
+and being pursued. I hoped to entice the enemy,
+by allowing them now and then a glimpse
+of me, into the zone in which they might be
+exposed to capture or destruction by German
+warships; but, although their destroyers saw
+me plainly at dusk on the 22nd, and made a
+final effort to stop me, they abandoned the attempt,
+as it was taking them too far from
+safety, and needlessly exposing them to attack
+from our fleet and submarines.</p>
+
+<p>“How much they feared our submarines and
+how wide was the agitation caused by my good
+little <em>U-9</em> is shown by the English reports
+that a whole flotilla of German submarines
+had attacked the cruisers, and that this flotilla
+had approached under cover of the flag of
+Holland.</p>
+
+<p>“These reports were absolutely untrue.</p>
+
+<p>“I reached the home port on the afternoon
+of the 23rd and on the 24th went to Wilhelmshaven
+to find the news of my effort had
+become public. My wife, dry-eyed when I
+went away, met me with tears. Then I
+learned that my little vessel and her brave
+crew had won the plaudits of the Kaiser, who
+had conferred upon my co-workers the Iron
+Cross of the second class and upon me the
+Iron Cross of the first and second classes.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TORPEDOED">TORPEDOED!</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Nurse’s Graphic Personal Narrative of the Wanton Destruction of the
+<em>Sussex</em></h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">On</span> a clear day with the sea a perfect mirror
+reflecting the blue sky, the French
+Channel Steamer <em>Sussex</em> left Folkstone harbor
+on its fateful trip for Dieppe, March 24,
+1916. Among the passengers was an English
+nurse attached to a French hospital, who was
+returning to duty from a month’s leave of
+absence in England. The <em>Sussex</em> was a small
+but finely built, stout passenger boat, unarmed.
+She left harbor at 1.30 in the afternoon,
+and in a short time encountered in the
+Channel thousands of floating bags of a jettisoned
+cargo. A group of passengers, standing
+by the rail, began to discuss the possibilities
+of torpedoing. A British officer, who had
+braved dangers at Undros, laughed, saying
+that it was not submarine weather, the Germans
+being afraid to show themselves in a
+calm sea. Soon the others of the group
+strolled off leaving the nurse alone watching
+a Belgian officer exercising his dog on the
+deck. Presently they went away, and the
+nurse turned to look out at the sea and watch
+for a periscope.</p>
+
+<p>What followed the nurse tells, as her personal
+experience, in an article published in
+<cite>Blackwood’s Magazine</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“It grew cold, and I was beginning to
+think of going back to my sheltered chair to
+roll myself up in my rug, when in a moment
+the whole earth and heaven seemed to explode
+in one head-splitting roar. In the thousandth
+part of a second my mind told me ‘Torpedoed—forward—on
+my right’—and then the sensation
+of falling, with my limbs spread-eagle,
+through space.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_281" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_281.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Sussex</em> Beached</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This channel ferryboat was torpedoed at night while carrying a large number of distinguished passengers.
+The force of the explosion broke her amidships.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“When I came to myself again I was groping
+amid a tangle of broken wires with an
+agonizing pain in my back and the fiercest
+headache I had ever known. My hair was
+down, and plastered to my chin with blood
+that seemed to be coming from my mouth.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</span>There was more blood on my coat-sleeve. I
+was conscious that I was bleeding freely internally
+with every movement. My first
+definite thought was, ‘If only it is all a ghastly
+nightmare!’ But I remembered. My next
+thought was a passionately strong desire not to
+die by drowning—then. I crawled free of the
+wires that were coiled all about me and
+stood up.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DEAFENED AND UNABLE TO SPEAK</h3>
+
+<p>“In one unsteady glance I took in a number
+of things. Near me a horrible piece of something,
+and a dead woman. (Afterwards I
+wondered why I was so sure she was dead and
+never stooped to make sure.) <em>Below me, on
+the quarterdeck and second-class promenade
+deck</em>, numbers of people moving to and fro,
+many with lifebelts on. I never heard a
+sound from them, but it did not strike me as
+odd then. Now I know I was deafened. So
+I had been blown up on to the top deck, to
+the other end of the ship. I swayed to and
+fro, and looked for a stairway, but could find
+none, and began to be aware that I had only
+a few moments of consciousness left me.</p>
+
+<p>“Something must be done if I was not to
+drown. I forced my will to concentrate on
+it, and came to the side, where I found three
+men looking down on a lowered boat. I also
+saw a lifebelt on the ground. I picked it
+up and, not having the strength to put it on,
+I tried to ask the men to tie it for me. Then
+I found I could not speak. So I held it up,
+and one, an American, understood, and hastily
+tied it. Then I saw one of them catch hold
+of a loose davit rope and swarm down it to the
+boat. There was my one chance, I decided.
+My arms were all right, but would my legs
+work? I took hold, and made a mighty effort
+to cross my knees round the rope: I succeeded.
+Then I slid down till I was just above the
+water.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INTO ONE LIFEBOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“I waited till the roll of the ship brought
+me near enough to the boat to catch, with my
+right hand, another rope that I saw hanging
+plumb above it, while I hung on with my
+left. It came within reach: I caught it, let
+go with my left, and lowered myself into the
+boat. Then I wanted to sink down in her
+bottom and forget everything, but I dared
+not, for men were pouring into her. I saw a
+man’s knee hooked over the side of the boat
+where I sat. I could not see his body, but it
+was in the water, between us and the side of
+the <em>Sussex</em>. As in a dream I held on to his
+knee with my left hand with all the grip I
+had left, and with my right held on to the seat
+on which I sat. I could do nothing to help
+him in, but on the other hand, so long as I
+remained conscious, his knee-hold should not
+be allowed to slip. No one took any notice
+of either of us. Gradually I began to hear
+again. The men in the boat were shouting
+that there was no more room, that the boat
+was full. One last man tumbled in and then
+the people in the boat pushed away, and men
+on the <em>Sussex</em> helped. Others continually
+threw gratings and planks overboard.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALMOST SWAMPED</h3>
+
+<p>“Our boat was dangerously overcrowded.
+Already she was half swamped. I wondered
+when she would upset. A man on either side
+seized gratings and towed them alongside.
+One made a herculean effort and pulled the
+man whose knee I had been holding into our
+boat, and nearly upset her. No one said a
+word. He was an elderly man, and his fat
+face was white and piteous. His hands never
+ceased trembling. He had had a terrible
+fright. Some one suggested getting out the
+oars, and others said it was impossible, as they
+were underneath us all. However, it was
+managed, and several men stood up and
+changed places. Again we nearly upset. I
+joined with the others in commanding these
+wild folk to sit still. Three oars were produced.
+One was given to a young and sickly
+looking Frenchman opposite to me. He did
+not know how to use it. Everyone shouted
+to get away from the steamer. The water
+had now reached my knees, and I began to
+notice how cold it was.</p>
+
+<p>“I saw three other women in the boat.
+They sat together, white and silent, in the
+stern, nor ever moved. They were French
+women. Some one noticed that the water was
+increasing and there was a wild hullabaloo of
+alarm. A Belgian—the man who had pulled
+into the boat the man whose knee I held—called
+for hats with which to bale, setting the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</span>example with his. But we were so tightly
+packed that no one could get at the water,
+whereupon the Belgian climbed overboard on
+to one of the gratings I have already mentioned,
+and a young Belgian soldier followed
+his example on the other side. They held on to
+our gunwale with their fingers. This somewhat
+relieved the congestion, enabling us to bail.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_283" style="max-width: 45.75em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_283.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Brigadier-General Leroy Eltinge</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Deputy Chief of Staff, G. H. Q., A. E. F.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Sometimes the people in the boat bailed
+furiously, sometimes they stopped and stared
+stupidly about them. Some shouted ‘Ramez!
+Ramez!’ Others equally excited yelled ‘Mais
+non! Videz l’eau! Videz l’eau!’ I apologized
+to my immediate neighbors for that I
+had no hat to lend, and for that I was too
+hurt to stoop, but I put my hands on the erring
+oar the young Frenchman was feebly moving
+across my knees, and did my best to guide his
+efforts. As often as not he put it flat on the
+water, and sometimes he merely desisted altogether,
+and gazed vacantly in front of him.
+The Belgian asked for a handkerchief, and
+groping in the water at the bottom of the
+boat, found a hole and caulked it as best he
+could. Thereafter the bailers kept the water
+from increasing, but did little to reduce it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE <em>SUSSEX</em> STILL AFLOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“Looking around I saw our steamer riding
+quite happily on the water with her bows clean
+gone. Afterwards I learned that the torpedo
+had cut off her fore-part, to within an inch
+or two of where I had been standing, and
+that it had sunk. I saw another full boat
+being rowed away from the ship, and an overturned
+one with two people sitting on her
+keel. I saw a man seated on a grating. All
+were convinced that help would be forthcoming
+speedily. And still the <em>Sussex</em> floated.
+Four times I remarked—by way of a <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ballon
+d’essai</i>—that it seemed as if she were not going
+to sink, and always there was an outcry to
+row, and get away from her. The Belgian
+and the Belgian soldier evidently thought as
+I did. They proposed that we should return
+before we were swamped ourselves. Once
+again a hysterical outburst. One man jumped
+to his feet and shrieked, and asked us if it
+were to hell that we intended returning? I
+began to be afraid that he and those who
+thought as he did would throw us others into
+the sea, but common-sense told me that to
+remain all night in that overcrowded half-swamped
+boat would be to court death.</p>
+
+<p>“We saw at last that the other boat was
+returning. This was our chance. Example
+is a wonderful thing in dealing with mob hysteria.
+Tentatively the two Belgians and I
+proposed that we should go as close to the
+steamer as prudence permitted, and ask the
+Captain if she were going to sink. If his answer
+were favorable, those who desired should
+go on board, and any who liked could go off
+again in the boat. If his answer were unfavorable,
+we would stand off again. The
+maniac still shrieked his protests, but the rest
+of the boat was with us. But no one seemed
+to know how to turn the boat. As soon as we
+told one to backwater, the other two did likewise.
+It seemed hopeless. Finally, we let
+the other two oars pull, and I myself tried to
+induce my <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">vis-à-vis</i> to ‘ramez au sens contraire,’
+which was the nearest approach I
+could get to ‘backwater’ in French. He was
+too dazed to understand, so I simply set my
+teeth and pulled against him, and in about
+fifteen minutes the boat gradually came round
+in a wide circle. How I longed to be whole
+again so that I could take his oar right away
+and cox that mad boat! With my injured
+back and inside I could only just compass
+what I did. The pain kept me from collapsing,
+and the exertion from freezing.</p>
+
+<p>“It looked as though we were to be
+swamped, after all, within ten yards of the
+<em>Sussex’s</em> gaping bows, for our crew, in their
+excitement, had forgotten to bail for some
+minutes. As we floated in under her sides I
+made a final appeal, which a young Belgian
+put into more forcible French, for everybody
+to keep calm and not upset the boat at the last.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BACK TO THE SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“The women now spoke for the first time—and
+it was to appeal to the excited boat’s load
+to let me be taken off first, since I was injured.
+I found I could not stand, so sat in the middle
+of the seat trying to trim the boat while the
+men scrambled out. I was left alone at last;
+and the water that came over the gunwale
+poured over my legs to my waist, some of it
+soaking through my thick great-coat and chilling
+me to the bone. The boat was floating
+away. Some one shouted to me to get up.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</span>I got on to my hands and knees on the seat
+and tried to crawl along the side, but the
+change of position nearly caused me to faint
+with pain. Then the Belgian managed to get
+hold of the boat and hold her, and some sailors
+leaned out of the hatchway in the <em>Sussex’s</em> side
+and grasped me by the arms and pulled me up
+and in as though I had been a sack. There
+were many far worse hurt than I, and they
+left me propped against a wall. The Belgian
+again came to the rescue, and half dragged
+me to the top of the second saloon stairway.
+I got down by levering myself on my hands on
+the rails, while he supported me under the
+arms.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_285" style="max-width: 51.9375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_285.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslies.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Searching for U-Boats in the North Sea</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A fleet of torpedo boats combing the seas for German raiders. The Allied Fleets maintained their
+vigil until the German Navy was surrendered at Scapa Flow.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Once in the saloon, he and the young Belgian
+soldier took off my loosely fixed lifebelt
+and laid me on a couch. One forced a glass
+of whisky down my throat, which burned and
+gave me back renewed consciousness, while
+the other ran for brandy. I was terribly cold,
+and the good Belgian took off my boots and
+puttees and stockings and chafed my feet till
+one was warm. The other had no sensation
+for over twelve hours, and five days later,
+when it was radiographed, proved to be
+sprained and fractured.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WHAT IS IT TO DIE?”</h3>
+
+<p>“After that, long hours of waiting. A
+woman shrieked incessantly up on deck. A
+man with a wounded head came and sat patiently
+in a corner. A girl, complaining of a
+pain in her chest, came down the stairs and
+lay down on a corner couch. She never moved
+nor spoke again. By midnight she was dead.
+None of us guessed, none of us knew. She
+died bravely and silently, quite alone. Another
+woman showed signs of approaching hysteria.
+A young Belgian officer, who had been
+attending her, suddenly ceased his gallantry,
+and standing sternly before her, said brusquely,
+‘After all, if the very worst comes, you can
+only die. What is it to die?’ The words
+acted on her like a douche of cold water. She
+became herself again and never murmured.
+We others, perhaps, benefited too. It is nerve-racking
+work lying helpless in a damaged
+vessel, wondering whether the rescue ship or
+another enemy submarine will appear first on
+the scene. And no ship came. At intervals
+the Belgian boy soldiers came down to reassure
+us: ‘The wireless had been repaired.
+Forty vessels were searching for us. There
+was a light to starboard. We were drifting
+towards Boulogne. The “Phares” of the coast
+were in sight.’ But no ship came. The light
+to starboard faded. Another appeared, and
+faded too.</p>
+
+<p>“Then we heard the regular boom of a
+cannon or a rocket. We all knew that something
+must have blocked our wireless, but no
+one said so. The Belgian came down to sleep,
+fixing his lifebelt first. With him came a
+good French-woman, who was very kind to
+me and washed the blood from my face and
+rinsed out my bleeding mouth. She was
+very hungry, and all I could do to help her
+was to hold her jewels while she went on
+deck to search for her hand baggage, and,
+later, to give her some soaked food out of my
+pocket. There was no food left anywhere.
+She said some brave words, too, about death
+coming to all, only coming once, and being
+soon over. How much one person’s courage
+can help others at such a time! Then she tied
+on a lifebelt and went to sleep beside me. The
+ship was rolling now, and the seas slapped
+noisily against her somewhere, jarring her all
+through her frame. But the Captain had said
+she would not sink for eighteen hours, and
+we all believed his word implicitly. Still, it
+was an ugly noise, and seemed to betoken her
+helplessness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“WOMEN AND CHILDREN FIRST”</h3>
+
+<p>“And then at last the news of rescue! A
+French fishing-boat was coming! ‘Women
+and children first,’ the young Belgians cried.
+My Belgian succorer roused himself and
+fetched my stockings and boots. My right
+boot would not go on. My puttees he could
+not manage, and so he tied them round me.
+He was always cool and practical and matter-of-fact.
+‘I have been in the Belgian Congo,’
+he explained, ‘and in shipwrecks before. I
+know what to do, and I am not alarmed.
+You can trust entirely to me.’ And I did.
+There was a great bump as the fishing-boat
+came alongside, and a rush upstairs. Once
+more I was left alone, for my Belgian friend
+had gone up to see about getting me helped
+on board. He came back to say that the
+crush was so great that he would wait till it
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</span>was over and then take me. It seemed a
+long time, but he came back at last, only to
+find he could not lift me. Then he went
+away calling for an ‘homme de bonne volonté’
+to help. A young Chinese responded, and together
+they staggered up the heaving stairway
+with me. When they reached the ship’s rail
+it was to hear that the boat had gone! A
+British torpedo boat was coming, we were
+told, and so the fisherman had gone off with
+as many as he could safely carry to Boulogne.
+With her went my hope of reaching
+my own hospital in France. I had been sure
+the destroyer would take her load to England.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_287" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_287.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80"><cite>Courtesy of Leslies.</cite></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sinking of the <em>Falaba</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After torpedoing the ship, the U-boat came to the surface and gave the command “Abandon
+ship.” Shortly afterward the <em>Falaba</em> broke into flames and was destroyed.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Perhaps half an hour passed, and then the
+destroyer came. This time one of the French
+sailors helped him to carry me, and I was
+placed on my back, across the ship’s rail, and
+when the roll brought her near enough to the
+destroyer, British sailors grasped my arms and
+pulled me over. For one sickening second my
+legs dangled between the two ships, but the
+sailors hauled me in just before the impact
+came. They carried me to the chart-house
+and laid me on the couch, and before long the
+Belgian joined me, and, utterly exhausted, lay
+down on the floor. From that moment I felt
+entirely safe. We English are brought up to
+feel complete confidence in the British Navy,
+much as they teach us to trust in Providence.
+And the Navy deserves our confidence.</p>
+
+<p>“It took a long time to transfer all the remaining
+passengers of the <em>Sussex</em> to H. M. S.
+——, for the sea was becoming restless, and
+the two ships hammered and thumped at each
+other’s sides to such purpose that the rescuing
+destroyer had to go into dock for repairs
+when her labors were over and she had landed
+us all safely.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_VALLEYS_OF_THE_BLUE_SHROUDS">THE VALLEYS OF THE BLUE SHROUDS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">(<em>Where the Valiant Poilus Were Buried in Their Blue Uniforms</em>)</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">John Finley</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O shards of walls that once held precious life,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now scattered, like the bones the Prophet saw</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Lying in visioned valleys of the slain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ere One cried: “Son of Man, can these bones live?”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O images of heroes, saints, and Christs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pierced, broken, thrust in hurried sepulture</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In selfsame tombs with tinsel, dross, and dreg,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And without time for either shrift or shroud!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O smold’ring embers of Love’s hearthstone fires,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Quenched by the fiercer fires of hellish hate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That have not where to kindle flames again</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To light succeeding generations on!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O ghost-gray ashes of cathedral towers</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That toward the sky once raised appealing hands</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To beg the God of all take residence</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And hold communion with the kneeling souls!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O silent tongues of bells that once did ring</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Matin and Angelus o’er peaceful fields,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now shapeless slag that will to-morrow serve</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To make new engines for still others’ woe!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O dust that flowered in finial and foil</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And bright in many-petaled windows bloomed,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Now unto dust returned at cannon’s breath</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To lay thy faded glories on the crypt!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O wounded cities that have been beloved</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">As Priam’s city was by Hecuba,—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sad Hecuba, who ere in exile borne,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Beheld her Hector’s child Astyanax</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Spitted on spears (as if a Belgian babe)</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And saw the walls in smoke and flame ascend</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To hover heav’nward with wide-brooding wings</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Above the “vanished thing” that once was Troy!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O shards of sanctuaries and of homes!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">O embers, ashes gray, and glinting dust!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ye who were tile or tower in Laon or Ypres,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A village by the Somme, a church in Roye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A bit of glass in Reims, a convent bell</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In St. Dié, a lycée in Verdun,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A wayside crucifix in Mézières,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Again I hear a cry: “Can these bones live?”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Yes! As the bones, o’er which the Prophet cried</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And called the breath from Heav’n’s four winds to breathe.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sprang straightway, bone to bone, each to its place,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To frame in flesh the features and the forms</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They still remembered and still loved to hold</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Once more on earth—so shall ye rise again!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out of their quarries, cumulus, the clouds</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Will furnish back your flame in crystal stone;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The cirrus dawns in Parsee tapestries</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With azure broiderings will clothe your walls;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The nimbus noons will shower golden rain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And sunset colors fill each Gothic arch;</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">For o’er thy stricken vales, O valiant France,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Our love for thee shall prophesy anew,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And Heav’n’s Four Winds of Liberty, allied,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shall breathe unpoisoned in thy streets till they</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shall pulse again with life that laughs and sings,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And yet remembers, singing through its tears</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">The music of an everlasting song—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Remembers, proudly and undyingly,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><em>The hero dust that lies in shrouds of blue</em></div>
+    <div class="verse indent0"><em>But rises as thy soul, immortal France!</em></div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">
+Dr. Finley and <cite>The Yale Review</cite>.<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="RIZZO_SINKS_THE_WIEN">RIZZO SINKS THE <em>WIEN</em></h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Italian Lieutenant Braves Batteries and Mines and Harbor Wire in
+Novel Feat</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> Germans and Austrians, knowing
+that it would be folly for them to risk
+a naval battle, kept their navies cooped up in
+harbors and rivers to the intense disgust of
+real jackies, who thought it quite unbearable
+at times that while the Allied fleets were roaming
+about the high seas begging for a fight
+the enemy was shutting itself up. English
+and French and American sailors were so
+hungry for action that they occasionally took
+unwarranted chances for the sake of getting
+at the enemy, and more than once these daring
+leaders were at the same time rebuked for
+their recklessness and rewarded for their
+bravery and success.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most brilliant and picturesque
+of naval adventures fell to the credit of a
+young Italian who achieved a plan that
+startled the Austrians and Germans as much
+as it delighted the Allies.</p>
+
+<p>Lieut. Rizzo is really a Sicilian, strong and
+handsome. He is about thirty years old—young
+enough to go through with a daring
+feat, old enough to be careful. Moreover,
+there were two boats that carried out the
+plan, and the second boat was in charge of an
+elderly man, sixty-two years old, a fire-eater
+though.</p>
+
+<p>The task was quite definite. In the Trieste
+harbor the Austrians kept several ships which
+were a source of great annoyance to the Italians.
+Especially hateful was the <em>Wien</em> and
+her sister the <em>Monarch</em>. She carried four
+10-inch guns and six 6-inch guns and a crew
+of 441 officers and men. A month before the
+<em>Wien</em> had shelled the lower Piave line and
+Italian motor boats had tried their torpedoes
+on her. She had a narrow escape. Then she
+was stored at Trieste. She must have felt
+herself quite safe with her sister ship, the
+<em>Monarch</em>, drawing by her. They were behind
+steel nets fringed with mines. And
+all day and all night sentries watched.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant’s Rizzo’s plans were all laid.
+But he had no false hopes. He knew of the
+Austrian combination of nets and mines, and
+knew that at best he had great chances of
+being blown to pieces. He started out, though,
+with his two little launches—really not much
+bigger than a ship’s lifeboat.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DUMBFOUNDED AUSTRIANS</h3>
+
+<p>There was a mist on the sea. It was after
+midnight when they crawled in toward the
+coast. It was in December, and they could
+just about make out the white city of Trieste.
+The two boats stole toward the harbor. One
+of the chief problems of Rizzo was that of
+the huge steel cables attached to the nets;
+but these he managed to cut apart, thus making
+his way through the nets.</p>
+
+<p>They came nearer the harbor. It is an
+affair of three piers, making two channels.
+These channels were closed by booms and
+nets. Mines were linked to the piers by great
+steel hawsers.</p>
+
+<p>The boats crept up to one pier. Rizzo
+climbed up and took in the situation. There
+was nobody on that pier. On the middle
+pier, however, was a guardroom. There
+could be heard the sound of voices in that
+room, and the barking of dogs, and the
+monotonous rhythms of the sentry patrolling
+the middle pier.</p>
+
+<p>“Lieutenant Rizzo,” Percival Gibbon
+wrote to the New York <cite>Times</cite>, “crawled
+back and gave the order, and up came his
+men, crawling on hands and knees over the
+concrete, passing the big cutting tools from
+hand to hand, groping their way to the cables.
+Some set to work to cut them, while two
+men scanned the shore lest some sentry should
+arrive.</p>
+
+<p>“The cutting instruments worked well. It
+needed only a strong jar to set the mines<span class="pagenum" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</span>
+exploding, but the cutters bit their way
+through strand after strand of twisted steel
+wire. Three cables above water were severed
+without trouble; the five more below;
+water were grappled and hauled to the surface
+and cut in their turn.</p>
+
+<p>“At last the weight of the net and its
+attachments tore the last steel strands asunder,
+the whole great cobweb of metal and
+explosives sank, and the harbor lay open.
+Rizzo and his men crawled back to their
+boats. Those boats moved like shadows
+toward the <em>Wien</em> and the <em>Monarch</em>. Rizzo
+backed off till he had his enemy at 150 yards.
+His second boat, commanded by the old petty
+officer, shifted out upon his beam to get a
+line which cleared the <em>Wien’s</em> bow and commanded
+the <em>Monarch’s</em> great steel flank.
+Rizzo raised his arm in that gloom and saw
+the answering gesture of the petty officer. It
+was the moment to let her go. In a second
+four long steel devils were sliding through
+the water for the enemy.</p>
+
+<p>“A roar, a blast of flame, a waterspout
+raining on them, and a second roar as the
+<em>Monarch</em>, too, got her dose.</p>
+
+<p>“A searchlight flashed out from the <em>Wien</em>
+and sawed at the darkness. A scream sounded
+over the water: <em>Wer da?</em> (Who’s there?)
+There were shoutings and stampings along
+the deck of the wounded ship, searchlights
+waking along the shore and on the breakwaters,
+and anti-aircraft guns arousing everywhere.
+No one in Trieste knew whence the
+attack had come, whether from air or sea.
+The sky was festooned with bursting shell,
+while the ships in the harbor opened with
+their guns toward the harbor mouth, shelling
+the mist of the Adriatic at random. By the
+light of that furious illumination the Italian
+sailors saw the great bulk of the <em>Wien</em> listing
+toward them.</p>
+
+<p>“By this time they were making for the
+harbor mouth. Shells spouted all around
+them, but not one hit them, and both boats
+saw before they left that last subsidence, that
+wriggle and resignation with which a great
+ship goes under.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELL">EDITH CAVELL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Laurence Binyon</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">She was binding the wounds of her enemies when they came—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The lint in her hand unrolled.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They battered the door with their rifle-butts, crashed it in:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">She faced them gentle and bold.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They haled her before the judges where they sat</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In their places, helmet on head.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With question and menace the judges assailed her, “Yes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">I have broken your law,” she said.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I have tended the hurt and hidden the hunted, have done</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As a sister does to a brother,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Because of a law that is greater than that you have made,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Because I could do none other.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Deal as you will with me. This is my choice to the end,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To live in the life I vowed.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“She is self-confessed,” they cried; “she is self-condemned.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">She shall die, that the rest may be cowed.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">In the terrible hour of the dawn, when the veins are cold,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They led her forth to the wall.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I have loved my land,” she said, “but it is not enough:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Love requires of me all.</div><span class="pagenum" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</span>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“I will empty my heart of the bitterness, hating none.”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And sweetness filled her brave</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With a vision of understanding beyond the hour</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That knelled to the waiting grave.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They bound her eyes, but she stood as if she shone.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The rifles it was that shook</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When the hoarse command rang out. They could not endure</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That last, that defenseless look.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the officer strode and pistoled her surely, ashamed</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">That men, seasoned in blood,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Should quail at a woman, only a woman,—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As a flower stamped in the mud.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And now that the deed was securely done, in the night</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">When none had known her fate,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They answered those that had striven for her, day by day:</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“It is over, you come too late.”</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">And with many words and sorrowful-phrased excuse</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Argued their German right</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To kill, most legally; hard though the duty be,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The law must assert its might.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Only a woman! yet she had pity on them,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">The victim offered slain</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To the gods of fear that they worship. Leave them there,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Red hands, to clutch their gain!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">She bewailed not herself, and we will bewail her not,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But with tears of pride rejoice</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">That an English soul was found so crystal-clear</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To be triumphant voice</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of the human heart that dares adventure all</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But live to itself untrue,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And beyond all laws sees love as the light in the night,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">As the star it must answer to.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">The hurt she healed, the thousands comforted—these</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Make a fragrance of her fame.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But because she stept to her right on through death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">It is Victory speaks her name.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">
+From <em>The Cause</em>. Messrs. Houghton Mifflin Company.<br>
+</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AS_OF_OLD">AS OF OLD</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>An Engagement When Pistol and Cutlass Revived Memories of Notable
+Sea Fights of the Past</h3>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A friendly</span> ghost of the old grappling
+and boarding days at sea came to give
+the color of romance to one of the encounters
+between British and German ships in the latter
+part of April, 1917. And a touch of ancient
+charm is given to the experience in the
+fact that the hero of the engagement was a
+gallant and daring midshipman, for the honors
+really fall to Midshipman Donald Gyles
+of the good ship <em>Broke</em>—a British destroyer.</p>
+
+<p>Appropriately too, it was a dark and calm
+night. The <em>Broke</em> (whose commander was
+Capt. Evans, the antarctic explorer) and the
+sister destroyer <em>Swift</em> were steaming leisurely
+in a westerly course on patrol duty. Suddenly,
+quite in the vein of romance, the lookout
+of the <em>Swift</em> made out, not more than six
+hundred yards distant, a flotilla of six German
+destroyers. Here was a how-d’ye-do,
+when you consider that a distance of a thousand
+yards is a disagreeably close range in these
+days of far-speaking guns. The Germans
+were the first to fire, but the <em>Swift</em> lost no
+time in making reply and also put on steam in
+an attempt to ram the foremost enemy destroyer.
+She failed of her purpose and ran
+beyond the enemy line, but turning about she
+sent a torpedo into one of the enemy ships
+and made a second dash at the leader, which
+again escaped a ramming and took to flight.
+The <em>Swift</em> gave chase.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Broke</em> was giving excellent account of
+herself meanwhile. She had torpedoed one
+of the enemy and then opened fire with every
+gun. The other enemy destroyers were frantically
+working for full speed. The <em>Broke</em>
+swung around and rammed one of them square
+abreast the after funnel, so that the two boats
+were locked. Then began the desperate hand-to-hand
+conflict reminiscent of ancient days.
+The <em>Broke</em> raked the enemy’s decks point
+blank with fire from big guns, maxims, rifle
+and pistol. Two other German destroyers
+came to the rescue and poured a furious fire
+on the <em>Broke</em>, killing twelve of the eighteen
+men of the gun crew.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A HAND-TO-HAND FIGHT ON DECK</h3>
+
+<p>It might have been that at such a disadvantage
+the <em>Broke</em> would fall speedy victim to
+superior numbers. But something more
+than numbers and preponderance of force
+enter into the audit of the militant; and the
+“something more” in this instance was the
+spirit and understanding of Midshipman
+Gyles. Although wounded in the eye he kept
+all the foremost guns in action, himself helping
+the sorely reduced crew to load. While
+he was occupied in this way Germans began
+swarming over the <em>Broke’s</em> forecastle from
+the rammed destroyer, and to escape the blinding
+flashes of the forecastle guns began pushing
+aft, roaring and shouting like a frenzied mob.
+A graphic account of what happened was published
+right after the event:</p>
+
+<p>“The midshipman, amid the dead and
+wounded of his own gun-crews, and half
+blinded himself by blood, met the onset single-handed
+with an automatic revolver. He was
+grappled by a German, who tried to wrest
+the revolver away. Cutlasses and bayonets being
+among the British equipment in anticipation
+of such an event, the German was
+promptly bayoneted by Seaman Ingleson. The
+remainder of the invaders, except two who
+feigned death, were driven over the side, the
+two being taken prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>“Two minutes after ramming, the <em>Broke</em>
+wrenched herself free from her sinking adversary
+and turned to ram the last of the three
+remaining German boats. She failed in this
+object but, in swinging around, succeeded in
+hitting the boat’s consort on the stem with a
+torpedo. Hotly engaged with the two fleeing
+destroyers, the <em>Broke</em> attempted to follow the
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</span><em>Swift</em> in the direction she was last seen, but
+a shell struck the <em>Broke’s</em> boiler-room, disabling
+her main engines.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_294" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_294.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Hunter.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Through the North Sea</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Night and day the Allied Fleets patrolled the North Sea, watching for U-boats and waiting for the German Navy to act.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Thus freed from pursuit the enemy ships
+made off swiftly and disappeared in the darkness.
+In spite of her disability the <em>Broke</em> made
+such headway as her crippled engines were capable
+of in quest of the <em>Swift</em>. Soon a burning
+German destroyer was sighted and immediately
+its crew saw the <em>Broke</em> they rushed
+to the rails shouting for mercy and begging to
+be saved. Disregarding the danger and unsuspicious
+of treachery the <em>Broke</em> steered slowly
+toward the burning ship. The German
+crew redoubled their plea, “Save, Save,” and
+then suddenly opened fire on the vessel coming
+to their rescue.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Broke</em> in her crippled condition was
+not able to maneuver for safety, but she had
+her guns and happily they served her. She
+silenced the German with four shots and then,
+the desert of baseness, torpedoed the German
+amidships.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Swift</em> had a somewhat different experience.
+She had, owing to impaired speed, abandoned
+the pursuit of the first destroyer, and
+began a search for other quarry. After a
+time she sighted a motionless destroyer from
+which came calls for help. She approached
+cautiously with guns ready for instant action
+and presently made out that it was the destroyer
+that the <em>Broke</em> had rammed. The
+Germans were shouting, “We surrender,” but
+the <em>Swift</em> was wary, suspecting treachery, and
+waited. In a little while the destroyer keeled
+and went down stem first, the crew jumping
+into the water.</p>
+
+<p>The <em>Swift</em> switched on her searchlights and
+there being no enemy ship visible, lowered her
+boats and rescued the Germans swimming
+toward her. Then the <em>Broke</em> and the <em>Swift</em>
+reported to each other on the details of the
+engagement and those who remained of the
+two crews cheered each other well nigh as long
+a time as the thrilling engagement itself had
+lasted.</p>
+
+<p>And let not be forgotten, when quiet heroisms
+are remembered, the conduct of Seaman
+William Rowles, helmsman of the <em>Broke</em>.
+Though hit four times by shell fragments he
+stuck to the wheel during the entire action
+and only betrayed the fact that he was wounded
+by fainting as he reported to his captain,
+“I’m going off now, Sir.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DEATH_IN_A_SUBMARINE">DEATH IN A SUBMARINE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of a Crew That Was Saved Tells of the Thrilling Moments Just Before
+the Final Plunge</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Many</span> submarines, rammed or shot, were
+sent to the bottom with their crews,
+and for the most part the world has been
+left to imagine how the doomed men met
+their fate. There is always a desire, deeper
+than mere curiosity, to know how men behave
+in such circumstances; now and then the desire
+is gratified, and we have learned that
+brave men go down to death cooped in a
+submarine with the same resolute calm with
+which brave men meet death in any guise.
+That the spirit of man is a wondrous thing
+the war has given new proof in myriad
+ways.</p>
+
+<p>A survivor tells the story of the crew of
+the <em>Monge</em>, a French submarine commanded
+by Lieutenant Morillot, rammed by an Austrian
+warship and sunk in the Adriatic, Dec.
+29, 1915. It was more than a year after
+that date before any of the details became
+known. Then the letter of one of the crew
+released from an Austrian military prison was
+published, giving the thrilling particulars.
+After telling how the warship smashed into
+the submarine the letter continued:</p>
+
+<p>“The water enters in torrents. The safety
+hatch is closed, but the <em>Monge</em> descends very
+swiftly; it reaches a depth of 200 feet, and
+the plates crack under the pressure of the
+water. We give ourselves up as forever lost.
+Our vessel is being crushed; we feel it flattening
+in upon us. No one says a word, but<span class="pagenum" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</span>
+everybody works. Orders are executed as in
+ordinary times; no panic, not a cry.</p>
+
+<p>“We are facing the most certain and perhaps
+the most hideous death, yet our commander
+is superb in his coolness, and he has
+a crew that is worthy of him. The steel
+braces supporting the hull—bars as thick as
+my fist—are twisted like so many wires. The
+accumulators fall down on each other; the
+electric current is intensified, the fuses burn
+out, the acid decomposes—it is the second
+phase; after the crushing comes asphyxiation.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Courage! Courage! We are rising!’
+That is the cry of the second torpedo master,
+for to him belongs the most delicate and certain
+of all our remedies. In fact, we feel
+that we are rising, and in a minute or two
+we have gone from a depth of 200 feet to
+the surface. We are saved!</p>
+
+<p>“Alas! A third ordeal! The Austrians
+have seen us and begin shelling us at short
+range. A single shell pierces our hull. The
+commandant orders for the third time: ‘To
+your posts for the dive!’ This time all is
+indeed ended; the motors no longer act, none
+of the machinery runs, and the water keeps
+pouring in. Everybody goes to his post without
+a murmur, and yet we all know that this
+time death awaits us—and what a death!
+The commandant changes his mind. Our vessel
+is lost; why sacrifice the crew? He lets
+his arms drop, and two big tears roll down
+his cheeks, tears of pride and of impotence.</p>
+
+<p>“In a calm voice, however, he tells us to
+save ourselves. The impossible had been attempted;
+we could give up with a light
+heart.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_296" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_296.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The Conning Tower of a New British Submarine of the “L” Type</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Before rising to the surface the commandant
+asks us to cry three times, ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive la
+France!</i>’ and to sing the ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Marseillaise</i>.’ Such
+were the last words and orders of the man
+who was and remained the commandant of
+the <em>Monge</em>, for he chose not to leave his
+beloved boat. As soon as we reached the
+deck we complied with his request and thrice
+shouted ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive la France!</i>’ and sang the refrain
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</span>of the ‘<cite>Marseillaise</cite>.’ When the water rose
+to our waists we had only time to throw
+ourselves into the sea. The <em>Monge</em> sank on
+Dec. 29, 1915, at 2:30 in the morning. There
+were three deaths—the commandant and two
+mechanician quartermasters.”</p>
+
+<p>Afterward the French Government honored
+Lieutenant Morillot by giving his name
+to a ship captured from the enemy; but one
+wonders why so gallant an officer should have
+been so unprofitably sacrificed to a naval
+tradition. Captains go down with their ships
+because tradition and court-martials have
+made it more honorable than living to serve
+their country in new duties and responsibilities.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="A_NOTABLE_EXPLOIT">A NOTABLE EXPLOIT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Two Italian Naval Officers Destroy an Austrian Dreadnought in a Novel
+Way</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Lieut. Col. R. Rossetti</span> of the
+Italian Naval Construction Corps and
+his friend, Dr. Paolucci, also of the Navy, on
+the night of October 31-Nov. 1, 1918, destroyed
+an Austrian dreadnought in circumstances
+as thrilling as they were exceptional.
+They struck an entirely new note in marine
+warfare.</p>
+
+<p>The Austrian warship <em>Viribus Unitis</em>, having
+a displacement of 20,010 tons, and an
+armament of twelve 12-inch guns, and representing
+a cost of $13,000,000, was moored
+in the harbor of Pola, about as secure a place
+as she could possibly have been at rest in.
+The entrance of the harbor was formidably
+fortified; it was a most important naval base
+and was guarded accordingly. Obstacles and
+obstructions, however, did not dismay Col.
+Rossetti, who was of a mind to blow up the
+greatest and newest of Austrian dreadnoughts
+of the super variety. He was of an inventive
+faculty, this daring Genoese, and he devised
+an apparatus, a curious motor, the especial
+purpose of which was to enable a swimmer to
+get a mine safely over the obstructions that
+closed Pola harbor.</p>
+
+<p>With this device supporting the necessary
+mine, Col. Rossetti and Dr. Paolucci swam
+into the harbor in the night. They had approached
+as near as was expedient in the
+chaser <em>M. A. S. 95</em> which towed the apparatus.
+They left the chaser with the parting
+whisper “<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vive il Re!</i>” and steered their course
+between two lighthouses until they came to
+the obstruction at the extreme end of the
+jetty. The obstruction consisted of long beams
+bound together at the ends by wire rope.
+Buoys at intervals kept the obstruction in position.
+The apparatus was put in a line with
+the beams and dragged slowly forward for
+about a quarter of an hour. At a certain
+point the beams were submerged and the men
+could no longer guide themselves by them, so
+the motor was put into action to reach the
+inner edge of the obstruction. In his official
+report Col. Rossetti gave in detail by hours
+the incidents and events that followed. The
+report is quoted:</p>
+
+<p>“On our left (that is, toward the open
+sea) I have noticed a submarine with one
+tower. She is on the surface, and passes, darkened
+and noiseless, between the harbor obstruction
+and the chaser which had brought us.
+I can see her like a shadow against the
+sky, and point her out to Dr. Paolucci.</p>
+
+<p>“About 11.15 p.m.—We can distinctly see
+a red light shining at intervals and moving
+up and down along the jetty. Probably it
+is on a patrol boat stationed between the jetty
+and the outside obstructions. This will not
+affect us, however, for here we shall be keeping
+to the outer side of the obstructions.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PAOLUCCI EXPLORES</h3>
+
+<p>“About 11.45 p.m.—We are nearing the
+jetty and are about 100 meters from it after
+passing rapidly through the second diagonal.
+At my request Dr. Paolucci swims off to explore
+in the direction of the jetty, and returns<span class="pagenum" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</span>
+in a few minutes to say that we can proceed.
+During this pause I notice that a rather strong
+current runs northward along the coast. We
+move on until we reach the jetty, and then
+work along parallel with it, placing ourselves
+between our apparatus and the jetty. We
+have a good hand hold, as the jetty is made
+of blocks of cement, piled one on another.
+The current, too, is in our favor. Everything
+is going smoothly, but we are losing far too
+much time, so I venture to start the motor
+once more. This is not really imprudent—notwithstanding
+the phosphorescence produced
+by increased speed—for the breakwater, with
+large intervals between the cement masses,
+surely cannot be patrolled at night by a sentry.
+We are in a dead sector as far as sentries
+are concerned.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_298" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_298.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The <em>Viribus Unitis</em>, an Austrian Dreadnought Ready for an Engagement
+in the Adriatic</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“12.30 a.m.—Still clinging to the jetty, we
+reach a group of chains that are fastened to
+the top of the jetty and hang down toward
+the water. I judge this may be the end of
+the last diagonal of the first observation, and
+conclude, therefore, that we must be about
+200 meters from the small opening of the
+jetty. Dr. Paolucci again goes alone to explore
+the opening. He soon returns with the
+report that we may advance. We are under
+way again by about 12.45. When the opening
+is clearly visible I silence the motor and we
+proceed hand-over-hand.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AVOIDS A SENTRY BOAT</h3>
+
+<p>“About 1 a.m.—We have reached the edge
+of the opening, always sticking close to the
+jetty, which now slopes down to the opening
+and is guarded by a small gun (of about fifty
+millimeters), which is silhouetted against the
+sky as we pass under it at a distance of about
+five meters.</p>
+
+<p>“A strong current coming from the interior
+of the roadstead meets the current flowing
+along the coast and drives us—despite all our
+efforts—out to sea in the direction of the
+northern extremity of the jetty. The motor
+is started into full action and we manage to
+make a wide loop toward the left, returning
+to the small opening.</p>
+
+<p>“Here, too, we find an obstruction formed
+by several sections of floating beams, joined
+with wire ropes. Here and there points project
+above the water. Having satisfied ourselves
+that the obstruction has no submerged
+nets, we decide to climb over it while passing
+our apparatus underneath, and the plan is
+carried out without accident. We follow the
+inner side of this obstruction back to the jetty—easily<span class="pagenum" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</span>
+recognized by the cannon and sentry-post
+which we had already seen from the
+other side. Still creeping along the jetty for
+a few meters, we find ourselves near the bow
+of a tug, moored there, and can hear the hissing
+noise of a jet of steam. A little further
+off, stern toward the jetty, is a large boat
+that guards the port. This is indicated on
+our chart, so we decide to turn toward the
+inner harbor.</p>
+
+<p>“About 2 a.m.—We reach the third obstruction,
+which runs parallel to the jetty,
+without encountering that running from the
+jetty on the right of the guard boat to the
+large opening of the port. The obstruction
+now to be overcome is made up of a row of
+metal cylinders, with tops projecting about
+twenty centimeters above the water, supporting,
+about sixty centimeters below the water
+level, a metal cable to which a net is attached.
+Given the distance between buoys, and the
+depth at which the net begins, it is easy
+to pass this barrier. About ten meters behind
+it is a second, and then a third, all parallel
+and of the same type. These are passed without
+real difficulty, though we have lost time
+between the second and third series. A boat
+was moored not more than thirty meters from
+us, and we had to move with extreme caution
+and very slowly.</p>
+
+<p>“It is easy to know where we are. Ahead
+and to our left, I can recognize Valmaggiore
+and the rocky mass near the curve toward the
+interior of the port. We consult the pocket
+compass, but it is full of water and will not
+work. Once past the third section of this
+obstruction, I steer in an oblique line to the
+right, the direction in which I believe we
+shall find the last series of obstructions—those
+projecting from the north coast and running
+perpendicular to the jetty.</p>
+
+<p>“The first big ships—dark, shadowy forms—are
+barely visible on our right. Going forward,
+we can see three other ships, further in,
+that show lighted cabins and portholes, and
+that have white deck-lights.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NEARING THE SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“About 3 a.m.—We reach and pass, without
+trouble, a triple series of obstructions similar
+to the preceding ones. Sure of our position,
+I steer so as to pass between the north<span class="pagenum" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</span>
+coast and the line of big ships, along which
+we move for about 200 meters, now always
+fighting against the current.</p>
+
+<p>“It is late, and we fear that the air pressure
+of 120 atmospheres will not be sufficient
+to insure our return to the chaser. After consultation,
+we agree to continue as far as the
+flagship, which had been pointed out to us
+as of special importance. After sinking this
+we will endeavor to land on the north coast,
+sink our apparatus and dispose of our waterproof
+suits. Then, in the uniform of Italian
+naval officers, which we wear underneath the
+waterproof, we will try to reach a place called
+Fontaine, near Rovigno, where it has been
+agreed that a motor boat will wait for us
+each night from the 2d to the 7th of November.</p>
+
+<p>“As we move toward the ship I detach a
+small device that had been added at the last
+moment. It is supposed to insure an easy
+mooring for the propelling apparatus, but fails
+to work. To rid ourselves of this incumbrance
+I unsheathe my knife, lose the sheath, and am
+obliged to stick the knife into the wooden
+cover of the apparatus. (I mention this merely
+because it will explain why, later, I was
+so long under the <em>Viribus Unitis</em>.)</p>
+
+<p>“At this time an incident occurs that very
+nearly puts an end to the whole business.
+We find that, with no apparent cause, our apparatus
+is gradually, unmistakably, sinking—especially
+at the stern, where I am. Greatly
+disturbed, I endeavor to counteract this sinking
+by crossing my legs beneath the stern, and
+by accelerating the motor, at the same time
+working to open the little valve that lets air
+into the balance tank at the stern. After a
+hurried examination, I find that the valve for
+flooding the afterpart is open; how it happened
+I cannot imagine. The valve is finally
+closed, and when air is readmitted the apparatus
+returns to its normal condition. Without
+doubt these were the most exciting moments
+of the trip.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_300" style="max-width: 47em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_300.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal F. H. McKaig</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 6th Marines, 83rd Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was acting as battalion runner. The Germans were counter-attacking around Jaulny; but
+Corporal McKaig with truest heroism carried the messages through the most dense enemy artillery
+and machine-gun fire.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“We continue slowly and cautiously until
+4.30 when we find ourselves at the bow of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em>, the last of the six ships that
+are drawn up in line. At about 100 meters
+from the ship’s bow the motor is stopped, and
+I move to the head of our apparatus and
+prepare the first weapon of offense. The time
+for the explosion must be calculated from 4.30
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</span>a.m., and the mine is so regulated that it will
+go off four hours from that time. This,
+however, is changed before finally sinking the
+mine.</p>
+
+<p>“It takes from 4.30 until 4.45 to detach
+the mine from our propelling apparatus.
+Meanwhile the current carries us along parallel
+to the right side of the ship at a distance
+of sixty meters. We have drifted too far
+toward the stern so, by using our arms as in
+swimming, and by putting the propeller very
+gently into action, we succeed in turning our
+apparatus and in getting back toward the bow
+of the ship near the lower boom, at a distance
+of about twenty-five meters from the right
+side. After another slight change of position
+toward the rear, on account of the current,
+I detach the mine, and, swimming, push it before
+me until it touches the hull.</p>
+
+
+<h3>ALL LIGHTED UP</h3>
+
+<p>“The ship is lighted up and shows all the
+movement that is usual during the night.
+Some one speaks on the bridge (also lighted);
+some one is walking the deck. The spot
+toward which I am swimming is between the
+second and third of the 150-millimeter guns—counting
+from the stern—which corresponds
+roughly to the position of the principal motors.
+It is a convenient position for the sure sinking
+of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>“On the weapon of offense is a contrivance
+for fixing the machine to the hull of the ship.
+It is connected by a small rope that must be
+loosened or cut. I set to work, but the knot
+is intricate and my knife is sticking in the
+wooden cover of the apparatus. Consequently,
+as the rope is wet and my hands numb with
+cold, it takes a long time to untie that knot.
+Finally, after about twenty minutes, the knot
+yields. I then attach the device to the hull,
+and also fasten it to a rope that I find secured
+to the ship at this point. During the operation
+(it is about 5.15) I hear the morning bugle—it
+is sounded repeatedly—soon followed by the
+noise of all hands on board awake and moving.
+Ashes are thrown out close to me, and
+more steps sound on the deck. I must hasten
+and complete the work. I change the clockwork
+regulating the explosion from 4 to 2;
+consequently the explosion should take place
+at 6.30. I detach the bandage of linen and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</span>
+cork that has floated the mine, and sink it.
+It is now 5.30.</p>
+
+<p>“I swim away from the ship as quickly as
+possible; the sky is cloudy, but in the east
+are signs of dawn. It is a question whether
+I can succeed in reaching our apparatus or
+whether I must swim ashore and try to make
+my way to the point where they will be waiting
+for us. Happily, on my right I soon see
+Dr. Paolucci and the apparatus about fifty
+meters from the ship, and I soon reach them.</p>
+
+<p>“Again taking command, I send the apparatus
+as rapidly as possible toward the bow of
+the ship, and parallel to it, hoping to get
+away from her and to gain the north coast
+as we had planned. The ship’s crew is now
+awake, and they must have discovered us by
+the excessive natural phosphorescence, which
+was increased by the more rapid movement of
+our apparatus. Suddenly a searchlight is
+operated upon the bridge and the light is
+thrown on us. We remain breathlessly still
+for a few moments, hoping against hope that
+we may not be seen. The light remains stationary
+on us and we move very slowly, for,
+although no shot has been fired, we understand
+that we have been discovered and that a
+boat will now be sent out to us.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Paolucci, at the bow, now prepares
+the second mine, while I open the valves that
+will sink the apparatus. In this way, while
+a motor boat is leaving the ship and approaching,
+we abandon our apparatus which drifts
+slowly forward—sinking—with the mine that
+will destroy it. Our mission is ended.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKEN ON BOARD</h3>
+
+<p>“The motor boat reaches us, paying no attention
+to our apparatus, and they take us on
+board. It is 5.45. We are recognized as
+Italians and they take us to the ladder on the
+port side of the ship. A crowd of sailors receives
+us at the top of the ladder. We feel
+it our duty to shout ‘<i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Viva l’Italia!</i>’ This demonstration,
+contrary to what might be expected,
+is received in a spirit rather more cordial
+than hostile. To our surprise we notice the
+new Jugoslav insignia on the caps. We are
+asked, in Venetian dialect, how we come to be
+here. We answer (as Commander Ciano had
+suggested) that we lighted on the water in
+a hydroplane which we had afterward sunk.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</span>In the meantime they are escorting us aft.
+The friendly reception and the changed nationality
+of the fleet cause us to hesitate a bit;
+we consult and come to a decision, asking to
+speak with the Captain on a very important
+and urgent matter. The Captain is called,
+and it is 6 o’clock when he receives me in his
+cabin. I give him Dr. Paolucci’s knife, which
+I find myself still holding, and inform him
+that his ship is in immediate and very serious
+danger. The Captain inquires the nature of
+the serious danger and asks if other ships are
+in the same peril. I answer that I cannot
+disclose the nature of the danger and that no
+other ship is involved.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_302" style="max-width: 50.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_302.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Stacy A. Lewis</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>1st Division, 2nd Machine-Gun Battalion, Company “A”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On July 22, 1918, near Soissons, with great daring Sergeant Lewis killed an entire machine-gun
+crew and captured their guns. He voluntarily organized a machine-gun crew, with which in the
+hottest shell fire he advanced and gave battle to the enemy.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The Captain picks up his lifebelt and
+leaves the cabin at once, giving loud orders
+in German that all should leave the ship. We
+follow him up on deck, where he repeats the
+order—obeyed, scatteringly, by all. I ask the
+Captain to permit Dr. Paolucci and myself to
+leave the ship. He consents, and we go down
+the ladder at the right and swim off toward
+the ship’s stern with the current, but impeded
+by the great weight of our clothing. Numbers
+of swimming sailors pass us, as well as
+boats loaded with members of the crew.
+Searchlight signals are flashed to the nearest
+ship, <em>Tegethoff</em>, which sends boats to our
+assistance.</p>
+
+<p>“About 6.20 a boat picks us up and takes
+us back to the ladder on the right of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em>, where a large boat is waiting
+for the remainder of the crew. When we
+reach the deck we are received with threats,
+though the men are not especially violent. I
+lose sight of Dr. Paolucci in the crowd. It
+seems that they no longer believe in our warning
+or in the danger. A sailor begins to rip
+up my waterproof suit with his knife; others
+go through my pockets.</p>
+
+<p>“There is a short, smothered thunderclap;
+the ship shivers violently, while a crest of
+foam is thrown up all along her starboard side.
+External damage is very slight, but the ship
+heels over to the right, at first very rapidly,
+then more slowly, but steadily. Most of the
+crowd has left us; a few, however, now
+close in, threatening to shut us up on board.
+The Captain, who stands a few meters off,
+shows no interest in our fate. I appeal to
+him, reminding him that we are prisoners of
+war; that what we have done, as belligerents,
+gives us the right to have our persons respected;
+that the threatened treatment is contrary
+to rules of war. The Captain acknowledges
+the justice of my protest, again gives
+permission for us to leave, and gives orders
+in German for a boat within hailing distance
+on the left of the stern to return and take
+us off the ship. I succeed meanwhile, with
+the help of Dr. Paolucci, in ridding myself
+of my waterproof suit, which had hampered
+me in swimming and which the sailors had
+ripped open.</p>
+
+<p>“Dr. Paolucci and I let ourselves down into
+the water on the port side of the stern. We
+are both pulled into the boat and can watch
+the end of the <em>Viribus Unitis</em>. She is still
+settling on the right. When the water almost
+reaches the deck—although the ship is
+still high out of the water—she suddenly
+heels over with remarkable rapidity. In a
+few seconds nothing is visible save the flat
+bottom of the keel and the four screws—encircled
+by smoke, flames, and fragments of
+shattered wood—while the sea all around is
+lashed up into frothy waves. One sailor in
+our boat gives vent to his grief in a most
+touching manner; all the others appear indifferent.
+If my calculations are correct not ten
+minutes elapsed between the explosion and
+the end.</p>
+
+<p>“I have learned with sincere grief that Captain
+Ianko Vukovic de Podkapelski of the
+<em>Viribus Unitis</em> was wounded by a fragment
+of the sunken ship while swimming to a place
+of safety. He was picked up and carried to
+the hospital in Pola but died a few hours
+afterward. Throughout, he was most chivalrous,
+and treated us with all the consideration
+that one could expect from an honorable
+enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FREED AFTER THE ARMISTICE</h3>
+
+<p>“We were landed on the neighboring shore
+and taken, under escort, on board the <em>Hapsburg</em>.
+There we were despoiled of our clothing
+and given Austrian uniforms. Then we
+were removed to the arsenal, where we arrived
+at 8. From that moment we became
+prisoners of war, but for four days only. On
+the signing of the armistice with Austria, Italian
+naval forces entered Pola—and we were
+free.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="RESCUE_EXTRAORDINARY">RESCUE EXTRAORDINARY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Impossible Done in Saving Fifty Lives from the Flooded and Sunken
+Submarine <em>K-13</em></h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most dramatic episodes of the
+war, one in which the tragedy of suspense
+was exemplified with thrilling intensity,
+had nothing to do with siege or battlefield,
+though it partook of the nature and perils of
+both. It was the salving of the <em>K-13</em>. The
+story was first made public in its completeness,
+two years after the event, by Bennet Copplestone,
+who presented the facts, as he obtained
+them at first hand, in a vivid article contributed
+to the <cite>Cornhill Magazine</cite>.</p>
+
+<p>The story, which could not be released until
+the war ended, is of such absorbing interest
+that it is here reproduced with little abbreviation.
+Mr. Copplestone begins:</p>
+
+<p>“I was in Scotland when this happened that
+I write of, and I took the details in all their
+intimate simplicity from the mouths of the
+chief actors—from the salvors who sweated
+blood that they might be in time to pluck live
+men out of a steel coffin; from those who lay
+below and who, drugged by poisoned air, remained
+throughout indifferent to the issue,
+whether of life or death. It was a queer paradox
+of a fight in which the salvors, not those
+saved, got all the excitement and all the thrills.</p>
+
+<p>“<em>K-13</em> was a fleet submarine of a new type,
+more like a submersible destroyer than an ordinary
+underwater boat. Fairfields of Govan
+built her, and even now it were unwise to be
+too explicit in description. But some few details
+are necessary for an understanding of
+my story. She was over three hundred feet
+long and displaced two thousand tons when
+submerged. Unlike most submarines, which
+are driven on the surface by internal combustion
+engines, <em>K-13</em> was a turbine-engined
+steamer with two funnels fitted with watertight
+covers for closing when she dived. The
+ventilators which fed air to her boiler room
+were also equipped for rapid closing down. A
+bulkhead cut off the boiler and engine rooms
+from the central control room, and another
+bulkhead forward divided the control room
+from the foc’sle. Thus, like Cæsar’s Gaul,
+<em>K-13</em> was divided into three parts. Of her
+armament, which does not concern us here,
+I will observe a discreet silence, though to me
+it was of absorbing interest. But I must say
+something of her upper works. The conning
+tower was large and humped forward, so that
+a man could stand upright under the hump
+yet needed to stoop to reach the hatch, which
+was on the lower unhumped portion. Above
+the conning tower was a chart-house and
+bridge, and, of course, a mast stayed in the
+usual fashion. For a submarine, therefore,
+the <em>K-13</em> had a lot of top hamper, and a
+passage from the conning-tower hatch, when
+the submarine was under water, towards the
+upper air was thickly studded with perils
+from the chart-house roof and the stays of
+the bridge and the mast. Yet two men did
+pass out; one was caught and killed; the
+other’s luck held—he was not killed.</p>
+
+<p>“At noon on Monday, January 29, 1917,
+<em>K-13</em> left her builders’ yard to carry out diving
+trials in the Gareloch. A large party
+was on board. In charge of her was Commander
+Herbert—‘Baralong’ Herbert—and
+with him went Commander Goodheart, who
+had been appointed skipper of another K of
+similar type. Many of Fairfields’s staff were
+there, for <em>K-13</em> had not yet been taken over
+by the Admiralty. There were Percy Hillhouse,
+the yard’s Naval Architect, Bullen, the
+draughtsman in charge of submarine construction—a
+man who knew every nut and bolt that
+went to her—Searle, the Admiralty overseer,
+and McLean, the yard manager of the K submarines.
+It was no complement of amateurs
+which manned the <em>K-13</em> upon her fatal trip.
+While steaming down the Clyde she grounded
+slightly at Whiteinch, but suffered no hurt.
+No harm was done, and <em>K-13</em> went on to the
+Gareloch, and there passed successfully
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</span>through her trials. She was accepted for the
+Royal Navy by the Admiralty officials.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_304fp" style="max-width: 48em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_304fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Master Signal Electrician E. J. Moore</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>89th Division, 314th Field Signal Battalion, Company C</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">On November 5th Moore aided in extending and maintaining a line of communication to
+the assaulting battalion of the 355th Infantry between Beauclair and Lauencille. On the
+night of November 10th he rendered invaluable aid to the 356th Infantry in Pouilly, extending
+a telephone line to them, and thence to La Pignepp Farm.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>“ONE MORE DIVE”—THEN SUNK</h3>
+
+<p>“Then it was that the unexpected happened,
+as it always does at sea. Herbert decided to
+take one more dive—perhaps just for luck,
+perhaps to satisfy himself upon some nicety
+of trim. He gave the order to close down and
+dive and the <em>K-13</em> dived. Though the order
+had been given to close down, and the reply
+received that the order had been carried out,
+the ventilators had been left open. Instantly
+the water poured into the engine and boiler
+rooms, drowning those within, and <em>K-13</em> sank
+by the stern. The water flowing towards the
+control room bulkhead compressed the air in
+the room and indicated immediately what had
+happened to the alert senses of Commander
+Herbert. ‘Our ears began to sing’ say those
+who were within the belly of the ship.</p>
+
+<p>“All this occupied a space of time measured
+in seconds. In a few more seconds Herbert
+had all compartments closed tight and the
+forward tanks blown. The hydroplanes, too,
+were set to rise, but the resources of seamanship
+could not overcome the loss of buoyancy.
+Overweighted by her flooded boiler and engine
+rooms <em>K-13</em> sank to the bottom, grounding
+upright on the mud in twelve fathoms of
+water. No blowing of ballast tanks could
+bring her up, for the calculations of her builders
+showed that with all tanks empty she
+would still be too heavy by four hundred tons
+to float. There is very little reserve of buoyancy
+about even the biggest of submarines.</p>
+
+<p>“While Herbert in <em>K-13</em> had been struggling
+to rise, his efforts were detected and
+understood by skilled seamen above. An E
+submarine had been attending the trials, and
+her officers saw at once from the surging mass
+of air-bubbles that Herbert was blowing his
+tanks and was in grave difficulties. Submarines
+dive when trimmed to float awash, and
+descend or ascend by delicate movements of
+the horizontal rudders (hydroplanes). In
+this trim when diving they are lighter than the
+water displaced, and do not need to blow tanks
+in order to rise. Much time was saved by the
+presence of the E-boat, for, when <em>K-13</em> did
+not rise, and quite evidently could not rise, she
+dashed off at once to gather assistance. Had
+Herbert and Goodheart down below known
+how quickly help was being summoned above
+they might not have made that fatal though
+most gallant effort to pass out through the
+conning-tower hatch.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HURRYING TO THE RESCUE</h3>
+
+<p>“It was at 3.30 in the afternoon that <em>K-13</em>
+came to rest upon the bottom of the Gareloch,
+and the short winter’s day in the North was
+drawing towards sunset. As soon as the commander
+of the E-boat had marked the spot
+where <em>K-13</em> lay, he pressed at full speed for
+Greenock, flashing as he went aerial signals
+to the Senior Naval Officer in Glasgow. A
+salvage steamer, which was lying at Greenock,
+went off at once and picked up two hoppers
+and two tugs as consorts. Telegrams were
+dispatched to Fairfields and to Glasgow, and
+the news spread quickly through those circles
+whose business it is to be well informed. Not
+a moment was lost by those upon whose shoulders
+rested the responsibility of the salvage
+operations. By the early hours of Tuesday,
+long before daylight, a fleet of seven vessels
+had collected at the spot below which, seventy
+feet down, <em>K-13</em> rested motionless in the mud.
+There were the Greenock salvage steamer,
+the two tugs, the two hoppers, and two E-boats.
+With them, in charge of everything
+and responsible for everything, was the
+S. N. O., Captain (now Rear-Admiral) Brian
+Barttelot, and with him was his naval assistant,
+Captain Corbett.</p>
+
+<p>“The problem before the salvors bristled
+with novel difficulties. In peace and war we
+had lost many submarines, but never had a
+live man been taken out of one which had
+sunk. Barttelot was limited by what was mechanically
+possible. He had not—as I confess
+now that I had when composing ‘The
+Last of the Grenvillas’—the guiding light of
+a precedent. First he had to get into continuous
+communication with the survivors of <em>K-13’s</em>
+company, for without their coöperation
+he was helpless to aid them. Then he had to
+devise a rapid and effective means to supply
+them with air and food for a period which
+might stretch into days. And, lastly, he had
+to get them out. That was the worst of his
+problems—how to get them out. For remember
+<em>K-13</em> was a great bulky double-skinned<span class="pagenum" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</span>
+lump of a vessel of two thousand solid tons
+and of more than three hundred feet in
+length. She was not the kind of craft which
+could easily be raised.</p>
+
+<p>“But although Barttelot’s difficulties were
+great his advantages were greater. He had
+nothing to fear from bad weather—the Gareloch
+is narrow and well sheltered. He had
+within reach the incalculable resources of the
+biggest shipbuilding center in the world. And
+there in Glasgow he had, too, just round the
+corner, the builders of <em>K-13</em>, who knew the
+work of their own hands as a man knows the
+picture which he has painted or the book which
+he has written. There was yet another advantage,
+and one which was not small. There
+inside <em>K-13</em>, if they could be got at, were
+four of Fairfields’s experts who would supply
+that intimate technical knowledge of the craft
+which the salvors themselves could not possess.
+Once communication had been established,
+Fairfields in Glasgow and Fairfields
+in <em>K-13</em> would be linked to the chain of salvage,
+and would lift success from the barely
+possible up to the almost probable.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TUBES FOR AIR AND FOOD</h3>
+
+<p>“Meanwhile Fairfields in Glasgow were
+hard at work. A special staff of draughtsmen
+and mechanics were put on to the construction
+of two flexible tubes, one designed for the passage
+of air and food, and the other for bringing
+up the men one by one, if no other and
+better means was found to be possible. The
+first tube, in comparison with the second, was
+easy of construction. It was seven inches in
+diameter and fitted with a screw union to
+connect with the circular ammunition hoist
+beside one of the deck guns of <em>K-13</em>. The
+other, built of steel sections, was designed to
+fit tightly over the torpedo hatch by means
+of a connecting frame. The first was the more
+immediately urgent, for until it was completed
+and fixed in place the survivors in the
+sunken submarine must remain coffined. Both
+were put in hand long before communication
+had been established between the salvors and
+<em>K-13</em>, and here one sees how completely the
+lives of all the imprisoned men depended upon
+Fairfields’s exact knowledge. Both tubes
+would have been useless unless their dimensions
+had been precisely correct. There was
+no need to press Fairfields’s workmen not to
+waste a moment; by night as well as by day
+they threw into their pious task every ounce
+of energy and every refinement of skill which
+they possessed. To lay hand to the work was
+an honor for which all eagerly competed.
+Though both tubes were completed in an astonishingly
+short time, and the first proved to
+be invaluable, the efficiency of the second—the
+man-saver—was not tested. Other means
+were successfully employed to get the men
+out. But this does not detract in any way
+from the merits of its design and of its rapid
+accomplishment. Battles may be won without
+calling upon the reserves, but he would
+be a very poor general who had not the reserves
+ready, if need be, at his call.</p>
+
+<p>“For the time being the salvage party could
+do little except to send divers down and to
+open up communications with the men whom
+they had come to save. Until the first tube,
+which I have just described, was ready to
+their hands, they could take few active measures.
+The vessels and plant at Barttelot’s disposal
+were quite incapable of raising the great
+hull which lay below them, and the famous
+Ranger, for which he had telegraphed to Liverpool,
+could not arrive till the following day.
+The Ranger, owned by the Liverpool Salvage
+Association, had been requisitioned by the Admiralty
+early in the war, and had proved as
+powerfully effective in war as she had been in
+peace. She is worthy of her name, for under
+Captain Young—the most accomplished of living
+salvage officers—she has ranged over the
+world, picking up wrecks a dozen times her
+size with an ease which looks almost miraculous.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A JOB THAT CALLED FOR FINESSE</h3>
+
+<p>“I have seen her at work. She is a little
+old composite steamer built of iron and teak—incredibly
+old, fifty years at least; she knocks
+about among wreckage as indifferent to hard
+blows as was Nansen’s Fram; and she brings
+to her never-ending jobs gear and brains which
+make their incredible accomplishment seem
+easy. <em>K-13</em>, emptied of men, would soon have
+been lightened and raised by the Ranger’s
+tremendous steam pumps—she will lift a
+dreadnought if it be not damaged beyond
+possibility of patching up by her divers—but
+<em>K-13</em>, with fifty living men inside, called for
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</span>finesse rather than power. It was the men,
+not the ship, that Barttelot and Young were
+out to save.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_307" style="max-width: 51.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_307.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Photo by Paul Thompson.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The Result of a Depth-Charge Explosion</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The depth charge was the most efficacious means in dealing with the submarine. The charges
+varied from one to over six hundred pounds of TNT—trinitrotoluol.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“And while in the cold pale light of that
+Tuesday morning in the North the salvors
+sent down divers to call in friendly Morse
+upon their comrades below, and to cheer them
+with the assurance of rescue, the unexpected
+happened again, as it always does at sea. Suddenly
+before the astonished eyes of the salvage
+party up shot a column of foam and bubbles,
+and in the center of an artificial whirlpool
+gyrated stern upwards a human body. And a
+very live body it proved to be when up-ended
+and pulled clear of the water. Involuntarily,
+without the smallest intention of quitting,
+Commander Herbert had been boosted by the
+ill-mannered high-pressure air out of his own
+ship, and flung, a bedraggled, gasping figure,
+in shirt and trousers, almost into the arms of
+his would be rescuers. How he came out I
+will now tell, and in doing so will return to
+3.30 p.m. on the Monday when <em>K-13</em> settled
+down in the mud of the Gareloch.</p>
+
+
+<h3>INSIDE THE SUNKEN SHIP</h3>
+
+<p>“She lay upon an even keel in seventy feet
+of water. In her flooded after-compartment,
+shut off from the control room by a strong
+closed bulkhead, were twenty-eight dead bodies,
+including that of Engineer Lieutenant
+Lane. The engine room and boiler room staffs—twenty-three
+men of the navy and five of
+Fairfields—had all been instantly drowned
+when the submarine dived with her ventilators
+open. The fore bulkhead had also been
+closed, and in the control room were gathered
+the fifty-one survivors of the disaster. The
+air pressure in the compartment, raised by the
+inflow of water to about two atmospheres,
+dulled the sense of all and induced an apathy
+which increased into hopeless fatalism as the
+slow hours passed. Among the men there was
+little talking. One heard at first an almost
+careless comment, ‘Rotten way to die. We
+would sooner go under fighting Germans.’
+That was all; no complaints and no trace of
+panic. No one expected to be saved, and no
+one cared very much. With Herbert and
+Goodheart, his guest, it was, of course, different.
+Upon them and on Fairfields’s officials
+rested a nerve-racking responsibility.</p>
+
+<p>“At first there appeared to be little danger
+that the survivors would lack for air. The
+high-pressure bottles were far from empty,
+and the bodies and minds of those within
+<em>K-13</em> were suffering from too much air, not
+from too little. Food they could do without
+for a long while, for no one wanted to eat,
+and even after supplies came from above few
+ate. The men were not hungry, but thirst
+devoured them, a thirst little appeased by
+copious draughts of water.</p>
+
+
+<h3>DANGER OF POISONOUS GASES</h3>
+
+<p>“The real dangers lay unseen below and
+around. Behind the after-bulkhead stood a
+wall of water at a pressure of thirty-one
+pounds to the square inch, against which the
+strength of the steel, supported by the air
+pressure in the control room, was a sufficient
+barrier. But though the bulkhead might
+have been in little danger of collapse, it could
+not prevent water from leaking through.
+Those leaks were the deadly peril. If the
+oozing salt water had reached the fully
+charged electric batteries of the vessel poisonous
+chlorine gas would have been given off
+and the control room turned into a mortuary.
+The batteries never were reached, but the risk,
+even the probability that they would be, was
+always present to the subconscious minds of
+officers and men. Perhaps it was this, as much
+as the air pressure, which caused that disbelief
+in rescue which remained with them up to the
+moment of actual safety.</p>
+
+<p>“But though the salt water did not turn the
+batteries into ministers of death, it did its best
+to suffocate the unhappy men who crowded
+<em>K-13’s</em> control room. It reached and short-circuited
+the switch, causing some of the cables
+to fuse. Fumes of stinking smoke from the
+burning insulation befouled the air, and the
+fire was put out with the greatest difficulty.
+The switch could not be touched and the current
+cut off, so no method of extinction remained
+except to beat out the fire with lumps
+of wood wrapped in cloth. In this way it was
+extinguished but the stink remained.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THROUGH THE CONNING-TOWER HATCH—A
+DARING IDEA</h3>
+
+<p>“It was on Tuesday morning that Goodheart
+obtained permission from Herbert to go<span class="pagenum" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</span>
+out through the conning-tower hatch and to
+carry news of the disaster to the world outside.
+No one in the sunken vessel knew anything
+of the work of salvage which had begun
+within a few minutes of the <em>K-13’s</em> fatal last
+dive. To the officers and men of <em>K-13</em> it
+seemed that they were isolated and already
+dead to the human family. The risks of the
+issue from the conning tower were beyond
+experience, but the attempt at any rate was
+accepted by the gallant Goodheart as a sacred
+duty. If he could get out alive, then the survivors
+of <em>K-13</em> would no longer be dead to
+the world and might conceivably be saved.
+If he were killed, well, he would be killed
+in the way of business. While it was Herbert’s
+plain duty to stick to his ship, it was
+equally Goodheart’s duty to clear out and to
+be jolly quick about it. So he argued, and
+Herbert, a man of the same fine quality, accepted
+his arguments as palpably sound. Nothing
+remained except to devise means and methods
+of exit.</p>
+
+<p>“It was decided to go forth by way of the
+conning-tower hatch and to use high-pressure
+air from the bottles to speed the passage. I
+have explained how one part of the conning
+tower was humped. The general idea was for
+Goodheart and Herbert to climb up into the
+conning tower and to take station together
+under this hump, where they had head room
+to stand upright. They would then close the
+lower hatch which gave upon the control room
+and have nothing between them and the upper
+outside water except a bolted sheet of steel.
+The density of the air cooped up with them
+would be roughly two atmospheres (twenty-eight
+pounds to the square inch) and the
+water pressure outside about thirty-one pounds.
+If, then, the sea-cocks were opened the water
+would flow in not too furiously and would
+fill the lower part of the tower, but would
+be prevented by the imprisoned air from rising
+very high in the hump. There the men
+could stand in extreme discomfort, no doubt,
+and under severe pressure, but, nevertheless,
+alive and active. Then those inside would
+turn on high-pressure air in large quantities
+so as to expel the water and to give Goodheart
+a handsome lift from behind when he sought
+to be gone through the upper hatch. Herbert
+went with Goodheart to help him and to wish
+him Godspeed in his passing, but with no intention
+of following in his path. His place
+was with his men. It was a path both tortuous
+and full of unknown dangers. Above
+the conning tower was a chart-house, of which
+the roof opposed a formidable obstacle to a
+vertical ascent. There was a large manhole
+in this roof, but, unluckily for Goodheart’s
+bold scheme, it was not cut directly above
+the hatch. This inclination of the passage out
+caused Goodheart’s death.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“DIED A MOST GALLANT OFFICER”</h3>
+
+<p>“The two officers made their way to the
+conning tower, secured the lower hatch, then
+through the opened sea-cocks in rushed the water,
+but standing in security under the hump
+the heads and shoulders of the men remained
+uncovered. A moment later, according to
+plan, the high-pressure air from below was
+driven in and the bolts of the upper hatch
+withdrawn. ‘Good-bye, sir,’ said Goodheart;
+I’ll try now,’ and stooping under the open
+hatch he was carried forth. Those were his
+last words, for, missing the aperture above,
+he was caught under the roof of the chart-house
+and drowned.</p>
+
+<p>“There died a most gallant young officer, to
+whose memory, months afterwards, a posthumous
+award was made of the Albert Medal in
+gold. The powerful air, forced in by the
+pressure from the bottles, continued to surge
+into the conning tower, driving the water before
+it and tearing the helpless Herbert from
+his retreat under the hump. He was whirled
+out in the center of a column of air and
+water, carried safely through the manhole in
+the roof of the chart-house and clear of the
+mast stays, and delivered at the surface like
+a scrap of wreckage. He went up with both
+hands before his face, and declares, according
+to my authorities, that he breathed all through
+his ascent. He was picked up immediately
+and insisted upon giving all possible information
+and guidance to the salvors before accepting
+any of their kind offices for himself.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MORSE CODE CONVERSATIONS</h3>
+
+<p>“We have reached noon on Tuesday and
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> have been entombed
+for more than twenty hours. No word had
+yet come to them from outside of the efforts
+which were actively in progress for their rescue.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</span>But they were not destined to remain
+much longer in ignorance. Even while Herbert
+and Goodheart were making that effort
+at communication, which had been so grievously
+costly, the leaden soles of a diver were
+planted on the submarine’s deck. At first
+attempts were made to flash signals through
+the periscope, but the surer and simpler
+method of tapping Morse dots and dashes
+on the steel plating was quickly substituted.
+Between the inner and outer skins of <em>K-13</em>
+were interposed five feet of water, admitted
+through flap valves in order to distribute the
+pressure when she penetrated the depths of the
+sea. Linked together by stays and trusses,
+these two skins formed an encircling girder
+of immense strength. Water is an excellent
+conductor of sound, and the Morse taps of
+the divers without could have been readily
+heard and interpreted by those within had
+their senses not been dulled by the thick bad
+atmosphere. Conduction was indeed so good
+that the replies of <em>K-13</em>, struck on the frames
+of the ship, were picked up and read without
+difficulty by the salvors on the surface of the
+loch. It happened, therefore, that though
+outside talked to inside and replies were received,
+it was by no means easy to get inside,
+to grasp and to carry out precisely what outside
+wanted done. And it was found to be
+particularly difficult to secure the exact and
+essential coöperation of those within <em>K-13</em>
+when that flexible tube arrived which had
+been designed by Fairfields to be screwed into
+an ammunition hoist upon the deck.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_310" style="max-width: 48.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_310.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant Clarence W. Dawson</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>168th Infantry, Company “B”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Near Badonville, on March 5, 1918, a small group of combatants had survived a bombardment
+on their front line. They were wounded and entirely surrounded. Sergeant Dawson was the
+Corporal of the group, and when the Germans attempted to mop them up, he bravely resisted
+them and succeeded in repelling their attempts to raid the position until assistance came to them.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>“THE LIMITS OF HUMAN ENDURANCE”</h3>
+
+<p>“This was in the early hours of Wednesday
+morning, and by that time the unhappy
+men imprisoned within the submarine were
+approaching the limits of human endurance.
+Though no chlorine gas actually had been
+given off by the electric batteries, the air in
+the control room was so foul as to be almost
+unbreathable. Fresh air from the bottles,
+without means to expel the poisonous atmosphere
+of the ship, would only have increased
+a density which was already unbearable.
+Many in drugged sleep forgot their troubles,
+and even those few upon whose alertness
+hung the lives of all, had become drowsy and
+sluggish. Vitality was ebbing; the love of
+life, and with it the expectation of rescue,
+had passed from all. The company of <em>K-13</em>
+may be divided during this period of imprisonment
+into sleepers and somnambulists, and it
+was only because trained minds retained some
+small part of their habitual control over exhausted
+bodies that the somnambulists were
+able to understand and to coöperate sufficiently
+with the salvors to bring this story to its
+happy conclusion.</p>
+
+<p>“The long flexible tube, seven inches in
+diameter, which was to open up a clear passage
+between <em>K-13</em> and the upper air, arrived
+at 4. a.m. on Wednesday morning, but it was
+not until four hours later that it was in place
+and in effective operation. To the eager salvers
+the delays were exasperating; there were
+many more delays, even more exasperating, to
+be suffered, before their job was finished.
+They had to explain to the enfeebled folk
+within precisely where the tube was to be
+fixed up and how they were themselves to
+complete the open passage. The tube was
+designed to screw, by means of an adaptor,
+into an ammunition hoist, and, when this was
+done, it needed but the removal of the retaining
+plate inside to put the device to immediate
+use.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FRESH AIR AT LAST!</h3>
+
+<p>“When the salvors had done their part it
+was for the prisoners to do the rest—to remove
+the inner plate as quickly as they pleased.
+But when it came to explaining this not very
+complicated operation by tapping out messages
+in Morse on the deck it was by no
+means easy to get <em>K-13’s</em> survivors to take
+it in. By patient repetition that was done at
+last, and then the divers busied themselves
+with fixing up the tube. They had to measure
+the screw threads, so that the adaptor
+might be made to fit accurately and to prepare
+a packing of tow soaked in tallow to exclude
+the water. A salvage steamer is a traveling
+workshop and divers are skilled mechanics, so
+that this part of the job, though it might consume
+time, presented no difficulties. By eight
+o’clock on the Wednesday morning the tube
+had been screwed firmly into place, the inner
+plate of the hoist had been removed, and the
+men, who had for forty and a half hours lain
+buried in a steel coffin, were at length enabled<span class="pagenum" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</span>
+to draw into their impoverished lungs
+air which was free from pollution. It was
+scarcely the fresh air of heaven, for it came
+out of an E-boat’s bottles, but though tinned it
+was a draught of infinite refreshment. The
+pumps of <em>K-13</em> were at once set working and
+the two days’ accumulations of foul smells
+and gases were thankfully expelled. A pipe
+run down the now open tube brought blasts
+of high-pressure air which were allowed to
+expand and to blow away all festering impurities;
+this pipe also brought replenishment to
+<em>K-13’s</em> bottles. With the power of her
+charged batteries and her refilled air-bottles,
+she was now ready to play her part in the
+work of salvage.</p>
+
+<p>“The salvors had got through in time to
+save, but the margin was small. At 6 a.m.,
+two hours before the tube was opened into
+the sunken submarine, the water leaking
+through the after-bulkhead had short-circuited
+the lighting cables, and <em>K-13</em> was utter
+darkness. To the men imprisoned it must
+have seemed the darkness of the tomb. Even
+the strongest among them could not have
+borne up very much longer. They were so
+little capable of excitement that not a man
+cheered when the air-tube was opened.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LEAKS IN THE BULKHEAD</h3>
+
+<p>For the salvors the worst had passed, but
+for the prisoners the worst had yet to come.
+Fourteen more hours of suffering had to be
+endured before the rescue was completed,
+and they were hours more full of perils than
+those which had passed. The devils of the
+sea were not willing to yield their prey to
+the efforts of man. One of these perils was
+the old haunting threat of chlorine gas intensified.
+Of the others I will tell in their
+place. When the control room was opened
+up to the outer air by the tube which had
+been fitted the pressure within fell to the normal.
+It had been raised when the submarine
+sank by the intrusion of hundreds of tons of
+water into the enclosed space of the hull. But
+the pressure in the flooded compartments and
+upon the bulkhead, which alone stood between
+the survivors and death by drowning, remained
+at thirty-one pounds to the square inch. The
+leaks in this bulkhead at once increased and
+the water gushed through in greater volume.
+It looked as if the means which had saved the
+men from a slow death from suffocation would
+hand them over to a quick death from poison
+gas.</p>
+
+<p>“If the salt water had reached the powerful
+batteries it must have been decomposed into its
+constituents and given off gas in deadly volumes.
+The expedient was adopted of pumping
+the incoming water into the bilge, but this
+could not continue indefinitely. Time was
+now an even more urgent factor in the rescue
+than it had been during the previous two
+days. This was fully understood by the salvors,
+who furiously yet with orderly precision
+redoubled their efforts. It was decided not to
+attempt the removal of the men one by one
+through Fairfields’s big steel tube which had
+been made to fit over the torpedo hatch. The
+method was too uncertain and, even if feasible,
+too slow. Instead of risking all upon this
+doubtful means of egress, Barttelot determined
+to throw all the energies of his plant and staff
+into raising the bows of <em>K-13</em> above the water
+and cutting a hole through her double skin.
+The <em>Ranger</em> was on the way and would soon
+arrive; what he could not do without her
+would become comparatively easy with her
+powerful assistance.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TILTING UP THE BOW</h3>
+
+<p>“In the afternoon she came, and Barttelot,
+though he remained responsible, gladly handed
+over the entire direction of the critical operations
+to Captain Young. They could not have
+passed into better hands. No experience in
+salvage in any part of the world counts beside
+that of Young and his <em>Ranger</em>. Sunset
+was approaching, and night would soon overshadow
+the Gareloch. But this mattered little.
+The <em>Ranger</em>, accustomed to work at all
+hours of the night and day, was equipped with
+arc lights which could shatter any darkness.
+It was easy now to communicate with <em>K-13</em>
+through the tube and to make clear how she
+was to help herself. She was over three hundred
+feet long—three hundred and forty feet,
+to be precise—and did not need to be tilted
+very steeply to bring her nose and upper
+bow plates clear of the surface. But to be
+got up into a working position she must be
+lightened forward. This was done by blowing
+all the forward oil tanks. The heavily loaded
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</span>stern held tight in the Gareloch mud, but the
+bows were free and, as the tanks were blown,
+they lifted rapidly. They heaved up through
+ten degrees, and the salvors who were watching
+for the movement instantly whipped steel
+hawsers under the fore-part of the submarine
+and secured the ends to bollards on tugs
+alongside. <em>K-13</em> was up, but would she remain
+up? It seemed most unlikely, and remained
+most unlikely until the end.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_313" style="max-width: 47.125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_313.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain Maurice W. Howe</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>42nd Division, 167th Infantry</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In the early hours of September 22, 1918, Captain Howe with his company successfully raided the
+village of Haumont; causing decimating losses among the enemy and taking seventeen prisoners.
+Then alone he went to Haumont a second time to make sure that none of his men were left
+there wounded.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The hawsers—six-inch—were too light for
+the job, but none stronger were at hand. No
+sooner were the bows of <em>K-13</em> up and secured
+than her stern began to slip backwards into
+the mud. Before she brought up against hard
+ground she had gone back thirty feet. More
+hawsers were whipped under her and held,
+but there was no security that they would continue
+to hold. There was no security for
+anything. It was a fight for life against the
+ruthless chances and devilries of the sea.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CUTTING A HOLE IN THE SIDE</h3>
+
+<p>“The supreme risk had to be taken of cutting
+a big hole through the outer and inner
+skins. If when it was cut the hawsers parted,
+or <em>K-13</em> by burying her stern still more deeply
+escaped from their embrace, all would be over.
+The men remaining in the vessel, forty-nine
+of them, would follow into the shades their
+dead messmates whose bodies lay in the boiler
+and engine rooms. But whatever the risk the
+hole had to be cut, and that quickly.</p>
+
+<p>“Inside the submarine, hope, which may
+have flickered a little when the air-tube was
+first opened, had given place to the old dull
+apathy. Food and drink had been passed
+down the tube, but appetite for them had vanished.
+They struggled mechanically, as
+trained British seamen always will so long as
+life is in them; they struggled mechanically
+like automata against the incoming water.
+It was difficult to move about upon the most
+urgent duties. The wet and slippery floor of
+the control room lay now on a long upward
+slant upon which the half-dazed seamen
+stumbled and fell. There was no lack of
+courage; no one grumbled or lamented; but
+frail human bodies have their limits of endurance,
+and those limits had been reached.</p>
+
+<p>“Yet the men worked on and did their utmost
+to carry out the directions of those who
+led them. The place where the hole was
+about to be cut lay far towards the bows, and
+to reach it from within the fore bulkhead
+must be opened. But when it was sought to
+unclose the bulkhead which divided the control
+room from the foc’sle, it was found that
+the door had jammed and would not slide
+back. For hours this miserable shut door
+stood between these men and freedom.
+Somehow at last it was got open, but no one
+has clearly told me how. It was not until
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> had for a long time
+been above water that they became voluble—and
+untrustworthy. At the moment of rescue,
+or shortly afterwards, they remembered as
+little as one on awakening in the morning remembers
+the details of a dream. Yet they
+remembered that door, how it stood there obdurate
+for hours and at last yielded. Though
+how it had stuck or why it yielded they could
+not say.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“A DEVIL OF A LOT OF WATER”</h3>
+
+<p>“Meanwhile the hole in the bows was being
+cut, and the cutting of this holes supplies
+me with one pleasing bit of comedy with
+which to round off this rather grim story.
+Any acetylene plant makes butter of steel
+plates, and it was very rapid work to draw
+the spouting white flame, fed from the <em>Ranger’s</em>
+plant, round a rough circle marked out
+on <em>K-13’s</em> bows. The outer skin was quickly
+cut through. Within lay water filling up the
+space honeycombed with cross ties between the
+inner and outer skins. Before the inner hole
+could be cut, this water must be pumped out.
+The place selected for the hole could not be
+reached by the steam salvage pumps, so the
+men working upon the submarine’s hull were
+compelled to fit gear for pumping the water
+out by hand. They knew that it was no more
+than five feet deep, so they bent their backs to
+it cheerfully. But they were less cheerful
+when they found that their efforts produced
+no appreciable result. ‘There must be a devil
+of a lot of water between these skins,’ said
+they, and bent to the task once more. Shift
+followed shift, and the pumping went on. It
+was a tiresome, backwearying business, but
+precious lives were at stake, and they would
+get that water down and the inner hole cut
+if they died of disgust in the doing of it. But<span class="pagenum" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</span>
+the water showed no sign of going down.
+How long this pumping went on I cannot say
+with precision. Admittedly it was hours,
+probably as many hours as it took to pry open
+that obtrusive bulkhead door, for some of
+the survivors of <em>K-13</em> had got through their
+job and arrived under the pumpers’ feet while
+they were still pumping.</p>
+
+<p>“It then occurred to the slaves of the hand-pump
+to seek after enlightenment from those
+whom they were pumping to save. ‘How long
+is it going to take,’ asked they, ‘to get rid of
+this damned water between the skins?’ They
+were asked by one of Fairfields’s experts how
+long they had been pumping. The reply was
+‘Hours.’ ‘Have you closed the flap valves?’
+dryly asked the man of Fairfields. They
+hadn’t; the water was coming in just as fast
+as they pumped it out; they had been trying
+with hand-gear to pump out the ocean!</p>
+
+
+<h3>SAVED AFTER 54½ HOURS</h3>
+
+<p>“After this little discovery progress became
+rapid. The valves, which admitted water
+between the skins, were closed and it did
+not take long then to get through. A hole
+was cut by acetylene flame in the inner skin
+and the way out was opened at last. It was
+ten o’clock on Wednesday evening, January
+31, fifty-four and a half hours after <em>K-13</em> had
+sunk, that her forty-nine survivors emerged
+into the blazing arc lights which shone from
+the <em>Ranger’s</em> masts. They could not speak;
+many of them could scarcely walk. One by
+one they were helped by kindly hands along
+a gangway to a tug and thence to the shore.
+They stumbled ashore, unconscious of the
+cheers which greeted them, gazing without
+recognition upon the friends who welcomed
+them. And so to Shandon, where they were
+put straight into hot baths and lifted thence
+into bed. For they were dumb and perished
+with cold. It is always cold in a deep-diving
+submarine even in high summer; in the bowels
+of <em>K-13</em>, lying seventy feet deep in the
+Northern mid-winter, the cold, though little
+noticed at the time, had been paralyzing.
+Forty hours of bad and poisonous air, fifty-four
+hours of bitter cold, had brought the
+bright flame of these men’s life down to a
+poor flicker. But recovery was rapid, and
+not one of the survivors disappointed by dying
+those who had saved him.</p>
+
+<p>“Twenty hours after the last man had been
+plucked out of <em>K-13</em> the hawsers which held
+her up parted, and she sank to the bottom of
+the Gareloch.</p>
+
+<p>“The world did not ring with news of
+the story which I have told, for the censor
+forbade. But His Majesty, who was a sailor
+before he was a King and remains first and
+always a sailor, sent to Barttelot a telegram
+of which the purport, rendered in the language
+of the naval signal book, ran ‘Maneuver Well
+Executed.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="I_HAVE_A_RENDEZVOUS_WITH_DEATH">I HAVE A RENDEZVOUS WITH DEATH</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Alan Seeger</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At some disputed barricade,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes back with rustling shade</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And apple-blossoms fill the air—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring brings back blue days and fair.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">It may be he shall take my hand</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And lead me into his dark land</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And close my eyes and quench my breath—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It may be I shall pass him still.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I have a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">On some scarred slope of battered hill,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring comes round again this year</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And the first meadow-flowers appear.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent4">God knows ’twere better to be deep</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pillowed in silk and scented down,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where Love throbs out in blissful sleep</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Pulse nigh to pulse, and breath to breath,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where hushed awakenings are dear....</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But I’ve a rendezvous with Death</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">At midnight in some flaming town,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">When Spring trips north again this year,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And I to my pledged word am true,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">I shall not fail that rendezvous.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">From <cite>Poems</cite>. Copyrighted 1916 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. By permission of the Publishers.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_316" style="max-width: 42.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_316.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">A Poster Used for the Marine Recruiting Campaign</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="TRICKING_THE_TURK">TRICKING THE TURK</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Lieutenant-Commander Holbrook’s Perilous Adventure to Surprise and
+Blow Up a Warship at the Dardanelles</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> hardly need surprise any one that each of
+a multiplicity of deeds and feats of daring
+and heroic adventure should, by different writers,
+correspondents, or official observers, be
+described as the most notable, the most brilliant,
+or the most courageous undertaking or
+achievement of the war. The simple fact is
+that the unparalleled war called for the souls
+and spirit and mental qualities of men as never
+did war before, and so many things were done
+that amounted to triumphs over the impossible,
+each one of which taken by itself seemed to
+overtop all others, that it would require a
+concourse of Solomons to determine which was
+the supreme excellence. They were all striking
+enough to command the superlatives of
+description. And some of these great accomplishments
+need but a few lines for their recital.
+It is not the volume of words that determines
+the value.</p>
+
+<p>One of these briefly recorded deeds was
+that of Lieutenant-Commander Norman D.
+Holbrook, of the British submarine <em>B-11</em>,
+which “all his brother officers concur in regarding
+as one of the finest individual feats
+performed during the war.”</p>
+
+<p>In the Dardanelles the old Turkish battleship
+<em>Messudiyeh</em> lay in guard of the mine
+fields, and, acting on his own initiative, Lieutenant-Commander
+Holbrook set out to sink
+the old ship by torpedoing her at her anchorage
+where she idled under the protecting guns
+of the land forts. It was, from the viewpoint
+of the conservative minded, a mad enterprise.
+Even under the most favorable conditions the
+underwater navigation of the Dardanelles is
+most perilous, beset with forbidding difficulties,
+so swift are the currents that never cease
+racing through the straits, producing swift
+whirlpools and strong eddies as they strike
+projections. But when to these natural obstructions
+and dangers are added five distinct
+rows of mines it would seem that running the
+Dardanelles in a submarine would prove a
+feat quite impossible of accomplishment. That
+is what many said dissuasively; but Lieutenant
+Holbrook is apparently one of those who hold
+the opinion that nothing conceivable is impossible.
+He set out with Lieutenant Sydney
+Thornton Winn, his second in command, and
+his regular crew. Cautiously, slowly the <em>B-11</em>
+stole along toward its objective, fairly crawling
+to avoid the rows of mines and beat the
+swirling currents. Arrived clear of the mines,
+but uncertain of the exact location of the
+<em>Messudiyeh</em>, Lieutenant Holbrook deliberately
+came to the surface in the bay, took an
+informing survey, submerged again and a little
+while later rose in perfect position for a shot
+and sent a torpedo crashing into the side of
+the astonished old warship that immediately
+proceeded about the business of sinking to the
+bottom of the sea.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A COMPASSLESS RETURN</h3>
+
+<p>But the shot that settled the <em>Messudiyeh</em>
+aroused the forts and started the torpedo
+boats, and the <em>B-11</em> became the target of the
+guns. She promptly sought refuge by a dive
+and had to lie submerged for several hours to
+elude her hunters. The object of the hazardous
+excursion accomplished, there was the
+problem of getting back, which was now
+gravely complicated by the fact that the compass
+of <em>B-11</em> went wrong in the commotion
+and was not dependable. The Lieutenant had
+to find his way out without it. But he did
+it; passing again the five rows of mines, escaping
+the swirl of the currents that seemed
+rushing to slam the submarine against the
+rocks, returning to station safely and without
+casualty or mishap.</p>
+
+<p>That was Dec. 14 and Dec. 26 the London
+<cite>Gazette</cite> published the announcement that the
+King had approved the grant of the Victoria<span class="pagenum" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</span>
+Cross to Lieutenant Holbrook, and that Lieutenant
+Winn had been made a Companion of
+the Distinguished Service Order. A writer
+at that time said:</p>
+
+<p>“That the torpedoed battleship was guarding
+the mine field adds a touch of comedy to
+the proceedings that must have been singularly
+gratifying to Lieutenant Holbrook and
+his gallant companions who crept along the
+sea floor with him that eventful day.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CANADIANS">CANADIANS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">W. H. Ogilvie</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">With arrows on their quarters and with numbers on their hoofs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">With the trampling sound of twenty that re-echoes in the roofs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Low of crest and dull of coat, wan and wild of eye,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Through our English village the Canadians go by.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Shying at a passing cart, swerving from a car,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tossing up an anxious head to flaunt a snowy star,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Racking at a Yankee gait, reaching at the rein,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Twenty raw Canadians are tasting life again!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hollow-necked and hollow-flanked, lean of rib and hip,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Strained and sick and weary with the wallow of the ship,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Glad to smell the turf again, hear the robin’s call,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tread again the country road they lost at Montreal!</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Fate may bring them dule and woe; better steeds than they</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Sleep beside the English guns a hundred leagues away;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">But till war hath ned of them, lightly lie their reins,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Softly fall the feet of them along the English lanes.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Author and <cite>Country Life</cite>.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FIRST_OF_ITS_KIND">FIRST OF ITS KIND</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Eye-witness Account of a Duel at Sea between Great Steamers Built for
+Passenger Traffic</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Early</span> in the war the Cunard trans-Atlantic
+steamer <em>Carmania</em> was converted
+into an auxiliary cruiser. Painted black from
+stem to stern (that was before the art of
+“camouflage” was introduced), and mounted
+with eight 4.7 guns, she left Liverpool for a
+reconnoitering cruise in the South Atlantic.
+Between 600 and 700 miles east of the coast
+of Brazil there is a small island of rock known
+as Trinidad (not to be confused with the
+West Indian Island of that name). The
+<em>Carmania</em> came in sight of this island one
+morning toward the end of September and
+discovered three steamers in the vicinity. As
+soon as these steamers caught sight of the
+piratical looking <em>Carmania</em> they moved about
+uncertainly for a time and then made off.
+But when it was apparent that the black intruder
+was alone, the largest of the three
+steamers turned back. This ship proved to be
+the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, a magnificent steamer, the
+chief of the Hamburg-South American Line,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</span>
+built for the special purpose of successful competition
+with the British Royal Mail in securing
+the South American passenger traffic and
+shipping trade. She too was equipped as an
+auxiliary cruiser, with eight 4.1 guns, up to
+date, their newness offsetting the extra caliber
+of the <em>Carmania’s</em> older guns.</p>
+
+<p>The tonnage of the <em>Carmania</em> was 19,524,
+that of the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, 18,710. Splendid
+targets, both “so colossal,” said a writer, “as
+to be beyond the possibility of a failure to hit
+with any gun-layer.” A well-matched pair—ocean-going
+palaces, taken from their peaceful
+pursuits, transformed into war machines,
+neither having any appreciable advantage over
+the other as a belligerent, and now ranged
+against each other for a decisive duel. There
+was a fair field, too, for the two steamers
+seen with the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em> continued their
+retreat and disappeared across the horizon,
+though one returned later.</p>
+
+<p>It was the first sea duel of its kind. Never
+before had two floating hotels played at gun fire
+with each other, each intent on sending
+the other to Davy Jones’s locker if possible.
+When the action began the vessels were separated
+by about 8,000 yards, and their nearest
+approach was about 4,000 yards. As the sinking
+of its enemy was the aim, the guns of each
+combatant were directed at the water line of
+the other. Of the first few shells fired by
+the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>, three made holes in the
+<em>Carmania</em> at and above the water line, one
+tore through the stewards’ quarters, one
+smashed the lower deck galley and carried
+away the fire main leading to the bridge and
+fore-part of the ship, the latter the most serious
+damage.</p>
+
+<p>A report of the engagement written two
+hours after, by one who took part in it was
+published in the <cite>War Album De-Luxe</cite>, from
+which the following is taken:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A DISTURBED LUNCHEON</h3>
+
+<p>“One never saw such a scatter as when we
+sat down to lunch and ‘Action!’ was sounded!
+Feeling ran high that this time we were in
+earnest; everyone was at his post in the twinkling
+of an eye. Ten minutes afterwards the
+conflict started, at a range of about six miles,
+both ships closing rapidly. The din that followed
+was unnatural and terrifying, and men’s
+hearts leaped to their mouths, for here was
+death amongst us. But the heat of work
+changed white faces to red. Blood once seen
+revives savagery in the human breast, and all
+our thoughts, after those first few moments,
+were concentrated in the grim work at hand,
+which was to sink as speedily as possible the
+monster that was vomiting red and steaming
+arrogantly towards us.</p>
+
+<p>“By a clever maneuver our captain turned
+the ship round just as the enemy was bringing
+his pom-poms into play as well as the big guns,
+and brought our starboard battery, fresh and
+eager, to bear. Then we turned into demons,
+in a scene that had turned diabolical. Screaming
+shrapnel, returned by salvos of common
+shell, splinters everywhere, lumps of iron,
+patches of paint, a hurricane of things flying,
+hoarse shouting, and unintelligible sounds
+from dry throats, men discarding garments,
+and laughing with delirium—over all a white
+pall hiding the ghastly work.</p>
+
+<p>“What matter that a shot cannoned down
+the after companion and laid low three of
+the whip party? Volunteers were not wanting
+to close in the breach and keep up a brisk
+supply of ammunition to the hungry guns.
+Or that a shot glanced off the shield of No. 1
+gun, past the officer in charge, and blew away
+the neck of a corporal of Marines passing
+projectiles along the deck, leaving him leaning
+over the magazine hatchway, head dangling
+down, and dripping blood on to the madmen
+working below? Or that a shell burst by
+the feet of a man carrying another one in his
+hands?</p>
+
+<p>“Word went round that we were on fire
+forward—the bridge, in fact, was blazing. A
+shell had torn through the cabins below, setting
+them alight, and the flames by this time
+reached and enveloped the bridge, since water
+could not be turned on in the first instance,
+as the main on the lower deck had been shot
+away. But the ill news was more than compensated
+for by the frenzied announcement
+that the enemy was also on fire and listing,
+moreover, on his side. So our main control
+was gone. The captain, first lieutenant, and
+navigating party had to leave the bridge to
+the flames—not before gaining us victory,
+however, by the splendid way they handled the
+ship in heading off the enemy, preventing him
+from turning round and bringing his idle
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</span>guns on the port side to bear, and by keeping
+him on our starboard quarter so we were able
+to use five of our guns to his four.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_320" style="max-width: 47.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_320.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Major William A. Snow</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>2nd Division, 2nd Engineers, Company “E”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">He was cited four times in Division orders and twice recommended for the Distinguished Service
+Cross. He went into the first line at Verdun March, 1918. When the British were attacked
+by the Germans in the vicinity of Beauvais, in April, he received his majority in time to be in
+command of a battalion at Château-Thierry.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“The enemy listed a little more, and our
+work was done; his shooting became higher
+and more erratic, then stopped altogether.
+We ceased firing, and turned our attention to
+fighting the flames roaring up on high in the
+fore part of the ship. Luckily, we were able
+to stop the engines and keep the ship before
+the wind. The bridge and all its precious
+fittings and contents were doomed, as also the
+cabins below it; the officers who occupied
+them lost all their effects. A fireproof door
+in the staircase leading to the lower cabins
+effectually kept the fire from spreading in this
+direction, otherwise there might not have been
+very much left of the <em>Carmania</em>. The action
+raged hotly for an hour; after that, desultory
+firing was continued until the end.</p>
+
+<p>“Of the two colliers that accompanied the
+enemy, one steamed away at the commencement
+of the action and was never seen again.
+The other, and smaller of the two, followed
+suit until he noticed the plight of his escort,
+and returned to pick up the survivors. Anon,
+an order went round the decks: ‘All firemen
+down below.’ The firemen had been doing
+yeoman service, running hoses and buckets of
+water to the scene of the fire, just as the
+stewards had distinguished themselves by taking
+round water and limejuice to the guns’
+crews under shell fire, and also helping with
+carrying away the wounded. The reason for
+this order was ominous. The yeoman of
+signals had sighted smoke on the horizon to
+the north, and made out a bunch of funnels.
+It could not but be the <em>Dresden</em>, or whatever
+German cruiser the armed merchantman we
+fought was in company with, returning to the
+assistance of her consort, who had been signaling
+to her during the action. A great pity,
+indeed, one of our cruisers was not in touch
+with us at the time. What a fine haul it
+would have been!</p>
+
+<h3><em>Vale</em>, CAP TRAFALGAR!</h3>
+
+<p>“Just as we got the fire well in hand, and
+were starting to run to the American coast,
+we beheld the most awe-inspiring sight of our
+lives—the last moments of an ocean leviathan.
+The wounded ship, distant from us about five
+miles, suddenly lurched over on the starboard
+beam-ends, looking for all the world as if she
+were about to turn turtle. Lower and lower
+she went, until her huge funnels were level
+with the water, pointing in our direction like
+two tunnels side by side, and dense clouds
+of smoke and steam escaped from all parts of
+her as from a volcano in a high state of activity.
+As quickly again, the mammoth
+righted herself; down, down went her bows;
+up and up her stern, till quite one-third of
+the hull stood upright to the sky; then, with
+a majestic plunge, she slid beneath the waves,
+game to the end, for the last to disappear
+was the German flag.</p>
+
+<p>“A ring of foam and half a dozen boats
+crowded with dark forms were all that were
+left at 2 p.m. of the brave <em>Cap Trafalgar</em> and
+her ornate saloons and winter gardens, the
+ship that conveyed Prince Henry of Prussia
+on his triumphant tour of the South American
+Republics.”</p>
+
+<p>The casualties of the <em>Carmania</em> are reported
+to have amounted to nine men killed and
+twenty-six wounded out of four hundred and
+twenty-one hands all told, a low percentage
+owing to the wide distribution of the various
+parties. The survivors of the <em>Cap Trafalgar</em>
+landed at Buenos Ayres consisted of eighteen
+officers and two hundred and ninety-two men,
+which would give her casualties at about eight
+officers and one hundred men if she carried
+the same number of men as the <em>Carmania</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-nine direct hits were counted on the
+<em>Carmania</em>, and innumerable small holes from
+splinters; her boats were riddled, as also masts
+and ventilators; her rigging and wireless
+aerial were shot away.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="NOT_TO_BE_FORGOTTEN">NOT TO BE FORGOTTEN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Men Who Captained the Merchant Ships Are Among the Heroes of
+the War</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">By</span> telling the story of Captain Frank M.
+Custance, of the Royal Navy Reserve, as
+typical of the stories of a coterie of merchant
+ship men in the service, Mr. Ralph E. Cropley
+most interestingly reminds the public that
+the war was not altogether won by the men in
+the trenches. The merchant ship commanders
+played some small part in the winning. Indeed,
+Mr. Cropley goes somewhat further.
+He concludes his story of Captain Custance,
+which appeared in the New York <cite>Evening
+Post</cite>, with this paragraph:</p>
+
+<p>“Without their valor this war would have
+been over long ago and Germany would have
+won. I say this without reserve, for it is the
+truth. It has only been by their untiring sacrifices
+that the soldiers have gotten to the
+trenches at all and been kept supplied with
+munitions and food. The merchant ship men
+have done work which gold cannot pay for
+and never have thought of themselves—simply
+of the great cause which to them has meant
+the end of cruelty.”</p>
+
+<p>Though Captain Custance is an English
+seaman he is familiarly known to Americans
+who have sailed between New York and
+Bermuda in the winter or to the Land of the
+Midnight Sun in summer, for he was Captain
+of the tourist boat <em>Arcadian</em> that made
+those trips in the different seasons. He was
+up among the Norwegian fords when England
+entered the war, and it was a question
+whether he could save his ship by evading the
+Germans. Not that he personally had any
+question about it. He proceeded to act with
+the calm assurance characteristic of his conduct
+in normal sailings, quietly determined to get
+safely away. So, excellent seaman that he
+was, “in the darkness of that famous Monday
+night of Aug. 4, 1914, without a pilot, he
+took her through the dangerous ford to sea.
+’Twas indeed a feat.”</p>
+
+<p>But there were dangers at sea, too, for it
+was necessary to avoid any ship or craft that
+heaved in sight, and constant vigilance, with
+much dodging, was necessary before he got
+into Liverpool with his American passengers
+saved from anything so unpleasant and perilous
+as drifting in open boats on the high seas.
+With equal success he landed them in New
+York some days later, their number having
+been added to by Americans stranded in England.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TURNED TO MINE-SWEEPING</h3>
+
+<p>Then the <em>Arcadian</em> was dismantled and
+turned into a transport, and Captain Custance
+took her back to England filled with Canadian
+troops. But wanting a more war-like job he
+appealed to the Admiralty and eventually was
+assigned to the perilous duty of mine-sweeping,
+to keep the sea about the Orkneys free from
+the floating or sunk mines, to the sowing and
+planting of which the Germans were devoting
+their devilish activities. When it is borne in
+mind that Captain Custance was then 46 years
+old, with wife and several children, one may
+appreciate the patriotic zeal that kept him in
+this dangerous employ for two years. During
+that time he stuck at it with never a glimpse
+at his family until he was called to London
+to have the King confer on him the D. S. O.</p>
+
+<p>Those broad-beamed boats known as trawlers
+in which the fishermen ply their calling
+were the instruments employed in mine-sweeping,
+and admirable they were for the business,
+but comfortless enough for other purposes.
+Said the Captain in a letter: “It’s no joke
+monkeying about in a tiny craft hunting ‘tin
+fishes.’ In daylight it’s bad enough, but at
+night it’s extremely dangerous, as one can’t
+see the sea, and one is liable to half swamp
+oneself in turning. And as far as any comfort
+below goes, there isn’t any. Everything is
+damp and cold, and the steward loses the
+greater part of your food in bringing it to
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</span>you, and what you finally receive is a cold,
+unpalatable mess. Yet, by God! it’s something
+to be out here having a chance to bag a bally
+German swine.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_323" style="max-width: 47.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_323.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William Herren</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>58th Infantry, Machine-Gun Company</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">His company was fighting near Villa Savage. The majority of their machine guns were destroyed.
+On the morning of April 7, 1918, Sergeant Herren went through a deathly artillery bombardment
+in order to get more machine guns and ammunition for his company. With his reinforcements
+and bravery he enabled the right flank of his company to advance, and capture a German
+machine-gun position and repulse counter-attacks.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Besides the danger from mines there was the
+excitement of submarine shelling of the fleet
+every now and then. In one attack of that
+kind Custance’s trawler struck a mine and
+sank. After that the Captain was given a
+steam yacht, no longer at her best, the <em>Mingary</em>,
+in which he did patrol work, visited and
+overhauled neutral ships, and kept a weather
+eye out for submarines and mines.</p>
+
+<p>The performance that gained him the D. S.
+O. was the day after the Jutland naval fight,
+when the German fleet had fled, leaving only
+the submarines to prowl and finish off the
+wounded if possible. The dreadnought <em>Warspite</em>
+was one of the wounded and poorly protected
+by destroyers as she toiled along with
+deranged steering gear. The Captain saw
+three submarines maneuvering against the
+<em>Warspite</em>, and despite the fact that the chances
+were all against him in an attempt to beat
+off three submarines with his little yacht and
+its tiny guns Custance rushed the <em>Mingary</em>
+pell mell to the rescue, acting with such suddenness
+that he took one submarine by surprise
+and was able to ram it, got so close that
+he could use his guns on the next one and
+sink it and so thoroughly scared the third one
+that it submerged instantly without an offer
+of fight.</p>
+
+<p>Later the Captain was in command of the
+<em>Maid of Honor</em> in convoying colliers across
+the English Channel by night. There were no
+lights, there was no signaling by whistle, there
+was traffic both ways, troop ships, darkness
+everywhere. Skilled navigators were necessary—men
+of the merchant ship sort. Out
+of all his convoys going or coming, only three
+ships were torpedoed, only two being lost.</p>
+
+<p>In the final part of the war he crossed and
+recrossed the Atlantic in convoy. It was then
+that the <em>Justicia</em> was torpedoed. “She remained
+afloat for twenty-four hours, and Custance
+would have saved her if a German had
+not dived under the ring of patrol boats that
+surrounded her and fired a finishing torpedo.”</p>
+
+<p>In getting off the dying <em>Justicia</em> Custance
+nearly lost his life, yet, says Mr. Cropley,
+“I received a very apologetic letter saying he
+was sorry he hadn’t been able to save the
+cigarettes he was bringing over to me.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="CHRISTMAS_IN_THE_TRENCHES">CHRISTMAS IN THE TRENCHES</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">(<em>An Incident</em>)</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dan Burnet</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">I</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0 drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Still</span> the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">There’s a ragged music on the air,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A priest had climbed the ruined temple’s stair,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ah, still the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It’s Christmas morning. Had ye all forgot?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Peace for a little while, ye battle-scarred—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Or do ye fear to cool those minds grown hot?</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Up the great lovely tower, wracked and marred,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">An old priest toils—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of the scattered soils,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of the British mists,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Men of France!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Put by the lance.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of Irish fists,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of heather,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel together—</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men of Prussia,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Great dark men of Russia,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel, kneel!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Hark how the slow bells peal.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">A thousand leagues the faltered music runs,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ah, still the wasting thunder of the guns,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Still the guns!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</span></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">II</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Out of the trenches lifts a half-shamed song,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“Holy Night”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Here, where the sappers burrowed all night long</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To bring the trench up for the morrow’s fight,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A British lad, with face unwonted white,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Looks at the sky and sings a carol through,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">“God rest you merry, gentlemen!”</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">It was the only Christmas thing he knew.</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And there were tears wrung out of hard-lipped men,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tears in the strangest places,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Tears on troopers’ faces!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">III</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had forgotten what a life was for,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had been long at suffering and war,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They had forgot old visions, one by one,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">But now they heard the tolling bell of Rheims,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Tolling bell of Rheims;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They saw the bent priest, white-haired in the sun,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Climb to the hazard of the weakened spire,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They saw, and in them stirred their hearts’ desire</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">For Streets and Cities, Shops and Homes and Farms,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">They only wanted space to love and live;</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">They felt warm arms about them—women’s arms,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And such caresses as a child might give</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Coming all rosy in the early day</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">To kiss his world awake....</div>
+    <div class="verse indent30">The British lad</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Broke off his carol with a sob. The play</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of churchly musics, solemn, strange, and sad,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Fluttered in silver tatters down the wind,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Flung from the tower where the guns had sinned</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Across the black and wounded fields.... The bell</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Sang on—a feeble protest to the skies,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Until the world stood like a halted hell,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And men with their dead brothers at their feet</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Drew dirty sleeves across their tired eyes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Finding the cracked chimes overwhelming sweet.</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent">IV</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Aye, still the guns!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And heed the Christmas bell,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Ye who have done Death’s work so well,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Ye worn embattled ones,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Kneel, kneel!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Put by the blood-stained steel,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Men from the far soils and the scattered seas,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Go down upon your knees,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While there lives one with peace upon his eyes,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">While hope’s faint song is fluttered to the skies,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">In that brief space between the Christmas suns,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Still the guns!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</span></p>
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="SPYING_AT_ITS_WORST">SPYING AT ITS WORST</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The German Secret Service System the Scrap Basket of Official Honor</h3>
+
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> the knowledge of an enemy’s
+plans, purposes and preparatory measures
+is of the highest importance in military
+campaigning, and though the utmost of courage
+and daring are often necessary to obtain
+the required information, the office of the
+spy has, from time immemorial, been contemned
+of men. There was but one fate for
+the captured spy under military rule. Even
+when the bravery and devotion of the adventuring
+spy have been admitted to admiration
+there has remained the instinctive aversion
+to the office. The reason for the almost universal
+mental attitude is that spying usually,
+if not invariably, involves treachery, the betrayal
+of trust and confidence gained by professions
+of friendship and sympathetic opinion.
+The word “spies” stirs the spleen of wholesome
+minded persons. It implies craft, duplicity,
+perversity. Few men have been willing
+to confess themselves spies. However
+greedily the sensational or adventure-loving
+reader may follow the narrative of the experiences,
+the desperate chances, the hazards,
+the daring risks, the narrow escapes of the
+successful spy, there is nevertheless a regretful
+wish that the valor, the intelligence, had
+found a nobler medium of expression.</p>
+
+<p>But because there is such a thing as fearless,
+generous self-sacrifice in the performance
+of undertakings or obligations that come under
+the general classification of spying, it is
+perhaps unfortunate that no attempt has been
+made to discriminate what may be termed
+honorable (in a military sense) espionage
+from ignoble spying. Surely there is a vast
+distinction between the soldier who volunteers
+to penetrate an enemy’s lines to ascertain
+particular facts and the person who under the
+protection of social or official privilege wins
+trust only to betray it. In the second class
+there probably is no more despicable violation
+of moral responsibility recorded in the history
+of nations than the German intrigue against
+the United States when this country was still
+at peace with Germany. The indictment is
+clearly drawn in a few words in the Flag
+Day address of President Wilson, June 14,
+1917. He said speaking of the German Government:</p>
+
+<p>“They filled our unsuspecting communities
+with vicious spies and conspirators and sought
+to corrupt the opinion of our people in their
+own behalf. When they found they could
+not do that, their agents diligently spread
+sedition amongst us and sought to draw our
+own citizens from their allegiance—and some
+of these agents were men connected with the
+official embassy of the German Government
+itself here in our own capital.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ITS DIPLOMATIC AIDS</h3>
+
+<p>Their Ambassador, Count Johann von
+Bernstorff; their military attaché, Capt. Franz
+von Papen; their naval attaché, Capt. Karl
+Boy-Ed; their financial agent, Dr. Heinrich
+Albert, were the diplomatic and social spies
+who engineered and supplied with necessary
+information the vicious under-agents of the
+spy system of which sedition and violence were
+the shameful instruments.</p>
+
+<p>With patient diligence, John Price Jones,
+a newspaper man, attached to the New York
+<cite>Sun</cite>, collected—from documentary evidence,
+from Secret Service officials and by means of
+his own investigation over a period of eighteen
+months—a vast amount of valuable and exact
+information, the vital part of which Small,
+Maynard and Company subsequently published
+in book form, under the title <em>The
+German Secret Service in America</em>. The information
+in that book, substantiated by governmental
+and other evidence, is authoritative,
+and we are indebted to it for much of the
+matter in this article.</p>
+
+<p>Of the organization of the spy system he
+says:</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Count von Bernstorff, once his nation had
+declared war upon France and England, went
+to war with the United States. As ambassador,
+diplomatic courtesy gave him a scope of
+observation limited only by the dignity of his
+position. A seat in a special gallery in the
+Senate and House of Representatives was
+always ready for his occupancy; he could virtually
+command the attention of the White
+House; and senators, congressmen and office-holders
+from German-American districts respected
+him. Messengers kept him in constant
+touch with the line-up of Congress on
+important issues, and two hours later that
+line-up was known in the Foreign Office in
+Berlin. As head and front of the German
+spy system in America, he held cautiously
+aloof from all but the most instrumental acquaintances:
+men and women of prominent
+political and social influence who he knew
+were inclined, for good and sufficient reasons,
+to help him. One woman, whose bills he paid
+at a Fifth Avenue gown house, was the wife
+of a prominent broker and another woman of
+confessedly German affiliations who served
+him lived within a stone’s throw of the Metropolitan
+Museum and its nearby phalanx of
+gilded dwellings (her husband’s office was in
+a building at 11 Broadway, of which more
+anon); a third, woman intimate lived in a
+comfortable apartment near Fifth Avenue—an
+apartment selected for her, though she was
+unaware of it, by secret agents of the United
+States.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BAIT FOR INGÉNUES</h3>
+
+<p>“During the early days of the war the
+promise of social sponsorship which any embassy
+in Washington could extend proved bait
+for a number of ingénues of various ages,
+with ambition and mischief in their minds,
+and the gracious Ambassador played them
+smoothly and dexterously. Mostly they were
+not German women, for the German women
+of America were not so likely to be useful
+socially, nor as a type so astute as to qualify
+them for von Bernstorff’s delicate work. To
+those women whom he chose to see he was
+courteous, and superficially frank almost to
+the point of naïveté. The pressure of negotiation
+between Washington and Berlin became
+more and more exacting as the war progressed,
+yet he found time to command a
+campaign whose success would have resulted
+in disaster to the United States. That he
+was not blamed for the failure of that campaign
+when he returned to Germany in April,
+1917, is evidenced by his prompt appointment
+to the court of Turkey, a difficult and important
+post, and in the case of Michaelis, a
+stepping-stone to the highest post in the Foreign
+Office.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_327" style="max-width: 32.875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_327.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Count Johann von Bernstorff.</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">German ambassador to the United States at
+the time the <em>Lusitania</em> was torpedoed. One of
+his many acts of duplicity was the sending of a
+secret message to Germany asking for funds
+to be used to influence members of the United
+States Congress.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Upon the shoulders of Dr. Heinrich
+Albert, privy counselor and fiscal agent of
+the German Empire, fell the practical execution<span class="pagenum" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</span>
+of German propaganda throughout
+America. He was the American agent of a
+government which has done more than any
+other to coöperate with business towards the
+extension of influence abroad, on the principle
+that ‘the flag follows the constitution.’ As
+such he had had
+his finger on the
+pulse of American
+trade, had
+catalogued exhaustively
+the
+economic resources
+of the
+country, and held
+in his debt, as his
+nation’s treasurer
+in America,
+scores of bankers,
+manufacturers
+and traders
+to whom Germany
+had extended
+subsidy.
+As such also he was the paymaster of the
+Imperial secret diplomatic and consular
+agents.</p>
+
+<figure class="figleft illowp45" id="i_b_328a" style="max-width: 15.3125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_328a.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Bain.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Dr. Dumba</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Austrian Ambassador</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>“You could find him almost any day until
+the break with Germany in a small office in
+the Hamburg-American Building (a beehive
+of secret agents) at No. 45 Broadway, New
+York. He was tall and slender, and wore
+the somber frock coat of the European business
+man with real grace. His eyes were blue
+and clear, his face clean-shaven and faintly
+saber-scarred, and his hair blond. He impressed
+one as an unusual young man in a
+highly responsible position. His greeting to
+visitors, of whom he had few, was punctilious,
+his bow low, and his manner altogether polite.
+He encouraged conversation rather than offered
+it. He had none of the ‘hard snap’ of
+the energetic, outspoken, brusque American
+man of business. Dr. Albert was a smooth-running,
+well-turned cog in the great machine
+of Prussian militarism.</p>
+
+
+<h3>CORRUPTION FUND OF MILLIONS</h3>
+
+<p>“Upon him rested the task of spending between
+$2,000,000 and $3,000,000 a week for
+German propaganda. He spent thirty millions
+at least in secret agency work, also
+known by the uglier names of bribery, sedition
+and conspiracy. He admitted that he wasted
+a half million.</p>
+
+<p>“His methods were quiet and successful,
+and his participation in the offenses against
+America’s peace might have passed unproven
+had he not been engaged in a too-absorbing
+conversation one day in August, 1915, upon a
+Sixth Avenue elevated train. He started up
+to leave the train at Fiftieth Street, and carelessly
+left his portfolio behind him—to the
+tender care of a United States Secret Service
+man. It contained documents revealing his
+complicity in enterprises the magnitude of
+which beggars the imagination. The publication
+of certain of those documents awoke the
+slumbering populace to a feeling of chagrin
+and anger almost equal to his own at the loss
+of his dossier. And yet he stayed on in
+America, and returned with the ambassadorial
+party to Germany only after the severance of
+diplomatic relations in 1917, credited with expert
+generalship on the economic sector of the
+American front.</p>
+
+<p>“Germany’s military attaché to the United
+States was Captain Franz von Papen. His
+mission was the study of the United States
+army. In August, 1914, it may be assumed
+that he had absorbed most of the useful information
+of the
+United States
+army, which at
+that moment was
+no superhuman
+problem. In July
+of that year he
+was in Mexico,
+observing, among
+other matters, the
+effect of dynamite
+explosions
+on railways. He
+was quite familiar
+with Mexico.
+According
+to Admiral von
+Hintze he had
+organized a military unit in the lukewarm
+German colony in Mexico City, and he used
+one or more of the warring factions in the
+southern republic to test the efficacy of various
+means of warfare.</p>
+
+<figure class="figright illowp45" id="i_b_328b" style="max-width: 15.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_328b.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Bain.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Captain von Papen</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">German Military Attaché</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+<p>“Von Papen operated from New York after<span class="pagenum" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</span>
+the outbreak of war. “German reservists
+who had been peaceful farmers, shopkeepers or
+waiters, all over the United States, were mobilized
+for service, and paraded through Battery
+Park in New York shouting ‘Deutschland,
+Deutschland über alles!’ to the strains
+of the Austrian hymn, while they waited for
+Papen’s orders from a building near by, and
+picked quarrels with a counter procession of
+Frenchmen screaming the immortal ‘Marseillaise.’
+Up in his office sat the attaché, summoning,
+assigning, despatching his men on missions
+that were designed to terrorize America
+as the spiked helmets were terrorizing Belgium
+at that moment.</p>
+
+<p>“... Although von Papen marshaled his
+consuls, his reservists, his thugs, his women,
+and his skilled agents, for a programme of violence
+the like of which America had never
+experienced, the military phase of the war was
+not destined for decision here, and there is
+again something ironical in the fact that the
+arrogance of Captain von Papen’s outrages
+hastened the coming of war to America and
+the decline of Captain von Papen’s style of
+warfare in America.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BOY-ED, A TURKISH HALF-BREED</h3>
+
+<p>“The Kaiser’s naval attaché at Washington
+was Karl Boy-Ed, the child of a German
+mother and a Turkish father, who had elected
+a naval career and shown a degree of aptitude
+for his work which qualified him presently
+for the post of chief lieutenant to von Tirpitz.
+He was one of the six young officers who were
+admitted to the chief councils of the German
+navy, as training for high executive posts....
+His duties took him all over the world as
+naval observer, and he may be credited more
+than casually with weaving the plan-fabric of
+marine supremacy with which Germany proposed
+in due time to envelop the world.</p>
+
+<p>“He impressed diplomatic Washington in
+1911 as a polished cosmopolite. Polished he
+was, measured by the standards of diplomatic
+Washington, for rare was the young American
+of Boy-Ed’s age who had his cultivation,
+his wide experience, and his brilliant charm.
+He was sought after by admiring mothers
+long before he was sought after by the Secret
+Service; he moved among the clubs of Washington
+and New York making intimates of
+men whose friendship and confidence would
+serve the Fatherland, cloaking his real designs
+by frivolity and frequent attendances at social
+functions. His peace-time duties had been
+to study the American navy; to familiarize
+himself with its ship power and personnel, with
+its plans for expansion, its theories of strategy,
+its means of supply, and finally, with the coast
+defenses of the country. He had learned his
+lesson, and furnished Berlin with clear reports.
+On those reports, together with those
+of his colleagues in other countries, hinged
+Germany’s readiness to enter war, for it
+would have been folly to attempt a war of
+domination with America an unknown, uncatalogued
+naval power. (It will be well to
+recall that the submarine is an American invention,
+and that Germany’s greatest submarine
+development took place in the years
+1911-14.)</p>
+
+<p>“And then, suddenly, he dropped the cloak.
+The Turk in him stood at attention while
+the German in him gave him sharp orders—commands
+to be carried out with Oriental
+adroitness and Prussian finish. Then those
+who had said lightly that ‘Boy-Ed knows
+more about our navy than Annapolis itself’
+began to realize that they had spoken an
+alarming truth. His war duties were manifold.
+Like von Papen, he had his corps of
+reservists, his secret agents, his silent forces
+everywhere ready for active coöperation in
+carrying out the naval enterprises Germany
+should see fit to undertake in Western waters.</p>
+
+<p>“America learned gradually of the machinations
+of the four executives, Bernstorff, Albert,
+Papen and Boy-Ed. America had not
+long to wait for evidences of their activity, but
+it was a long time before the processes of
+investigation revealed their source. It was
+inevitable that they could not work undiscovered
+for long, and they seem to have realized
+that they must do the utmost damage at top
+speed. Their own trails were covered for a
+time by the obscure identities of their subordinates.
+The law jumps to no conclusions.
+Their own persons were protected by diplomatic
+courtesy. It required more than two
+years of tedious search for orthodox legal evidence
+to arraign these men publicly in their
+guilt, and when that evidence had finally been
+obtained, and Germany’s protest of innocence
+had been deflated, it was not these men who
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</span>suffered, but their country, and the price she
+paid was war with America.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_330" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_330.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Deadly Torpedo Leaving the Tube of an American Destroyer</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A Whitehead torpedo at the instant it leaves the tube. This tube is above the water line. Torpedo-boat destroyers carry both this kind of tubes
+and submerged ones. The torpedo, when fired from above the water, submerges itself to a depth determined by the adjustment of its horizontal
+steering gear, and thereafter runs its course at an even depth beneath the surface.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>GERMANY’S SECRET ARMY</h3>
+
+<p>“A hundred or more of their subordinates
+have been convicted of various criminal offenses
+and sent to prison. Still more were
+promptly interned in prison camps at the
+outbreak of war in 1917. The secret army
+included all types, from bankers to longshoremen.
+Many of them were conspicuous figures
+in American public life, and of these no small
+part were allowed to remain at large under
+certain restrictions—and under surveillance.
+Germany’s army in the United States was
+powerful in numbers; the fact that so many
+agents were working destruction probably
+hastened their discovery; the loyalty of many
+so-called German-Americans was always questionable.
+The public mind, confused as it
+had never been before by the news of war,
+was groping about for sound fundamentals,
+and was being tantalized with false principles
+by the politicians. Meanwhile Count von
+Bernstorff was watching Congress and the
+President, Dr. Albert was busy in great
+schemes, Captain von Papen was commanding
+an active army of spies, and Captain Boy-Ed
+was engaged in a bitter fight with the British
+navy.”</p>
+
+<p>But long after the departure of the principals
+for their native land the enterprises they
+had inaugurated persisted.</p>
+
+<p>Among the pre-war activities the German
+government made a contract with Dr. Karl
+Buenz, American head of the Hamburg-American
+Line, for the provisioning, during
+war, of German ships at sea, the contract
+being jealously guarded in the German Embassy
+at Washington. Merchant ships were
+to be used for the purpose. July 31, 1914, a
+cablegram from Berlin called on Dr. Buenz
+to begin filling his contract. The first ship
+to be loaded (with coal) was the <em>Berwind</em>,
+and the question arose as to who among the
+conspirators should apply for the clearance
+papers. Finally G. B. Kulenkampff, a banker
+and exporter, was directed to do so. He
+swore to a false manifest of the cargo and
+got the papers. The <em>Berwind</em> carried food
+as well as coal for the provisioning of German
+warships to be found at secretly designated
+points, and her destination was not Buenos
+Ayres as the clearance papers declared, so
+the United States was unwittingly a party to
+German naval operations, on the third day of
+the war, by German mendacity. The <em>Berwind</em>
+sailed for a little island known as Trinidad
+(not the British West Indian island) about 70°
+east of Brazil, and there her cargo was transferred
+to five German ships, one of which
+was the <em>Kap-Trafalgar</em>, presently sunk by the
+British auxiliary cruiser, the <em>Carmania</em>, which
+steamed into view while the <em>Trafalgar</em>, the
+<em>Berwind</em> and one other of the vessels were
+still at Trinidad.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to know that most of the
+ships chartered for this lawless purpose did
+not carry out the intention. The <em>Unita</em> was
+one of them and we are told:</p>
+
+<p>“Her skipper was Eno Olsen, a Canadian
+citizen born in Norway. Urhitzler, the German
+spy placed aboard, made the mistake of
+assuming that Olsen was friendly to Germany.
+He gave him his ‘orders,’ and the
+skipper balked. ’“Nothing doing,” I told
+the supercargo,’ Captain Olsen testified later,
+with a Norwegian twist to his pronunciation.
+‘She’s booked to Cadiz, and to Cadiz she
+goes!’ So the supercargo offered me $500 to
+change my course. “Nothing doing—nothing
+doing for a million dollars,” I told him. The
+third day out he offered me $10,000. Nothing
+doing. So,’ announced Captain Olsen
+with finality, ‘I sailed the <em>Unita</em> to Cadiz and
+after we got there I sold the cargo and looked
+up the British consul.’”</p>
+
+<p>Under the Buenz contract twelve ships
+were either purchased or chartered at a total
+cost of $1,419,394, and it is said that of their
+shiploads of supplies less than $30,000 worth
+were ever transferred to German war vessels.
+Buenz, after much delay in the proceedings,
+was sentenced to eighteen months’ imprisonment
+in the Federal penitentiary at Atlanta.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WIRELESS TREACHERIES</h3>
+
+<p>The Sayville Wireless Station on Long
+Island was for a long time a successfully controlled
+medium for the direction of spy and
+propaganda work in this country as well as
+for communication with wireless stations in
+Germany, in Central and South America, with
+wireless ships interned, etc., etc. To this<span class="pagenum" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</span>
+and the other German-owned commercial
+plants in the United States Capt. Boy-Ed
+added amateur stations of more or less extended
+radius as auxiliaries. But owing to
+complaints of frequent interference with regular
+messages, the “United States presently
+ordered the closing of all private wireless stations,
+and those amateurs who had been listening
+out of sheer curiosity to the air conversation
+cheerfully took down their antennæ. Not
+so, however, a prominent woman in whose
+residence on Fifth Avenue lay concealed a
+powerful receiving apparatus. Nor did the
+interned ships obey the order: apparatus apparently
+removed was often rigged in the shelter
+of a funnel, and operated by current supplied
+from an apparently innocent source.
+And the secret service discovered stations also
+in the residences of wealthy Hoboken Germans,
+and in a German-American ‘mansion’
+in Hartford, Connecticut.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_332" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_332.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood, and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">German Spies in France</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After living for ten years in France, they were discovered giving information to the Germans
+by telephone. They confessed and were shot.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Later suspicions were aroused by the activities
+of the German wireless, but the German
+operators were not at once removed. The
+United States began taking down the seemingly
+meaningless jargon that came every
+morning from the Nauen Station near Berlin.
+It was two years later, however, that
+a key to the jumble was discovered and the
+code revealed. Two codes in fact were
+found.</p>
+
+<p>“The chief significance of the discovery of
+the two codes is their conclusive proof that
+while von Bernstorff was protesting to the
+American government that he could not get
+messages through to Berlin, nor replies from
+the Foreign Office, he was actually in daily,
+if not hourly, communication with his superiors.
+Messages were sent out by his confidential
+operators under the very eyes of the
+American naval censors. After the break
+of diplomatic relations with Berlin, in February,
+1917, the authorities set to work decoding
+the messages, and the State Department
+from time to time issued for publication
+certain of the more brutal proofs of Germany’s
+violation of American neutrality. The
+Ambassador and his Washington establishment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</span>
+had served for two years and a half
+as the ‘central exchange’ of German affairs
+in the western world. After his departure
+communication from German spies here was
+handicapped only by the time required to forward
+information to Mexico; from that point
+to Berlin air conversation continued uninterrupted.”</p>
+
+<p>It may be noted in passing that Captain
+Karl Grasshof of the cruiser <em>Geier</em>, that took
+refuge from the British by tying up in Honolulu
+harbor, gave high proof of the German
+nice sense of honor in respect of hospitality.
+He instituted a series of afternoon concerts by
+the ship’s band, that the music might drown
+out the noise of the wireless apparatus as he
+sent messages to raiders at sea or threw off
+false reports in English, the purpose of which
+was to make trouble between the United
+States and Japan. He said at one time that
+von Papen inspired this peculiar treachery,
+but afterwards denied it.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TO INVADE CANADA</h3>
+
+<p>On the military side, one of von Papen’s
+brilliant projects was to organize the German
+reservists in the United States into an army
+for the invasion of Canada. The plan was
+to transport men and guns by night from
+ports of the Great Lakes by means of powerful
+motor boats and attack defenseless lake
+cities, the object being to arouse such fear
+in the Canadians that they would keep their
+troops for home defense instead of sending
+them to the aid of England. This, however,
+was a project from which the craftier Bernstorff
+recoiled as smacking too much of open
+violence. Then von Papen proposed a scheme
+to blow up the Welland Canal as a terrorizing
+job. The plot was ascribed to “two
+Irishmen, prominent members of Irish associations,
+both of whom had fought in the
+Irish rebellion.”</p>
+
+<p>The spy, Horst von der Goltz, was the
+active agent in the preliminary steps, such as
+recruiting men for the job, securing explosives,
+etc., Papen, in the name of Steffens, supplying
+the money and giving the necessary instructions.
+But after being carried forward almost
+to the point of action the Welland enterprise
+was, for some unknown reason, suddenly abandoned
+and the dynamite (three hundred
+pounds in suitcases), which had been taken to
+Niagara Falls, was left with an aviator, and
+Goltz, with his immediate associate, Constance
+Covani, a private detective, returned to New
+York. Von Papen was much provoked by the
+failure of his second plan to terrorize Canada.
+Goltz was sent on some commission to
+Germany in October, sailing on a forged passport,
+got safely to Berlin and, on his return
+trip in November, was arrested in England,
+spy fashion. After a protracted imprisonment,
+Goltz agreed to turn State’s evidence against
+his fellow conspirators. A number of arrests
+resulted, and the plots against Canada were
+fully revealed.</p>
+
+<p>As more and more precise rules for the
+issue of passports were made by the government
+the difficulties of the conspirators in
+making direct communication with Berlin increased
+correspondingly. It devolved upon
+von Papen to provide for the supply of passports
+to meet the needs of couriers and others
+who could not get passports in their own
+names.</p>
+
+<p>“The military attaché selected Lieutenant
+Hans von Wedell, who had already made a
+trip as courier to Berlin for his friend, Count
+von Bernstorff. Von Wedell was married
+to a German baroness. He had been a newspaper
+reporter in New York, and later a lawyer.
+He opened an office in Bridge Street,
+New York, and began to send out emissaries
+to sailors on interned German liners, and to
+their friends in Hoboken, directing them to
+apply for passports. He sent others to the
+haunts of tramps on the lower East Side, to
+the Mills Hotel, and other gathering places
+of the down-and-outs, offering ten, fifteen or
+twenty dollars to men who would apply for
+and deliver passports. And he bought them!
+He spent much time at the Deutscher Verein,
+and at the Elks’ Club in 43rd Street where he
+often met his agents to give instructions and
+receive passports. His bills were paid by
+Captain von Papen.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>MANUFACTURING PASSPORTS</h3>
+
+<p>The passports secured in this way by von
+Wedell and by his successor, Carl Ruroede,
+Sr., in the employ of Oelrichs &amp; Co., were
+supplied to reservist officers whom the General
+Staff had ordered back to Berlin, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</span>also to spies whom von Papen wished to send
+to England, France, Italy or Russia. Among
+the latter was Anton Kuepferle, who was
+captured in England, confessed and killed
+himself in Brixton jail.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_334" style="max-width: 53.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_334.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>International News.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Anti-German Riots in Britain</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The destruction of the <em>Lusitania</em> by a German submarine caused anti-German riots in many
+parts of the world. These started in Liverpool when the bodies of dead members of the crew were
+brought to their homes there, and spread rapidly to other parts of the United Kingdom. The
+photograph shows the looting of a German’s residence in High Street, London.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>When it became obvious that passports
+must be serving the ends of persons other than
+those to whom they were issued the government
+demanded that each passport should have
+the photograph of the bearer. But this did
+not disconcert the conspirators, as <em>The German
+Secret Service in America</em> tells us. It
+says: “The Germans found it a simple matter
+to give a general description of a man’s eyes,
+color of hair, and age to fit the person who
+was actually to use the document; then forwarded
+the picture of the applicant to be
+affixed. The applicant receiving the passport
+would sell it at once. Even though the official
+seal was stamped on the photograph the
+Germans were not dismayed.</p>
+
+<p>“Adams [Albert G. Adams, a United States
+Secret Service agent, who had insinuated himself
+into Ruroede’s confidence] rushed into
+Ruroede’s office one day waving a sheaf of
+five passports issued to him by the government.
+Adams was ostensibly proud of his
+work, Ruroede openly delighted.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I knew I could get these passports easily,’
+he boasted to Adams. ‘Why, if Lieutenant
+von Wedell had kept on here he never
+could have done this. He always was getting
+into a muddle.’</p>
+
+<p>“‘But how can you use these passports
+with these pictures on them?’ asked the agent.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, that’s easy,’ answered Ruroede.
+‘Come in the back room. I’ll show you.’ And
+Ruroede, before the observant eyes of the
+Department of Justice, patted one of the passports
+with a damp cloth, then with adhesive
+paste fastened a photograph of another man
+over the original bearing the imprint of the
+United States seal.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We wet the photograph,’ said Ruroede,
+‘and then we affix the picture of the man who
+is to use it. The new photograph also is
+dampened, but when it is fastened to the
+passport there still remains a sort of vacuum
+in spots between the new picture and the old
+because of ridges made by the seal. So we
+turn the passport upside down, place it on a
+soft ground—say a silk handkerchief—and
+then we take a paper-cutter with a dull point,
+and just trace the letters on the seal. The
+result is that the new photograph dries exactly
+as if it had been stamped by Uncle Sam.
+You can’t tell the difference.’</p>
+
+
+<h3>NABBED AT SEA</h3>
+
+<p>“Through Adams’ efforts Ruroede and four
+Germans, one of them an officer in the German
+reserves, were arrested on January 2, on
+the Scandinavian-American liner <em>Bergensfjord</em>
+outward bound to Bergen, Norway.
+They had passports issued through Adams at
+Ruroede’s request under the American names
+of Howard Paul Wright, Herbert S. Wilson,
+Peter Hanson and Stanley F. Martin.</p>
+
+<p>“Von Wedell himself was a passenger on
+the <em>Bergensfjord</em>, but when he was lined up
+with the other passengers, the Federal agents,
+who did not have a description of him, missed
+him and left the vessel. He was later (January
+11) taken off the ship by the British,
+however, and transferred to another vessel
+for removal to a prison camp. She struck a
+German mine and sank, and von Wedell is
+supposed to have drowned.”</p>
+
+<p>An explicit letter from von Wedell to von
+Bernstorff dispelled any possibility of doubt
+that the German Ambassador was fully cognizant
+of the false passport frauds.</p>
+
+<p>“Ruroede was sentenced to three years in
+Atlanta prison. The four reservists, pleading
+guilty, protested they had taken the passports
+out of patriotism and were fined $200 each.</p>
+
+<p>“The arrest of Ruroede exposed the New
+York bureau, and made it necessary for the
+Germans to shift their base of operations, but
+did not put an end to the fraudulent passport
+conspiracy. Capt. Boy-Ed assumed the burden,
+and hired men to secure passports for
+him.”</p>
+
+<p>But the increased vigilance and thoroughness
+of the British reduced this service to a
+negligible quantity before the entrance of the
+United States into the war squelched it
+entirely.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_336" style="max-width: 46em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_336.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">From the Fighting Top of the Battleship <em>Wyoming</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The <em>Wyoming</em> is 562 feet in length, of 26,000 tons displacement, and carries twelve 12-inch and
+twenty-one 5-inch guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>An incident in connection with the arrest
+of Ruroede is related by French Strother in
+his story “Fighting German Spies” published
+in <cite>The World’s Work</cite>. Ruroede “was being
+urged by the Assistant United States District
+Attorney to ‘come across’ with the facts
+about his activities in the passport frauds, and
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</span>he had stood up pretty well against the persuasions
+and hints of the attorney and the
+doubts and fears of his own mind. About
+eleven o’clock at night, as he was for the
+many’th time protesting his ignorance and his
+innocence, another agent of the Bureau of
+Investigation walked across the far end of
+the dimly lit room—in one door and out another—accompanied
+by a fair-haired lad of
+nineteen.</p>
+
+<p>“‘My God!’ exclaimed Ruroede, ‘have they
+got my son, too? The boy knows nothing at
+all about this.’</p>
+
+<p>“This little ghost-walking scene, borrowed
+from <em>Hamlet</em>, broke down Ruroede’s reserve,
+and he came out with pretty much all the
+story, ending with the melancholy exclamation
+‘I thought I was going to get an Iron Cross;
+but what they ought to do is to pin a little tin
+stove on me.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SENSATIONAL CAPTURE</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to von Papen, Dr. Albert and
+Boy-Ed, one of Bernstorff’s effective agents
+was Wolf von Igel, who was the leader of
+the dynamite men of the conspiracy. He set
+up at 60 Wall Street ostensibly in the “advertising”
+business. Attention was attracted
+to him by the fact that his visitors during
+the two years he was undisturbed were Germans
+who had nothing whatever to do with
+advertising. Moreover, conspicuous in his
+office was a large safe bearing the insignia of
+the German Imperial Government. Suspicions
+were aroused and by degrees these
+suspicions were strengthened by circumstances
+and incidents that indicated von Igel as a
+German agent. Therefore, as the New York
+<cite>Times</cite> reported, one morning in April, 1916,
+while von Igel was engaged preparing a mass
+of papers taken from the safe for transfer to
+Washington, the office was entered by four
+United States Secret Service agents from the
+Department of Justice, who made their way
+past the guardians always on duty, put von
+Igel under arrest, and undertook to seize the
+papers. The German was powerful and
+brave. With the aid of one associate he stubbornly
+fought the officers, striving to rescue
+the papers, to close the safe, to get to the
+telephone and communicate with his superiors.
+Revolvers were drawn by the Secret Service
+men. They produced no effect upon the
+intrepid von Igel.</p>
+
+<p>“This is German territory,” he shouted.
+“Shoot me and you will bring on war.”</p>
+
+<p>There was no shooting. But after a protracted
+struggle the defenders were overpowered
+and the papers seized. The German
+Embassy at once entered its protest. These
+were official papers. They were sacrosanct.
+The diplomatic prerogative of a friendly nation
+had been overridden and the person of
+its representative insulted. To this the State
+Department replied that the invaded premises
+at 60 Wall Street were described in the contract
+as a private business office for the carrying
+on of advertising, and that von Igel had
+not been formally accredited as a German
+representative.</p>
+
+<p>When the papers were examined by the
+Department of Justice the reason for von
+Igel’s determined fight became apparent.
+Here, in the form of letters, telegrams, notations,
+checks, receipts, ledgers, cashbooks, cipher
+codes, lists of spies, and other memoranda
+and records were found indications—in
+some instances of the vaguest nature, in
+others of the most damning conclusiveness—that
+the German Imperial Government,
+through its representatives in a then friendly
+nation, was concerned with—</p>
+
+<p>Violation of the laws of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Destruction of lives and property in merchant
+vessels on the high seas.</p>
+
+<p>Irish revolutionary plots against Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Fomenting ill-feeling against the United
+States in Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Subornation of American writers and lecturers.</p>
+
+<p>Financing of propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>Maintenance of a spy system under the
+guise of a commercial investigation bureau.</p>
+
+<p>Subsidizing of a bureau for the purpose of
+stirring up labor troubles in munition plants.</p>
+
+<p>The bomb industry and other related activities.</p>
+
+<p>One of the most significant papers in the
+von Igel collection was a letter directly convicting
+von Papen of paying money to a
+plotter (Paul Koenig, manager of an alleged
+Bureau of Investigation established by
+the Hamburg-American Steamship Company
+for secret service purposes) designing to blow<span class="pagenum" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</span>
+up merchant ships sailing from the port of
+New York. Koenig had reported the make
+of the bombs which it was proposed to use.
+They were made to look like lumps of coal,
+to be concealed in the coal laden on steamers
+of the Allies. By this or other means thirty
+ships carrying munitions to the Allies were
+sunk.</p>
+
+
+<h3>MORE BERNSTORFF CRAFT</h3>
+
+<p>Closely related to and to some extent under
+the guidance of von Igel was the German and
+Austro-Hungarian Labor Information and
+Relief Bureau, with central headquarters at
+136 Liberty Street, New York City, and
+branches in Cleveland, Detroit, Bridgeport,
+Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The
+head of the enterprise was Hans Liebau, from
+whom it took its familiarly accepted name of
+the “Liebau Employment Agency.” During
+the trying days which followed the arrest of
+the Welland Canal conspirators it was unwaveringly
+asserted that the Liebau concern
+was a bona fide employment agency and nothing
+else, with no object other than to secure
+positions for German, Austrian, or Hungarian
+workmen seeking employment. That
+was for publication only. In von Igel’s papers
+the truth appears, brought out by the refusal
+of the Austro-Hungarian Embassy to continue
+its subsidies to the bureau.</p>
+
+<p>That the Austro-Hungarian Embassy had
+taken official cognizance of the bureau previously,
+however, is disclosed in the letter written
+by the Ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian
+Minister for Foreign Affairs, which was
+found in the possession of James F. J. Archibald
+by the British authorities August 30,
+1915. In this letter the Ambassador stated:</p>
+
+<p>“It is my impression that we can disorganize
+and hold up for months, if not entirely prevent,
+the manufacture of munitions in Bethlehem
+and the Middle West, which, in the
+opinion of the German Military Attaché, is
+of importance and amply outweighs the comparatively
+small expenditure of money involved.”</p>
+
+<p>Representations on behalf of the bureau’s
+efficiency were made, under date of March
+24, 1916, in a letter to the German Ambassador,
+von Bernstorff:</p>
+
+<p>“Engineers and persons in the better class of
+positions, and who had means of their own,
+were persuaded by the propaganda of the bureau
+to leave war material factories.”</p>
+
+<p>The report comments with unconcealed
+amusement upon the fact that munitions concerns
+innocently wrote the bureau for workmen
+(which, of course, were not furnished)
+and continues in reviewing later conditions in
+the munitions industry:</p>
+
+<p>“The commercial employment bureaus of
+the country have no supply of unemployed technicians....
+Many disturbances and suspensions
+which war material factories have had
+to suffer, and which it was not always possible
+to remove quickly, but which on the contrary
+often led to long strikes, may be attributed
+to the energetic propaganda of the
+employment bureau.”</p>
+
+<p>The captured documents contained letters
+and communications that established intimate
+relations between the German Diplomatic
+Service and the Irish revolutionary movement.
+Among others was the letter concerning a
+Justice of the New York Supreme Court,
+Daniel F. Cohalan, beginning, “Judge Cohalan
+requests the transmission of the following
+remarks.” The remarks are then quoted as
+follows:</p>
+
+<p>“The revolution in Ireland can only be
+successful if supported from Germany, otherwise
+England will be able to suppress it, even
+though it be only after hard struggles. Therefore
+help is necessary. This should consist,
+primarily, of aerial attacks in England and a
+diversion of the fleet simultaneously with Irish
+revolution. Then, if possible, a landing of
+troops, arms, and ammunition in Ireland, and
+possibly some officers from Zeppelins. This
+would enable the Irish ports to be closed
+against England and the establishment of stations
+for submarines on the Irish coast and the
+cutting off of the supply of food for England.
+The services of the revolution may therefore
+decide the war.”</p>
+
+<p>“He asks that a telegram to this effect be
+sent to Berlin,” the letter continues. It is but
+fair to say that Judge Cohalan has denied
+making the request.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_339" style="max-width: 43.0625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_339.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Poster for the Fourth Liberty Loan</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Other documents revealed the German Secret
+Service dealings with Sir Roger Casement,
+subsequently executed by the British for
+treason, but though the Department of Justice
+had this incriminating evidence, it did
+not reach the Attorney General until the afternoon
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</span>following the arrest of Casement.
+The cause of Casement’s arrest was not,
+therefore, information furnished by the Department,
+as was loosely charged at the time.</p>
+
+
+<h3>LANSING’S REVELATION</h3>
+
+<p>The most sensational of the revelations of
+German plotting in the United States was made
+by Secretary Lansing on September 21, 1916,
+when he published without comment a telegram
+written by Ambassador Bernstorff himself
+and asking his government for $50,000
+to be used in influencing Congress. This was
+not one of the papers taken from von Igel,
+but was of much later date, and Mr. Lansing
+stated that the cablegram had not been sent
+to Germany through the State Department,
+leaving it to be implied that it went by way
+of some neutral legation.</p>
+
+<p>There was a veritable storm of excitement
+in Congress over the imputation of bribery,
+some Congressmen in the heat of the moment
+intimating that they knew what members had
+benefited from the fund. But later it was
+made evident that Bernstorff had no idea of
+bribery but of starting a volume of letters and
+telegrams from various parts of the country
+to influence Congressmen against a declaration
+of war. Some time afterwards Secretary Lansing
+made public the fact that when Bernstorff
+asked for the $50,000 to influence the
+American Congress he was already aware that
+Germany was about to resume her ruthless
+submarine warfare which she had assured the
+United States would be abandoned.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE BOLO PASHA FOLLY</h3>
+
+<p>The most amazing instance thus far discovered
+of the German government’s lavish
+waste of the German people’s money for useless
+intrigues in other countries is that revealed
+after the arrest of Paul Bolo, alias
+Bolo Pasha, in Paris, Sept. 29, 1917. The
+following account is taken from the <cite>New
+York Times Current History</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“Bolo had long been under suspicion and
+had been temporarily under arrest several
+weeks before, but only upon receipt of important
+evidence from the United States was
+he imprisoned without bail. He is a Frenchman,
+born at Marseilles, and, according to an
+article in the Paris <cite>Matin</cite>, is a brother of an
+eloquent French prelate of that name. He has
+had an adventurous career in various countries,
+including Egypt, and at the beginning
+of the war he was penniless; but when in
+Switzerland in March, 1915, he met Abbas
+Hilmi, former Khédive of Egypt, and apparently
+concluded an arrangement by which he
+was to receive $2,500,000 to be used in influencing
+the French press in favor of a German
+peace. The plan was approved by Gottlieb
+von Jagow, German Foreign Minister,
+who was to pay the money partly through the
+ex-Khédive and partly through Swiss and
+American banks.</p>
+
+<p>“In accordance with this arrangement
+$1,000,000 was paid by roundabout methods
+through Swiss banks, to avert suspicion. Abbas
+Hilmi and an associate are said to have
+collected $50,000 as a commission. After that
+time Bolo Pasha and Abbas Hilmi seemed to
+have fallen out, for their relations ceased.
+At the time of his arrest Bolo was said to have
+received $8,000,000 from Germany, of which
+$2,500,000 had been traced to the Deutsche
+Bank. Large portions of this sum were said
+to have been paid through an American channel.
+The actual facts, now proved by the documents,
+go far toward confirming those original
+estimates.</p>
+
+<p>“Bolo arrived in New York on February
+22, 1916, and left on March 17 following. He
+had rooms at the Plaza Hotel, and was careful
+not to be seen in public with German agents.
+He saw Bernstorff secretly in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>“When the French government got an inkling
+of his traitorous activities it appealed to
+Governor Whitman of New York for evidence,
+and ten days’ work by Merton E.
+Lewis, the Attorney General of the State, assisted
+by an expert accountant, resulted in sensational
+disclosures which were made public
+on the evening of October 3. The evidence,
+which included photographic reproductions of
+many telltale checks, letters, and telegrams,
+revealed the fact that Count Bernstorff, then
+German Ambassador at Washington, had
+eagerly fallen in with Bolo’s proposition to betray
+France by corrupting the press in favor
+of a premature peace and had advanced him
+the enormous sum of $1,683,500 to finance the
+plot. The State Department and Ambassador
+Jusserand examined the evidence and attested
+its genuineness.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_341" style="max-width: 51.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_341.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+From <cite>Punch</cite>, Sept. 9, 1914.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">India for the King</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The man on horseback is a Hindu. To his right is a Mohammedan, to his left a Parsee. This
+cartoon from <cite>Punch</cite> depicts the loyalty of the natives of India in the World War.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</span></p>
+
+<p>“Many banks had been used to confuse and
+hide the transaction, but the persons and agencies
+who figured knowingly in it are Bolo
+Pasha, Ambassador von Bernstorff, and two
+bankers—Hugo Schmidt, former New York
+agent of the Deutsche Bank of Berlin, who
+acted as Bernstorff’s financial agent, and
+Adolph Pavenstedt, former head of the New
+York banking house of G. Amsinck &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>“Of the mass of documents exhibited by
+Attorney General Lewis, the most important
+was a letter written by Bolo Pasha to the
+New York City branch of the Royal Bank
+of Canada on March 14, 1916, three days
+before he sailed to return to France. That
+letter reads:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+“‘New York, March 14, 1916.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>“‘The Royal Bank of Canada, New York,
+N. Y.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Gentlemen: You will receive from
+Messrs. G. Amsinck &amp; Co. deposits for the
+credit of my account with you, which deposits
+will reach the aggregate amount of about
+$1,700,000, which I wish you to utilize in the
+following manner:</p>
+
+<p>“‘First—Immediately on receipt of the first
+amount on account of this sum pay to Messrs.
+J. P. Morgan &amp; Co., New York City, the
+sum of $170,068.03, to be placed to the credit
+of the account with them of Senator Charles
+Humbert, Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Second—Establish on your books a credit
+of $5,000, good until the 31st of May, in
+favor of Jules Bois, Biltmore Hotel, this
+amount to be utilized by him at the debit
+of my account according to his needs, and the
+unused balance to be returned to me.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Third—Transfer to the credit of my
+wife, Mme. Bolo, with agency T of Comptoir
+National d’Escompte de Paris a sum of
+about $524,000, to be debited to my account
+as such transfers are made by you at best rate
+and by small amounts.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Fourth—You will hold, subject to my
+instructions, when all payments are complete,
+a balance of not less than $1,000,000.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 6em">“‘Yours truly,</span><br>
+
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bolo Pasha</span>.’<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>“That is how the $1,683,500, which was
+the exact amount Bernstorff ordered Schmidt
+to place at the service of Bolo, came into the
+latter’s actual possession.</p>
+
+
+<h3>BERNSTORFF THE MASTER MIND</h3>
+
+<p>“Direct evidence that Count Bernstorff was
+the master mind behind the plot on this side
+of the Atlantic came to light in five dispatches
+that were made public by Secretary Lansing
+on October 5. These messages were exchanged
+in the Spring of 1916:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“‘<em>The Department of State communicates
+to the press the following telegrams bearing
+upon the case of Bolo Pasha, exchanged between
+Count von Bernstorff and Herr von
+Jagow, German Minister of Foreign Affairs.</em></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 679, Feb. 26. I have received
+direct information from an entirely trustworthy
+source concerning a political action
+in one of the enemy countries which would
+bring peace. One of the leading political personalities
+of the country in question is seeking
+a loan of one million seven hundred thousand
+dollars in New York, for which security will
+be given. I was forbidden to give his name
+in writing. The affair seems to me to be of
+the greatest possible importance. Can the
+money be provided at once in New York?
+That the intermediary will keep the matter
+secret is entirely certain. Request answer by
+telegram. A verbal report will follow as
+soon as a trustworthy person can be found to
+bring it to Germany.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 150, Feb. 29. Answer to telegram
+Number 679. Agree to the loan, but
+only if peace action seems to you a really serious
+project, as the provision of money in New
+York is for us at present extraordinarily difficult.
+If the enemy country is Russia have
+nothing to do with the business, as the sum
+of money is too small to have any serious effect
+in that country. So, too, in the case of Italy,
+where it would not be worth while to spend
+so much.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Jagow.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 685, March 5. Please instruct
+Deutsche Bank to hold nine million marks at
+disposal of Hugo Schmidt. The affair is very
+promising. Further particulars follow.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_343" style="max-width: 45.1875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_343.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Drawn by Joseph Cummings Chase.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Sergeant William M. Butterfield</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>32nd Division, 125th Infantry, Company “G”</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A descendant of the famous Rebel general, Milo J. Butterfield. He was made a corporal and
+requested to be reduced to the rank of private, in order to get to the front more quickly. He
+participated in three drives: Château-Thierry, Soissons, and Argonne. He was made a Sergeant in
+Company “G” as a reward for his splendid fighting in the latter offensive.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+
+<p>“‘Number 692, March 20. With reference
+to telegram Number 685, please advise
+our Minister in Berne that some one will call
+on him who will give him the passport Sanct
+Regis and who wishes to establish relations
+with the Foreign Office. Intermediary further
+requests that influence may be brought
+to bear upon our press to pass over the change
+in the inner political situation in France so
+far as possible in silence, in order that things
+may not be spoiled by German approval.</p>
+
+<p class="right">“‘<span class="smcap">Bernstorff.</span>’</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>“‘Number 206, May 31. The person announced
+in Telegram 692 of March 20 has
+not yet reported himself at the legation at
+Berne. Is there any more news on your side
+of Bolo?</p>
+
+<p class="right">“‘<span class="smcap">Jagow.</span>’</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p>“In France the most sensational feature of
+the case was Bolo’s payment of $170,000 to
+Senator Charles Humbert, owner of <cite>Le Journal</cite>.
+The money was in part payment for
+1,100 bonds of that newspaper. Senator
+Humbert immediately came out with a statement
+to prove that he was entirely unaware
+of the treasonable purpose of the purchases.
+He gave facts showing that Bolo Pasha had
+used his contract with <cite>Le Journal</cite> to extract
+money from Germany. On Oct. 12, the
+French Military Court appointed a sequestrator
+for the money advanced to Senator Humbert.
+It amounted in all to $1,200,000 and
+was handed over to the care of the Deposit
+and Consignment office, a section of the Ministry
+of Finance.</p>
+
+<p>“Whatever the total number of millions extracted
+from the German government by
+Bolo Pasha, the utter futility of the expenditure,
+so far as Germany is concerned, must
+remain one of the most striking features of
+the case.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>A CONTINUING EVIL</h3>
+
+<p>The exposures of German intrigue and the
+departure from this country of the official
+representatives of Germany who had so grossly
+abused their diplomatic privileges did not by
+any means put an end to pro-German activities
+and expenditures. They were uninterrupted
+though necessarily transferred to channels
+of less commanding importance. What
+was true late in 1917, was practically true
+of the major part of 1918, before the armistice.
+Societies as well as individuals continued
+to distribute German money and carry
+on pro-German or anti-English propaganda.
+The <cite>New York Times</cite> said in October, 1917:</p>
+
+<p>“The thing needs no proof. She is paying
+every man who will accept pay for the same
+purpose for which, before the war began, she
+was paying every man who would accept pay
+to handicap and weaken the arm of the American
+government.</p>
+
+<p>“How are we to recognize the trail of her
+money? Before the war she was organizing
+strikes, blowing up factories, and purchasing
+the creation of a false public opinion against
+trading with the Allies. The outbreak of
+war somewhat altered her aims; there have
+been no purchased strikes lately and no dynamiting
+of factories. Her aim, which is always
+the same—the weakening of the government’s
+arm—can now be best attained by
+creating a false public opinion in favor of laying
+down our arms and consenting to peace
+before the objects of the war are attained.
+All her own moves from Berlin are now directed
+to that end, and when we find a movement
+in the United States which duplicates
+the moves from Berlin it is safe to assume
+that Germany is backing it in the same way
+in which she backed other movements, to
+quote von Bernstorff, ‘on former occasions.’</p>
+
+<p>“It makes no difference that some of the
+men who are engaged in this movement may
+be merely foolish or deluded and not in receipt
+of money from Wilhelmstrasse. There
+are others who are, and these dupes are merely
+their tools. One and all they are doing the
+work for which Germany pays those who get
+the pay and those who do not. The ignorant
+zealot goes where the paid traitor sends him.
+That the ignorant zealot does not know the
+paid traitor is paid does not alter in the slightest
+the deadly effect of his action, the deadly
+effect calculated on and purposed by the German
+paymaster.”</p>
+
+<p>The <cite>New York Tribune</cite>, commenting on
+the facility of espionage and propaganda by
+Germans, said:</p>
+
+<p>“Conditions are incredible. These enemy
+aliens, acting as spies and carriers of information,
+are everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>“They are going freely to and fro.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</span></p>
+
+<p>“They are in the Army and Navy.</p>
+
+<p>“They occupy hundreds of observation
+posts.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in possession of hundreds of
+sources of information of military value.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in factories producing war-materials.</p>
+
+<p>“They are in all the drug and chemical
+laboratories.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp65" id="i_b_345" style="max-width: 52.25em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_345.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Tribitsch Lincoln</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The man in the middle, exmember of parliament,
+is hand-cuffed to a detective. He confessed
+that he was a spy for the German government.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘If you discharge the Germans,’ says Herman
+A. Metz, a manufacturer of drugs and
+chemicals, ‘you will close every chemical plant
+in the country.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>ORGANIZED PROPAGANDA</h3>
+
+<p>To quote again from <cite>The German Secret
+Service in America</cite>:</p>
+
+<p>“Many of the peace movements which were
+set going during the first three years of the
+war were sincere, many were not. A mass
+meeting held at Madison Square Garden in
+1915 at which Bryan was the chief speaker,
+was inspired by Germany. In the insincere
+class falls also the ‘Friends of Peace,’ organized
+in 1915. Its letterhead bore the invitation:
+‘Attend the National Peace Convention,
+Chicago, Sept. 5 and 6,’ and incidentally
+betrayed the origin of the society. The letterhead
+stated that the society represented the
+American Truth Society (an offshoot of the
+National German-American Alliance), The
+American Women of German Descent, the
+American Fair Play Society, the German-American
+Alliance of Greater New York, the
+German Catholic Federation of New York,
+the United Irish-American Societies and the
+United Austrian and Hungarian-American
+Societies. Among the ‘honorable vice-chairmen’
+were listed Edmund von Mach, John
+Devoy, Justices Goff and Cohalan (a trinity
+of Britonophobes), Colquitt of Texas, ex-Congressman
+Buchanan (of Labor’s National
+Peace Council fame), Jeremiah O’Leary (a
+Sinn Feiner, mentioned in official cables from
+Zimmermann to Bernstorff as a good intermediary
+for sabotage), Judge John T. Hylan,
+Richard Bartholdt (a congressman active in
+the German political lobby), and divers officers
+of the Alliance.</p>
+
+<p>“The American Truth Society, Inc., the
+parent of the Friends of Peace, was founded
+in 1912 by Jeremiah O’Leary, a Tammany
+lawyer later indicted for violation of the Espionage
+Act, who disappeared when his case
+came up for trial in May, 1918; Alphonse
+Koelble, who conducted the German-American
+Alliance’s New York political clearing
+house; Gustav Dopslaff, a German-American
+banker, and others interested in the German
+cause. In 1915 the Society, whose executives
+were well and favorably known to the German
+embassy, began issuing and circulating noisy
+pamphlets, with such captions as ‘Fair Play
+for Germany,’ and ‘A German-American
+War.’ O’Leary and his friends also conducted
+a mail questionnaire of Congress in an
+effort to catalogue the convictions of each
+member on the blockade and embargo questions.
+Their most insidious campaign was an
+effort to frighten the smaller banks of the
+country from participating in Allied loans, by
+threats of a German ‘blacklist’ after the war,
+to organize a ‘gold protest’ to embarrass
+American banking operations, and in general
+to harass the Administration in its international
+relations.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_346" style="max-width: 42.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_346.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Prize Winning War Savings Poster</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“So with their newspapers, rumor-mongers,
+lecturers, peace societies, alliances, bunds,
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</span>vereins, lobbyists, war relief workers, motion
+picture operators and syndicates, the Germans
+wrought hard to avert war. For two
+years they nearly succeeded. America was
+under the narcotic influence of generally comfortable
+neutrality, and a comfortable nation
+likes to wag its head and say ‘there are two
+sides to every question.’ But whatever these
+German agents might have accomplished in
+the public mind—and certainly they were sowing
+their seed in fertile ground—was nullified
+by acts of violence, ruthlessness at sea, and
+impudence in diplomacy. The left hand
+found out what the right hand was about.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PAUL KOENIG, THE ATLAS LINE’S MAN</h3>
+
+<p>One of the delectable agents of the Bernstorff-von
+Papen intrigues was a “bull-headed
+Westphalian” named Paul Koenig, who had
+been one of the Hamburg-American Line’s
+detectives in service with the subsidiary company,
+the Atlas Line. His duties brought
+him into close relations with sailors, tug-captains,
+wharf-rats, longshoremen and keepers
+of dives of the lowest sort. That experience,
+coupled with the fact that he was, as his apelike
+countenance suggests, crafty and brutal,
+made him an ideal man for von Papen’s more
+dastardly purposes, especially as Koenig had
+under him the company’s police force of ten
+or twelve men, obedient to his will. Here was
+a nice little organization ready to hand.</p>
+
+<p>On von Papen’s request the Atlas Line put
+Koenig entirely at his disposal, and no time
+was lost in making use of his service. Under
+von Papen, Koenig became the chief of a
+majority of the German Secret Service groups
+in the eastern part of the country. Gradually
+his work extended to the execution of commissions
+for the higher-ups, Bernstorff, Dr.
+Albert, the curious Austrian Ambassador, Dr.
+Dumba, as well as the orders of von Papen.
+He was a sort of factotum to them on various
+occasions, guard, messenger, investigator, etc.
+But to preserve the air of unsuspicious employment
+the Line continued to pay his wages,
+his work for the conspirators being covered
+by special bills and von Papen’s special checks.
+Koenig kept a book in which were listed the
+names of hundreds of persons—German-Americans
+and Americans, clerks, army reservists,
+scientists, city and federal employees,
+etc.—indicating his wide range of sources of
+information and the effectiveness of his system
+of poisonous propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>His staff had numbers and special initials
+as well as aliases for identification in correspondence
+and telephone or other communications.
+He provided against the tapping of
+his telephone wires by talking in code. His
+code seems to have been devised with some
+sense of humor in the possibility of sending
+listeners-in on wild-goose chases, which was
+often the result. Then to prevent being
+shadowed he had one or two of his own men
+trail him, ready to notify him by signal if
+he seemed to be the object of too persistent
+attention. It is said he had the trick, when
+being followed, of suddenly turning a corner
+and waiting until the detective came up, when,
+taking a good look to identify the follower,
+he would go on with a boisterous laugh. By
+this trick he came to know quite a number
+of the agents of the Department of Justice.
+Such a cunning and cautious fellow of course
+gave the police a deal of trouble to keep tabs
+on him. Mr. John Price Jones says in his
+book:</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SUPERSUBTLE KNAVE</h3>
+
+<p>“So elusive did he become that it was necessary
+to evolve a new system of shadowing him
+in order to keep him in sight without betraying
+that he was under surveillance. One detective,
+accordingly, would be stationed several
+blocks away and would start out ahead of
+Koenig. The ‘front shadow’ was signaled
+by his confederates in the rear whenever
+Koenig turned a corner, so that the man in
+front might dart down a cross-street and maneuver
+to keep ahead of him. If Koenig
+boarded a street car the man ahead would hail
+the car several blocks beyond, thus avoiding
+suspicion. In more than one instance detectives
+in the rear, guessing that he was
+about to take a car, would board it several
+blocks before it got abreast of Koenig.</p>
+
+<p>“It was impossible to overhear direct conversation
+between Koenig and any man to
+whom he was giving instructions. Some of
+his workers he never permitted to meet him
+at all, but when he kept a rendezvous it was
+in the open, in the parks in broad daylight,
+or in a moving-picture theater, or in the Pennsylvania
+Station, or the Grand Central Terminal.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</span>
+There he could make sure that nobody
+was eavesdropping. If he met an agent
+in the open for the first time he gave him
+some such command as this:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Be at Third Avenue and Fifty-ninth
+Street at 2:30 to-morrow afternoon beside a
+public telephone booth there. When the telephone
+rings answer it.’</p>
+
+<p>“The man would obey. On the minute
+the telephone would ring and the man would
+lift the receiver. A strange voice told him to
+do certain things—either a definite assignment,
+or instructions to be at a similar place
+on the following day to receive a message.
+Or he might be told to meet another man, who
+would give him money and further orders.
+The voice at the other end of the wire spoke
+from a public telephone booth and was thus
+reasonably sure that the wire he was talking
+over was not tapped.”</p>
+
+<p>But cunning, like vaulting ambition, sometimes
+“doth o’erleap itself,” and Koenig’s
+fall into the clutches of the law was due to
+that excess of caution that forbade him to
+trust any of his men or assistants. His rule
+was to employ no one man more than once
+in any service that gave him a “hold” on
+Koenig sufficient to warrant blackmail or
+threaten exposure. The detectives found this
+out, by observation. Then they noticed that
+one George Fuchs, a young relative with
+whom Koenig had been quite chummy at first,
+came to be seen less and less in his company.
+The detectives thereupon set about making
+the acquaintance of Fuchs and getting into his
+good grace. It did not take them long to
+learn that he was resentful of his unappreciative
+relative, and they gave sympathetic ear
+to his complaints. The desired result was the
+betrayal of Koenig to the authorities.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AS_TO_SPIES_IN_ENGLAND">AS TO SPIES IN ENGLAND</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Dozen Were Shot, Hundreds Were Imprisoned, But “Cherished Spies”
+Were Allowed To Go Free Because Their Work Was So Bad.</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">There</span> has never been a war since the
+one in which the daughter of Jupiter and
+Leda, the inconstant Helen, figured so conspicuously,
+that has not had its fact or fiction
+of “beautiful” women. Whether it be Homer
+or Timothy Tubbmutton who wields the recording
+pen, there is always the woman beautiful
+to flavor the narrative. And usually
+the “beautiful” is a clever spy who casts a
+seductive spell over diplomats, statesmen, generals
+or, if need be, corporals of the guard.
+Inevitably a war of a magnitude to take in
+every clime and nation offered alluring field
+for the play of the reportorial or literary imagination,
+and we have had—in novel, movie
+and magazine as well as in the columns of the
+press—stories unlimited about beautiful
+women spies.</p>
+
+<p>It goes without saying that, with the rarest
+possible exception, beauty is not a feature of
+the type of person whose mentality delights
+in “treasons, stratagems and spoils.” But we
+seldom have an authoritative pronouncement
+on the subject, and for that reason it is particularly
+interesting to reproduce in part an
+interview Miss Gertrude Lynch had with an
+English secret service official in 1917 while
+the war was still very much on. Miss Lynch
+was one of the “Vigilantes,” an association of
+American writers whose object was to “help
+win the war” by the dissemination of educative
+information. The interview with the
+English official was to get some light on the
+German espionage system as applied to England.
+Though not named, the official is described
+as the spy expert of England. A
+great many spies, of one and another sort, were
+nabbed in England. The article says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>ONLY A DOZEN SHOT</h3>
+
+<p>“There have only been twelve spies shot
+since the beginning of the war, but hundreds
+are either in penal servitude for life or serving
+shorter sentences. The actual number
+was not known to the official who talked with
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</span>me on this topic—with the distinct understanding
+that I should not mention his name
+or title. He is the acknowledged authority on
+the spy evil. Not far from where we sat, in
+a formidable cabinet which looked as if it
+held other interesting documents, the papers
+taken from von Papen were carefully locked.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_349" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_349.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">French and German Soldiers as Comrades in Death</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Clearing a battlefield after the advance of the French armies in September, 1915. The fallen of both armies were loaded together on wagons and
+hauled to convenient places for interment. Their identity was learned from numbered metal tags on cords around the neck, or sewn into the clothing.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘No woman spies have been shot in England
+and only one among the feminine lot—a
+bad lot—who are serving sentence could possibly
+lay claim to being a “beautiful lady” spy.
+This woman had all the hall-marks of the
+fiction and cinema character, charming in
+manner, well gowned, having plenty of money,
+traveling about luxuriously, and was finally
+nabbed with the incriminating papers on her.
+But the popular conception of the feminine
+secret agent rarely exists outside of sensational
+stories because only women without
+moral sense can take up this profession, and
+when a woman is devoid of moral sense she is
+sure to be devoid of the other qualities that
+might make her work efficacious.</p>
+
+<p>“‘There are, of course, numberless men and
+women who would be spies if they had not
+been interned, and, among the 30,000 Germans
+who are at this moment so confined,
+there are doubtless several who treasure the
+belief that they would have been of inestimable
+use to their country; but as they will
+never get a chance to prove themselves wrong
+that poor solace is permitted them.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We have,’ continued my informant, ‘a
+great number of “cherished spies” with us.
+These are the spies who go about plying their
+profession and believing themselves the personification
+of that cleverness the Germans
+demand for this work. That is why we have
+dubbed them “Our Cherished Ones.” They
+are carefully watched. We let them go on
+doing bad work because it is much better to
+keep a bad spy doing bad work than it is to
+take him and perhaps have a spy who might
+do good work sent in his place.</p>
+
+<p>“‘We would hate to lose our “cherished
+spies.” We don’t intend to!</p>
+
+<p>“‘America has the job of the century. I
+wouldn’t know where to tell her to begin.
+Spies that were there and have left had plenty
+of time to lay their plans before the unrestricted
+submarine warfare began.</p>
+
+<p>“‘With 8,000,000 Germans in America,
+what you have to find out is whether or not
+a German has been denationalized, a process
+that can only be gone through in Germany.
+It is not enough to know that he has been
+naturalized and that he claims to be a good
+citizen to your country. The fact that he has
+become a naturalized citizen does not free
+him from the call to fight for his own land.
+If he is denationalized as well as naturalized
+you are then safe, but not before. In England
+we had only a very small number who were
+found to be denationalized, a fairly negligible
+unit.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I should say that the rush by foreigners
+immediately after the declaration of war in
+America was not because before they had been
+indifferent or hostile, but because they feared
+to be called upon to fight for their own countries.
+You will probably find that many of
+the Germans had been denationalized and were
+finishing up the process.’”</p>
+
+
+<h3>AMERICA’S HIGH-CLASS SPIES</h3>
+
+<p>America had a monopoly of the so-called
+high-class spies, according to this authority.
+The average German spy was described as a
+man who has one or more convictions hanging
+over his head—an unsentenced criminal—and
+these men were paid only about $250 a
+month. The statement continues:</p>
+
+<p>“‘The last spy we caught was only a day or
+so ago. We had been after him for some time
+and he was traveling with a perfectly good
+American passport.</p>
+
+<p>“‘The high-class spies with you are responsible
+for the sabotage, for the strikes on the
+docks and in the factories. They are pacifists,
+anticonscriptionists. It is a situation terribly
+serious for you. They are going to delay
+what they can not prevent. Don’t flatter
+yourselves that the important spies have been
+driven out. If I had been a spy in America
+and the warning had been given to me so
+long in advance, I would have laid my lines
+very well. Look out for those lines; you
+may trip.</p>
+
+<p>“‘What should be done with a spy in America?
+He should be shot as soon as his espionage
+has been proved. No weakness should
+be permitted because he has many affiliations
+there.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_351" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_351.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">French Peasants Sent to the Front by Germans</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">In certain areas in France the German commanders feared that the inhabitants would give information to the French armies, and so moved all
+the population either into concentration camps near the front or to points a long way in the rear of the lines. Here is shown a wagon train filled
+with peasants who had been forced to leave their homes with only the few necessities these civilian heroes could carry.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“‘I was in Germany eight years ago. Everywhere
+I was asked, “Are you ready to fight
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</span>America?” That was the pretty little German
+game. Even then they were dying to rub
+into us the fact that America was our enemy.
+In the beginning, when the commercial party—Herr
+Ballin and his clique—were in power,
+they pretended a great affection for you. It
+was contrary to their desire that the submarine
+warfare became so terrible—not because they
+hated its brutalities, don’t make any mistake
+about that, but because they thought it a
+diplomatic blunder. Then and now they have
+a press which harps on the unfriendly feeling
+that exists between you and us. That often
+reiterated phrase that “America is fighting
+Great Britain’s battles for her” was made in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p>“‘I’m not such a fool as to think that America
+loved us in the past, but that she ever
+hated us as the Germans have said and that
+we have hated her as they still say in subtle,
+indefinable ways in some of your papers, is
+unbelievable by either of the parties concerned.
+Nations have faults as do individuals. We’ve
+made mistakes. We may have talked a little
+too much about the <em>Shannon</em> and <em>Chesapeake</em>
+and you too much about Bunker Hill and that
+tea-party in Boston Harbor. Let’s have an
+end to it—it all helps Germany too much.
+Take away the text-books from your children
+which teach them to hate us. If you try it,
+the German school-teachers will try to keep
+them, see if they don’t.</p>
+
+<p>“‘America ought to love us now if she has
+not in the past, if national love is founded on
+respect, as it should be. We can point to
+ourselves with pride. We have given up in
+this war the thing we most believed in—personal
+freedom. We have made untold sacrifices
+and we are ready to give up everything—everything.
+Anything in your press that
+makes you see these facts in a distorted way
+is false, spy-work of the subtle, underground,
+submarine mentality sort that the Germans
+excel in.</p>
+
+<p>“‘Look out for it. It isn’t the work of the
+“lovely lady spy” or that of the man with a
+conviction suspended while he does their dirty
+work that you are in danger from. It is just
+where I have pointed out.</p>
+
+<p>“‘You asked me a while ago what England
+would do in case Germany won. I will tell
+you and you can draw from it the lesson of
+spy—and other German effort.</p>
+
+<p>“‘If Germany should win, there won’t be
+any one here when it happens to know anything
+about it.’”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELLS_BETRAYER">EDITH CAVELL’S BETRAYER</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Traitor of Belgium Posing as an Allied Soldier Served the Germans</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">The</span> basest of the spies in the German
+Service of whom there is any account
+probably was Gaston Quien, the betrayer of
+Edith Cavell. He was a degraded moral type,
+and had been convicted of various minor offenses
+before the war, being a “bad citizen.”
+He was at St. Quentin when the Germans arrived
+there, and according to testimony he at
+once placed himself on familiar terms with
+them. He was nicknamed “Doublemetre”
+(Two-yarder) because of his great stature.
+The Germans saw that they could make use
+of him, and proceeded to do so.</p>
+
+<p>The circumstances of his employment were
+about as follows:</p>
+
+<p>In 1915 the German commanders in Northern
+France and Belgium were angered at the
+fact that hundreds of Belgian and Allied
+soldiers hidden in various villages were eventually
+smuggled through the lines into Holland
+or France by an organization known to have
+its headquarters in Brussels.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_353" style="max-width: 42.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_353.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">A Loan Poster</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Quien opportunely arrived in Brussels and
+posed as an Allied aviator who had been
+obliged to alight behind the German lines,
+and, after burning his plane, had evaded capture.
+Along with several French soldiers, he
+was hidden for a time at the château of Prince
+and Princess Crouy. There Louise Thuliez,
+the school teacher decorated early in 1919
+with the Legion of Honor, secretly passed him
+on to Brussels, by way of Mons. At Brussels
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</span>he was lodged for several days in Miss
+Cavell’s nursery. Finally an engineer named
+Capiau and Mme. Bodart accompanied him
+and a group of Allied soldiers to the Dutch
+frontier, where, by payment of $15 a head
+to smugglers, they were conducted into Dutch
+territory.</p>
+
+<p>Once at The Hague, Quien made no further
+effort to get into France. Instead, he
+returned to Brussels and betrayed to the
+Germans the entire organization for helping
+Allied soldiers out of Belgium.</p>
+
+<p>Miss Cavell was tried and executed soon
+afterward. Miss Thuliez also was sentenced
+to death, but pardoned. Princess Crouy,
+Mme. Bodart and Capiau were sentenced to
+twelve years at hard labor. An architect
+named Bauco, also betrayed by Quien, was
+shot at the same time Miss Cavell met her
+fate. Quien continued in the employ of the
+Germans in various capacities, finally establishing
+himself in Interlaken, where he worked
+with their most noted spies. After the armistice
+he was arrested and tried for treason in a
+Belgian court. He was found guilty, but was
+not executed, pending an appeal.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EDITH_CAVELL2">EDITH CAVELL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent"><em>By</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">George Edward Woodberry</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0 drop-cap">The world hath its own dead; great motions start</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In human breasts, and make for them a place</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In that hushed sanctuary of the race</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Where every day men come, kneel, and depart.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">Of them, O English nurse, henceforth thou art,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">A name to pray on, and to all a face</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">Of household consecration; such His grace</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Whose universal dwelling is the heart.</div>
+  </div>
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">O gentle hands that soothed the soldier’s brow,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">And knew no service save of Christ the Lord!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">Thy country now is all humanity!</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">How like a flower thy womanhood doth show</div>
+    <div class="verse indent2">In the harsh scything of the German sword,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent4">And beautifies the world that saw it die!</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">By permission of <cite>Scribner’s Magazine</cite> and author.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_354fp" style="max-width: 46.6875em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_354fp.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+Painting by Joseph Cummings Chase.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Corporal John R. O’Brien</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80"><em>Second Division, 23rd Infantry, Company K</em></p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After his platoon commander had been severely wounded and his sergeant had been killed
+on June 6, 1918, he assumed command, kept the men on the line, controlled their fire, and
+by good advice and judgment conserved life.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_SPY_MILL">THE SPY MILL</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Did Not Wait for Winds to Swing Its Arms for German Guidance</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">In</span> a book, recently published, called <cite>Espions,
+Espionnage</cite>, one story has to do
+with a windmill: “Celebrated along the
+whole Aisne front, there existed at
+Craonne a mill boldly designated, ‘Mill of the
+Spy.’... The miller, devoted to the interests
+of our enemies, had found the means of
+informing them of the movements of our
+troops by disposing the arms of the mill in
+different positions.” The French has a beautifully
+final sound—“the miller, devoted to
+the interests of our enemies.” “But to tell the
+truth, neither the miller himself nor the actual
+information which he was able to impart,
+made a great deal of difference in the fighting.
+What it was, that made, or almost made, the
+difference, I believe, has never been satisfactorily
+ascertained. The miller at least was
+not there, then. Of course he may have had
+confederates, but if so, the destruction of the
+mill was so sudden, so complete, that there
+was left no trace of them.”</p>
+
+<p>The information given by the mill to the
+Germans was almost entirely negligible, and
+would have penetrated to them anyway
+through the medium of the spies with which
+both lines were always swarming. Of course,
+at first, before they realized the agency of the
+mill, the French were not a little troubled
+and disconcerted by the amount of data the
+Germans seemed to possess, and the speed with
+which it was acquired. For instance, for a
+while the Boches amused themselves with
+knowingly greeting each regiment as it moved
+up to take its turn in the front line trench.
+There was a measure of clairvoyance implied
+in the big white board with black lettering
+that would go up on top of the German
+barbed wire as surely as there was a change
+of guard on the French side: “Bonjour, 77e!”
+or the number of French trench casualties:
+“Morts ——,” “Blessés ——.” And so it
+went on day after day.</p>
+
+<p>A week of this, in dull, rainy weather, was
+enough to set nerves on edge, but then they
+caught the miller, whose execution put, it was
+thought, the quietus on the mill. And upon
+the morning of the 27th of November, they
+moved forward stealthily to the surprise
+attack.</p>
+
+<p>Then a poilu looked back. It was a miserable,
+gray, shrouded morning, when the
+shadow cast by any object is merely a blur
+around that object—the whole a blot upon a
+cloudy plain. The mill stood, a black, spectral
+shape in the fog, on a slight eminence,
+the most commanding point in the surrounding
+country. As he looked, suddenly a long,
+black arm fell, abruptly, while the corresponding
+one, lighter in color, rose a foot or two.
+Besides the troops, it was the only moving
+thing in that breathless landscape. “Sacré-bleu!”
+a poilu exclaimed. As one and another
+began to gape behind them at his
+sudden start of surprise, slowly the whole
+motion was reversed. Light arm down, black
+arm up. Nothing more occurred. The mill
+was as motionless as they, though afterwards
+some of them declared that they had been able
+to see Tom Bene himself, hanging, with a
+ghastly face, athwart the arms, as men are
+sometimes hung to the spokes of a wheel.
+Then, as a sound came from the German
+trenches, as with one impulse, the men rushed—back
+toward the mill, which they literally,
+by means of fire and bombs, tore shred from
+shred. Then they turned to meet the Germans,
+who, warned by this extraordinary wigwagging,
+by whatever agency or agencies, had
+instituted a counter-attack. The French were
+not driven, but they stood the attack in their
+own trenches. “Afterwards, to those who had
+been there to see, more vivid than the angels
+at Mons, more vivid than the vision of the
+Little Corporal, to those who thought they
+saw it, was that gray morning, the foiled attack,
+and this malevolent motion of a secret
+intelligence in a dream landscape.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_356" style="max-width: 41.625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_356.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Century.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Belfry of the Cathedral at Ypres</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">No city had more bombardments than Ypres during the World War. The Germans used
+heavy siege-guns which made great holes often 50 feet across and 30 feet deep. This picture
+shows the effect of the great shells on the great cathedral of Ypres.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="ALOIS_THE_SILENT">ALOIS THE SILENT</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>He Planned to End the War by Slaying Its Instigator and Failing—Died</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the hero-martyrs of Belgium was
+Alois Van Keirsbilk, a well-to-do citizen
+of Thielt, beloved of his townspeople, a man
+of family, and a zealous patriot. He did what
+he might to serve, and many, they say in
+Thielt, were the services rendered. But
+there came a day when the rumor went round
+that the German Kaiser and his entourage
+were to visit Thielt, and Van Keirsbilk suddenly
+conceived a great project for the salvation
+of Belgium, for the liberation of the world
+from the nightmare of war. Egbert Hans
+tells the story of Alois Van Keirsbilk and it
+was first published in its completeness in the
+<cite>New York Times</cite> of Sunday, June 22, 1919.
+But a little abbreviated, it is here reproduced
+as Hans told it:</p>
+
+<p>“Thielt was the headquarters of the Fourth
+German Army and sheltered the Commander-in-Chief
+with a staff of hundreds of officers.
+Alois Van Keirsbilk was chief conductor on
+the railway between Thielt and Bruges. Also
+he was the chief of a secret organization which
+had only one object—‘help to our boys and
+death to the enemy.’ The organization was
+in communication with the Belgian army
+through spies who made regular trips into
+Holland across the ‘cable of death,’ and many
+a German plan originated at headquarters in
+Thielt failed, thanks to the activity of Alois
+and his men.</p>
+
+<p>“It was not long before Alois saw his
+chance for a big stroke. The Kaiser was
+coming to Thielt on the first of November.
+A desperate attack was to be made against
+the Belgian forces along the Yser and from
+there on against Ypres and Dunkirk, and
+Wilhelm II in person was to inspect the
+preparations.</p>
+
+<p>“Kill the Kaiser and the war will be over,
+was the firm conviction of Alois and his
+friends, and they set to work. Alois acquired
+all the information that his organization
+could procure as to the movements and schedule
+of the imperial visitor, and sent all the
+details to his agents in the Belgian army, with
+the request that airmen be sent at the opportune
+moment ‘to kill the Kaiser!’</p>
+
+<p>“Only one of the three messengers who
+were sent out reached the other side of the
+electric cable, for at that time the guards
+were doubled. But one was sufficient, and
+when the first of November came Alois felt
+confident that something would happen.</p>
+
+
+<h3>“THE BEST LAID PLANS”</h3>
+
+<p>“The big dinner at which the Kaiser and
+his staff were to gather around the table, and
+for which all the best silver in town had been
+requisitioned, was to begin at 2 o’clock. At
+that moment anxious eyes watched the sky
+toward the west. Would they come, the airmen
+with their bombs to do the deed that
+would finish the war? Would they be in
+time?</p>
+
+<p>“At 2.15 there was a speck in the blue sky.
+It grew bigger and bigger, and bigger, and
+soon the watchers distinguished three flying
+machines. In haste Alois communicated with
+his friends. Barely had those who were
+warned taken shelter when the first explosion
+was heard. Then for a few minutes the
+town of Thielt shuddered as bomb after bomb
+exploded.</p>
+
+<p>“It was a well-managed raid and the daring
+airmen escaped in safety, but it was all in
+vain. There had been a sudden change in the
+Kaiser’s schedule and the war lord had left
+Thielt at 2 o’clock sharp. During the bombardment
+his motor cars were speeding along
+the road to Bruges and his life was safe.</p>
+
+<p>“But the commander of the Fourth German
+Army raged in his private office at the
+<i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i>. The secret of the visit had
+plainly got out. The Kaiser, the idol of 70,000,000
+Germans, had barely escaped death.
+The guilty had to be found and punished.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</span></p>
+
+<p>“A contra-spy system was organized at once
+and large sums were promised for any bit
+of information. Slowly but surely Alois was
+drawn into the net woven by a most minute
+and complete investigation. On Feb. 2 he
+was summoned to the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i> and taken
+prisoner. Already three of his coöperators
+were there.</p>
+
+<p>“It was then that Alois Van Keirsbilk
+showed the courage which won for him the
+name of ‘the Silent Hero.’ He knew that one
+word spoken lightly might betray the whole of
+his organization, and his last word to his
+friends who were still free had been, ‘Do not
+let my absence or death scare you; but keep
+up the work that we have been doing.’ After
+his arrest nothing could induce him to speak
+even a word. All devices, old and new, were
+tried by the <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">kommandatur</i>—tortures as well
+as promises, the menaces of a cruel death, and
+the promise of life in luxury. It was all in
+vain. Perhaps Alois thought of the many
+lives he had in his hands. Anyway, he remained
+silent.</p>
+
+<p>“He was condemned to death on Feb. 25,
+and then the Germans created and applied as
+devilish a scheme of mental torture for a human
+being as could be devised. Alois had
+two children, and a third was to be born
+soon.</p>
+
+<p>“‘On the day that new life enters your
+home your life will end unless you speak,’ said
+the German inquisitor. Undoubtedly Alois
+thought of his wife, who would be calling for
+him that day more than ever. Perhaps he
+thought of the new baby also. Nevertheless
+he was still true to his name, ‘the Silent.’</p>
+
+<p>“On the 5th of April a little girl was born
+in the Van Keirsbilk home. It might seem
+unbelievable, but evidently the Germans had
+waited for the event. On the same day they
+sent official word to ‘Madame Van Keirsbilk’
+that if she desired to see her husband still
+alive, she could see him that day at 3 o’clock
+in the prison at Ghent. A merciful neighbor
+nurse saw to it that the message did not reach
+the mother, then nursing her day-old baby.
+Instead the eldest girl, 10 years old, was sent
+to the prison to see her father. Full of joy,
+in her happy ignorance, she exclaimed:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Oh, father, you must come home with
+me. We have a little sister, and mother wants
+to show it to you. Come, father!’</p>
+
+<p>“But father could not come. He pressed
+his little girl in his arms. He could not tell
+her she would never see him again, for he
+wanted to spare the mother, who had to live
+for the children. Not a word did he say.
+One kiss, and the big prison gate closed after
+the child, while her father prepared himself
+to die.</p>
+
+
+<h3>FACED DEATH A HERO</h3>
+
+<p>“His end came next morning at half-past
+five in the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">cour</i> of the prison. Four Belgians
+were to fall that day. When Van Keirsbilk
+arrived at the place of execution three were
+already lying dead against the wall. For
+some unknown reason he went to the muzzles
+of twelve German rifles alone.</p>
+
+<p>“He refused to be blindfolded. ‘Let not a
+German hand touch me in this solemn moment
+when I die for my country. I have no
+fear of your bullets,’ the Belgians heard that
+he said, and erect he waited for the moment
+when his agony would come to an end. A
+few seconds later his body, with those of his
+comrades in death, was thrown into the
+ditch.</p>
+
+<p>“In the afternoon of the same day a German
+soldier knocked at the door of the ‘Widow
+Van Keirsbilk’ and delivered a parcel to the
+devoted neighbor who was caring for the new
+baby and its mother. The woman opened it,
+and with horror found that it contained the
+suit of clothes of the unhappy master of the
+house. That was the German announcement
+of his death.</p>
+
+<p>“Loving friends managed to keep the news
+from the widow for several days, although the
+continual absence of her husband plainly made
+her fear. But one morning she was looking
+through the window into the street, when
+the church bells began to ring for a funeral
+service. The people attending looked up at
+her and nodded with sympathy. None told
+her, but perhaps the unhappy woman read
+the pity that was in the eyes of the passers-by.
+Nobody knows, but suddenly a terrible look
+of suspicion came into her eyes. She rushed
+downstairs, where the neighbor nurse was preparing
+the meal for the children, and, seizing
+her by the arms, cried out:</p>
+
+<p>“‘Who is dead? For whom are the bells
+ringing? Is it for Alois? Tell me, or I will
+run out into the street and find out. I must
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</span>know where Alois is. I must know it if he
+is dead.’ Then and there the sad news had
+to be broken, and the widow of Alois began
+a time of lonely misery only broken by the
+struggle to keep her three children fed and
+clothed.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_359" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_359.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Red Cross Magazine.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">A Long-Range Bombardment</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Italian artillery bombarding Austrian trenches on a distant mountain-side, preparatory to a general attack.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Egbert Hans concludes his story of Alois
+the Silent:</p>
+
+<p>“To-day the Belgian flag flows again from
+the tower of Thielt and the thrifty people of
+Flanders are busy rebuilding their homes.
+Many of the men are missing; some died on
+the battlefield, others in prison, but all died
+fighting for the small strip of land they called
+their own, and those who remain cherish the
+memory of their heroes. They will tell their
+stories to their children and grandchildren,
+thus adding another page to the glorious history
+of Flanders, and among those stories will
+be that of Alois Van Keirsbilk, who tried to
+end the war by ending its instigator, and who
+failed and died, silent.”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="EYE_OF_THE_MORNING">EYE OF THE MORNING</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Popular Dutch Dancer Who Played the Rôle of German Spy
+to Her Cost</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">A story</span> redolent of intrigue, adventure
+and a kind of romance is that of
+“Mata-Hari”—which is Japanese for “Eye-of-the
+Morning,” and is the name by which a
+Dutch dancer was known in the rendezvous
+of the light world of the European capitals
+before the war. Her real name is Marguerite
+Gertrude Zelle McLeod, and in 1917
+her public and dashing career of art and adventure
+came to an abrupt stop by her arrest,
+trial, condemnation, and imprisonment, under
+sentence of death, in the prison of St. Lazare,
+Paris. She was condemned as a German spy,
+the specific offense being the betrayal to the
+Germans of the secret of the new, carefully
+guarded war weapon, the Tank. Reams
+have been written about this woman since her
+arrest, but nothing probably that would have
+anything like the interest for the public that
+will attach to the “memoirs,” the writing of
+which, reporters say, was her prison occupation.</p>
+
+<p>Among the stories published at the time was
+one in the New York <cite>World</cite> in October,
+1917, that presented what was known of her
+connection with the leak of the tank secret.
+The success of the tank depended largely on
+the element of surprise when it was put into
+the fighting front. Therefore the planning,
+construction and shipment of tanks to the
+Somme were conducted with the utmost possible
+secrecy. Necessarily, however, a certain
+number of persons in France and England
+were in a position to know; but, as it took a
+good many months to get the machines in
+readiness and habituate a crew to their rolling,
+pitching, sickening motion, the circle of
+those who knew more or less about it increased,
+and in some way not yet explained,
+Mata-Hari learned something of the secret.
+It is rumored that a member of the Chamber
+of Deputies inadvertently gave her her first
+information. The <cite>World</cite> said the rumor was
+strengthened by the fact that Mata-Hari had
+plenty of coal for her apartment during the
+fuel famine that winter. That in itself is
+proof enough to everybody of her intimacy
+with some high official, as few people, short
+of Deputies, had influence enough to obtain a
+hundredweight of coal during the bitter
+months of January, February, and March.</p>
+
+<p>“In any event, Mata-Hari learned vaguely
+of tanks early in 1916, when the Krupp guns
+of the Crown Prince were daily booming
+nearer and nearer to Verdun in that terrific
+struggle which was to mark the turning-point
+of the war. Mata-Hari also learned that the
+tanks were being constructed in England, and
+would be shipped to France via certain ports—and
+she got the names of the ports, too.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_361" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_361.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Zeppelin <em>L-15</em> Sinking Off the Kentish Coast</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">The airship was brought down April 1, 1916, by British anti-aircraft guns.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Suddenly, Mata-Hari, then in Paris, decided
+to return to Holland, her native land,
+explaining to curious inquirers that she married
+a Dutch army officer with a Scotch name
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</span>(McLeod) who had divorced her and that
+she was going to arrange a settlement.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHE ACQUIRES A DRAGON</h3>
+
+<p>“The dancer proceeded to Rotterdam. Investigation
+there has since proved that she had
+no ‘communal rights property’ to settle with
+any one, and further that Captain MacLeod
+of the Dutch Army was known among his
+fellow officers as pronouncedly pro-German.</p>
+
+<p>“Soon Mata-Hari returned to Paris. She
+was seen at the Café de Paris and at Maxim’s,
+and at Armenonville in the Bois with an
+English officer who wore on the lapel of his
+collar, as insignia denoting his branch of service,
+a little twisted brass dragon. Months
+later, when more of these badges were seen
+on British officers passing through Paris, it
+became known that the dragon was of the
+official insignia denoting service with the
+tanks.</p>
+
+<p>“Mata-Hari sported a new bauble soon after
+taking up with the Englishman—a jeweled
+replica of his gold insignia—her dragon had
+real emeralds for eyes, and a carrot-shaped
+ruby for a tongue darting from its opened
+fangs.</p>
+
+<p>“In May, 1916, a little more than a month
+before the Somme offensive opened and tanks
+were first used, Mata-Hari appeared before
+the police magistrate of her district and requested
+a safe conduct to visit a certain port
+in France. The reason she gave was that her
+fiancé, an English officer, was seriously
+wounded and in hospital there. He had sent
+for her to come to see him. Perhaps they
+would be married at his death-bed if he
+could not recover, she volunteered, dabbing
+at her eyes with a lace handkerchief. The
+safe conduct was made out, and Mata-Hari
+arrived at a certain French port almost simultaneously
+with the first consignment of tanks
+shipped over from England.”</p>
+
+<p>She spent the greater part of her time for
+a week strolling about the town making frequent
+excursions by night, and then just a
+month before Foch and Haig began their
+drive along the Somme she appeared again in
+Paris.</p>
+
+<p>“The first thing she did was to apply for
+a visé on her passport permitting her to go to
+Spain. San Sebastian was the place she mentioned,
+as she explained she wished to attend
+the horse-races there. Her papers were
+stamped and sealed and she left almost immediately
+for the fashionable winter resort in the
+south.</p>
+
+<p>“Madrid, Spain, and Nauen, Germany, are
+in constant wireless communication. There
+are other radio stations, privately owned, in
+Spain which can flash messages to Germany,
+according to Allied intelligence officers who
+have investigated. And of course there are
+innumerable German agents, spies, and propaganda
+disseminators infesting the land of the
+Dons.</p>
+
+<p>“Secret service reports disclose the fact that
+Mata-Hari was seen much in company at
+San Sebastian race-track with a man long
+looked upon with suspicion by the French
+government. He was a frequent caller upon
+her at the hotel where she stopped, and it
+was reported that he made many of the big
+bets she placed on horses that did not materialize
+as winners.</p>
+
+
+<h3>AGAIN THE DEPUTY</h3>
+
+<p>“Soon Mata-Hari came back to Paris and
+the apartment near the Bois de Boulogne.
+And once more the limousine owned by the
+individual whom rumor has branded a Deputy
+began rolling up to her door twice a week
+and sometimes oftener.</p>
+
+<p>“Then came the simultaneous Franco-British
+offensive at the Somme. Tanks went into
+action for the first time, and according to
+General Haig’s official <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">communiqué</i> his
+‘Land ships achieved satisfactory results.’”</p>
+
+<p>But, notwithstanding the “satisfactory results,”
+several of the tanks were surprisingly
+put out of action and the investigation of the
+how and the wherefore revealed the fact that
+they had been disabled by a peculiar, small-caliber
+penetrating shell unlike anything
+known before. They were fired by guns of a
+special manufacture.</p>
+
+<p>Instantly it became evident that the enemy
+had become aware of what was in store for
+him and had constructed an “anti-tank” gun.
+And when the booty in the captured German
+positions was examined, the British found they
+had several good specimens of Krupps’ newest
+weapon. Several German officers of higher
+rank taken prisoners confirmed suspicions by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</span>
+explaining they had received description of
+the tanks several weeks before, and had been
+instructed how to combat them.</p>
+
+<p>Suspicion aroused, items of information,
+curious circumstances in accountable movements,
+bits of gossip were put together and
+military law took charge of Mata-Hari.</p>
+
+<p>For some reason the finish of her memoirs
+is not yet; but the fictionist, attempting to
+forecast a sensation, has written this:</p>
+
+<p>“So Mata-Hari writes feverishly, and all
+Paris waits eagerly!—except the one who
+waits apprehensively—to see if she will name
+the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">ami</i> who gave her the first inkling of the
+tanks.</p>
+
+<p>“Pinned to the corsage of the Empire-cut
+black silk dress which Mata-Hari wears in
+her narrow cell in St. Lazare prison is a
+curious gold brooch. It is shaped like a
+twisted dragon, and its eyes are emeralds!”</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="BETTER_WRECKER_THAN_SPY">BETTER WRECKER THAN SPY</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Scion of a Noble Prussian Family Who Failed to Deliver the Goods</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Though</span> he may not have been a conspicuous
+success as a spy, Gustav Constantin
+Alvo von Alvensleben had a very decided
+record as a wrecker. Through his
+directive genius many concerns, industrial and
+financial, went to utter smash, involving the
+loss of an unknown but huge number of millions
+of dollars and causing a suicide or two.
+In the brief span of years between 1904 and
+1911 Alvo rose from the precarious state of
+a hobo to the lofty plane of millionairedom.
+That is a performance that requires some doing,
+and indicates a mental aptitude for the
+peculiar office of “playing your fellow man”
+considerably above the ordinary.</p>
+
+<p>And Gustav, or, as he was more commonly
+named, Alvo, played with no mean counters.
+Among his clients was Kaiser Wilhelm himself,
+who, through Alvo, invested two and a
+half million dollars in British Columbia timber.
+Other clients were the ex-Chancellor
+Bethmann-Hollweg, Gen. von Mackensen,
+the conqueror of Rumania; Emma von
+Mumm, the champagne queen; Bertha Krupp,
+the gun woman, and others of equal prominence
+in Germany. The companies he organized
+or coupled up with his enterprises—nearly
+all of which collapsed when the shadow of war
+blighted Alvo’s golden prospects—included the
+Alvensleben Canadian Finance and General
+Investment Company, the Standard Fish and
+Fertilizer Co., the Vancouver Timber and
+Trading Co., the Piercite Powder Co., the
+German-Canadian Trust Co., etc. Also with
+these went several of the Pacific Coast’s largest
+financial and industrial concerns, including
+the Bank of Vancouver, the Issaquah and
+Superior Coal Mining Company of Seattle,
+and the Dominion Trust Company, whose
+failure following the alleged suicide of its
+managing director, W. R. Arnold, was one
+of the greatest scandals in the history of the
+Dominion of Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Two private banks of Seattle closed their
+doors as a result of their connection with the
+I. and S. Coal Company, one of the projects
+of the gambler-financier. The final liquidation
+of his original real estate and financial
+company in Vancouver disclosed liabilities of
+over one and a half millions, with assets of
+about $3,000, insufficient to satisfy the liquidator’s
+fees.</p>
+
+
+<h3>NOT A NONDESCRIPT</h3>
+
+<p>It is assumed that Alvo would have been
+able to extricate himself from his difficulties
+and avert the bankruptcy into which he was
+forced but for the outbreak of war. The
+fatality lay in the fact that all his investments
+were in countries with which the
+Kaiser was or was about to be at war.</p>
+
+<p>But to begin at the beginning, as we find
+it in an issue of the <cite>Canadian Courier</cite> of
+October, 1917, when Alvo’s career came to
+a conclusion, temporarily at least, by his internment
+as a spy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_364" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_364.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>National Service.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Protecting French Works of Art</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A scaffolding built around the statue of “Flore” at Versailles to protect it from enemy air raids.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He was not a mere nondescript adventurer.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</span>He was the youngest son of Count Werner
+Alvo von Alvensleben, erstwhile German Ambassador
+to Russia, when Nicholas was Czar.
+The young man had a taste for the livelier
+side of life, gaily dissipated his allowance and
+seemed to regard college life not so much as
+an educational purpose as a convenience to the
+sowing of wild oats. This was not at all to
+the liking of Papa von Alvensleben and in an
+hour of unsuppressed wrath and resentment he
+cast the young man off and bade him shift for
+himself. This was an unexpected climax to
+his pleasure quest, and rather shocked Alvo.
+He remembered that the Kaiser was an intimate
+friend of his father’s, of the family indeed,
+and it jarred his pride to be an outcast
+from a circle of such distinction. He felt
+under obligation to reëstablish himself in the
+good graces of his father and the august personage
+whom he had so often familiarly
+<em>hoched</em>. So he set out to subdue some fraction
+of the world to his service and credit.
+He did not immediately find a field of action.</p>
+
+<p>It was in the rôle of a hobo that he drifted
+into Western America and began casting about
+for the horn of plenty from which he hoped
+to shake substantial advantage. Two inches
+above six feet in stature, two years under
+forty years of age, he was typically Prussian,
+stubborn, unreasonable, of violent temper. But
+he was a good talker and not without imagination.
+Behold him arrived in Seattle. The
+<cite>Canadian Courier</cite> says:</p>
+
+
+<h3>HOBO TO MILLIONAIRE</h3>
+
+<p>“He was practically dead broke. An employment
+office extracted from him the usual
+$2 fee—all he had—and sent him to a job in
+a lumber-mill some distance from the city.
+Alvo tramped many miles to the mill only
+to be refused employment upon his ticket.
+He could scarcely speak any English, but he
+knew how to use his fists. Walking all the
+way back to Seattle, he proceeded to beat up
+the employment agent in thorough and picturesque
+fashion. Afterward he secured temporary
+rough work at various mills along
+Puget Sound.</p>
+
+<p>“His first job in British Columbia was the
+whitewashing of a salmon-cannery at the little
+village of Ladner, near the mouth of the
+Fraser River. His wardrobe included overalls
+and a dozen dress-shirts—the latter relics
+of his grander days—but he had no socks.
+From wielding the whitewash-brush to hauling
+the nets was the next step, and it was not
+long before the Prussian Junker’s son was engaged
+in partnership with a rough-neck fisherman
+making nightly trips out into the Gulf
+of Georgia, and doing his share in one of the
+hardest and most dangerous callings in the
+world, that of a deep-sea salmon-fisher.</p>
+
+<p>“In two months, with the money obtained
+from his salmon fishing, he was enabled to
+purchase an ancient mare and a light wagon.
+Over night he blossomed out as a produce-dealer,
+buying poultry and dairy products
+from the farmers in the vicinity of Ladner.
+These he brought to the city of Vancouver
+and sold them from house to house in opposition
+to the Chinamen. Business increased,
+and the staid old Vancouver Club, a hoary
+and the most exclusive institution, in which
+only the most elect held membership, became
+his best customer.</p>
+
+<p>“But Alvo did not stay long in the business;
+but went up by leaps and bounds. Real-estate
+clerk, then curb-broker, then large independent
+dealer were some of his upward steps,
+until two years after he had sold his last load
+of produce to the Vancouver Club he was
+himself a member.”</p>
+
+<p>There was one little incident of the club
+life which pleasantly reminds us that Alvo
+was not an upstart and therefore not a snob.
+He was entertaining a German baron soon
+after having become a member, and he noticed
+that the waiter eyed him very curiously. Presently
+divining the reason, Alvo suddenly
+looked up at the waiter and said: “Yes, by
+jingo, I’m the man who used to deliver
+chickens at the back door. Now go on serving
+dinner, and stop staring.”</p>
+
+
+<h3>PLAYS THE GAME WELL</h3>
+
+<p>“When the real-estate boom struck Vancouver
+in 1905,” continues the <cite>Courier</cite>, “Alvensleben
+was quick to see the opportunities
+in land. The old wild gambling spirit of his
+youthful days was still strong upon him. He
+was the man for the moment, reckless, willing
+to take chances, and a born mixer. He
+cabled relatives in Berlin, who had heard of
+his early successes, and induced them to invest<span class="pagenum" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</span>
+large sums of money. His first investment
+yielded enormous and quick profit, and thus
+established his prestige in Germany, for he
+promptly repaid the investors with a 1,000
+per cent. on their money. In the next three
+years he made several visits to Germany,
+brought men of royal blood to the Pacific
+coast, and was given several audiences with
+the Kaiser, whose accredited representative he
+became. In all probability, at a very conservative
+estimate, Alvensleben caused $20,000,000
+of German capital to be invested in
+British Columbia and Washington State.</p>
+
+<p>“In 1908, after a very romantic courtship,
+he married Edith Mary Westcott, a popular
+Vancouver girl, daughter of one of the leading
+society matrons. Following the marriage
+the financier purchased the largest private estate
+in Vancouver’s most select residential district,
+Point Grey, where he erected a magnificent
+home. His name, high foreign connections,
+and expenditure on entertainment that
+set a hitherto unknown high mark in the very
+British city of Vancouver, quickly brought
+him valuable social connections.</p>
+
+<p>“His business ventures broadened with
+astounding rapidity, but most of his purchases
+for himself and clients were made on ‘agreements,’
+with the expectations of making big
+margins in the prevalent boom. A good salesman
+himself, he was also the easiest mark
+for wildcat schemes who ever came out of
+Europe, owing to his gambling mania. Soon
+his companies became loaded up with timberlands,
+bought at inflated prices, wild lands,
+doubtful mining leases, Alberta oil shares, and
+other unproductive assets. Some of his
+wealthy clients thrust upon him their useless
+sons, whom he was forced to maintain in his
+office at high salaries.</p>
+
+
+<h3>SHY ON DIVIDENDS</h3>
+
+<p>“In 1912 the first trouble arose over dividends
+not being forthcoming from his investments.
+He was still strong in Berlin and
+went there and raised fresh capital with
+which he succeeded in placating some of his
+investors. Then he was attacked in a Vancouver
+German paper which charged him with
+unscrupulous methods in handling foreign capital.
+Copies of this were mailed to Berlin
+to members of the Reichstag by the Vancouver
+editors, and the matter was brought
+up for discussion by that body. Alvo was
+game. He sued the local paper and secured
+judgment in a criminal action against the
+editors. But the fat was in the fire as far
+as his German clients were concerned, though
+he managed to keep his affairs afloat.</p>
+
+<p>“In the early part of 1914 the financier’s
+creditors, both in Europe and Canada, were
+pressing him. He was tied up in such a mass
+of deals, counter-deals, and trades of property
+with Arnold and the Dominion Trust Company
+that an army of auditors has never as
+yet succeeded in untangling them. He owed
+over $10,000 to one of Vancouver’s chartered
+banks on some Victoria Island timber deals,
+which he had anticipated selling to the British
+Columbia government for a park reserve.
+The Vancouver manager and a dozen of the
+staff were dismissed through their connection
+with this loan.”</p>
+
+<p>He doubtless had advance notice of the
+outbreak of war, for he suddenly left Canada.</p>
+
+<p>Later interviewed by a New York paper
+he said he could “best serve his country and
+his clients by returning to the Pacific Coast,”
+and from the outbreak of the war until his
+arrest on the suspicion that he was implicated
+in a plot to steal the plans of the Puget Sound
+Navy Yard of Bremerton, he remained in
+Seattle and other American Pacific Coast
+cities.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE WIND-UP</h3>
+
+<p>“Rumors were afloat several times that he
+had visited Vancouver in disguise. After one
+of these reports appearing in the local papers,
+Alvensleben wrote to a friend in Vancouver,
+saying: ‘You can tell the good people of Vancouver
+I have something better to do than
+visit their city in the disguise of a Hindu or
+any other of their numerous allies.’</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_367" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_367.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">Exhausted French Soldiers Resting in a Farmyard</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">A pile of straw was a welcome couch to men who had been for days in the trenches near the Yser. Men under artillery fire were often unable to
+get any sleep for several days. Sometimes their nerves were so shattered that they were unable to sleep after they were relieved. Deafness from
+the concussion of their own heavy artillery was also a frequent occurrence.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>“Alvensleben’s brother, Bodo, who was in
+charge of the Victoria branch of the Alvensleben
+Canadian Finance and General Investment
+Company, left hurriedly a few days
+before the outbreak of war to join his unit.
+The wildest rumors were circulated as to the
+spying operations of the brothers. It was
+said that Bodo had been taken off a ship by
+a British man-of-war, and when searched had
+in his possession the plans of the Canadian
+navy-yard at Esquimalt, and for this he was
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</span>shot. Alvo denied the report, but whatever
+happened to this escaping brother, British censorship
+has never let out. Joachim von Alvensleben,
+an elder brother, well known from
+his various visits to Vancouver, was killed
+early in the war.”</p>
+
+<p>The third and most brilliant of the brothers,
+the gambler-financier Alvo, was arrested
+at Portland and taken to Seattle, where he
+was interned “till the end of the war.” Concerning
+his subsequent proceedings there is no
+important information; at all events his meteoric
+career made a chapter of life which Vancouverites
+will never tire of discussing.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="DELICATE_SCRUPLES">DELICATE SCRUPLES</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>One of Von Papen’s Dynamiters More Conscientious than His Chief</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">“Porter,</span> boss?” The remark was an
+entirely facetious one, but the brakeman
+did not like to have his humor disregarded.
+Therefore when he got home he
+told his wife about the rum party he had met
+in the cut above the Vanceboro railroad bridge—a
+six-footer, carrying a suitcase. The brakeman
+would have been rather more than disgruntled,
+if Werner Horn had closed with his
+offer—that is, he would have been, had he
+known that the suitcase contained dynamite,
+and that its owner was an <i lang="de" xml:lang="de">Oberleutnant</i> in the
+German army. The man with the suitcase had
+passed for a Swede in the hotel at Vanceboro,
+and his appearance warranted it. But his
+recent experience as manager of a coffee plantation
+in Moka, Guatemala, had not effaced
+the imprint of ten years in the service. He
+marched out upon the bridge, the brakeman
+having disappeared, as if he were taking a
+town. He was going into the enemy’s territory
+and fire his single shot. He was going
+to blow up the bridge, over whose rails flowed
+a tide of death to the Germans—cargoes of
+guns and shells bound for St. John and Halifax.</p>
+
+<p>He would have preferred to join his regiment
+and fight, but von Papen had been unable
+to get him passage when he reported, at
+the time of the outbreak of the war, and told
+him that this affair was equally his duty. The
+Kaiser’s agent had likewise informed him, to
+soothe him, for Horn had refused to endanger
+innocent human lives—that there were
+no more passenger trains after eleven. It was
+now nearly midnight. Suddenly a whistle
+shrieked behind him, and in a moment the
+glaring lights of an express train’s locomotive
+shone upon him. Horn clutched with one
+hand at a steel rod of the bridge, and swung
+out over the river, holding the suitcase safe
+behind him with the other. The train thundered
+by, and left him to recover his footing
+on the ice-coated bridge. Once more, this time
+from the Canadian side, an express thundered
+past, and again he went through the same
+painful process.</p>
+
+<p>He might have blown up the bridge comfortably,
+from the American side, but this he
+had refused to do. America was a neutral
+country. Germany was not at war with
+America, therefore to blow up the American
+side of the bridge was an outrage, a crime.
+He struggled on, the biting wind in his face.
+Past the middle now—a spy, liable to the
+penalty of death.</p>
+
+<p>There was a fifty-minute fuse with his
+dynamite, but when he saw that the passenger-trains
+continued to run (von Papen’s schedules
+must have been out-of-date), Horn decided
+that what he was to do must be done
+at once, before another train started across.
+Feeling with his benumbed fingers in his
+pocket for a knife, he cut off the fuse and with
+it the long half-hour that was his chance of
+escape from capture. A very slim chance, if
+you like, through the Maine woods knee-deep
+in snow, but still a chance.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE EXPLOSION</h3>
+
+<p>He fixed the dynamite against a girder of
+the bridge above the Canadian bank of the
+river, adjusted the explosive cap, and touched
+his cigar to the end of the three-minute fuse.
+Then he stumbled back across the gale-swept
+icy bridge, and back into the hotel at Vanceboro,
+just as the dynamite exploded with a
+report that broke half the windows in the
+town, and twisted rods and girders on the
+bridge. Everybody in Vanceboro was aroused,
+but Horn, after a futile attempt to rub his
+hands and feet with snow, turned in and
+went to sleep. He had seen all he wanted to
+of dynamite. In a town turned out of doors
+with excitement, sleeping was in itself an act
+to arouse suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>People remembered the tall Swede who had
+been hanging around Vanceboro for a couple
+of days, and the suitcase which he had been
+seen to hide in a wood-pile near the tracks.
+After some delay, during which Horn slept
+peacefully, the sheriff and a couple of Canadian
+constables were got on the job, and they
+took him at about noon in Teague’s Hotel.
+He was wearing German colors on both
+sleeves, for he had been told that they would
+be regarded, were he caught, in the light of
+a uniform. He offered little resistance, but
+in telling his story, he interpolated an innocent
+lie that caused the Canadian officials a
+good deal of anxiety. He had not brought
+the dynamite in his suitcase, he said, but had
+carried the empty suitcase to the bridge,
+where an Irishman from Canada, in response
+to the pass-word “Tommy,” had given him
+the dynamite. This detail he afterwards
+cleared up, when asked to set his name to a
+paper concluding, “I certify on my honor as
+a German officer that the foregoing statements
+are true.” He would not sign a lie and
+set his name to it as the truth.</p>
+
+<p>“Too scrupulous for a spy,” one of the
+newspapers called him, in the perplexities
+awakened by this early manifestation of the
+afterwards famous bomb-plot, “and too thickheaded
+for an honest man.” Werner Horn
+was extradited to Canada, and everybody
+joined in congratulating the man, whoever
+he might have been, who slept in the lower
+berth the night Horn took an upper for
+Vanceboro. It had developed during the trial
+that the big German, to disencumber himself,
+had chucked the suitcase under the lower
+berth, against the shoes and the hot-water
+pipes, then had climbed into the upper, to
+sleep peacefully through the night as was his
+wont. The evil effects of dynamite were comparatively
+novel at that time, even to bomb-plotters.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="FRUSTRATED_DIABOLISM">FRUSTRATED DIABOLISM</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>A Ruthless Tool of German Duplicity Fails Only Because He Trusted the
+Wrong Man with His Secret</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">One</span> of the most nefarious of the schemes
+formulated in Germany and financed by
+the German government for operation in this
+country in the period of our neutrality, and
+of which von Papen was aware, was that
+which one Robert Fay undertook to carry
+out in 1915. This man had invented an infernal
+machine, the purpose of which was to
+blow up ships at sea to prevent the transportation
+of munitions and food supplies from
+this country to France and England. The
+story was well told in the <cite>World’s Work</cite> after
+Fay and his accomplices had been jailed.</p>
+
+<p>The device was a box containing forty
+pounds of trinitrotoluol, to be fastened to the
+rudder post of a vessel, and so geared to the
+rudder itself that its oscillations would slowly
+release the catch of a spring, which would
+then drive home the firing pin and cause an
+explosion that would instantly tear off the
+whole stern of the ship, sinking it in midocean
+in a few minutes. Experts in mechanics
+and experts in explosives and experts in shipbuilding
+all tested the machine, and all agreed
+that it was perfect for the work which Fay
+had planned that it should do.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_370" style="max-width: 48.5625em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_370.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">The Hand-to-Hand Fight on Board the Destroyer <em>Broke</em></p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay had three of these machines completed,
+he had others in course of construction, he
+had bought and tested the explosive to go into
+them, he had cruised New York harbor in a
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</span>motor boat and proved by experience that he
+could attach them undetected where he wished,
+and he had the names and sailing dates of
+the vessels that he meant to sink without a
+trace. Only one little link that broke—and
+the quick and thorough work of American
+justice—robbed him of another Iron Cross besides
+the one he wore.</p>
+
+
+<h3>A PLOT HATCHED IN GERMANY</h3>
+
+<p>Fay and his device came straight from the
+heart of the German Army, with the approval
+and the money of his government behind him.
+He, like Werner Horn, came originally from
+Cologne; but they were very different men.
+Where Horn was almost childishly simple,
+Fay’s mind was subtle and quick to an extraordinary
+degree. Where Horn had been humane
+to the point of risking his life to save
+others, Fay had spent months in a cold-blooded
+solution of a complex problem in destruction
+that he knew certainly involved a horrible
+death for dozens, and more likely hundreds,
+of helpless human beings. Horn refused to
+swear to a lie even where the lie was a matter
+of no great moment. Fay told at his trial a
+story so ingenious that it would have done
+credit to a novelist and would have been
+wholly convincing if other evidence had not
+disproved the substance of it. The truth of
+the case runs like this:</p>
+
+<p>Fay was in Germany when the war broke
+out and was sent to the Vosges Mountains in
+the early days of the conflict. Soon men were
+needed in the Champagne sector, and Fay was
+transferred to that front. Here he saw some
+of the bitterest fighting of the war, and here
+he led a detachment of Germans in a surprise
+attack on a trench full of Frenchmen in superior
+force. His success in this dangerous
+business won him an Iron Cross of the second
+class. During these days the superiority of
+the Allied artillery over the German caused
+the Germans great distress, and they became
+very bitter when they realized, from a study
+of the shells that exploded around them, how
+much of this superiority was due to the material
+that came from the United States for
+use by the French and British guns. Fay’s
+ingenious mind formed a scheme to stop this
+supply, and he put his plan before his superior
+officers. The result was that, in a few weeks,
+he left Germany, armed with passports and
+$3,500 in American money, bound for the
+United States on the steamer <em>Rotterdam</em>. He
+reached New York on April 23, 1915.</p>
+
+<p>One of Fay’s qualifications for the task he
+had set for himself was his familiarity with
+the English language and with the United
+States. He had come to America in 1902,
+spending a few months on a farm in Manitoba
+and then going on to Chicago, where he
+had worked for several years for the J. I.
+Case Machinery Company, makers of agricultural
+implements. During these years, Fay
+was taking an extended correspondence school
+course in electrical and steam engineering, so
+that altogether he had a good technical background
+for the events of 1915. In 1906, he
+went back to Germany.</p>
+
+<p>What he may have lacked in technical
+equipment, Fay made up by the first connection
+he made when he reached New York in
+1915. The first man he looked up was Walter
+Scholz, his brother-in-law, who had been
+in this country for four years and who was
+a civil engineer and had studied mechanical
+engineering on the side. When Fay arrived,
+Scholz had been out of a job in his own profession
+and was working on a rich man’s estate
+in Connecticut. Fay, armed with plenty
+of money and his big idea, got Scholz to go
+into the scheme with him, and the two were
+soon living together in a boarding house at
+28 Fourth Street, Weehawken, across the
+river from uptown New York,</p>
+
+
+<h3>A SHAM GARAGE</h3>
+
+<p>To conceal the true nature of their operations
+they hired a small building on Main
+Street and put a sign over the door announcing
+themselves in business as “The Riverside
+Garage.” They added verisimilitude to this
+scheme by buying a second-hand car in bad
+condition and dismantling it, scattering the
+parts around the room so that it would look
+as if they were engaged in making repairs.
+Every once in a while they would shift these
+parts about so as to alter the appearance of
+the place. However, they did not accept any
+business—whenever a man took the sign at its
+face value and came in asking to have work
+done, Fay or Scholz would take him to a
+nearby saloon and buy him a few drinks and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</span>
+pass him along by referring him to some other
+garage in the neighborhood.</p>
+
+<p>The most of their time they spent about the
+real business in hand. They took care to
+have the windows of their room in the boarding
+house heavily curtained to keep out prying
+eyes, and here under a student lamp, they
+spent hours over mechanical drawings which
+were afterward produced in evidence at the
+trial of their case. The mechanism that Fay
+had conceived was carefully perfected on
+paper, and then they confronted the task of
+getting the machinery assembled. Some of the
+parts were standard—that is, they could be
+bought at any big hardware store. Others,
+however, were peculiar to this device and had
+to be made to order from the drawings. They
+had the tanks made by a sheet metal worker
+named Ignatz Schiering, at 344 West 42nd
+Street, New York. Scholz went to him with
+a drawing, telling him that it was for a gasoline
+tank for a motor boat. Scholz made several
+trips to the shop to supervise some of
+the details of the construction and once to order
+more tanks of a new size and shape.</p>
+
+<p>At the same time Scholz went to Bernard
+McMillan, doing business under the name of
+McMillan &amp; Werner, 81 Center Street, New
+York, to have him make a special kind of
+wheels and gears for the internal mechanism
+of the bomb, from sketches which Scholz supplied.
+At odd times between June 10th and
+October 20th McMillan was working on these
+things and delivered the last of them to Scholz
+just a few days before he was arrested.</p>
+
+<p>In the meanwhile Fay was taking care of
+the other necessary elements of his scheme. Besides
+the mechanism of the bomb, he had to
+become familiar with the shipping in the port
+of New York, and he had to get the explosive
+with which to charge the bomb. For the
+former purpose he and Scholz bought a motor
+boat—a 28-footer—and in this they cruised
+about New York harbor at odd times, studying
+the docks at which ships were being loaded
+with supplies for the Allies and calculating the
+best means and time for placing the bombs on
+the rudder posts of these ships. Fay finally
+determined by experience that between two
+and three o’clock in the morning was the best
+time. The watchmen on board the ships were
+at that hour most likely to be asleep or the
+night dark enough so that he could work in
+safety. He made some actual experiments in
+fastening the empty tanks to the rudder posts,
+and found that it was perfectly feasible to do
+so. His scheme was to fasten them just above
+the water line on a ship while it was light,
+so that when it was loaded they were submerged
+and all possibility of detection was removed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>THE ROAD TO BETRAYAL</h3>
+
+<p>The getting of explosives was, however, the
+most difficult part of Fay’s undertaking. This
+was true not only because he was here most
+likely to arouse suspicion, but also because
+of his relative lack of knowledge of the thing
+he was dealing with. He did know enough,
+however, to begin his search for explosives
+in the least suspicious field, and it was only
+as he became ambitious to produce a more
+powerful effect that he came to grief.</p>
+
+<p>The material he decided to use at first
+was chlorate of potash. This substance in
+itself is so harmless that it is an ingredient of
+tooth powders and is used commonly in other
+ways. When, however, it is mixed with any
+substance high in carbons, such as sugar, sulphur,
+charcoal, or kerosene, it becomes an explosive
+of considerable power. Fay set about
+to get some of the chlorate.</p>
+
+<p>Fay’s fellow conspirators were Germans—some
+of them German-Americans—and each
+in his own way was doing the work of the
+Kaiser in this country. Herbert Kienzle was
+a dealer in clocks with a store on Park Place,
+in New York. He had learned the business
+in his father’s clock factory deep in the Black
+Forest in Germany and had come to this country
+years ago to go into the same business,
+getting his start by acting as agent for his
+father’s factory over here.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first things in Fay’s carefully
+worked out plan was to locate a place to which
+he could quietly retire when his work of destruction
+should be done—a place where he
+felt he could be safe from suspicion. After a
+talk with Kienzle he decided that Lusk’s
+Sanatorium, at Butler, N. J., would serve the
+purpose. This sanatorium was run by Germans
+and Kienzle was well known there.
+Acting on a prearranged plan with Kienzle,
+Fay went to Butler and was met at the station
+by a man named Bronkhorst, who was in
+charge of the grounds at the sanatorium.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</span>
+They identified each other by prearranged
+signals and Fay made various arrangements,
+some of which are of importance later in the
+story.</p>
+
+<p>Another friend of Kienzle’s was Max Breitung,
+a young German employed by his uncle,
+E. N. Breitung, who was in the shipping business
+in New York. Breitung supplied Fay
+with the information he needed regarding
+munitions-laden ships which Fay should elect
+to destroy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_373" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_373.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+© <cite>Underwood and Underwood.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">German Prisoners Recaptured After an Escape from Fort McPherson</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay asked Kienzle how he could get some
+chlorate of potash, and Kienzle asked his
+young friend Breitung if he could help him
+out. Breitung said he could, and went at
+once to another German who was operating
+in New York ostensibly as a broker in copper
+under the name of Carl L. Oppegaard, though
+his real name was Paul Siebs, and for the purpose
+of this story he might as well be known
+by that name. Siebs had also been in this
+country in earlier days, and during his residence
+in Chicago, from 1910 to 1913, he had
+become acquainted with young Breitung. He,
+too, had gone back to Germany before the
+war, but soon after it began he had come back
+to the United States under his false name, ostensibly
+as an agent of an electrical concern in
+Gothenburg, Sweden, for the purpose of buying
+copper. He frankly admitted later that
+this copper was intended for reëxport to Germany
+to be used in the manufacture of munitions
+of war. He did not have much success
+in his enterprise and he was finally forced to
+make a living from hand to mouth by small
+business transactions of almost any kind. He
+could not afford a separate office, so he rented
+desk room in the office of the Whitehall Trading
+Company, a small subsidiary of the Raymond-Hadley
+Corporation. His desk was in
+the same room with the manager of the company,
+Carl L. Wettig.</p>
+
+<p>When Breitung asked Siebs to buy him
+some chlorate of potash Siebs was delighted at
+the opportunity to make some money and immediately
+undertook the commission. He had
+been instructed to get a small amount, perhaps
+200 pounds. He needed money so badly,
+however, that he was very glad to find that the
+smallest kegs of the chlorate of potash were
+112 pounds each, and he ordered three kegs.
+He paid for them with money supplied by
+Breitung and took a delivery slip for it. Ultimately
+this delivery slip was presented by<span class="pagenum" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</span>
+Scholz, who appeared one day with a truck
+and driver and took the chemical away.</p>
+
+
+<h3>POTASH TOO WEAK</h3>
+
+<p>Fay and Scholz made some experiments
+with the chlorate of potash and Fay decided
+it was not strong enough to serve his purpose.
+He then determined to try dynamite.
+Again he wished to avoid suspicion and this
+time, after consultation with Kienzle, he recalled
+Bronkhorst down at the Lusk Sanatorium
+in New Jersey. Bronkhorst, in his
+work as superintendent of the grounds at the
+sanatorium, was occasionally engaged in laying
+water mains in the rocky soil there, and
+for this purpose kept dynamite on hand. Fay
+got a quantity of dynamite from him. Later,
+however, he decided that he wanted a still
+more powerful explosive.</p>
+
+<p>Again he applied to Kienzle, and this time
+Kienzle got in touch with Siebs direct. By
+prearrangement, Kienzle and Siebs met Fay
+underneath the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn
+Bridge, and there Siebs was introduced
+to Fay. They walked around City Hall Park
+together discussing the subject; and Fay, not
+knowing the name of what he was after, tried
+to make Siebs understand what explosive he
+wanted by describing its properties. Siebs
+finally realized that what Fay had in mind was
+trinitrotoluol, one of the three highest explosives
+known. Siebs finally undertook to get
+some of it for him, but pointed out to him
+the obvious difficulties of buying it in as small
+quantities as he wanted. It was easy enough
+to buy chlorate of potash because that was in
+common commercial use for many purposes.
+It was also easy to buy dynamite because that
+also is used in all kinds of quantities and for
+many purposes. But trinitrotoluol is too
+powerful for any but military use, and it is
+consequently handled only in large lots and
+practically invariably is made to the order
+of some government. However, Siebs had an
+idea and proceeded to act on it, and without
+any delay.</p>
+
+<p>He went back to the Whitehall Trading
+Company, where he had desk room, and saw
+his fellow occupant, Carl Wettig. Wettig
+had been engaged in a small way in a brokerage
+business in war supplies, and had even
+taken a few small turns in the handling of
+explosives. He agreed to do what he could
+to fill the order.</p>
+
+<p>Carl Wettig was the weak link in Fay’s
+chain of fortune. He did indeed secure the
+high explosive that Fay wanted, and was in
+other ways obliging. But he got the explosive
+from a source that would have given Fay heart
+failure if he had known of it, and he was
+obliging for reasons that Fay lived to regret.
+Siebs made his inquiry of Wettig on the 19th
+of October. The small quantity of explosives
+that he asked for aroused Wettig’s suspicions,
+and as soon as he promised to get it he went
+to the French Chamber of Commerce near
+by and told them what he suspected and asked
+to be put in touch with responsible police
+authorities under whose direction he wished
+to act in supplying the trinitrotoluol.</p>
+
+<p>From that moment Fay, Siebs, and Kienzle
+were “waked up in the morning and put to
+bed at night” by detectives from the police department
+of New York City and operatives
+of the Secret Service of the United States.
+By arrangement with them Wettig obtained a
+keg containing twenty-five pounds of trinitrotoluol,
+and in the absence of Fay and Scholz
+from their boarding house in Weehawken, he
+delivered it personally to their room and left
+it on their dresser. He told Siebs he had
+delivered it and Siebs promptly set about collecting
+his commission from Fay.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TAKEN INTO CUSTODY</h3>
+
+<p>Siebs had some difficulty in doing this, because
+Fay and Scholz, being unfamiliar with
+the use of the explosive, were unable to explode
+a sample of it and decided that it was no
+good. They had come home in the evening
+and found the keg on their dresser and had
+opened it. Inside they found the explosive in
+the form of loose white flakes. To keep it
+more safely, they poured it out into several
+small cloth bags. They then took a sample
+of it and tried by every means they could
+think of to explode it. They even laid some
+of it on an anvil and broke two or three
+hammers pounding on it, but could get no result.
+They then told Siebs that the stuff he
+had delivered was useless. Siebs repeated
+their complaint to Wettig, and Wettig volunteered
+to show them how it should be handled.
+Accordingly, he joined them the following<span class="pagenum" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</span>
+day at their room in Weehawken and
+went with them out into the woods behind
+Fort Lee, taking along a small sample of the
+powder in a paper bag. In the woods the
+men picked up the top of a small tin can,
+built a fire in the stump of a tree, and melted
+some of the flake TNT in it. Before it
+cooled, Wettig embedded in it a mercury
+cap. When cooled after being melted,
+TNT forms a solid mass resembling resin
+in appearance, and is now more powerful because
+more compact.</p>
+
+<p>However, before the experiment could be
+concluded, one of the swarm of detectives who
+had followed them into the woods stepped
+on a dry twig, and when the men started at
+its crackling, the detectives concluded they had
+better make their arrests before the men might
+get away; and so all were taken into custody.
+A quick search of their boarding house, the
+garage, a storage warehouse in which Fay had
+stored some trunks, and the boathouse where
+the motor boat was stored resulted in rounding
+up the entire paraphernalia that had been
+used in working out the whole plot. All the
+people connected with every phase of it were
+soon arrested.</p>
+
+<p>Out of the stories these men told upon examination
+emerged not only the hideous perfection
+of the bomb itself, but the direct hand
+that the German government and its agents
+in this country had in the scheme of putting
+it to its fiendish purpose. First of all appeared
+Fay’s admission that he had left Germany with
+money and a passport supplied by a man in
+the German Secret Service. Later, on the
+witness stand, when Fay had had time enough
+carefully to think out the most plausible story,
+he attempted to get away from this admission
+by claiming to have deserted from the German
+Army. He said that he had been financed
+in his exit from the German Empire by a
+group of business men who had put up a lot
+of money to back an automobile invention of
+his, which he had worked on before the war
+began. These men, so he claimed, were afraid
+they would lose all their money if he should
+happen to be killed before the invention was
+perfected. This tale, ingenious though it was,
+was too fantastic to be swallowed when taken
+in connection with all the things found in
+Fay’s possession when he was arrested. Beyond
+all doubt his scheme to destroy ships
+was studied and approved by his military superiors
+in Germany before he left, and that
+scheme alone was his errand to this country.</p>
+
+
+<h3>EXPLAINED TOO MUCH</h3>
+
+<p>Far less ingenious and equally damning was
+his attempt to explain away his relations with
+von Papen. The sinister figure of the military
+attaché of the German Embassy at Washington
+leers from the background of all the
+German plots; and this case was no exception.
+It was known that Fay had had dealings with
+von Papen in New York, and on the witness
+stand he felt called upon to explain them in
+a way that would clear the diplomatic service
+of implication in his evil doings. He declared
+that he had taken his invention to von Papen
+and that von Papen had resolutely refused to
+have anything to do with it. This would have
+been well enough if Fay’s explanation had
+stopped here.</p>
+
+<p>But Fay’s evil genius prompted him to make
+his explanation more convincing by an elaboration
+of the story, so he gave von Papen’s
+reasons for refusal. These were not because
+the Fay device was calculated to do murder
+upon hundreds of helpless men, nor because
+to have any part in the business was to play
+the unneutral villain under the cloak of diplomatic
+privilege. Not at all. At the first interview,
+seeing only a rough sketch and hearing
+only Fay’s description of preliminary experiments,
+von Papen’s sole objection was:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, you might obtain an explosion once,
+and the next ten apparatuses might fail.”</p>
+
+<p>To continue Fay’s explanation:</p>
+
+<p>“He casually asked me what the cost of it
+would be and I told him in my estimation the
+cost would not be more than $20 apiece. [$20
+apiece for the destruction of thirty lives and a
+million-dollar ship and cargo!] As a matter
+of fact in Germany I will be able to get these
+things made for half that price. ‘If it is not
+more than that,’ von Papen said, ‘you might
+go ahead, but I cannot promise you anything
+whatever.’”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_376" style="max-width: 46.8125em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_376.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="right fs80">
+<cite>Courtesy of Leslie’s Weekly.</cite><br>
+</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">The French Nation Celebrates</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">One of the most impressive features of the national holiday observances in Paris on July
+14th, 1918, was the parade by Russian troops led by a giant color-bearer marching along the
+Grand Boulevard amid the applause of enormous crowds. These were a portion of the army
+sent by the Czar, to fight for the Allies in France. Persistent rumors that thousands of Russians
+were landed in England to fight on the Western front proved a hoax.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>Fay then went back to his experiments and
+when he felt that he had practically perfected
+his device he called upon von Papen for the
+second time. This time von Papen’s reply
+was:</p>
+
+<p>“Well, this thing has been placed before our
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</span>experts and also we have gone into the political
+condition of the whole suggestion. Now
+in the first place our experts say this apparatus
+is not at all seaworthy; but as regards political
+conditions I am sorry to say we cannot
+consider it and, therefore, we cannot consider
+the proposition any further.”</p>
+
+<p>In other words, with no thought of the
+moral turpitude of the scheme, with no
+thought of the abuse of diplomatic freedom,
+but only with thoughts of the practicability
+of this device, and of the effect upon political
+conditions of its use, von Papen had put the
+question before technical men and before von
+Bernstorff, and their decision had been adverse
+solely on those considerations—first, that it
+would not work, and second, that it would
+arouse hostility in the United States. At no
+stage, according to Fay’s best face upon the
+matter, was any thought given to its character
+as a hideous crime.</p>
+
+
+<h3>PERFECTED DEVILRY</h3>
+
+<p>The device itself was studied independently
+by two sets of military experts of the United
+States government with these results:</p>
+
+<p>First, that it was mechanically perfect; second,
+that it was practical under the conditions
+of adjustment to a ship’s rudder which
+Fay had devised; and third, that the charge
+of trinitrotoluol for which the container was
+designed, was nearly half the quantity which
+is used on our own floating mines and which
+is calculated upon explosion twenty feet from
+a battleship to put it out of action, and upon
+explosion in direct contact, absolutely to destroy
+and sink the heaviest superdreadnought.
+In other words, beyond all question the bomb
+would have shattered the entire stern of any
+ship to which it was attached, and would have
+caused it to sink in a few minutes.</p>
+
+<p>A brief description of the contrivance reveals
+the mechanical ingenuity and practical
+efficiency of Fay’s bomb. A rod attached to
+the rudder, at every swing the rudder gave,
+turned up, by one notch, the first of the
+beveled wheels within the bomb. After a
+certain number of revolutions of that wheel,
+it in turn gave one revolution to the next;
+and so on through the series. The last wheel
+was connected with the threaded cap around
+the upper end of the square bolt, and made
+this cap slowly unscrew, until at length the
+bolt dropped clear of it and yielded to the
+waiting pressure of the strong steel spring
+above. This pressure drove it downward and
+brought the sharp points at its lower end
+down on the caps of the two rifle cartridges
+fixed below it—like the blow of a rifle’s hammer.
+The detonation from the explosion of
+these cartridges would set off a small charge
+of impregnated chlorate of potash, which in
+turn would fire the small charge of the more
+sluggish but stronger dynamite, and that in
+turn would explode the still more sluggish but
+tremendously more powerful trinitrotoluol.</p>
+
+<p>The whole operation, once the spring was
+free, would take place in a flash; and instantly
+its deadly work would be accomplished.</p>
+
+
+<h3>WHAT FAY PICTURED</h3>
+
+<p>Picture the scene that Fay had in his mind
+as he toiled his six laborious months upon this
+dark invention. He saw himself, in imagination,
+fixing his infernal box upon the rudder
+post of a ship loading at a dock in New York
+harbor. As the cargo weighed the ship down,
+the box would disappear beneath the water.
+At length the ship starts on its voyage, and,
+as the rudder swings her into the stream, the
+first beat in the slow, sure knell of death for
+ship and crew is clicked out by its very turning.
+Out upon the sea the shift of wind and
+blow of wave require a constant correction
+with the rudder to hold the true course forward.
+At every swing the helmsman unconsciously
+taps out another of the lurking beats
+of death. Somewhere in midocean, perhaps
+at black midnight, in a driving storm, the patient
+mechanism hid below has turned the last
+of its calculated revolutions. The neck piece
+from the bolt slips loose, the spring drives
+downward, there is a flash, a deafening explosion,
+and five minutes later a few mangled
+bodies and a chaos of floating wreckage are
+all that is left above the water’s surface.</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="HERES_TO_CONSTABLE_RITCHINGS">HERE’S TO CONSTABLE RITCHINGS</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>It Is Probable that His Record is Unique in the Annals of War Since
+Spartan Days</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">Few</span> men have the modest estimate of duty
+in relation to self that has given an unsought
+celebrity to Arthur Ritchings of Cardiff,
+Wales. If his conduct may be taken as
+evidence of his philosophy of life, doing one’s
+duty in the world confers no particular distinction
+on the individual—the discharge of a
+moral obligation establishing no title to swank,
+swagger or puffed-upness. Possibly it is necessary
+to be a Welshman to appreciate Ritchings’
+mental attitude, for it seems that the
+people of Cardiff saw nothing abnormal or
+eccentric in the behavior of their townsman,
+regarding it quite as a matter of course. Indeed
+it was a London paper that acquainted
+the Cardiffians that they had in their midst
+a hero deserving of especial respect. We get
+the particulars from the same source.</p>
+
+<p>When Germany fell foul of Belgium, Arthur
+Ritchings was a member of the Cardiff
+Constabulary, in plain terms, a policeman.
+As soon as England declared war in 1914,
+Ritchings threw aside his truncheon, and other
+police insignia, and enlisted in the Army as
+a private. He served in that capacity for
+three years, doing the job with thoroughness,
+having an eye single to duty. Though unobtrusive
+in all his doings, not in the least inclined
+to celebrate in canticles of self-praise
+his deeds in trench or field, he nevertheless
+came to the notice of his superiors finally,
+and in November, 1917, his bravery won him
+promotion on the field. He was made second
+lieutenant. But he went right ahead in his
+normal way, yet, having once attracted their
+attention, he could not keep out of the view
+of his superiors, and so in February, 1918,
+they called him up and gave him to understand
+that in their opinion he measured up to a
+captaincy. But Ritchings just went right on
+being Ritchings, and so they made him a
+major. Then they made him a lieutenant
+colonel, and there is no conjecturing what
+they would have had to do with him had the
+war continued a little longer. As it was they
+made him a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor,
+pinned on his breast the Croix de Guerre with
+palms, gave him the Military Cross, and did
+what they could to persuade him that as he had
+been a gallant and daring soldier so also had
+he been an able and decisive officer. In the
+meantime the Germans had done what they
+could to further his interests by wounding him
+on six different occasions.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the war having been fought and won,
+his duty no longer commanding the wear of
+khaki, Lieutenant Colonel Ritchings retired
+from the Army and returned to his native
+Cardiff. His townsmen welcomed him, congratulating
+him that he had managed to escape
+death for a further enjoyment of the
+unemotional serenity of the sturdy Welsh
+town. The Chairman of the Municipal
+Bench publicly declared that he was glad to
+see Ritchings back, and spoke approvingly of
+the fact that his war record was a credit to
+the town.</p>
+
+
+<h3>HIS HOME HONORS</h3>
+
+<p>Then Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings—with
+four years of active military service to
+his credit and field rank worn at the front,
+with a breast-load of decorations and the
+proved ability to command over 3,000 fighting
+men—stepped over to police headquarters,
+took up his truncheon and resumed his familiar
+duties as a common policeman in a mining
+town, where the care of drunks and disorderlies
+alone taxed his military genius.</p>
+
+<p>There the matter might have ended but for
+the interests of a person who had no particular
+business to come fussing around in Cardiff
+affairs. This person happened to be one
+of those ordinary mortals who hold the notion
+that certain honors attached to heroism and
+military achievement are not sufficiently<span class="pagenum" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</span>
+represented by mere medals and things, and
+this person thought it in high degree outrageous
+that a man who had lifted himself by
+valor from private to lieutenant colonel
+should be permitted to walk a beat and swing
+a club as a means of serving the Crown. This
+indignant person wrote a passionate letter to
+the London <cite>Times</cite>, with the result that Cardiff
+took a second view of the situation, and the
+Watch Committee (a sort of police commissioner)
+took the ex-lieutenant colonel off his
+beat and gave him the lofty job of training
+the police to the proper dignity of constabulary
+service.</p>
+
+<p>This, however, did not entirely satisfy outside
+admirers of Ritchings, honorable as it
+might seem to Cardiffians, so the Lord Mayor
+was pressed for information whether there was
+any intention of appointing the distinguished
+officer to a higher and more responsible position
+on the force. That dignitary (and a
+Lord Mayor truly esteems himself a dignitary
+in England) went to the extent of admitting
+that he thought that he might say
+that all the members of the Watch Committee
+were in sympathy with the idea, and that he
+had no doubt that when the opportunity occurred
+Colonel or Constable Ritchings would
+be given a place better suited to his merits.</p>
+
+<p>And what said Ritchings concerning himself?
+Why, merely this, that he “recognized
+as every right-thinking man would that he had
+a moral obligation to return to the Cardiff
+police force for the reason that the ratepayers
+had been contributing during his absence to
+the support of his dependents at home.”</p>
+
+<p>Well, Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Ritchings,
+here’s hats off to you!</p>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="WHAT_GILLES_BROUGHT_IN">WHAT GILLES BROUGHT IN</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>Driving His Automobile over a Shell-Swept Road a French Lad Braved
+Death to Deliver the Dead</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">It</span> was during the dreadful few days when
+the Germans came closest to Paris, a
+French writer tells us. Gilles Thurmand—sixteen
+years old, whose mother kept the <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Côte
+d’Or</i>—had got hold of an old motor-car which
+had been smashed up in the first days of the
+rush to the front, had tinkered with it until
+it ran again, and then had driven it out to
+see what he could pick up. He went in the
+direction of Givres, for he heard that there
+were a good many wounded along the roads,
+and the French were yielding. He had come
+as far as a little coppice, where he slowed
+down at the sight of a couple of French uniforms.
+The Germans began suddenly to shell
+the part of the road over which he had just
+driven. He did not pay much attention to
+this at the time, for he was so engrossed with
+the French officers, of whom there were three
+standing, and a fourth badly wounded. They
+had been cut off from their regiment, and
+were left in this little patch of wood either
+to be killed by one of the enemy’s shells, or
+to be taken prisoner. “Get in,” Gilles told
+them, “and we’ll make a run for it. I’m game
+if you are.” He was extremely proud of having
+to do with so many officers at once, and
+besides, he thought, it might be the means of
+getting him admitted into the Army. Just
+as they were lifting the wounded man onto
+the floor of the vehicle, which was about the
+size of a Ford limousine, Gilles’ sharp eyes
+spied another blue coat through the trees at a
+little distance away, and he ran over to the
+man, who wore the uniform of a captain. He
+was squatting over something in the denser
+underbrush, and raised up hastily as Gilles
+came toward him.</p>
+
+<p>“Let me get you out of this,” said Gilles,
+“along with these others.”</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, come with us,” said Major Hervé,
+the senior officer of the party, limping toward
+them to find out the cause of the delay. The
+strange officer responded rather thickly that
+he couldn’t—that he had his duty to perform,
+and would prefer to remain at his post. The
+major, finding that arguing with him was
+of no avail, commanded him rather shortly
+to follow the rest, and when he still demurred,
+ordered the other three to bring him. They<span class="pagenum" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</span>
+did so, gently enough, believing him to be
+a little unbalanced by shell-fire. Then they
+all climbed into the crazy vehicle, shut the
+door, and Gilles, mounting to the front seat,
+set out to drive them through a quarter of a
+mile of fire and brimstone, which was as near
+to hell as anything he had ever imagined.</p>
+
+<p>Shells whizzed past, and bullets hailed upon
+the roof. Once or twice Gilles heard a faint
+cry in the back of the motor, and he knew
+some one was hit, but he bent doggedly to his
+wheel, and didn’t once look round, for fear,
+as he phrased it, that he would “lack courage
+to go on again.” Though a bomb ripped
+off the fender and nearly capsized the car,
+Gilles himself was not touched, and presently
+he drove into a silence as deafening as the
+noise had been. It was the outskirts of a
+camp, and there were a few simple little
+everyday noises like the rattling of dishes and
+the chopping of wood. But it was like the
+cemetery of Père La Chaise to Gilles. He
+could not hear a sound. Two or three Frenchmen
+in khaki came running toward him as he
+slid off the box and opened the rear door.
+Three dead bodies tumbled out. The two
+left inside were those of the last-found officer
+and the badly wounded man. They, too,
+were dead. How had they been killed? Not
+by shell fire, certainly. Examination proved
+that they had died by pistol shots. Gilles,
+taken into custody, his teeth chattering with
+fear, pointed out the officer who had forcibly
+been made a member of their party. The man
+was searched. There were found upon him
+a spare telephone receiver and a map of the
+district, together with other evidence proving
+him a German spy. He had probably been
+directing the German fire at the moment when
+Gilles had so inopportunely come upon him.
+His great reluctance to join the party was explained.
+During their wild ride he had apparently
+found time to put a bullet through
+the head of each of his unsuspecting captors.
+Whether one of them or he himself had caused
+his own death, could not be discovered.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_380" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_380.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs120">“Tell Her Not to Worry”</p>
+
+<div class="poetry-container">
+<div class="poetry">
+  <div class="stanza">
+    <div class="verse indent0">“Dear Father, guard our gallant men</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">Within whose hearts is love enshrined,</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">And bring them safely home again</div>
+    <div class="verse indent0">To those they cannot leave behind!”</div>
+  </div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="right">
+Arthur Guiterman.<br>
+</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</span></p>
+
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="THE_ROCK_OF_THE_MARNE">THE ROCK OF THE MARNE</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The Story of Col. U. G. McAlexander and the Heroic 38th Infantry,
+Defender’s of the Surmelin Valley, the “Gateway to Paris”</h3>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80 wsp">By CAPTAIN J. W. WOOLRIDGE, U. S. Infantry</p>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">When</span> two divisions of German shock
+troops pile up on a regiment of American
+fighting men, one does not need to be gifted
+in imagination to see war in all its ramifications
+and vicissitudes.</p>
+
+<p>I admit that to those of us who participated
+the picture as a whole is blurred by proximity
+while spots are multicolored and accentuated
+into sheets of concentrated lightning.</p>
+
+<p>The historian of the future will view the
+battle from afar and do much better, particularly
+as he will not be hampered by individual
+facts. Therefore we shall tell you the story
+and not the history of the 38th’s recent unpleasantness.</p>
+
+<p>The scene is laid in that erstwhile heavenly
+little valley of the Surmelin which finds its
+resting place on the banks of the River Marne.
+The semi-mountainous ridges that flank this
+little valley are wooded with what the French
+call trees; they are tangled with shrubs and
+second growths that make for ideal machine-gun
+nests, as we shall see.</p>
+
+<p>Down in the bosom of the valley meanders
+the Surmelin river, so called we presume because
+the French do not know our word
+“crick.” It is heavily foliaged creek; its
+value we first recognized in its production of
+trout through the agency of the festive “OF”
+grenade tossed into its tiny pools.</p>
+
+<p>This valley is a series of golden wheat fields
+and garden patches. Not fields as you know
+them but as the French crofter laboriously
+cultivates by hand to the limits of one man’s
+activities—small, though profuse, spots of
+shining cereal decorated resplendently with
+carmine red poppies. * * * * *</p>
+
+<p>The maps show this valley to be the gateway
+to Paris—that is, from the farthest point
+of the second German drive to the Marne.
+Would you call it the 38th’s good fortune to
+be given this gateway to defend? Anyway,
+the fates so decreed and we were rushed by
+the fastest means possible from our training
+billets, with French beds five feet high, at
+Arc, Cour le Vecque, and Comprey, to stem
+the tide and thereby block the way to Paris.</p>
+
+<p>The 38th had made some marches before
+and has since, but none of us will forget
+when we pulled into the woods back of St.
+Eugene that last day of our trek. We had
+revised the tables of field equipment on the
+way so that when we got there we didn’t
+bother to spread our blankets. We simply
+laid down and hoped in a maudlin, disconnected
+way one of the shells the Germans
+welcomed us with would make a direct hit
+and end it all.</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel was right there ahead of us.
+Nobody ever knows how he does it but he is
+always ahead of us and we have gotten used
+to a confident feeling of knowing it’s all right
+to go anywhere the Colonel is ahead. He
+warned us about aeroplane observation and
+gas shells and said, “Be ready for orders to
+move up!”</p>
+
+<p>Our position was taken without delay on
+the south bank of the Marne, which is about
+fifty yards wide and which at that time separated
+us from the enemy. The Colonel gave
+orders directly opposite to the “live and let
+live” principle. “Don’t let anything alive
+show itself on the other side except those you
+go over and get for information!”</p>
+
+<p>So we gave them some lessons in rifle fire.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>With the French opposite them the Germans
+had an insulting and cocky way of
+strolling about their business in plain view
+at a few hundred yards. The French custom
+of running themselves ragged trying to
+hit the enemy with a hand grenade did not
+appeal to us, so we became, in the German<span class="pagenum" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</span>
+opinion, disgustingly belligerent with our
+rifles.</p>
+
+<p>Their movements soon after our advent became
+surreptitious and reptilian. So at night
+we paddled over in various nondescript flotillas,
+dug them out of their holes or chased
+their patrols around a bit—and sometimes
+got chased back again somewhat the worse
+for wear. They sprinkled us with H. E.’s
+and gas and we likewise sprinkled them. It
+was a great game and we thrived on it.</p>
+
+<p>One dark night a patrol of theirs came
+over right at the point of a sentry post of
+ours. As they reached for the bank with a
+boat-hook a Yank accommodatingly took hold
+and pulled them in. He said, “Come on over,
+Fritz. We are waiting for you,” and our
+men proceeded to pacify one boat load of misdirected
+Huns.</p>
+
+<p>That sort of thing was our daily, or rather
+nightly, ration, until prisoners and intelligence
+officers began to tell a new story. The Boche
+were preparing for another grand offensive
+and this time their objective was Paris with
+no stops.</p>
+
+<p>The French on our right were generous
+with their warnings and made feverish arrangements
+for something or other—we
+thought at the time it was for battle. Aeroplanes
+and scouts verified this rumor and it
+looked like business. So the whole thing so
+far as our sector was concerned—the Gateway
+to Paris, the Valley of the Surmelin—was
+put up to the Colonel, U. G. McAlexander,
+who at once proceeded to make hay while
+the making was good.</p>
+
+<p>“Rowe, you hold the front line with two
+companies of your battalion, don’t you?”</p>
+
+<p>“Yes, sir, with two companies in their immediate
+support,” answered Major Rowe,
+commander of the 2nd Battalion.</p>
+
+<p>“Very well,” said the Colonel. “Thicken
+the lines by moving one company up. This
+will give you three company fronts on our
+sector and your remaining company will entrench
+themselves in echelon formation, so,”
+indicating on map with pencil marks the exact
+position he wished them in. “They will
+act in close support on the extreme right and
+also as a right flank rearguard. The weak
+point on this line is on our right. I don’t
+believe the French will hold and I shall arrange
+my regiment to meet that contingency.”</p>
+
+<p>This was a direct statement as usual; no
+equivocation in the Colonel’s remarks. But
+we were all greatly surprised, as everybody
+else had complete confidence in the gallantry
+of the French division on our right. It
+was our first introduction to the depth of the
+man in his preparation for battle. But
+for his judgment on their instability this
+would be a requiem, not a story.</p>
+
+<p>The regiment was arranged on advanced
+and original principles of “formation in
+depth.” The 2nd Battalion, Major Rowe,
+as above; then the 1st Battalion, Major Keeley,
+and the 3rd, Major Lough. The Colonel
+looked us over individually and collectively,
+took a rifle to a point near the river in broad
+daylight, sniped a while as though to challenge
+the enemy, and said, “Let ’em come.”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>The evening of July 14th (1918) came
+with a darkness you could feel. French crickets
+cricked in a language we could not understand.
+Night birds winged their uncertain
+way in pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness.
+Frogs croaked and walked—not hopped—after
+the manner of no other frogs on
+earth. The Y.M.C.A.—God bless them!—sent
+chocolates and cigarettes down to the
+men in the very front lines. The rolling
+kitchens steamed up in preparation of the
+boys’ one hot meal per day to be delivered by
+carrying parties to the front. Company commanders
+made the usual night reconnaissance
+of their positions, chatted with the lieutenants
+and again learned that a plebiscite of the men
+would produce a reiteration of the Colonel’s
+“Let ’em come.”</p>
+
+<p>Our artillery lugged over the usual intermittent
+harrassing fire, but the murmuring
+pines and whispering hemlocks went A.W.O.L.<a id="FNanchor_1" href="#Footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>
+so far as looking out for the Germans
+was concerned. For all the noise they made
+you could hear your eyelashes meet. Their
+quiet finally became ominous and there was
+a general stiffening of our cerebral vertebra.</p>
+
+<p>At exactly 12 o’clock it happened.</p>
+
+<p>All the demons of hell and its ally, Germany,
+were unleashed in a fierce uproar that
+transcended all bombardments of the past.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_383">[Pg 383]</span>
+It thundered and rained shells, H.E.’s shrapnel
+and gas. They swept our sector as with
+a giant scythe, and as far back as their guns
+would reach.</p>
+
+<p>For hours that seemed weeks we huddled
+in our tiny splinter proofs or open slit trenches
+in the horrible confusion of it all, but we lovingly
+patted our, as yet, cold steel and
+awaited the second shock we knew would
+come—the shock of bodies, material bodies
+that we could see, feel and fight—something
+tangible, so that we could release our mad
+lust to kill this great snake that was slowly
+coiling around us, this furious beast that was
+volcanically tearing at our vitals.</p>
+
+<p>God, what hallucinations under a pounding
+like that!</p>
+
+<p>Yes, we wanted them to come. We wanted
+anything to come that we could see, feel, and
+fight. We wanted to fight, I tell you. Not
+to lie there on the rocking ground with hell
+crashing and the devils snatching at our guts,
+our eyes, our lungs.</p>
+
+<p>What was that in our lungs?</p>
+
+<p>Yes, Damn them, Gas!</p>
+
+<p>They are not satisfied to drench us at long
+distances with all the steel they can crowd
+into space but the dirty, ghoulish, primeval
+Hun racks his warped and tortured brain for
+a method more becoming the slime and filth
+of his rotten being.</p>
+
+<p>Well, so be it. We fight him back with
+his weapons, so on with the gas masks, it’s
+only a bluff. He can’t come himself in his
+poison—and he’s coming, he’s coming! It
+became a song in our hearts—“He’s Coming!
+He’s Coming!”</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>We began to brighten perceptibly. Instead
+of the earth rocking it became the gentle
+tossing of a languorous, moonlit sea. We
+leaned our heads in genuine affection against
+the dirt sides of our little slit trench and
+began to marvel at its motherly shelter. How
+they could churn up the whole world and
+never drop one in! Of course they could
+not drop one in. They had no brain, the
+swine.</p>
+
+<p>If a chemist could run them through a
+Pasteur filter, he would get a trace of intellectual
+process about the mental grade of the
+Pithecanthropus erectus!</p>
+
+<p>That’s it. He is shooting away his fireworks
+in the vain hope of something. Wonder
+what it is. Anyway, he shot it away
+for eight hours on our support and reserve
+lines, but at about 4 o’clock on the morning
+of the 15th he lifted his general bombardment
+on the front line and started a rolling
+barrage, one hundred meters in three minutes.</p>
+
+<p>Behind it, almost hugging it, they came!</p>
+
+<p>God, weren’t we glad to see the grayness
+of them!</p>
+
+<p>This was more like. Something we could
+see, feel and fight. And when we say they
+came we mean two divisions of them.</p>
+
+<p>“When two divisions of German shock
+troops pile up on a regiment of American
+fighting men”—Do you remember what we
+told you!</p>
+
+<p>Well! they piled up, at first with excellent
+formation and a distribution of machine guns,
+as bumble bees distribute themselves after
+the small boy wallops their nest with his
+handful of switches—all over everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>On the river bank where they came in
+crowds, boats, and pontoon bridges, it was
+eye to eye, tooth to tooth, and hand-to-hand.
+It was a strange silence after the barrage had
+passed. The tack-tack-tack of machine guns,
+mounted and firing from boats as they came,
+and the clash of steel as the bayonets met
+sounded like a death stillness compared to it.</p>
+
+<p>The lines on the river were fought out
+completely. The barrage had not reached the
+railway bank and reënforcements could not
+be sent to them. They paid the supreme
+price, but the action delayed the enemy advance
+so that the organizations in depth could
+unlimber and meet the advance with the result
+as stated above—this is a story, not a requiem.</p>
+
+<p>Their barrage got away from them, an unpardonable
+crime in military science but humanly
+pardonable when one learns they
+thought it impossible to be met and fought
+on the river bank.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Our line of resistance was the Metz-Paris
+Railway. The embankment is some nine feet
+high with tiny slit trenches on the forward
+edge but not sufficiently forward to be on the
+military crest. When the Boche started their
+advance across the wheat fields intervening,
+some five hundred yards, this embankment<span class="pagenum" id="Page_384">[Pg 384]</span>
+became a living thing and American Springfields
+began to laugh in their faces.</p>
+
+<p>That wasn’t fair. They had been assured
+with all German sangfroid that there would
+be no resistance after their barrage. But
+those were shock troops brought from afar
+with orders. “To Paris. No Stop-overs.”</p>
+
+<p>Though their brains became loose-leaf
+ledgers with no index and the Kaiser became
+a more ghastly figure, they were fighters. I
+should say, professional soldiers. So they
+came on. We admit they looked like the
+whole German army and we had to wonder
+if the little old Springfield would keep on
+laughing. We had been warned of a big
+offensive, but we did not know the Boche
+thought our front was like a city park, free
+for all.</p>
+
+<p>The Springfield did keep on laughing and
+after covering about half the distance they
+were transferred from a soldiers’ maneuver
+column into a German military omelet. However,
+their machine guns had infiltrated
+through the high wheat and covered our front
+as flies cover spilled molasses.</p>
+
+<p>The rest hit the ground and continued
+their advance in a more becoming manner, like
+a mole. They wriggled themselves, many of
+them to the very foot of the railway embankment,
+where they were safe from our fire for
+the above mentioned reason. They rested,
+then charged the crest, were hurled back;
+rested, threw stick grenades and charged
+some more, but never successfully, until the
+splendid heroes of that line joined their comrades
+of the river bank, joined them on that
+long journey to that land which knows no
+war.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the supporting troops from their
+immediate rear in a charge to which history
+will never do justice. They couldn’t come
+before, as there is only room for a certain
+number to fight on the forward edge. To
+the Germans on the embankment the Kaiser
+must have taken on a more material aspect;
+they saw visions of Paris, but visions only,
+which disappeared like mist in the sunshine.</p>
+
+<p>It was not sunshine that hit them. No.
+It was an earthquake. San Francisco one
+April morning of 1906 had nothing on that
+shock which must have been felt back in the
+Reichstag. Bayonets, rifle butts, fists and
+teeth. Our boys in khaki were overwhelmed
+by numbers in gray.</p>
+
+<p>But the McAlexander spirit; that is God-given
+and Heaven-sent!</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel had said, “Let ’em come.”
+Well, here they are, and God, the joy of it
+all!</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>Did you ever turn yourself loose in a mad
+passion that knew no limit? Were you ever
+blinded by blood and lust to kill and let yourself
+go in a crowd where you could feel their
+bodies crumble and sink to the depths below
+you, then brace yourself on them, and destroy,
+destroy, destroy!</p>
+
+<p>I hope not, but we did—and what do numbers
+amount to against spirit? In San Francisco
+the earthquake subsided and we were
+left to contemplate and ponder. There was
+no subsiding of these seismic demons of
+Colonel Ulysses Grant McAlexander, once
+they had their orders. We were to hold that
+railroad. Did we hold it, Go down there
+and count the German graves. Six hundred
+before one company alone. Ask the prisoners,
+pens of them, why they didn’t fulfil their
+mission. They don’t know just what happened,
+but whatever it was, it was awful,
+colossal.</p>
+
+<p>Sir, they did not even take the first line
+of resistance of the 38th. An officer, later
+captured, stated that only twelve of the 6th
+Grenadiers, the Kaiser’s favorite Prussian
+shock troops, returned to their side of the
+Marne.</p>
+
+<p>Yes, back they went, and they stood not
+upon the manner of their going, although I
+will say their machine guns covered their
+retreat to the limit of their ability. Without
+their usual “nest” arrangement they were
+comparatively easy picking for us. For instance,
+during the retreat Corporal Newell
+with his squad augmented by two men went
+down into the field and captured five guns,
+killing or capturing their crews.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>During the heat of battle one lone private
+crawled down the embankment through the
+wheat to the flank of a machine-gun crew who
+were too busy on their front to know where
+his shots were coming from. He picked off
+seven Germans and dragged the gun back<span class="pagenum" id="Page_385">[Pg 385]</span>
+with him. These incidents are not typical,
+but they serve to illustrate the many, many
+remarkable individual feats of heroism of the
+38th, under the stress of battle.</p>
+
+<p>No grander man lived than Lieutenant
+Kenneth P. Murray, killed in a flank attack
+which started in a line from the railway to
+the church in Mézy, drove in one hundred
+and eighty-five prisoners, but from which only
+three returned, the company commander and
+two privates. Lieutenant Mercer M. Phillips
+died on the railway with a blood-dripping
+bayonet on the rifle in his hands. Lieutenant
+David C. Calkins, whose troops blocked the
+enemy’s progress at the river edge until the
+barrage passed and those in his support could
+get into action, made the supreme sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>Many, many other splendid souls, born
+leaders of brave men, joined the great majority
+with a smile on their lips and pistols
+empty.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Colonel Frank H. Adams, that
+great soldier with a lion’s heart, and yet who
+led his command by an irresistible personal
+magnetism, by precept and example and never
+an unkind word—that big, handsome, he-fighter
+won the Distinguished Service Cross
+by standing in the way of a whole regiment,
+not one that he had any direct connection
+with, but one nearby that was practically
+routed by the shock the 38th stood and fought
+back. He brought comparative order out of
+chaos and succeeded in getting them in a
+support position.</p>
+
+<p>We could mention hundreds of great deeds
+by great men on that day, but this is a story
+of the 38th, not of the indomitable spirits
+that go to make it up, or we would never
+reach the end.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>At 10 o’clock, on the 15th, our front was
+fairly cleared and we were beginning to feel
+that it was a great day, when something else
+happened. Can you, who were not with us,
+imagine how a prohibitionist feels on a yachting
+party? Completely surrounded by hell
+and damnation and can’t get off.</p>
+
+<p>The enemy had penetrated to our left like
+the boll weevil through a Southerner’s cotton
+patch and fortified himself with minenwerfers,
+machine guns and barbed wire. They
+did not penetrate to our right. No, they
+simply walked over and wondered how much
+of a hike it was to Paris. We were then
+aware of the reason for “Feverish preparations
+on the part of the French on our right.”</p>
+
+<p>Do you remember what we told you? We
+thought it was to fight, but evidently no such
+idea ever marred the sweet thoughts of the
+131st. Say what you please, make any defense
+you like. They weren’t there. And
+that’s the business we have in hand just now.
+They weren’t there. Whence they came or
+whither they went we know not. A. W. O.
+L. most likely, but that is neither here nor
+there.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of July 15, 1918, when
+Colonel McAlexander was hurling battalion
+after battalion of the 38th into the Surmelin
+valley, the Gateway to Paris, and out-fighting,
+out-maneuvering, out-generaling the
+Kaiser’s favorites, there were no friendly
+troops on our right where they had been on
+the evening of the 14th.</p>
+
+<p>However, thank God for a real soldier’s instinct.
+The Colonel had anticipated and was
+prepared to meet a right flank attack. Good
+old Captain Reid was there to meet them
+when they tried to consolidate their line
+through our regiment. He met them first
+with rifle fire, then with the bayonet, and
+finally with butts. He fought them all over
+the ridge and down on every side except our
+side. He never let them set foot on our sector
+of the Marne and though it cost him
+nearly his entire command he was there when
+fresher troops could get to him for relief.</p>
+
+<p>On the left we repulsed a heavy rear attack
+and a light flank attack with a handful
+of the most exhausted troops in France—old
+“G” company reduced to fifty-two men
+from two hundred and fifty-one—taking up
+new positions and fighting off ten to one is
+a picture that will ever live in the memory
+of the 38th.</p>
+
+<p>Major Rowe made desperate efforts to reinforce,
+but the Boche, just at that place,
+had us under direct fire of Austrian 88’s,
+German 77’s, and one pounders. You know
+what direct fire means. Effective forces can’t
+be sent against it, that’s all.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p>So, for three days we fought on our flanks,
+for three days the German high command
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_387">[Pg 387]</span>gave us all they had in their desperation to
+open the gateway. The Colonel received an
+order. “Fall back if you think best.”</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_386" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_386.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">“THE DAY IS DONE.”</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">After a long, hard day, the voice of the bugle was a welcome sound to the ears of the tired soldiers.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p>He answered, “Is it up to my decision?”</p>
+
+<p>The answer: “Yes.”</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel’s answer: “Then I hold my
+lines!”</p>
+
+<p>God, what a world of torture and yet solace
+in that answer! What a world of pain and
+joy! We were shot to ribbons, cut to small
+sections, unfed, and oh, so tired; but the drive
+would never have stopped once they consolidated
+their lines through the 38th.</p>
+
+<p>It was Paris for them and a terrible defeat
+for us if we withdrew and gave them
+the little Surmelin valley. The Colonel had
+been studying the attack orders taken from
+captured German officers and knew as no one
+else knew what it meant to fall back.</p>
+
+<p>He was there for a soldier’s purpose and
+did a soldier’s duty. He paid an awful price,
+made sacrifices of officers and men that tore
+his heart to pieces. But he held the Gateway
+to Paris and not only that, drove them
+back across the Marne and <em>followed them
+across</em>.</p>
+
+<p>Believe it or not, it was an absolute physical
+impossibility, but we went right on after them
+and fought them again at Jaulgonne—still
+nobody on our right, mind you—where for
+several days and several nights it steadily
+rained and where for the same length of time
+we hammered them with shot and bayonet
+until they fell back with such impetus that
+our next big battle was at Fismes on the
+River Vesle.</p>
+
+<p>One soldier was heard to remark: “I
+don’t see any more prisoners coming in. I
+wonder what can be the matter?”</p>
+
+<p>Second soldier: “Didn’t you hear the
+Colonel say he had all the information he
+needed?”</p>
+
+<p>There are not many of us left of the old
+38th. There has been considerable talk in
+French circles about “Regiment d’elite,” “unconquerable
+tenacity,” and the like. Yes, our
+flag is to be decorated with the Croix de
+Guerre and it is generally recognized in high
+French command that “McAlexander’s defense
+was peculiarly American in conception,
+plan and execution.” You see we have been
+under French command and our deeds have
+not been recounted at home. All the glory
+goes to the High Command.</p>
+
+<p>Things like this though, we keep close to
+our hearts:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+27 July, 1918.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+General Order I.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 2em">(From the Field.)</span><br>
+To the Officers and Men of the<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 6em">38th U. S. Infantry.</span><br>
+</p>
+
+<p>The Colonel commanding the regiment wishes
+to praise you for the heroic manner in which
+you took your baptism of fire on July 15, 1918,
+upon the banks of the Marne. No regiment in
+the history of our nation has ever shown a finer
+spirit or performed a greater deed.</p>
+
+<p>Let us cherish within our hearts the memory
+of our fallen comrades. Salute them! Then
+forward!</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">McAlexander.</span><br>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>And look at this for an official report and
+try to remember if in all history such a feat
+was ever before accomplished:</p>
+
+<div class="blockquot fs90">
+<p class="right">
+<span style="padding-right: 1em">Headquarters, 38th U. S. Infantry.</span><br>
+A. P. O. 740, France, 8 August, 1918.</p>
+<p class="no-indent">
+From: Commanding Officer, 38th U. S. Infantry.<br>
+To: The Adjutant General, U. S. Army.<br>
+<span style="padding-left: 4em">(Through Military Channels.)</span><br>
+Subject: Capture of Prisoners from Three German Divisions.<br>
+</p>
+
+<p>1. In the second battle of the Marne, July
+15-23, 1918, the 38th U. S. Infantry was attacked
+on the south bank of the Marne, July 15-18, by
+two German divisions, and it captured prisoners
+from each of their regiments, namely:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">6th Grenadier Guards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">10th Division</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">47th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">398th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr" style="height:10px"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+<td class="tdl"></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">5th Grenadier Guards</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">36th Division</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">128th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">175th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>2. On July 22, 1918, this regiment attacked the
+10th Division Landwehr on the north bank of
+Marne and captured prisoners from its three
+regiments, namely:</p>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bt"></td>
+<td class="tdl">372nd Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">10th Division Landwehr</td>
+<td class="tdl bl"></td>
+<td class="tdl">377th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr"></td>
+<td class="tdl bl bb"></td>
+<td class="tdl">378th Infantry</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>3. It is believed that the capture of prisoners
+from nine enemy regiments during nine days
+of battle constitutes a record justifying a report
+to the War Department.</p>
+
+<p>4. Identification of twenty-one separate and
+distinct regimental and other units were secured
+from enemy positions in front of this regiment.</p>
+
+<p class="right">
+<span class="smcap">U. G. McAlexander</span>,<br>
+Colonel, 38th U. S. Infantry.<br>
+</p>
+</div>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_388">[Pg 388]</span></p>
+
+
+<div class="footnotes"><h3><span class="fs130 bold">FOOTNOTES:</span></h3>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a id="Footnote_1" href="#FNanchor_1" class="label">[1]</a> Military abbreviation for “absent without
+leave.”</p>
+
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop">
+
+<div class="chapter">
+<h2 class="nobreak" id="AMERICAS_HIGHEST_WAR_HONOR">AMERICA’S HIGHEST WAR HONOR</h2>
+</div>
+
+<h3>The 78 Soldiers Who Won the Congressional Medal of Honor for an
+Act of Supreme Courage</h3>
+
+<p class="drop-cap"><span class="upper-case">England’s</span> most coveted reward for
+heroism in battle is the Victoria Cross.
+France gives her <i lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Médaille Militaire</i>; Germany,
+her Iron Cross.</p>
+
+<p>There has been little need of war medals
+in the United States, but with the entrance
+of this country into the war Congress established
+its medal of honor—called by its full
+title, The Congressional Medal of Honor.</p>
+
+<p>This decoration is given only to those who
+achieve an act of supreme courage, or, as
+“General Orders” have it, to those who in
+action “have fought with conspicuous gallantry
+and intrepidity above and beyond the
+call of duty.”</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-eight of the 1,200,000 men in the
+A. E. F. received these awards. Fifty-seven
+of this number were enlisted men, twenty-one
+were officers. Nineteen awards were posthumous.
+For every 15,400 soldiers who were
+in action one received the Congressional
+Medal.</p>
+
+<p>The best showing was made by the 30th
+Division, the National Guard organization of
+the Carolinas and Tennessee. Second honors
+go to the 89th Division, which is the selective
+draft unit of Western Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska,
+Colorado, South Dakota, and New
+Mexico. The third largest is the 33rd or
+National Guard Division of Illinois. Fourth
+honors go to the famous 2nd Division of
+Regulars, which includes the Marines, while
+fifth place is shared by the two New York
+divisions, the 27th and 77th. The list follows:</p>
+
+
+<h3>1ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Colyer, Wilbur E., Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 1st Engineers,
+1st Division, Ozone Park, L. I.—Verdun,
+France, Oct. 9, 1918. Volunteering with two other
+soldiers to locate machine-gun nests, Sergeant
+Colyer advanced on the hostile positions to a
+point where he was half surrounded by the nests,
+which were in ambush. He killed the gunner of
+one gun with a captured German grenade and
+then turned this gun on the other nests, silencing
+all of them before he returned to his platoon. He
+was later killed in action.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Ellis, Michael B., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 28th Infantry,
+1st Division, East St. Louis, Ill.—Exermont,
+France, Oct. 5, 1918. During the entire day’s
+engagement he operated far in advance of the
+first wave of his company, voluntarily undertaking
+most dangerous missions and single-handed attacking
+and reducing machine-gun nests. Flanking
+one emplacement, he killed two of the enemy
+with rifle fire and captured seventeen others. Later
+he single-handed advanced under heavy fire and
+captured twenty-seven prisoners, including two
+officers and six machine guns, which had been
+holding up the advance of the company. The
+captured officers indicated the locations of four
+other machine guns, and he in turn captured
+these, together with their crews, at all times
+showing marked heroism and fearlessness.</p>
+
+
+<h3>2ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Bart, Frank J., Private</em>, Co. C, 9th Infantry, 2nd
+Division, Newark, N. J.—Médéah Farm, France,
+Oct. 3, 1918. Private Bart, being on duty as a
+company runner, when the advance was held up
+by machine-gun fire voluntarily picked up an
+automatic rifle, ran out ahead of the line, and
+silenced a hostile machine-gun nest, killing the
+German gunners. The advance then continued,
+and, when it was again hindered shortly afterward
+by another machine-gun nest, this courageous
+soldier repeated his bold exploit by putting
+the second machine gun out of action.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Cukela, Louis, First Lieutenant</em>, 5th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Minneapolis, Minn.—Villers-Cotterets,
+France, July 18, 1918. When his
+company, advancing through a wood, met with
+strong resistance from an enemy strong point,
+Lieutenant Cukela (then Sergeant) crawled out
+from the flank and made his way toward the
+German lines in the face of heavy fire, disregarding
+the warnings of his comrades. He succeeded
+in getting behind the enemy position and rushed
+a machine-gun emplacement, killing or driving
+off the crew with his bayonet. With German hand
+grenades he then bombed out the remaining portion
+of the strong point, capturing four men and
+two damaged machine guns.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hoffman, Charles F., Gunnery Sergeant</em>, 5th
+Regiment Marines, Second Division, Brooklyn, N.
+Y.—Château-Thierry, France, June 6, 1918. Immediately
+after the company to which he belonged
+had reached its objective on Hill 142, several
+hostile counter-attacks were launched against the
+line before the new position had been consolidated.
+Sergeant Hoffman was attempting to organize a
+position on the north slope of the hill when he
+saw twelve of the enemy, armed with five light
+machine guns, crawling toward his group. Giving
+the alarm, he rushed the hostile detachment,
+bayoneted the two leaders, and forced the others
+to flee, abandoning their guns. His quick action,
+initiative, and courage drove the enemy from a
+position from which they could have swept the
+hill with machine-gun fire and forced the withdrawal
+of our troops.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Kocak, Matej, Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 5th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Albany, N. Y.—Soissons,
+France, July 18, 1918. When the advance of his
+battalion was checked by a hidden machine-gun
+nest he went forward alone, unprotected by covering
+fire from his own men, and worked in
+between the German position in the face of fire
+from an enemy covering detachment. Locating
+the machine-gun nest, he rushed it, and with
+his bayonet drove off the crew. Shortly after
+this he organized twenty-five French colonial
+soldiers who had become separated from their
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_389">[Pg 389]</span>company, and led them in attacking another machine-gun
+nest, which was also put out of action.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_389" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_389.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">American Troops on Parade in Paris on July 4, 1919</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Immediately after the ceremonies incident to the naming of the “Avenue du President Wilson.”</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Kelly, John Joseph, Private</em>, 6th Regiment
+Marines, 2nd Division, Chicago, Ill.—Blanc Mont
+Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Private Kelly ran
+through our own barrage 100 yards in advance
+of the front line, and attacked an enemy machine-gun
+nest, killing the gunner with a grenade,
+shooting another member of the crew with his
+pistol, and returned through the barrage with
+eight prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Van Iersal, Louis, Sergeant</em>, Co. M, 9th Infantry,
+2nd Division, Newark, N. Y.—Mouzon,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. While a member of the
+reconnoissance patrol sent out at night to ascertain
+the condition of a damaged bridge, Sergeant
+Van Iersal volunteered to lead a party across the
+bridge in the face of heavy machine-gun and rifle
+fire from a range of only 75 yards. Crawling
+alone along the débris of the ruined bridge, he
+came upon a trap, which gave away and precipitated
+him into the water. In spite of the swift
+current, he succeeded in swimming across the
+stream, and found a lodging place among the
+timbers on the opposite bank. Disregarding the
+enemy fire, he made a careful investigation of
+the hostile position by which the bridge was
+defended and then returned to the other bank
+of the river, reporting this valuable information
+to the battalion commander.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_390">[Pg 390]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Pruitt, John H., Corporal</em>, 78th Co., 6th Regiment
+of Marines, 2nd Division, Phoenix, Ariz.—Blanc
+Mont Ridge, France, Oct. 3, 1918. Corporal
+Pruitt single-handed attacked two machine guns,
+capturing them and killing two of the enemy. He
+then captured forty prisoners in a dugout near
+by. This gallant soldier was killed soon afterward
+by shell fire while he was sniping at the
+enemy.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_390" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_390.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">Made in France</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">American locomotive builders assembling an engine in shops behind the battle lines.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>3RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Barkley, John L., Private, first class</em>, Company
+K, 4th Infantry, 3rd Division, Blairstown, Mo.—Cunel,
+France, Oct. 7, 1918. Private Barkley,
+who was stationed in an observation post half a
+kilometer from the German line, on his own
+initiative repaired a captured enemy machine gun
+and mounted it in a disabled French tank near
+his post. Shortly afterward, when the enemy
+launched a counter-attack against our forces,
+Private Barkley got into the tank, waited under
+the hostile barrage until the enemy line was
+abreast of him, and then opened fire, completely
+breaking up the counter-attack and killing and
+wounding a large number of the enemy. Five
+minutes later an enemy 77-millimeter gun opened
+fire on the tank point blank. One shell struck
+the driver wheel of the tank, but this soldier,
+nevertheless, remained in the tank; and after the
+barrage ceased broke up a second enemy counter-attack,
+thereby enabling our forces to gain and
+hold Hill 253.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hays, George Price, First Lieutenant</em>, 10th
+Field Artillery, 3rd Division, Okarchee, Okla.—Grèves
+Farm, France, July 14-15, 1918. At the
+very outset of the unprecedented artillery bombardment
+by the enemy of July 14-15, 1918, his
+line of communication was destroyed beyond repair.
+Despite the hazard attached to the mission
+of runner, he immediately set out to establish
+contact with the neighboring post of command;
+and, further established liaison with two French
+batteries, visiting their position so frequently that
+he was mainly responsible for the accurate fire
+therefrom. While thus engaged, seven horses
+were shot under him and he was severely wounded.
+His activity, under most severe fire was an
+important factor in checking the advance of the
+enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>5TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Allworth, Edward S., Captain</em>, 60th Infantry,
+5th Division, Crawford, Wash.—Cléry-le-Petit,
+France, Nov. 5, 1918. While his company was
+crossing the Meuse River and Canal at a bridgehead
+opposite Cléry-le-Petit, the bridge over the
+canal was destroyed by shell fire and Captain
+Allworth’s command became separated, part of
+it being on the east bank of the canal and the
+remainder on the west bank. Seeing his advance
+units making slow headway up the steep slope
+ahead, this officer mounted the canal bank and
+called for his men to follow. Plunging in, he
+swam across the canal under fire from the enemy,
+followed by his men. Inspiring his men by his
+example of gallantry, he led them up the slope,
+joining his hard-pressed platoons in front. By
+his personal leadership he forced the enemy back
+for more than a kilometer, overcoming machine-gun
+nests and capturing a hundred prisoners,
+whose number exceeded that of the men in his
+command. The exceptional courage and leadership
+displayed by Captain Allworth made possible
+the reëstablishment of a bridgehead over the
+canal and the successful advance of other troops.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Woodfill, Samuel, First Lieutenant</em>, 60th Infantry,
+5th Division, Fort Thomas, Ky.—Cunel,
+France, Oct. 12, 1918. While he was leading his
+company against the enemy his line came under
+heavy machine-gun fire, which threatened to hold
+up the advance. Followed by two soldiers at
+25 yards, this officer went out ahead of his first
+line toward a machine-gun nest and worked his
+way around its flank, leaving the two soldiers in
+front. When he got within 10 yards of the gun
+it ceased firing, and four of the enemy appeared,
+three of whom were shot by Lieutenant Woodfill.
+The fourth, an officer, rushed at Lieutenant
+Woodfill, who attempted to club the officer with
+his rifle. After a hand-to-hand struggle, Lieutenant
+Woodfill killed the officer with his pistol.
+His company thereupon continued to advance
+until shortly afterward another machine-gun nest
+was encountered. Calling his men to follow,
+Lieutenant Woodfill rushed ahead of his line in
+the face of heavy fire from the nest; and when
+several of the enemy appeared above the nest he
+shot them, capturing three other members of the
+crew and silencing the gun. A few minutes later
+this officer for the third time demonstrated conspicuous
+daring by charging another machine-gun
+position, killing five men in one machine-gun pit
+with his rifle. He then drew his revolver and
+started to jump into the pit, when two other
+gunners only a few yards away turned their gun
+on him. Failing to kill them with his revolver,
+he grabbed a pick lying near by and killed both
+of them. Inspired by the exceptional courage
+displayed by this officer, his men pressed on to
+their objective under severe shell and machine-gun
+fire.</p>
+
+
+<h3>26TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Dilboy, George, Private, first class</em>, Co. H, 103rd
+Infantry, 26th Division, Boston, Mass.—Belleau,
+France, July 18, 1918. After his platoon had
+gained its objective along a railroad embankment,
+Private Dilboy, accompanying his platoon
+leader to reconnoiter the ground beyond, was
+suddenly fired upon by an enemy machine gun
+from 100 yards. From a standing position on
+the railroad track, fully exposed to view, he
+opened fire at once, but, failing to silence the
+gun, rushed forward with his bayonet fixed
+through a wheat field toward the gun emplacement,
+falling within twenty-five yards of the gun
+with his right leg nearly severed above the knee
+and with several bullet holes in his body. With
+undaunted courage he continued to fire into the
+emplacement from a prone position, killing two
+of the enemy and dispersing the rest of the crew.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Perkins, Michael J., Private, first class</em>, Company
+D, 101st Infantry, 26th Division, Boston,
+Mass.—Belieu Bois, France, Oct. 27, 1918. He,
+voluntarily and alone, crawled to a German “pillbox”
+machine-gun emplacement, from which
+grenades were being thrown at his platoon.
+Awaiting his opportunity, when the door was<span class="pagenum" id="Page_392">[Pg 392]</span>
+again opened and another grenade thrown, he
+threw a bomb inside, bursting the door open;
+and then, drawing his trench knife, rushed into
+the emplacement. In a hand-to-hand struggle he
+killed or wounded several of the occupants and
+captured about twenty-five prisoners, at the same
+time silencing seven machine guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>27TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Eggers, Alan Louis, Sergeant</em>, M. G. Company,
+107th Infantry, 27th Division, Summit, N. J.—Le
+Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming separated
+from their platoon by a smoke barrage,
+Sergeant Eggers, Sergeant John C. Latham, and
+Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took cover in a
+shell hole well within the enemy’s lines. Upon
+hearing a call for help from an American tank
+which had become disabled 30 yards from them,
+the three soldiers left their shelter and started
+toward the tank under heavy fire from German
+machine guns and trench mortars. In crossing
+the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea was mortally
+wounded; but his companions, undeterred, proceeded
+to the tank, rescued a wounded officer,
+and assisted two wounded soldiers to cover in a
+sap of a nearby trench. Sergeant Eggers and Sergeant
+Latham then returned to the tank in the
+face of the violent fire, dismounted a Hotchkiss
+gun, and took it back to where the wounded men
+were, keeping off the enemy all day by effective
+use of the gun, and later bringing it, with the
+wounded men, back to our lines under cover of
+darkness.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp85" id="i_b_392" style="max-width: 54.4375em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_392.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption">
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">Two Officers of the United States Army Aviation Section, Lieutenant Morrow
+and Lieutenant Holliday, making a flight in a Burgess Tractor.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_393">[Pg 393]</span></p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gaffney, Frank, Private, first class</em>, 108th Infantry,
+27th Division, Lockport, N. Y.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. Private Gaffney, an automatic
+rifleman, pushed forward alone with his
+gun, after all the other members of his squad had
+been killed, discovered several Germans placing
+a heavy machine gun in position. He killed the
+crew, captured the gun, bombed several dugouts,
+and, after killing four more of the enemy with
+his pistol, held the position until reinforcement
+came up, when eighty prisoners were captured.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Latham, John Cridland, Sergeant</em>, M. G. Co.,
+107th Infantry, 27th Division, Westmoreland,
+England.—Le Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming
+separated from their platoon by a smoke
+barrage, Sergeant Latham, Sergeant Alan L. Eggers,
+and Corporal Thomas E. O’Shea took cover
+in a shell hole well within the enemy’s lines.
+Upon hearing a call for help from an American
+tank, which had become disabled thirty yards
+from them, the three soldiers left their shelter
+and started toward the tank under heavy fire
+from German machine guns and trench mortars.
+In crossing the fire-swept area Corporal O’Shea
+was mortally wounded, but his companions, undeterred,
+proceeded to the tank, rescued a
+wounded officer, and assisted two wounded soldiers
+to cover in the sap of a nearby trench.
+Sergeant Latham and Sergeant Eggers then returned
+to the tank, in the face of the violent fire,
+dismounted a Hotchkiss gun, and took it back
+to where the wounded men were, keeping off the
+enemy all day by effective use of the gun and
+later bringing it, with the wounded men, back to
+our lines under cover of darkness.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Luke, Frank, Jr., Lieutenant</em>, 27th Aero Squadron,
+Phoenix, Ariz.—Murvaux, France, Sept. 29,
+1918. After having previously destroyed a number
+of enemy aircraft within seventeen days, he
+voluntarily started on a patrol after German observation
+balloons. Though pursued by eight
+German planes, which were protecting the enemy
+balloon line, he unhesitatingly attacked and shot
+down in flames three German balloons, being
+himself under heavy fire from ground batteries
+and the hostile planes. Severely wounded, he
+descended to within fifty meters of the ground;
+and flying at this low altitude near the town of
+Murvaux, opened fire upon enemy troops, killing
+six and wounding as many more. Forced to
+make a landing and surrounded on all sides by
+the enemy, who called upon him to surrender,
+he drew his automatic pistol and defended himself
+gallantly until he fell dead from a wound
+in the chest.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>O’Shea, Thomas E., Corporal</em>, M. G. Co., 107th
+Infantry, 27th Division, Summit, N. J.—Le
+Catelet, France, Sept. 29, 1918. Becoming separated
+from their platoon by a smoke barrage.
+Corporal O’Shea, with two other soldiers, took
+cover in a shell hole well within the enemy’s
+lines. Upon hearing a call for help from an
+American tank, which had become disabled thirty
+yards from them, the three soldiers left their
+shelter and started toward the tank under heavy
+fire from German machine guns and trench mortars.
+In crossing the fire-swept area Corporal
+O’Shea was mortally wounded and died of his
+wounds shortly afterward.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Waalker, Reider, Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 105th Infantry,
+27th Division, Noretrand, Norway.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 27, 1918. In the face of
+heavy artillery and machine-gun fire, he crawled
+forward in a burning British tank in which some
+of the crew were imprisoned, and succeeded in
+rescuing two men. Although the tank was then
+burning fiercely and contained ammunition which
+was likely to explode at any time, this soldier
+immediately returned to the tank, and, entering
+it, made a search for the other occupants, remaining
+until he satisfied himself that there were
+no more living men in the tank.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Turner, William S., First Lieutenant</em>, 105th
+Infantry, 27th Division, Dorchester, Mass.—Ronssoy,
+France, Sept. 27th, 1918. He led a small
+group of men to the attack, under terrific artillery
+and machine-gun fire, after they had become
+separated from the rest of the company
+in the darkness. Single-handed he rushed an
+enemy machine gun which had suddenly opened
+fire on his group and killed the crew with his
+pistol. He then pressed forward to another machine-gun
+post, 25 yards away, and had killed
+one gunner himself by the time the remainder
+of his detachment arrived and put the gun out
+of action. With the utmost bravery he continued
+to lead his men over three lines of hostile
+trenches, cleaning up each one as they advanced,
+regardless of the fact that he had been wounded
+three times, and killed several of the enemy in
+hand-to-hand encounters. After his pistol ammunition
+was exhausted, this gallant officer seized
+the rifle of a dead soldier, bayoneted several
+members of a machine-gun crew, and shot the
+others. Upon reaching the fourth-line trench,
+which was his objective, Lieutenant Turner captured
+it with the nine men remaining in his group,
+and resisted a hostile counter-attack until he was
+finally surrounded and killed.</p>
+
+
+<h3>28TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Mestrovitch, James I, Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 111th
+Infantry, 28th Division, Fresno, Cal.—Fismette,
+France, Aug. 10, 1918. Seeing his company commander
+lying wounded thirty yards in front of
+the line after his company had withdrawn to a
+sheltered position behind a stone wall, Sergeant
+Mestrovitch voluntarily left cover and crawled
+through heavy machine-gun and shell-fire to
+where the officer lay. He took the officer upon
+his back and crawled back to a place of safety,
+where he administered first-aid treatment, his
+exceptional heroism saving the officer’s life.</p>
+<br>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_394">[Pg 394]</span></p>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_394" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_394.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">“Listening In”</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">An American Signal Battalion outpost “listening in” on a suspicious wire somewhere in France. Complete telephone units
+including women operators went over with the American troops.</p>
+</figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+<h3>29TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Costin, Henry G., Private</em>, Co. H, 115th Infantry,
+29th Division, Cape Charles, Va.—Bois
+de Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. When the
+advance of his platoon had been held up by
+machine-gun fire and a request was made for
+an automatic-rifle team to charge the nest, Private
+Costin was the first to volunteer. Advancing
+with his team under terrific fire of enemy artillery,
+machine guns, and trench mortars, he continued
+after all his comrades had become casualties,
+and he himself had been seriously wounded.
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_395">[Pg 395]</span>He operated his rifle until he collapsed. His
+act resulted in the capture of about 100 prisoners
+and several machine guns. He succumbed from
+the effects of his wounds shortly after the accomplishment
+of his heroic deed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gregory, Earl D., Sergeant</em>, H. Q. Co., 116th
+Infantry, 29th Division, Chase City, Va.—Boise
+de Consenvoye, north of Verdun, France, Oct. 8,
+1918. With the remark, “I will get them,” Sergeant
+Gregory seized a rifle and a trench-mortar
+shell which he used as a hand grenade, left his
+detachment of the trench-mortar platoon, and,
+advancing ahead of the infantry, captured a machine
+gun and three of the enemy. Advancing
+still further from the machine-gun nest, he captured
+a 7.5-centimeter mountain howitzer, and,
+entering a dugout in the immediate vicinity, single-handed
+captured nineteen of the enemy.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Regan, Patrick, Second Lieutenant</em>, 115th Infantry,
+29th Division, Los Angeles, Cal.—Bois de
+Consenvoye, France, Oct. 8, 1918. While leading
+his platoon against a strong enemy machine-gun
+nest which had held up the advance of two
+companies, Lieut. Regan divided his men into
+three groups, sending one group to either flank,
+and he himself attacking with an automatic-rifle
+team from the front. Two of the team were
+killed outright, while Lieut. Regan and the third
+man were seriously wounded, the latter unable
+to advance. Although severely wounded, Lieut.
+Regan dashed with empty pistol into the machine-gun
+nest, capturing thirty Austrian gunners
+and four machine guns. This gallant deed permitted
+the companies to advance, avoiding a
+terrific enemy fire. Despite his wounds, he continued
+to lead his platoon forward until ordered
+to the rear by his commanding officer.</p>
+
+
+<h3>30TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Adkinson, Joseph B., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 119th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Atoka, Tenn.—Bellicourt,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. When murderous machine-gun
+fire at a range of fifty yards had made
+it impossible for his platoon to advance, and had
+caused the platoon to take cover, Sergeant Adkinson
+alone, with the greatest intrepidity, rushed
+across the fifty yards of open ground directly
+into the face of the hostile machine gun, kicked
+the gun from the parapet into the enemy trench,
+and at the point of the bayonet captured the
+three men manning the gun. The gallantry and
+quick decision of this soldier enabled the platoon
+to resume its advance.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Blackwell, Robert L., Private</em>, 119th Infantry,
+30th Division, Hurdles Mills, N. C.—Saint Souplet,
+France, Oct. 11, 1918. When his platoon
+was almost surrounded by the enemy and his
+platoon commander asked for volunteers to carry
+a message calling for reinforcements, Private
+Blackwell volunteered for this mission, well
+knowing the extreme danger connected with it.
+In attempting to get through the heavy shell and
+machine-gun fire this gallant soldier was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Dozier, James C., First Lieutenant</em>, Co. G, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Rock Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. In command of
+two platoons, Lieutenant Dozier was painfully
+wounded in the shoulder early in the attack, but
+he continued to lead his men, displaying the highest
+bravery and skill. When his command was
+held up by heavy machine-gun fire he disposed
+his men in the best cover available, and with a
+soldier continued forward to attack a machine-gun
+nest. Creeping up to the position in the
+face of intense fire, he killed the entire crew with
+hand grenades and his pistol; and a little
+later captured a number of Germans who had
+taken refuge in a dugout nearby.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Foster, Gary Evans, Sergeant</em>, Co. F, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Inman, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. When his company
+was held up by violent machine-gun fire
+from a sunken road Sergeant Foster, with an
+officer, went forward to attack the hostile machine-gun
+nests. The officer was wounded, but
+Sergeant Foster continued on alone in the face
+of heavy fire and by effective use of hand grenades
+and his pistol killed several of the enemy
+and captured eighteen.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hall, Thomas Lee, Sergeant</em>, Co. G, 118th Infantry,
+30th Division, Fort Hill, S. C.—Montbrehain,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. Having overcome
+two machine-gun nests under his skillful leadership,
+Sergeant Hall’s platoon was stopped 800
+yards from its final objective by machine-gun fire
+of particular intensity. Ordering his men to
+take cover in a sunken road, he advanced alone
+on the enemy machine-gun post and killed five
+members of the crew with his bayonet and
+thereby made possible the further advance of the
+line. While attacking another machine-gun nest
+later in the day this gallant soldier was mortally
+wounded.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Heriot, James D., Corporal</em>, Co. I, 118th Infantry,
+30th Division, Providence, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny,
+France, Oct. 12, 1918. Corporal Heriot,
+with four other soldiers, organized a combat
+group and attacked an enemy machine-gun nest
+which had been inflicting heavy casualties on his
+company. In the advance two of his men were
+killed, and because of the heavy fire from all
+sides the remaining two sought shelter. Unmindful
+of the hazard attached to his mission,
+Corporal Heriot, with fixed bayonet, alone
+charged the machine gun, making his way through
+the fire for a distance of thirty yards and forcing
+the enemy to surrender. During his exploit he
+received several wounds in the arm, and later in
+the same day, while charging another nest, he
+was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hilton, Richmond H., Sergeant</em>, Co. H, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Westville, S. C.—Brancourt,
+France, Oct. 11, 1918. While Sergeant
+Hilton’s company was advancing through the village
+of Brancourt it was held up by intense<span class="pagenum" id="Page_396">[Pg 396]</span>
+enfilading fire from a machine gun. Discovering
+that this fire came from a machine-gun nest
+among shell holes at the edge of the town, Sergeant
+Hilton, accompanied by a few other soldiers
+but well in advance of them, pressed on
+toward this position, firing with his rifle until his
+ammunition was exhausted, and then with his
+pistol killing six of the enemy and capturing ten.
+In the course of this daring exploit he received
+a wound from a bursting shell, which resulted
+in the loss of his arm.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Karnes, James E., Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Knoxville, Tenn.—Estrées,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance his
+company was held up by a machine gun which
+was enfilading the line. Accompanied by another
+soldier, he advanced against this position
+and succeeded in reducing the nest by killing
+three and capturing seven of the enemy and their
+guns.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Lemert, Milo, First Sergeant</em>, Co. H, 119th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Grossville, Tenn.—Bellicourt,
+France, Sept. 29, 1918. Seeing that the
+left flank of his company was held up, he located
+the enemy machine-gun emplacement which
+had been causing heavy casualties. In the face
+of heavy fire he rushed it single-handed, killing
+the entire crew with grenades. Continuing along
+the enemy trench in advance of the company, he
+reached another emplacement which he also
+charged, silencing the gun with grenades. A
+third machine-gun emplacement opened upon him
+from the left, and, with similar skill and bravery,
+he destroyed this also. Later, in company with
+another sergeant, he attacked a fourth machine-gun
+nest, being killed as he reached the parapet
+of the emplacement. His courageous action in
+destroying in turn four enemy machine-gun nests
+prevented many casualties among his company
+and very materially aided in achieving the objective.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Talley, Edward R., Sergeant</em>, Co. L, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Russellville, Tenn.—Ponchaux,
+France, Oct. 7, 1918. Undeterred by seeing
+several comrades killed in attempting to put
+a hostile machine-gun nest out of action, Sergeant
+Talley attacked the position single-handed.
+Armed only with a rifle, he rushed the nest in
+the face of intense enemy fire, killed or wounded
+at least six of the crew, and silenced the gun.
+When the enemy attempted to bring forward
+another gun and ammunition, he drove them back
+by effective fire from his rifle.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Villepigue, John C., Corporal</em>, Co. M, 118th
+Infantry, 30th Division, Camden, S. C.—Vaux-Andigny,
+France, Oct. 15, 1918. Having been
+sent out with two other soldiers to scout through
+the village of Vaux-Andigny, he met with strong
+resistance from enemy machine-gun fire, which
+killed one of his men and wounded the other.
+Continuing forward without aid, 500 yards in
+advance of his platoon and in the face of enemy
+machine-gun and artillery fire, he encountered
+four of the enemy in a dugout, whom he attacked
+and killed with a hand grenade. Crawling
+forward to a point 150 yards in advance of
+his first encounter, he rushed a machine-gun nest,
+killing four and capturing six of the enemy and
+taking two light machine guns. After being
+joined by his platoon he was severely wounded
+in the arm.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Ward, Calvin, Private</em>, Co. D, 117th Infantry,
+30th Division, Morristown, Tenn.—Estrées,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. During an advance Private
+Ward’s company was held up by a machine gun,
+which was enfilading the line. Accompanied by
+a non-commissioned officer, he advanced against
+this post and succeeded in reducing the nest by
+killing three and capturing seven of the enemy
+and their guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>31ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Slack, Clayton K., Private</em>, Co. E, 124th Infantry,
+31st Division, Lampson, Wis.—Consenvoye,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. Observing German
+soldiers under cover fifty yards away on the left
+flank, Private Slack, upon his own initiative,
+rushed them with his rifle, and, single-handed,
+captured ten prisoners and two heavy-type machine
+guns, thus saving his company and neighboring
+organizations from heavy casualties.</p>
+
+
+<h3>33RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Allex, Jake, Corporal</em>, Co. H, 131st Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—At Chipilly Ridge,
+France, Aug. 9, 1918. At a critical point in the
+action, when all the officers with his platoon
+had become casualties, Corporal Allex took command
+of the platoon and led it forward until the
+advance was stopped by fire from a machine-gun
+nest. He then advanced alone for about thirty
+yards in the face of intense fire and attacked the
+nest. With his bayonet he killed five of the
+enemy, and when it was broken used the butt
+end of his rifle, capturing fifteen prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Anderson, Johannes S., Sergeant</em>, Co. B, 132d
+Infantry, 33rd Division, Chicago, Ill.—Consenvoye,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. While his company
+was being held up by intense artillery and machine-gun
+fire, Sergeant Anderson, without aid,
+voluntarily left the company and worked his way
+to the rear of the nest that was offering the
+most stubborn resistance. His advance was made
+through an open area and under constant hostile
+fire; but the mission was successfully accomplished,
+and he not only silenced the gun and
+captured it, but also brought back with him
+twenty-three prisoners.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Gumpertz, Sydney G., First Sergeant</em>, Co. E,
+132nd Infantry, 33rd Division, New York City.—Bois
+de Forges, France, Sept. 26, 1918. When
+the advancing line was held up by machine-gun
+fire, Sergeant Gumpertz left the platoon of which
+he was in command, and started with two other<span class="pagenum" id="Page_397">[Pg 397]</span>
+soldiers through a heavy barrage toward the
+machine-gun nest. His two companions soon became
+casualties from bursting shell, but Sergeant
+Gumpertz continued on alone in the face
+of direct fire from the machine gun, jumped into
+the nest and silenced the gun, capturing nine of
+the crew.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hill, Ralyn, Corporal</em>, Co. H, 129th Infantry,
+33rd Division, Oregon, Ill.—Dannevoux, France,
+Oct. 7, 1918. Seeing a French aeroplane fall out
+of control on the enemy side of the Meuse River
+with its pilot injured, Corporal Hill voluntarily
+dashed across the footbridge to the side of the
+wounded man, and, taking him on his back,
+started back to his lines. During the entire
+exploit he was subjected to murderous fire of
+enemy machine guns and artillery, but he successfully
+accomplished his mission and brought
+his man to a place of safety, a distance of several
+hundred yards.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Loman, Berger, Private</em>, Co. H, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—Consenvoye, France, Oct.
+9, 1918. When his company had reached a point
+within 100 yards of its objective, to which it
+was advancing under terrific machine-gun fire,
+Private Loman, voluntarily and unaided, made
+his way forward, after all others had taken
+shelter from the direct fire of an enemy machine
+gun. He crawled to a flank position of the gun,
+and, after killing or capturing the entire crew,
+turned the machine gun on the retreating enemy.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Mallon, George H., Captain</em>, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Kansas City, Mo.—Bois de Forges,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. Becoming separated from
+the balance of his company because of a fog,
+Captain Mallon, with nine soldiers, pushed forward
+and attacked nine active hostile machine
+guns, capturing all of them without the loss of
+a man. Continuing on through the woods, he
+led his men in attacking a battery of four 155-millimeter
+howitzers, which were in action, rushing
+the position and capturing the battery and
+its crew. In this encounter Captain Mallon personally
+attacked one of the enemy with his fists.
+Later, when the party came upon two more machine
+guns, this officer sent men to the flanks
+while he rushed forward directly in the face
+of the fire and silenced the guns, being the first
+one of the party to reach the nest. The exceptional
+gallantry and determination displayed
+by Captain Mallon resulted in the capture of
+100 prisoners, eleven machine guns, four 155-millimeter
+howitzers, and one anti-aircraft gun.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Pope, Thomas A., Corporal</em>, Co. E, 131st Infantry,
+33rd Division, Chicago.—Hamel, France,
+July 4, 1918. His company was advancing behind
+the tanks when it was halted by hostile machine-gun
+fire. Going forward alone, he rushed a
+machine-gun nest, killed several of the crew with
+his bayonet, and, standing astride of his gun,
+held off the others until reinforcements arrived
+and captured them.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Sandlin, Willie, Private</em>, Co. A, 132nd Infantry,
+33rd Division, Hayden, Ky.—Bois de Forges,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. He showed conspicuous
+gallantry in action by advancing alone directly
+on a machine-gun nest which was holding up
+the line with its fire. He killed the crew with
+a grenade and enabled the line to advance. Later
+in the day he attacked alone and put out of
+action two other machine-gun nests, setting a
+splendid example of bravery and coolness to his
+comrades.</p>
+
+
+<h3>35TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Skinker, Alexander R., Captain</em>, 138th Infantry,
+35th Division, St. Louis, Mo.—Cheppy, France,
+Sept. 26, 1918. Unwilling to sacrifice his men
+when his company was held up by terrific machine-gun
+fire from iron “pill boxes” in the
+Hindenburg line, Captain Skinker personally led
+an automatic rifleman and a carrier in an attack
+on the machine guns. The carrier was killed
+instantly, but Captain Skinker seized the ammunition
+and continued through an opening in
+the barbed wire, feeding the automatic rifle until
+he, too, was killed.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Wold, Nels, Private</em>, Co. I, 138th Infantry, 35th
+Division, McIntosh, Minn.—Cheppy, France,
+Sept. 26, 1918. He rendered most gallant service
+in aiding the advance of his company, which had
+been held up by machine-gun nests, advancing
+with one other soldier and silencing the guns,
+bringing with him upon his return eleven prisoners.
+Later the same day he jumped from a
+trench and rescued a comrade who was about
+to be shot by a German officer, killing the officer
+during the exploit. His actions were entirely
+voluntary, and it was while attempting to rush
+a fifth machine-gun nest that he was killed. The
+advance of his company was mainly due to his
+great courage and devotion to duty.</p>
+
+
+<h3>36TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Sampler, Samuel H., Sergeant</em>, Co. M, 142nd
+Infantry, 36th Division, Mangum, Okla.—St.
+Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. His company having
+suffered severe casualties during an advance
+under machine-gun fire, was finally stopped.
+Sergeant Sampler, then a Corporal, detected the
+position of the enemy machine guns on an elevation.
+Armed with German hand grenades,
+which he had picked up, he left the line and
+rushed forward in the face of heavy fire until
+he was near the hostile nest, where he grenaded
+the position. His third grenade landed among
+the enemy, killing two, silencing the machine
+guns and causing the surrender of twenty-eight
+Germans, whom he sent to the rear as prisoners.
+As a result of his act the company was immediately
+enabled to resume the advance.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Turner, Harold L., Corporal</em>, Co. F, 142nd Infantry,
+36th Division, Seminole, Okla.—St.
+Etienne, France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon<span class="pagenum" id="Page_398">[Pg 398]</span>
+had started the attack, Corporal Turner assisted
+in organizing a platoon consisting of the battalion
+scouts, runners, and a detachment of the
+Signal Corps. As second in command of this
+platoon, he fearlessly led them forward through
+heavy enemy fire, continually encouraging the
+men. Later he encountered deadly machine-gun
+fire which reduced the strength of his command
+to but four men, and these were obliged to take
+shelter. The enemy machine-gun emplacement,
+twenty-five yards distant, kept up a continual fire
+from four machine guns. After the fire had
+<span class="pagenum" id="Page_399">[Pg 399]</span>shifted momentarily, Corporal Turner rushed
+forward with fixed bayonet and charged the
+position alone, capturing the strong point, with
+a complement of fifty Germans and four machine
+guns. His remarkable display of courage and
+fearlessness was instrumental in destroying the
+strong point, the fire from which had blocked
+the advance of his company.</p>
+<br>
+
+<figure class="figcenter illowp100" id="i_b_398" style="max-width: 62.5em;">
+  <img class="w100" src="images/i_b_398.jpg" alt="">
+  <figcaption class="caption"><p class="center no-indent fs120">American Troops at the Double-Quick</p>
+
+<p class="center no-indent fs80">This picture shows our boys charging on snow-covered ground.</p></figcaption>
+</figure>
+<br>
+
+
+<h3>42ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Manning, Sidney E., Corporal</em>, Co. C, 167th
+Infantry, 42nd Division, Flomaton, Ala.—Breuvannes,
+France, July 28, 1918. When his platoon
+commander and platoon sergeant had both become
+casualties soon after the beginning of an
+assault on strongly fortified heights overlooking
+the Ourcq River, Corporal Manning took command
+of his platoon, which was near the center
+of the attacking line. Though himself severely
+wounded, he led forward the thirty-five men remaining
+in the platoon, and finally succeeded in
+gaining a foothold on enemy position, during
+which time he had received more wounds, and
+all but seven of his men had fallen. Directing
+the consolidation of the position, he held off a
+large body of the enemy only fifty yards away
+by fire from his automatic rifle. He declined
+to take cover until the line had been entirely
+consolidated with the line of the platoon on the
+flank, when he dragged himself to shelter, suffering
+from nine wounds in all parts of the body.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Neibaur, Thomas C., Private</em>, Co. M, 167th
+Infantry, 42nd Division, Sumner City, Idaho.—Landers,
+St. Georges, France, Oct. 16, 1918. On
+the afternoon of Oct. 16, 1918, when the Côte de
+Chatillon had just been gained after bitter fighting
+and the summit of that strong bulwark in
+the Kriemhilde Stellung was being organized,
+Private Neibaur was sent out on patrol with
+his automatic-rifle squad to enfilade enemy machine-gun
+nests. As he gained the ridge he set
+up his automatic rifle and was directly thereafter
+wounded in both legs by fire from a hostile
+machine gun on his flank. The advance wave of
+the enemy troops counter-attacking had about
+gained the ridge; and, although practically cut
+off and surrounded, the remainder of his detachment
+being killed or wounded, this gallant soldier
+kept his automatic rifle in operation to such
+effect that by his own efforts and by fire from
+the skirmish line of his company, at least 100
+yards in his rear, the attack was checked. The
+enemy wave being halted and lying prone, four
+of the enemy attacked Private Neibaur at close
+quarters. These he killed. He then moved along
+among the enemy lying on the ground about
+him. In the midst of the fire from his own lines,
+and by coolness and gallantry, he captured eleven
+prisoners at the point of his pistol, and, although
+painfully wounded, brought them back
+to our lines. The counter-attack in full force
+was arrested, to a large extent, by the single
+efforts of this soldier, whose heroic exploits took
+place against the sky line in full view of his
+entire battalion.</p>
+
+
+<h3>77TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Kaufman, Benjamin, First Sergeant</em>, Co. K,
+308th Infantry, 77th Division, Brooklyn, N. Y.—Forest
+d’Argonne, France, Oct. 4, 1918. He took
+out a patrol for the purpose of attacking an
+enemy machine gun which had checked the advance
+of his company. Before reaching the gun
+he became separated from his patrol, and a machine-gun
+bullet shattered his right arm. Without
+hesitation he advanced on the gun alone,
+throwing grenades with his left hand and charging
+with an empty pistol, taking one prisoner and
+scattering the crew, bringing the gun and prisoner
+back to the first-aid station.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>McMurtry, George G., Captain</em>, 308th Infantry,
+77th Division, New York City.—Forest d’Argonne,
+France, Oct. 2-8, 1918. Captain McMurtry
+commanded a battalion which was cut off
+and surrounded by the enemy; and, although
+wounded in the knee by shrapnel on Oct. 4th and
+suffering great pain, he continued throughout
+the entire period to encourage his officers and
+men with a resistless optimism that contributed
+largely toward preventing panic and disorder
+among the troops who, without food, were cut
+off from communication with our lines. On Oct.
+4th, during a heavy barrage, he personally directed
+and supervised the moving of the wounded
+to shelter before himself seeking shelter. On
+Oct. 6th, he was again wounded in the shoulder
+by a German grenade, but continued personally
+to organize and direct the defense against the
+German attack on the position until the attack
+was defeated. He continued to direct and command
+his troops, refusing relief, and after assistance
+arrived personally led his men out of
+the position before permitting himself to be
+taken to the hospital on Oct. 8th. During this
+period the successful defense of the position was
+due largely to his efforts.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Miles, L. Wardlaw, Captain</em>, 308th Infantry,
+77th Division, Princeton, N. J.—Révillon, France,
+Sept. 14, 1918. Captain Miles volunteered to
+lead his company in a hazardous attack on a
+commanding trench position near the Aisne
+Canal, which other troops had previously attempted
+to take without success. His company
+immediately met with intense machine-gun fire,
+against which it had no artillery assistance, but
+Captain Miles preceded the first wave and assisted
+in cutting a passage through the enemy’s
+wire entanglements. In so doing he was wounded
+five times by machine-gun bullets, both legs
+and one arm being fractured, whereupon he
+ordered himself placed on a stretcher and had
+himself carried forward to the enemy trench in
+order that he might encourage and direct his
+company, which by this time had suffered numerous
+casualties. Under the inspiration of this
+officer’s indomitable spirit his men held the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_400">[Pg 400]</span>
+hostile position and consolidated the front line
+after an action lasting two hours, at the conclusion
+of which Captain Miles was carried to
+the aid station against his will.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Peck, Archie A., Private</em>, Co. A, 307th Infantry,
+77th Division, Hornell, N. Y.—Forest d’Argonne,
+France, Oct. 6, 1918. While engaged with two
+other soldiers on patrol duty he and his comrades
+were subjected to the direct fire of an enemy
+machine gun, at which time both his companions
+were wounded. Returning to his company, he
+obtained another soldier to accompany him to
+assist in bringing in the wounded men. His
+assistant was killed in the exploit, but he continued
+on, twice returning, and safely bringing
+in both men, being under terrific machine-gun
+fire during the entire journey.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Smith, Frederick E., Lieutenant Colonel</em>, 308th
+Infantry, 77th Division, Portland, Ore.—Binarville,
+France, Sept. 28, 1918. When communication
+from the forward regimental post of command
+to the battalion leading the advance had
+been interrupted temporarily by the infiltration
+of small parties of the enemy armed with machine
+guns, Lieut. Col. Smith personally led a
+party of two other officers and ten soldiers, and
+went forward to re-establish runner posts and
+carry ammunition to the front line. The guide
+became confused and the party strayed to the
+left flank beyond the outposts of supporting
+troops, suddenly coming under fire from a group
+of enemy machine guns only fifty yards away.
+Shouting to the other members of his party to
+take cover, this officer, in disregard of his own
+danger, drew his pistol and opened fire on the
+German gun crew. About this time he fell, severely
+wounded in the side; but, regaining his
+footing, he continued to fire on the enemy until
+most of the men in his party were out of danger.
+Refusing first-aid treatment, he then made his
+way in plain view of the enemy to a hand
+grenade dump and returned under continued
+heavy machine-gun fire for the purpose of making
+another attack on the enemy emplacements.
+As he was attempting to ascertain the exact
+location of the nearest nest, he again fell, mortally
+wounded.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Whittlesey, Charles W., Lieutenant Colonel</em>,
+308th Infantry, 77th Division, Pittsfield, Mass.—Binarville,
+in the Forest d’ Argonne, France,
+Oct. 2-7, 1918. Although cut off for five days
+from the remainder of his division, Major Whittlesey
+maintained his position which he had
+reached under orders received for an advance;
+and held his command, consisting originally of
+463 officers and men of the 308th Infantry and
+of Company K of the 307th Infantry together,
+in the face of superior numbers of the enemy
+during the five days. Major Whittlesey and his
+command were thus cut off, and no rations or
+other supplies reached him, in spite of determined
+efforts which were made by his division.
+On the fourth day Major Whittlesey received
+from the enemy a written proposition to surrender,
+which he treated with contempt, although
+he was at that time out of rations and had suffered
+a loss of about 50 percent. in killed and
+wounded of his command and was surrounded
+by the enemy.</p>
+
+
+<h3>78TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Sawelson, William, Sergeant</em>, Co. —, 312th
+Infantry, 78th Division, Harrison, N. J.—Grandpré,
+France, Oct. 26, 1918. Hearing a wounded
+man in a shell hole some distance away calling
+for water, Sergeant Sawelson, upon his own
+initiative, left shelter and crawled through heavy
+machine-gun fire to where the man lay, giving
+him what water he had in his canteen. He then
+went back to his own shell hole, obtained more
+water and was returning to the wounded man
+when he was killed by a machine-gun bullet.</p>
+
+
+<h3>82ND DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Pike, Emory J., Lieutenant Colonel</em>, Division
+Machine Gun Officer, 82nd Division, Des Moines,
+Iowa.—Vandières, France, Sept. 15, 1918. Having
+gone forward to reconnoiter new machine-gun
+positions, Colonel Pike offered his assistance
+in reorganizing advance infantry units, which
+had become disorganized during a heavy artillery
+shelling. He succeeded in locating only about
+twenty men, but with these he advanced; and
+when later joined by several infantry platoons
+rendered inestimable service in establishing outposts,
+encouraging all by his cheeriness, in spite
+of the extreme danger of the situation. When
+a shell had wounded one of the men in the outpost,
+Colonel Pike immediately went to his aid
+and was severely wounded himself when another
+shell burst in the same place. While waiting
+to be brought to the rear, Colonel Pike continued
+in command, still retaining his jovial manner
+of encouragement, directing the reorganization
+until the position could be held. The entire
+operation was carried on under terrific bombardment;
+and the example of courage and devotion
+to duty, as set by Colonel Pike, established the
+highest standard of morale and confidence to all
+under his charge. The wounds he received were
+the cause of his death.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>York, Alvin C., Sergeant</em>, Co. G, 328th Infantry,
+82nd Division, Pall Mall, Tenn.—Châtel-Chéhéry,
+France, Oct. 8, 1918. After his platoon had suffered
+heavy casualties and three other non-commissioned
+officers had become casualties, Corporal
+York assumed command. Fearlessly leading
+seven men, he charged, with great daring, a
+machine-gun nest which was pouring deadly and
+incessant fire upon his platoon. In this heroic
+feat the machine-gun nest was taken, together
+with four officers and 128 men and several guns.</p>
+
+
+<h3>89TH DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Barger, Charles D., Private, first class</em>, Co. L,
+354th Infantry, 89th Division, Stotts City, Mo.—Bois<span class="pagenum" id="Page_401">[Pg 401]</span>
+de Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918. Learning
+that two daylight patrols had been caught out
+in No Man’s Land and were unable to return,
+Private Barger and another stretcher bearer, upon
+their own initiative, made two trips 500 yards
+beyond our lines, under constant machine-gun fire,
+and rescued two wounded officers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Barkeley, David B., Private</em>, Co. A, 356 Infantry,
+89th Division, San Antonio, Texas.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information
+was desired as to the enemy’s position on
+the opposite side of the River Meuse, Private
+Barkeley, with another soldier, volunteered without
+hesitation and swam the river to reconnoiter
+the exact location. He succeeded in reaching the
+opposite bank, despite the evident determination
+of the enemy to prevent a crossing. Having obtained
+his information, he again entered the water
+for his return, but before his goal was reached
+he was seized with cramps and drowned.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Chiles, Marcellus H., Captain</em>, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Denver, Col.—Le Champy-Bas,
+France, Nov. 3, 1918. When his battalion, of
+which he had just taken command, was halted
+by machine-gun fire from the front and left flank
+he picked up the rifle of a dead soldier and,
+calling on his men to follow, led the advance
+across a stream, waist deep, in the face of the
+machine-gun fire. Upon reaching the opposite
+bank this gallant officer was seriously wounded
+in the abdomen by a sniper; but before permitting
+himself to be evacuated he made complete arrangements
+for turning over his command to
+the next senior officer; and under the inspiration
+of his fearless leadership his battalion reached
+its objective. Captain Chiles died shortly after
+reaching the hospital.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Forrest, Arthur J., Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 354th Infantry,
+89th Division, Hannibal, Mo.—Rémonville,
+France, Nov. 1, 1918. When the advance of his
+company was stopped by bursts of fire from a
+nest of six enemy machine guns, he worked his
+way single-handed without being discovered to
+a point within fifty yards of the machine-gun
+nest. Charging, single-handed, he drove out the
+enemy in disorder, thereby protecting the advance
+platoon from annihilating fire, and permitting the
+resumption of the advance of his company.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Funk, Jesse N., Private, first class</em>, 354th Infantry,
+89th Division, Calnan, Col.—Bois de
+Bantheville, France, Oct. 31, 1918. Learning that
+two daylight patrols had been caught out in No
+Man’s Land and were unable to return, Private
+Funk and another stretcher bearer, upon their
+own initiative, made two trips 500 yards beyond
+our lines, under constant machine-gun fire, and
+rescued two wounded officers.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Furlong, Richard A., First Lieutenant</em>, 353rd Infantry,
+89th Division, Detroit, Mich.—Bantheville,
+France, Nov. 1, 1918. Immediately after the
+opening of the attack in the Bois de Bantheville,
+when his company was held up by severe machine-gun
+fire from the front, which killed his
+company commander and several soldiers, Lieutenant
+Furlong moved out in advance of the line
+with great courage and coolness, crossing an
+open space several hundred yards wide. Taking
+up a position behind the line of machine guns,
+he closed in on them, one at a time, killing a
+number of the enemy with his rifle, putting four
+machine-gun nests out of action, and driving
+twenty German prisoners into our lines.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Hatler, M. Waldo, Sergeant</em>, Co. B, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Neosho, Mo.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 8, 1918. When volunteers were
+called for to secure information as to the enemy’s
+position on the opposite bank of the Meuse River,
+Sergeant Hatler was the first to offer his services
+for this dangerous mission. Swimming across
+the river, he succeeded in reaching the German
+lines after another soldier who had started with
+him had been seized with cramps and drowned
+in midstream. Alone he carefully and courageously
+reconnoitered the enemy’s positions, which
+were held in force, and again successfully swam
+the river, bringing back information of great
+value.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Johnston, Harold I., Sergeant</em>, Co. A, 356th Infantry,
+89th Division, Denver, Col.—Pouilly,
+France, Nov. 9, 1918. When information was desired
+as to the enemy’s position on the opposite
+side of the River Meuse, Sergeant Johnston, with
+another soldier, volunteered without hesitation
+and swam the river to reconnoiter the exact
+location of the enemy. He succeeded in reaching
+the opposite bank, despite the evident determination
+of the enemy to prevent a crossing.
+Having obtained his information, he again entered
+the water for his return. This was accomplished
+after a severe struggle, which so exhausted
+him that he had to be assisted from the
+water, after which he rendered his report of the
+exploit.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Wickersham, J. Hunter, Second Lieutenant</em>,
+353rd Infantry, 89th Division, Denver, Col.—Limey,
+France, Sept. 12, 1918. Advancing with
+his platoon during the St. Mihiel offensive, he
+was severely wounded in four places by the
+bursting of a high-explosive shell. Before receiving
+any aid for himself he dressed the wounds
+of his orderly who was wounded at the same time.
+Then, although weakened by the loss of blood,
+he ordered and accompanied the further advance
+of his platoon. His right hand and arm being
+disabled by wounds, he continued to fire his revolver
+with his left hand, until, exhausted by
+loss of blood, he fell and died from his wounds
+before aid could be administered.</p>
+
+
+<h3>91ST DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Katz, Philip C., Sergeant</em>, Co. C, 363rd Infantry,
+91st Division, San Francisco, Cal.—Eclis-fontaine,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. After his company<span class="pagenum" id="Page_402">[Pg 402]</span>
+had withdrawn for a distance of 200 yards
+on a line with the units on its flanks, Sergeant
+Katz learned that one of his comrades had been
+left wounded in an exposed position at the point
+from which the withdrawal had taken place.
+Voluntarily crossing an area swept by heavy machine-gun
+fire, he advanced to where the wounded
+soldier lay and carried him to a place of safety.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Miller, Oscar F., Major</em>, 361st Infantry, 91st Division,
+Los Angeles, Cal.—Gesnes, France, Sept.
+28, 1918. After two days of intense physical and
+mental strain, during which Major Miller had
+led his battalion in the front line of the advance
+through the forest of Argonne, the enemy was
+met in a prepared position south of Gesnes.
+Though almost exhausted, he energetically reorganized
+his battalion and ordered an attack.
+Upon reaching open ground, the advancing line
+began to waver in the face of machine-gun fire
+from the front and flanks, and direct artillery
+fire. Personally leading his command group
+forward between his front line companies, Major
+Miller inspired his men by his personal courage;
+and they again pressed on toward the hostile
+position. As this officer led the renewed attack
+he was shot in the right leg, but he nevertheless
+staggered forward at the head of his command.
+Soon afterward he was again shot in the right
+arm, but he continued the charge, personally
+cheering his troops on through the heavy machine-gun
+fire. Just before the objective was
+reached he received a wound in the abdomen
+which forced him to the ground, but he continued
+to urge his men on, telling them to push
+on to the next ridge and leave him where he
+lay. He died from his wounds a few days later.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Seibert, Lloyd M., Sergeant</em>, Co. F., 364th Infantry,
+91st Division, Salinas, Cal.—Epinonville,
+France, Sept. 26, 1918. Suffering from illness,
+Sergeant Seibert remained with his platoon and
+led his men with the highest courage and leadership
+under heavy shell and machine-gun fire.
+With two other soldiers he charged a machine-gun
+emplacement in advance of their company,
+he himself killing one of the enemy with a shotgun
+and captured two others. In this encounter
+he was wounded, but he nevertheless continued
+in action; and when a withdrawal was ordered
+he returned with the last unit, assisting a wounded
+comrade. Later in the evening he volunteered
+and carried in wounded until he fainted from
+exhaustion.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>West, Chester H., First Sergeant</em>, Co. D, 363rd
+Infantry, 91st Division, Idaho, Falls, Idaho.—Bois
+de Cheppy, France, Sept. 26, 1918. While
+making his way through a thick fog with his
+automatic-rifle section, his advance was halted
+by direct and unusual machine-gun fire from
+two guns. Without aid he at once dashed through
+the fire, and attacking the nest killed two of the
+gunners, one of whom was an officer. This
+prompt and decisive hand-to-hand encounter on
+his part enabled his company to advance further
+without the loss of a man.</p>
+
+
+<h3>93RD DIVISION</h3>
+
+<p><em>Robb, George S., First Lieutenant</em>, 369th Infantry,
+93rd Division, Saline, Kan.—Séchault,
+France, Sept 29-30, 1918. While leading his
+platoon in the assault on Séchault, Lieutenant
+Robb was severely wounded by machine-gun fire;
+but rather than go to the rear for proper treatment
+he remained with his platoon until ordered
+to the dressing station by his commanding officer.
+Returning within forty-five minutes, he remained
+on duty throughout the entire night, inspecting
+his lines and establishing outposts. Early the
+next morning he was again wounded, once again
+displaying his remarkable devotion to duty by
+remaining in command of his platoon. Later the
+same day a bursting shell added two more
+wounds, the same shell killing his commanding
+officer and two officers of his company. He
+then assumed command of the company and organized
+its position in the trenches. Displaying
+wonderful courage and tenacity at the critical
+times, he was the only officer of his battalion
+who advanced beyond the town; and by clearing
+machine-gun and sniping posts, contributed largely
+to the aid of his battalion in holding their
+objective. His example of bravery and fortitude
+and his eagerness to continue with his mission
+despite severe wounds set before the enlisted
+men of his command a most wonderful standard
+of morale and self-sacrifice.</p>
+
+
+<h3>TANK CORPS</h3>
+
+<p><em>Call, Donald M., Second Lieutenant</em>, Tank Corps,
+Larchmont, N. Y.—Varennes, France, Sept. 26,
+1918. During an operation against enemy machine-gun
+nests west of Varennes, Lieutenant
+Call, then Corporal, was in a tank with an officer,
+when half of the turret was knocked off by a
+direct artillery hit. Choked by gas from the
+high-explosive shell, he left the tank and took
+cover in a shell hole thirty yards away. Seeing
+that the officer did not follow, and thinking that
+he might be alive, Corporal Call returned to
+the tank under intense machine-gun and shell
+fire and carried the officer over a mile under
+machine-gun and sniper fire to safety.</p>
+
+<hr class="tb">
+
+<p><em>Roberts, Garold W., Corporal</em>, Tank Corps,
+San Francisco, Cal.—Montrebeau Woods, France,
+Oct. 4, 1918. Corporal Roberts, a tank driver,
+was moving his tank into a clump of bushes to
+afford protection to another tank which had
+become disabled. The tank slid into a shell hole
+ten feet deep and filled with water, and was
+immediately submerged. Knowing that only one
+of the two men in the tank could escape, Corporal
+Roberts said to the gunner, “Well, only
+one of us can get out, and out you go.” Whereupon
+he pushed his companion through the back
+door of the tank and was himself drowned.</p>
+<br>
+
+
+<div class="transnote">
+<h2 class="bold fs120">Transcriber’s Notes</h2>
+
+<table class="autotable">
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 37 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">They let go their ammuntion belts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">They let go their ammunition belts</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 50 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Montgomery commandered General O’Ryan’s racing car</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Colonel Montgomery commandeered General O’Ryan’s racing car</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 64 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">generally understod among us brothers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">generally understood among us brothers</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 75 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">The comandming officer of the 32nd</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">The commanding officer of the 32nd</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 78 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">into the French capital were greeted with enthsuiasm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">into the French capital were greeted with enthusiasm</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 82 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Had is done what had been intended</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Had it done what had been intended</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 106 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s adtillery</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">a fierce bombardment from the enemy’s artillery</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 127 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">I could not restrtain myself any longer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">I could not restrain myself any longer</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 277 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">picked up 156 offcers and men</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">picked up 156 officers and men</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 309 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Involntarily, without the smallest intention of quitting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">Involuntarily, without the smallest intention of quitting</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 345 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">(an offishoot of the National German-American Alliance)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">(an offshoot of the National German-American Alliance)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 383 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">awaited the second shock we knew would some</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">awaited the second shock we knew would come</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">pg 390 Changed:</td>
+<td class="tdl">further established liason with two French batteries</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td class="tdr">to:</td>
+<td class="tdl">further established liaison with two French batteries</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+
+<div style='text-align:center'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 75487 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
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diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #75487 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/75487)